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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannous_fluoride	Tin(II) fluoride	["1 Oral health benefits","2 Production","3 Aqueous solutions","4 Lewis acidity","5 Reducing properties","6 Structure","7 Molecular SnF2","8 Safety","9 References"]	Tin(II) fluoride Sn2+; F− Names IUPAC name Tin(II) fluoride Other names Stannous fluoride Identifiers CAS Number 7783-47-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ECHA InfoCard 100.029.090 PubChem CID 24550 RTECS number XQ3450000 UNII 3FTR44B32Q Y UN number 3288 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6064822 InChI InChI=1S/2FH.Sn/h21H;/q;;+2/p-2 SMILES FF Properties Chemical formula SnF2 Molar mass 156.69 g/mol Appearance colorless solid Density 4.57 g/cm3 Melting point 213 °C (415 °F; 486 K) Boiling point 850 °C (1,560 °F; 1,120 K) Solubility in water 31 g/100 mL (0 °C); 35 g/100 mL (20 °C); 78.5 g/100 mL (106 °C) Solubility soluble in KOH, KF; negligible in ethanol, ether, chloroform Structure Crystal structure Monoclinic, mS48 Space group C2/c, No. 15 Pharmacology ATC code A01AA04 (WHO) Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 2 0 0 Flash point Non-flammable Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0860 Related compounds Other anions Tin(II) chloride, Tin(II) bromide, Tin(II) iodide Other cations Difluorocarbene, Carbon tetrafluoride, Difluorosilylene, Silicon tetrafluoride, Difluorogermylene, Germanium tetrafluoride, Tin tetrafluoride, Lead(II) fluoride, Lead(IV) fluoride Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Tin(II) fluoride, commonly referred to commercially as stannous fluoride (from Latin stannum, 'tin'), is a chemical compound with the formula SnF2. It is a colourless solid used as an ingredient in toothpastes. Oral health benefits Stannous fluoride was introduced as an alternative to sodium fluoride for the prevention of cavities (tooth decay). It was introduced for this purpose by Joseph Muhler and William Nebergall. In recognition for their innovation, these two individuals were inducted into the Inventor's Hall of Fame. The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral apatite in teeth into fluorapatite, which makes tooth enamel more resistant to bacteria-generated acid attacks. The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form calcium fluoride on the tooth surface; over time, this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride-containing apatite within the tooth structure. This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay. The resulting fluoride-containing apatite is more insoluble, and more resistant to acid and tooth decay. In addition to fluoride, the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental erosion, as well as reducing gingivitis. Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal. Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion, increasing their oral health benefits. A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque, gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in calculus and halitosis (bad breath) compared to other toothpastes. A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and dentine hypersensitivity compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes. Stannous fluoride was once used under the trade name Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand Crest, though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate under the trade name Fluoristat. Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest/Oral B Pro-Health brand toothpaste. Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining, this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste. Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent, and Crest/Oral B Pro-Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining. Production SnF2 can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% HF. SnO + 2 HF → SnF2 + H2O Aqueous solutions Readily soluble in water, SnF2 is hydrolysed. At low concentration, it forms species such as SnOH+, Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)3−. At higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species are formed, including Sn2(OH)22+ and Sn3(OH)42+. Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of SnIV, which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic. Studies of the oxidation using Mössbauer spectroscopy on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species. Lewis acidity SnF2 acts as a Lewis acid. For example, it forms a 1:1 complex (CH3)3NSnF2 and 2:1 complex 2SnF2 with trimethylamine, and a 1:1 complex with dimethylsulfoxide, (CH3)2SO·SnF2. In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F−, it forms the fluoride complexes SnF3−, Sn2F5−, and SnF2(OH2). Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF3. The compound NaSnF3, containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution. Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion are known, such as Ca(SnF3)2. Reducing properties SnF2 is a reducing agent, with a standard reduction potential of Eo (SnIV/ SnII) = +0.15 V. Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O2, SO2 or F2) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn3F8 (containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn–Sn bonds). Structure The monoclinic form contains tetramers, Sn4F8, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms. In each case, there are three nearest neighbours, with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid, and the lone pair of electrons sterically active. Other forms reported have the GeF2 and paratellurite structures. Molecular SnF2 In the vapour phase, SnF2 forms monomers, dimers, and trimers. Monomeric SnF2 is a non-linear with an Sn−F bond length of 206 pm. Complexes of SnF2, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an alkyne and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported. Safety Stannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes. If ingested, it can cause abdominal pains and shock. Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible; symptoms include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild tooth discoloration; this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing, or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste. References ^ a b "National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES" (Press release). National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Latin Names Variable Charge Metals". Nobel.SCAS.BCIT.ca/. British Columbia Institute of Technology Chemistry Department. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2013. ^ Groeneveld, A.; Purdell-Lewis, D. J.; Arends, J. (1976). "Remineralization of artificial caries lesions by stannous fluoride". Caries Research. 10 (3): 189–200. doi:10.1159/000260201. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 1063601. ^ a b Lussi, Adrian; Hellwig, Elmar; Klimek, Joachim (2012). "Fluorides - mode of action and recommendations for use". Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin = Revue Mensuelle Suisse d'Odonto-Stomatologie = Rivista Mensile Svizzera di Odontologia e Stomatologia. 122 (11): 1030–1042. ISSN 0256-2855. PMID 23192605. ^ West, N. X.; He, T.; Macdonald, E. L.; Seong, J.; Hellin, N.; Barker, M. L.; Eversole, S. L. (March 2017). "Erosion protection benefits of stabilized SnF2 dentifrice versus an arginine–sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice: results from in vitro and in situ clinical studies". Clinical Oral Investigations. 21 (2): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1905-1. ISSN 1432-6981. PMC 5318474. PMID 27477786. ^ Ganss, C.; Lussi, A.; Grunau, O.; Klimek, J.; Schlueter, N. (2011). "Conventional and Anti-Erosion Fluoride Toothpastes: Effect on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion". Caries Research. 45 (6): 581–589. doi:10.1159/000334318. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 22156703. S2CID 45156274. ^ West, Nicola X.; He, Tao; Hellin, Nikki; Claydon, Nicholas; Seong, Joon; Macdonald, Emma; Farrell, Svetlana; Eusebio, Rachelle; Wilberg, Aneta (August 2019). "Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 17 (3): 261–267. doi:10.1111/idh.12379. ISSN 1601-5029. PMC 6850309. PMID 30556372. ^ Zhao, X.; He, T.; He, Y.; Chen, H. (2020-02-12). "Efficacy of a Stannous-containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ". Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry. 18 (1): 619–624. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a44926. PMID 32700515. ^ Stookey, G.K.; Mau, M.S.; Isaacs, R.L.; Gonzalez-Gierbolini, C.; Bartizek, R.D.; Biesbrock, A.R. (2004). "The Relative Anticaries Effectiveness of Three Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices in Puerto Rico". Caries Research. 38 (6): 542–550. doi:10.1159/000080584. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 15528909. S2CID 489634. ^ Parkinson, C. R.; Milleman, K. R.; Milleman, J. L. (2020-03-26). "Gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride dentifrice: a 24-week randomized controlled trial". BMC Oral Health. 20 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01079-6. ISSN 1472-6831. PMC 7098169. PMID 32216778. ^ Hu, Deyu; Li, Xue; Liu, Hongchun; Mateo, Luis R.; Sabharwal, Amarpreet; Xu, Guofeng; Szewczyk, Gregory; Ryan, Maria; Zhang, Yun-Po (April 2019). "Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 150 (4): S32–S37. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.005. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 30797257. S2CID 73488958. ^ Mankodi, Suru; Bartizek, Robert D.; Winston, J. Leslie; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; McClanahan, Stephen F.; He, Tao (2005). "Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 32 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x. ISSN 1600-051X. PMID 15642062. ^ Archila, Luis; Bartizek, Robert D.; Winston, J. Leslie; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; McClanahan, Stephen F.; He, Tao (2004). "The Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Control of Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Study". Journal of Periodontology. 75 (12): 1592–1599. doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1592. ISSN 1943-3670. PMID 15732859. ^ Clark-Perry, Danielle; Levin, Liran (December 2020). "Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". International Dental Journal. 70 (6): 418–426. doi:10.1111/idj.12588. PMC 9379195. PMID 32621315. S2CID 220336087. ^ a b c He, Tao; Baker, Robert; Bartizek, Robert D.; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; Chaves, Eros; Terézhalmy, Geza (2007). "Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a stannous fluoride dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 18 (1): 7–11. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 17410949. ^ a b c d Johannsen, A.; Emilson, C.-G.; Johannsen, G.; Konradsson, K.; Lingström, P.; Ramberg, P. (December 2019). "Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review". Heliyon. 5 (12): e02850. Bibcode:2019Heliy...502850J. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 6909063. PMID 31872105. ^ White, D. J. (1995). "A "return" to stannous fluoride dentifrices". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 6: 29–36. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 8593190. ^ Tinanoff, N. (1995). "Progress regarding the use of stannous fluoride in clinical dentistry". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 6: 37–40. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 8593191. ^ West, Nicola X.; He, Tao; Zou, Yuanshu; DiGennaro, Joe; Biesbrock, Aaron; Davies, Maria (February 2021). "Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta-analyses: Effects on dentine hypersensitivity and enamel erosion". Journal of Dentistry. 105: 103566. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103566. hdl:1983/34d78138-703d-484f-864f-ece3d3610d64. ISSN 1879-176X. PMID 33383100. S2CID 229940161. ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ Séby, F.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Giffaut, E.; Donard, O.F.X. (2001). "A critical review of thermodynamic data for inorganic tin species". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 65 (18): 3041–3053. Bibcode:2001GeCoA..65.3041S. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00645-7. ^ David B. Troy, 2005, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-4673-6, ISBN 978-0-7817-4673-1 ^ Denes, Georges; Lazanas, George (1994). "Oxidation of SnF2 stannous fluoride in aqueous solutions". Hyperfine Interactions. 90 (1): 435–439. Bibcode:1994HyInt..90..435D. doi:10.1007/BF02069152. S2CID 96184099. ^ Hsu, C. C. & Geanangel, R. A. (1977). "Synthesis and studies of trimethylamine adducts with tin(II) halides". Inorg. Chem. 16 (1): 2529–2534. doi:10.1021/ic50176a022. ^ Hsu, Chung Chun & Geanangel, R. A. (1980). "Donor and acceptor behavior of divalent tin compounds". Inorg. Chem. 19 (1): 110–119. doi:10.1021/ic50203a024. ^ a b c Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ^ Salami, Tolulope O.; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Oliver, Scott R.J (2004). "Synthesis and crystal structure of two tin fluoride materials: NaSnF3 (BING-12) and Sn3F3PO4". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 177 (3): 800–805. Bibcode:2004JSSCh.177..800S. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013. ^ Kokunov Y. V.; Detkov D. G.; Gorbunova Yu. E.; Ershova M. M.; Mikhailov Yu. N. (2001). "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Calcium Trifluorostannate(II)". Doklady Chemistry. 376 (4–6): 52–54. doi:10.1023/A:1018855109716. S2CID 91430538. ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7. ^ a b Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6 ^ Bogdanov, SE; Faustov, VI; Egorov, MP; Nefedov, OM (1994). "Matrix IR spectra and quantum chemical studies of the reaction between difluorostannylene and hept-1-yne. The first direct observation of a carbene analog π-complex with alkyne". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 43 (1): 47–49. doi:10.1007/BF00699133. S2CID 97064510. ^ S. E. Boganov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov (1999). "Study of complexation between difluorostannylene and aromatics by matrix IR spectroscopy". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 48 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1007/BF02494408. S2CID 94004320. ^ "Stannous fluoride (International Chemical Safety Cards: 0860)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ "Stannous Fluoride-Dental". WebMD. Retrieved March 11, 2014. vteTin compoundsSn(II) SnBr2 SnCl2 Sn(C5H5)2 SnF2 SnI2 SnC2O4 SnO Sn(OH)2 C18H36SnO2 SnSO4 Sn(CH3COO)2 SnSe SnTe SnS SnP3 Sn(IV) SnBr4 SnCl4 SnF4 SnH4 SnI4 SnO2 SnS2 Sn(CH3COO)4 Sn(NO3)4 Sn(IO3)4 vteStomatological preparations (A01)Caries prophylaxis Dectaflur Olaflur Sodium fluoride Sodium monofluorophosphate Stannous fluoride Infection and antiseptics Amphotericin B Benzoxonium chloride Chlorhexidine Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Cetylpyridinium chloride Domiphen bromide Doxycycline Eugenol Hexetidine Hydrogen peroxide Mepartricin Metronidazole Miconazole Minocycline Natamycin Neomycin Oxyquinoline Polynoxylin Sodium perborate Tetracycline Tibezonium iodide Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids) Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone Other Amlexanox Acetylsalicylic acid Becaplermin Benzydamine Epinephrine/Adrenalone vteFluorine compounds HF He LiF BeF2 BFBF3B2F4 CF4CxFy NF3N2F4 OFOF2O2F2O2F F− Ne NaF MgF2 AlFAlF3 SiF4 P2F4PF3PF5 S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6 ClFClF3ClF5 HArFArF2 KF CaF2 ScF3 TiF3TiF4 VF2VF3VF4VF5 CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6 MnF2MnF3MnF4 FeF2FeF3 CoF2CoF3 NiF2NiF3 CuFCuF2 ZnF2 GaF3 GeF4 AsF3AsF5 SeF4SeF6 BrFBrF3BrF5 KrF2KrF4KrF6 RbF SrF2 YF3 ZrF4 NbF4NbF5 MoF4MoF5MoF6 TcF6 RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6 RhF3RhF5RhF6 PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6 AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F CdF2 InF3 SnF2SnF4 SbF3SbF5 TeF4TeF6 IFIF3IF5IF7 XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8 CsF BaF2 LuF3 HfF4 TaF5 WF4WF6 ReF6ReF7 OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8 IrF3IrF5IrF6 PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6 AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2 HgF2Hg2F2HgF4 TlFTlF3 PbF2PbF4 BiF3BiF5 PoF4PoF6 At RnF2RnF6 Fr RaF2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ * LaF3 CeF3CeF4 PrF3PrF4 NdF3 PmF3 SmF2SmF3 EuF2EuF3 GdF3 TbF3TbF4 DyF3 HoF3 ErF3 TmF2TmF3 YbF2YbF3 ** AcF3 ThF4 PaF4PaF5 UF3UF4UF5UF6 NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6 PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6 AmF3AmF4AmF6 CmF3 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds AgPF6 KAsF6 LiAsF6 NaAsF6 HPF6 HSbF6 NH4PF6 KPF6 KSbF6 LiPF6 NaPF6 NaSbF6 TlPF6 AlF6− compounds Cs2AlF5 Li3AlF6 K3AlF6 Na3AlF6 chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides BaClF SiIBrClF CFN ClFO2 SiF62-, GeF62- compounds BaSiF6 BaGeF6 (NH4)2SiF6 Na2 K2 Li2GeF6 Li2SiF6 Oxyfluorides BrOF3 BrO2F BrO3F LaOF ThOF2 VOF3 TcO3F WOF4 YOF ClOF3 ClO2F3 Organofluorides CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr3F CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CF2O CF3I CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F C2Cl3F3 C2H3F C6H5F C7H5F3 C15F33N C3H5F C6H11F with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium VOF3 CrOF4 CrF2O2 NH4F (NH4)2ZrF6 CsXeF7 Li2TiF6 Li2ZrF6 K2TiF6 Rb2TiF6 Na2TiF6 Na2ZrF6 K2NbF7 K2TaF7 K2ZrF6 UO2F2 nitric acids FNO FNO2 FNO3 bifluorides KHF2 NaHF2 NH4HF2 thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl F2OS F3OP PSF3 IOF3 IO3F IOF5 IO2F IO2F3 Chemical formulas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commonly_Referred_to_as_Stannous_Fluoride-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latin_Names_Variable_Charge_Metals-2"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"toothpastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"}],"text":"Chemical compoundTin(II) fluoride, commonly referred to commercially as stannous fluoride[1][2] (from Latin stannum, 'tin'), is a chemical compound with the formula SnF2. It is a colourless solid used as an ingredient in toothpastes.","title":"Tin(II) fluoride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluoride"},{"link_name":"tooth decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay"},{"link_name":"Joseph Muhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Muhler"},{"link_name":"Inventor's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commonly_Referred_to_as_Stannous_Fluoride-1"},{"link_name":"apatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite"},{"link_name":"fluorapatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatite"},{"link_name":"tooth enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"calcium fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23192605-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23192605-4"},{"link_name":"dental erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_erosion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17410949-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31872105-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(dental)"},{"link_name":"halitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31872105-16"},{"link_name":"dentine hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin_hypersensitivity"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"trade name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names"},{"link_name":"Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(brand)"},{"link_name":"sodium monofluorophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate"},{"link_name":"Oral B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral-B"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17410949-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31872105-16"}],"text":"Stannous fluoride was introduced as an alternative to sodium fluoride for the prevention of cavities (tooth decay). It was introduced for this purpose by Joseph Muhler and William Nebergall. In recognition for their innovation, these two individuals were inducted into the Inventor's Hall of Fame.[1]The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral apatite in teeth into fluorapatite, which makes tooth enamel more resistant to bacteria-generated acid attacks.[3] The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form calcium fluoride on the tooth surface; over time, this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride-containing apatite within the tooth structure.[4] This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay. The resulting fluoride-containing apatite is more insoluble, and more resistant to acid and tooth decay.[4]In addition to fluoride, the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental erosion,[5][6][7][8][9] as well as reducing gingivitis.[10][11][12][13][14] Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal.[15][16] Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion, increasing their oral health benefits.[17][18] A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque, gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in calculus and halitosis (bad breath) compared to other toothpastes.[16] A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and dentine hypersensitivity compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes.[19]Stannous fluoride was once used under the trade name Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand Crest, though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate under the trade name Fluoristat. Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest/Oral B Pro-Health brand toothpaste. Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining, this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.[15][16] Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent, and Crest/Oral B Pro-Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining.","title":"Oral health benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwood-20"}],"text":"SnF2 can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% HF.[20]SnO + 2 HF → SnF2 + H2O","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mössbauer spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Readily soluble in water, SnF2 is hydrolysed. At low concentration, it forms species such as SnOH+, Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)3−. At higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species are formed, including Sn2(OH)22+ and Sn3(OH)42+.[21] Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of SnIV, which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic.[22] Studies of the oxidation using Mössbauer spectroscopy on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species.[23]","title":"Aqueous solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"trimethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"dimethylsulfoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylsulfoxide"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-26"},{"link_name":"NaF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwood-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"SnF2 acts as a Lewis acid. For example, it forms a 1:1 complex (CH3)3NSnF2 and 2:1 complex [(CH3)3N]2SnF2 with trimethylamine,[24] and a 1:1 complex with dimethylsulfoxide, (CH3)2SO·SnF2.[25] In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F−, it forms the fluoride complexes SnF3−, Sn2F5−, and SnF2(OH2).[26] Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF3.[20] The compound NaSnF3, containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution.[27] Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion are known, such as Ca(SnF3)2.[28]","title":"Lewis acidity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reducing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwood-20"}],"text":"SnF2 is a reducing agent, with a standard reduction potential of Eo (SnIV/ SnII) = +0.15 V.[29] Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O2, SO2 or F2) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn3F8 (containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn–Sn bonds).[20]","title":"Reducing properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wells-30"},{"link_name":"GeF2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium_difluoride"},{"link_name":"paratellurite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wells-30"}],"text":"The monoclinic form contains tetramers, Sn4F8, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms. In each case, there are three nearest neighbours, with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid, and the lone pair of electrons sterically active.[30] Other forms reported have the GeF2 and paratellurite structures.[30]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-26"},{"link_name":"alkyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In the vapour phase, SnF2 forms monomers, dimers, and trimers.[26] Monomeric SnF2 is a non-linear with an Sn−F bond length of 206 pm.[26] Complexes of SnF2, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an alkyne and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported.[31][32]","title":"Molecular SnF2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"tooth discoloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_discoloration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17410949-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31872105-16"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Stannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes. If ingested, it can cause abdominal pains and shock.[33] Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible; symptoms include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild tooth discoloration; this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing, or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.[15][16][34]","title":"Safety"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES\" (Press release). National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-inventors-hall-of-fame-announces-2019-inductees-at-ces-300774807.html","url_text":"\"National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Names Variable Charge Metals\". Nobel.SCAS.BCIT.ca/. 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Chem. 19 (1): 110–119. doi:10.1021/ic50203a024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50203a024","url_text":"10.1021/ic50203a024"}]},{"reference":"Salami, Tolulope O.; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Oliver, Scott R.J (2004). \"Synthesis and crystal structure of two tin fluoride materials: NaSnF3 (BING-12) and Sn3F3PO4\". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 177 (3): 800–805. Bibcode:2004JSSCh.177..800S. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JSSCh.177..800S","url_text":"2004JSSCh.177..800S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jssc.2003.09.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013"}]},{"reference":"Kokunov Y. V.; Detkov D. G.; Gorbunova Yu. E.; Ershova M. M.; Mikhailov Yu. N. 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The first direct observation of a carbene analog π-complex with alkyne\". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 43 (1): 47–49. doi:10.1007/BF00699133. S2CID 97064510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00699133","url_text":"10.1007/BF00699133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97064510","url_text":"97064510"}]},{"reference":"S. E. Boganov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov (1999). \"Study of complexation between difluorostannylene and aromatics by matrix IR spectroscopy\". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 48 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1007/BF02494408. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Ackermann	Edith Ackermann	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 Awards","5 References"]	American psychologist Edith AckermannBorn1946SwitzerlandDiedDecember 24, 2016(2016-12-24) (aged 69–70)Cambridge, MassachusettsEducationUniversity of GenevaScientific careerFieldsDevelopmental psychologyInstitutionsMIT Media Lab Edith K. Ackermann (1946 – December 24, 2016) was a Swiss-born American psychologist who explored the interactions between developmental psychology, play, learning and design. A graduate of the University of Geneva, and a protege to Jean Piaget, she held permanent and visiting positions at several institutions in the United States and Europe, including the MIT Media Lab. Early life Ackermann was born in Switzerland in 1946. When she was a small child, Ackermann moved with her family to the hills outside of Cannes. Her mother Edith and her stepfather Klaus Peter Wieland both worked as magazine correspondents; Klaus Peter's father was painter Hans Beat Wieland. She attended the University of Geneva for an undergraduate degree, a master's degree and a Ph.D. in developmental psychology. Soon after graduating, she was a junior faculty member in psychology at the University of Geneva and a research associate of Jean Piaget at the Centre International d'Epistémologie Génétique. Career Ackermann's career focused on developmental psychology, play and the influence of technology on childhood learning. She worked for the MIT Media Lab with constructionism expert Seymour Papert. Using Papert's Logo programming language, Ackermann and Papert did work for The Lego Group that led to the development of Lego Mindstorms. She was also a visiting scientist at the MIT School of Architecture, was Honorary Professor of Psychology the University of Aix-Marseille I, and was a visiting professor at the University of Siena in Italy. In addition, she worked closely with the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Ackermann was an Osher Fellow at the Exploratorium. Ackermann conducted early research that attempted to reconcile Piagetian principles with situated learning. Reanalyzing Piaget's work with the water-level task in terms of how children move from concrete thinking to abstraction, Ackermann wrote that Piaget's theory deals with how children become detached from concrete objects, where other theorists focused on the children's attachment to concrete items. In other work with Marina Bers, Ackermann studied hospitalized pediatric heart patients and found that they benefited from an interactive storytelling environment. Later life In the early 2000s Edith coauthored guides for parents to aid in the development of their children with funding from LEGO. She also mentored numerous students by reading and sharing reflections on their works with them. She also advised design and R&D firms, INVIVIA and bespoke R&D. Late in life, Ackermann became a close companion of Swiss philosopher Ernst von Glasersfeld; the pair met many years earlier while working with Piaget. In 2008, he moved to Massachusetts, and they began meeting frequently and working on an essay that remained unfinished upon his death in 2010. Awards In late 2016, Ackermann received a lifetime achievement award at the FabLearn Conference at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. References ^ a b Ackermann, Edith K. "Musings on Mind and Meaning: Ernst von Glasersfeld Lectures". Retrieved December 31, 2016. ^ "Edith Ackermann, developmental psychologist and learning researcher, dies at 70". MIT News. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016. ^ "Edith Ackermann". web.media.mit.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ Sutton, Jon (August 1, 2012). "When psychologists become builders". The Psychologist. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ a b Plotnikoff, David (December 20, 2016). "Education researcher Edith Ackermann awarded lifetime achievement award from FabLearn at Stanford GSE". Stanford Graduate School of Education. Retrieved December 31, 2016. ^ "Teacher and student". Design School Kolding. October 21, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ "Edith K. Ackermann". Media & Learning 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ "Edith Ackermann". Exploratorium. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ Noss, Richard; Hoyles, Celia (2012). Windows on Mathematical Meanings: Learning Cultures and Computers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 121. ISBN 9789400916968. ^ Bryant, Peter; Nunes, Terezinha (2016). Learning and Teaching Mathematics: An International Perspective. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781317715993. ^ Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2006). Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media: Two-Volume Set. SAGE Publications. p. 445. ISBN 9781452265513. ^ "INVIVIA". July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019. ^ "bespokernd". July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Netherlands Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developmental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"MIT Media Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab"}],"text":"Edith K. Ackermann (1946 – December 24, 2016) was a Swiss-born American psychologist who explored the interactions between developmental psychology, play, learning and design. A graduate of the University of Geneva, and a protege to Jean Piaget, she held permanent and visiting positions at several institutions in the United States and Europe, including the MIT Media Lab.","title":"Edith Ackermann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"Hans Beat Wieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Beat_Wieland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Piaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget"},{"link_name":"Centre International d'Epistémologie Génétique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_International_d%27Epist%C3%A9mologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MML-3"}],"text":"Ackermann was born in Switzerland in 1946. When she was a small child, Ackermann moved with her family to the hills outside of Cannes. Her mother Edith and her stepfather Klaus Peter Wieland both worked as magazine correspondents; Klaus Peter's father was painter Hans Beat Wieland.[1] She attended the University of Geneva for an undergraduate degree, a master's degree and a Ph.D. in developmental psychology.[2]Soon after graduating, she was a junior faculty member in psychology at the University of Geneva and a research associate of Jean Piaget at the Centre International d'Epistémologie Génétique.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionism_(learning_theory)"},{"link_name":"Seymour Papert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert"},{"link_name":"Logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Lego Mindstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutton-4"},{"link_name":"MIT School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning"},{"link_name":"University of Aix-Marseille I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"University of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Harvard Graduate School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSK-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML12-7"},{"link_name":"Exploratorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratorium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osher-8"},{"link_name":"situated learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated_learning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noss-9"},{"link_name":"water-level task","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-level_task"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryant-10"},{"link_name":"Marina Bers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bers"},{"link_name":"interactive storytelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_storytelling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnett-11"}],"text":"Ackermann's career focused on developmental psychology, play and the influence of technology on childhood learning. She worked for the MIT Media Lab with constructionism expert Seymour Papert. Using Papert's Logo programming language, Ackermann and Papert did work for The Lego Group that led to the development of Lego Mindstorms.[4] She was also a visiting scientist at the MIT School of Architecture, was Honorary Professor of Psychology the University of Aix-Marseille I, and was a visiting professor at the University of Siena in Italy. In addition, she worked closely with the Harvard Graduate School of Design.[5][6][7] Ackermann was an Osher Fellow at the Exploratorium.[8]Ackermann conducted early research that attempted to reconcile Piagetian principles with situated learning.[9] Reanalyzing Piaget's work with the water-level task in terms of how children move from concrete thinking to abstraction, Ackermann wrote that Piaget's theory deals with how children become detached from concrete objects, where other theorists focused on the children's attachment to concrete items.[10] In other work with Marina Bers, Ackermann studied hospitalized pediatric heart patients and found that they benefited from an interactive storytelling environment.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INVIVIA-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bespokernd-13"},{"link_name":"Ernst von Glasersfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musings-1"}],"text":"In the early 2000s Edith coauthored guides for parents to aid in the development of their children with funding from LEGO. She also mentored numerous students by reading and sharing reflections on their works with them. She also advised design and R&D firms, INVIVIA[12] and bespoke R&D.[13]Late in life, Ackermann became a close companion of Swiss philosopher Ernst von Glasersfeld; the pair met many years earlier while working with Piaget. In 2008, he moved to Massachusetts, and they began meeting frequently and working on an essay that remained unfinished upon his death in 2010.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford Graduate School of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-5"}],"text":"In late 2016, Ackermann received a lifetime achievement award at the FabLearn Conference at the Stanford Graduate School of Education.[5]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ackermann, Edith K. \"Musings on Mind and Meaning: Ernst von Glasersfeld Lectures\". Retrieved December 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/9457384","url_text":"\"Musings on Mind and Meaning: Ernst von Glasersfeld Lectures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Ackermann, developmental psychologist and learning researcher, dies at 70\". MIT News. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mit.edu/2016/edith-ackermann-developmental-psychologist-learning-researcher-dies-70-1228","url_text":"\"Edith Ackermann, developmental psychologist and learning researcher, dies at 70\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"MIT News"}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Ackermann\". web.media.mit.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~edith/profile.html","url_text":"\"Edith Ackermann\""}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Jon (August 1, 2012). \"When psychologists become builders\". The Psychologist. 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Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designskolenkolding.dk/en/news/teacher-and-student","url_text":"\"Teacher and student\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_School_Kolding","url_text":"Design School Kolding"}]},{"reference":"\"Edith K. Ackermann\". Media & Learning 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232046/http://www.media-and-learning.eu/2012/node/1330/lightbox2.html","url_text":"\"Edith K. Ackermann\""},{"url":"http://www.media-and-learning.eu/2012/node/1330/lightbox2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Ackermann\". Exploratorium. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exploratorium.edu/collaborations/oshers/edith-ackermann","url_text":"\"Edith Ackermann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratorium","url_text":"Exploratorium"}]},{"reference":"Noss, Richard; Hoyles, Celia (2012). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amt_R%C3%BCti	Rüti Monastery	["1 History","2 Burials at Rüti Monastery","3 Counts of Toggenburg and Elisabeth von Mätsch","4 Dissolution","5 List of Abbots","6 Buildings","7 Protection","8 See also","9 References","10 Literature","11 External links"]	Former Swiss Premonstratensian monastery This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rüti Monastery" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rüti MonasteryRüti Monastery respectively the so-called Amt Rüti around 1740, as seen from the Schanz bulwark, the present Rüti Reformed Church is situated in the background.Location within Canton of ZürichShow map of Canton of ZürichRüti Monastery (Switzerland)Show map of SwitzerlandMonastery informationOther namesKloster Rüti; Prämonstratenserkloster Rüti; Kloster zu unserer lieben Frau; Kloster sancte MariaOrderPremonstratensianEstablished1206Disestablished1525 during the Reformation in ZürichMother houseWeissenau AbbeyDioceseSchwabenControlled churchesRüti (1206–1525), Uster (1438–1525), and further 12 parish churchesPeopleFounder(s)Liutold IV von RegensbergAbbotlist of Abbots 1206–1525ArchitectureStatusdissolvedFunctional statusReformed church of the municipality of Rüti; municipal use as library, archives and so on (Amthaus); apartment buildings (Spitzerliegenschaft and former rectory)Heritage designationSwiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional SignificanceSiteLocationRüti, Canton of ZürichCoordinates47°15′34″N 8°50′56″E / 47.2595°N 8.8490°E / 47.2595; 8.8490Visible remainschurch and three buildingsPublic accessyes Rüti Monastery (German: Prämonstratenserkloster Rüti) was a former Premonstratensian monastery, founded in 1206 and suppressed in 1525 on occasion of the Reformation in Zürich, situated in the municipality of Rüti in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. The monastery's church was the final resting place of the Counts of Toggenburg, among them Count Friedrich VII and 13 other members of the Toggenburg family, and other noble families. Between 1206 and 1525, the monastery comprised 14 incorporated churches and the owner of extensive lands and estates at 185 localities. Amthaus and the former monastery's church As seen from Bandwiesstrasse The entrance hall of the former monastery's church where the burial vault of the Counts of Toggenburg was situated Interior respectively the apse of the Rüti church Drawing by Johann Melchior Füssli (1700) History Main articles: House of Regensberg and House of Rapperswil In 1206 the estate for the monastery was given by Liutold IV, Count of Regensberg, and it was confirmed on 6 May 1219 by his brother, Eberhard, Archbishop of Salzburg. The church and rights were transferred by Rudolf I von Rapperswil and Diethelm of Toggenburg to the convent in 1229. On the upper Lake Zürich peninsula at Oberbollingen, a St. Nicholas Chapel is mentioned, where around 1229 a small Cistercian (later Premonstratensian) monastery was established by the Counts of Rapperswil. That nunnery is estimated to have been (administratively) part of the Rüti Monastery; in 1267 it was united with the nearby Mariazell Wurmsbach Abbey. Initially founded as a branch of the Premonstratensian Abbey in Churwalden, Rüti Monastery, commonly known as monastery of Saint Mary, was placed by the Bishop of Constance in 1230 to the Weissenau (Minderau) abbey and was part of the administrative district of Zirkaria Swabia. The construction of the monastery's cathedral started in 1214 and probably was finished in 1283. In 1286, for financial reason, the Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil had to sell her farm estate in Oberdürnten including the associated rights (in particular the lower courts) to the Rüti Monastery. But the House of Rapperswil also supported the Rüti Monastery in the following decades, so Johann's I son, Johann II, assigned an estate and all rights in the name of his younger siblings on 17 June 1340. The convent was generously endowed with money and goods by the aristocratic families in northeastern Switzerland, enabling it to buy the rights to parish churches and additional estates, among them in Aadorf by the Landenberg-Greifensee family in 1358, Bassersdorf, Dürnten, Elsau-Räterschen in 1398, Erlenbach, Eschenbach, Eschlikon, Fehraltorf, Fischenthal, Gossau, Hinwil, Hofstetten, Mönchaltorf, Neubrunn-Turbenthal, Rapperswil, Seegräben, Uster in 1438, Uznach, Wangen in der March in 1407, Wil-Dreibrunnen, Winterthur, Zollikerberg, Zollikon and Zürich. By gift, purchase and exchange, Rüti Monastery enlarged its ownership, concentrated in the early 15th century in Rüti (Ferrach and Oberdürnten), between Greifensee and Pfäffikersee and on the northeastern shore on so-called Obersee, the upper part of Zürichsee (Lake Zürich). Rüti was an important stage point along the Jakobsweg (Way of St. James) leading via Rapperswil and the wooden bridge at the Seedamm lake crossing to the Einsiedeln Abbey. A unique document is related to one of the members of the Rüti convent: On 5 December 1374 Bilgri von Kloten declared that he and his legitimate daughter Margret Bertschinger do not raise any claims to a land, sealed by the Vogt of Rapperswil. In 1408 the Rüti village and the monastery came under the reign of the government of the city of Zürich as part of the so-called Herrschaft Grüningen. Among many other transfers of lands and goods, on 12 May 1433 Heini Murer von Grueningen and his wife Anna Keller confirmed the transfer of their lands on Lutzelnoew island for 100 Pfund Pfennig Zürcher Währung to the Abbot Johans and the convent of the Rüti Monastery, including numerous buildings and lands in the Herrschaft Grüningen, and the document confirmed also the couple's wish to be enrolled in the monastery's libri anniversariorum (German: Jahrzeitbuch). On 11 June 1443 marauders of the Old Swiss Confederacy plundered the monastery in the Old Zürich War, and the graves of Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg, among them the Count of Thierstein and other nobilities, were desecrated: Item si brachen die greber in dem münster uff, und truogent die todten lichnam heruss, graf frdrichen von toggenburg, und schluogent jm ain stain in den mund; graf waldraffen von tierstain schütten si uss dem bom , und wurffen ainander mit sinen gebainen. The devastation by the confederates met the monastery, materially and idealistic. The plundering of the region weakened the monastic manorial, and the desecration of the graves diminished the importance of the monastery as preferred burial place of the nobility. Memoria for the noble families remain largely intact during the Reformation in Zürich to the demolition of the Toggenburgerkapelle vault and partial new construction of the present Rüti Reformed Church in 1771. Burials at Rüti Monastery Ledger stone of knight Johann von Klingenberg On 29 November 1389, seven months after the Battle of Näfels, the abbot Bilgeri von Wagenberg moved about 100 bodies (in fact, their bones) of the Swiss-Austrian knights and soldiers, among them his brother Johann von Klingenberg, from the battle field and reburied them (most of them in a mass grave within the church) at Rüti Monastery. The members of the Toggenburg family were buried in the so-called Toggenburger Gruft, a burial vault where is as of today the entrance hall to the church. In addition, there was a large number of members of noble families/knights living nearby (Regensberg family excluded) and the families of the latter Amtsmann, the representatives of the city of Zürich between 1525 and 1789. Most of these gravestones are lost, destroyed – probably the ones of the nobilities in June 1443 by the Swiss troops in the Old Zürich War – or were re-used for buildings etc. Counts of Toggenburg and Elisabeth von Mätsch Main article: Elisabeth von Matsch Reliquiar believed given by Elisabeth von Mätsch to the Rüti Monastery in 1439, Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona Toggenburg burial vault one of the few remaining tomb stones of the Toggenburg family, Toggenburgergruft beneath the present entrance area of the church The members of the Toggenburg family were buried in the so-called Toggenburger Gruft, a burial vault where is as of today the entrance hall to the church. On 23 April 1398 Count Donat von Toggenburg donated the church of Elsow as benefice for the new Allerheiligenaltar at the grave of the Toggenburg family, for the salvation of his daughter soul Menta von Toggenburg who died shortly before. Count Fridrich von Toggenburg, Herr zu Brettengow und Tafas donated to "his own and the salvation of his ancestor who were buried and he also expects to be buried" the church, rights and lands (Kirchwidem and Kirchensatz) in Wangen in der March, sealed by Fridrich and the knights Herman von Landenberg, Johans von Bonstetten from Ustra and Herman von der Hochenlandenberg on 21 January 1407. Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg died in 1436 and was buried probably in 1439 in a chapel, the so-called Toggenburger Kapelle (capella nova in latere monasterii de novo construxit) given by his noble wife, Countess Elisabeth von Toggenburg, née von Mätsch. On 5 September 1439 Elisabeth von Mätsch instigated a parsonage for the purpose of a daily Mass to Friedrich's and her own salvation, and for this purpose she bequeathed the monastery the amount of 1,300 Rheinische Gulden in gold and precious gems with ornaments (pretiosa ornamenta) to the Rüti Monastery where 14 members of the family were buried, and Countess Elisabeth probably lived in her late years. During her lifetime, Countess Elisabeth chose the priest who should hold the Mass in the new chapel of the monastery church. After her death, the foundation provided that the abbot and his convent hold a daily Mass and the usual periodicals, and that to the priest in charge was given board and lodge, as well as ten Rheinische Gulden at Christmas, financed by Elisabeth's foundation. The abbot of Einsiedeln had to pay attention to the fulfillment of these obligations and received in this way influence on the life of the Rüti convention respectively the convent had the hermit pin to pay fifty Florins for non-compliance. The document was draft by Eberhart Wüst von Rapperswil, the bistum's notar, on 5 September 1439 at 4 pm and confirmed by the abbot Johans and the members of the convent: Prior Johans Murer, Subprior Johans Schiltknecht, Heinrich Lörri, Erhard Baumgarter, Johans Berger, Heinrich Witenwiler, Ulrich Clinger and Ulrich Glarner. Elisabeth Countess of Toggenburg spent her last days in the Rüti Monastery, and she was for the last time mentioned on 20 June 1442 as its inhabitant: Elisabeth von Toggemburg...Graf Ffriedrich von Toggenburg and many of his ancestors haven chosen to be buried in the Rüti Monastery, which is why she has retreated there ("unser wesen gentzlich in dasselbe gotzhus got zuo dienende gezogen haben") and elected her tomb to be with her husband after her death... Her probably last will attested that she devised to the convent a specifically named jewel, namely 1300 Rheinische Gulden for...... also a beaded ("berlachtes") chasuble, a gilded "tryenvass", the big monstrance with the mandrel the crown of Christ, the small monstrance with an attached closure ("Schlössli") heart-shaped, four chasubles made of velvet and damask, two silk decorative ceiling ("Golter") in green and red, and a silk tapestry ("uffschlag")... The document is sealed by Countess Elisabeth and knight Albrecht von Landemberg von Breitenlandemberg (Tösstal). On 11 June 1443 marauding troops of the Old Swiss Confederacy devastated the monastery Rüti and desecrated the bodies of the nobles, including Count Friedrich VII who they held responsible for the war with Zürich, and the scavengers pelted with the remains like schoolboys with snowballs. Dissolution Main article: Reformation in Zürich On 22 April 1525 Abbot Felix Klauser, with important documents, money and parts of the monastery's treasury, fled for refuge to the city of Rapperswil, where he died in a house belonging to the monastery in early 1530. On 17 June 1525, following the Reformation in Zürich, the monastery was secularized; three of the monks converted to Protestantism and died in the Battle of Kappel, three remained in Rüti, and Sebastian Hegner, the last conventual died in exile in Rapperswil in 1561. Two years ago, an arbitration tribunal in Rapperswil decided among others: Sebastian Hegner had to pay the fees that were confiscated to the city of Zürich, to resign to reinstate the Rüti Monastery, subject to a decision by a Christian council and a common reformation, and Hegner had to force the abbot of the Reichenau convent to give over all documents related the Rüti Monastery. In return, the city of Zürich pledged safe-conduct within the area of the city republic of Zürich and to preserve Hegner from harm and to refund all property back to Sebastian Hegner. The council of the city of Zürich also agreed corn and wine to pay in kind and the amount of 35 Gulden at Christmas at his new domicile in Rapperswil. The document was sealed by Lux Ritter, alt Schultheiss of the city of Luzern, Cristoffel Schorno, stadtholder and military representative in Schwyz, and Gilg Tschudi, Landammann in Glarus, on 26 January 1559. Sebastian Hegner, last surviving member of the convent, falls and dies in Rapperswil on 10 November 1561 The monastery's treasury, left in Rapperswil, is conserved today in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil. The enormous number of estates of the former monastery — around 185 localities in northeastern Switzerland — were managed as Amt Rüti by an Amtmann (member of the city of Zürich government) until 1798. Following the Reformation in Zürich, Rüti got one of the first public schools in the canton of Zürich, established by the Prophezei reformers and some of the former monks of the monastery. List of Abbots Abbot's crozier, treasury of the former Rüti Monastery in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil Name acted as from/to remarks 1. Ulrich Propst 1206–1221 2. Luther Prior, Propst 1221–1224 3. Eberhard Propst 1224–1226 4. Berchtold Abbot 1226–1237 5. Ulrich II. Propst 1237–1257 6. Heinrich I. Abbot 1259–1266 7. Wernher Prior, Abbot 1272 (?) 8. Heinrich II. Abbot 9. Walther Abbot 1279–1283 10. Johannes I. von Rheinfelden Abbot 1286–1300 11. Johannes II. Abbot 1300–1317 12. Hesso Abbot 1319–1342 13. Heinrich III. von Schaffhausen Abbot 1346–1379 14. Bilgeri (Peregrinus) von Wagenberg Abbot 1379–1394 15. Gottfried (Götz) Schultheiss Abbot 1394–1422 16. Albrecht (Albertus) Abbot 1422–1426 17. Johannes III. Zingg Abbot 1428–1446 18. Johannes IV. Murer Abbot 1446–1467 19. Ulrich Tennenberg Abbot 1467–1477 20. Markus (Marx) Wiler Abbot 1477–1502 initiated the interior decoration of the Rüti Reformed Church's choir 21. Felix Klauser Abbot 1503–1525 Felix Klauser died in early 1530. Andreas Diener was chosen to be his successor, on April 5, 1530, the election was revoked. Buildings Main article: Rüti Reformed Church Map of the monastery (1800) The monastery comprised a hospital, a pilgrims hospice, stables, buildings for the monks, the cloister that was connecting the buildings protected by a stone wall, and a large number of additional buildings, among them at least one mill that was using the waterpower of the Schwarz and Jona rivers. The present structure of the former monastery church, as of today the Reformed church in Rüti, was built from 1206 to 1283 and rebuilt in 1706 and again in 1770. The church has one tower on the south. The interior is decorated with painted stucco created in the 1480/90s. The former site of the monastery respectively the Rüti Reformed Church as seen from Schlossberg Klosterhof square in Rüti: The former monastery's church, Amthaus to the right Amthaus Pfarrhaus (rectory) Spitzerliegenschaft, the rectory in the background Hüllistein estate in Rüti, a so-called Rütihof, i.e. a former fief by the monastery Most of the monastery's buildings were destroyed by fire in 1706. The remaining buildings were built probably in the early 16th century: the so-called "Spitzerliegenschaft" (stable and warehouse) and the Pfarrhaus (rectory). The Amthaus (Bailiff's house) was rebuilt in 1706 and serves as library, Kindergarten, as a museum of local history and site of the archives of the municipality of Rüti, and the present Rüti Church was used as Reformed church of the municipality Rüti and the village of Tann. Protection The remaining structures of the monastery – Rüti Reformed Church and the three buildings related to the monastery – are listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object. See also Reformation in Zürich Ritterhaus Bubikon Rüti Reformed Church References ^ a b Bruno Schmid (2014-01-14). "Uster (Gemeinde)" (in German). HDS. Retrieved 2015-09-13. ^ "Vogt Rudolf I. von Rapperswil vergabt die Kirche Bollingen an das Kloster Rüti" (in German). Rechtsquellenstiftung des Schweizerischen Juristenvereins: Rechtsquellen der Stadt und Herrschaft Rapperswil (mit den Höfen Busskirch/Jona, Kempraten und Wagen). Retrieved 2015-09-15. ^ "C II 12, Nr. 130 Graf Johans von Habsburg gibt dem Kloster Rüti in eigenem Namen und als Vogt seiner minderjährigen Geschwister ein Gut z... (1340.06.17)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-03. ^ "C II 16, Nr. 84 Die Brüder und Ritter Herman und Beringer von Landenberg sowie Herman von Landenberg, alle von Greifensee, und ihr Vette... (1358.04.06)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-09-13. ^ a b "C II 16, Nr. 215 Graf Donat von Toggenburg, Herr zu Brettengow und Tavas, hat den Kirchensatz von Elsow dem Abt und Konvent des Prämonstr... (1398.04.23)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-14. ^ a b "C II 12, Nr. 277 Graf Fridrich von Toggenburg, Herr zu Brettengow und Tafas, schenkt zum eigenen Seelenheil und dem seiner Vorfahren dem ... (1407.01.21)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-14. ^ "C II 11, Nr. 483 Bilgri von Kloten, Konventbruder in Rüti, und seine eheliche Tochter Margret Bertschinger erklären keinerlei Ansprüche b... (1374.12.05)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04. ^ "C II 12, Nr. 370 Heini Murer von Grueningen und seine Frau Anna Keller beurkunden, dass sie ihre Güter zu Lutzelnoew für 100 Pfund Pfenni... (1433.05.12)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-09-04. ^ Peter Niederhäuser and Raphael Sennhauser (2003). "Adelsgrablegen und Adelsmemoria im Kloster Rüti" (in German). Kunst + Architektur in der Schweiz = Art + architecture en Suisse = Arte + architettura in Svizzera, Volume 54. Retrieved 2015-09-08. ^ "Summarium Amt S, Band 1, Seite 10" (in German). Klosterarchiv Einsiedeln. Retrieved 2015-07-31. ^ "A 142.4, Nr. 9 Stiftung einer Messe am Altar einer Kapelle des Klosters Rüti durch Gräfin Elisabeth von Toggenburg, 1439.09.05 (Dokument)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-02. ^ "C II 12, Nr. 407 Gräfin Elizabeth von Toggemburg geborene von Maetsch, Witwe, - deren verstorbener Mann Graf Ffriedrich vo... (1442.06.20)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-10. ^ Emil Wüst: Kunst in der Reformierten Kirche Rüti ZH. Published by Kirchenpflege Rüti, 1989. ^ "C I, Nr. 2382 Spruch im Streit zwischen Sebastian Hegner und der Stadt Zürich um Hegners Ansrpüche an das Kloster Rüti (1559.01.26)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04. ^ a b Bernard Andenmatten und Brigitte Degler-Spengler (Red.): Die Prämonstratenser und Prämonstratenserinnen in der Schweiz. In: Helvetia Sacra IV/3, Basel 2002. ISBN 978-3-7965-1218-6 ^ a b c Ortsmuseum und Chronik der Gemeinde Rüti ^ "A-Objekte KGS-Inventar" (PDF). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-01-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-13. Literature Peter Niederhäuser und Raphael Sennhauser: Adelsgrablegen und Adelsmemoria im Kloster Rüti. In: Kunst + Architektur in der Schweiz, Volume 54, No. 1, 2003. Bernard Andenmatten und Brigitte Degler-Spengler (Red.): Die Prämonstratenser und Prämonstratenserinnen in der Schweiz. In: Helvetia Sacra IV/3, Basel 2002. ISBN 978-3-7965-1218-6. Roger Sablonier: Adel im Wandel. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Situation des ostschweizerischen Adels um 1300. Chronos-Verlag, Zürich 1979/2000. ISBN 978-3-905313-55-0. Emil Wüst: Kunst in der Reformierten Kirche Rüti ZH. Hrsg. Kirchenpflege Rüti, 1989. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rüti Abbey. Alfred Zangger: Rüti (ZH, Kloster) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 26 November 2010. Evangelisch-reformierte Kirchgemeinde Rüti (in German) Premonstratensian Order (in German) Premonstratensian travel guide (in German) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Geographic Klosterdatenbank Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Premonstratensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premonstratensian"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Rüti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_ZH"},{"link_name":"canton of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"monastery's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church#History"},{"link_name":"Counts of Toggenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Toggenburg"},{"link_name":"Count Friedrich VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_VII,_count_of_Toggenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6795_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"former monastery's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformierte_Kirche_R%C3%BCti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5312_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5191_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5258_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rüti church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Stich_von_Melchior_F%C3%BCssli_um_1700_IMG_5029.jpg"}],"text":"Rüti Monastery (German: Prämonstratenserkloster Rüti) was a former Premonstratensian monastery, founded in 1206 and suppressed in 1525 on occasion of the Reformation in Zürich, situated in the municipality of Rüti in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. The monastery's church was the final resting place of the Counts of Toggenburg, among them Count Friedrich VII and 13 other members of the Toggenburg family, and other noble families. Between 1206 and 1525, the monastery comprised 14 incorporated churches and the owner of extensive lands and estates at 185 localities.Amthaus and the former monastery's churchAs seen from BandwiesstrasseThe entrance hall of the former monastery's church where the burial vault of the Counts of Toggenburg was situatedInterior respectively the apse of the Rüti churchDrawing by Johann Melchior Füssli (1700)","title":"Rüti Monastery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Regensberg"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollingen#History"},{"link_name":"Rudolf I von Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Toggenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Toggenburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rechtsquellenstiftung-1229-2"},{"link_name":"upper Lake Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersee_(Z%C3%BCrichsee)"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Counts of Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Wurmsbach Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurmsbach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary"},{"link_name":"monastery's cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth von Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"House of Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Johann's I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_I_(Habsburg-Laufenburg)"},{"link_name":"Johann II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_II_(Habsburg-Laufenburg)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-johannII-3"},{"link_name":"parish churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Aadorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadorf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1358-4"},{"link_name":"Bassersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassersdorf"},{"link_name":"Dürnten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrnten"},{"link_name":"Elsau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1398-5"},{"link_name":"Erlenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenbach,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschenbach_SG"},{"link_name":"Eschlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschlikon"},{"link_name":"Fehraltorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fehraltorf"},{"link_name":"Fischenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischenthal"},{"link_name":"Gossau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossau_ZH"},{"link_name":"Hinwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinwil"},{"link_name":"Hofstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstetten,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Mönchaltorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchaltorf"},{"link_name":"Turbenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbenthal"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Seegräben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seegr%C3%A4ben"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hds-uster-1"},{"link_name":"Uznach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uznach"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1407-6"},{"link_name":"Wil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_SG"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Zollikerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollikerberg"},{"link_name":"Zollikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollikon"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Greifensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifensee_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Pfäffikersee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4ffikersee"},{"link_name":"Obersee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersee_(Z%C3%BCrichsee)"},{"link_name":"Jakobsweg (Way of St. James)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James_(route_descriptions)#In_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"wooden bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzbr%C3%BCcke_Rapperswil-Hurden"},{"link_name":"Seedamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedamm_von_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Einsiedeln Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsiedeln_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1374-7"},{"link_name":"Herrschaft Grüningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrschaft_Gr%C3%BCningen"},{"link_name":"Lutzelnoew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtzelau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-l%C3%BCtzelau-8"},{"link_name":"Old Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Old Zürich War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Rüti Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adelsgrablegungen-9"}],"text":"In 1206 the estate for the monastery was given by Liutold IV, Count of Regensberg, and it was confirmed on 6 May 1219 by his brother, Eberhard, Archbishop of Salzburg. The church and rights were transferred by Rudolf I von Rapperswil and Diethelm of Toggenburg to the convent in 1229.[2] On the upper Lake Zürich peninsula at Oberbollingen, a St. Nicholas Chapel is mentioned, where around 1229 a small Cistercian (later Premonstratensian) monastery was established by the Counts of Rapperswil. That nunnery is estimated to have been (administratively) part of the Rüti Monastery; in 1267 it was united with the nearby Mariazell Wurmsbach Abbey.Initially founded as a branch of the Premonstratensian Abbey in Churwalden, Rüti Monastery, commonly known as monastery of Saint Mary, was placed by the Bishop of Constance in 1230 to the Weissenau (Minderau) abbey and was part of the administrative district of Zirkaria Swabia. The construction of the monastery's cathedral started in 1214 and probably was finished in 1283. In 1286, for financial reason, the Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil had to sell her farm estate in Oberdürnten including the associated rights (in particular the lower courts) to the Rüti Monastery. But the House of Rapperswil also supported the Rüti Monastery in the following decades, so Johann's I son, Johann II, assigned an estate and all rights in the name of his younger siblings on 17 June 1340.[3]The convent was generously endowed with money and goods by the aristocratic families in northeastern Switzerland, enabling it to buy the rights to parish churches and additional estates, among them in Aadorf by the Landenberg-Greifensee family in 1358,[4] Bassersdorf, Dürnten, Elsau-Räterschen in 1398,[5] Erlenbach, Eschenbach, Eschlikon, Fehraltorf, Fischenthal, Gossau, Hinwil, Hofstetten, Mönchaltorf, Neubrunn-Turbenthal, Rapperswil, Seegräben, Uster in 1438,[1] Uznach, Wangen in der March in 1407,[6] Wil-Dreibrunnen, Winterthur, Zollikerberg, Zollikon and Zürich. By gift, purchase and exchange, Rüti Monastery enlarged its ownership, concentrated in the early 15th century in Rüti (Ferrach and Oberdürnten), between Greifensee and Pfäffikersee and on the northeastern shore on so-called Obersee, the upper part of Zürichsee (Lake Zürich). Rüti was an important stage point along the Jakobsweg (Way of St. James) leading via Rapperswil and the wooden bridge at the Seedamm lake crossing to the Einsiedeln Abbey.A unique document is related to one of the members of the Rüti convent: On 5 December 1374 Bilgri von Kloten declared that he and his legitimate daughter Margret Bertschinger do not raise any claims to a land, sealed by the Vogt of Rapperswil.[7]In 1408 the Rüti village and the monastery came under the reign of the government of the city of Zürich as part of the so-called Herrschaft Grüningen. Among many other transfers of lands and goods, on 12 May 1433 Heini Murer von Grueningen and his wife Anna Keller confirmed the transfer of their lands on Lutzelnoew island for 100 Pfund Pfennig Zürcher Währung to the Abbot Johans and the convent of the Rüti Monastery, including numerous buildings and lands in the Herrschaft Grüningen, and the document confirmed also the couple's wish to be enrolled in the monastery's libri anniversariorum (German: Jahrzeitbuch).[8]On 11 June 1443 marauders of the Old Swiss Confederacy plundered the monastery in the Old Zürich War, and the graves of Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg, among them the Count of Thierstein and other nobilities, were desecrated: Item si brachen die greber in dem münster uff, und truogent die todten lichnam heruss, graf frdrichen von toggenburg, und schluogent jm ain stain in den mund; graf waldraffen von tierstain schütten si uss dem bom [tomb], und wurffen ainander mit sinen gebainen. The devastation by the confederates met the monastery, materially and idealistic. The plundering of the region weakened the monastic manorial, and the desecration of the graves diminished the importance of the monastery as preferred burial place of the nobility. Memoria for the noble families remain largely intact during the Reformation in Zürich to the demolition of the Toggenburgerkapelle vault and partial new construction of the present Rüti Reformed Church in 1771.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5267.JPG"},{"link_name":"Battle of Näfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A4fels"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"burial vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)"}],"text":"Ledger stone of knight Johann von KlingenbergOn 29 November 1389, seven months after the Battle of Näfels, the abbot Bilgeri von Wagenberg moved about 100 bodies (in fact, their bones) of the Swiss-Austrian knights and soldiers, among them his brother Johann von Klingenberg, from the battle field and reburied them (most of them in a mass grave within the church) at Rüti Monastery. The members of the Toggenburg family were buried in the so-called Toggenburger Gruft, a burial vault where is as of today the entrance hall to the church. In addition, there was a large number of members of noble families/knights living nearby (Regensberg family excluded) and the families of the latter Amtsmann, the representatives of the city of Zürich between 1525 and 1789. Most of these gravestones are lost, destroyed – probably the ones of the nobilities in June 1443 by the Swiss troops in the Old Zürich War – or were re-used for buildings etc.","title":"Burials at Rüti Monastery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rapperswil_-_Stadtmuseum_-_Elisabeth_Matsch_-_Reliquiar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth von Mätsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_M%C3%A4tsch"},{"link_name":"Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil-Jona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-42-04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toggenburg burial vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Matsch#R%C3%BCti_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-41-34_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"burial vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1398-5"},{"link_name":"Ustra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1407-6"},{"link_name":"Friedrich VII of Toggenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VII,_Count_of_Toggenburg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth von Toggenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Toggenburg"},{"link_name":"Rheinische Gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_guilder"},{"link_name":"Florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klosterarchiv-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-elisabethvonm%C3%A4tsch-11"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Countess of Toggenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Matsch"},{"link_name":"Tösstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6sstal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-1442-12"},{"link_name":"war with Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunst_kirche_r%C3%BCti-13"}],"text":"Reliquiar believed given by Elisabeth von Mätsch to the Rüti Monastery in 1439, Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-JonaToggenburg burial vaultone of the few remaining tomb stones of the Toggenburg family, Toggenburgergruft beneath the present entrance area of the churchThe members of the Toggenburg family were buried in the so-called Toggenburger Gruft, a burial vault where is as of today the entrance hall to the church. On 23 April 1398 Count Donat von Toggenburg donated the church of Elsow as benefice for the new Allerheiligenaltar at the grave of the Toggenburg family, for the salvation of his daughter soul Menta von Toggenburg who died shortly before.[5]Count Fridrich von Toggenburg, Herr zu Brettengow und Tafas donated to \"his own and the salvation of his ancestor who were buried and he also expects to be buried\" the church, rights and lands (Kirchwidem and Kirchensatz) in Wangen in der March, sealed by Fridrich and the knights Herman von Landenberg, Johans von Bonstetten from Ustra and Herman von der Hochenlandenberg on 21 January 1407.[6] Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg died in 1436 and was buried probably in 1439 in a chapel, the so-called Toggenburger Kapelle (capella nova in latere monasterii de novo construxit) given by his noble wife, Countess Elisabeth von Toggenburg, née von Mätsch. On 5 September 1439 Elisabeth von Mätsch instigated a parsonage for the purpose of a daily Mass to Friedrich's and her own salvation, and for this purpose she bequeathed the monastery the amount of 1,300 Rheinische Gulden in gold and precious gems with ornaments (pretiosa ornamenta) to the Rüti Monastery where 14 members of the family were buried, and Countess Elisabeth probably lived in her late years. During her lifetime, Countess Elisabeth chose the priest who should hold the Mass in the new chapel of the monastery church. After her death, the foundation provided that the abbot and his convent hold a daily Mass and the usual periodicals, and that to the priest in charge was given board and lodge, as well as ten Rheinische Gulden at Christmas, financed by Elisabeth's foundation. The abbot of Einsiedeln had to pay attention to the fulfillment of these obligations and received in this way influence on the life of the Rüti convention respectively the convent had the hermit pin to pay fifty Florins for non-compliance.[10] The document was draft by Eberhart Wüst von Rapperswil, the bistum's notar, on 5 September 1439 at 4 pm and confirmed by the abbot Johans and the members of the convent: Prior Johans Murer, Subprior Johans Schiltknecht, Heinrich Lörri, Erhard Baumgarter, Johans Berger, Heinrich Witenwiler, Ulrich Clinger and Ulrich Glarner.[11]Elisabeth Countess of Toggenburg spent her last days in the Rüti Monastery, and she was for the last time mentioned on 20 June 1442 as its inhabitant: Elisabeth von Toggemburg...Graf Ffriedrich von Toggenburg and many of his ancestors haven chosen to be buried in the Rüti Monastery, which is why she has retreated there (\"unser wesen gentzlich in dasselbe gotzhus got zuo dienende gezogen haben\") and elected her tomb to be with her husband after her death... Her probably last will attested that she devised to the convent a specifically named jewel, namely 1300 Rheinische Gulden for...[as per 5 September 1439]... also a beaded (\"berlachtes\") chasuble, a gilded \"tryenvass\", the big monstrance with the mandrel the crown of Christ, the small monstrance with an attached closure (\"Schlössli\") heart-shaped, four chasubles made of velvet and damask, two silk decorative ceiling (\"Golter\") in green and red, and a silk tapestry (\"uffschlag\")... The document is sealed by Countess Elisabeth and knight Albrecht von Landemberg von Breitenlandemberg (Tösstal).[12]On 11 June 1443 marauding troops of the Old Swiss Confederacy devastated the monastery Rüti and desecrated the bodies of the nobles, including Count Friedrich VII who they held responsible for the war with Zürich, and the scavengers pelted with the remains like schoolboys with snowballs.[13]","title":"Counts of Toggenburg and Elisabeth von Mätsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformation in Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kappel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staatsarchiv-hegner-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickiana_Treppensturz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Stadtmuseum Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Amtmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtmann"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Prophezei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophezei"}],"text":"On 22 April 1525 Abbot Felix Klauser, with important documents, money and parts of the monastery's treasury, fled for refuge to the city of Rapperswil, where he died in a house belonging to the monastery in early 1530. On 17 June 1525, following the Reformation in Zürich, the monastery was secularized; three of the monks converted to Protestantism and died in the Battle of Kappel, three remained in Rüti, and Sebastian Hegner, the last conventual died in exile in Rapperswil in 1561. Two years ago, an arbitration tribunal in Rapperswil decided among others: Sebastian Hegner had to pay the fees that were confiscated to the city of Zürich, to resign to reinstate the Rüti Monastery, subject to a decision by a Christian council and a common reformation, and Hegner had to force the abbot of the Reichenau convent to give over all documents related the Rüti Monastery. In return, the city of Zürich pledged safe-conduct within the area of the city republic of Zürich and to preserve Hegner from harm and to refund all property back to Sebastian Hegner. The council of the city of Zürich also agreed corn and wine to pay in kind and the amount of 35 Gulden at Christmas at his new domicile in Rapperswil. The document was sealed by Lux Ritter, alt Schultheiss of the city of Luzern, Cristoffel Schorno, stadtholder and military representative in Schwyz, and Gilg Tschudi, Landammann in Glarus, on 26 January 1559.[14]Sebastian Hegner, last surviving member of the convent, falls and dies in Rapperswil on 10 November 1561The monastery's treasury, left in Rapperswil, is conserved today in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil. The enormous number of estates of the former monastery — around 185 localities in northeastern Switzerland — were managed as Amt Rüti by an Amtmann (member of the city of Zürich government) until 1798. Following the Reformation in Zürich, Rüti got one of the first public schools in the canton of Zürich, established by the Prophezei reformers and some of the former monks of the monastery.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abstab_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil_2013-01-05_16-08-16.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stadtmuseum Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil"}],"text":"Abbot's crozier, treasury of the former Rüti Monastery in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil","title":"List of Abbots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Kloster_Lageplan,_Zeichnung_von_Henri_Keller_um_1800_IMG_5023.jpg"},{"link_name":"hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Jona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_(river)"},{"link_name":"Reformed church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Reformierte_Kirche_-_Schlossberg_IMG_4630.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rüti Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_%26_Amthaus_IMG_5189_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Amthaus_IMG_5199_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Pfarrhaus_IMG_3198.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Spitzerliegenschaft_IMG_5219_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_H%C3%BCllistein_IMG_9341_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectory"},{"link_name":"Bailiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"Kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Rüti Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Church"},{"link_name":"Tann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tann,_Switzerland"}],"text":"Map of the monastery (1800)The monastery comprised a hospital, a pilgrims hospice, stables, buildings for the monks, the cloister that was connecting the buildings protected by a stone wall, and a large number of additional buildings, among them at least one mill that was using the waterpower of the Schwarz and Jona rivers.The present structure of the former monastery church, as of today the Reformed church in Rüti, was built from 1206 to 1283 and rebuilt in 1706 and again in 1770. The church has one tower on the south. The interior is decorated with painted stucco created in the 1480/90s.The former site of the monastery respectively the Rüti Reformed Church as seen from Schlossberg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKlosterhof square in Rüti: The former monastery's church, Amthaus to the right\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmthaus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPfarrhaus (rectory)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpitzerliegenschaft, the rectory in the background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHüllistein estate in Rüti, a so-called Rütihof, i.e. a former fief by the monasteryMost of the monastery's buildings were destroyed by fire in 1706. The remaining buildings were built probably in the early 16th century: the so-called \"Spitzerliegenschaft\" (stable and warehouse) and the Pfarrhaus (rectory). The Amthaus (Bailiff's house) was rebuilt in 1706 and serves as library, Kindergarten, as a museum of local history and site of the archives of the municipality of Rüti, and the present Rüti Church was used as Reformed church of the municipality Rüti and the village of Tann.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rüti Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgs-17"}],"text":"The remaining structures of the monastery – Rüti Reformed Church and the three buildings related to the monastery – are listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object.[17]","title":"Protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7965-1218-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-1218-6"},{"link_name":"Roger Sablonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sablonier"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-905313-55-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905313-55-0"}],"text":"Peter Niederhäuser und Raphael Sennhauser: Adelsgrablegen und Adelsmemoria im Kloster Rüti. In: Kunst + Architektur in der Schweiz, Volume 54, No. 1, 2003.\nBernard Andenmatten und Brigitte Degler-Spengler (Red.): Die Prämonstratenser und Prämonstratenserinnen in der Schweiz. In: Helvetia Sacra IV/3, Basel 2002. ISBN 978-3-7965-1218-6.\nRoger Sablonier: Adel im Wandel. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Situation des ostschweizerischen Adels um 1300. Chronos-Verlag, Zürich 1979/2000. ISBN 978-3-905313-55-0.\nEmil Wüst: Kunst in der Reformierten Kirche Rüti ZH. Hrsg. Kirchenpflege Rüti, 1989.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Amthaus and the former monastery's church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/R%C3%BCti_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6795_ShiftN.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6795_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"As seen from Bandwiesstrasse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5312_ShiftN.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5312_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"The entrance hall of the former monastery's church where the burial vault of the Counts of Toggenburg was situated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5191_ShiftN.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5191_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior respectively the apse of the Rüti church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5258_ShiftN.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5258_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing by Johann Melchior Füssli (1700)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/R%C3%BCti_-_Stich_von_Melchior_F%C3%BCssli_um_1700_IMG_5029.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Stich_von_Melchior_F%C3%BCssli_um_1700_IMG_5029.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ledger stone of knight Johann von Klingenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5267.JPG/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Kirche_IMG_5267.JPG"},{"image_text":"Reliquiar believed given by Elisabeth von Mätsch to the Rüti Monastery in 1439, Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rapperswil_-_Stadtmuseum_-_Elisabeth_Matsch_-_Reliquiar.jpg/170px-Rapperswil_-_Stadtmuseum_-_Elisabeth_Matsch_-_Reliquiar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toggenburg burial vault","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-42-04.JPG/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-42-04.JPG"},{"image_text":"one of the few remaining tomb stones of the Toggenburg family, Toggenburgergruft beneath the present entrance area of the church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-41-34_ShiftN.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Kloster_-_Kirche_-_Toggenburgergruft_2011-01-17_14-41-34_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sebastian Hegner, last surviving member of the convent, falls and dies in Rapperswil on 10 November 1561","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wickiana_Treppensturz.jpg/170px-Wickiana_Treppensturz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abbot's crozier, treasury of the former Rüti Monastery in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abstab_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil_2013-01-05_16-08-16.JPG/170px-Abstab_Kloster_R%C3%BCti_-_Stadtmuseum_Rapperswil_2013-01-05_16-08-16.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of the monastery (1800)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Kloster_Lageplan%2C_Zeichnung_von_Henri_Keller_um_1800_IMG_5023.jpg/170px-R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Kloster_Lageplan%2C_Zeichnung_von_Henri_Keller_um_1800_IMG_5023.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Reformation in Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"title":"Ritterhaus Bubikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritterhaus_Bubikon"},{"title":"Rüti Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Reformed_Church"}]	[{"reference":"Bruno Schmid (2014-01-14). \"Uster (Gemeinde)\" (in German). HDS. Retrieved 2015-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D135.php","url_text":"\"Uster (Gemeinde)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vogt Rudolf I. von Rapperswil vergabt die Kirche Bollingen an das Kloster Rüti\" (in German). Rechtsquellenstiftung des Schweizerischen Juristenvereins: Rechtsquellen der Stadt und Herrschaft Rapperswil (mit den Höfen Busskirch/Jona, Kempraten und Wagen). Retrieved 2015-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssrq-sds-fds.ch/online/SG_II_2_1/index.html#p_1","url_text":"\"Vogt Rudolf I. von Rapperswil vergabt die Kirche Bollingen an das Kloster Rüti\""}]},{"reference":"\"C II 12, Nr. 130 Graf Johans von Habsburg gibt dem Kloster Rüti in eigenem Namen und als Vogt seiner minderjährigen Geschwister ein Gut z... (1340.06.17)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://suche.staatsarchiv.djiktzh.ch/detail.aspx?ID=274038","url_text":"\"C II 12, Nr. 130 Graf Johans von Habsburg gibt dem Kloster Rüti in eigenem Namen und als Vogt seiner minderjährigen Geschwister ein Gut z... (1340.06.17)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsarchiv_des_Kantons_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich"}]},{"reference":"\"C II 16, Nr. 84 Die Brüder und Ritter Herman und Beringer von Landenberg sowie Herman von Landenberg, alle von Greifensee, und ihr Vette... (1358.04.06)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://suche.staatsarchiv.djiktzh.ch/detail.aspx?ID=274295","url_text":"\"C II 16, Nr. 84 Die Brüder und Ritter Herman und Beringer von Landenberg sowie Herman von Landenberg, alle von Greifensee, und ihr Vette... 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Retrieved 2015-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://suche.staatsarchiv.djiktzh.ch/detail.aspx?ID=365982","url_text":"\"C II 12, Nr. 277 Graf Fridrich von Toggenburg, Herr zu Brettengow und Tafas, schenkt zum eigenen Seelenheil und dem seiner Vorfahren dem ... (1407.01.21)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsarchiv_des_Kantons_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich"}]},{"reference":"\"C II 11, Nr. 483 Bilgri von Kloten, Konventbruder in Rüti, und seine eheliche Tochter Margret Bertschinger erklären keinerlei Ansprüche b... (1374.12.05)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://suche.staatsarchiv.djiktzh.ch/detail.aspx?ID=346640","url_text":"\"C II 11, Nr. 483 Bilgri von Kloten, Konventbruder in Rüti, und seine eheliche Tochter Margret Bertschinger erklären keinerlei Ansprüche b... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Kocay	William Lawrence Kocay	["1 Publications","2 Books and software package","3 See also","4 References"]	Canadian academic This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "William Lawrence Kocay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) W. L. KocayAlma materUniversity of WaterlooScientific careerFieldsGraph theory Computer scienceInstitutionsUniversity of ManitobaDoctoral advisorRonald C. Read William Lawrence Kocay is a Canadian professor at the department of computer science at St. Paul's College of the University of Manitoba and a graph theorist. He is known for his work in graph algorithms and the reconstruction conjecture and is affectionately referred to as "Wild Bill" by his students. Bill Kocay is a former managing editor (from Jan 1988 to May 1997) of Ars Combinatoria, a Canadian journal of combinatorial mathematics, is a founding fellow of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications. His research interests include algorithms for graphs, the development of mathematical software, the graph reconstruction problem, the graph isomorphism problem, projective geometry, Hamiltonian cycles, planarity, graph embedding algorithms, graphs on surfaces, and combinatorial designs. Publications Some new methods in reconstruction theory, W. L. Kocay – Combinatorial mathematics, IX (Brisbane, 1981), LNM Some NP-complete problems for hypergraph degree sequences, CJ Colbourn, WL Kocay, DR Stinson – Discrete Applied Mathematics, 1986 – portal.acm.org Books and software package Graphs, algorithms, and optimization By William Kocay, Donald L. Kreher, Published 2004, CRC Press, 483 pages Groups and graphs – A mainly Mac OS X software package for graphs, digraphs, combinatorial designs, projective configurations, polyhedra, graph embeddings in the torus and projective plane, and automorphism groups. It also constructs fractals. See also List of University of Waterloo people References William Lawrence Kocay's homepage William Lawrence Kocay at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Authority control databases: Academics DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH This biography of a Canadian academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College_(Manitoba)"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"graph theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"graph algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_algorithms"},{"link_name":"reconstruction conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Combinatorics_and_its_Applications"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"projective geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_cycle"},{"link_name":"planarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_graph"},{"link_name":"graph embedding algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graph_embedding_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"combinatorial designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_design"}],"text":"William Lawrence Kocay is a Canadian professor at the department of computer science at St. Paul's College of the University of Manitoba and a graph theorist. He is known for his work in graph algorithms and the reconstruction conjecture and is affectionately referred to as \"Wild Bill\" by his students. Bill Kocay is a former managing editor (from Jan 1988 to May 1997) of Ars Combinatoria, a Canadian journal of combinatorial mathematics, is a founding fellow of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications.His research interests include algorithms for graphs, the development of mathematical software, the graph reconstruction problem, the graph isomorphism problem, projective geometry, Hamiltonian cycles, planarity, graph embedding algorithms, graphs on surfaces, and combinatorial designs.","title":"William Lawrence Kocay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CJ Colbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colbourn"}],"text":"Some new methods in reconstruction theory, W. L. Kocay – Combinatorial mathematics, IX (Brisbane, 1981), LNM\nSome NP-complete problems for hypergraph degree sequences, CJ Colbourn, WL Kocay, DR Stinson – Discrete Applied Mathematics, 1986 – portal.acm.org","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graphs, algorithms, and optimization By William Kocay, Donald L. Kreher, Published 2004, CRC Press, 483 pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zxSmHAoMiRUC"},{"link_name":"Groups and graphs – A mainly Mac OS X software package for graphs, digraphs, combinatorial designs, projective configurations, polyhedra, graph embeddings in the torus and projective plane, and automorphism groups. It also constructs fractals.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bkocay.cs.umanitoba.ca/g&g/index.html"}],"text":"Graphs, algorithms, and optimization By William Kocay, Donald L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSXX_Tour	LSXX Tour	["1 Background","2 Performances","3 Dates","4 Notes","5 Footnotes","6 References"]	2013 concert tour by the Breeders LSXX TourTour by the BreedersStart dateMay 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)End dateDecember 31, 2013 (2013-12-31)No. of shows60the Breeders concert chronology Tour 2009 LSXX Tour (2013) Tour 2014 The LSXX Tour was a series of sixty concerts by the Breeders in 2013 to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the release of their 1993 album Last Splash. Background In the early 1990s, Kim Deal was a member of both the Breeders and the Pixies; the latter broke up in 1993. When the Breeders released their second album Last Splash that same year—on 4AD Records—the group consisted of Kim and her twin sister Kelley Deal on guitar and vocals, Jim Macpherson on drums, and Josephine Wiggs on bass and vocals. The album sold well, reaching platinum status in the USA, and gold or silver in France, Australia, Canada, and the UK. Between 1992 and September 1994, the Breeders had an intense schedule including touring and recording, and by autumn 1994 most of the band members were tired. During the Lollapalooza tour in summer 1994, Deal mentioned to those around her that she wanted her next project to be solo, "something quick and dirty, under the radar ... without the pressure of following up 'Cannonball'". That autumn and winter, Deal wrote songs inspired by her life where she lived in Dayton, Ohio, and practiced them in her basement. In November 1994, Kelley Deal was arrested on drug-related charges, and had to attend rehabilitation sessions. The following year, an opportunity for Kim Deal to record some of her new compositions came up when Guided by Voices abandoned a recording session that she was producing, and she was able to use leftover studio time. Trying to distract her sister from her drug problems, Deal recruited Kelley to play on three songs. Kelley's involvement changed Deal's mind about her current project being solo, and she began to conceptualize the album as a band release. Wiggs chose not to work with Deal in the mid-90s—she was instead involved with multiple projects with members of Luscious Jackson—and there have been different accounts for why. In 2013, Wiggs said to interviewers including Spin's Amanda Petrusich that in 1995 she had offered to rejoin if the next album would be a Breeders' release, but that she was convinced Deal wanted to do a side project. Deal told Petrusich that she had wanted to record as the Breeders in 1995, but that Wiggs declined to be involved, wishing to take some time off. Whatever Deal's motivation, in 1995 she formed a group named the Amps, with fellow Daytonians Macpherson, Luis Lerma, and Nate Farley; Kelley had to leave the project due to her drug treatment. In 1996, Deal reformed the Breeders using the Amps' lineup of herself, Macpherson, Farley, and Lerma, as well as Carrie Bradley and Michelle Bodine. In several interviews in 1997, Deal complained that she had formed the Amps out of respect for Kelley and Wiggs, who needed time off, but that even in May 1996, around the end of the Amps' touring, Kelley and Wiggs still told her that they were not yet ready to rejoin the Breeders; Deal wished then that she had instead recruited Farley and Lerma for the Breeders in 1994 after Lollapalooza, instead of forming the Amps. During Deal's attempted recording sessions in 1997, bandmates and studio musicians found her behavior and demanding musical standards to create a difficult working environment; members including Macpherson quit the group. Deal has recalled of Macpherson's departure that he "took his drums and I never saw him again. E-ver. And it hurt my heart, cos he’s such a great guy and I felt dumb and I’m sure he did too, whatever, we don’t even know"; Macpherson recalls that for 15 years "Kim thought I hated her, and I thought she hated me". By the time of the Breeders' next album, 2002's Title TK, Mando Lopez, José Medeles, and Richard Presley had replaced Wiggs and Macpherson; this same lineup, without Presley, performed on 2008's Mountain Battles and the Fate to Fatal EP (2009). Meanwhile, Deal joined multiple reunion tours by the Pixies between 2004 and 2011, before officially quitting this group in 2013. Kim Deal has recalled that in the spring of 2012: "Kelley was on the couch ... and she said in a year it will be the 20th anniversary for Last Splash, and she wondered if would do shows with us." When Kim texted Wiggs, and Kelley contacted Macpherson, they found both enthusiastic about the prospect of reuniting for a 2013 tour. Following the initial contact, there were several months of waiting before more concrete plans could be made, during which "there was a process of getting people involved, booking agents and promoters", and waiting for organizers to begin planning music festivals. The Deal sisters received the blessing of existing members Lopez and Medeles to work with Wiggs and Macpherson again. Performances The Breeders performed sixty concerts in 2013 for the LSXX Tour. Prior to this, they performed a warm-up concert on March 29 at the Bell House in Brooklyn; it was noted that this date was not officially part of the tour. In addition to the Bell House show, an initial 21 tour dates for the period of May 3 to June 21 were announced. These consisted of eight performances in the USA, one in Toronto, Canada, and twelve in Europe. Concert locations that were subsequently for May and June included a May 2 show at Oberlin College in the Breeders' home state of Ohio, as well as music festivals in Alabama and in Nîmes, France. The band also later added legs of the tour in South and North America, and Australia, in July to October, and further dates in the USA in December, finishing with a New Year's Eve performance in Austin, Texas. Support bands on the tour included the Connections, Parquet Courts, Beach Day, Speedy Ortiz, and Imperial Teen. On each date of the tour, the Breeders performed the entire Last Splash album. Another song they added later in the tour was "Walking with a Killer", which Kim Deal had originally released in 2012 as an independent solo 7" single; a full-band studio version of this composition was later released on the Breeders' 2018 album All Nerve. Dates List of concert dates, cities, countries, and venues Date (2013) City Country Venue or event May 2 Oberlin College United States Dionysus Discotheque May 3 Pennsylvania Mr. Smalls Theater May 4 Washington, DC 9:30 Club May 5 Philadelphia Trocadero Theatre May 6 New York City Webster Hall May 9 Boston Royal Nightclub May 11 Toronto Canada Danforth Music Hall May 12 Detroit United States Majestic Theatre May 14 Nashville Mercy Lounge May 15 Atlanta Variety Playhouse May 17 Gulf Shores Hangout Festival May 18 May 19 May 24 Barcelona Spain Primavera Sound May 25 Nîmes France This is Not a Love Song Festival May 27 Toulouse Le Bikini May 28 Bordeaux Le Rocher May 30 Porto Portugal Primavera Sound June 1 Paris France Le Trianon June 2 Brussels Belgium Ancienne Belgique June 3 Amsterdam The Netherlands Paradiso June 14 Dublin Ireland Vicar Street June 15 Belfast Northern Ireland The Limelight June 17 Glasgow Scotland ABC June 18 Manchester England Ritz June 19 London Forum June 21 Camber Sands All Tomorrow's Parties July 20 Chicago United States Pitchfork Music Festival July 24 São Paulo Brazil Cina Joia July 25 Rio de Janeiro Circo Vaodor July 27 Santiago Chile Ex Oz August 3 Montreal Canada Osheaga Festival August 10 Richmond United States Sound City August 23 Los Angeles El Rey Theatre August 24 FYF Fest August 26 Santa Cruz Rio Theatre August 27 San Francisco The Fillmore August 28 August 30 Portland Wonder Ballroom August 31 Vancouver Canada Commodore Ballroom September 1 Seattle United States Bumbershoot Music & Arts Festival September 6 Knoxville Bijou Theatre September 7 Raleigh Hopscotch Music Festival September 27 Champaign-Urbana Pygmalion Music Festival September 28 Cincinnati MidPoint Music Festival October 9 Miami Grand Central October 13 Mexico City Mexico Corona Capital Festival October 26 Melbourne Australia All Tomorrow's Parties October 28 Sydney Enmore Theatre October 29 Brisbane Tivoli Theatre October 31 Perth Astor Theatre December 12 Minneapolis United States First Avenue December 13 Madison High Noon Saloon December 14 Chicago Metro December 16 Cleveland Beachland Ballroom December 18 Boston Paradise December 19 New York City Webster Hall December 20 December 29 New Orleans One Eyed Jacks December 31 Austin The Mohawk Notes ^ Although Wiggs was not a regular band member at this point, she played bass for the final three shows of the 2009 tour, because Lopez's wife was having a baby. ^ The Deals' reunion with Wiggs and Macpherson was initially conceived as being possibly temporary. Lopez has been in Morrissey's band since the mid-2010s, playing on albums beginning with Low in High School (2017). Medeles currently plays in the Portland, Oregon instrumental group 1939 Ensemble. Footnotes ^ a b Erlewine ^ Last Splash (CD booklet) ^ American certifications – Breeders, The ^ Les Certifications ^ Ryan 2011, p. 41 ^ Gold Platinum Database ^ Certified Awards Search ^ a b c d Petrusich 2013 ^ a b Moore 1996 ^ a b Wiggs, Josephine in Aston 2013, p. 481 ^ Aaron 1995, p. 41 ^ a b c d e Ashare 1997 ^ Greer: North of Onhava: The Official Charterhouse of Jim Greer ^ a b c d Gettelman 1996 ^ a b c Catlin 1997 ^ Sullivan 1997 ^ Fowler 1997 ^ Moon 1997 ^ Ferguson 1997 ^ a b Smith 2002 ^ Klosterman 2002, pp. 83–84 ^ Aston 2013, p. 556 ^ a b Mackay 2015 ^ Ryzik 2018 ^ Title TK (CD booklet) ^ Mountain Battles (CD booklet) ^ Fate to Fatal (7" cover) ^ Breeders’ Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs ^ Pixies to Reunite for Tour – Official! ^ Pixies Announce Summer Tour... But Their Future is Uncertain ^ Johnson 2009 ^ Fullerton 2010 ^ Pixies announce US 'Doolittle' tour details ^ Young 2011 ^ a b c Epple 2013 ^ a b c Hopper 2014 ^ a b Power 2013 ^ Low in High School: Credits ^ California Son: Credits ^ I Am Not a Dog on a Chain: Credits ^ 1939 Ensemble ^ a b c d e 2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates ^ The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of ‘Last Splash’ at The Bell House ^ a b c Roffman 2013 ^ Mervis 2013, p. W12 ^ Hirsh 2013, p. B12 ^ Back with a Splash ^ Thomas 2013, p. 10 ^ Holiday list ^ a b Ōtaka 2018 References "1939 Ensemble". José Medeles: The Stoic Drummer. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020. "2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates". Breeder's Digest. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2020. Aaron, Charles (July 1995). "Raw Deal". Spin. Retrieved May 31, 2020. "American certifications – Breeders, The". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Ashare, Matt (March 27, 1997). "New Deal: The Breeders are back—sort of". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2020. Aston, Martin (2013). Facing the Other Way: The Story of 4AD. The Friday Project. ISBN 978-0-00-748961-9. "Back with a Splash". The Miami Herald. October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) "Breeders' Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs". Rolling Stone. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2020. "The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of 'Last Splash' at The Bell House". BrooklynVegan. April 2013. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020. "California Son: Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Catlin, Roger (March 13, 1997). "Here's The Deal: Kim Reforms The Breeders For National Tour". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2020. "Certified Awards Search" (To access, enter the search parameter "Breeders"). British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Epple, Aaron (March 23, 2013). "The Breeders to open reunion tour in area". Dayton Daily News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Pixies Biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Fate to Fatal (7" cover). The Breeders. USA: Period Music. 2009.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) Ferguson, Jon (March 14, 1997). "Glad to be a Breeder again". Intelligencer Journal. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) Fowler, Shan (May 1, 1997). "Breeders keep multiplying". The Daily Utah Chronicle. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) Fullerton, Jamie (January 19, 2010). "Pixies announce Australia, New Zealand and European live dates". NME. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020. "Gold Platinum Database". Music Canada. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Gettelman, Parry (April 12, 1996). "A Chat With Amps' Kim Deal: Eclectic, Electric And Fun". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2020. Greer, James (November 13, 2011). "Guided By Voices – Trendspotter Acrobat". North of Onhava: The Official Charterhouse of Jim Greer. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Hirsh, Marc (May 11, 2013). "Classic Breeders lineup rocks down memory lane". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) "Holiday list". Austin American Statesman. December 27, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2020 – via NewspaperArchive.com. (subscription required) Hopper, Jessica (August 28, 2014). "Kim and Kelley Deal Talk New Breeders Songs: There Are 'Five That We Can Play'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2020. "I Am Not a Dog on a Chain: Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Johnson, Richard (June 29, 2009). "Pixies announce 'Doolittle' tour and ticket details". NME. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2020. Klosterman, Chuck (June 1, 2002). "Just Like Starting Over". Spin. Retrieved July 27, 2020. "Les Certifications". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (in French). November 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Last Splash (CD booklet). The Breeders. Canada: PolyGram. 1993.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) "Low in High School: Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Mackay, Emily (March 9, 2015). "Kim Deal Interview: On A New Breeders Album, Keeping It Cottage Industry And Patricide". NME. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020. Mervis, Scott (May 2, 2013). ""Cannonball" Coming". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) Moon, Tom (March 21, 1997). "Breeders' vacation went longer than planned". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) Moore, Lisa (March 1, 1996). "Deal with It: An Interview with Kim Deal". Boston Rock. No. 158. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020 – via Lisa M. Moore: Articles. Mountain Battles (CD booklet). The Breeders. Japan: 4AD. 2008.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) Nicholson, Rebecca (October 7, 2017). "The Breeders on kicking drugs, Kurt Cobain and life after Pixies". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2020. Ōtaka, Shunichi (2018). All Nerve (CD booklet) (in Japanese). The Breeders. Japan: Beat Records. Petrusich, Amanda (May 15, 2013). "Splashdown! The Breeders' Cannonball-like Re-entry". Spin. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020. "Pixies Announce Summer Tour... But Their Future is Uncertain". NME. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020. "Pixies announce US 'Doolittle' tour details". NME. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2020. "Pixies to Reunite for Tour – Official!". NME. February 3, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2020. Power, Bobby (May 13, 2013). "The Breeders' 'Last Splash' at 20: An interview with Kelley Deal". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Roffman, Michael (February 5, 2013). "The Breeders to perform Last Splash on U.S. tour". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2020. Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Moonlight Publishing. Ryzik, Melena (February 22, 2018). "How the Breeders Finally Learned to Get Along". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020. Smith, Ethan (March 17, 2002). "The Breeders Are Still at It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2020. Sullivan, Jim (March 28, 1997). "Breeders: new songs and staff, same Deal". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required) Thomas, Rob (December 11, 2013). "One More Splash". The Capital Times. Retrieved August 24, 2020 – via NewspaperArchive.com. (subscription required) Title TK (CD booklet). The Breeders. Japan: P-Vine Records. 2002.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) Young, Alex (January 20, 2011). "Pixies announce Canadian tour dates". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020. vteThe Breeders Kim Deal Kelley Deal Josephine Wiggs Jim Macpherson Carrie Bradley Tanya Donelly Jose Medeles Britt Walford Studio albums Pod Last Splash Title TK Mountain Battles All Nerve Live albums Live in Stockholm 1994 Extended plays Safari Head to Toe Fate to Fatal Singles "Cannonball" "Divine Hammer" "Saints" "Off You" "Son of Three" "Wait in the Car" Tours Tour 2009 LSXX Tour Tour 2014 Tour 2017 Related articles Discography The Amps Pacer Belly The Kelley Deal 6000 The Last Hard Men Pixies Throwing Muses	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Breeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breeders"},{"link_name":"Last Splash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Splash"}],"text":"The LSXX Tour was a series of sixty concerts by the Breeders in 2013 to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the release of their 1993 album Last Splash.","title":"LSXX Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim 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1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erlewine-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epple-36"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-23"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epple-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopper-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epple-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power-38"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"In the early 1990s, Kim Deal was a member of both the Breeders and the Pixies; the latter broke up in 1993.[1] When the Breeders released their second album Last Splash that same year—on 4AD Records—the group consisted of Kim and her twin sister Kelley Deal on guitar and vocals, Jim Macpherson on drums, and Josephine Wiggs on bass and vocals.[2] The album sold well, reaching platinum status in the USA,[3] and gold or silver in France, Australia, Canada, and the UK.[4][5][6][7]Between 1992 and September 1994, the Breeders had an intense schedule including touring and recording, and by autumn 1994 most of the band members were tired.[8] During the Lollapalooza tour in summer 1994, Deal mentioned to those around her that she wanted her next project to be solo,[9] \"something quick and dirty, under the radar ... without the pressure of following up [Last Splash's hit single] 'Cannonball'\".[10]That autumn and winter, Deal wrote songs inspired by her life where she lived in Dayton, Ohio, and practiced them in her basement.[11] In November 1994, Kelley Deal was arrested on drug-related charges,[9] and had to attend rehabilitation sessions.[12] The following year, an opportunity for Kim Deal to record some of her new compositions came up when Guided by Voices abandoned a recording session that she was producing, and she was able to use leftover studio time.[13] Trying to distract her sister from her drug problems, Deal recruited Kelley to play on three songs.[14] Kelley's involvement changed Deal's mind about her current project being solo, and she began to conceptualize the album as a band release.[14]Wiggs chose not to work with Deal in the mid-90s—she was instead involved with multiple projects with members of Luscious Jackson[8]—and there have been different accounts for why. In 2013, Wiggs said to interviewers including Spin's Amanda Petrusich that in 1995 she had offered to rejoin if the next album would be a Breeders' release, but that she was convinced Deal wanted to do a side project.[8][10] Deal told Petrusich that she had wanted to record as the Breeders in 1995, but that Wiggs declined to be involved, wishing to take some time off.[8]Whatever Deal's motivation, in 1995 she formed a group named the Amps, with fellow Daytonians Macpherson, Luis Lerma, and Nate Farley;[14] Kelley had to leave the project due to her drug treatment.[14] In 1996, Deal reformed the Breeders using the Amps' lineup of herself, Macpherson, Farley, and Lerma,[15] as well as Carrie Bradley and Michelle Bodine.[12] In several interviews in 1997, Deal complained that she had formed the Amps out of respect for Kelley and Wiggs, who needed time off,[12][15][16] but that even in May 1996,[17] around the end of the Amps' touring, Kelley and Wiggs still told her that they were not yet ready to rejoin the Breeders;[12][15][18][19] Deal wished then that she had instead recruited Farley and Lerma for the Breeders in 1994 after Lollapalooza, instead of forming the Amps.[12]During Deal's attempted recording sessions in 1997, bandmates and studio musicians found her behavior and demanding musical standards to create a difficult working environment;[20][21][22] members including Macpherson quit the group.[20] Deal has recalled of Macpherson's departure that he \"took his drums and I never saw him again. E-ver. And it hurt my heart, cos he’s such a great guy and I felt dumb and I’m sure he did too, whatever, we don’t even know\";[23] Macpherson recalls that for 15 years \"Kim thought I hated her, and I thought she hated me\".[24] By the time of the Breeders' next album, 2002's Title TK, Mando Lopez, José Medeles, and Richard Presley had replaced Wiggs and Macpherson;[25] this same lineup, without Presley, performed on 2008's Mountain Battles[26] and the Fate to Fatal EP (2009).[27][n 1] Meanwhile, Deal joined multiple reunion tours by the Pixies between 2004 and 2011,[29][30][31][32][33][34] before officially quitting this group in 2013.[1]Kim Deal has recalled that in the spring of 2012: \"Kelley was on the couch ... and she said in a year it will be the 20th anniversary for Last Splash, and she wondered if [Wiggs and Macpherson] would do shows with us.\" When Kim texted Wiggs,[35] and Kelley contacted Macpherson,[23] they found both enthusiastic about the prospect of reuniting for a 2013 tour.[35][36] Following the initial contact, there were several months of waiting before more concrete plans could be made, during which \"there was a process of getting people involved, booking agents and promoters\", and waiting for organizers to begin planning music festivals.[35] The Deal sisters received the blessing of existing members Lopez and Medeles to work with Wiggs and Macpherson again.[37][n 2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopper-37"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013TourDates-44"},{"link_name":"the Bell 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Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquet_Courts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Beach Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Day"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Speedy Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Imperial Teen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Teen"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013TourDates-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-46"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopper-37"},{"link_name":"7\" single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record#Formats"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%8Ctaka-52"},{"link_name":"All Nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nerve"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%8Ctaka-52"}],"text":"The Breeders performed sixty concerts in 2013 for the LSXX Tour.[36][42] Prior to this, they performed a warm-up concert on March 29 at the Bell House in Brooklyn; it was noted that this date was not officially part of the tour.[43] In addition to the Bell House show, an initial 21 tour dates for the period of May 3 to June 21 were announced.[44] These consisted of eight performances in the USA, one in Toronto, Canada, and twelve in Europe.[44] Concert locations that were subsequently for May and June included a May 2 show at Oberlin College in the Breeders' home state of Ohio, as well as music festivals in Alabama and in Nîmes, France.[42] The band also later added legs of the tour in South and North America, and Australia, in July to October, and further dates in the USA in December, finishing with a New Year's Eve performance in Austin, Texas.[42] Support bands on the tour included the Connections,[45] Parquet Courts,[46] Beach Day,[47] Speedy Ortiz,[48] and Imperial Teen.[49]On each date of the tour, the Breeders performed the entire Last Splash album.[42][44] Another song they added later in the tour was \"Walking with a Killer\",[36] which Kim Deal had originally released in 2012 as an independent solo 7\" single;[50] a full-band studio version of this composition was later released on the Breeders' 2018 album All Nerve.[50]","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power-38"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Low in High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_in_High_School"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"^ Although Wiggs was not a regular band member at this point, she played bass for the final three shows of the 2009 tour, because Lopez's wife was having a baby.[28]\n\n^ The Deals' reunion with Wiggs and Macpherson was initially conceived as being possibly temporary.[37] Lopez has been in Morrissey's band since the mid-2010s, playing on albums beginning with Low in High School (2017).[38][39][40] Medeles currently plays in the Portland, Oregon instrumental group 1939 Ensemble.[41]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Erlewine_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Erlewine_1-1"},{"link_name":"Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFErlewine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Last Splash (CD booklet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLast_Splash_(CD_booklet)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"American certifications – Breeders, The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAmerican_certifications_%E2%80%93_Breeders,_The"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Les Certifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLes_Certifications"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Ryan 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRyan2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Gold Platinum Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGold_Platinum_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Certified Awards Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCertified_Awards_Search"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrusich_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrusich_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrusich_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrusich_8-3"},{"link_name":"Petrusich 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPetrusich2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moore_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moore_9-1"},{"link_name":"Moore 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoore1996"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WiggsinAston_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WiggsinAston_10-1"},{"link_name":"Aston 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAston2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aaron_11-0"},{"link_name":"Aaron 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAaron1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashare1997_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashare1997_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashare1997_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashare1997_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashare1997_12-4"},{"link_name":"Ashare 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAshare1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Greer: North of Onhava: The Official Charterhouse of Jim Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGreer:_North_of_Onhava:_The_Official_Charterhouse_of_Jim_Greer"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gettelman_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gettelman_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gettelman_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gettelman_14-3"},{"link_name":"Gettelman 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGettelman1996"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catlin_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catlin_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catlin_15-2"},{"link_name":"Catlin 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCatlin1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Sullivan 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSullivan1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Fowler 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFowler1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Moon 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoon1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Ferguson 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFerguson1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_20-1"},{"link_name":"Smith 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-klosterman_21-0"},{"link_name":"Klosterman 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKlosterman2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aston_22-0"},{"link_name":"Aston 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAston2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mackay_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mackay_23-1"},{"link_name":"Mackay 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMackay2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ryzik_24-0"},{"link_name":"Ryzik 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRyzik2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Title TK (CD booklet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitle_TK_(CD_booklet)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Mountain Battles (CD booklet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMountain_Battles_(CD_booklet)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Fate to Fatal (7\" cover)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFate_to_Fatal_(7%22_cover)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Breeders’ Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreeders%E2%80%99_Bassist_Josephine_Wiggs_Rejoins_Band_for_Handful_of_Gigs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Pixies to Reunite for Tour – Official!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPixies_to_Reunite_for_Tour_%E2%80%93_Official!"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Pixies Announce Summer Tour... But Their Future is Uncertain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPixies_Announce_Summer_Tour..._But_Their_Future_is_Uncertain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Johnson 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJohnson2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Fullerton 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFullerton2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Pixies announce US 'Doolittle' tour details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPixies_announce_US_'Doolittle'_tour_details"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Young 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYoung2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Epple_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Epple_36-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Epple_36-2"},{"link_name":"Epple 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEpple2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopper_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopper_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopper_37-2"},{"link_name":"Hopper 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopper2014"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Power_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Power_38-1"},{"link_name":"Power 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPower2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Low in High School: Credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLow_in_High_School:_Credits"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"California Son: Credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalifornia_Son:_Credits"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"I Am Not a Dog on a Chain: Credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFI_Am_Not_a_Dog_on_a_Chain:_Credits"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"1939 Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF1939_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013TourDates_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013TourDates_44-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013TourDates_44-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013TourDates_44-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013TourDates_44-4"},{"link_name":"2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF2014_Tour_Dates_and_New_Music_/_2013_LSXX_Tour_Dates"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of ‘Last Splash’ at The Bell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_Breeders_celebrated_the_20th_anniversary_of_%E2%80%98Last_Splash%E2%80%99_at_The_Bell_House"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hoffman_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hoffman_46-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hoffman_46-2"},{"link_name":"Roffman 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoffman2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Mervis 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMervis2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Hirsh 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHirsh2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Back with a Splash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBack_with_a_Splash"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Holiday list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoliday_list"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C5%8Ctaka_52-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C5%8Ctaka_52-1"},{"link_name":"Ōtaka 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%C5%8Ctaka2018"}],"text":"^ a b Erlewine\n\n^ Last Splash (CD booklet)\n\n^ American certifications – Breeders, The\n\n^ Les Certifications\n\n^ Ryan 2011, p. 41\n\n^ Gold Platinum Database\n\n^ Certified Awards Search\n\n^ a b c d Petrusich 2013\n\n^ a b Moore 1996\n\n^ a b Wiggs, Josephine in Aston 2013, p. 481\n\n^ Aaron 1995, p. 41\n\n^ a b c d e Ashare 1997\n\n^ Greer: North of Onhava: The Official Charterhouse of Jim Greer\n\n^ a b c d Gettelman 1996\n\n^ a b c Catlin 1997\n\n^ Sullivan 1997\n\n^ Fowler 1997\n\n^ Moon 1997\n\n^ Ferguson 1997\n\n^ a b Smith 2002\n\n^ Klosterman 2002, pp. 83–84\n\n^ Aston 2013, p. 556\n\n^ a b Mackay 2015\n\n^ Ryzik 2018\n\n^ Title TK (CD booklet)\n\n^ Mountain Battles (CD booklet)\n\n^ Fate to Fatal (7\" cover)\n\n^ Breeders’ Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs\n\n^ Pixies to Reunite for Tour – Official!\n\n^ Pixies Announce Summer Tour... But Their Future is Uncertain\n\n^ Johnson 2009\n\n^ Fullerton 2010\n\n^ Pixies announce US 'Doolittle' tour details\n\n^ Young 2011\n\n^ a b c Epple 2013\n\n^ a b c Hopper 2014\n\n^ a b Power 2013\n\n^ Low in High School: Credits\n\n^ California Son: Credits\n\n^ I Am Not a Dog on a Chain: Credits\n\n^ 1939 Ensemble\n\n^ a b c d e 2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates\n\n^ The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of ‘Last Splash’ at The Bell House\n\n^ a b c Roffman 2013\n\n^ Mervis 2013, p. W12\n\n^ Hirsh 2013, p. B12\n\n^ Back with a Splash\n\n^ Thomas 2013, p. 10\n\n^ Holiday list\n\n^ a b Ōtaka 2018","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"1939 Ensemble\". José Medeles: The Stoic Drummer. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://josemedeles.com/1939-ensemble","url_text":"\"1939 Ensemble\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810014911/https://josemedeles.com/1939-ensemble","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates\". Breeder's Digest. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022071346/http://breedersdigest.net/","url_text":"\"2014 Tour Dates and New Music / 2013 LSXX Tour Dates\""},{"url":"http://www.thebreeders.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aaron, Charles (July 1995). \"Raw Deal\". Spin. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mPK6NgwlOaAC&q=%22I+work+more+and+faster+than+they+do%22&pg=PA41","url_text":"\"Raw Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Breeders, The\". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=The+Breeders#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Breeders, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024051554/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=The+Breeders","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashare, Matt (March 27, 1997). \"New Deal: The Breeders are back—sort of\". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110092535/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/alt1/archive/music/reviews/03-27-97/BREEDERS.html","url_text":"\"New Deal: The Breeders are back—sort of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Phoenix","url_text":"Boston Phoenix"},{"url":"http://www.bostonphoenix.com/alt1/archive/music/reviews/03-27-97/BREEDERS.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aston, Martin (2013). Facing the Other Way: The Story of 4AD. The Friday Project. ISBN 978-0-00-748961-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Friday_Project","url_text":"The Friday Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-748961-9","url_text":"978-0-00-748961-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Back with a Splash\". The Miami Herald. October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/655376112/","url_text":"\"Back with a Splash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_Herald","url_text":"The Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Breeders' Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs\". Rolling Stone. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090828024453/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/08/21/breeders-bassist-josephine-wiggs-rejoins-band-for-handful-of-gigs","url_text":"\"Breeders' Bassist Josephine Wiggs Rejoins Band for Handful of Gigs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/08/21/breeders-bassist-josephine-wiggs-rejoins-band-for-handful-of-gigs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of 'Last Splash' at The Bell House\". BrooklynVegan. April 2013. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/the-breeders-ce-1/","url_text":"\"The Breeders celebrated the 20th anniversary of 'Last Splash' at The Bell House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrooklynVegan","url_text":"BrooklynVegan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200817012102/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/the-breeders-ce-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"California Son: Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/california-son-mw0003256910/credits","url_text":"\"California Son: Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810022035/https://www.allmusic.com/album/california-son-mw0003256910/credits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Catlin, Roger (March 13, 1997). \"Here's The Deal: Kim Reforms The Breeders For National Tour\". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.courant.com/1997-03-13/entertainment/9703130071_1_kelley-deal-kim-deal-nathan-farley","url_text":"\"Here's The Deal: Kim Reforms The Breeders For National Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190512063100/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1997-03-13-9703130071-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Certified Awards Search\" (To access, enter the search parameter \"Breeders\"). British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"Certified Awards Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Epple, Aaron (March 23, 2013). \"The Breeders to open reunion tour in area\". Dayton Daily News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Krukenberg	Gustav Krukenberg	["1 Life","2 World War II","2.1 Berlin 1945","3 Awards","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography","5 Further reading"]	German Waffen-SS general Gustav KrukenbergBorn(1888-03-08)8 March 1888Bonn, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireDied23 October 1980(1980-10-23) (aged 92)Bad Godesberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, West GermanyAllegiance German Empire Nazi GermanyService/branch Imperial German Army German Army Waffen-SSYears of service1907–181939–45RankBrigadeführerService numberNSDAP #1,067,635SS #116,686Commands heldSS Division CharlemagneSS Division NordlandBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsIron Cross 1st ClassIron Cross 2nd ClassRelations Alexander Conze (maternal grandfather) Werner Conze (cousin) Peter Schöttler (grandson) Gustav Krukenberg (8 March 1888 – 23 October 1980) was a high-ranking member of the Waffen-SS and commander of the SS Charlemagne Division and the remains of the SS Division Nordland during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945. After Krukenberg surrendered to Soviet Red Army troops, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to prison by a Soviet court. He was released from prison after serving 11 years and died on 23 October 1980 in Germany. Life Krukenberg was born in Bonn, the son of a professor at Bonn University; his mother was the daughter of the archeologist Alexander Conze. He gained a doctorate in law and joined the army in 1907. He married in 1912. During World War I, he served as an ordnance officer and adjutant and was promoted to Hauptmann in 1918. After the war, in 1920 he served in the Civil Service as the private secretary to the Foreign minister and was briefly a director for a German company in industry from 1924 to 1925. In 1926 Krukenberg went to Paris as part of a German delegation and spent the next five years there. He joined the Nazi Party in April 1932 and he worked at the propaganda ministry after Adolf Hitler came to power and became a member of the Allgemeine SS in 1934. World War II With the outbreak of World War II Krukenberg re-joined the army as a major and served on the General Staff in Paris. In December 1943 he transferred from the army, in which he had reached the rank of Oberstleutnant (Lt. colonel), to the Waffen-SS. He joined with the equivalent rank of Obersturmbannführer. Krukenberg was promoted three more times, obtaining the rank of Brigadeführer in 1944. A fluent French speaker, he was officially appointed the commander of the SS Division Charlemagne in February 1945. The division was formed out of the remnants of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (LVF) and French Sturmbrigade. Berlin 1945 On the night of 23/24 April 1945, Krukenberg received a call from Army Group Vistula headquarters. He was summoned to bring the remains of his division to help with the defence of Berlin. Krukenberg roused his men and informed them of the situation. He asked for volunteers to go to Berlin. Although the majority wanted to go, Krukenberg and Hauptsturmführer Henri Joseph Fenet only chose as many volunteers as they could provide transportation. The group made a long detour to avoid advance columns of the Red Army and entered Berlin at 22:00 hrs on 24 April 1945. On 25 April, Krukenberg was appointed by General Helmuth Weidling as the commander of (Berlin) Defence Sector C, which included the SS Division Nordland, whose previous commander Joachim Ziegler was relieved of his command the same day. The arrival of the French SS men bolstered the Nordland Division whose "Norge" and "Danmark" regiments had been decimated in the fighting against the Soviet Red Army. By 26 April, with Neukölln heavily penetrated by Soviet combat groups, Krukenberg prepared fallback positions for Sector C defenders around Hermannplatz. He moved his headquarters into the opera house. As the Nordland Division withdrew towards Hermannplatz, the Frenchmen under Fenet and some attached Hitler Youth destroyed fourteen Soviet tanks; one machine gun position by the Halensee bridge managed to hold up Soviet forces for 48 hours. After an appeal by Krukenberg, General Weidling agreed to allow the re-deployment of the Nordland Division as one unit and not scattered in its employment. Weidling created two sub-sections of Sector "Z"; the Western Sub-sector would be commanded by Oberleutant Seifert. His command post was in the Air Ministry Building. The Eastern Sub-sector would be commanded by Krukenberg where most of the remains of the Nordland were already fighting. The demarcation line was the Wilhelmstrasse. Forced to fall back on 27 April, Krukenberg's Nordland headquarters was a carriage in the Stadtmitte U-Bahn station in Defence sector Z (Central District). Of the 108 Soviet tanks destroyed in the centre district, Frenchmen under Krukenberg's overall command accounted for "about half" of them. On 29 April 1945 Krukenberg awarded one of the last Knight's Crosses of the war to Unterscharführer Eugène Vaulot for his combat actions. It is widely believed that on 1 May, Krukenberg attempted to stem the Soviet advance by ordering sappers to blow up the S-Bahn tunnel under the Landwehr canal, causing 25 kilometres of S-Bahn and U-Bahn tunnels to flood, which led to many casualties. But according to author A. Stephan Hamilton, it is far more probable that the massive bombardment of the city by hundreds of tons of shells and rockets by the Soviets caused the damage and flooding of the tunnels. As the Germans made extensive use of the underground (U-Bahn) for redeployment of troops, makeshift hospitals and as a place to take refuge from the constant shelling, it seems highly doubtful that Krukenberg ordered the destruction of the U-bahn tunnels. After Hitler's death, Krukenberg assembled most of his escort made up of French SS for a breakout. They joined up with Joachim Ziegler and a larger group of Nordland troops. They crossed the Spree just before dawn. Near the Gesundbrunnen U-Bahn station they came under heavy fire from Red Army troops. Ziegler was gravely wounded and died on 2 May. Later, Krukenberg made it to Dahlem where he hid out in an apartment for a week before surrendering to Red Army troops. He was tried, convicted and sentenced to prison by a Soviet court. He was released from prison after serving 11 years and returned to Germany. Krukenberg died on 23 October 1980. Awards Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd class Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939), 1st and 2nd class Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 References Citations ^ a b c Forbes 2010, p. 156. ^ a b c Forbes 2010, p. 157. ^ Forbes 2010, pp. 157, 158, 170–171. ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 291–292. ^ Forbes 2010, pp. 390, 396–398. ^ Forbes 2010, pp. 398, 401. ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 301–302. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 303. ^ Forbes 2010, pp. 421, 422. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 323. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 352. ^ Forbes 2010, p. 439. ^ Hamilton 2008, p. 214. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 383. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 384. ^ a b Forbes 2010, p. 501. ^ Forbes 2010, pp. 157, 158. Bibliography Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin – The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5. Forbes, Robert (2010) . For Europe: The French Volunteers of the Waffen-SS. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-811735-81-0. Hamilton, A. Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN 9781906033125. Schöttler, Peter (2015). "Three Kinds of Collaboration: Concepts of Europe and the ‘Franco-German Understanding’ – The Career of SS-Brigadeführer Gustav Krukenberg." In: Dieter Gosewinkel (ed.), Anti-Liberal Europe. A Neglected Story of Europeanization. New York/Oxford: Berghahn, p. 128–156. Further reading Le Tissier, Tony. Charlemagne - The 33rd Waffen-SS Grenadier Division of the SS. Pen & Sword (2010). ISBN 978-1-848842-31-1 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"SS Charlemagne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"SS Division Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"}],"text":"Gustav Krukenberg (8 March 1888 – 23 October 1980) was a high-ranking member of the Waffen-SS and commander of the SS Charlemagne Division and the remains of the SS Division Nordland during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945. 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He was summoned to bring the remains of his division to help with the defence of Berlin. Krukenberg roused his men and informed them of the situation. He asked for volunteers to go to Berlin. Although the majority wanted to go, Krukenberg and Hauptsturmführer Henri Joseph Fenet only chose as many volunteers as they could provide transportation.[4] The group made a long detour to avoid advance columns of the Red Army and entered Berlin at 22:00 hrs on 24 April 1945.[5]On 25 April, Krukenberg was appointed by General Helmuth Weidling as the commander of (Berlin) Defence Sector C, which included the SS Division Nordland, whose previous commander Joachim Ziegler was relieved of his command the same day.[6] The arrival of the French SS men bolstered the Nordland Division whose \"Norge\" and \"Danmark\" regiments had been decimated in the fighting against the Soviet Red Army.[7]By 26 April, with Neukölln heavily penetrated by Soviet combat groups, Krukenberg prepared fallback positions for Sector C defenders around Hermannplatz. He moved his headquarters into the opera house. As the Nordland Division withdrew towards Hermannplatz, the Frenchmen under Fenet and some attached Hitler Youth destroyed fourteen Soviet tanks; one machine gun position by the Halensee bridge managed to hold up Soviet forces for 48 hours.[8]After an appeal by Krukenberg, General Weidling agreed to allow the re-deployment of the Nordland Division as one unit and not scattered in its employment. Weidling created two sub-sections of Sector \"Z\"; the Western Sub-sector would be commanded by Oberleutant Seifert. His command post was in the Air Ministry Building. The Eastern Sub-sector would be commanded by Krukenberg where most of the remains of the Nordland were already fighting. The demarcation line was the Wilhelmstrasse.[9] Forced to fall back on 27 April, Krukenberg's Nordland headquarters was a carriage in the Stadtmitte U-Bahn station in Defence sector Z (Central District).[10] Of the 108 Soviet tanks destroyed in the centre district, Frenchmen under Krukenberg's overall command accounted for \"about half\" of them.[11] On 29 April 1945 Krukenberg awarded one of the last Knight's Crosses of the war to Unterscharführer Eugène Vaulot for his combat actions.[12]It is widely believed that on 1 May, Krukenberg attempted to stem the Soviet advance by ordering sappers to blow up the S-Bahn tunnel under the Landwehr canal, causing 25 kilometres of S-Bahn and U-Bahn tunnels to flood, which led to many casualties. But according to author A. Stephan Hamilton, it is far more probable that the massive bombardment of the city by hundreds of tons of shells and rockets by the Soviets caused the damage and flooding of the tunnels. As the Germans made extensive use of the underground (U-Bahn) for redeployment of troops, makeshift hospitals and as a place to take refuge from the constant shelling, it seems highly doubtful that Krukenberg ordered the destruction of the U-bahn tunnels.[13]After Hitler's death, Krukenberg assembled most of his escort made up of French SS for a breakout. They joined up with Joachim Ziegler and a larger group of Nordland troops. They crossed the Spree just before dawn. Near the Gesundbrunnen U-Bahn station they came under heavy fire from Red Army troops. Ziegler was gravely wounded and died on 2 May.[14] Later, Krukenberg made it to Dahlem where he hid out in an apartment for a week before surrendering to Red Army troops.[15] He was tried, convicted and sentenced to prison by a Soviet court. He was released from prison after serving 11 years and returned to Germany.[16] Krukenberg died on 23 October 1980.[16]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2010156-1"},{"link_name":"Clasp to the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2010157,_158-17"},{"link_name":"Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918"}],"text":"Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd class[1]\nClasp to the Iron Cross (1939), 1st and 2nd class[17]\nHonour Cross of the World War 1914/1918","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-848842-31-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848842-31-1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71536#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000058269046"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81917780"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10474521m"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10474521m"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/13777933X"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13777933X.html?language=en"}],"text":"Le Tissier, Tony. Charlemagne - The 33rd Waffen-SS Grenadier Division of the SS. Pen & Sword (2010). ISBN 978-1-848842-31-1Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin – The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03041-5","url_text":"978-0-670-03041-5"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Robert (2010) [2006]. For Europe: The French Volunteers of the Waffen-SS. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-811735-81-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-811735-81-0","url_text":"978-0-811735-81-0"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, A. Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN 9781906033125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906033125","url_text":"9781906033125"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000058269046","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81917780","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10474521m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10474521m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13777933X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13777933X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_and_Destiny	Nation and Destiny	["1 Synopsis","2 Part list","3 Music","4 References","4.1 Works cited","5 External links"]	1992–2002 North Korean film series Nation and DestinyTitle screenProduced byKim Jong IlRunning time1,070 minutes (parts 1-13)CountryNorth KoreaLanguageKorean Nation and Destiny (Korean: 민족과 운명; MR: Minjokgwa ummyeong) is a 62-part North Korean film series released between 1992 and 2002. It aims to show that the Korean people "can live a glorious life only in the bosom of the Great Leader and socialist fatherland". Kim Jong Il personally chose the title and was extensively involved in the early episodes. Conceived as the largest film series ever produced in any country, it was the largest investment ever made in the history of North Korean cinema. Initially, the most senior writers, directors and actors were involved in the project and it was heavily promoted by the North Korean media. The series was projected to reach 100 episodes, but none have been released since 2002. Notable for its scenes set in the West and South Korea, some of which even filmed on location in western countries not officially at war with North Korea, such as France. It is also noteworthy for its portrayal of the "anti-system figure" Han Sorya, who was purged in the 1960s by Kim Il Sung, in a positive role. This was the first time that an "anti-system figure" has been portrayed heroically on the North Korean screen. According to defectors' testimony, North Korean audiences were engrossed by its depiction of First World affluence. Synopsis Parts 1–4 were based on the life of Choe Deok-sin Parts 5–8 were based on the life of Isang Yun Parts 9–13 were based on the life of Choi Hong Hi Parts 14–16 were based on the life of Ri In-mo Parts 17–19 were based on the life of Ho Jong-suk Parts 20–25 were based on the life of naturalized Japanese women, including Rim Un-jong (Izumi Kiyoshi) Parts 26–36 were based on the life of workers Parts 46–51 were based on the life of Choe Hyon Parts 52–60 were based on the life of people past, present and future across generations Parts 61–62 were based on the life of peasants Part list Some parts are said to be censored, as they were not aired on television during chronological airings of the series. Days where a censored part was to be aired featured a regular film until a non-censored part was scheduled to air. As they are censored, information on their creative staff is also unknown. Other films including the series Unsung Heroes have been censored during the transition of power from Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un. Episode Subject Main Scriptwriter Main Director Photography Music Main Actors Main Studio 1 Choe Deok Sin Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O Choe Chang Su, Jon Jae Yon, Kim Ok Hui Korean Film Studio 2 Choe Deok Sin Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Choe Chang Su, Kim Ok Hui, Pak Ku Ju Korean Film Studio 3 Choe Deok Sin Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Choe Chang Su, Kim Jun Sik, Kim Ryong Rin Korean Film Studio 4 Choe Deok Sin Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Choe Chang Su, Kim Jun Sik, Kim Ryong Rin Korean Film Studio 5 Isang Yun Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O So Kyong Sop, So Jin Hyang, Pak Yong Mi Korean Film Studio 6 Isang Yun Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O So Kyong Sop, So Jin Hyang, Pak Hyo Sin Korean Film Studio 7 Isang Yun Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O So Kyong Sop, So Jin Hyang, Pak Hyo Sin Korean Film Studio 8 Isang Yun Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O So Kyong Sop, So Jin Hyang, Pak Hyo Sin Korean Film Studio 9 Choi Hong Hi Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O Pak Ki Ju, Kim Jong Hwa, O Mi Ran Korean Film Studio 10 Choi Hong Hi Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O Pak Ki Ju, Kim Jong Hwa, O Mi Ran Korean Film Studio 11 Hong Yong Ja Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O Pak Ki Ju, O Mi Ran, Kim Jong Hwa Korean Film Studio 12 Hong Yong Ja Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Jong Ik Han Ri Jong O O Mi Ran, Kim Jong Un, Ri Sol Hui Korean Film Studio 13 Hong Yong Ja Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Choe Byong Ryol Ri Jong O O Mi Ran, Pak Ki Ju, Kim Jong Hwa Korean Film Studio 14 Ri In Mo Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Pak Se Ung Ri Jong O Jong Un Mo, Jong Chun Ran, Kim In Kon Korean 2.8 Film Studio 15 Ri In Mo Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Pak Se Ung Ri Jong O Jong Un Mo, Jong Chun Ran, Kim In Kon Korean 2.8 Film Studio 16 Ri In Mo Choe Sang Gun Choe Sang Gun Pak Se Ung Ri Jong O Jong Un Mo, Jong Chun Ran, Hong Kyong Ran Korean 2.8 Film Studio 17 Ho Jong Suk Ri Chun Gu Ri Jae Jun Choe Byong Ryol Ri Jong O Kim Yong Suk, Choe Chang Su, Kim Ok Hui Korean Film Studio 18 Ho Jong Suk Ri Chun Gu Ri Jae Jun Choe Byong Ryol Ri Jong O Kim Yong Suk, Choe Chang Su, Kim Ok Hui Korean Film Studio 19 Ho Jong Suk Ri Chun Gu Ri Jae Jun Choe Byong Ryol Ri Jong O Kim Yong Suk, Kim Kwang Mun, Hong Hwal Cho Korean Film Studio 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Yong Ho Ui Yong Song Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ri Ji Yong, Ryu Kyong Ae Korean Film Studio 27 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Yong Ho Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ri Ji Yong, Ryu Kyong Ae Korean Film Studio 28 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Yong Ho Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ri Ji Yong, Ryu Kyong Ae Korean Film Studio 29 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Yong Ho Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Kwak Myong So, Mun Jong Ae Korean Film Studio 30 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Yong Ho Ui Yun Song Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ri Ji Yong, Ryu Kyong Ae Korean Film Studio 31 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Kil In Han Ryong Su Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ryu Kyong Ae, Ri Ji Yong Korean Film Studio 32 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Kil In Han Ryong Su Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ryu Kyong Ae, Ri Ji Yong Korean Film Studio 33 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Kil In Han Ryong Su Hwang Jin Yong Yu Won Jun, Ri Kyong Hui, Ko Sung Ryong Korean Film Studio 34 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Hyon Chol Han Ryong Su Ri Bong Ryong Yu Won Jun, Ryu Kyong Ae, Ri Ji Yong Korean Film Studio 35 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Hyon Chol Han Ryong Su Ri Bong Ryong Yu Won Jun, Ryu Kyong Ae, Ri Ji Yong Korean Film Studio 36 Workers Ri Chun Gu Kim Hyon Chol Han Ryong Su Ri Jong O Yu Won Jun, Ryu Kyong Ae, Choe Kwang Song Korean Film Studio 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Jo Kyong Sun O Thae Yong So Jong Kon Choe Bong Sik, Ri Won Bok, O Mi Ran Korean 4.25 Film Studio 47 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Jo Kyong Sun O Thae Yong Pak Sang Su Choe Bong Sik, Ri Won Bok, O Mi Ran Korean 4.25 Film Studio 48 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Jo Kyong Sun O Thae Yong Pak Sang Su Choe Bong Sik, Ri Won Bok, O Mi Ran Korean 4.25 Film Studio 49 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Choe Bu Kil O Thae Yong Pae Yong Sam Choe Bong Sik, Ri Won Bok, O Mi Ran Korean 4.25 Film Studio 50 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Choe Bu Kil O Thae Yong Pae Yong Sam Choe Bong Sik, Ri Won Bok, O Mi Ran Korean 4.25 Film Studio 51 Choe Hyon Ri Chun Gu Choe Bu Kil O Thae Yong Pae Yong Sam Choe Bong Sik, O Mi Ran, Ri Won Bok Korean 4.25 Film Studio 52 People of the past, present and future Ri Chun Gu Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Jong Hwa, Kim Chol, Ri Kum Suk Korean Film Studio 53 People of the past, present and future Ri Chun Gu Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Ryong Rin, Ri Kum Suk, Kim Myong Mun Korean Film Studio 54 People of the past, present and future Ri Chun Gu Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Ryong Rin, Ri Kum Suk, So Sin Hyang Korean Film Studio 55 People of the past, present and future Ri Chun Gu Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Chol, Kim Son Ok, Kim Myong Mun Korean Film Studio 56 People of the past, present and future Ri Chun Gu Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Ryong Rin, Kim Jong Hwa, Ri Kum Suk Korean Film Studio 57 People of the past, present and future Pak Jong Ju Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Jong Hwa, Kim Ryong Rin, Choe Kwang Song Korean Film Studio 58 People of the past, present and future Pak Jong Ju Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Jong Hwa, Kim Ryong Rin, Ri Kum Suk Korean Film Studio 59 People of the past, present and future Pak Jong Ju Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Jong Hwa, Kim Ryong Rin, Hyon Chang Kol Korean Film Studio 60 People of the past, present and future Sol Ju Yong Pak Jong Ju Han Ryong Su Ko Su Yong Kim Jong Hwa, Kim Ryong Rin, Kim Chol Korean Film Studio 61 Peasants Ri Tok Yun Jong Kon Jo Jong Hong Sok Song Tong Hwan Kim Yong Suk, Choe Tae Hyon, Kim Kyong Ae Korean Film Studio 62 Peasants Ri Tok Yun Jong Kon Jo Jong Hong Sok Song Tong Hwan Choe Tae Hyon, Kim Yong Suk, Ri Yong Ho Korean Film Studio Music The use of South Korean popular songs was part of a "mosquito-net strategy", whereby it was hoped the North Korean public would be immunised to the culture of the outside world by gradual exposure. Some of the music used throughout the series include (but not limited to), Nakhwa Yusu / Falling Blossom (낙화유수) - Episode 1 & 10 Hey, Jude - The Beatles - Episode 2 Rock Me - ABBA - Episode 2 & 5 Colonel Bogey March - Episode 5 & 9 Hongdoya Uji Mala / Hongdo, Don't Cry (홍도야 우지 마라) - Episode 12 Sen'yū - Episode 13 Geuttae Geusalam / The One I Remember (그때 그사람) - Episode 13 Mamma Mia - ABBA - Episode 15 References ^ Schönherr, Johannes (13 August 2012). North Korean Cinema: A History. McFarland. p. 115. ISBN 9780786465262. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Wayne, Mike (20 May 2005). Understanding film: Marxist perspectives. Pluto. p. 202. ISBN 9780745319933. ^ Hoare, James E. (13 July 2012). Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780810879874. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M.E. Sharpe. p. 468. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Edwards, Matthew (24 July 2018). Film Out of Bounds: Essays and Interviews on Non-Mainstream Cinema Worldwide. McFarland. ISBN 9781476607801. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M. E. Sharpe. p. 469. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Lee, Hyangjin (2000). Contemporary Korean Cinema: Culture, Identity and Politics. Manchester University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780719060083. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Portal, Jane (15 August 2005). Art Under Control in North Korea. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861892362. ^ Ri 2012, p. 27. ^ Ri 2012, p. 28. ^ Ri 2012, p. 29. ^ Ri 2012, p. 30. ^ Ri 2012, p. 31. ^ Ri 2012, p. 32. ^ Ri 2012, p. 33. ^ Ri 2012, p. 34. ^ Ri 2012, p. 35. ^ Ri 2012, p. 36. ^ Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M. E. Sharpe. p. 471. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016. Works cited Ri, Ok Gyong (15 September 2012). Hong Chan Su; Ri Un Gyong (eds.). Korean film: Feature Film, TV Drama, Documentary, Science Film, Children's Film / 조선 영화: 예술, 텔레비죤극, 기록, 과학, 아동 (in English and Korean). Translated by Ro Yong Chol, Jang Hyang Gi and Yang Sung Mi. Pyongyang: Korea Film Export & Import Corporation. OCLC 857899124. External links Nation and Destiny: Parts 1-4 at IMDb Nation and Destiny: Parts 5-8 at IMDb Nation and Destiny: Parts 9-10 at IMDb Nation and Destiny: Parts 11-13 at IMDb "Nation and Destiny": the North Korean serial drama with the secret to unification by Tatiana Gabroussenko at NK News This North Korean film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Great Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il-sung"},{"link_name":"Kim Jong Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il"},{"link_name":"North Korean cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korean media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Han Sorya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Sorya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Nation and Destiny (Korean: 민족과 운명; MR: Minjokgwa ummyeong) is a 62-part North Korean film series released between 1992 and 2002. It aims to show that the Korean people \"can live a glorious life only in the bosom of the Great Leader and socialist fatherland\". Kim Jong Il personally chose the title and was extensively involved in the early episodes. Conceived as the largest film series ever produced in any country, it was the largest investment ever made in the history of North Korean cinema. Initially, the most senior writers, directors and actors were involved in the project and it was heavily promoted by the North Korean media. The series was projected to reach 100 episodes, but none have been released since 2002.[1][2][3][4][5]Notable for its scenes set in the West and South Korea, some of which even filmed on location in western countries not officially at war with North Korea, such as France. It is also noteworthy for its portrayal of the \"anti-system figure\" Han Sorya, who was purged in the 1960s by Kim Il Sung, in a positive role. This was the first time that an \"anti-system figure\" has been portrayed heroically on the North Korean screen.[6] According to defectors' testimony, North Korean audiences were engrossed by its depiction of First World affluence.[7][8]","title":"Nation and Destiny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choe Deok-sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Deok-sin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201227-9"},{"link_name":"Isang Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isang_Yun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201228-10"},{"link_name":"Choi Hong Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Hong_Hi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201229-11"},{"link_name":"Ri In-mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri_In-mo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201230-12"},{"link_name":"Ho Jong-suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Jong-suk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201231-13"},{"link_name":"Rim Un-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rim_Un-jong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201232-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201233-15"},{"link_name":"Choe Hyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Hyon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201234-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201235-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERi201236-18"}],"text":"Parts 1–4 were based on the life of Choe Deok-sin[9]\nParts 5–8 were based on the life of Isang Yun[10]\nParts 9–13 were based on the life of Choi Hong Hi[11]\nParts 14–16 were based on the life of Ri In-mo[12]\nParts 17–19 were based on the life of Ho Jong-suk[13]\nParts 20–25 were based on the life of naturalized Japanese women, including Rim Un-jong (Izumi Kiyoshi)[14]\nParts 26–36 were based on the life of workers[15]\nParts 46–51 were based on the life of Choe Hyon[16]\nParts 52–60 were based on the life of people past, present and future across generations[17]\nParts 61–62 were based on the life of peasants[18]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unsung Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsung_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Kim Jong Un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un"}],"text":"Some parts are said to be censored, as they were not aired on television during chronological airings of the series. Days where a censored part was to be aired featured a regular film until a non-censored part was scheduled to air. As they are censored, information on their creative staff is also unknown. Other films including the series Unsung Heroes have been censored during the transition of power from Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un.","title":"Part list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hey, Jude - The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Jude"},{"link_name":"Rock Me - ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Me_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"Colonel Bogey March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Bogey_March"},{"link_name":"Sen'yū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%27y%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Mamma Mia - ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia_(ABBA_song)"}],"text":"The use of South Korean popular songs was part of a \"mosquito-net strategy\", whereby it was hoped the North Korean public would be immunised to the culture of the outside world by gradual exposure.[19]Some of the music used throughout the series include (but not limited to),Nakhwa Yusu / Falling Blossom (낙화유수) - Episode 1 & 10\nHey, Jude - The Beatles - Episode 2\nRock Me - ABBA - Episode 2 & 5\nColonel Bogey March - Episode 5 & 9\nHongdoya Uji Mala / Hongdo, Don't Cry (홍도야 우지 마라) - Episode 12\nSen'yū - Episode 13\nGeuttae Geusalam / The One I Remember (그때 그사람) - Episode 13\nMamma Mia - ABBA - Episode 15","title":"Music"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Schönherr, Johannes (13 August 2012). North Korean Cinema: A History. McFarland. p. 115. ISBN 9780786465262. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6n0itIPmakC&pg=PA115","url_text":"North Korean Cinema: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786465262","url_text":"9780786465262"}]},{"reference":"Wayne, Mike (20 May 2005). Understanding film: Marxist perspectives. Pluto. p. 202. ISBN 9780745319933.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JLXaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Understanding film: Marxist perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745319933","url_text":"9780745319933"}]},{"reference":"Hoare, James E. (13 July 2012). Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780810879874. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rh5h4bZgkhEC&pg=PA272","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879874","url_text":"9780810879874"}]},{"reference":"Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M.E. Sharpe. p. 468. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA468","url_text":"North Korea Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765635235","url_text":"9780765635235"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Matthew (24 July 2018). Film Out of Bounds: Essays and Interviews on Non-Mainstream Cinema Worldwide. McFarland. ISBN 9781476607801. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184","url_text":"Film Out of Bounds: Essays and Interviews on Non-Mainstream Cinema Worldwide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476607801","url_text":"9781476607801"}]},{"reference":"Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M. E. Sharpe. p. 469. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA469","url_text":"North Korea Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765635235","url_text":"9780765635235"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Hyangjin (2000). Contemporary Korean Cinema: Culture, Identity and Politics. Manchester University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780719060083. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wRE0Rluoe4sC&pg=PA40","url_text":"Contemporary Korean Cinema: Culture, Identity and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060083","url_text":"9780719060083"}]},{"reference":"Portal, Jane (15 August 2005). Art Under Control in North Korea. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861892362.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWH05CbG02kC&pg=PA137","url_text":"Art Under Control in North Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892362","url_text":"9781861892362"}]},{"reference":"Seoul, Yonhap News Agency (27 December 2002). North Korea Handbook. M. E. Sharpe. p. 471. ISBN 9780765635235. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA471","url_text":"North Korea Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765635235","url_text":"9780765635235"}]},{"reference":"Ri, Ok Gyong (15 September 2012). Hong Chan Su; Ri Un Gyong (eds.). Korean film: Feature Film, TV Drama, Documentary, Science Film, Children's Film / 조선 영화: 예술, 텔레비죤극, 기록, 과학, 아동 (in English and Korean). Translated by Ro Yong Chol, Jang Hyang Gi and Yang Sung Mi. Pyongyang: Korea Film Export & Import Corporation. OCLC 857899124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang","url_text":"Pyongyang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_Film_Export_%26_Import_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Korea Film Export & Import Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899124","url_text":"857899124"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6n0itIPmakC&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"North Korean Cinema: A History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JLXaAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Understanding film: Marxist perspectives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rh5h4bZgkhEC&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA468","external_links_name":"North Korea Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184","external_links_name":"Film Out of Bounds: Essays and Interviews on Non-Mainstream Cinema Worldwide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA469","external_links_name":"North Korea Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wRE0Rluoe4sC&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"Contemporary Korean Cinema: Culture, Identity and Politics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWH05CbG02kC&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Art Under Control in North Korea"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA471","external_links_name":"North Korea Handbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899124","external_links_name":"857899124"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7516648/","external_links_name":"Nation and Destiny: Parts 1-4"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7516890/","external_links_name":"Nation and Destiny: Parts 5-8"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7520080/","external_links_name":"Nation and Destiny: Parts 9-10"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7520096/","external_links_name":"Nation and Destiny: Parts 11-13"},{"Link":"https://www.nknews.org/2017/08/nation-and-fate-the-north-korean-serial-drama-with-the-secret-to-unification/","external_links_name":"\"Nation and Destiny\": the North Korean serial drama with the secret to unification"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_and_Destiny&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Action_Fran%C3%A7aise	Action Française	["1 Ideology","2 History","2.1 Founding and rise (1898–1914)","2.2 First World War and aftermath (1914–1926)","2.3 Papal condemnation and decline","2.4 Interwar revival","2.5 After World War II","3 Action française today","3.1 Political line","3.2 Organisation","4 Judgment of political scientists","4.1 Classification as fascist","4.2 Influence on national syndicalism and fascism","4.3 René Rémond's classification","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	French royalist movement French Action Action FrançaiseAbbreviationAFGeneral SecretaryOlivier PercevalFoundersMaurice PujoCharles MaurrasHenri VaugeoisGeorge de Villebois-MareuilFounded20 June 1899; 124 years ago (1899-06-20)Split fromLigue de la patrie françaiseHeadquarters10 rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs, 75001 ParisNewspaperL'action françaiseLa Restauration NationaleStudent wingFédération nationale des étudiants d'Action françaiseYouth wingCamelots du RoiWomen's wingLadies of the French ActionThink tankInstitut d'Action françaiseMembership 3,000 (early 2018 est.)IdeologyOrléanismNational conservatism Historical doctrine: MaurrassismeCorporate statismNational syndicalismIntegral nationalismAnti-parliamentarismFrench integralism Political positionFar-rightReligionRoman CatholicismInternational affiliationInternational Monarchist ConferenceColours Royal blue YellowSlogan"All that is national is ours"AnthemLa RoyaleWebsiteactionfrancaise.netPolitics of FrancePolitical partiesElections Action Française (French pronunciation: , AF; English: French Action) is a French far-right monarchist political movement. The name was also given to a journal associated with the movement. The movement and the journal were founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois in 1899, as a nationalist reaction against the intervention of left-wing intellectuals on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus. Charles Maurras quickly joined Action française and became its principal ideologist. Under the influence of Maurras, Action française became royalist, counter-revolutionary (objecting to the legacy of the French Revolution), anti-parliamentary and pro-decentralisation, espousing corporatism, integralism and Catholicism. Shortly after it was created, Action française tried to influence public opinion by turning its journal into a daily newspaper and by setting up other organizations. It was at its most prominent during the 1899–1914 period. In the inter-war period, the movement still enjoyed some prestige from support among conservative elites, but its popularity gradually declined as a result of the rise of fascism and of a rupture in its relations with the Catholic Church. During the Second World War, Action française supported the Vichy Regime and Marshal Philippe Pétain. After the fall of Vichy, its newspaper was banned and Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment. The movement nevertheless continued in new publications and political associations, although with fading relevance as monarchism lost popularity, and French far-right movements shifted toward an emphasis on Catholic values and defense of classical French culture. It is seen by some as one progenitor of the current National Rally political party. In 2023, the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE) released a report in which it classified the modern-day Action Française as an "antisemitic" and "religious nationalist" group. Ideology The ideology of Action française was dominated by the precepts of Charles Maurras, following his adherence and his conversion of the movement's founders to royalism. The movement supported a restoration of the House of Bourbon-Orléans and, after the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, the restoration of Roman Catholicism as the state religion, all as rallying points in distinction to the Third Republic of France which was considered corrupt and atheistic by many of its opponents. The movement advocated decentralisation (a "federal monarchy"), with the restoration of pre-Revolutionary liberties to the ancient provinces of France (replaced during the Revolution by the departmental system). It aimed to achieve a restoration by means of a coup d'état, probably involving a transitional authoritarian government. Action française was not focused on denouncing one social or political group as the conspiratorial source of ills befalling France. Different groups of the French far-right had animuses against Jews, Huguenots (French Calvinists), and Freemasons. To these, Maurras added unspecific foreigners residing in France, who had been outside French law under the Ancien Régime, and to whom he invented a slur name derived from ancient Greek history: métèques. These four groups of "internal foreigners" Maurras called les quatre états confédérés and were all considered to be part of "Anti-France". He also opposed Marxism and the October Revolution, but antagonism against them did not have to be manufactured. History Founding and rise (1898–1914) In 1899, Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois left the nationalist movement Ligue de la Patrie française and established a new movement, called Action française, and a new journal, Revue de l'Action française. This was their nationalist reaction against the intervention of left-wing intellectuals on the behalf of Alfred Dreyfus. Charles Maurras quickly joined Action française and became its principal ideologist. Under the influence of Maurras, Action française became monarchist, counter-revolutionary (objecting to the legacy of the French Revolution) and anti-democratic, and supported integralism and Catholicism. The Dreyfus affair gave some Catholics the impression that Catholicism is not compatible with democracy. Therefore, they regarded Action française as rampart of religion and the most fitting expression of the church doctrine regarding society. In its early years, Action française tried to influence public opinion and to spread its ideas. For example, it created related organisations, such as student groups. The political organisation of the movement, the Ligue d'Action Française, was launched in the spring of 1905, as was the Action Française Federation of Students, directed by Lucien Moreau. L'Institut d'Action française was created in 1906 as an alternative institute for higher education. In 1908 the movement's periodical was turned to a daily newspaper, called simply Action française. Camelots du Roi, the movement's youth wing, was created in the same year to sell the newspaper in the streets. Its members also served as a paramilitary wing, providing security for meetings and engaging in street violence with political opponents. The newspaper's literary quality and polemical vigor attracted readers and made Maurras and the movement significant figures in French politics. By 1914, Action française was the best structured and the most vital nationalist movement in France. First World War and aftermath (1914–1926) Ideas of post-WWI Europe by French extremists, published in Paris 1915; Germany is partitioned into several states, France gains territory to the east, the Swiss receive western Austria. During the First World War, Action française supported the prime minister Georges Clemenceau and the will to defeat the Germans. France's victory in the war, and the movement's anti-German intransigence on the peace terms resulted in a peak of success, prestige and influence in the inter-war period. For example, in 1917 it moved into new spacious offices on the rue Caumartin, near St. Lazare train station. However, in the French legislative elections of 16 November 1919 Bernard de Vésins, president of the Ligue d'Action française, was defeated in the first district of Paris. Action française exploited the disquiet aroused on the right by the victory of the left-wing coalition in 1924 (Cartel des gauches) and the horror of communism, sending about thirty candidates to the French parliament. Well-known writers endorsed the movement, which advertised itself as the thinking man's party. Literary reviews, especially Revue universelle, spread the message of Action française. The polemics of the review, its personal attacks on leaders, and its systematic exploitation of scandals and crises helped detach some of the intellectuals from their allegiance to the republic and democracy. This agitation culminated in the 6 February 1934 crisis. The successes shaped the ideology of Action française. It became more integrated into mainstream conservatism, stressing patriotism and Catholicism as opposed to monarchism. Papal condemnation and decline In spite of the movement's support for Roman Catholicism as a state religion and the fact that the vast majority of its members were practising Catholics (indeed, they included significant numbers of clergy), some Catholics regarded it with distrust. Much of this was due to the influence of Maurras, an agnostic who advocated Catholicism as a factor of social cohesion and stability and a vital element of French tradition. This rather utilitarian view of religion disturbed many who otherwise agreed with him. Its influence on young Catholics was also considered unwholesome. Thus, on 29 December 1926, Pope Pius XI condemned Action française. Several of Maurras's writings were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum at the same time, on 9 January 1927, with Action française being the first newspaper ever placed on the Catholic Church's list of banned books. This was a devastating blow to the movement. On 8 March 1927, AF members were prohibited from receiving the sacraments. Many of its members left (two Catholics who were forced to look for a different path in politics and life were writers François Mauriac and Georges Bernanos); and it entered a period of decline. In 1939, following the Spanish Civil War and a revival of anti-communism in the Catholic Church, Pope Pius XII decided to end the condemnation. Thereafter, Action française claimed that the condemnation had been declared for political purposes. Interwar revival Despite the 1926 Papal condemnation, Action française remained popular during the interwar period, being one of the most important far-right leagues, along with the Croix-de-Feu and others. As increasing numbers of people in France (as in Europe as a whole) turned to authoritarian political movements, many turned to Action française. It thus continued to recruit members from the new generations, such as Robert Brasillach (who would become a collaborationist), the novelist and former deputy and ambassador Pierre Benoist, Thierry Maulnier, and Lucien Rebatet. It was marginally represented for a time in the Chamber of Deputies, particularly by Léon Daudet, elected in the right-wing Chambre bleue horizon (1919–1924). However, with the rise of fascism and the creation of seemingly fascist leagues, added to the 1926 Papal condemnation, the royalist movement was weakened by various dissidents: Georges Valois would create the fascist Faisceau, Louis Dimier would break away, while other members (Eugène Deloncle, Gabriel Jeantet, etc.) created the terrorist La Cagoule group. The retired Admiral Antoine Schwerer became president of the league in 1930, succeeding Bernard de Vésins in difficult circumstances. He was a talented orator. At the December 1931 congress, "greeted by loud acclamation", he gave himself to a full presentation of "the general situation of France", external, financial, economic, interior and religious. He concluded with a passionate statement, ... the situation is very dark. It would be almost desperate if there were not a cell that is not huge, but that is alive and is the only one able to animate the amorphous environment that surrounds it. This cell is the Action française. Every day more people understand it. There will always be imbeciles in France, men of bad faith, madmen and criminals; but there are in our midst a great many excellent elements now deceived and blinded. Our task is to enlighten them and then to train them to the assault. It requires a huge effort pursued with perseverance. The job is tough. We will not do it by sitting in a good armchair, in flowery salons, lavishing sweet smiles and honeyed words, fighting in white gloves with dainty foils. We must be ready for hard sacrifices. Are you all ready? You want the restoration of the Monarchy. Have you all done what is necessary to achieve this? Antoine Schwerer was forced by illness to retire to Brittany in 1935. He was succeeded as head of the league by François de Lassus. John Gunther wrote that of the more than 100 daily newspapers in Paris, only L'Humanité and Action Française were honest. The group participated in the 6 February 1934 crisis, which led to the fall of the second Cartel des gauches and to the replacement of the centre-left Radical-Socialist Édouard Daladier by the centre-right Radical Gaston Doumergue. In foreign policy, Maurras and Bainville supported Pierre Laval's double alliance with Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy and with the United Kingdom in the Stresa Front (1935) on one side, and with the Soviet Union on the other side, against the common enemy Nazi Germany. The Action française greeted Franco's appearance with delight, and supported the self-proclaimed Caudillo during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). But the extra-parliamentary agitation brought by the far-right leagues, including the AF, led Pierre Laval's government to outlaw militias and paramilitary leagues, leading to the dissolution of the AF on 13 February 1936 – the other leagues were dissolved only in June 1936 by the Popular Front. Marshal Philippe Pétain's proclamation of the Vichy regime and of the Révolution nationale after the failure of the Battle of France was acclaimed by Maurras as a "divine surprise", and he rallied the collaborationist regime. Royalist members hoped that Pétain would restore the monarchy, and the headquarters of the movement were moved from Paris to Vichy. However, the AF members were split between supporting the counter-revolutionary regime and their nationalism: after 1942, and in particular in 1943, some members, such as Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves joined the Resistance or escaped to join the Free French Forces. Others actively collaborated, while Maurras supported the Vichy government, but theoretically opposed Pétain's collaboration with the Germans. After the Liberation, he was condemned to life imprisonment in 1944, though he was reprieved in 1952. Action française was dissolved in 1944. After World War II Election campaign poster by the Action Française Party in favour of Frexit Action française reformed itself in 1947, under the influence of Maurice Pujo, who created the newspaper Aspects de la France (AF) and the counter-revolutionary movement, "la Restauration Nationale" ("National Restoration"). After the death of Maurras in 1952, two rival newspapers, Aspects de la France and Pierre Boutang's La Nation française revived the Maurrassian legacy, until the demise of La Nation française in 1967. In 1971, a breakaway movement, the "Nouvelle Action française" was formed by Bertrand Renouvin, Georges-Paul Wagner and others. It subsequently became the Nouvelle Action Royaliste (NAR), which supported the Orleanist heir (although in his 1968 reprinting of his study on the three French right-wing families, René Rémond still classified it in the legitimist movement because of its counter-revolutionary ideology). The movement called for the support of François Mitterrand in the 1981 presidential election, instead of supporting Jacques Chirac's "neo-Gaullism" movement (the Gaullists are classed by René Rémond as Bonapartists) or Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's "Orleanist" movement (because of his support of economic liberalism). In the beginning of the 1980s, various AF figures, such as Georges-Paul Wagner or Philippe Colombani joined the ranks of Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front (FN). Until the 1999 breakaway of the National Republican Movement (MNR) led by Bruno Mégret, Jean-Marie Le Pen's success was partly explained by his unification of the various far right families (such as traditionalist Catholics, royalists, neofascists, etc.) which share few ideals apart from a distrust of liberal democracy and a staunch anti-communism. In the 1990s, the leader of the movement was Pierre Pujo (Maurice Pujo's son), who died in Paris on 10 November 2007. The student movement, called Action française étudiante, has approximately 15 local delegations (in places such as Paris, Normandy, Rennes, Bordeaux, and Forez) and a newspaper, Insurrection. Its president is Oliver Perceval. Action française today This article is part of a series onConservatism in France Ideologies French nationalism Integral Nouvelle Droite Gaullism Political Catholicism Christian democracy Integralism Ultramontanism Révolution nationale Royalism Bonapartism Legitimism Maurrassisme Orléanism Sarkozysm Principles Anti-communism Catholic social teaching Counter-revolution Dirigisme Elitism Meritocracy Noblesse oblige Family values French culture Imperialism Monarchism Restauration Nativism Patriotism Social hierarchy Social order Souverainisme Traditional authority History Ancien Régime Monarchiens Feuillant War in the Vendée Thermidorian Reaction First White Terror Companions of Jehu Muscadins Second White Terror Bourbon Restoration Ultra-royalists Second French Empire Vichy France Intellectuals Barbey d'Aurevilly Bainville Barrès Barruel Bellamy de Benoist Blanc de Saint-Bonnet de Bonald Boutang Bruckner Carrel de Chateaubriand Daudet Dimier Faye Ferré Fustel de Coulanges Guénon de Gobineau Houellebecq de Jouvenel de La Mennais Le Bon Lefebvre Lemaître Le Play de Maistre Massis Maurras des Mousseaux d'Ornellas Pujo Renan de Rivarol Rueff Taine de Tocqueville Veuillot Zemmour Literature Considerations on France (1796) Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism (1797) The Genius of Christianity (1802) The Pope (1819) St Petersburg Dialogues (1821) Democracy in America (1835) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) "What Is a Nation?" (1882) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895) The Future of Intelligentsia (1905) The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times (1945) The French Suicide (2014) Submission (2015) Politicians Bellamy de Bonald Cathelineau de Chateaubriand Ciotti de La Tour du Pin de Gaulle Juppé Le Pen (Marine) Maurras MacMahon Messmer Pécresse Poincaré Poisson de Polignac Pompidou Retailleau Sarkozy Schuman de Vaublanc de Villèle Zemmour PartiesActive Alliance Royale Debout la France French Future The Nationalists Future with Confidence National Centre of Independents & Peasants Reconquête The Republicans Soyons libres VIA, the Way of the People Defunct Feuillants French Agrarian and Peasant Party French Social Party Movement for France Independent Republicans Party of Order Rally for France Rally for the Republic Republican Federation Resistance Party Union for a Popular Movement OrganisationsActive Action Française Carrefour de l'Horloge (formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) Initiative and Liberty Movement La Manif pour tous March for Life Student Cockade Union Nationale Inter-universitaire Defunct Camelots du Roi Cercle Proudhon Civitas Croix-de-Feu Independent Republicans Service d'Action Civique Media CNews Éléments Famille chrétienne L'Écho du Sud La Croix La Nation française Le Figaro Le Figaro Magazine Le Point Minute Nouvelle École Radio Courtoisie Valeurs actuelles Related topics French–German enmity French Revolution Remigration Sinistrisme Conservatism portal France portalvte Action française has 3,000 adherents in 2018, grew by 18% in 2017 and 53% between 2013 and 2018. The movement stands for a traditional, hereditary, anti-parliamentary and decentralized monarchy and is strongly anti-European Union. The organization sees itself as a thinktank and not a political party. The movement presents ideas to answer to all issues regarding national interest such as sovereignty, ecology, and globalization. Political line Politically, Action Française remains a royalist, nationalist, and counter-revolutionary movement. Its objective is to restore "a sovereign state fully exercising its regalian functions" in France through the establishment of a decentralised and representative monarchy that guarantees the "just exercise of lasting power". Politically, the movement advocates the establishment of a monarchy "adapted to our times that is not a return to an ancient order but a serious response to current issues" with the Orleans family at its head. The movement also supports the idea of a "royalist compromise around the monarchy". AF is opposed to the European Union, which it describes as unitary and utopian in spirit. Thus, in its words, "the EU would have put in place a centralising federalist system", a transfer of sovereignty of nations to European bodies. Refusing the "party system", Action Française puts the salvation of the nation above all individual and partisan interests, in accordance with its slogan "All that is national is ours". As the heir of Charles Maurras's ideas, Action Française remains unparliamentary. Arguing that the family is the foundation of the nation and that there can only be marriage between one man and one woman, AF participated in 2012 and 2013 in La Manif pour tous and the Printemps français against the legalisation of same-sex marriage, adoption of children by homosexuals, surrogate motherhood, and medically-assisted procreation. Organisation The official entity of the organisation is called "Centre royaliste d'Action française", even if the forbidden name is used in the communication of the movement. It publishes a magazine called Le bien commun. The AF is organized in region federations, in which stand local school, student, and workers sections. Those sections circulate their ideas and debate in circles. The most known is the Parisian literary circle, "Cercle de Flore", which invites French conservatory and right wing authors intelligentsia. Most of the circles are internal and are designed to train young members to the ideas of the movement. This is the case of the Parisian Charles Maurras circle which gathers the Parisian students. Following its tradition, the movement edits a newspaper which is sold by its supporters in the street. This allows the young adherents to learn how to debate and publicly defend their ideas. Each year, on the second Sunday of May, a traditional cortege in honour of Joan of Arc is organized. During and after the manifestations "la manif pour tous" (2013–2014) opposing the Same-sex marriage in France, Action Française created "le printemps français", an activist submovement, and grew a lot recruiting a young generation. The students of the movement have organised a summer university called "camp Maxime-Real del Sarte" since 1953, gathering approximately 200 activists. Action française is active on the Internet and is followed by 31,000 accounts on Twitter and 27,000 people on Facebook. The movement uses YouTube videos and memes to spread its ideas. Judgment of political scientists Classification as fascist In 1965, the German historian Ernst Nolte claimed that Action française was fascist. He considered Action française to be the first fascist party. Certain present-day scholars disagree with Nolte's view. For example, in 1999, the British historian Richard Thurlow claimed that "his linking of Action française to the fascist tradition was misleading". Later, René Rémond and Stanley G. Payne described the differences between Action française and Italian fascism. Influence on national syndicalism and fascism In the books Neither Right nor Left and The Birth of Fascist Ideology, Zeev Sternhell claimed that Action française influenced national syndicalism and, consequently, fascism. According to Sternhell, national syndicalism was formed by the combination between the integral nationalism of Action française and the revolutionary syndicalism of Georges Sorel. National syndicalism spread to Italy, and was later a part of the doctrine of Italian fascist movement. In France, national syndicalism influenced the non-conformists of the 1930s. Based on the views of the non-conformists themselves, Sternhell argued that the non-conformists were actually a French form of fascism. René Rémond's classification Although it supported the Orléanist branch, according to historian René Rémond's categorization of French right-wing groups, AF would be closer to the legitimist branch, characterized by a complete rejection of all changes to France since the 1789 French Revolution. According to Rémond, supporters of the Orléanist branch tended to favour economic liberalism. See also Anti-parliamentarism French Third Republic (1870–1940) Hussards (literary movement), a movement created in the 1950s in reaction against existentialism and close to the AF Monarchism Nouvelle Action Royaliste References ^ Osgood, Samuel M. (21 November 2013). French Royalism Since 1870, Springer. p. 56. ISBN 978-94-017-5071-4. retrieved 2016-03-09 ^ Biographical notice on Maurras on the Académie française's website (in French) ^ Rémond, René (2006), "Action française", in Lawrence D. Kritzman (ed.), The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 8. ISBN 978-0-231-10790-7. ^ Nolte, Ernst (1965). Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. New York: Mentor. p. 128. ^ "Action française 2000 ne paraîtra plus". ^ Stéphane Piolenc (21 April – 4 May 2011). "Pour un compromis... royaliste!". L'Action française 2000. p. 13. ^ René Rémond (1954). Les Droites en France. Aubier. ISBN 9782700705348. ^ Mayeur, Jean-Marie (1987). The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 298. ^ Laurent Dandrieu, Valeurs Actuelles, link to be provided ^ David Miller, Janet Coleman, William Connolly, Alan Ryan. The Blackwell encyclopaedia of political thought. Second Edition. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 1991 Pp. 328. ^ Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ... fascist Italy ... developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932–1968) and Brazil (1937–1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933–1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe, ^ Jacques Prévotat (2 November 2004). L'action française. Presses universitaires de France. p. 78. ^ David Brown, Contemporary Nationalism, Routledge, 2003, p. 68. ^ Eugen Weber (1985). L'Action française. Fayard. p. 47. ^ Rao, John. "Catholicism, Liberalism and the Right: A Sketch From the 1920s". Faith and Reason, Spring 1983, pp. 9–31. ^ Girardet Raoul (1957). "L'héritage de l'Action française". Revue française de science politique. pp. 765-792. ^ Nonna Mayer (2002). La Restauration nationale. Un mouvement royaliste sous la 5e République. Éditions Syllepse. Mauvais temps. ISBN 978-2-913165-87-8. Quote: "Born from the fallout of the 1870 war and the Dreyfus Affair, Action Française disappeared in 1944, compromised by its links with the Vichy regime. It was reborn in 1945 through a clandestine publication. Slowly, the supporters of the monarchy and of Marshal Pétain rebuilt their networks. On the eve of the Algerian war, the royalist organization was reconstituted under the name of Restauration nationale. It sided with the supporters of French Algeria and the Secret Army Organization found in it one of its best supporters. This reappearance of the royalist current on the political scene, and its permanence during the last 50 years, will mark the post-war history of the extreme right in France." . ^ "La Royale (The Royal) - Anthem of the Action Française" ^ DeClair 1999, pp. 13–17. ^ Day, Alan John (2002). Political parties of the world. University of Michigan. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-9536278-7-5. ^ "GPAHE report: Far-Right Hate and Extremist Groups in Australia". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ "News". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ a b c d e Rémond, René (2006). "Action française". In Lawrence D. Kritzman (ed.). The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-231-10790-7. ^ a b c d e Judaken, Jonathan (2005). "Action française". In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Santa Barbara, California, United States of America: ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4. ^ Joly, Laurent (July 2006), "Les débuts de l'Action française (1899–1914) ou l'élaboration d'un nationalisme antisémite", Revue Historique (in French), 308 (3 (639)), Presses Universitaires de France: 701, JSTOR 40957800 ^ Leymarie, Michel; Prévotat, Jacques (10 February 2008), L' Action française: culture, société, politique (in French), Presses Univ. Septentrion, p. 139, ISBN 978-2-7574-0043-2, retrieved 28 July 2017 ^ "Holy See Bans French Paper". Salt Lake Tribune. 10 January 1927. p. 1. ^ Arnal, Oscar L., Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899-1939, pp.174-75 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985). ^ Callu 2008, p. 97. ^ a b c Callu 2008, p. 100. ^ Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 179–180. ^ "Cercle Jacques Decour (Chronology)". Archived 2008-01-11 at the Wayback Machine (in French) ^ "Mort d'un grand patriote" (in French). Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007. ^ a b "A l'ultra-droite, l'Action française entre souvenir de Maurras et "actions coup de poing"". 21 June 2018. ^ Erwan Lecœur (dir.)Dictionnaire de l'extrême droite, Paris, Larousse, 2007 ^ "Ex-para, ultracathos et fachos : Les visages du Printemps français". 10 April 2013. ^ "Qui espère encore en France le rétablissement de la monarchie?". 13 December 2017. ^ "Youtubeurs, " mèmes " et Tweet cinglants… la féroce bataille des royalistes sur Internet". Le Monde.fr. 21 February 2018. ^ Nolte, Ernst (1965). Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian fascism, National Socialism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ^ For details about Thurlow, see "Mr. Richard Thurlow". Department of History Staff. The University of Sheffield. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012. ^ Thurlow, Richard (1999). Fascism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-59872-9. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (2001). A history of fascism, 1914-1945 (reprinted ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-85728-595-6. ^ Sternhell, Zeev (1996). Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (First Princeton Paperback printing ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00629-6. ^ Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1995). The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Third printing, and first paperback printing ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03289-0. Further reading Balfour, R. E. (1930). "The Action Française Movement". Cambridge Historical Journal. 3 (2): 182–205. doi:10.1017/S1474691300002468. JSTOR 3020706. Callu, Agnès (28 January 2008), Lettres à Charles Maurras: Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952 (in French), Presses Univ. Septentrion, ISBN 978-2-7574-0044-9, retrieved 21 October 2017 DeClair, Edward G. (1999). Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front. Duke University. ISBN 978-0-8223-2139-2. Weber, Eugen (1962). Action Française; Royalism And Reaction In Twentieth-Century France. California, Stanford University Press. Nolte, Ernst The Three Faces Of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism, translated from the German by Leila Vennewitz, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965. Wilson, Stephen (1969). "The 'Action Française' in French Intellectual Life". The Historical Journal. 12 (2): 328–350. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00004325. JSTOR 2637807. S2CID 143623954. External links (in French) Official website of Action Française vteAction FrançaiseKey peopleBefore 1945 Jacques Bainville Léon Daudet Louis Dimier Charles Maurras Lucien Moreau Marius Plateau Maurice Pujo Georges Valois Henri Vaugeois George de Villebois-Mareuil After 1945 Pierre Boutang Pierre Pujo Organisations Camelots du Roi Cercle Proudhon Related Acción Española Hussards Je suis partout Maurrassisme La Nation française Nouvelle Action Royaliste Philippe Daudet affair vteFar-right politics in FrancePrecursors Bonald Boulanger de Gobineau de Maistre Drumont de Lapouge Pre-1945 groups Action Française Antisemitic League of France Breton National Party Camelots du Roi Croix-de-Feu Faisceau French National-Collectivist Party French Popular Party Jeunesses Patriotes La Cagoule Ligue des Patriotes Milice Mouvement Franciste National Popular Rally Revolutionary Social Movement Service d'ordre légionnaire Solidarité Française Pre-1945 people Barrès Bainville Benoist-Méchin Bonnard Brasillach Bucard Clémenti Coston Darnard Daudet Déat Deloncle Déroulède Dorgères Doriot Drieu La Rochelle Guénon Laval Maulnier Maurras Maxence Ousset Pétain Plateau Pujo Rebatet Vallat Vaugeois Defunctpost-1945 groups Charles Martel Group Europe-Action European Rally for Liberty Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Federation of Nationalist Students French and European Nationalist Party Front Algérie Française Groupe Union Défense Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Nouvelle Résistance Occident Ordre Nouveau Organisation Armée Secrète Party of New Forces Phalange Française Radical Network Rassemblement National Français Revolutionary Nationalist Groups Troisième Voie Unité Radicale Active groups Action Française Adsav AGRIF Alsace First Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain Cité catholique Civitas Carrefour de l'Horloge Debout la France Equality and Reconciliation Europe-Jeunesse The Nationalists French Renewal Generation Identity GRECE League of the South National Council of European Resistance National Republican Movement Party of France Rassemblement National Reconquête Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms Terre et Peuple The Patriots Post-1945 people Aliot Antony Ayoub Bardèche Bardella Bay Benedetti Binet Bompard Bouchet Bousquet Blot Brigneau Briois Camus Coston de Benoist de Lesquen Dior Duprat Faye Fredriksen Gollnisch Holeindre Jalkh Lang Le Gallou Le Pen (Jean-Marie) Le Pen (Marine) Luce Maribe Malliarakis Maréchal Mégret Ménard Messiha Philippot Pujo Rachline Ravier Reynouard Saint-Loup Sidos Soral Stirbois Susini Tixier-Vignancour Venner Vial Zemmour Ideologies and movements Boulangisme Maurrassisme Nouvelle Droite Pétainism Révolution nationale Active publications and media Boulevard Voltaire Éléments Minute National-Hebdo Nouvelle École Présent Radio Courtoisie Rivarol TV-Libertés Notable events Dreyfus affair Franco-Prussian War (Revanchism) 6 February 1934 crisis Vichy France Algerian War (Algiers putsch of 1961) 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United States Reactionary Neo- Right realism Right-wing politics Authoritarianism New European Small-c conservatives Conservatism portal Politics portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aksjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right"},{"link_name":"monarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism_in_France"},{"link_name":"Maurice Pujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pujo"},{"link_name":"Henri Vaugeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionary"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"anti-parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parliamentarianism"},{"link_name":"pro-decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism"},{"link_name":"integralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralism"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vichy Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"National Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199913%E2%80%9317-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Action Française (French pronunciation: [aksjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz], AF; English: French Action) is a French far-right monarchist political movement. The name was also given to a journal associated with the movement.The movement and the journal were founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois in 1899, as a nationalist reaction against the intervention of left-wing intellectuals on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus. Charles Maurras quickly joined Action française and became its principal ideologist. Under the influence of Maurras, Action française became royalist, counter-revolutionary (objecting to the legacy of the French Revolution), anti-parliamentary and pro-decentralisation, espousing corporatism, integralism and Catholicism.Shortly after it was created, Action française tried to influence public opinion by turning its journal into a daily newspaper and by setting up other organizations. It was at its most prominent during the 1899–1914 period. In the inter-war period, the movement still enjoyed some prestige from support among conservative elites, but its popularity gradually declined as a result of the rise of fascism and of a rupture in its relations with the Catholic Church. During the Second World War, Action française supported the Vichy Regime and Marshal Philippe Pétain. After the fall of Vichy, its newspaper was banned and Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment. The movement nevertheless continued in new publications and political associations, although with fading relevance as monarchism lost popularity, and French far-right movements shifted toward an emphasis on Catholic values and defense of classical French culture. It is seen by some as one progenitor of the current National Rally political party.[19][20] In 2023, the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE) released a report in which it classified the modern-day Action Française as an \"antisemitic\" and \"religious nationalist\" group.[21][22]","title":"Action Française"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the precepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurrassisme"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"royalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist"},{"link_name":"House of Bourbon-Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"1905 law on the separation of Church and State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Third Republic of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France"},{"link_name":"federal monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"departmental system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Calvinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons"},{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"métèques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metic"},{"link_name":"Anti-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"}],"text":"The ideology of Action française was dominated by the precepts of Charles Maurras, following his adherence and his conversion of the movement's founders to royalism. The movement supported a restoration of the House of Bourbon-Orléans and, after the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, the restoration of Roman Catholicism as the state religion, all as rallying points in distinction to the Third Republic of France which was considered corrupt and atheistic by many of its opponents.The movement advocated decentralisation (a \"federal monarchy\"), with the restoration of pre-Revolutionary liberties to the ancient provinces of France (replaced during the Revolution by the departmental system). It aimed to achieve a restoration by means of a coup d'état, probably involving a transitional authoritarian government.Action française was not focused on denouncing one social or political group as the conspiratorial source of ills befalling France. Different groups of the French far-right had animuses against Jews, Huguenots (French Calvinists), and Freemasons. To these, Maurras added unspecific foreigners residing in France, who had been outside French law under the Ancien Régime, and to whom he invented a slur name derived from ancient Greek history: métèques. These four groups of \"internal foreigners\" Maurras called les quatre états confédérés and were all considered to be part of \"Anti-France\". He also opposed Marxism and the October Revolution, but antagonism against them did not have to be manufactured.","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Pujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pujo"},{"link_name":"Henri Vaugeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois"},{"link_name":"Ligue de la Patrie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_la_Patrie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C3%A9mond_2006_8-23"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"monarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionary"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"integralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralism"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C3%A9mond_2006_8-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judaken_2005_1-24"},{"link_name":"Lucien Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Moreau"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judaken_2005_1-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C3%A9mond_2006_8-23"},{"link_name":"Camelots du Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judaken_2005_1-24"}],"sub_title":"Founding and rise (1898–1914)","text":"In 1899, Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois left the nationalist movement Ligue de la Patrie française and established a new movement, called Action française, and a new journal, Revue de l'Action française. This was their nationalist reaction against the intervention of left-wing intellectuals on the behalf of Alfred Dreyfus.[23]Charles Maurras quickly joined Action française and became its principal ideologist. Under the influence of Maurras, Action française became monarchist, counter-revolutionary (objecting to the legacy of the French Revolution) and anti-democratic, and supported integralism and Catholicism. The Dreyfus affair gave some Catholics the impression that Catholicism is not compatible with democracy. Therefore, they regarded Action française as rampart of religion and the most fitting expression of the church doctrine regarding society.[23]In its early years, Action française tried to influence public opinion and to spread its ideas. For example, it created related organisations, such as student groups.[24] The political organisation of the movement, the Ligue d'Action Française, was launched in the spring of 1905, as was the Action Française Federation of Students, directed by Lucien Moreau.[25]\nL'Institut d'Action française was created in 1906 as an alternative institute for higher education.[24] In 1908 the movement's periodical was turned to a daily newspaper, called simply Action française.[23] Camelots du Roi, the movement's youth wing, was created in the same year to sell the newspaper in the streets. Its members also served as a paramilitary wing, providing security for meetings and engaging in street violence with political opponents. The newspaper's literary quality and polemical vigor attracted readers and made Maurras and the movement significant figures in French politics. By 1914, Action française was the best structured and the most vital nationalist movement in France.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FR-WW1-1915-French-plans.png"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"St. Lazare train station.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judaken_2005_1-24"},{"link_name":"Bernard de Vésins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_V%C3%A9sins"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cartel des gauches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches"},{"link_name":"French parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_parliament"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C3%A9mond_2006_8-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judaken_2005_1-24"},{"link_name":"6 February 1934 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis"},{"link_name":"conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"}],"sub_title":"First World War and aftermath (1914–1926)","text":"Ideas of post-WWI Europe by French extremists, published in Paris 1915; Germany is partitioned into several states, France gains territory to the east, the Swiss receive western Austria.During the First World War, Action française supported the prime minister Georges Clemenceau and the will to defeat the Germans. France's victory in the war, and the movement's anti-German intransigence on the peace terms resulted in a peak of success, prestige and influence in the inter-war period. For example, in 1917 it moved into new spacious offices on the rue Caumartin, near St. Lazare train station.[24] However, in the French legislative elections of 16 November 1919 Bernard de Vésins, president of the Ligue d'Action française, was defeated in the first district of Paris.[26]Action française exploited the disquiet aroused on the right by the victory of the left-wing coalition in 1924 (Cartel des gauches) and the horror of communism, sending about thirty candidates to the French parliament.[23][24] Well-known writers endorsed the movement, which advertised itself as the thinking man's party. Literary reviews, especially Revue universelle, spread the message of Action française. The polemics of the review, its personal attacks on leaders, and its systematic exploitation of scandals and crises helped detach some of the intellectuals from their allegiance to the republic and democracy. This agitation culminated in the 6 February 1934 crisis.The successes shaped the ideology of Action française. It became more integrated into mainstream conservatism, stressing patriotism and Catholicism as opposed to monarchism.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Index Librorum Prohibitorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments"},{"link_name":"François Mauriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac"},{"link_name":"Georges Bernanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bernanos"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"anti-communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Papal condemnation and decline","text":"In spite of the movement's support for Roman Catholicism as a state religion and the fact that the vast majority of its members were practising Catholics (indeed, they included significant numbers of clergy), some Catholics regarded it with distrust.Much of this was due to the influence of Maurras, an agnostic who advocated Catholicism as a factor of social cohesion and stability and a vital element of French tradition. This rather utilitarian view of religion disturbed many who otherwise agreed with him. Its influence on young Catholics was also considered unwholesome. Thus, on 29 December 1926, Pope Pius XI condemned Action française.Several of Maurras's writings were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum at the same time, on 9 January 1927, with Action française being the first newspaper ever placed on the Catholic Church's list of banned books.[27] This was a devastating blow to the movement. On 8 March 1927, AF members were prohibited from receiving the sacraments. Many of its members left (two Catholics who were forced to look for a different path in politics and life were writers François Mauriac and Georges Bernanos); and it entered a period of decline.In 1939, following the Spanish Civil War and a revival of anti-communism in the Catholic Church, Pope Pius XII decided to end the condemnation.[28] Thereafter, Action française claimed that the condemnation had been declared for political purposes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croix-de-Feu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-de-Feu"},{"link_name":"Robert Brasillach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brasillach"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"Pierre Benoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Benoit_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Thierry Maulnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier"},{"link_name":"Lucien Rebatet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Chambre bleue horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_bleue_horizon"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Georges Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Valois"},{"link_name":"Faisceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisceau"},{"link_name":"Louis Dimier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dimier"},{"link_name":"Eugène Deloncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Jeantet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Jeantet"},{"link_name":"terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist"},{"link_name":"La Cagoule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cagoule"},{"link_name":"Antoine Schwerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Schwerer"},{"link_name":"Bernard de Vésins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_V%C3%A9sins"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallu200897-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallu2008100-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallu2008100-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallu2008100-30"},{"link_name":"John Gunther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunther"},{"link_name":"L'Humanité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunther1940-31"},{"link_name":"6 February 1934 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cartel des gauches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches"},{"link_name":"Radical-Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical-Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"Édouard Daladier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier"},{"link_name":"centre-right Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Radicals"},{"link_name":"Gaston Doumergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Fascist Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Stresa Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stresa_Front"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Caudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"far-right leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_leagues"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decour-32"},{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Vichy regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_regime"},{"link_name":"Révolution nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_d%27Astier_de_la_Vigerie"},{"link_name":"Pierre Guillain de Bénouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9nouville"},{"link_name":"Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_d%27Estienne_d%27Orves"},{"link_name":"Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Free French Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Liberation"}],"sub_title":"Interwar revival","text":"Despite the 1926 Papal condemnation, Action française remained popular during the interwar period, being one of the most important far-right leagues, along with the Croix-de-Feu and others. As increasing numbers of people in France (as in Europe as a whole) turned to authoritarian political movements, many turned to Action française. It thus continued to recruit members from the new generations, such as Robert Brasillach (who would become a collaborationist), the novelist and former deputy and ambassador Pierre Benoist, Thierry Maulnier, and Lucien Rebatet. It was marginally represented for a time in the Chamber of Deputies, particularly by Léon Daudet, elected in the right-wing Chambre bleue horizon (1919–1924).However, with the rise of fascism and the creation of seemingly fascist leagues, added to the 1926 Papal condemnation, the royalist movement was weakened by various dissidents: Georges Valois would create the fascist Faisceau, Louis Dimier would break away, while other members (Eugène Deloncle, Gabriel Jeantet, etc.) created the terrorist La Cagoule group.The retired Admiral Antoine Schwerer became president of the league in 1930, succeeding Bernard de Vésins in difficult circumstances.\nHe was a talented orator.[29]\nAt the December 1931 congress, \"greeted by loud acclamation\", he gave himself to a full presentation of \"the general situation of France\", external, financial, economic, interior and religious. He concluded with a passionate statement,[30]... the situation is very dark. It would be almost desperate if there were not a cell that is not huge, but that is alive and is the only one able to animate the amorphous environment that surrounds it. This cell is the Action française. Every day more people understand it. There will always be imbeciles in France, men of bad faith, madmen and criminals; but there are in our midst a great many excellent elements now deceived and blinded. Our task is to enlighten them and then to train them to the assault. It requires a huge effort pursued with perseverance. The job is tough. We will not do it by sitting in a good armchair, in flowery salons, lavishing sweet smiles and honeyed words, fighting in white gloves with dainty foils. We must be ready for hard sacrifices. Are you all ready? You want the restoration of the Monarchy. Have you all done what is necessary to achieve this?[30]Antoine Schwerer was forced by illness to retire to Brittany in 1935.\nHe was succeeded as head of the league by François de Lassus.[30]John Gunther wrote that of the more than 100 daily newspapers in Paris, only L'Humanité and Action Française were honest.[31] The group participated in the 6 February 1934 crisis, which led to the fall of the second Cartel des gauches and to the replacement of the centre-left Radical-Socialist Édouard Daladier by the centre-right Radical Gaston Doumergue. In foreign policy, Maurras and Bainville supported Pierre Laval's double alliance with Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy and with the United Kingdom in the Stresa Front (1935) on one side, and with the Soviet Union on the other side, against the common enemy Nazi Germany. The Action française greeted Franco's appearance with delight, and supported the self-proclaimed Caudillo during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). But the extra-parliamentary agitation brought by the far-right leagues, including the AF, led Pierre Laval's government to outlaw militias and paramilitary leagues, leading to the dissolution of the AF on 13 February 1936[32] – the other leagues were dissolved only in June 1936 by the Popular Front.Marshal Philippe Pétain's proclamation of the Vichy regime and of the Révolution nationale after the failure of the Battle of France was acclaimed by Maurras as a \"divine surprise\", and he rallied the collaborationist regime. Royalist members hoped that Pétain would restore the monarchy, and the headquarters of the movement were moved from Paris to Vichy. However, the AF members were split between supporting the counter-revolutionary regime and their nationalism: after 1942, and in particular in 1943, some members, such as Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves joined the Resistance or escaped to join the Free French Forces. Others actively collaborated, while Maurras supported the Vichy government, but theoretically opposed Pétain's collaboration with the Germans. After the Liberation, he was condemned to life imprisonment in 1944, though he was reprieved in 1952. Action française was dissolved in 1944.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Affiche_pour_le_Frexit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maurice Pujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pujo"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boutang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boutang"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Renouvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Renouvin"},{"link_name":"Georges-Paul Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Paul_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle Action Royaliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste"},{"link_name":"René Rémond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond"},{"link_name":"legitimist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimist"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"1981 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Gaullists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism"},{"link_name":"Bonapartists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonapartist"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"Orleanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleanist"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Georges-Paul Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Paul_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Philippe Colombani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Colombani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Colombani_(journaliste)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"National Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(France)"},{"link_name":"National Republican Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mégret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret"},{"link_name":"traditionalist Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics"},{"link_name":"neofascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofascists"},{"link_name":"liberal democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"anti-communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"Pierre Pujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pujo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Forez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forez"}],"sub_title":"After World War II","text":"Election campaign poster by the Action Française Party in favour of FrexitAction française reformed itself in 1947, under the influence of Maurice Pujo, who created the newspaper Aspects de la France (AF) and the counter-revolutionary movement, \"la Restauration Nationale\" (\"National Restoration\"). After the death of Maurras in 1952, two rival newspapers, Aspects de la France and Pierre Boutang's La Nation française revived the Maurrassian legacy, until the demise of La Nation française in 1967.In 1971, a breakaway movement, the \"Nouvelle Action française\" was formed by Bertrand Renouvin, Georges-Paul Wagner and others. It subsequently became the Nouvelle Action Royaliste (NAR), which supported the Orleanist heir (although in his 1968 reprinting of his study on the three French right-wing families, René Rémond still classified it in the legitimist movement because of its counter-revolutionary ideology). The movement called for the support of François Mitterrand in the 1981 presidential election, instead of supporting Jacques Chirac's \"neo-Gaullism\" movement (the Gaullists are classed by René Rémond as Bonapartists) or Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's \"Orleanist\" movement (because of his support of economic liberalism).In the beginning of the 1980s, various AF figures, such as Georges-Paul Wagner or Philippe Colombani [fr] joined the ranks of Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front (FN). Until the 1999 breakaway of the National Republican Movement (MNR) led by Bruno Mégret, Jean-Marie Le Pen's success was partly explained by his unification of the various far right families (such as traditionalist Catholics, royalists, neofascists, etc.) which share few ideals apart from a distrust of liberal democracy and a staunch anti-communism.In the 1990s, the leader of the movement was Pierre Pujo (Maurice Pujo's son), who died in Paris on 10 November 2007.[33] The student movement, called Action française étudiante, has approximately 15 local delegations (in places such as Paris, Normandy, Rennes, Bordeaux, and Forez) and a newspaper, Insurrection. Its president is Oliver Perceval.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parliamentarianism"},{"link_name":"decentralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepoint-34"}],"text":"Action française has 3,000 adherents in 2018, grew by 18% in 2017 and 53% between 2013 and 2018. The movement stands for a traditional, hereditary, anti-parliamentary and decentralized monarchy and is strongly anti-European Union. The organization sees itself as a thinktank and not a political party. The movement presents ideas to answer to all issues regarding national interest such as sovereignty, ecology, and globalization.[34]","title":"Action française today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepoint-34"},{"link_name":"La Manif pour tous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous"},{"link_name":"surrogate motherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_motherhood"}],"sub_title":"Political line","text":"Politically, Action Française remains a royalist, nationalist, and counter-revolutionary movement. Its objective is to restore \"a sovereign state fully exercising its regalian functions\" in France through the establishment of a decentralised and representative monarchy that guarantees the \"just exercise of lasting power\". Politically, the movement advocates the establishment of a monarchy \"adapted to our times that is not a return to an ancient order but a serious response to current issues\" with the Orleans family at its head. The movement also supports the idea of a \"royalist compromise around the monarchy\".[34]AF is opposed to the European Union, which it describes as unitary and utopian in spirit. Thus, in its words, \"the EU would have put in place a centralising federalist system\", a transfer of sovereignty of nations to European bodies.\nRefusing the \"party system\", Action Française puts the salvation of the nation above all individual and partisan interests, in accordance with its slogan \"All that is national is ours\". As the heir of Charles Maurras's ideas, Action Française remains unparliamentary.\nArguing that the family is the foundation of the nation and that there can only be marriage between one man and one woman, AF participated in 2012 and 2013 in La Manif pour tous and the Printemps français against the legalisation of same-sex marriage, adoption of children by homosexuals, surrogate motherhood, and medically-assisted procreation.","title":"Action française today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Same-sex marriage in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_France"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Organisation","text":"The official entity of the organisation is called \"Centre royaliste d'Action française\", even if the forbidden name is used in the communication of the movement. It publishes a magazine called Le bien commun.The AF is organized in region federations, in which stand local school, student, and workers sections. Those sections circulate their ideas and debate in circles. The most known is the Parisian literary circle, \"Cercle de Flore\", which invites French conservatory and right wing authors intelligentsia. Most of the circles are internal and are designed to train young members to the ideas of the movement. This is the case of the Parisian Charles Maurras circle which gathers the Parisian students.Following its tradition, the movement edits a newspaper which is sold by its supporters in the street. This allows the young adherents to learn how to debate and publicly defend their ideas. Each year, on the second Sunday of May, a traditional cortege in honour of Joan of Arc is organized.[35]During and after the manifestations \"la manif pour tous\" (2013–2014) opposing the Same-sex marriage in France, Action Française created \"le printemps français\", an activist submovement, and grew a lot recruiting a young generation.[36]The students of the movement have organised a summer university called \"camp Maxime-Real del Sarte\" since 1953, gathering approximately 200 activists.[37]Action française is active on the Internet and is followed by 31,000 accounts on Twitter and 27,000 people on Facebook. The movement uses YouTube videos and memes to spread its ideas.[38]","title":"Action française today"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judgment of political scientists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Nolte"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Richard Thurlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thurlow"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"René Rémond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C3%A9mond_2006_8-23"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Classification as fascist","text":"In 1965, the German historian Ernst Nolte claimed that Action française was fascist.[39] He considered Action française to be the first fascist party.Certain present-day scholars disagree with Nolte's view. For example, in 1999, the British historian Richard Thurlow[40] claimed that \"his [Nolte's] linking of Action française to the fascist tradition was misleading\".[41] Later, René Rémond and Stanley G. Payne described the differences between Action française and Italian fascism.[23][42]","title":"Judgment of political scientists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neither Right nor Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neither_Right_nor_Left"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Zeev Sternhell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell"},{"link_name":"national syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_syndicalism"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"revolutionary syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalism"},{"link_name":"Georges Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sorel"},{"link_name":"non-conformists of the 1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s"}],"sub_title":"Influence on national syndicalism and fascism","text":"In the books Neither Right nor Left[43] and The Birth of Fascist Ideology,[44] Zeev Sternhell claimed that Action française influenced national syndicalism and, consequently, fascism.\nAccording to Sternhell, national syndicalism was formed by the combination between the integral nationalism of Action française and the revolutionary syndicalism of Georges Sorel. National syndicalism spread to Italy, and was later a part of the doctrine of Italian fascist movement.\nIn France, national syndicalism influenced the non-conformists of the 1930s. Based on the views of the non-conformists themselves, Sternhell argued that the non-conformists were actually a French form of fascism.","title":"Judgment of political scientists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orléanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist"},{"link_name":"René Rémond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"legitimist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimist"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"}],"sub_title":"René Rémond's classification","text":"Although it supported the Orléanist branch, according to historian René Rémond's categorization of French right-wing groups, AF would be closer to the legitimist branch, characterized by a complete rejection of all changes to France since the 1789 French Revolution. According to Rémond, supporters of the Orléanist branch tended to favour economic liberalism.","title":"Judgment of political scientists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1474691300002468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474691300002468"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3020706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3020706"},{"link_name":"Lettres à Charles Maurras: Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BRj56jBqibwC&pg=PA97"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7574-0044-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7574-0044-9"},{"link_name":"Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=t4xTc6CW78QC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-2139-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2139-2"},{"link_name":"Weber, Eugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Weber"},{"link_name":"Nolte, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Nolte"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0018246X00004325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00004325"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2637807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2637807"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143623954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143623954"}],"text":"Balfour, R. E. (1930). \"The Action Française Movement\". Cambridge Historical Journal. 3 (2): 182–205. doi:10.1017/S1474691300002468. JSTOR 3020706.\nCallu, Agnès (28 January 2008), Lettres à Charles Maurras: Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952 (in French), Presses Univ. Septentrion, ISBN 978-2-7574-0044-9, retrieved 21 October 2017\nDeClair, Edward G. (1999). Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front. Duke University. ISBN 978-0-8223-2139-2.\nWeber, Eugen (1962). Action Française; Royalism And Reaction In Twentieth-Century France. California, Stanford University Press.\nNolte, Ernst The Three Faces Of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism, translated from the German by Leila Vennewitz, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.\nWilson, Stephen (1969). \"The 'Action Française' in French Intellectual Life\". The Historical Journal. 12 (2): 328–350. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00004325. JSTOR 2637807. S2CID 143623954.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Ideas of post-WWI Europe by French extremists, published in Paris 1915; Germany is partitioned into several states, France gains territory to the east, the Swiss receive western Austria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FR-WW1-1915-French-plans.png/500px-FR-WW1-1915-French-plans.png"},{"image_text":"Election campaign poster by the Action Française Party in favour of Frexit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Affiche_pour_le_Frexit.jpg/220px-Affiche_pour_le_Frexit.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anti-parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parliamentarism"},{"title":"French Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"title":"Hussards (literary movement)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)"},{"title":"existentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism"},{"title":"Monarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"title":"Nouvelle Action Royaliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste"}]	[{"reference":"Stéphane Piolenc (21 April – 4 May 2011). \"Pour un compromis... royaliste!\". L'Action française 2000. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"René Rémond (1954). Les Droites en France. Aubier. ISBN 9782700705348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond","url_text":"René Rémond"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DDRBQAAQBAJ&q=action+fran%C3%A7aise+orl%C3%A9aniste&pg=PT215","url_text":"Les Droites en France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup","url_text":"Aubier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782700705348","url_text":"9782700705348"}]},{"reference":"Mayeur, Jean-Marie (1987). The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 298.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ... fascist Italy ... developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932–1968) and Brazil (1937–1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933–1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Badie","url_text":"Badie, Bertrand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser","url_text":"Berg-Schlosser, Dirk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino","url_text":"Morlino, Leonardo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn2iCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"International Encyclopedia of Political Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483305394","url_text":"9781483305394"}]},{"reference":"Jacques Prévotat (2 November 2004). L'action française. Presses universitaires de France. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eugen Weber (1985). L'Action française. Fayard. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Day, Alan John (2002). Political parties of the world. University of Michigan. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-9536278-7-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmwYAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Political parties of the world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536278-7-5","url_text":"978-0-9536278-7-5"}]},{"reference":"\"GPAHE report: Far-Right Hate and Extremist Groups in Australia\". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalextremism.org/france/","url_text":"\"GPAHE report: Far-Right Hate and Extremist Groups in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalextremism.org/news/","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"Rémond, René (2006). \"Action française\". In Lawrence D. Kritzman (ed.). The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-231-10790-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond","url_text":"Rémond, René"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10790-7","url_text":"978-0-231-10790-7"}]},{"reference":"Judaken, Jonathan (2005). \"Action française\". In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Santa Barbara, California, United States of America: ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California","url_text":"Santa Barbara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4","url_text":"978-1-85109-439-4"}]},{"reference":"Joly, Laurent (July 2006), \"Les débuts de l'Action française (1899–1914) ou l'élaboration d'un nationalisme antisémite\", Revue Historique (in French), 308 (3 (639)), Presses Universitaires de France: 701, JSTOR 40957800","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40957800","url_text":"40957800"}]},{"reference":"Leymarie, Michel; Prévotat, Jacques (10 February 2008), L' Action française: culture, société, politique (in French), Presses Univ. Septentrion, p. 139, ISBN 978-2-7574-0043-2, retrieved 28 July 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ayZ3BF3h6OcC&pg=PA139","url_text":"L' Action française: culture, société, politique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7574-0043-2","url_text":"978-2-7574-0043-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Holy See Bans French Paper\". Salt Lake Tribune. 10 January 1927. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 179–180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunther","url_text":"Gunther, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n201/mode/2up","url_text":"Inside Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Mort d'un grand patriote\" (in French). Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110331/http://fr.novopress.info/?p=9628","url_text":"\"Mort d'un grand patriote\""},{"url":"http://fr.novopress.info/?p=9628","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A l'ultra-droite, l'Action française entre souvenir de Maurras et \"actions coup de poing\"\". 21 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/a-l-ultra-droite-l-action-francaise-entre-souvenir-de-maurras-et-actions-coup-de-poing-21-06-2018-2229302_20.php","url_text":"\"A l'ultra-droite, l'Action française entre souvenir de Maurras et \"actions coup de poing\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-para, ultracathos et fachos : Les visages du Printemps français\". 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-mariage-homosexuel/20130410.RUE5457/ex-para-ultracathos-et-fachos-les-visages-du-printemps-francais.html","url_text":"\"Ex-para, ultracathos et fachos : Les visages du Printemps français\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qui espère encore en France le rétablissement de la monarchie?\". 13 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.fr/story/155099/politique-royalistes-roi-france","url_text":"\"Qui espère encore en France le rétablissement de la monarchie?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youtubeurs, \" mèmes \" et Tweet cinglants… la féroce bataille des royalistes sur Internet\". Le Monde.fr. 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2018/02/21/youtubeurs-memes-et-tweets-cinglants-la-feroce-bataille-des-royalistes-sur-internet_5260231_4408996.html","url_text":"\"Youtubeurs, \" mèmes \" et Tweet cinglants… la féroce bataille des royalistes sur Internet\""}]},{"reference":"Nolte, Ernst (1965). Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian fascism, National Socialism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Nolte","url_text":"Nolte, Ernst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Faces_of_Fascism","url_text":"Three Faces of Fascism"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Richard Thurlow\". Department of History Staff. The University of Sheffield. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116121617/http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/richard_thurlow","url_text":"\"Mr. Richard Thurlow\""},{"url":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/richard_thurlow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thurlow, Richard (1999). Fascism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-59872-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59872-9","url_text":"978-0-521-59872-9"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Stanley G. (2001). A history of fascism, 1914-1945 (reprinted ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-85728-595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne","url_text":"Payne, Stanley G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire","url_text":"Abingdon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxon,_England","url_text":"Oxon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-595-6","url_text":"978-1-85728-595-6"}]},{"reference":"Sternhell, Zeev (1996). Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (First Princeton Paperback printing ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00629-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell","url_text":"Sternhell, Zeev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Princeton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00629-6","url_text":"0-691-00629-6"}]},{"reference":"Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1995). The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Third printing, and first paperback printing ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03289-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell","url_text":"Sternhell, Zeev"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthoffascistid00ster","url_text":"The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03289-0","url_text":"0-691-03289-0"}]},{"reference":"Balfour, R. E. (1930). \"The Action Française Movement\". Cambridge Historical Journal. 3 (2): 182–205. doi:10.1017/S1474691300002468. JSTOR 3020706.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474691300002468","url_text":"10.1017/S1474691300002468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020706","url_text":"3020706"}]},{"reference":"Callu, Agnès (28 January 2008), Lettres à Charles Maurras: Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952 (in French), Presses Univ. Septentrion, ISBN 978-2-7574-0044-9, retrieved 21 October 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BRj56jBqibwC&pg=PA97","url_text":"Lettres à Charles Maurras: Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7574-0044-9","url_text":"978-2-7574-0044-9"}]},{"reference":"DeClair, Edward G. (1999). Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front. Duke University. ISBN 978-0-8223-2139-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t4xTc6CW78QC","url_text":"Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2139-2","url_text":"978-0-8223-2139-2"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Stephen (1969). \"The 'Action Française' in French Intellectual Life\". The Historical Journal. 12 (2): 328–350. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00004325. JSTOR 2637807. S2CID 143623954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00004325","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X00004325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637807","url_text":"2637807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143623954","url_text":"143623954"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.actionfrancaise.net/laf2000/","external_links_name":"L'action française"},{"Link":"http://restaurationnationale.hautetfort.com/","external_links_name":"La Restauration Nationale"},{"Link":"https://www.actionfrancaise.net/","external_links_name":"actionfrancaise.net"},{"Link":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/charles-maurras","external_links_name":"Biographical notice"},{"Link":"https://www.valeursactuelles.com/societe/action-francaise-2000-ne-paraitra-plus-92976","external_links_name":"\"Action française 2000 ne paraîtra plus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DDRBQAAQBAJ&q=action+fran%C3%A7aise+orl%C3%A9aniste&pg=PT215","external_links_name":"Les Droites en France"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn2iCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"International Encyclopedia of Political Science"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ruiGAgAAQBAJ&dq=","external_links_name":"Contemporary Nationalism"},{"Link":"http://jcrao.freeshell.org/CatholicismandtheRight.html","external_links_name":"\"Catholicism, Liberalism and the Right: A Sketch From the 1920s\""},{"Link":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsp_0035-2950_1957_num_7_4_392438","external_links_name":"L'héritage de l'Action française"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iHB9GrugCI","external_links_name":"La Royale (The Royal) - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage	Baronet	["1 History of the term","2 Conventions","2.1 Addressing a baronet and the wife of a baronet","2.2 Baronetess","2.3 Territorial designations","2.4 Baronetcies with special remainders","3 Heraldic badges","3.1 Red Hand of Ulster","3.2 Arms of Nova Scotia","4 Number of baronetcies","4.1 Baronetage decline since 1965","5 Premier Baronet","5.1 England","5.2 Scotland","5.3 Ireland","6 Baronetcies conferred upon British expatriates and non-British nationals","7 In fiction","8 See also","9 References and sources","10 External links"]	Hereditary title awarded by the British Crown Not to be confused with Barony (county division), Baronage, or Baronette. Part of a series onImperial, royal, noble,gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe Emperor, Empress dowager Tsar, Tsarina High king, High queen King consort dowager Queen regnant consort dowager mother Grand duke, Grand duchess Archduke, Archduchess Prince consort Princess consort Duke, Duchess Crown prince, Crown princess Jarl Prince-elector, Princess-elector Marquess, Marchioness Margrave, Margravine Marcher lord Count palatine Voivode Count, Countess Earl Ealdorman Viscount, Viscountess Castellan Burgrave, Burgravine Landgrave Advocatus Vidame Starosta Baron, Baroness Thane Lendmann Primor Boyar Ritter Baronet, Baronetess Fidalgo Nobile Knight, Chevalier Imperial Knight Druzhinnik Esquire Gentleman, Gentlewoman Ministerialis Lord of the Manor vte Neck decoration for baronets of the United Kingdom, depicting the Red Hand of Ulster A baronet (/ˈbærənɪt/ or /ˈbærəˌnɛt/; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the female equivalent, a baronetess (/ˈbærənɪtɪs/, /ˈbærənɪtɛs/, or /ˌbærəˈnɛtɛs/; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14th century; however, in its current usage it was created by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds for the crown. Baronets rank below barons and above knights bachelor. Like knights, they are addressed as "Sir" (or "Dame" in the case of baronetesses). They are conventionally seen to belong to the lesser nobility, even though William Thoms claims that: The precise quality of this dignity is not yet fully determined, some holding it to be the head of the nobiles minores, while others, again, rank Baronets as the lowest of the nobiles majores, because their honour, like that of the higher nobility, is both hereditary and created by patent. Comparisons with continental titles and ranks are tenuous due to the British system of primogeniture and because claims to baronetcies must be proven; currently the Official Roll of the Baronetage is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. In practice this means that the UK Peerage and Baronetage consist of about 1,200 families (some peers are also baronets), which is roughly less than 0.01% of UK families. History of the term The term baronet has medieval origins. Sir Thomas de La More (1322), describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III created eight baronets in 1328. The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost the right of individual summons to Parliament, and was used in this sense in a statute of Richard II. A similar title of lower rank was banneret. Present-day baronets date from 1611 when James I granted letters patent to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1,000 a year; in return for the honour, each was required to pay one pound a day for the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years (1095 days), thus amounting to £1,095, in those days a very large sum. In 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland; Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six colonial settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now familiarly known as Scottish baronetcies, survive to this day. As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, all future creations were styled baronets of Great Britain. Following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom. Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets. Firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and the younger sons of peers. Secondly, the right of knighthood was established for the eldest sons of baronets (this was later revoked by George IV in 1827), and thirdly, baronets were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Ulster on an inescutcheon: "in a field Argent, a Hand Geules (or a bloudy hand)". These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland the privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour. The former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently. Conventions Like knights, baronets are accorded the style "Sir" before their first name. Baronetesses in their own right use "Dame", also before their first name, while wives of baronets use "Lady" followed by the husband's (marital) surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses; only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled. Unlike knighthoods – which apply to the recipient only – a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. The eldest son of a baronet who is born in wedlock succeeds to a baronetcy upon his father's death, but will not be officially recognised until his name is recognised by being placed on the Official Roll. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line. A full list of extant baronets appears in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, which also published a record of extinct baronetcies. A baronetcy is not a peerage; so baronets, like knights and junior members of peerage families, are commoners and not peers of the realm. Originally, all first baronets were knighted. Baronets also had other rights, including the right to have the eldest son knighted on his 21st birthday. However, at the beginning of George IV's reign, these rights were eroded by orders-in-council on the ground that sovereigns should not necessarily be bound by acts of their predecessors. Although never having been automatically entitled to heraldic supporters, baronets were allowed them in heredity in the first half of the 19th century if the title holder was also a Knight Grand Cross of a Crown order. Baronets of Scotland or Nova Scotia were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Nova Scotia and the privilege of wearing a neck badge signifying "of Nova Scotia", suspended by an orange-tawny ribbon. This consists of an escutcheon argent with a saltire azure, an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland, with an Imperial Crown above the escutcheon, and encircled with the motto Fax Mentis Honestae Gloria. This badge may be shown suspended by the ribbon below the escutcheon. Baronets of England and Ireland applied to King Charles I for permission to wear a badge. Although a badge was worn in the 17th century, it was not until 1929 that King George V granted permission for all baronets (other than those of Scotland) to wear badges. Addressing a baronet and the wife of a baronet A baronet is referred to and addressed as, for example, "Sir Joseph" (using his forename). The correct style on an envelope for a baronet who has no other titles is "Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bt." or "Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bart." A formal letter would commence with the salutation "Dear Sir Joseph". The wife of a baronet is addressed and referred to by her married surname, as "Lady Bloggs"; the salutation would be "Dear Lady Bloggs". Her given name is used only when necessary to distinguish between two holders of the same title. For example, if a baronet has died and the title has passed to his son, the widow (the new baronet's mother) will remain "Lady Bloggs" while he (the son) is not married, but if he is or becomes married, his wife becomes "Lady Bloggs" while his mother will be known by the style "Alice, Lady Bloggs". Alternatively, the mother may prefer to be known as "The Dowager Lady Bloggs". A previous wife will also become "Alice, Lady Bloggs" to distinguish her from the current wife of the incumbent baronet. She would not be "Lady Alice Bloggs", a style reserved for the daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls (and now Ladies Companion of the Garter and Ladies of the Thistle without higher styles). The children of a baronet are not entitled to the use of any courtesy titles. Baronetess In history, there have been only four baronetesses: Dame Mary Bolles, 1st Btss (née Witham) (1579–1662); the only woman apparently to be created a baronetess (of Nova Scotia) Dame Eleanor Dalyell, 10th Btss (1895–1972), cr. 1685, whose title and estate of The Binns passed to her son, the former Labour politician Tam Dalyell MP (who chose not to use the title) Dame Daisy Dunbar, 8th Btss of Hempriggs (1906–1997), cr. 1706 Dame Anne Christian Maxwell Macdonald, 11th Btss (née Stirling-Maxwel; 1906–2011) was recognised by the Lyon Court in 2005 as 11th holder of the baronetcy (formerly Stirling-Maxwel/Stirling-Maxwell) under the 1707 remainder and succeeded her father in 1956 In 1976, Lord Lyon King of Arms stated that, without examining the patent of every Scottish baronetcy, he was not in a position to confirm that only these four title creations could pass through female lines. As of 2020, there are no living baronetesses. For a baronetess one should write, for example, "Dame Daisy Smith, Btss" on the envelope. At the head of the letter, one would write "Dear Dame Daisy", and to refer to her, one would say "Dame Daisy" or "Dame Daisy Smith" (never "Dame Smith"). Territorial designations All baronetcies are created with a territorial sub-designation; however, only more recent creations duplicating the original creation require territorial designations. So, for example, there are baronetcies Moore of Colchester, Moore of Hancox, Moore of Kyleburn, and Moore of Moore Lodge. Baronetcies with special remainders Baronetcies usually descend through heirs male of the body of the grantee, and can rarely be inherited by females or collateral kins, unless created with special remainder, for example: with remainder to heirs male forever (Broun baronetcy, of Colstoun (1686), Hay baronetcy of Alderston (1703), etc.) with remainder to the sons of the grantee's daughters, and the heirs male of their bodies (Hicking (later North) baronetcy, of Southwell (1920), etc.) with remainder to the grantee's daughter's son (Amcotts baronetcy, of Kettlethorp (1796), etc.) with remainder to the grantee's son-in-law (Middleton (later Noel) baronetcy, of The Navy (1781), Rich baronetcy, of London (1676), etc.) with remainder to the grantee's brother(s) (Chapman baronetcy, of Killua Castle (1782), Pigot baronetcy, of Patshull (1764), White baronetcy of Tuxford and Wallingwells (1802) etc.) with remainder, in default of male issue of the grantee, to the grantee's brothers and to the grantee's father's second cousin, and the heirs male of their bodies (Robinson baronetcy, of Rokeby Park (1730)) with remainder to tailzie succeeding the grantee in the estate (Dalyell baronetcy of The Binns (1685)) with remainder specifically excluding the grantee's eldest son (Stonhouse baronetcy, of Radley (1628)) Heraldic badges Red Hand of Ulster Baronets of England, Ireland, Great Britain or the United Kingdom (i.e. all except baronets of Nova Scotia) can display the Red Hand of Ulster (sinister (left) hand version) as a heraldic badge, being the arms of the ancient kings of Ulster. This badge (or augmentation of honour) is blazoned as follows: Argent a Hand sinister couped at the wrist extended in pale Gules. King James I of England established the hereditary Order of Baronets in England on 22 May 1611, in the words of Collins' Peerage (1741): "for the plantation and protection of the whole Kingdom of Ireland, but more especially for the defence and security of the Province of Ulster, and therefore for their distinction those of this order and their descendants may bear the badge (Red Hand of Ulster) in their coats of arms either in canton or an escutcheon at their election". Since 1929 such baronets may also display the Red Hand of Ulster on its own as a badge, suspended by a ribbon below the shield of arms. Arms of Nova Scotia Baronets of Nova Scotia, unlike other baronets, do not use the Baronet's Badge (of Ulster), but have their own badge showing the escutcheon of the arms of Nova Scotia: Argent, a Saltire Azure with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland. From before 1929 to the present it has been customary practice for such baronets to display this badge on its own suspended by the order's ribbon below the shield of arms. The Red Hand of Ulster (sinister (left) hand version), as used by baronets (other than those of Nova Scotia) as a heraldic badge Arms of Nova Scotia: Argent, a Saltire Azure an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland, as used by baronets of Nova Scotia as a heraldic badge Coat of arms of the Agnew baronets (1629) with the badge of a Baronet of Nova Scotia (Coat of arms of Nova Scotia) in chief Coat of arms of the Agnew baronets (1895) with the badge of a Baronet of the United Kingdom (Red Hand of Ulster) in canton A baronet's medal ribbon Number of baronetcies Estimated numbers of baronetcies as at 1 January 2023 Creations Total Baronets Peers Baronets of England 134 84 50 Baronets of Ireland 57 34 23 Baronets of Nova Scotia 103 73 30 Baronets of Great Britain 121 90 31 Baronets of the United Kingdom 777 671 106 Total 1192 952 240 The first publication listing all baronetcies ever created was C. J. Parry's Index of Baronetcy Creations (1967). This listed them in alphabetical order, other than the last five creations (Dodds of West Chiltington, Redmayne of Rushcliffe, Pearson of Gressingham, Finlay of Epping and Thatcher of Scotney). It showed the total number created from 1611 to 1964 to have been 3,482. They include five of Oliver Cromwell, several of which were recreated by Charles II. Twenty-five were created between 1688 and 1784 by James II in exile after his dethronement, by his son James Stuart ("The Old Pretender") and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"). These "Jacobite baronetcies" were never accepted by the English Crown, have all disappeared and should properly be excluded from the 3,482, making the effective number of creations 3,457. A close examination of Parry's publication shows he missed one or two, so there might well have been some more. As of 2000, including baronetcies where succession was dormant or unproven, there was a total of 1,314 baronetcies divided into five classes of creation included on The Official Roll of the Baronetage – 146 of England, 63 of Ireland, 119 of Scotland, 133 of Great Britain and 853 of the United Kingdom. The total number of baronetcies today is approximately 1,204, although only some 1,020 are on The Official Roll of the Baronetage. It is unknown whether some baronetcies remain extant and it may be that nobody can prove himself to be the actual heir. Over 200 baronetcies are now held by peers; and others, such as the Knox line, have been made tenuous by internal family disputes. According to the Ministry of Justice, it is not necessary to prove succession to a baronetcy in order to use the title, but a person cannot be referred to as a baronet in any official capacity unless their name is on the Official Roll. Baronetage decline since 1965 There were 1,490 baronetcies extant on 1 January 1965. Since then the number has reduced by 286 through extinction or dormancy: a gross decline of 19.2% (up to 2017). Extant baronetcies numbered about 1,236 in 2015, and 1,204 as of 2017. Since 1965 only one new baronetcy has been created, for Sir Denis Thatcher on 7 December 1990, husband of a former British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher (later Baroness Thatcher); their only son, Sir Mark Thatcher, succeeded as 2nd Baronet upon his father's death in 2003. Seven baronetcies dormant in 1965 have since been revived: Innes baronetcy, of Coxton (1686), Nicolson baronetcy of that Ilk and of Lasswade (1629), Hope baronetcy, of Kirkliston (1698), St John (later St John-Mildmay) baronetcy, of Farley (1772), Maxwell-Macdonald baronetcy of Pollok (1682), Inglis baronetcy, of Cramond, Edinburgh (1687) and Von Friesendorff baronetcy, of Hirdech, Sweden (1661). Premier Baronet England The Premier Baronet (of England) is the unofficial title afforded to the current holder of the oldest extant baronetcy in the realm. The Premier Baronet is regarded as the senior member of the Baronetage, and ranks above other baronets (unless they hold a peerage title) in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence. Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet, is the current Premier Baronet; his family's senior title was created by King James I in 1611. Scotland The Premier Baronets of Nova Scotia (Scotland) were the Gordon baronets of Gordonstoun and Letterfourie until the title's extinction in 1908. Subsequently, the Premier Scottish Baronets are the Innes baronets of that Ilk (cr. 28 May 1625), the present Premier Baronet being Charles Innes-Ker, 11th Duke of Roxburghe. Ireland The Premier Baronetcy of Ireland was created for Sir Dominic Sarsfield in 1619, and was held by his successors until the attainder of the 4th Viscount Sarsfield in 1691. Since then the descendants of Sir Francis Annesley Bt., the Annesley baronets, have been the Premier Baronets of Ireland; presently Francis William Dighton Annesley, 16th Viscount Valentia. Baronetcies conferred upon British expatriates and non-British nationals Main article: List of baronetcies conferred upon British expatriates and non-British nationals In fiction Main article: List of fictional baronets See also Standing Council of the Baronetage List of extant baronetcies List of baronetcies (currently incomplete) British Honours System Canadian peers and baronets References and sources References ^ a b "Baronet". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014. ^ "Baronetess". Dictionary.com Unabridged. n.d. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ "baronetess". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Baronetess". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014. ^ William J. Thoms (1844). The Book of the Court (2nd edition). London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, p. 132 ^ Stubbs, Vol. II, Part IV, p 303 ^ Debrett's Correct Form. Addressing the family of a Baronet. Archived 15 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Cokayne's Complete Baronetage ^ Leigh Rayment's baronetage: Draper to Dymoke ^ (See page B 599 of the Baronetage section of the latest edition of Debrett.) ^ "Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 3 March 2020)» The Standing Council of the Baronetage -". ^ Collins, 1741, p.287 ^ Collins, Arthur, The English Baronetage: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of all the English Baronets now Existing, Volume 4, London, 1741, p.287 ^ Collins, 1741, vol.4, p.287 ^ a b Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1235 ^ Kershaw, Stephen. "Baronets of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom". The Standing Council of the Baronetage. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ a b Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition. ^ "Guidance Notes on Succession to a Baronetcy other than of Nova Scotia" (PDF). baronetage.org. Ministry of Justice (UK). January 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ a b "Baronetage decline since 1965". Retrieved 21 September 2015. ^ "The Baronetage". Debretts. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013. The creation of baronetcies lapsed in 1964; in 1990 the Conservative Government announced that this honour would be given to Denis Thatcher, but there have been no further creations ^ Cokayne, vol ii, pp277-280 ^ Cokayne, vol ii, p 280 ^ Cokayne, vol i, pp223-224 ^ Cokayne, vol ii, p 224 Sources Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition. published by the author. William Stubbs (1883). Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Vol. 2, Part IV – Vita Et Mors Edwardi II Conscripta A Thoma de La More. Longman & Co. Debrett's website Burke's website External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Baronet". Letters patent vteOrders, decorations, and medals of the United KingdomOrdersCurrent Garter Thistle Bath Merit St Michael and St George Royal Victorian Distinguished Service British Empire Imperial Service Companions of Honour St John Royal family orders George VI Elizabeth II Dormant St Patrick Crown of India Star of India Indian Empire Indian Merit British India Burma Defunct Royal Guelphic Royal family orders George IV Victoria & Albert Edward VII George V Other Royal Victorian Chain Hereditary peerage Life peerage Privy counsellor Baronet Knight Bachelor Aide-de-camp Currentdecorationsand medalsLevel 1 Victoria Cross George Cross Level 2A Distinguished Service Order Conspicuous Gallantry Cross Royal Red Cross (class I) Level 2B George Medal King's Police Medal, for Gallantry King's Fire Service Medal, for Gallantry Level 3A Distinguished Service Cross Military Cross Distinguished Flying Cross Air Force Cross Royal Red Cross (class II) Level 3B Sea Gallantry Medal King's Gallantry Medal Royal Victorian Medal British Empire Medal King’s Police Medal, for Distinguished Service King's Fire Service Medal, for Distinguished Service King's Ambulance Service Medal King's Volunteer Reserves Medal Polar Medal Imperial Service Medal Overseas Territories Police Medal Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service Level 4 Mentioned in Despatches King's Commendation for Bravery King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air King's Commendation for Valuable Service Other Badge of Honour Elizabeth Cross Obsoletedecorationsand medalsLevel 1 Indian Order of Merit (1st class) Albert Medal (1st class) Edward Medal (1st class) Empire Gallantry Medal Level 2A Indian Order of Merit (2nd class) Distinguished Conduct Medal Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying) Level 2B Albert Medal (2nd class) Edward Medal (2nd class) Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold Level 3A Order of British India (1st class) Order of British India (2nd class) Indian Order of Merit (3rd class) Title Badge (India) (1st class) Title Badge (India) (2nd class) Title Badge (India) (3rd class) Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal King's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal Indian Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Service Medal Military Medal Distinguished Flying Medal Air Force Medal Burma Gallantry Medal Level 3B Constabulary Medal (Ireland) Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver Kaisar-i-Hind Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze) Indian Police Medal, for Gallantry Ceylon Police Medal, for Gallantry Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Gallantry Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Gallantry Mauritius Police Medal for Meritorious Service Colonial Police Medal, for Gallantry Canada Medal Queen's Medal for Chiefs Indian Police Medal, for Meritorious Service Ceylon Police Medal, for Merit Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Meritorious Service Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Meritorious Service Level 4 Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air See also Order of Wear British campaign medals Degradation (knighthood) Revocations vte Former decorations of AustraliaAustralian Honours Order of Precedence prior to 6 October 1992Orders of chivalryMost HonourableOrder of the Bath Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB/DCB) Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Most DistinguishedOrder of St Michaeland St George Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG/DCMG) Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Most Excellent Orderof the British Empire / Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) / Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE) / Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) / Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) / Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Imperial Service Order Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO) Order of theCompanions of Honour Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) Miscellaneous Hereditary peer Life peer Baronet Knight Bachelor Militarygallantry/braverydecorationsIn the faceof the enemy Victoria Cross (VC) Distinguished Service Order (DSO) Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (CGM) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying) (CGM) Military Cross (MC) Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) Military Medal (MM) Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) Mentioned in despatches Not the faceof the enemy Air Force Cross (AFC) Air Force Medal (AFM) Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct DistinguishedservicedecorationsIn the faceof the enemy Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) Not the faceof the enemy King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service (KPM) King's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service (KFSM) Civil braverydecorations George Cross (GC) Albert Medal, First Class (AM) Albert Medal, First Class (Sea) (AM) Albert Medal, Second Class (AM) Albert Medal, Second Class (Sea) (AM) George Medal (GM) King's Police Medal for Gallantry (KPM) King's Fire Service Medal for Gallantry (KFSM) Sea Gallantry Medal (SGM) Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM) Edward Medal (EM) Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct Nursing service Member of the Royal Red Cross (RRC) Associate of the Royal Red Cross (ARRC) Meritorious service / British Empire Medal (BEM) King's Commendation for Valuable Service	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barony (county division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Baronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronage"},{"link_name":"Baronette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BaronetUK.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Red Hand of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"/ˈbærənɪt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbærəˌnɛt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_1-1"},{"link_name":"/ˈbærənɪtɪs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randome_House_1-2"},{"link_name":"/ˈbærənɪtɛs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED_1-3"},{"link_name":"/ˌbærəˈnɛtɛs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_2-4"},{"link_name":"hereditary title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_title"},{"link_name":"British Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown"},{"link_name":"14th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century"},{"link_name":"James I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"knights bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_bachelor"},{"link_name":"William Thoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thoms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"Official Roll of the Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Roll_of_the_Baronetage"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Barony (county division), Baronage, or Baronette.Neck decoration for baronets of the United Kingdom, depicting the Red Hand of UlsterA baronet (/ˈbærənɪt/ or /ˈbærəˌnɛt/;[1] abbreviated Bart or Bt[1]) or the female equivalent, a baronetess (/ˈbærənɪtɪs/,[2] /ˈbærənɪtɛs/,[3] or /ˌbærəˈnɛtɛs/;[4] abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14th century; however, in its current usage it was created by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds for the crown.Baronets rank below barons and above knights bachelor. Like knights, they are addressed as \"Sir\" (or \"Dame\" in the case of baronetesses). They are conventionally seen to belong to the lesser nobility, even though William Thoms claims that:The precise quality of this dignity is not yet fully determined, some holding it to be the head of the nobiles minores, while others, again, rank Baronets as the lowest of the nobiles majores, because their honour, like that of the higher nobility, is both hereditary and created by patent.[5]Comparisons with continental titles and ranks are tenuous due to the British system of primogeniture and because claims to baronetcies must be proven; currently the Official Roll of the Baronetage is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. In practice this means that the UK Peerage and Baronetage consist of about 1,200 families (some peers are also baronets), which is roughly less than 0.01% of UK families.[citation needed]","title":"Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Thomas de La More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Moore"},{"link_name":"Battle of Boroughbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boroughbridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"noblemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"individual summons to Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Writs_of_summons"},{"link_name":"statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"banneret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banneret"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(currency)"},{"link_name":"Union of England and Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland"},{"link_name":"baronets of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"baronets of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"royal warrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_(law)"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"inescutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon"},{"link_name":"Geules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gules"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The term baronet has medieval origins. Sir Thomas de La More (1322), describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights.[6] Edward III created eight baronets in 1328.The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost the right of individual summons to Parliament, and was used in this sense in a statute of Richard II. A similar title of lower rank was banneret.Present-day baronets date from 1611 when James I granted letters patent to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1,000 a year; in return for the honour, each was required to pay one pound a day for the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years (1095 days), thus amounting to £1,095, in those days a very large sum. In 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland; Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six colonial settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now familiarly known as Scottish baronetcies, survive to this day.As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, all future creations were styled baronets of Great Britain. Following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom.Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets. Firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and the younger sons of peers. Secondly, the right of knighthood was established for the eldest sons of baronets (this was later revoked by George IV in 1827), and thirdly, baronets were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Ulster on an inescutcheon: \"in a field Argent, a Hand Geules (or a bloudy hand)\". These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland the privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour. The former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently.","title":"History of the term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_(title)"},{"link_name":"Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady"},{"link_name":"in their own right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"},{"link_name":"Burke's Peerage and Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage_and_Baronetage"},{"link_name":"commoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoner"},{"link_name":"peers of the realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"orders-in-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_in_Council"},{"link_name":"supporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporter"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"saltire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"}],"text":"Like knights, baronets are accorded the style \"Sir\" before their first name. Baronetesses in their own right use \"Dame\", also before their first name, while wives of baronets use \"Lady\" followed by the husband's (marital) surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses; only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled.Unlike knighthoods – which apply to the recipient only – a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. The eldest son of a baronet who is born in wedlock succeeds to a baronetcy upon his father's death, but will not be officially recognised until his name is recognised by being placed on the Official Roll. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line.A full list of extant baronets appears in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, which also published a record of extinct baronetcies.A baronetcy is not a peerage; so baronets, like knights and junior members of peerage families, are commoners and not peers of the realm. Originally, all first baronets were knighted. Baronets also had other rights, including the right to have the eldest son knighted on his 21st birthday. However, at the beginning of George IV's reign, these rights were eroded by orders-in-council on the ground that sovereigns should not necessarily be bound by acts of their predecessors. Although never having been automatically entitled to heraldic supporters, baronets were allowed them in heredity in the first half of the 19th century if the title holder was also a Knight Grand Cross of a Crown order.Baronets of Scotland or Nova Scotia were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Nova Scotia and the privilege of wearing a neck badge signifying \"of Nova Scotia\", suspended by an orange-tawny ribbon. This consists of an escutcheon argent with a saltire azure, an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland, with an Imperial Crown above the escutcheon, and encircled with the motto Fax Mentis Honestae Gloria. This badge may be shown suspended by the ribbon below the escutcheon.Baronets of England and Ireland applied to King Charles I for permission to wear a badge. Although a badge was worn in the 17th century, it was not until 1929 that King George V granted permission for all baronets (other than those of Scotland) to wear badges.","title":"Conventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dowager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowager"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"courtesy titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_title"}],"sub_title":"Addressing a baronet and the wife of a baronet","text":"A baronet is referred to and addressed as, for example, \"Sir Joseph\" (using his forename). The correct style on an envelope for a baronet who has no other titles is \"Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bt.\" or \"Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bart.\" A formal letter would commence with the salutation \"Dear Sir Joseph\".The wife of a baronet is addressed and referred to by her married surname, as \"Lady Bloggs\"; the salutation would be \"Dear Lady Bloggs\". Her given name is used only when necessary to distinguish between two holders of the same title. For example, if a baronet has died and the title has passed to his son, the widow (the new baronet's mother) will remain \"Lady Bloggs\" while he (the son) is not married, but if he is or becomes married, his wife becomes \"Lady Bloggs\" while his mother will be known by the style \"Alice, Lady Bloggs\". Alternatively, the mother may prefer to be known as \"The Dowager Lady Bloggs\". A previous wife will also become \"Alice, Lady Bloggs\" to distinguish her from the current wife of the incumbent baronet. She would not be \"Lady Alice Bloggs\", a style reserved for the daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls (and now Ladies Companion of the Garter and Ladies of the Thistle without higher styles).[7]The children of a baronet are not entitled to the use of any courtesy titles.","title":"Conventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dame Mary Bolles, 1st Btss (née\nWitham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolles_baronets"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dame Eleanor Dalyell, 10th Btss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Dalyell"},{"link_name":"The Binns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Binns"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Tam Dalyell MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Dalyell"},{"link_name":"Dame Daisy Dunbar, 8th Btss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dame Anne Christian Maxwell Macdonald, 11th Btss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling-Maxwell_baronets"},{"link_name":"Lyon Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Court"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lord Lyon King of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_(officer_of_arms)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baronet&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Baronetess","text":"In history, there have been only four baronetesses:Dame Mary Bolles, 1st Btss (née\nWitham) (1579–1662); the only woman apparently to be created a baronetess (of Nova Scotia)[8]Dame Eleanor Dalyell, 10th Btss (1895–1972), cr. 1685, whose title and estate of The Binns passed to her son, the former Labour politician Tam Dalyell MP (who chose not to use the title)\nDame Daisy Dunbar, 8th Btss of Hempriggs (1906–1997), cr. 1706[9]\nDame Anne Christian Maxwell Macdonald, 11th Btss (née Stirling-Maxwel; 1906–2011) was recognised by the Lyon Court in 2005 as 11th holder of the baronetcy (formerly Stirling-Maxwel/Stirling-Maxwell) under the 1707 remainder and succeeded her father in 1956[10]In 1976, Lord Lyon King of Arms stated that, without examining the patent of every Scottish baronetcy, he was not in a position to confirm that only these four title creations could pass through female lines.[citation needed]As of 2020[update], there are no living baronetesses.[11]For a baronetess one should write, for example, \"Dame Daisy Smith, Btss\" on the envelope. At the head of the letter, one would write \"Dear Dame Daisy\", and to refer to her, one would say \"Dame Daisy\" or \"Dame Daisy Smith\" (never \"Dame Smith\").","title":"Conventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"territorial sub-designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_designation"},{"link_name":"territorial designations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_designation"}],"sub_title":"Territorial designations","text":"All baronetcies are created with a territorial sub-designation; however, only more recent creations duplicating the original creation require territorial designations. So, for example, there are baronetcies Moore of Colchester, Moore of Hancox, Moore of Kyleburn, and Moore of Moore Lodge.","title":"Conventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heirs male of the body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirs_of_the_body"},{"link_name":"grantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantee"},{"link_name":"kins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"},{"link_name":"special remainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder_(law)"},{"link_name":"Broun baronetcy, of Colstoun (1686)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broun_baronets"},{"link_name":"Hay baronetcy of Alderston (1703)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_baronets"},{"link_name":"Hicking (later North) baronetcy, of Southwell (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_baronets"},{"link_name":"Amcotts baronetcy, of Kettlethorp (1796)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcotts_baronets"},{"link_name":"Middleton (later Noel) baronetcy, of The Navy (1781)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Rich baronetcy, of London (1676)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_baronets"},{"link_name":"Chapman baronetcy, of Killua Castle (1782)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_baronets"},{"link_name":"Pigot baronetcy, of Patshull (1764)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigot_baronets"},{"link_name":"White baronetcy of Tuxford and Wallingwells (1802)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_baronets#White_baronets.2C_of_Tuxford_and_Wallingwells_.281802.29"},{"link_name":"Robinson baronetcy, of Rokeby Park (1730)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rokeby"},{"link_name":"tailzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailzie"},{"link_name":"Dalyell baronetcy of The Binns (1685)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalyell_baronets"},{"link_name":"Stonhouse baronetcy, of Radley (1628)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonhouse_baronets"}],"sub_title":"Baronetcies with special remainders","text":"Baronetcies usually descend through heirs male of the body of the grantee, and can rarely be inherited by females or collateral kins, unless created with special remainder, for example:with remainder to heirs male forever (Broun baronetcy, of Colstoun (1686), Hay baronetcy of Alderston (1703), etc.)\nwith remainder to the sons of the grantee's daughters, and the heirs male of their bodies (Hicking (later North) baronetcy, of Southwell (1920), etc.)\nwith remainder to the grantee's daughter's son (Amcotts baronetcy, of Kettlethorp (1796), etc.)\nwith remainder to the grantee's son-in-law (Middleton (later Noel) baronetcy, of The Navy (1781), Rich baronetcy, of London (1676), etc.)\nwith remainder to the grantee's brother(s) (Chapman baronetcy, of Killua Castle (1782), Pigot baronetcy, of Patshull (1764), White baronetcy of Tuxford and Wallingwells (1802) etc.)\nwith remainder, in default of male issue of the grantee, to the grantee's brothers and to the grantee's father's second cousin, and the heirs male of their bodies (Robinson baronetcy, of Rokeby Park (1730))\nwith remainder to tailzie succeeding the grantee in the estate (Dalyell baronetcy of The Binns (1685))\nwith remainder specifically excluding the grantee's eldest son (Stonhouse baronetcy, of Radley (1628))","title":"Conventions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldic badges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baronets of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Red Hand of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister"},{"link_name":"heraldic badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_badge"},{"link_name":"kings of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"blazoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Collins' Peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Collins_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's_Peerage,_1968,_p.1235-15"}],"sub_title":"Red Hand of Ulster","text":"Baronets of England, Ireland, Great Britain or the United Kingdom (i.e. all except baronets of Nova Scotia) can display the Red Hand of Ulster (sinister (left) hand version) as a heraldic badge, being the arms of the ancient kings of Ulster.[12] This badge (or augmentation of honour) is blazoned as follows: Argent a Hand sinister couped at the wrist extended in pale Gules.[13] King James I of England established the hereditary Order of Baronets in England on 22 May 1611, in the words of Collins' Peerage (1741): \"for the plantation and protection of the whole Kingdom of Ireland, but more especially for the defence and security of the Province of Ulster, and therefore for their distinction those of this order and their descendants may bear the badge (Red Hand of Ulster) in their coats of arms either in canton or an escutcheon at their election\".[14] Since 1929 such baronets may also display the Red Hand of Ulster on its own as a badge, suspended by a ribbon below the shield of arms.[15]","title":"Heraldic badges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"escutcheon of the arms of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"inescutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"order's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's_Peerage,_1968,_p.1235-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulster.svg"},{"link_name":"Red Hand of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister"},{"link_name":"those of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"heraldic badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_(heraldry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Nova_Scotia.svg"},{"link_name":"inescutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_(heraldry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Baronet_Agnew_of_Lochnaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Agnew baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew_baronets"},{"link_name":"Baronet of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Baronet_Agnew_of_Gt_Stanhope_St.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baronet of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Red Hand of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"medal ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_ribbon"}],"sub_title":"Arms of Nova Scotia","text":"Baronets of Nova Scotia, unlike other baronets, do not use the Baronet's Badge (of Ulster), but have their own badge showing the escutcheon of the arms of Nova Scotia: Argent, a Saltire Azure with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland. From before 1929 to the present it has been customary practice for such baronets to display this badge on its own suspended by the order's ribbon below the shield of arms.[15]The Red Hand of Ulster (sinister (left) hand version), as used by baronets (other than those of Nova Scotia) as a heraldic badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of Nova Scotia: Argent, a Saltire Azure an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland, as used by baronets of Nova Scotia as a heraldic badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of the Agnew baronets (1629) with the badge of a Baronet of Nova Scotia (Coat of arms of Nova Scotia) in chief\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of the Agnew baronets (1895) with the badge of a Baronet of the United Kingdom (Red Hand of Ulster) in canton\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA baronet's medal ribbon","title":"Heraldic badges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodds of West Chiltington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodds_baronets"},{"link_name":"Redmayne of Rushcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmayne_baronets"},{"link_name":"Pearson of Gressingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_baronets"},{"link_name":"Finlay of Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlay_baronets"},{"link_name":"Thatcher of Scotney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher_baronets"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"James Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Stuart (\"Bonnie Prince Charlie\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindsay_Baronetage-17"},{"link_name":"Official Roll of the Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Roll_of_the_Baronetage"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindsay_Baronetage-17"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The first publication listing all baronetcies ever created was C. J. Parry's Index of Baronetcy Creations (1967). This listed them in alphabetical order, other than the last five creations (Dodds of West Chiltington, Redmayne of Rushcliffe, Pearson of Gressingham, Finlay of Epping and Thatcher of Scotney). It showed the total number created from 1611 to 1964 to have been 3,482. They include five of Oliver Cromwell, several of which were recreated by Charles II. Twenty-five were created between 1688 and 1784 by James II in exile after his dethronement, by his son James Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\") and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (\"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"). These \"Jacobite baronetcies\" were never accepted by the English Crown, have all disappeared and should properly be excluded from the 3,482, making the effective number of creations 3,457. A close examination of Parry's publication shows he missed one or two,[17] so there might well have been some more.As of 2000, including baronetcies where succession was dormant or unproven, there was a total of 1,314 baronetcies divided into five classes of creation included on The Official Roll of the Baronetage – 146 of England, 63 of Ireland, 119 of Scotland, 133 of Great Britain and 853 of the United Kingdom.The total number of baronetcies today is approximately 1,204, although only some 1,020 are on The Official Roll of the Baronetage.[17] It is unknown whether some baronetcies remain extant and it may be that nobody can prove himself to be the actual heir. Over 200 baronetcies are now held by peers; and others, such as the Knox line, have been made tenuous by internal family disputes. According to the Ministry of Justice, it is not necessary to prove succession to a baronetcy in order to use the title, but a person cannot be referred to as a baronet in any official capacity unless their name is on the Official Roll.[18]","title":"Number of baronetcies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baronetage_decline_since_1965-19"},{"link_name":"Sir Denis Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Sir Mark Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher_baronets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Innes baronetcy, of Coxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innes_baronets"},{"link_name":"Nicolson baronetcy of that Ilk and of Lasswade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolson_baronets"},{"link_name":"Hope baronetcy, of Kirkliston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_baronets"},{"link_name":"St John (later St John-Mildmay) baronetcy, of Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John-Mildmay_baronets"},{"link_name":"Maxwell-Macdonald baronetcy of Pollok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Macdonald_baronets"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baronetage_decline_since_1965-19"},{"link_name":"Inglis baronetcy, of Cramond, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglis_baronets"},{"link_name":"Von Friesendorff baronetcy, of Hirdech, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Friesendorff_baronets"}],"sub_title":"Baronetage decline since 1965","text":"There were 1,490 baronetcies extant on 1 January 1965. Since then the number has reduced by 286 through extinction or dormancy: a gross decline of 19.2% (up to 2017). Extant baronetcies numbered about 1,236 in 2015,[19] and 1,204 as of 2017.Since 1965 only one new baronetcy has been created, for Sir Denis Thatcher on 7 December 1990, husband of a former British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher (later Baroness Thatcher); their only son, Sir Mark Thatcher, succeeded as 2nd Baronet upon his father's death in 2003.[20]Seven baronetcies dormant in 1965 have since been revived: Innes baronetcy, of Coxton (1686), Nicolson baronetcy of that Ilk and of Lasswade (1629), Hope baronetcy, of Kirkliston (1698), St John (later St John-Mildmay) baronetcy, of Farley (1772), Maxwell-Macdonald baronetcy of Pollok (1682),[19] Inglis baronetcy, of Cramond, Edinburgh (1687) and Von Friesendorff baronetcy, of Hirdech, Sweden (1661).","title":"Number of baronetcies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Premier Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peerage title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Order of Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Order_of_Precedence"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon,_14th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"The Premier Baronet (of England) is the unofficial title afforded to the current holder of the oldest extant baronetcy in the realm. The Premier Baronet is regarded as the senior member of the Baronetage, and ranks above other baronets (unless they hold a peerage title) in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence. Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet, is the current Premier Baronet; his family's senior title was created by King James I in 1611.","title":"Premier Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon baronets of Gordonstoun and Letterfourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_baronets"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Innes baronets of that Ilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innes_baronets"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Charles Innes-Ker, 11th Duke of Roxburghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Innes-Ker,_11th_Duke_of_Roxburghe"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"The Premier Baronets of Nova Scotia (Scotland) were the Gordon baronets of Gordonstoun and Letterfourie until the title's extinction in 1908.[21] Subsequently, the Premier Scottish Baronets are the Innes baronets of that Ilk (cr. 28 May 1625),[22] the present Premier Baronet being Charles Innes-Ker, 11th Duke of Roxburghe.","title":"Premier Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Dominic Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_Sarsfield,_1st_Viscount_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"4th Viscount Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Annesley Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Annesley,_1st_Viscount_Valentia"},{"link_name":"Annesley baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annesley_baronets"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Francis William Dighton Annesley, 16th Viscount Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Valentia"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"The Premier Baronetcy of Ireland was created for Sir Dominic Sarsfield in 1619, and was held by his successors until the attainder of the 4th Viscount Sarsfield in 1691.[23] Since then the descendants of Sir Francis Annesley Bt., the Annesley baronets, have been the Premier Baronets of Ireland;[24] presently Francis William Dighton Annesley, 16th Viscount Valentia.","title":"Premier Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Baronetcies conferred upon British expatriates and non-British nationals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Collins_1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Collins_1_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Baronet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronet?showCookiePolicy=true"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Randome_House_1_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Baronetess\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionary.com/browse/baronetess"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OED_1_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"baronetess\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=baronetess"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"participating institution membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Collins_2_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Baronetess\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronetess?showCookiePolicy=true"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Debrett's Correct Form. Addressing the family of a Baronet.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/baronet/family-of-a-baronet.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110815141938/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/baronet/family-of-a-baronet.aspx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cokayne's Complete Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924092524382"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's baronetage: Draper to Dymoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080501224846/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsD3.htm"},{"link_name":"[usurped]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 3 March 2020)» The Standing Council of the Baronetage -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baronetage.org/official-roll/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KmUUAAAAYAAJ&dq=hand+sinister+couped+at+the+wrist+extended+in+pale+gules&pg=PA287"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Debrett's_Peerage,_1968,_p.1235_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Debrett's_Peerage,_1968,_p.1235_15-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Baronets of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baronetage.org/media/1271/baronetslist1jan2023.docx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lindsay_Baronetage_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lindsay_Baronetage_17-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Guidance Notes on Succession to a Baronetcy other than of Nova Scotia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baronetage.org/media/1276/guidance-notes-baronets-other-than-of-nova-scotia-rev-jan-23.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baronetage_decline_since_1965_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baronetage_decline_since_1965_19-1"},{"link_name":"\"Baronetage decline since 1965\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/peerage-news/NCaywWTirWw"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"The Baronetage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130225002039/http://www.debretts.com/people/essential-guide-to-the-peerage/the-baronetage.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.debretts.com/people/essential-guide-to-the-peerage/the-baronetage.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Lindsay,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Debrett's website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050711013704/http://www.debretts.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Burke's website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.burkespeerage.com/"}],"text":"References^ a b \"Baronet\". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.\n\n^ \"Baronetess\". Dictionary.com Unabridged. n.d. Retrieved 15 August 2016.\n\n^ \"baronetess\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)\n\n^ \"Baronetess\". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.\n\n^ William J. Thoms (1844). The Book of the Court (2nd edition). London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, p. 132\n\n^ Stubbs, Vol. II, Part IV, p 303\n\n^ Debrett's Correct Form. Addressing the family of a Baronet. Archived 15 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Cokayne's Complete Baronetage\n\n^ Leigh Rayment's baronetage: Draper to Dymoke[usurped]\n\n^ (See page B 599 of the Baronetage section of the latest edition of Debrett.)\n\n^ \"Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 3 March 2020)» The Standing Council of the Baronetage -\".\n\n^ Collins, 1741, p.287\n\n^ Collins, Arthur, The English Baronetage: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of all the English Baronets now Existing, Volume 4, London, 1741, p.287 [1]\n\n^ Collins, 1741, vol.4, p.287\n\n^ a b Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1235\n\n^ Kershaw, Stephen. \"Baronets of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom\". The Standing Council of the Baronetage. Retrieved 2 January 2023.\n\n^ a b Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition.\n\n^ \"Guidance Notes on Succession to a Baronetcy other than of Nova Scotia\" (PDF). baronetage.org. Ministry of Justice (UK). January 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Baronetage decline since 1965\". Retrieved 21 September 2015.\n\n^ \"The Baronetage\". Debretts. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013. The creation of baronetcies lapsed in 1964; in 1990 the Conservative Government announced that this honour would be given to Denis Thatcher, but there have been no further creations\n\n^ Cokayne, vol ii, pp277-280\n\n^ Cokayne, vol ii, p 280\n\n^ Cokayne, vol i, pp223-224\n\n^ Cokayne, vol ii, p 224SourcesSir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition. published by the author.\nWilliam Stubbs (1883). Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Vol. 2, Part IV – Vita Et Mors Edwardi II Conscripta A Thoma de La More. Longman & Co.\nDebrett's website\nBurke's website","title":"References and sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Neck decoration for baronets of the United Kingdom, depicting the Red Hand of Ulster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BaronetUK.jpg/190px-BaronetUK.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Standing Council of the Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Council_of_the_Baronetage"},{"title":"List of extant baronetcies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies"},{"title":"List of baronetcies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronetcies"},{"title":"British Honours System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honours_System"},{"title":"Canadian peers and baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets"}]	[{"reference":"\"Baronet\". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronet?showCookiePolicy=true","url_text":"\"Baronet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baronetess\". Dictionary.com Unabridged. n.d. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/baronetess","url_text":"\"Baronetess\""}]},{"reference":"\"baronetess\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=baronetess","url_text":"\"baronetess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Baronetess\". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronetess?showCookiePolicy=true","url_text":"\"Baronetess\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 3 March 2020)» The Standing Council of the Baronetage -\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baronetage.org/official-roll/","url_text":"\"Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 3 March 2020)» The Standing Council of the Baronetage -\""}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Stephen. \"Baronets of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom\". The Standing Council of the Baronetage. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baronetage.org/media/1271/baronetslist1jan2023.docx","url_text":"\"Baronets of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Guidance Notes on Succession to a Baronetcy other than of Nova Scotia\" (PDF). baronetage.org. Ministry of Justice (UK). January 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baronetage.org/media/1276/guidance-notes-baronets-other-than-of-nova-scotia-rev-jan-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidance Notes on Succession to a Baronetcy other than of Nova Scotia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baronetage decline since 1965\". Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/peerage-news/NCaywWTirWw","url_text":"\"Baronetage decline since 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Baronetage\". Debretts. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013. The creation of baronetcies lapsed in 1964; in 1990 the Conservative Government announced that this honour would be given to Denis Thatcher, but there have been no further creations","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225002039/http://www.debretts.com/people/essential-guide-to-the-peerage/the-baronetage.aspx","url_text":"\"The Baronetage\""},{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/essential-guide-to-the-peerage/the-baronetage.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt (1979). The Baronetage, 2nd edition. published by the author.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Lindsay,_1st_Baronet","url_text":"Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Bt"}]},{"reference":"William Stubbs (1883). Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Vol. 2, Part IV – Vita Et Mors Edwardi II Conscripta A Thoma de La More. Longman & Co.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baronet&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronet?showCookiePolicy=true","external_links_name":"\"Baronet\""},{"Link":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/baronetess","external_links_name":"\"Baronetess\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=baronetess","external_links_name":"\"baronetess\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baronetess?showCookiePolicy=true","external_links_name":"\"Baronetess\""},{"Link":"http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/baronet/family-of-a-baronet.aspx","external_links_name":"Debrett's Correct Form. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1994	Juno Awards of 1994	["1 Nominees and winners","1.1 Canadian Entertainer of the Year","1.2 Best Female Vocalist","1.3 Best Male Vocalist","1.4 Best New Solo Artist","1.5 Group of the Year","1.6 Best New Group","1.7 Songwriter of the Year","1.8 Best Country Female Vocalist","1.9 Best Country Male Vocalist","1.10 Best Country Group or Duo","1.11 Best Instrumental Artist","1.12 Best Producer","1.13 Best Recording Engineer","1.14 Canadian Music Hall of Fame","1.15 Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award","2 Nominated and winning albums","2.1 Best Album","2.2 Best Children's Album","2.3 Best Classical Album (Solo or Chamber Ensemble)","2.4 Best Classical Album (Large Ensemble)","2.5 Best Classical Album (Vocal or Choral Performance)","2.6 Best Album Design","2.7 Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic)","2.8 Best Mainstream Jazz Album","2.9 Best Blues/Gospel Album","2.10 Best Contemporary Jazz Album","2.11 Best Selling Francophone Album","2.12 Hard Rock Album of the Year","2.13 Best Roots & Traditional Album","3 Nominated and winning releases","3.1 Single of the Year","3.2 Best Classical Composition","3.3 Best Rap Recording","3.4 Best R&B/Soul Recording","3.5 Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording","3.6 Best Reggae Recording","3.7 Best Global Recording","3.8 Best Dance Recording","3.9 Best Video","4 References","5 External links"]	Juno Awards of 1994Date20 March 1994VenueO'Keefe Centre, Toronto, OntarioHosted byRoch VoisineTelevision/radio coverageNetworkCBC ← 1993 · Juno Awards · 1995 → The Juno Awards of 1994, representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year, were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre. Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies, which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television. Nominations were announced 8 February 1994. Starting in 1994, the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories. Reggae also received its own category, after years of being included under banners such as "world beat" or mixed with calypso. A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson. The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George, the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain, because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions. His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all, and a final compromise revising Red Sky's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony. Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies, there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg. However, Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards. Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994, winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year. Nominees and winners Canadian Entertainer of the Year This award was chosen by a national poll rather than by Juno organisers CARAS. Winner: The Rankin Family Other Nominees: Barenaked Ladies Celine Dion The Tragically Hip Michelle Wright Best Female Vocalist Winner: Celine Dion Other Nominees: Rita MacNeil Sarah McLachlan Anne Murray Alannah Myles Best Male Vocalist Winner: Roch Voisine Other Nominees: Stef Carse Daniel Lanois John McDermott Snow Best New Solo Artist Winner: Jann Arden Other Nominees: Meryn Cadell Charlie Major Mario Pelchat Jim Witter Group of the Year Winner: The Rankin Family Other Nominees: Blue Rodeo The Jeff Healey Band Moxy Früvous Rush Best New Group Winner: The Waltons Other Nominees: Junkhouse The Odds Sloan The Tea Party Songwriter of the Year Winner: Leonard Cohen Other Nominees: Jann Arden Jim Cuddy and Greg Keelor Sarah McLachlan Jane Siberry Best Country Female Vocalist Winner: Cassandra Vasik Other Nominees: Joan Kennedy Anne Murray Anita Perras Shania Twain Best Country Male Vocalist Winner: Charlie Major Other Nominees: Joel Feeney George Fox Ron Hynes Jim Witter Best Country Group or Duo Winner: The Rankin Family Other Nominees: The Blue Shadows Cassandra Vasik and Russell deCarle One Horse Blue The Johner Brothers Best Instrumental Artist Winner: Ofra Harnoy Other Nominees: John Arpin André Gagnon Jacques de Kononck Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet Best Producer Winner: Steven MacKinnon and Marc Jordan, "Waiting for a Miracle" from Reckless Valentine by Marc Jordan Other Nominees: k.d. lang and Ben Mink, "Just Keep Me Moving" by k.d. lang (from Even Cowgirls Get the Blues soundtrack) Daniel Lanois, "The Messenger" and "Mon beau petit choux" from For the Beauty of Wynona by Daniel Lanois Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson and Neil Peart with co-producer Peter Collins, "Nobody's Hero" and "Alien Shore" from Counterparts by Rush Jane Siberry, "Temple" from When I Was a Boy by Jane Siberry Best Recording Engineer Winner: Kevin Doyle, "Old Cape Cod" and "Cry Me a River" by Anne Murray Other Nominees: Marc Ramaer, "Just Keep Me Moving", "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" by k.d. lang Andy Hermant, "Life on the Inside Track", "Sweet Airs That Give Delight", "When Daisies Pied", "Sweet Airs That Give Delight" by Stratford Orchestra Stephen Traub, "Window of Opportunity" from Bombazine by Meryn Cadell Michael Phillip Wojewoda, "Beginning of Time" and "Calling All Angels" by Jane Siberry Canadian Music Hall of Fame Winner: Rush Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award Winner: John V. Mills Nominated and winning albums Best Album Winner: Harvest Moon, Neil Young Other Nominees: The Future, Leonard Cohen I'll Always Be There, Roch Voisine Rocking Horse, Alannah Myles 12 Inches of Snow, Snow Best Children's Album Winner: Tchaikovsky Discovers America, Susan Hammond, Classical Kids Other Nominees: Candles, Snow and Mistletoe, Sharon, Lois and Bram The Child's Play Connection, Barbara Nichol and others Dream Catcher, Jack Grunsky Can't Sit Down, Eric Nagler Best Classical Album (Solo or Chamber Ensemble) Winner: Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Opus 10, No 1-3, Louis Lortie Other Nominees: Mozart: Two-Piano Sonata, Louis Lortie and Helene Mercier Romantic Works for Guitar, Norbert Kraft Schmelzer: Sonatas, Tafelmusik, director Jeanne Lamon Simphonies des noels: A Treasury of Baroque Christmas Concerti, Les Violins du Roy, directory Bernard Labadie Best Classical Album (Large Ensemble) Winner: Handel: Concerti Grossi, Op.3 No. 1-6, Tafelmusik, director Jeanne Lamon Other Nominees: Barok: The Miraculous Mandarin, Montreal Symphony Orchestra Gluck: Ballet Pantomimes, Tafelmusik Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 4, Arthur Ozolins, Toronto Symphony Orchestra Stravinsky, Szymanowski: Violin Concertos, Chantal Juillet and Montreal Symphony Orchestra Best Classical Album (Vocal or Choral Performance) Winner: Debussy Songs, soprano Claudette Leblanc, piano Valerie Tryon Other Nominees: Elektra Women's Choir, Elektra Women's Choir Full Well She Sang, The Toronto Consort Schubert: Lieder, soprano Edith Wiens, piano Rudolf Jansen, clarinet Joaquin Valdepenas Venetian Vespers of 1640, Vancouver Cantata Singers, director James Fankhauser Best Album Design Winner: Marty Dolan, Faithlift by Spirit of the West Other Nominees: Kenny Baird, 5 Days in July by Blue Rodeo Patrick Duffy and Steve Cole, Splendor Solis by The Tea Party David Houghton - Pale Sun, Crescent Moon by Cowboy Junkies Kevin Mutch, God Shuffled His Feet by Crash Test Dummies Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) Winner: The Bodyguard, Whitney Houston Other Nominees: Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell, Meat Loaf Fully Completely, The Tragically Hip Get a Grip, Aerosmith Keep the Faith, Bon Jovi Best Mainstream Jazz Album Winner: Fables and Dreams, Dave Young/Phil Dwyer Quartet Other Nominees: Just BB, Oliver Jones Our 25th Year, Rob McConnell and the Boss Brass Standard Idioms, Sonny Greenwich Wheel Within a Wheel, Bernie Senensky Best Blues/Gospel Album Winner: South at Eight/North at Nine, Colin Linden Other Nominees: Bluesology, Whiteley Brothers Colin James and the Little Big Band, Colin James Terra Firma Boogie, Triple Threat You Can't Have Everything, Dutch Mason Best Contemporary Jazz Album Winner: Don't Smoke in Bed, Holly Cole Trio Other Nominees: Face the Music, Garbo's Hat Michael Farquharson, Michael Farquharson Notorious, Five After Four, with Vito Razza The Standard Line, David Mott Best Selling Francophone Album Winner: Album de Peuple Tome 2, Francois Perusse Other Nominees: Ca Va Bien, Kathleen Sergerie Corridors, Laurence Jalbert Europe Tour, Roch Voisine Pelchat, Mario Pelchat Hard Rock Album of the Year Winner: Dig, I Mother Earth Other Nominees: Counterparts, Rush Crush, Doughboys Givin Blood, Wild T and the Spirit Splendor Solis, The Tea Party Best Roots & Traditional Album Winner: My Skies, James Keelaghan Other Nominees: At a High Window, Garnet Rogers Christmas, Bruce Cockburn Home in Halifax, Stan Rogers Jigzup, Oliver Schroer Nominated and winning releases Single of the Year Winner: "Fare Thee Well Love", The Rankin Family Other Nominees: "Courage", The Tragically Hip "Harvest Moon", Neil Young "He Would Be Sixteen", Michelle Wright "Love Can Move Mountains", Celine Dion Best Classical Composition Winner: "Among Friends", Chan Ka Nin Other Nominees: "Divertimento for Harp and Strings", Milton Barnes "Piano Concerto", Malcolm Forsyth "Sleight of Hand", Jean Piché "Three Poems", Peter Tiefenbach Best Rap Recording Winner: "One Track Mind", TBTBT Other Nominees: "Got to Get Over", B-Kool "Call the Cops", Devon "Safe", Rumble "Try and Stop Us", Split Personality Best R&B/Soul Recording Winner: "The Time Is Right (I'll Be There for You)", Rupert Gayle Other Nominees: "All I Need", George St. Kitts "And the Song Goes", Carol Medina "Love Me Right", MCJ and Cool G "Mothers of Hope", John James Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording Winner: Wapistan Is Lawrence Martin, Wapistan Other Nominees: "Booglatamooti (The Indian Song)", J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather "Grandfather", J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather "Stoney Park", Stoney Park Singers "The Prayer Song" (revised to Red Sky Rising), Sazacha Red Sky Best Reggae Recording Winner: "Informer", Snow Other Nominees: "Child Support", Inspector Lenny "Love and Affection", Tanya Mullings "Save the Children", Leejahn "Secret Admirer", D.J. Ray Best Global Recording Winner: "El Camino Real", Ancient Cultures Other Nominees: "Agada: Tales from Our Ancestors", Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band "Condor Meets the Eagle", Kanatan Aski with Pura Fé "Crossing Selkirk Avenue", Finjan "Enat", Mother Tongue Best Dance Recording Winner: "Thankful (Raw Club Mix)", Red Light Other Nominees: "Don't Make Me Wait", Oval Emotion "I'm in Love with You", BKS "R U Sexin' Me", West End Girls "Won't Give Up My Music", Lisa Lougheed Best Video Winner: Jeth Weinrich, Jann Arden, "I Would Die For You" Other Nominees: Don Allan, "Rain Down on Me" by Blue Rodeo Dale Heslip, "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" by Crash Test Dummies Curtis Wehrfritz, "The Future" by Leonard Cohen Curtis Wehrfritz, "I Can See Clearly Now" by Holly Cole Trio References ^ "Controversy surrounds aboriginal category". Montreal Gazette, 20 March 1994. ^ "Dispute threatens aboriginal Juno award". Toronto Star, 19 March 1994. ^ a b "Juno compromise reached in native song controversy". In 1996 the Prayer Song Sazacha Red Sky recorded was registered in the Public Domain after Grand Chief Slaholt younger brother to the late Dan George stated the song was not from his people or a personal song of his brother.Toronto Star, 20 March 1994. Taylor, Kate (9 February 1994). "Quirky mix of nominees for 1994 Junos". The Globe and Mail. pp. C2. Taylor, Kate (19 March 1994). "A Juno loss is in their prayers (Non-native nominee criticized for recording sacred family song)". The Globe and Mail. pp. C6. Dafoe, Chris (19 March 1994). "It's time the Junos took the show on the road". The Globe and Mail. pp. C14. Taylor, Kate (21 March 1994). "Juno night belongs to Rankins". The Globe and Mail. pp. C1. External links Juno Awards site vteJuno AwardsAwards to individuals Artist of the Year Fan Choice Group of the Year Breakthrough Artist of the Year Breakthrough Group of the Year Producer Recording Engineer Songwriter Awards for recordings Album of the Year Adult Alternative Adult Contemporary Alternative Blues Children's Comedy Classical – Large Ensemble Classical – Small Ensemble Classical – Solo Classical Composition CCM/Gospel Contemporary Indigenous Artist Contemporary R&B/Soul Contemporary Roots Country Dance Electronic Francophone Global Music Heavy Metal Instrumental International Jazz – Solo Jazz – Group Jazz – Vocal Pop Rap Album/EP Rap Single Reggae Rock Single of the Year Traditional Indigenous Artist Traditional R&B/Soul Traditional Roots Underground Dance Awards for technicality Music DVD Recording Package Video Discontinued categories Classical Album of the Year (1977–1985) Classical – Solo or Chamber Ensemble (1985–2021) Classical – Vocal or Choral Performance (1994–2021) Indigenous Artist or Group (1994–2021) Jazz Album (1977–1993) Jazz – Contemporary (1994–2014) Jazz – Traditional (1994–2014) Rap Recording (1991–2021) R&B/Soul Recording (1985–2020) Roots and Traditional Album (1989–1995) Roots & Traditional Album – Solo (1996–2015) Roots & Traditional Album – Group (1996–2015) Special awards Canadian Music Hall of Fame Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award Juno Humanitarian Award Years 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19891 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Leadership Walt Grealis Stan Klees Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Notes1 Due to the rescheduling of the ceremony from late fall to early spring, no ceremony was held in 1988. See also Music of Canada Polaris Music Prize Much Music Video Awards Félix Awards East Coast Music Awards Western Canadian Music Awards	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"O'Keefe Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird_Centre"},{"link_name":"Roch Voisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Voisine"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Sazacha Red Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazacha_Red_Sky"},{"link_name":"cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"link_name":"Chief Dan George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Dan_George"},{"link_name":"Tsleil-Waututh First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-controversy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dispute-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compromise-3"},{"link_name":"CARAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARAS"},{"link_name":"The Rankin Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rankin_Family"}],"text":"The Juno Awards of 1994, representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year, were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre. Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies, which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television.Nominations were announced 8 February 1994. Starting in 1994, the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories. Reggae also received its own category, after years of being included under banners such as \"world beat\" or mixed with calypso.A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson. The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George, the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain, because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions.[1] His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all,[2] and a final compromise revising Red Sky's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony.[3]Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies, there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg. However, Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards.Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994, winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year.","title":"Juno Awards of 1994"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rankin Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rankin_Family"},{"link_name":"Barenaked Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"Michelle Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wright"}],"sub_title":"Canadian Entertainer of the Year","text":"This award was chosen by a national poll rather than by Juno organisers CARAS.Winner: The Rankin FamilyOther Nominees:Barenaked Ladies\nCeline Dion\nThe Tragically Hip\nMichelle Wright","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"Rita MacNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_MacNeil"},{"link_name":"Sarah McLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"Alannah Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_Myles"}],"sub_title":"Best Female Vocalist","text":"Winner: Celine DionOther Nominees:Rita MacNeil\nSarah McLachlan\nAnne Murray\nAlannah Myles","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roch Voisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Voisine"},{"link_name":"Stef Carse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stef_Carse"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"John McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDermott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Best Male Vocalist","text":"Winner: Roch VoisineOther Nominees:Stef Carse\nDaniel Lanois\nJohn McDermott\nSnow","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jann Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Arden"},{"link_name":"Meryn Cadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryn_Cadell"},{"link_name":"Charlie Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Major"},{"link_name":"Mario Pelchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Pelchat"},{"link_name":"Jim Witter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Witter"}],"sub_title":"Best New Solo Artist","text":"Winner: Jann ArdenOther Nominees:Meryn Cadell\nCharlie Major\nMario Pelchat\nJim Witter","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rankin Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rankin_Family"},{"link_name":"Blue Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Jeff Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Healey"},{"link_name":"Moxy Früvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxy_Fr%C3%BCvous"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Group of the Year","text":"Winner: The Rankin FamilyOther Nominees:Blue Rodeo\nThe Jeff Healey Band\nMoxy Früvous\nRush","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons_(Canadian_band)"},{"link_name":"Junkhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkhouse"},{"link_name":"The Odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tea_Party"}],"sub_title":"Best New Group","text":"Winner: The WaltonsOther Nominees:Junkhouse\nThe Odds\nSloan\nThe Tea Party","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Jann Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Arden"},{"link_name":"Jim Cuddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cuddy"},{"link_name":"Greg Keelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Keelor"},{"link_name":"Sarah McLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan"},{"link_name":"Jane Siberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Siberry"}],"sub_title":"Songwriter of the Year","text":"Winner: Leonard CohenOther Nominees:Jann Arden\nJim Cuddy and Greg Keelor\nSarah McLachlan\nJane Siberry","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cassandra Vasik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Vasik"},{"link_name":"Joan Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Kennedy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"Anita Perras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Perras"},{"link_name":"Shania Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shania_Twain"}],"sub_title":"Best Country Female Vocalist","text":"Winner: Cassandra VasikOther Nominees:Joan Kennedy\nAnne Murray\nAnita Perras\nShania Twain","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Major"},{"link_name":"Joel Feeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Feeney"},{"link_name":"George Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ron Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hynes"},{"link_name":"Jim Witter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Witter"}],"sub_title":"Best Country Male Vocalist","text":"Winner: Charlie MajorOther Nominees:Joel Feeney\nGeorge Fox\nRon Hynes\nJim Witter","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rankin Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rankin_Family"},{"link_name":"The Blue Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Shadows"},{"link_name":"Cassandra Vasik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Vasik"},{"link_name":"Russell deCarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_deCarle"},{"link_name":"One Horse Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Horse_Blue"},{"link_name":"The Johner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johner_Brothers"}],"sub_title":"Best Country Group or Duo","text":"Winner: The Rankin FamilyOther Nominees:The Blue Shadows\nCassandra Vasik and Russell deCarle\nOne Horse Blue\nThe Johner Brothers","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ofra Harnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofra_Harnoy"},{"link_name":"John Arpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arpin"},{"link_name":"André Gagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gagnon"},{"link_name":"Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowy_Men_on_a_Shadowy_Planet"}],"sub_title":"Best Instrumental Artist","text":"Winner: Ofra HarnoyOther Nominees:John Arpin\nAndré Gagnon\nJacques de Kononck\nShadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Marc Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Jordan"},{"link_name":"k.d. lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.d._lang"},{"link_name":"Ben Mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mink"},{"link_name":"k.d. lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.d._lang"},{"link_name":"Even Cowgirls Get the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_Cowgirls_Get_the_Blues_(film)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Geddy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geddy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Alex Lifeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Lifeson"},{"link_name":"Neil Peart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Peart"},{"link_name":"Peter Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Collins_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jane Siberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Siberry"},{"link_name":"Jane Siberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Siberry"}],"sub_title":"Best Producer","text":"Winner: Steven MacKinnon and Marc Jordan, \"Waiting for a Miracle\" from Reckless Valentine by Marc JordanOther Nominees:k.d. lang and Ben Mink, \"Just Keep Me Moving\" by k.d. lang (from Even Cowgirls Get the Blues soundtrack)\nDaniel Lanois, \"The Messenger\" and \"Mon beau petit choux\" from For the Beauty of Wynona by Daniel Lanois\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson and Neil Peart with co-producer Peter Collins, \"Nobody's Hero\" and \"Alien Shore\" from Counterparts by Rush\nJane Siberry, \"Temple\" from When I Was a Boy by Jane Siberry","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"Cry Me a River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Me_a_River_(1953_song)"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"k.d. lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.d._lang"},{"link_name":"Meryn Cadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryn_Cadell"},{"link_name":"Michael Phillip Wojewoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phillip_Wojewoda"},{"link_name":"Jane Siberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Siberry"}],"sub_title":"Best Recording Engineer","text":"Winner: Kevin Doyle, \"Old Cape Cod\" and \"Cry Me a River\" by Anne MurrayOther Nominees:Marc Ramaer, \"Just Keep Me Moving\", \"Even Cowgirls Get the Blues\" by k.d. lang\nAndy Hermant, \"Life on the Inside Track\", \"Sweet Airs That Give Delight\", \"When Daisies Pied\", \"Sweet Airs That Give Delight\" by Stratford Orchestra\nStephen Traub, \"Window of Opportunity\" from Bombazine by Meryn Cadell\nMichael Phillip Wojewoda, \"Beginning of Time\" and \"Calling All Angels\" by Jane Siberry","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Canadian Music Hall of Fame","text":"Winner: Rush","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John V. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V._Mills"}],"sub_title":"Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award","text":"Winner: John V. Mills","title":"Nominees and winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvest Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Moon_(album)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"The Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_(Leonard_Cohen_album)"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Roch Voisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Voisine"},{"link_name":"Alannah Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_Myles"},{"link_name":"12 Inches of Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Inches_of_Snow"},{"link_name":"Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Best Album","text":"Winner: Harvest Moon, Neil YoungOther Nominees:The Future, Leonard Cohen\nI'll Always Be There, Roch Voisine\nRocking Horse, Alannah Myles\n12 Inches of Snow, Snow","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharon, Lois and Bram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon,_Lois_and_Bram"},{"link_name":"Barbara Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Nichol"},{"link_name":"Jack Grunsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Grunsky"},{"link_name":"Eric Nagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Nagler"}],"sub_title":"Best Children's Album","text":"Winner: Tchaikovsky Discovers America, Susan Hammond, Classical KidsOther Nominees:Candles, Snow and Mistletoe, Sharon, Lois and Bram\nThe Child's Play Connection, Barbara Nichol and others\nDream Catcher, Jack Grunsky\nCan't Sit Down, Eric Nagler","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Lortie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lortie"},{"link_name":"Louis Lortie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lortie"},{"link_name":"Norbert Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Kraft"},{"link_name":"Tafelmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelmusik"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Lamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Lamon"}],"sub_title":"Best Classical Album (Solo or Chamber Ensemble)","text":"Winner: Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Opus 10, No 1-3, Louis LortieOther Nominees:Mozart: Two-Piano Sonata, Louis Lortie and Helene Mercier\nRomantic Works for Guitar, Norbert Kraft\nSchmelzer: Sonatas, Tafelmusik, director Jeanne Lamon\nSimphonies des noels: A Treasury of Baroque Christmas Concerti, Les Violins du Roy, directory Bernard Labadie","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tafelmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelmusik"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Lamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Lamon"},{"link_name":"Montreal Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Tafelmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelmusik"},{"link_name":"Toronto Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chantal Juillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Juillet"},{"link_name":"Montreal Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra"}],"sub_title":"Best Classical Album (Large Ensemble)","text":"Winner: Handel: Concerti Grossi, Op.3 No. 1-6, Tafelmusik, director Jeanne LamonOther Nominees:Barok: The Miraculous Mandarin, Montreal Symphony Orchestra\nGluck: Ballet Pantomimes, Tafelmusik\nRachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 4, Arthur Ozolins, Toronto Symphony Orchestra\nStravinsky, Szymanowski: Violin Concertos, Chantal Juillet and Montreal Symphony Orchestra","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valerie Tryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Tryon"},{"link_name":"Edith Wiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wiens"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Jansen"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Valdepenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Valdepenas"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Cantata Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Cantata_Singers"},{"link_name":"James Fankhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fankhauser"}],"sub_title":"Best Classical Album (Vocal or Choral Performance)","text":"Winner: Debussy Songs, soprano Claudette Leblanc, piano Valerie TryonOther Nominees:Elektra Women's Choir, Elektra Women's Choir\nFull Well She Sang, The Toronto Consort\nSchubert: Lieder, soprano Edith Wiens, piano Rudolf Jansen, clarinet Joaquin Valdepenas\nVenetian Vespers of 1640, Vancouver Cantata Singers, director James Fankhauser","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faithlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithlift"},{"link_name":"Spirit of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Blue Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"The Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"David Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Houghton_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Junkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Junkies"},{"link_name":"Crash Test Dummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Dummies"}],"sub_title":"Best Album Design","text":"Winner: Marty Dolan, Faithlift by Spirit of the WestOther Nominees:Kenny Baird, 5 Days in July by Blue Rodeo\nPatrick Duffy and Steve Cole, Splendor Solis by The Tea Party\nDavid Houghton - Pale Sun, Crescent Moon by Cowboy Junkies\nKevin Mutch, God Shuffled His Feet by Crash Test Dummies","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi"}],"sub_title":"Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic)","text":"Winner: The Bodyguard, Whitney HoustonOther Nominees:Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell, Meat Loaf\nFully Completely, The Tragically Hip\nGet a Grip, Aerosmith\nKeep the Faith, Bon Jovi","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fables and Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_and_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Dave Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Young_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Phil Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Dwyer_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Jones_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Rob McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Boss Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Brass"},{"link_name":"Sonny Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Bernie Senensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Senensky"}],"sub_title":"Best Mainstream Jazz Album","text":"Winner: Fables and Dreams, Dave Young/Phil Dwyer QuartetOther Nominees:Just BB, Oliver Jones\nOur 25th Year, Rob McConnell and the Boss Brass\nStandard Idioms, Sonny Greenwich\nWheel Within a Wheel, Bernie Senensky","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Linden"},{"link_name":"Colin James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_James"},{"link_name":"Dutch Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Mason"}],"sub_title":"Best Blues/Gospel Album","text":"Winner: South at Eight/North at Nine, Colin LindenOther Nominees:Bluesology, Whiteley Brothers\nColin James and the Little Big Band, Colin James\nTerra Firma Boogie, Triple Threat\nYou Can't Have Everything, Dutch Mason","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don't Smoke in Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Smoke_in_Bed"},{"link_name":"Holly Cole Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Cole_Trio"}],"sub_title":"Best Contemporary Jazz Album","text":"Winner: Don't Smoke in Bed, Holly Cole TrioOther Nominees:Face the Music, Garbo's Hat\nMichael Farquharson, Michael Farquharson\nNotorious, Five After Four, with Vito Razza\nThe Standard Line, David Mott","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francois Perusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Perusse"},{"link_name":"Laurence Jalbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Jalbert"},{"link_name":"Roch Voisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Voisine"},{"link_name":"Mario Pelchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Pelchat"}],"sub_title":"Best Selling Francophone Album","text":"Winner: Album de Peuple Tome 2, Francois PerusseOther Nominees:Ca Va Bien, Kathleen Sergerie\nCorridors, Laurence Jalbert\nEurope Tour, Roch Voisine\nPelchat, Mario Pelchat","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_(I_Mother_Earth_album)"},{"link_name":"I Mother Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Mother_Earth"},{"link_name":"Counterparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparts_(Rush_album)"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_(Doughboys_album)"},{"link_name":"Doughboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughboys"},{"link_name":"Wild T and the Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_T_and_the_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Splendor Solis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendor_Solis_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tea_Party"}],"sub_title":"Hard Rock Album of the Year","text":"Winner: Dig, I Mother EarthOther Nominees:Counterparts, Rush\nCrush, Doughboys\nGivin Blood, Wild T and the Spirit\nSplendor Solis, The Tea Party","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Keelaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keelaghan"},{"link_name":"Garnet Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Bruce Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"Home in Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_in_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Stan Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Oliver Schroer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Schroer"}],"sub_title":"Best Roots & Traditional Album","text":"Winner: My Skies, James KeelaghanOther Nominees:At a High Window, Garnet Rogers\nChristmas, Bruce Cockburn\nHome in Halifax, Stan Rogers\nJigzup, Oliver Schroer","title":"Nominated and winning albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fare Thee Well Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_Thee_Well_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Rankin Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rankin_Family"},{"link_name":"Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_(for_Hugh_MacLennan)"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"He Would Be Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Would_Be_Sixteen"},{"link_name":"Michelle Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wright"},{"link_name":"Love Can Move Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Can_Move_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"}],"sub_title":"Single of the Year","text":"Winner: \"Fare Thee Well Love\", The Rankin FamilyOther Nominees:\"Courage\", The Tragically Hip\n\"Harvest Moon\", Neil Young\n\"He Would Be Sixteen\", Michelle Wright\n\"Love Can Move Mountains\", Celine Dion","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chan Ka Nin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Ka_Nin"},{"link_name":"Milton Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Barnes_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Jean Piché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Peter Tiefenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tiefenbach&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Best Classical Composition","text":"Winner: \"Among Friends\", Chan Ka NinOther Nominees:\"Divertimento for Harp and Strings\", Milton Barnes\n\"Piano Concerto\", Malcolm Forsyth\n\"Sleight of Hand\", Jean Piché\n\"Three Poems\", Peter Tiefenbach","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TBTBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBTBT"},{"link_name":"B-Kool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Kool"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Split Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Personality_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Best Rap Recording","text":"Winner: \"One Track Mind\", TBTBTOther Nominees:\"Got to Get Over\", B-Kool\n\"Call the Cops\", Devon\n\"Safe\", Rumble\n\"Try and Stop Us\", Split Personality","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rupert Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Gayle"},{"link_name":"MCJ and Cool G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCJ_and_Cool_G"},{"link_name":"John James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_(Canadian_musician)"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Soul Recording","text":"Winner: \"The Time Is Right (I'll Be There for You)\", Rupert GayleOther Nominees:\"All I Need\", George St. Kitts\n\"And the Song Goes\", Carol Medina\n\"Love Me Right\", MCJ and Cool G\n\"Mothers of Hope\", John James","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wapistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hubert_Francis_and_Eagle_Feather"},{"link_name":"J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hubert_Francis_and_Eagle_Feather"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compromise-3"},{"link_name":"Sazacha Red Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazacha_Red_Sky"}],"sub_title":"Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording","text":"Winner: Wapistan Is Lawrence Martin, WapistanOther Nominees:\"Booglatamooti (The Indian Song)\", J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather\n\"Grandfather\", J. Hubert Francis and Eagle Feather\n\"Stoney Park\", Stoney Park Singers\n\"The Prayer Song\" (revised to Red Sky Rising),[3] Sazacha Red Sky","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informer_(song)"},{"link_name":"Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Best Reggae Recording","text":"Winner: \"Informer\", SnowOther Nominees:\"Child Support\", Inspector Lenny\n\"Love and Affection\", Tanya Mullings\n\"Save the Children\", Leejahn\n\"Secret Admirer\", D.J. Ray","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Bulgar_Klezmer_Band"},{"link_name":"Pura Fé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura_F%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Best Global Recording","text":"Winner: \"El Camino Real\", Ancient CulturesOther Nominees:\"Agada: Tales from Our Ancestors\", Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band\n\"Condor Meets the Eagle\", Kanatan Aski with Pura Fé\n\"Crossing Selkirk Avenue\", Finjan\n\"Enat\", Mother Tongue","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKS_(band)"},{"link_name":"West End Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Girls_(Canadian_band)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Lougheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lougheed"}],"sub_title":"Best Dance Recording","text":"Winner: \"Thankful (Raw Club Mix)\", Red LightOther Nominees:\"Don't Make Me Wait\", Oval Emotion\n\"I'm in Love with You\", BKS\n\"R U Sexin' Me\", West End Girls\n\"Won't Give Up My Music\", Lisa Lougheed","title":"Nominated and winning releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeth Weinrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeth_Weinrich"},{"link_name":"Jann Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Arden"},{"link_name":"Blue Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Crash Test Dummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Dummies"},{"link_name":"Curtis Wehrfritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Wehrfritz"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Curtis Wehrfritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Wehrfritz"},{"link_name":"Holly Cole Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Cole_Trio"}],"sub_title":"Best Video","text":"Winner: Jeth Weinrich, Jann Arden, \"I Would Die For You\"Other Nominees:Don Allan, \"Rain Down on Me\" by Blue Rodeo\nDale Heslip, \"Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm\" by Crash Test Dummies\nCurtis Wehrfritz, \"The Future\" by Leonard Cohen\nCurtis Wehrfritz, \"I Can See Clearly Now\" by Holly Cole Trio","title":"Nominated and winning releases"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Taylor, Kate (9 February 1994). \"Quirky mix of nominees for 1994 Junos\". The Globe and Mail. pp. C2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Kate (19 March 1994). \"A Juno loss is in their prayers (Non-native nominee criticized for recording sacred family song)\". The Globe and Mail. pp. C6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Dafoe, Chris (19 March 1994). \"It's time the Junos took the show on the road\". The Globe and Mail. pp. C14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Kate (21 March 1994). \"Juno night belongs to Rankins\". The Globe and Mail. pp. C1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.junoawards.ca/","external_links_name":"Juno Awards site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)	Union Party (Lebanon)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Lebanese political party This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Union Party" Lebanon – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Union Party حزب الإتحادAbbreviationUPLeaderAbdul Rahim MradFounded1960sHeadquartersWest BeqaaIdeologyNasserismPan-ArabismNational affiliationMarch 8 AllianceParliament of Lebanon1 / 128 Cabinet of Lebanon0 / 30 Party flagPolitics of LebanonPolitical partiesElections The Union Party (Arabic: حزب الإتحاد Hizb el ittihad) is a Lebanese political party based in Beqaa Governorate and led by former minister Abdelrahim Mourad. The party is officially secular and its ideology is Nasserism. The party was founded as Resurrect the Revolution (Arabic: بعث الثورة), and took on its current name in 1990. The party is strongly allied with Syria and the March 8 Alliance with support from Iran, Syria and previously Qatar. The Union Party was represented in Parliament by Abdelrahim Mourad from 1992 to 2009, and from 2018 to 2022 in one of the Sunni seats in West Bekaa-Rashaya. He was succeeded as an MP by his son Hasan Mrad following the 2022 Lebanese general election. References ^ El Sayed, Moaz (October 2019). Intra-Sunni contestations in contemporary Lebanon : a framing-theory approach to the analysis of political divides within Lebanon's Sunni demographic (2005-2016) (Ph.D. thesis). Keele University. ^ Hijazi, Salah (16 May 2022). "West Bekaa-Rashaya: The opposition holds back the pro-Syrians". L'Orient Today. Retrieved 9 August 2022. External links Official website (archive) vte Political parties in LebanonMinisters (24)March 8 Alliance (16) Amal Movement (3) Hezbollah (2) Free Patriotic Movement (6) Lebanese Democratic Party (1) Marada Movement (2) Syrian Social Nationalist Party (1) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) (1) March 14 Alliance (3) Future Movement (2) Lebanese Forces (0) Progressive Socialist Party (1) Others (5) PM's share (5) National Assembly (128)March 8 Alliance (60) Free Patriotic Movement (17) Amal Movement (14) Hezbollah (13) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) (3) Marada Movement (2) Al-Ahbash (2) Ba'ath Party (1) Dignity Movement (1) Popular Nasserist Organization (1) Union Party (1) Independent (5) March 14 Alliance (38) Lebanese Forces (19) Future Movement (8) Kataeb Party (4) Independence Movement (2) National Liberal Party (1) Islamic group (1) Independent (3) 17 October Revolution (13) Taqaddom (2) Lebanese Communist Party (1) Beirut Tuqawem (1) Tahalof Watani (1) Khatt Ahmar (1) Lana (1) Osos Lebanon (1) ReLebanon (1) Others (10) Progressive Socialist Party (8) Popular Nasserist Organization (1) National Dialogue Party (1) Politics of Lebanon This article about a Lebanese political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Beqaa Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Abdelrahim Mourad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelrahim_Mourad"},{"link_name":"Nasserism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasserism"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"March 8 Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8_Alliance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Abdelrahim Mourad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelrahim_Mourad"},{"link_name":"2022 Lebanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Union Party (Arabic: حزب الإتحاد Hizb el ittihad) is a Lebanese political party based in Beqaa Governorate and led by former minister Abdelrahim Mourad. The party is officially secular and its ideology is Nasserism. The party was founded as Resurrect the Revolution (Arabic: بعث الثورة), and took on its current name in 1990.[1]The party is strongly allied with Syria and the March 8 Alliance with support from Iran, Syria and previously Qatar.[citation needed]The Union Party was represented in Parliament by Abdelrahim Mourad from 1992 to 2009, and from 2018 to 2022 in one of the Sunni seats in West Bekaa-Rashaya. He was succeeded as an MP by his son Hasan Mrad following the 2022 Lebanese general election.[2]","title":"Union Party (Lebanon)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"El Sayed, Moaz (October 2019). Intra-Sunni contestations in contemporary Lebanon : a framing-theory approach to the analysis of political divides within Lebanon's Sunni demographic (2005-2016) (Ph.D. thesis). 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Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1299800/west-bekaa-rashaya-the-opposition-holds-back-the-pro-syrians.html","url_text":"\"West Bekaa-Rashaya: The opposition holds back the pro-Syrians\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon","external_links_name":"\"Union Party\" Lebanon"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Union+Party%22+Lebanon&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/7136/","external_links_name":"Intra-Sunni contestations in contemporary Lebanon : a framing-theory approach to the analysis of political divides within Lebanon's Sunni demographic (2005-2016)"},{"Link":"https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1299800/west-bekaa-rashaya-the-opposition-holds-back-the-pro-syrians.html","external_links_name":"\"West Bekaa-Rashaya: The opposition holds back the pro-Syrians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226201231/http://www.itti7ad.org/","external_links_name":"Official website (archive)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Party_(Lebanon)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sheldrick	David Sheldrick	["1 Early years","2 World War II","3 Tsavo","4 Legacy","5 External links","6 References"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "David Sheldrick" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) David SheldrickBorn(1919-11-23)23 November 1919Alexandria, EgyptDied13 June 1977(1977-06-13) (aged 57)Nairobi, KenyaNationalityKenyanOccupation(s)Farmer and park wardenKnown forDavid Sheldrick Wildlife Trust Major David Leslie William Sheldrick, MBE (23 November 1919 – 13 June 1977) was a Kenyan farmer and park warden, in memory of whom the eponymous David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) was created by his widow, Daphne (later Dame Daphne Sheldrick) in Nairobi. Early years David Sheldrick, an only child, came to Kenya as an infant with his parents. His father had served with the British Remounts during World War I, resettled near Nyeri and became a coffee farmer at Mweiga. World War II Educated at the Canford School, David Sheldrick returned to Kenya until World War II began in 1939. He served in the King's African Rifles (KAR), seeing active service in Abyssinia and Burma. He was promoted to Major, the youngest officer in the KAR to achieve this rank. Tsavo At the age of 28 in 1948, David Sheldrick became the founder Warden of Tsavo, Kenya's largest National Park. He had to deal with the problem of armed poachers, which he was forced to combat by utilizing staff from the Game Department and National Parks. He studied every facet of the elephants' lifestyle on the preserve, collecting data on their food sources, and, along with his wife, Daphne, rescuing and hand-rearing vulnerable elephants, rhinos and antelopes. Sheldrick helped to develop the Tsavo's infrastructure. There were no roads or buildings when he first arrived. He paved 1,087 kilometres of tourist all-weather roads, 853 miles of administrative roads and 287 kilometres of anti-poaching tracks. He also oversaw the construction of a concrete causeway across the Galana River. Legacy After Sheldrick's untimely death from a heart attack in 1977, aged 57, his widow, Daphne Sheldrick (Dame Daphne Sheldrick), established the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (now known as the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust) in his memory. Among other activities the trust runs a Nursery for orphaned elephants and other animals in Nairobi National Park. The 21 meter-high Sheldrick Falls in Shimba Hills National Reserve were named after him. Sheldrick's reed frog (Hyperolius sheldricki) is named in his honour. External links Smithsonian.com Interpol Working Group on Wildlife Crime Safari Talk.net References ^ a b c d e DSWT website ^ DSWT elephant and rhino orphanage, roughguides.com; accessed 27 September 2014. ^ "Supporting the Mwalunganje and the Shimba Hills Elephants". ^ "Shimba Hills National Park". Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016. ^ Duff-MacKay, A.; Schiøtz, Arne (1971). "A new Hyperolius (Amphibia, Anura) from Kenya". Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum. 29: 1–3.	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His father had served with the British Remounts during World War I, resettled near Nyeri and became a coffee farmer at Mweiga.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canford_School"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"King's African Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Abyssinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swt-1"}],"text":"Educated at the Canford School, David Sheldrick returned to Kenya until World War II began in 1939. He served in the King's African Rifles (KAR), seeing active service in Abyssinia and Burma. He was promoted to Major, the youngest officer in the KAR to achieve this rank.[1]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swt-1"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Sheldrick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swt-1"},{"link_name":"Galana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swt-1"}],"text":"At the age of 28 in 1948, David Sheldrick became the founder Warden of Tsavo, Kenya's largest National Park. He had to deal with the problem of armed poachers, which he was forced to combat by utilizing staff from the Game Department and National Parks.[1] He studied every facet of the elephants' lifestyle on the preserve, collecting data on their food sources, and, along with his wife, Daphne, rescuing and hand-rearing vulnerable elephants, rhinos and antelopes.[1]Sheldrick helped to develop the Tsavo's infrastructure. There were no roads or buildings when he first arrived. He paved 1,087 kilometres of tourist all-weather roads, 853 miles of administrative roads and 287 kilometres of anti-poaching tracks. He also oversaw the construction of a concrete causeway across the Galana River.[1]","title":"Tsavo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Nairobi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shimba Hills National Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimba_Hills_National_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hyperolius sheldricki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperolius_sheldricki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duff-MacKay_and_Schi%C3%B8tz_1971-5"}],"text":"After Sheldrick's untimely death from a heart attack in 1977, aged 57, his widow, Daphne Sheldrick (Dame Daphne Sheldrick), established the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (now known as the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust) in his memory. Among other activities the trust runs a Nursery for orphaned elephants and other animals in Nairobi National Park.[2]The 21 meter-high Sheldrick Falls in Shimba Hills National Reserve were named after him.[3][4] Sheldrick's reed frog (Hyperolius sheldricki) is named in his honour.[5]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Supporting the Mwalunganje and the Shimba Hills Elephants\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/updates/updates.asp?ID=627","url_text":"\"Supporting the Mwalunganje and the Shimba Hills Elephants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shimba Hills National Park\". Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160709192648/http://www.webkenya.com/eng/safari/shimba_hills.php","url_text":"\"Shimba Hills National Park\""},{"url":"http://www.webkenya.com/eng/safari/shimba_hills.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duff-MacKay, A.; Schiøtz, Arne (1971). \"A new Hyperolius (Amphibia, Anura) from Kenya\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toftes_Gave	Toftes Gave	["1 History","1.1 Later use","2 References"]	Toftes Gave c.1903 Toftes Gave was a Norwegian orphanage for enforced placement of maladjusted children, or children in deficit of parental care. It was established in 1844 in Munkedamsveien in Christiania. The institution was relocated to Ullensaker in 1858, and again to the island of Helgøya in 1876. The institution closed in 1947. History The institution was established by wholesaler and former mayor of Christiania Andreas Tofte in 1844, as a "rescuing institution for morally corrupt children of both sexes". It was originally located at Munkedamsveien 31 in Christiania, at Holmen in Pipervika. In 1847 the institution, including seven buildings, was donated to the municipality of Christiania. The donation was accepted on 9 June 1847, and the institution was henceforth called Toftes Gave (Tofte's gift), named after the donor. In 1858 it was moved to Risebro farm in Ullensaker. In 1876 it was decided to relocate the institution again to Nedre Sund farm on the island of Helgøya in Lake Mjøsa, in Hedmark. The moving process took place during the autumn of 1877. According to new regulations adopted in 1878, from then on the institution only accepted boys. While the clientele consisted of 58 boys in 1888, this increased to 151 boys in 1899. The number was reduced to 86 boys in 1912. In 1912 the farm's livestock counted 78 cattle, 14 horses and 65 pigs. After decades of cultivation the farmland consisted of about 900 decares of arable land and 400 decares of productive forests. From this period the institution is known among others through the memoirs of Johannes S. Andersen. He spent four years at Toftes Gave, beginning when he was ten years old, and describes a regime of strict discipline. The children were used as farm workers, under the surveillance of local farmers from Helgøya, and he had the impression they were regarded as inferior to the most primitive of animals. The children adapted to the regime in order to survive. Their instincts of self-preservation also made them learn how to make picklocks to gain access to storages of potatoes or turnips, in order to appease their hunger. Essentially they learned two things at the institution: hatred of all kinds of oppression and tyranny, and solidarity against what he called slave-drivers and executioners. From 1896 Toftes Gave was run by the State of Norway, until it closed in 1947. Later use From 1951 the location at Helgøya was used by the municipality of Oslo as a home for mentally disabled persons. The site was transferred to the municipality of Ringsaker in 1991. References ^ a b c Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Toftes gave". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 23 June 2013. ^ a b Femtiaars-Beretning om Christiania Kommune for aarene 1837–1886 (in Norwegian). Christiania: Christiania Magistrat. 1892. pp. 362–363. ^ Boye, Else. "Andreas Tofte". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ Beretning om Kristiania Kommune for aarene 1887–1911 (in Norwegian). Kristiania. 1914. pp. 350–351.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Bjørnsen, Bjørn. "Johannes Andersen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 January 2010. ^ Andersen, Johannes (1946). Vi kommer oss. Av Gulostens memoarer – fortalt til en venn (in Norwegian). Oslo: Jacob Dybwad Forlag. pp. 29–30. ^ Andersen 1946, p. 51 ^ a b Arstal, Aksel; Just, Carl, eds. (1966) . "Toftes gt. (–"Toftes Gave")". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (2 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"in deficit of parental care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglect"},{"link_name":"Christiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Ullensaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullensaker"},{"link_name":"Helgøya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helg%C3%B8ya,_Hedmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"}],"text":"Toftes Gave was a Norwegian orphanage for enforced placement of maladjusted children, or children in deficit of parental care. It was established in 1844 in Munkedamsveien in Christiania. The institution was relocated to Ullensaker in 1858, and again to the island of Helgøya in 1876. The institution closed in 1947.[1]","title":"Toftes Gave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Andreas Tofte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Tofte"},{"link_name":"Holmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjuvholmen"},{"link_name":"Pipervika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipervika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chra-1892-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mjøsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B8sa"},{"link_name":"Hedmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chra-1892-2"},{"link_name":"decares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KK1914-4"},{"link_name":"Johannes S. Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_S._Andersen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hatred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatred"},{"link_name":"oppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"link_name":"tyranny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny"},{"link_name":"solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity"},{"link_name":"slave-drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-driver"},{"link_name":"executioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obl-8"}],"text":"The institution was established by wholesaler and former mayor of Christiania Andreas Tofte in 1844, as a \"rescuing institution for morally corrupt children of both sexes\". It was originally located at Munkedamsveien 31 in Christiania, at Holmen in Pipervika.[2] In 1847 the institution, including seven buildings, was donated to the municipality of Christiania.[3] The donation was accepted on 9 June 1847, and the institution was henceforth called Toftes Gave (Tofte's gift), named after the donor. In 1858 it was moved to Risebro farm in Ullensaker. In 1876 it was decided to relocate the institution again to Nedre Sund farm on the island of Helgøya in Lake Mjøsa, in Hedmark. The moving process took place during the autumn of 1877. According to new regulations adopted in 1878, from then on the institution only accepted boys.[2]While the clientele consisted of 58 boys in 1888, this increased to 151 boys in 1899. The number was reduced to 86 boys in 1912. In 1912 the farm's livestock counted 78 cattle, 14 horses and 65 pigs. After decades of cultivation the farmland consisted of about 900 decares of arable land and 400 decares of productive forests.[4] From this period the institution is known among others through the memoirs of Johannes S. Andersen.[5] He spent four years at Toftes Gave, beginning when he was ten years old, and describes a regime of strict discipline. The children were used as farm workers, under the surveillance of local farmers from Helgøya, and he had the impression they were regarded as inferior to the most primitive of animals. The children adapted to the regime in order to survive. Their instincts of self-preservation also made them learn how to make picklocks to gain access to storages of potatoes or turnips, in order to appease their hunger.[6] Essentially they learned two things at the institution: hatred of all kinds of oppression and tyranny, and solidarity against what he called slave-drivers and executioners.[7]From 1896 Toftes Gave was run by the State of Norway, until it closed in 1947.[1][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mentally disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_retardation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obl-8"},{"link_name":"Ringsaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringsaker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"}],"sub_title":"Later use","text":"From 1951 the location at Helgøya was used by the municipality of Oslo as a home for mentally disabled persons.[8] The site was transferred to the municipality of Ringsaker in 1991.[1]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Toftes Gave c.1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TOFTES_GAVE%2C_EKSTERI%C3%98R%2C_5_UKENTE_GUTTER._3-7-1903_Albert_Steen_1903-07-.03_HHB-00606.jpg/220px-TOFTES_GAVE%2C_EKSTERI%C3%98R%2C_5_UKENTE_GUTTER._3-7-1903_Albert_Steen_1903-07-.03_HHB-00606.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). \"Toftes gave\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 23 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marit_Godal","url_text":"Godal, Anne Marit"},{"url":"http://snl.no/Toftes_gave","url_text":"\"Toftes gave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Femtiaars-Beretning om Christiania Kommune for aarene 1837–1886 (in Norwegian). Christiania: Christiania Magistrat. 1892. pp. 362–363.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boye, Else. \"Andreas Tofte\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Andreas_Tofte/utdypning","url_text":"\"Andreas Tofte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Beretning om Kristiania Kommune for aarene 1887–1911 (in Norwegian). Kristiania. 1914. pp. 350–351.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bjørnsen, Bjørn. \"Johannes Andersen\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Bj%C3%B8rnsen","url_text":"Bjørnsen, Bjørn"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Johannes_Andersen/utdypning","url_text":"\"Johannes Andersen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Andersen, Johannes (1946). Vi kommer oss. Av Gulostens memoarer – fortalt til en venn (in Norwegian). Oslo: Jacob Dybwad Forlag. pp. 29–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_S._Andersen","url_text":"Andersen, Johannes"}]},{"reference":"Arstal, Aksel; Just, Carl, eds. (1966) [1938]. \"Toftes gt. (–\"Toftes Gave\")\". Oslo byleksikon (in Norwegian) (2 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_Arstal","url_text":"Arstal, Aksel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Just","url_text":"Just, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_byleksikon","url_text":"Oslo byleksikon"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://snl.no/Toftes_gave","external_links_name":"\"Toftes gave\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Andreas_Tofte/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Andreas Tofte\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Johannes_Andersen/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Johannes Andersen\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1383_in_Ireland	1383 in Ireland	["1 Incumbent","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths"]	List of events in the year 1383 ← 1382 1381 1380 1379 1378 1383 in Ireland → 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 Centuries: 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Decades: 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s See also:Other events of 1383 List of years in Ireland Events from the year 1383 in Ireland. Incumbent Lord: Richard II Events Ralph Cheyne, appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland Births This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) Deaths vteYears in Ireland (1101–present)12th century Pre-1101 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 13th century 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 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1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1383 in EuropeSovereign states Andorra Aragon Austria Bosnia Bulgaria Byzantine Empire Castile Denmark England France Georgia Holy Roman Empire Hungary Ireland Moldavia Mongol Empire Navarre Norway Ottoman Empire Papal States Poland Portugal San Marino Scotland Serbia Sweden Switzerland Wallachia Dependencies, coloniesand other territories Guernsey Jersey This Irish history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of events in the year 1383Events from the year 1383 in Ireland.","title":"1383 in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II"}],"text":"Lord: Richard II","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Cheyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Cheyne"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Ralph Cheyne, appointed Lord Chancellor of 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1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Year_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Year_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1383_in_England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg"},{"link_name":"Irish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1383_in_Ireland&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ireland-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland-hist-stub"}],"text":"vteYears in Ireland (1101–present)12th century\nPre-1101\n1101\n1102\n1103\n1104\n1105\n1106\n1107\n1108\n1109\n1110\n1111\n1112\n1113\n1114\n1115\n1116\n1117\n1118\n1119\n1120\n1121\n1122\n1123\n1124\n1125\n1126\n1127\n1128\n1129\n1130\n1131\n1132\n1133\n1134\n1135\n1136\n1137\n1138\n1139\n1140\n1141\n1142\n1143\n1144\n1145\n1146\n1147\n1148\n1149\n1150\n1151\n1152\n1153\n1154\n1155\n1156\n1157\n1158\n1159\n1160\n1161\n1162\n1163\n1164\n1165\n1166\n1167\n1168\n1169\n1170\n1171\n1172\n1173\n1174\n1175\n1176\n1177\n1178\n1179\n1180\n1181\n1182\n1183\n1184\n1185\n1186\n1187\n1188\n1189\n1190\n1191\n1192\n1193\n1194\n1195\n1196\n1197\n1198\n1199\n1200\n13th century\n1201\n1202\n1203\n1204\n1205\n1206\n1207\n1208\n1209\n1210\n1211\n1212\n1213\n1214\n1215\n1216\n1217\n1218\n1219\n1220\n1221\n1222\n1223\n1224\n1225\n1226\n1227\n1228\n1229\n1230\n1231\n1232\n1233\n1234\n1235\n1236\n1237\n1238\n1239\n1240\n1241\n1242\n1243\n1244\n1245\n1246\n1247\n1248\n1249\n1250\n1251\n1252\n1253\n1254\n1255\n1256\n1257\n1258\n1259\n1260\n1261\n1262\n1263\n1264\n1265\n1266\n1267\n1268\n1269\n1270\n1271\n1272\n1273\n1274\n1275\n1276\n1277\n1278\n1279\n1280\n1281\n1282\n1283\n1284\n1285\n1286\n1287\n1288\n1289\n1290\n1291\n1292\n1293\n1294\n1295\n1296\n1297\n1298\n1299\n1300\n14th century\n1301\n1302\n1303\n1304\n1305\n1306\n1307\n1308\n1309\n1310\n1311\n1312\n1313\n1314\n1315\n1316\n1317\n1318\n1319\n1320\n1321\n1322\n1323\n1324\n1325\n1326\n1327\n1328\n1329\n1330\n1331\n1332\n1333\n1334\n1335\n1336\n1337\n1338\n1339\n1340\n1341\n1342\n1343\n1344\n1345\n1346\n1347\n1348\n1349\n1350\n1351\n1352\n1353\n1354\n1355\n1356\n1357\n1358\n1359\n1360\n1361\n1362\n1363\n1364\n1365\n1366\n1367\n1368\n1369\n1370\n1371\n1372\n1373\n1374\n1375\n1376\n1377\n1378\n1379\n1380\n1381\n1382\n1383\n1384\n1385\n1386\n1387\n1388\n1389\n1390\n1391\n1392\n1393\n1394\n1395\n1396\n1397\n1398\n1399\n1400\n15th century\n1401\n1402\n1403\n1404\n1405\n1406\n1407\n1408\n1409\n1410\n1411\n1412\n1413\n1414\n1415\n1416\n1417\n1418\n1419\n1420\n1421\n1422\n1423\n1424\n1425\n1426\n1427\n1428\n1429\n1430\n1431\n1432\n1433\n1434\n1435\n1436\n1437\n1438\n1439\n1440\n1441\n1442\n1443\n1444\n1445\n1446\n1447\n1448\n1449\n1450\n1451\n1452\n1453\n1454\n1455\n1456\n1457\n1458\n1459\n1460\n1461\n1462\n1463\n1464\n1465\n1466\n1467\n1468\n1469\n1470\n1471\n1472\n1473\n1474\n1475\n1476\n1477\n1478\n1479\n1480\n1481\n1482\n1483\n1484\n1485\n1486\n1487\n1488\n1489\n1490\n1491\n1492\n1493\n1494\n1495\n1496\n1497\n1498\n1499\n1500\n16th century\n1501\n1502\n1503\n1504\n1505\n1506\n1507\n1508\n1509\n1510\n1511\n1512\n1513\n1514\n1515\n1516\n1517\n1518\n1519\n1520\n1521\n1522\n1523\n1524\n1525\n1526\n1527\n1528\n1529\n1530\n1531\n1532\n1533\n1534\n1535\n1536\n1537\n1538\n1539\n1540\n1541\n1542\n1543\n1544\n1545\n1546\n1547\n1548\n1549\n1550\n1551\n1552\n1553\n1554\n1555\n1556\n1557\n1558\n1559\n1560\n1561\n1562\n1563\n1564\n1565\n1566\n1567\n1568\n1569\n1570\n1571\n1572\n1573\n1574\n1575\n1576\n1577\n1578\n1579\n1580\n1581\n1582\n1583\n1584\n1585\n1586\n1587\n1588\n1589\n1590\n1591\n1592\n1593\n1594\n1595\n1596\n1597\n1598\n1599\n1600\n17th 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century\n1701\n1702\n1703\n1704\n1705\n1706\n1707\n1708\n1709\n1710\n1711\n1712\n1713\n1714\n1715\n1716\n1717\n1718\n1719\n1720\n1721\n1722\n1723\n1724\n1725\n1726\n1727\n1728\n1729\n1730\n1731\n1732\n1733\n1734\n1735\n1736\n1737\n1738\n1739\n1740\n1741\n1742\n1743\n1744\n1745\n1746\n1747\n1748\n1749\n1750\n1751\n1752\n1753\n1754\n1755\n1756\n1757\n1758\n1759\n1760\n1761\n1762\n1763\n1764\n1765\n1766\n1767\n1768\n1769\n1770\n1771\n1772\n1773\n1774\n1775\n1776\n1777\n1778\n1779\n1780\n1781\n1782\n1783\n1784\n1785\n1786\n1787\n1788\n1789\n1790\n1791\n1792\n1793\n1794\n1795\n1796\n1797\n1798\n1799\n1800\n19th century\n1801\n1802\n1803\n1804\n1805\n1806\n1807\n1808\n1809\n1810\n1811\n1812\n1813\n1814\n1815\n1816\n1817\n1818\n1819\n1820\n1821\n1822\n1823\n1824\n1825\n1826\n1827\n1828\n1829\n1830\n1831\n1832\n1833\n1834\n1835\n1836\n1837\n1838\n1839\n1840\n1841\n1842\n1843\n1844\n1845\n1846\n1847\n1848\n1849\n1850\n1851\n1852\n1853\n1854\n1855\n1856\n1857\n1858\n1859\n1860\n1861\n1862\n1863\n1864\n1865\n1866\n1867\n1868\n1869\n1870\n1871\n1872\n1873\n1874\n1875\n1876\n1877\n1878\n1879\n1880\n1881\n1882\n1883\n1884\n1885\n1886\n1887\n1888\n1889\n1890\n1891\n1892\n1893\n1894\n1895\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n20th century\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n21st century\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024vte1383 in EuropeSovereign states\n\nAndorra\nAragon\n\nAustria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBosnia\n\nBulgaria\nByzantine Empire\nCastile\n\n\n\n\nDenmark\n\n\n\nEngland\n\nFrance\nGeorgia\n\n\n\n\nHoly Roman Empire\nHungary\n\nIreland\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMoldavia\n\nMongol Empire\n\n\nNavarre\n\n\nNorway\nOttoman Empire\nPapal States\nPoland\nPortugal\n\n\n\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSerbia\n\n\n\n\n\nSweden\nSwitzerland\n\n\n\n\n\nWallachia\n\n\n\nDependencies, coloniesand other territories\n\n\n\n\nGuernsey\n\nJerseyThis Irish history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_Ireland.svg/80px-Blank_Ireland.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1383_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1383_in_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bulmer	USS Bulmer	["1 Namesake","2 Construction and commissioning","3 Service history","3.1 Inter-War Period","3.2 World War II","4 Awards","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"]	Clemson-class destroyer USS Bulmer (DD-222) underway in August 1943 History United States NamesakeRoscoe Carlyle Bulmer BuilderWilliam Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia Yard number488 Laid down11 August 1919 Launched22 January 1920 Commissioned16 August 1920 ReclassifiedMiscellaneous auxiliary, AG-86, 1 December 1944 Decommissioned16 August 1946 Stricken25 September 1946 FateSold for scrap 19 February 1947 General characteristics Class and typeClemson-class destroyer Displacement1,215 tons Length314 feet 4 inches (95.81 m) Beam31 feet 9 inches (9.68 m) Draft9 feet 10 inches (3.00 m) Propulsion geared turbines 2 screws 26,500 shp (20 MW) Speed35 knots (65 km/h) Complement122 officers and enlisted Armament4 x 4 in (100 mm) guns, 1 x 3 in (76 mm) gun, 12 x 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes USS Bulmer (DD-222/AG-86) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. It was the last warship of the Asiatic Fleet in USN commission. Namesake Roscoe Carlyle Bulmer was born on 4 November 1874 in Virginia City, Nevada. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1894. After World War I, he served as United States naval representative at a conference which met at the British Admiralty to consider clearing the seas of mines after the war. On 5 January 1919 he assumed command of that operation. Captain Bulmer died at Kirkwall, Scotland on 5 August 1919. Construction and commissioning Bulmer was launched 22 January 1920 by William Cramp & Sons; sponsored by Miss Anita Paor Bulmer, daughter of Captain Bulmer; and commissioned on 16 August 1920. Service history Inter-War Period In 1920, Bulmer joined the Pacific Fleet, based at San Diego, California. In 1923, she joined the U.S. Naval Forces, Europe, and later the U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters. Early in 1925, she was assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. She operated as a unit of Destroyer Squadron 5 (DesRon 5), Destroyer Division 14 (DesDiv 14), alternately based in the winter at Manila and Cavite, Philippine Islands, and in the summer at Chefoo, China. Early in 1939, Bulmer was assigned to the South China Patrol and was later reassigned to DesRon 29, DesDiv 58, on Neutrality Patrol under the Commandant, 16th Naval District. In January 1941, she participated in the Asiatic Fleet Problem and then continued patrolling in the Philippines. World War II When the United States entered World War II, Bulmer was still assigned to the Asiatic Fleet and stationed in the Philippines. During the early months of the war she engaged in patrol, escort, and antisubmarine duties throughout the southwest Pacific. On 9 January 1942 Bulmer was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers USS Boise (CL-47) and USS Marblehead (CL-12), with the other destroyers USS Stewart (DD-224), USS Pope (DD-225), USS Parrott (DD-218), and USS Barker (DD-213) departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein. That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery, the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java. As a unit of Task Force 5 (TF 5), DesRon 29, Bulmer took part in the Battle of Bali Sea on 4 February 1942, where the allies were defeated. She also took part in the unsuccessful Allied attempt to intercept Japanese invasion convoys off Palembang, Sumatra. On 19 February, along with Barker and Black Hawk, she departed Tjilatjap, Java, for Exmouth Gulf, Australia, and an overhaul. Bulmer served on patrol duty at various Australian ports until May. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 June and reported to Commander, Service Force, Pacific Fleet, for duty. From June 1942 to May 1943, she operated as an escort vessel for convoys sailing between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco and return. Bulmer was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in May and arrived at New York on 14 June. Her first Atlantic assignment was as a unit of Task Group 21.12 (TG 21.12) from 14 June to 22 September. During this sweep of the North Atlantic, aircraft from Core sank U-487 on 13 July. Bulmer next made a trans-Atlantic voyage to Swansea Wales and then commenced convoy escort duty between northeastern Atlantic ports and North Africa from 4 October 1943 to 31 July 1944. On 13–14 January, during one of these voyages, Bulmer and other escorts made several attacks against a German wolf pack of submarines in the eastern Atlantic. Bulmer conducted her attacks very aggressively and although not officially credited there is a chance that she sank or severely damaged U-377. On the morning of 14 January, under the command of Lt. Cdr. George Towne Baker (USNA,'35), she rescued 17 German survivors, including the captain, of a sunken German submarine believed to have been U-231, which was sunk on 13 January by a British flying boat. (On at least one occasion after the war, at a reunion of the officers and crew of the Bulmer, the German captain attended. When he was no long able to travel, his daughter attended a reunion. "Had it not been for the rescue of my father, I would not have been born.") From 1 August to 4 October 1944, she conducted operations in Narragansett Bay. Bulmer's designation was changed to AG-86 on 1 December. She reported to the Panama Canal Zone on 27 December for training duty with newly commissioned submarines. In July 1945, she returned to the United States and was assigned to the operational control of Commander, Air Force, Atlantic Fleet, and operated out of Port Everglades, Florida. Bulmer was decommissioned on 16 August 1946 and sold on 19 February 1947. Awards She received two battle stars for her World War II service. As of 2005, no other ship has been named Bulmer. Citations ^ Gill 1957, p. 531. ^ Masterson 1949, p. 8. References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy 1939-1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. External links http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/222.htm vteClemson-class destroyers United States Navy Clemson Dahlgren Goldsborough Semmes Satterlee Mason Graham Abel P. Upshur Hunt Welborn C. Wood George E. Badger Branch Herndon Dallas (later Alexander Dallas) Chandler Southard Hovey Long Broome Alden Smith Thompson Barker Tracy Borie John D. Edwards Whipple Parrott Edsall MacLeish Simpson Bulmer McCormick Stewart Pope Peary Pillsbury John D. Ford (ex-Ford) Truxtun Paul Jones Hatfield Brooks Gilmer Fox Kane Humphreys McFarland James K. Paulding Overton Sturtevant Childs King Sands Williamson Reuben James Bainbridge Goff Barry Hopkins Lawrence Belknap McCook McCalla Rodgers (ex-Kalk) Osmond Ingram Bancroft Welles Aulick Turner Gillis Delphy McDermut Laub McLanahan Edwards Greene Ballard Shubrick Bailey Thornton Morris Tingey Swasey Meade Sinclair McCawley Moody Henshaw Meyer Doyen Sharkey Toucey Breck Isherwood Case Lardner Putnam Worden Flusser Dale Converse Reid Billingsley Charles Ausburn Osborne Chauncey Fuller Percival John Francis Burnes (ex-Swasey) Farragut Somers Stoddert Reno Farquhar Thompson Kennedy Paul Hamilton William Jones Woodbury S. P. Lee Nicholas Young Zeilin Yarborough La Vallette Sloat Wood Shirk Kidder Selfridge Marcus Mervine Chase Robert Smith Mullany Coghlan Preston Lamson Bruce Hull Macdonough Farenholt Sumner Corry Melvin Litchfield Zane Wasmuth Trever Perry Decatur Hulbert Noa William B. Preston Preble Sicard Pruitt United States Coast Guard Badger (ex-George E. Badger) Upshur (ex-Abel P. Upshur) Herndon Hunt Semmes Wood (ex-Welborn C. Wood) World War II operators Royal NavyPart of Town class Belmont (ex-Satterlee) Beverley (ex-Branch) Bradford (ex-McLanahan) Broadwater (ex-Mason) Broadway (ex-Hunt) Burnham (ex-Aulick) Burwell (ex-Laub) Buxton (ex-Edwards) Cameron (ex-Welles) Chesterfield (ex-Welborn C. Wood) Churchill (ex-Herndon) Clare (ex-Abel P. Upshur) Ramsey (ex-Meade) Reading (ex-Bailey) Ripley (ex-Shubrick) Rockingham (ex-Swasey) Sherwood (ex-Rodgers) Stanley (ex-McCalla) Royal Canadian NavyPart of Town class Buxton St. Croix (ex-McCook) St. Francis (ex-Bancroft) Soviet NavyPart of Town class Deyatelny (ex-Churchill) Imperial Japanese Navy Patrol Boat No. 102 (ex-Stewart) Preceded by: Wickes class Followed by: Farragut class List of destroyers of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clemson-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Fleet"}],"text":"USS Bulmer (DD-222/AG-86) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. It was the last warship of the Asiatic Fleet in USN commission.","title":"USS Bulmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia City, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"British Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)"},{"link_name":"Kirkwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwall"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"Roscoe Carlyle Bulmer was born on 4 November 1874 in Virginia City, Nevada. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1894. After World War I, he served as United States naval representative at a conference which met at the British Admiralty to consider clearing the seas of mines after the war. On 5 January 1919 he assumed command of that operation. Captain Bulmer died at Kirkwall, Scotland on 5 August 1919.","title":"Namesake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Cramp & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons"}],"text":"Bulmer was launched 22 January 1920 by William Cramp & Sons; sponsored by Miss Anita Paor Bulmer, daughter of Captain Bulmer; and commissioned on 16 August 1920.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Chefoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefoo"},{"link_name":"South China Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_China_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neutrality Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Patrol"}],"sub_title":"Inter-War Period","text":"In 1920, Bulmer joined the Pacific Fleet, based at San Diego, California. In 1923, she joined the U.S. Naval Forces, Europe, and later the U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters. Early in 1925, she was assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. She operated as a unit of Destroyer Squadron 5 (DesRon 5), Destroyer Division 14 (DesDiv 14), alternately based in the winter at Manila and Cavite, Philippine Islands, and in the summer at Chefoo, China. Early in 1939, Bulmer was assigned to the South China Patrol and was later reassigned to DesRon 29, DesDiv 58, on Neutrality Patrol under the Commandant, 16th Naval District. In January 1941, she participated in the Asiatic Fleet Problem and then continued patrolling in the Philippines.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Boise (CL-47)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)"},{"link_name":"USS Marblehead (CL-12)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Marblehead_(CL-12)"},{"link_name":"USS Stewart (DD-224)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)"},{"link_name":"USS Pope (DD-225)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pope_(DD-225)"},{"link_name":"USS Parrott (DD-218)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Parrott"},{"link_name":"USS Barker (DD-213)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Barker"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill1957531-1"},{"link_name":"Pensacola Convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasterson19498-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bali Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bali_Sea"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Barker"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk_(AD-9)"},{"link_name":"Tjilatjap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjilatjap"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Exmouth Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atlantic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Core"},{"link_name":"U-487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-487"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"U-377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-377"},{"link_name":"U-231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-231"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Port Everglades, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Everglades,_Florida"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"When the United States entered World War II, Bulmer was still assigned to the Asiatic Fleet and stationed in the Philippines. During the early months of the war she engaged in patrol, escort, and antisubmarine duties throughout the southwest Pacific. On 9 January 1942 Bulmer was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers USS Boise (CL-47) and USS Marblehead (CL-12), with the other destroyers USS Stewart (DD-224), USS Pope (DD-225), USS Parrott (DD-218), and USS Barker (DD-213) departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein.[1] That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery, the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java.[2]As a unit of Task Force 5 (TF 5), DesRon 29, Bulmer took part in the Battle of Bali Sea on 4 February 1942, where the allies were defeated. She also took part in the unsuccessful Allied attempt to intercept Japanese invasion convoys off Palembang, Sumatra. On 19 February, along with Barker and Black Hawk, she departed Tjilatjap, Java, for Exmouth Gulf, Australia, and an overhaul.Bulmer served on patrol duty at various Australian ports until May. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 June and reported to Commander, Service Force, Pacific Fleet, for duty. From June 1942 to May 1943, she operated as an escort vessel for convoys sailing between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco and return.Bulmer was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in May and arrived at New York on 14 June. Her first Atlantic assignment was as a unit of Task Group 21.12 (TG 21.12) from 14 June to 22 September. During this sweep of the North Atlantic, aircraft from Core sank U-487 on 13 July.Bulmer next made a trans-Atlantic voyage to Swansea Wales and then commenced convoy escort duty between northeastern Atlantic ports and North Africa from 4 October 1943 to 31 July 1944. On 13–14 January, during one of these voyages, Bulmer and other escorts made several attacks against a German wolf pack of submarines in the eastern Atlantic. Bulmer conducted her attacks very aggressively and although not officially credited there is a chance that she sank or severely damaged U-377. On the morning of 14 January, under the command of Lt. Cdr. George Towne Baker (USNA,'35), she rescued 17 German survivors, including the captain, of a sunken German submarine believed to have been U-231, which was sunk on 13 January by a British flying boat. (On at least one occasion after the war, at a reunion of the officers and crew of the Bulmer, the German captain attended. When he was no long able to travel, his daughter attended a reunion. \"Had it not been for the rescue of my father, I would not have been born.\")From 1 August to 4 October 1944, she conducted operations in Narragansett Bay. Bulmer's designation was changed to AG-86 on 1 December. She reported to the Panama Canal Zone on 27 December for training duty with newly commissioned submarines. In July 1945, she returned to the United States and was assigned to the operational control of Commander, Air Force, Atlantic Fleet, and operated out of Port Everglades, Florida. Bulmer was decommissioned on 16 August 1946 and sold on 19 February 1947.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"}],"text":"She received two battle stars for her World War II service.As of 2005, no other ship has been named Bulmer.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill1957531_1-0"},{"link_name":"Gill 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGill1957"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasterson19498_2-0"},{"link_name":"Masterson 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMasterson1949"}],"text":"^ Gill 1957, p. 531.\n\n^ Masterson 1949, p. 8.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy 1939-1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910","url_text":"Royal Australian Navy 1939-1942"}]},{"reference":"Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/destroy/dd222txt.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910","external_links_name":"Royal Australian Navy 1939-1942"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/222.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/222.htm"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxcatcher_Farm	William du Pont Jr.	["1 Early life and education","2 Marriages, family, and career","3 Foxcatcher Farm","4 Montpelier","5 Legacy and honors","6 References","7 External links"]	American banker and racehorse breeder (1896–1965) William du Pont Jr.du Pont riding at a 1915 horse showBorn(1896-02-11)February 11, 1896Loseley Park, Surrey, England, U.K.DiedDecember 31, 1965(1965-12-31) (aged 69)Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.Resting placeDu Pont de Nemours CemeteryOccupation(s)Businessman, banker, racetrack owner, racehorse owner/breeder, racecourse designerBoard member ofDelaware Trust CompanySpouses Jean Liseter Austin (m. 1919; div. 1941) Margaret Osborne (m. 1947; div. 1964) Childrenwith Jean: John EleuthèreEvelynJean EllenHenry E. I. with Margaret:William du Pont IIIParentWilliam du Pont & Annie RogersRelativesMarion duPont Scott (sister)AwardsDelaware Sports Hall of Fame (1979) William du Pont Jr. (February 11, 1896 – December 31, 1965) was an English-born American businessman and banker, and a prominent figure in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing. He developed and designed more than 20 racing venues, including Fair Hill at his 5,000-acre estate in Maryland. A member of the Delaware Du Pont family, he was the son of William du Pont and Annie Rogers Zinn, and brother to Marion duPont Scott, a noted horsewoman and breeder. Early life and education William (also called Willie) was born at Loseley Park, a 16th-century manor in Surrey, England. He was the second child and only son of Annie Zinn (née Rogers) and William du Pont. His older sister was Marion, and they grew up at Montpelier, the historic home of President James Madison, which their parents had bought and expanded. They both were educated in private schools and became interested in the world of thoroughbred horse racing, including steeplechase, hunts, and horse shows. William specialized in thoroughbred racing and breeding. Marion also became known for her contributions to horse racing and breeding. Marriages, family, and career On January 1, 1919, du Pont married Jean Liseter Austin. Their marriage celebration in Rosemont, Pennsylvania, was billed as the "Wedding of the Century" in media accounts because of the wealth of each family. Jean's father, William Liseter Austin, was a railroad baron at the Baldwin Locomotive Works. He gave the couple more than 600 acres (2.4 km2) of land as a wedding gift. William's father built Liseter Hall for them on the property in 1922. The three-story Georgian mansion was a replica of Montpelier, where du Pont had grown up. du Pont with his wife Jean Liseter, 1919 Du Pont was elected to the board of directors of the Delaware Trust Company, where his father was president (and later chairman of the board), in 1921. His career with the bank would continue until his death. In 1928, William inherited the Bellevue Hall estate in Delaware upon the death of his father. The estate featured a Gothic Revival castle built in 1855, which du Pont had remodeled into another replica of his boyhood home of Montpelier. His father's death also created a vacancy in the presidency of the Delaware Trust Company, and William ascended to the position. Du Pont and his wife developed a notable horse farm on their property. In the 1920s and 1930s, Liseter Hall Farm was considered the ne plus ultra of Mid-Atlantic horse facilities. In addition to the indoor galloping track, the first in the United States, the farm featured a large barn for race horses; a 40-foot (12 m)-wide by 120-foot (37 m)-long indoor riding ring, used by trainers for schooling young horses; the half-mile training track and its adjacent combination viewing stand/water tower; a breeding shed; a hunter barn; a show horse barn; a loading barn with ramps, for transporting horses to competition; and a grassy, half-mile chute that connected the training track with the race horse, hunter and show horse barns. Similar facilities were built at the Bellevue Hall estate, including a hunting barn, two indoor training tracks, and an outdoor track. Du Pont and Jean had four children together, two girls and two boys. They divorced in February 1941, when the youngest, John, was 2 years old. Jean Liseter du Pont retained the property her father gave her. Following the divorce, du Pont moved his permanent residence to Bellevue Hall. Du Pont remarried in 1947 to Margaret Osborne, a tennis champion. He built both an indoor and outdoor tennis court at Bellevue for the benefit of his wife. They had a son, William du Pont III, born July 22, 1952. That same year, du Pont was made chairman of the board at the Delaware Trust Company, retaining his position as president as well. Osborne and du Pont divorced in 1964. Their son William du Pont III also was active with thoroughbreds and later owned Pillar Stud in Lexington, Kentucky. Foxcatcher Farm At Liseter Hall Farm, du Pont Jr. established a large thoroughbred racing stable in the 1920s; he raced its horses under the nom de course, Foxcatcher Farm. During this period, he also established breeding operations at Bellevue Hall, his family's estate in Wilmington, Delaware. He had another operation at Fair Hill, where he established a steeplechase course on his 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) facility. In 1927, du Pont imported Satrap from England and brought the son of The Tetrarch to stand at his second facility, the new Walnut Hall Farm near Boyce, Virginia. In 1936, duPont was part of the syndicate that bought and imported the stallion Blenheim, Aga Khan's Epsom Derby winner. Du Pont's racing operation was managed for several years by the trainer Preston Burch, selected for the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame. In the mid-1930s, Richard Handlen took over as the trainer, managing the stable operation into the 1960s. During this time, du Pont won the 1938 Preakness Stakes with Dauber, the second race of the Triple Crown for three-year-olds. Other of his horses won six American championships and prominent races: Fair Star – 1926 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly White Clover II – 1932 Suburban Handicap Rosemont (horse) took the 1935 Withers Stakes, beating that season's Triple Crown winner, Omaha; he also beat Seabiscuit in the 1937 Santa Anita Handicap, a match race Ruler, duPont's first homebred stakes winner, won the Brook Steeplechase in 1929 and 1930. Fairy Chant – 1940 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and 1941 American Champion Older Female Horse Parlo – 1954 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and the 1954 and 1955 American Champion Older Female Horse. Berlo – 1960 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. Their successes contributed to the value and reputation of his stables. Du Pont's interests in racing extended to the development and design of racecourses. In all, he created 23 racecourses, including Fair Hill, a steeplechase course at Fair Hill in Cecil County, Maryland, and Delaware Park Racetrack for flat racing. The latter opened on June 26, 1937. He had also helped write the legislation to authorize development of the park and was the major shareholder. The Thoroughbred farms and racing were important parts of the Delaware and Maryland economies in those decades, although racing gradually drew smaller crowds. He died at the Wilmington Medical Center at age 69 on December 31, 1965. Montpelier In 1928, Marion duPont Scott, the older child, inherited Montpelier after their father's death. Located four miles (6 km) south of Orange, Virginia, the estate had been the plantation home of James Madison, fourth President of the United States. In 1934, William and Marion established the Montpelier Races, a National Steeplechase event, which continues to be run each fall on the grounds at Montpelier. At her death in 1983 Scott left the estate, designated a National Historic Landmark, to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Her father's will had said that if she were childless, the property would be inherited by her brother and his children. Her will included a provision for his children to sell or give their interests in the property to the National Trust or forfeit their share of a separate $3.1 million trust. In addition, she provided $10 million to the National Trust to buy the property and to establish an endowment. As her brother had died in 1965, his five children inherited Montpelier. Three sold or gave their interests to the National Trust. Although two nephews sued the National Trust in an effort to break the will, they finally sold their interests in 1984. The National Trust acquired the property to preserve and interpret as a public history site for James and Dolley Madison, his presidency, and the architecture and society of Montpelier. Following a widely publicized scandal in which the Trust fired all of its staff members who had been working towards increased representation of Americans descended from many James Madison's numerous slaves of African heritage on the estate's board of directors, the trust reached an agreement with the descendants group granting the group a majority of board seats, and has since that time been making efforts to reemphasize the history taught at the former plantation around the important historical context of James Madison's participation in slavery in the United States. Legacy and honors Following du Pont's death, none of his heirs were interested in retaining the Bellevue Hall estate due to its extensive collection of recreational facilities and the upkeep they required. In 1976, the property was purchased by the state of Delaware and opened to the public as Bellevue State Park. In 1979, du Pont was honored posthumously with induction in the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame. References ^ a b "William du Pont of Wilmington, Banker and Sportsman, 69, Dies. Head of Delaware Trust Co. Was Noted as an Architect of Race Courses". New York Times. Associated Press. January 1, 1966. Retrieved November 26, 2012. William du Pont Jr., banker and sportsman, died tonight at the Memorial Division of the Wilmington Medical Center, where he had undergone surgery ... ^ a b c d e f "Last hurrah for historic Liseter Hall Farm", Mid-Atlantic Thoroughbred, September 2005 ^ "A house born of nostalgia". Wilmington News Journal. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ "William du Pont Jr. papers". Hagley Museum and Library. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ "Divorce to William du Pont, Jr.", New York Times, February 26, 1941 ^ "William du Pont Jr. Online Exhibit". Hagley Museum and Library. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ The Wilmington, Delaware Sunday Morning Star – November 3, 1935 ^ "DAUBER WINS PREAKNESS; CRAVAT SECOND", Chicago Tribune, 15 May 1938 ^ History of Delaware Park", Official Website ^ Marjorie Hunter (NY Times News Service), "James Madison's Montpelier to become museum:, Gainesville Sun, 18 November 1984 ^ Levenson, Michael (April 22, 2022). "At Madison's Montpelier, a Fight Over Power for Slaves' Descendants". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2023. ^ "How Descendants Of The Enslaved At James Madison's Montpelier Gained Governance Of The Plantation". BET. Retrieved January 26, 2023. ^ Lukpat, Alyssa (May 16, 2022). "At Montpelier, Slaves' Descendants Will Share Power With White Board Members". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2023. ^ "The History of Bellevue Hall" (PDF). State of Delaware. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame External links William du Pont and William du Pont Jr. photographic materials (1855–1928) at Hagley Museum and Library William du Pont Jr. Papers at Hagley Museum and Library William du Pont papers at Hagley Museum and Library Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Du Pont family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Pont_family"},{"link_name":"William du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Marion duPont Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_duPont_Scott"}],"text":"William du Pont Jr. (February 11, 1896 – December 31, 1965) was an English-born American businessman and banker, and a prominent figure in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing.[1] He developed and designed more than 20 racing venues, including Fair Hill at his 5,000-acre estate in Maryland. A member of the Delaware Du Pont family, he was the son of William du Pont and Annie Rogers Zinn, and brother to Marion duPont Scott, a noted horsewoman and breeder.","title":"William du Pont Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loseley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loseley_Park"},{"link_name":"William du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_duPont_Scott"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"}],"text":"William (also called Willie) was born at Loseley Park, a 16th-century manor in Surrey, England. He was the second child and only son of Annie Zinn (née Rogers) and William du Pont. His older sister was Marion, and they grew up at Montpelier, the historic home of President James Madison, which their parents had bought and expanded.They both were educated in private schools and became interested in the world of thoroughbred horse racing, including steeplechase, hunts, and horse shows. William specialized in thoroughbred racing and breeding. Marion also became known for her contributions to horse racing and breeding.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosemont, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr._and_Mrs._William_du_Pont,_Jr.,_1919.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ne plus ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(N)#ne_plus_ultra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eleuth%C3%A8re_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Margaret Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Osborne_duPont"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"}],"text":"On January 1, 1919, du Pont married Jean Liseter Austin. Their marriage celebration in Rosemont, Pennsylvania, was billed as the \"Wedding of the Century\" in media accounts because of the wealth of each family. Jean's father, William Liseter Austin, was a railroad baron at the Baldwin Locomotive Works. He gave the couple more than 600 acres (2.4 km2) of land as a wedding gift. William's father built Liseter Hall for them on the property in 1922. The three-story Georgian mansion was a replica of Montpelier, where du Pont had grown up.[2]du Pont with his wife Jean Liseter, 1919Du Pont was elected to the board of directors of the Delaware Trust Company, where his father was president (and later chairman of the board), in 1921. His career with the bank would continue until his death. In 1928, William inherited the Bellevue Hall estate in Delaware upon the death of his father. The estate featured a Gothic Revival castle built in 1855, which du Pont had remodeled into another replica of his boyhood home of Montpelier. His father's death also created a vacancy in the presidency of the Delaware Trust Company, and William ascended to the position.[3][4]Du Pont and his wife developed a notable horse farm on their property. In the 1920s and 1930s, Liseter Hall Farm was considered the ne plus ultra of Mid-Atlantic horse facilities. In addition to the indoor galloping track, the first in the United States, the farm featured a large barn for race horses; a 40-foot (12 m)-wide by 120-foot (37 m)-long indoor riding ring, used by trainers for schooling young horses; the half-mile training track and its adjacent combination viewing stand/water tower; a breeding shed; a hunter barn; a show horse barn; a loading barn with ramps, for transporting horses to competition; and a grassy, half-mile chute that connected the training track with the race horse, hunter and show horse barns.[2] Similar facilities were built at the Bellevue Hall estate, including a hunting barn, two indoor training tracks, and an outdoor track.Du Pont and Jean had four children together, two girls and two boys. They divorced in February 1941, when the youngest, John, was 2 years old.[5] Jean Liseter du Pont retained the property her father gave her. Following the divorce, du Pont moved his permanent residence to Bellevue Hall.[6]Du Pont remarried in 1947 to Margaret Osborne, a tennis champion. He built both an indoor and outdoor tennis court at Bellevue for the benefit of his wife. They had a son, William du Pont III, born July 22, 1952. That same year, du Pont was made chairman of the board at the Delaware Trust Company, retaining his position as president as well. Osborne and du Pont divorced in 1964. Their son William du Pont III also was active with thoroughbreds and later owned Pillar Stud in Lexington, Kentucky.","title":"Marriages, family, and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"nom de course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"link_name":"The Tetrarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tetrarch"},{"link_name":"Boyce, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_III"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Preston Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_M._Burch"},{"link_name":"U.S. Racing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Richard Handlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Handlen"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Dauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauber_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Two-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"Rosemont (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Seabiscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabiscuit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdhorse-2"},{"link_name":"Fairy Chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Chant"},{"link_name":"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"American Champion Older Female Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Female_Horse"},{"link_name":"Parlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlo"},{"link_name":"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"American Champion Older Female Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Female_Horse"},{"link_name":"Berlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlo"},{"link_name":"Fair Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Hill_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"Fair Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Hill,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Cecil County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Delaware Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Park_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"flat racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_racing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"At Liseter Hall Farm, du Pont Jr. established a large thoroughbred racing stable in the 1920s; he raced its horses under the nom de course, Foxcatcher Farm.[2] During this period, he also established breeding operations at Bellevue Hall, his family's estate in Wilmington, Delaware. He had another operation at Fair Hill, where he established a steeplechase course on his 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) facility.[2]In 1927, du Pont imported Satrap from England and brought the son of The Tetrarch to stand at his second facility, the new Walnut Hall Farm near Boyce, Virginia.[7] In 1936, duPont was part of the syndicate that bought and imported the stallion Blenheim, Aga Khan's Epsom Derby winner.Du Pont's racing operation was managed for several years by the trainer Preston Burch, selected for the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame.In the mid-1930s, Richard Handlen took over as the trainer, managing the stable operation into the 1960s. During this time, du Pont won the 1938 Preakness Stakes with Dauber, the second race of the Triple Crown for three-year-olds.[8] Other of his horses won six American championships and prominent races:Fair Star – 1926 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly\nWhite Clover II – 1932 Suburban Handicap\nRosemont (horse) took the 1935 Withers Stakes, beating that season's Triple Crown winner, Omaha; he also beat Seabiscuit in the 1937 Santa Anita Handicap, a match race[2]\nRuler, duPont's first homebred stakes winner, won the Brook Steeplechase in 1929 and 1930.[2]\nFairy Chant – 1940 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and 1941 American Champion Older Female Horse\nParlo – 1954 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and the 1954 and 1955 American Champion Older Female Horse.\nBerlo – 1960 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.Their successes contributed to the value and reputation of his stables.Du Pont's interests in racing extended to the development and design of racecourses. In all, he created 23 racecourses, including Fair Hill, a steeplechase course at Fair Hill in Cecil County, Maryland, and Delaware Park Racetrack for flat racing. The latter opened on June 26, 1937. He had also helped write the legislation to authorize development of the park and was the major shareholder.[9] The Thoroughbred farms and racing were important parts of the Delaware and Maryland economies in those decades, although racing gradually drew smaller crowds.He died at the Wilmington Medical Center at age 69 on December 31, 1965.[1]","title":"Foxcatcher Farm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Orange, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"National Trust for Historic Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dolley Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolley_Madison"},{"link_name":"James Madison's numerous slaves of African heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery"},{"link_name":"slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1928, Marion duPont Scott, the older child, inherited Montpelier after their father's death. Located four miles (6 km) south of Orange, Virginia, the estate had been the plantation home of James Madison, fourth President of the United States. In 1934, William and Marion established the Montpelier Races, a National Steeplechase event, which continues to be run each fall on the grounds at Montpelier.At her death in 1983 Scott left the estate, designated a National Historic Landmark, to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Her father's will had said that if she were childless, the property would be inherited by her brother and his children. Her will included a provision for his children to sell or give their interests in the property to the National Trust or forfeit their share of a separate $3.1 million trust. In addition, she provided $10 million to the National Trust to buy the property and to establish an endowment. As her brother had died in 1965, his five children inherited Montpelier. Three sold or gave their interests to the National Trust. Although two nephews sued the National Trust in an effort to break the will, they finally sold their interests in 1984.[10]The National Trust acquired the property to preserve and interpret as a public history site for James and Dolley Madison, his presidency, and the architecture and society of Montpelier. Following a widely publicized scandal in which the Trust fired all of its staff members who had been working towards increased representation of Americans descended from many James Madison's numerous slaves of African heritage on the estate's board of directors, the trust reached an agreement with the descendants group granting the group a majority of board seats, and has since that time been making efforts to reemphasize the history taught at the former plantation around the important historical context of James Madison's participation in slavery in the United States.[11][12][13]","title":"Montpelier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellevue State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_State_Park_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Sports_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Following du Pont's death, none of his heirs were interested in retaining the Bellevue Hall estate due to its extensive collection of recreational facilities and the upkeep they required. In 1976, the property was purchased by the state of Delaware and opened to the public as Bellevue State Park.[14] In 1979, du Pont was honored posthumously with induction in the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame.[15]","title":"Legacy and honors"}]	[{"image_text":"du Pont with his wife Jean Liseter, 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mr._and_Mrs._William_du_Pont%2C_Jr.%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Mr._and_Mrs._William_du_Pont%2C_Jr.%2C_1919.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"William du Pont of Wilmington, Banker and Sportsman, 69, Dies. Head of Delaware Trust Co. Was Noted as an Architect of Race Courses\". New York Times. Associated Press. January 1, 1966. Retrieved November 26, 2012. 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Retrieved February 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2317_II.xml","url_text":"\"William du Pont Jr. papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"William du Pont Jr. Online Exhibit\". Hagley Museum and Library. Retrieved February 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hagley.org/online_exhibits/wmdupont/index.html","url_text":"\"William du Pont Jr. Online Exhibit\""}]},{"reference":"Levenson, Michael (April 22, 2022). \"At Madison's Montpelier, a Fight Over Power for Slaves' Descendants\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/22/us/montpelier-estate-board-enslaved.html","url_text":"\"At Madison's Montpelier, a Fight Over Power for Slaves' Descendants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"How Descendants Of The Enslaved At James Madison's Montpelier Gained Governance Of The Plantation\". BET. Retrieved January 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/article/3wh5d8/montpelier-appoints-board-members-slave-descendant-group","url_text":"\"How Descendants Of The Enslaved At James Madison's Montpelier Gained Governance Of The Plantation\""}]},{"reference":"Lukpat, Alyssa (May 16, 2022). \"At Montpelier, Slaves' Descendants Will Share Power With White Board Members\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/16/us/montpelier-estate-board-descendants-enslaved.html","url_text":"\"At Montpelier, Slaves' Descendants Will Share Power With White Board Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Bellevue Hall\" (PDF). State of Delaware. Retrieved February 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destateparks.com/downloads/facilities-guides/BVSP-History-web.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of Bellevue Hall\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1966/01/01/archives/william-du-pont-of-wilmington-banker-and-sportsman-69-dies-head-of.html","external_links_name":"\"William du Pont of Wilmington, Banker and Sportsman, 69, Dies. Head of Delaware Trust Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87	Ivan Crnojević	["1 Early life","2 Reign","2.1 Lord of Zeta","2.2 Return to Zeta","3 Legacy","4 Notes","5 References","6 Sources","7 Regnal titles"]	Lord of Zeta Ivan CrnojevićIvan Crnojević, an 1885 illustrationLord of ZetaReign1465–1490PredecessorStefan CrnojevićSuccessorĐurađ IV CrnojevićDied1490Cetinje, Zeta(today Montenegro)Burialoriginally Old Cetinje Monastery(today Court Church in Ćipur)SpousesGoisava Arianiti-ComneniatesMara Vukčić KosačaIssue Đurađ Stefan Staniša Ana HouseCrnojevićFatherStefan CrnojevićMotherMara KastriotiReligionSerbian Orthodox ChristianitySeal Ivan Crnojević (Serbian Cyrillic: Иван Црнојевић, lit. 'Ivan the Black') was the lord of Zeta and Serbian leader from 1465 to 1490. Having formed an alliance with the Republic of Venice, he led the Serb resistance against the expanding Ottoman Empire He was successful at first but lost his realm in 1479. He resumed power in 1481 in Žabljak and soon founded Cetinje as the new capital of his state. Early life Ivan Crnojević was a member of the Crnojević noble family whose ancestry dates back from Serbian nobleman Đuraš Ilijić. He was born to father Stefan Crnojević and mother Mara Kastrioti. Ivan had two brothers, Andrija and Božidar. Ivan first married Gojislava, the sister of Albanian lord Gjergj Arianiti, and he also became related with titular Serbian Despot Stefan Branković through his wife Angelina, from the same family. Ivan's second wife was Mara, a sister of Stefan Vukčić Kosača. Ivan had four children, three sons and one daughter. Two of his sons were notable: Đurađ Crnojević and Staniša "Stanko" (Skenderbeg). When Ivan died in 1490 his son Đurađ succeeded him as the lord of Zeta until the Ottomans forced him to leave Zeta in 1496. In his youth Ivan took part in the raids against the domains of Stefan Vukčić Kosača, the duke of Saint Sava in Hum, and on one occasion (between 1442 and 1444) he was captured. While he was Herzog's hostage (not imprisoned, but in Herzog's service, to guarantee his father's loyalty) his father was unable to be completely independent from Kosača or to fully ally with Venetian Republic. Venice saw Stefan Crnojević as an important potential ally in their war against Serbian Despotate, so they tried to bring him closer by accepting his request to maintain a pressure on Kosača to release Ivan. Stefan was ready to do anything to have Ivan released from Kosača's captivity, so he complied with Venetian condition to allow them to suppress the rebellion in Grbalj. After Venetians brutally suppressed the rebellion in Grbalj they forced Kosača to reluctantly release Ivan to them and spent 120 ducats to buy him new clothes before handling him to his father. Reign Lord of Zeta In the beginning of his reign Ivan was at very bad relations with the Republic of Venice, whom he saw as occupiers of his cities. In return, the Venetians put a price on his head in 1465. But thanks to moves of the Stefan Vukčić and Skanderbeg, in 1466 he became a duke under payment from the Venetian Republic with the capital in Žabljak at Lake Skadar. His payment was quite fair, 1,200 ducats annually. In 1469 Ivan remarried, to Mara, the daughter of Stefan Vukčić. The state of Crnojević Ivan Crnojević fought for the Venetians in their wars against the Ottoman Empire. The Venetian Captain of Upper Zeta and Duke was accepted thus in 1473 into the ranks of Venetian nobility. In 1474 he further honored his obligations and defended Skadar from an Ottoman attack. Ivan Crnojević had important role in the defense of the Skadar because he provided the connection with Kotor and supplied the city through Žabljak or Skadar Lake, fighting simultaneously against strong Ottoman forces. He transported men and woods from Kotor over the hills into Žabljak where he built fustas which surprised Ottomans at Skadar lake. During whole summer of 1474 Ivan Crnojević participated in military actions. He controlled the Skadar lake with three fustas and 15 smaller ships, which was very important because Venetian fleet (composed of 34 larger ships and about 100 smaller) was unable to sail further than St. Srđ. The Venetian Senate awarded Ivan with many presents and one war flag as sign of appreciation for his help during the siege. After this success, Ivan planned to liberate Herzegovina from Ottoman occupation for his brother-in-law Duke Vladislav Hercegović. Conflicts came out over discussions regarding the future border between the realms of Zeta and Herzegovina, which allowed Sultan Mehmed II to take initiative and invade Zeta, and with Duke Stephen's help the Turks seized Ivan's throne of Žabljak in 1478. In 1477 Ottomans captured most of the territory of Zeta together with Žabljak and defeated main army of Ivan Crnojević late in 1477 or early 1478. Ivan moved to Obod (fortified by him in 1475) which was soon renamed to Rijeka Crnojevića and became a new capitol of his state. Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Venetian held Skadar. They besieged it in May 1478. Ivan's forces, with Ragusan support, sailed over the lake and attacked Ottoman tents at night. Venice ended sixteen-year war with Ottomans by signing the peace treaty with Ottomans. That way Venice sacrificed its ally Ivan Crnojević who was not included into the peace treaty and had to leave his Zeta and find a haven in Italy. Return to Zeta Old Cetinje Monastery was founded by Ivan Crnojević After Sultan Mehmed II's death in May 1481, Ivan Crnojević disembarked near Dubrovnik in June 1481. Using the civil war that erupted between Mehmed's sons, Bayezid II and Cem, he restored control over Zeta and Žabljak with the help of the people that welcomed him gladly as a liberator and supported by forces under Skanderbeg's son Gjon Kastrioti II. The new Ottoman sultan Bayezid accepted Ivan as his vassal. In order to guarantee his loyalty to the Sultan, Ivan sent his youngest son Staniša and several of his friends to the sultan's court in 1482. The center of his renewed realm was at Obod above the Crnojević River. Wishing to preserve the realm of Zeta and its independence from the Ottomans because he didn't feel safe at the edge and the border, Ivan moved its capital deeper into the hills to a more easily defended location in the field of Cetinje at the foot of Mount Lovćen. He had his court built in 1482 and the monastery of the Mother of Christ in Cetinje as a personal endowment to the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1484, thus founding Cetinje as a town. His court and the monastery are the first recorded renessaince buildings in Montenegro. He also moved the seat of the Metropolitanate of Zeta to the Old Cetinje Monastery, where he was buried upon his death in 1490. Legacy Statue in Cetinje. Ivan brought a range of legislative acts that were later of great importance for the legal and cultural history of a future Montenegro. He was succeeded by his son Đurađ Crnojević, who established one of the first Cyrillic printing houses in the Balkans. His youngest son Stanko converted to Islam and received the name Skender, hence he is also known as Skenderbeg Crnojević, and became the Ottoman sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Montenegro when it was established in 1514. Ivan's last capital Cetinje, a town founded by him, became the capital of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro at the end of the 17th century. The modern-day Cetinje Monastery was built between 1701 and 1704 on the site of the former Ivan's court. On the site of the monastery of the Mother of Christ built by Ivan, prince Nicholas built a new church in the 19th century, so called Court Church. In the 20th century the church went through several major reconstructions. During one of them Ivan's grave was found and his bones were moved to the bank safe. In 2010 Montenegrin government buried the bones of Ivan Crnojević in the Court Church, in a ceremony which was closed for the public. Notes ^ In Serbo-Croatian, his name is spelled Ivan Crnojević (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Иван Црноjeвић), which is also the spelling mostly used in English sources. He is also known as Ivanbeg Crnojević (Иванбег Црнојевић) and Ivan the Black (Ivan Crni / Иван Црни). His given name may also be rendered Jovan (Јован). In Italian, his name is rendered Giovanni Cernovichio. References ^ a b "Ivan the Black \| Serbian leader \| Britannica". Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25. ^ a b Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 34. ^ Erdeljan 2021, p. 46: "Cathalina′s father was Andrija Crnojević, brother of Serbian ruler of Zeta, Ivan Crnojević..." ^ Kovijanić 1963, p. 128. ^ Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1978). Viator. University of California Press. pp. 388–389. ISBN 0-520-03608-5. ^ Sima M. Ćirković (1964). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba. Naučno delo. p. 189. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Иван Црнојевић је био на херцеговом двору непрекидно од 1444. или још годину две раније. ^ Milivoje Pajović (2001). Vladari srpskih zemalja. Gramatik. p. 132. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Његов син Иван био је извесно време талац код војводе Стефана Вукчића Косаче, што је Стефаницу спречавало у самосталном деловању у Зети и приближавању Венецији ^ Sima M. Ćirković (1964). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba. Naučno delo. p. 189. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1982). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Serbian Literary Guild. p. 405. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Stanoje Stanojević; Dragoslav Stranjaković; Petar Popović (1934). Cetinjska škola: 1834-1934. Štamparija Drag. Gregorića. p. 8. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Стеванов наследник Иван (1455 — 1490) у почетку своје владе напустио је очеву политику добрих односа са Млечићима. ^ Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1982). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Srpska književna zadruga. p. 405. Retrieved 22 April 2013. То је предлагао и Скендербег, па је Република прихватила Ивана ^ Maletić, Mihailo (1976), Crna Gora (in Serbian), Belgrade: Književne novine, p. 172, OCLC 5090762, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, У одбрани Скадра важну улогу играо је Иван Црнојевић обезбијеђујући везу с Котором и дотурање помоћи преко Жабљака и Скадарског језера. Морао је да одбија нападе великих турских одреда. ^ Srejović 1981, p. 406Преко Котора је брдским путевима пребацивао људе и грађу од које би се, кад стигне у Жабљак, изградиле фусте и изненадили Турци на Скадарском језеру. ^ Srejović 1981, p. 407Иван Црнојевић је господарио Скадарским језером уз помоћ три фусте и 15 мањих бродова. То је било веома значајно, јер велика млетачка флота није могла да се пробија дал.е од Светог Срђа ^ Lazo M. Kostić (1960). O zastavama kod Srba: istoriska razmatranja. Izd. piscevo. p. 17. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. а Иван Црнојевић је, због помоћи коју је указао Млечићима приликом турске опсаде Скадра, дсбио 1474 разне дарове од Млетачког сената, па и једну ратну за- ставу. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, The second Ottoman wave of 1477 overran much of Zeta, taking Žabljak and the late in 1477 or early 1478 meeting and defeating John Crnojevićs main army. ^ Radovan Samardžić (1892). Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371-1537. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 419. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. После повлачења из Жабљака, Иван Црнојевић је боравио у Ободу (Ријека Црнојевића), који је утврдио око 1475. године. ^ a b Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ "Ђурђе Црнојевић". p. 99. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Како је Жабљак био разрушен, Иван Црнојевић је пренио престоницу на Обод или Ријеку, утврђено мјесто код извора ријеке, која је касније добила назив Ријека Црнојевића. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, The Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Skadar.. ^ Srejović 1981, p. 410Уз помоћ Дубровчана људи Ивана Црнојевића су крстарили језером и ноћу нападали турске шаторе. Иванов син је у свом завештању из 1499. године навео како је његов отац "цара против себе разјаривао и храну му отимао" ^ Božić, Ivan (1979), Nemirno pomorje XV veka (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, p. 129, OCLC 5845972, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, ...После турско-млетачког рата који је имао за последицу и предају Скадра Турцима 1479, Млечани су се морали сложити са губицима и жртвовати савезника Ивана Црнојевића. Он није ни укључен у мир па је напустио Зету и склонио се у Италију." ^ Rade Turov Plamenac; Jovan R. Bojović (1997). Memoari. CID. p. 566. ISBN 9788649500471. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. По смрти Султана Мехмеда мјесеца маја 1481. године Иван Црнојевић нападне Жабљак и преотме га Турској ^ Žarko Domljan; Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža."; Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža". (1984). Likovna enciklopedija Jugoslavije. Zavod. p. 245. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Ivan Crnojević podigao dvorac, kasnije i crkvu zetske mitropolije... to su prvi datirani spomenici renesanse u Crnoj Gori ^ Brana Vučković (1969). Crna Gora. Revija. p. 48. Retrieved 25 April 2013. ^ Rudolf Abraham (19 July 2012). The Mountains of Montenegro: A Walker's and Trekker's Guide. Cicerone Press Limited. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-1-84965-643-6. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Crnojević. Srejović, Dragoslav (1981), Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371) (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, OCLC 456125379 "Ivan Crnojević - najznačajnija ličnost crnogorske istorije" (text in Montenegrin language) Kovijanić, Risto (1963). Crnogorska plemena u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) . Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore. Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3. Erdeljan, Jovana (2021). Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions. De Gryuter. p. 46. Regnal titles Ivan Crnojević Crnojević familyBorn: unknown Died: 1490 Regnal titles Preceded byStefan Lord of Zeta 1465–1490 Succeeded byĐurađ vteMembers of the League of LezhëMisia George Strez Balšić John Balšić Gojko Balšić Sati and Dagnum Lord Lekë Zaharia (Pal Dukagjini and Nicholas Dukagjini - Initially Zaharia's vassals) territory between Shkodër and Drivastum Peter Spani Zadrima and Pult Lekë Dushmani Zeta Lord Stefan Crnojević Scuria Andrea Thopia Tanush Thopia Arianiti Gjergj Arianiti Muzaka Theodor Corona Musachi vteCrnojević noble familyĐurašević Đuraš Vrančić Ilija Đuraš Ilijić Crnojević Radič Crnojević Đurađ Đurašević Aleksa Crnojević Gojčin Crnojević Stefan I Crnojević Ivan Crnojević Đurađ Crnojević Stefan II Crnojević Ivan II Crnojević Skenderbeg Crnojević See also: Crnojević family tree Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cnote_a"},{"link_name":"lord of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeselinovi%C4%87Lju%C5%A1i%C4%87200834-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdeljan202146-3"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-1"},{"link_name":"Žabljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"}],"text":"Ivan Crnojević (Serbian Cyrillic: Иван Црнојевић, lit. 'Ivan the Black')[a] was the lord of Zeta and Serbian leader[1][2][3] from 1465 to 1490. Having formed an alliance with the Republic of Venice, he led the Serb resistance against the expanding Ottoman Empire[1] He was successful at first but lost his realm in 1479. He resumed power in 1481 in Žabljak and soon founded Cetinje as the new capital of his state.","title":"Ivan Crnojević"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crnojević noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Đuraš Ilijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C5%A1_Iliji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeselinovi%C4%87Lju%C5%A1i%C4%87200834-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovijani%C4%871963128-4"},{"link_name":"Stefan Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mara Kastrioti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Kastrioti"},{"link_name":"Gjergj Arianiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti"},{"link_name":"Stefan Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Angelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Angelina_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vukčić Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Staniša \"Stanko\" (Skenderbeg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vukčić Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"duke of Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahumlje"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Viator-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Venetian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pajovi%C4%872001-7"},{"link_name":"Stefan Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ivan Crnojević was a member of the Crnojević noble family whose ancestry dates back from Serbian nobleman Đuraš Ilijić.[2][4] He was born to father Stefan Crnojević and mother Mara Kastrioti. Ivan had two brothers, Andrija and Božidar. Ivan first married Gojislava, the sister of Albanian lord Gjergj Arianiti, and he also became related with titular Serbian Despot Stefan Branković through his wife Angelina, from the same family. Ivan's second wife was Mara, a sister of Stefan Vukčić Kosača. Ivan had four children, three sons and one daughter. Two of his sons were notable: Đurađ Crnojević and Staniša \"Stanko\" (Skenderbeg). When Ivan died in 1490 his son Đurađ succeeded him as the lord of Zeta until the Ottomans forced him to leave Zeta in 1496. In his youth Ivan took part in the raids against the domains of Stefan Vukčić Kosača, the duke of Saint Sava in Hum,[5] and on one occasion (between 1442 and 1444)[6] he was captured. While he was Herzog's hostage (not imprisoned, but in Herzog's service, to guarantee his father's loyalty) his father was unable to be completely independent from Kosača or to fully ally with Venetian Republic.[7] Venice saw Stefan Crnojević as an important potential ally in their war against Serbian Despotate, so they tried to bring him closer by accepting his request to maintain a pressure on Kosača to release Ivan.[8] Stefan was ready to do anything to have Ivan released from Kosača's captivity, so he complied with Venetian condition to allow them to suppress the rebellion in Grbalj. After Venetians brutally suppressed the rebellion in Grbalj they forced Kosača to reluctantly release Ivan to them and spent 120 ducats to buy him new clothes before handling him to his father.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanojevi%C4%87Stranjakovi%C4%871934-10"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Žabljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Lake Skadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Skadar"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Zeta_under_Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Skadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadar"},{"link_name":"Žabljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Skadar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadar_Lake"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"fustas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Venetian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Senate"},{"link_name":"war flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_flag"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosti%C4%871960-15"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Hercegović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Hercegovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Sultan Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Žabljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samard%C5%BEi%C4%871892-17"},{"link_name":"Rijeka Crnojevića","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B81996-18"},{"link_name":"Skadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra"},{"link_name":"Ragusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sixteen-year war with Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)"},{"link_name":"peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Lord of Zeta","text":"In the beginning of his reign Ivan was at very bad relations with the Republic of Venice, whom he saw as occupiers of his cities.[10] In return, the Venetians put a price on his head in 1465. But thanks to moves of the Stefan Vukčić and Skanderbeg,[11] in 1466 he became a duke under payment from the Venetian Republic with the capital in Žabljak at Lake Skadar. His payment was quite fair, 1,200 ducats annually. In 1469 Ivan remarried, to Mara, the daughter of Stefan Vukčić.The state of CrnojevićIvan Crnojević fought for the Venetians in their wars against the Ottoman Empire. The Venetian Captain of Upper Zeta and Duke was accepted thus in 1473 into the ranks of Venetian nobility. In 1474 he further honored his obligations and defended Skadar from an Ottoman attack. Ivan Crnojević had important role in the defense of the Skadar because he provided the connection with Kotor and supplied the city through Žabljak or Skadar Lake, fighting simultaneously against strong Ottoman forces.[12] He transported men and woods from Kotor over the hills into Žabljak where he built fustas which surprised Ottomans at Skadar lake.[13] During whole summer of 1474 Ivan Crnojević participated in military actions. He controlled the Skadar lake with three fustas and 15 smaller ships, which was very important because Venetian fleet (composed of 34 larger ships and about 100 smaller) was unable to sail further than St. Srđ.[14] The Venetian Senate awarded Ivan with many presents and one war flag as sign of appreciation for his help during the siege.[15]After this success, Ivan planned to liberate Herzegovina from Ottoman occupation for his brother-in-law Duke Vladislav Hercegović. Conflicts came out over discussions regarding the future border between the realms of Zeta and Herzegovina, which allowed Sultan Mehmed II to take initiative and invade Zeta, and with Duke Stephen's help the Turks seized Ivan's throne of Žabljak in 1478. In 1477 Ottomans captured most of the territory of Zeta together with Žabljak and defeated main army of Ivan Crnojević late in 1477 or early 1478.[16] Ivan moved to Obod (fortified by him in 1475[17]) which was soon renamed to Rijeka Crnojevića and became a new capitol of his state.[18]Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Venetian held Skadar.[19] They besieged it in May 1478. Ivan's forces, with Ragusan support, sailed over the lake and attacked Ottoman tents at night.[20]Venice ended sixteen-year war with Ottomans by signing the peace treaty with Ottomans. That way Venice sacrificed its ally Ivan Crnojević who was not included into the peace treaty and had to leave his Zeta and find a haven in Italy.[21]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetinje_monastery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cetinje Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Cem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Cem"},{"link_name":"Žabljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlamenacBojovi%C4%871997-22"},{"link_name":"Gjon Kastrioti II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B81996-18"},{"link_name":"Staniša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani%C5%A1a_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Crnojević River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87_River"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"link_name":"Mount Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lov%C4%87en"},{"link_name":"renessaince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessaince"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DomljanKrle%C5%BEa.-23"},{"link_name":"Old Cetinje Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cetinje_Monastery"}],"sub_title":"Return to Zeta","text":"Old Cetinje Monastery was founded by Ivan CrnojevićAfter Sultan Mehmed II's death in May 1481, Ivan Crnojević disembarked near Dubrovnik in June 1481. Using the civil war that erupted between Mehmed's sons, Bayezid II and Cem, he restored control over Zeta and Žabljak[22] with the help of the people that welcomed him gladly as a liberator and supported by forces under Skanderbeg's son Gjon Kastrioti II.[18]The new Ottoman sultan Bayezid accepted Ivan as his vassal. In order to guarantee his loyalty to the Sultan, Ivan sent his youngest son Staniša and several of his friends to the sultan's court in 1482.The center of his renewed realm was at Obod above the Crnojević River. Wishing to preserve the realm of Zeta and its independence from the Ottomans because he didn't feel safe at the edge and the border, Ivan moved its capital deeper into the hills to a more easily defended location in the field of Cetinje at the foot of Mount Lovćen. He had his court built in 1482 and the monastery of the Mother of Christ in Cetinje as a personal endowment to the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1484, thus founding Cetinje as a town. His court and the monastery are the first recorded renessaince buildings in Montenegro.[23] He also moved the seat of the Metropolitanate of Zeta to the Old Cetinje Monastery, where he was buried upon his death in 1490.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetinje_Ivan_Crnojevic_Monument2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"one of the first Cyrillic printing houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87_printing_house"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"sanjakbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjakbey"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Cetinje Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%871969-24"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"Statue in Cetinje.Ivan brought a range of legislative acts that were later of great importance for the legal and cultural history of a future Montenegro. He was succeeded by his son Đurađ Crnojević, who established one of the first Cyrillic printing houses in the Balkans. His youngest son Stanko converted to Islam and received the name Skender, hence he is also known as Skenderbeg Crnojević, and became the Ottoman sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Montenegro when it was established in 1514.Ivan's last capital Cetinje, a town founded by him, became the capital of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro at the end of the 17th century. The modern-day Cetinje Monastery was built between 1701 and 1704 on the site of the former Ivan's court.[24] On the site of the monastery of the Mother of Christ built by Ivan, prince Nicholas built a new church in the 19th century, so called Court Church. In the 20th century the church went through several major reconstructions. During one of them Ivan's grave was found and his bones were moved to the bank safe. In 2010 Montenegrin government buried the bones of Ivan Crnojević in the Court Church, in a ceremony which was closed for the public.[need quotation to verify]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a_1"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham2012-25"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"}],"text":"^ In Serbo-Croatian, his name is spelled Ivan Crnojević (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Иван Црноjeвић), which is also the spelling mostly used in English sources. He is also known as Ivanbeg Crnojević (Иванбег Црнојевић) and Ivan the Black[25] (Ivan Crni / Иван Црни). His given name may also be rendered Jovan (Јован). In Italian, his name is rendered Giovanni Cernovichio.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Srejović, Dragoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoslav_Srejovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"456125379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/456125379"},{"link_name":"\"Ivan Crnojević - najznačajnija ličnost crnogorske istorije\" (text in Montenegrin language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portalanalitika.me/clanak/192866/velikan-ivan-crnojevic-najznacajnija-licnost-crnogorske-istorije"},{"link_name":"Srpske dinastije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gWctAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-86-7549-921-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7549-921-3"},{"link_name":"Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=k9twEAAAQBAJ&dq=crnojevic+serb&pg=PA46"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Crnojević.Srejović, Dragoslav (1981), Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371) [History of Serbs, Book 1, From earliest times to Battle of Marica (1371)] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, OCLC 456125379\n\"Ivan Crnojević - najznačajnija ličnost crnogorske istorije\" (text in Montenegrin language)\nKovijanić, Risto (1963). Crnogorska plemena u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) [Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records (XIV–XVI century)]. Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.\nVeselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.\nErdeljan, Jovana (2021). Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions. De Gryuter. p. 46.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Members of the League of Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"George Strez Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strez_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"John Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Gojko Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojko_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(castle)"},{"link_name":"Dagnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagnum"},{"link_name":"Lekë Zaharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Zaharia"},{"link_name":"Pal Dukagjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Dukagjini"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Dukagjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Dukagjini"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Drivastum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivast"},{"link_name":"Peter Spani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Spani_(League_of_Lezh%C3%AB)"},{"link_name":"Zadrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadrima"},{"link_name":"Pult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pult"},{"link_name":"Lekë Dushmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dushmani"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Stefan Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Andrea Thopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Thopia"},{"link_name":"Tanush Thopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanush_Thopia"},{"link_name":"Arianiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianiti_family"},{"link_name":"Gjergj Arianiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti"},{"link_name":"Muzaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Muzaka"},{"link_name":"Theodor Corona Musachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crnojevi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Crnojevi%C4%87_noble_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crnojevi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Crnojević noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Đuraš Vrančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C5%A1_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ilija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefalija_Ilija"},{"link_name":"Đuraš Ilijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C5%A1_Iliji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radič Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi%C4%8D_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Đurašević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_%C4%90ura%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aleksa Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksa_Crnojevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gojčin Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj%C4%8Din_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan I Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_I_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan II Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_II_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan II Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_II_Crnojevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skenderbeg Crnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg_Crnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Crnojević family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87_family_tree"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1281792#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1814362/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000078634661"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/78317839"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrPVYQfTDWfccwgdDQbd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/121001512"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no00013405"}],"text":"vteMembers of the League of LezhëMisia\nGeorge Strez Balšić\nJohn Balšić\nGojko Balšić\nSati and Dagnum\nLord Lekë Zaharia\n(Pal Dukagjini and Nicholas Dukagjini - Initially Zaharia's vassals)\nterritory between Shkodër and Drivastum\nPeter Spani\nZadrima and Pult\nLekë Dushmani\nZeta\nLord Stefan Crnojević\nScuria\nAndrea Thopia\nTanush Thopia\nArianiti\nGjergj Arianiti\nMuzaka\nTheodor Corona MusachivteCrnojević noble familyĐurašević\nĐuraš Vrančić\nIlija\nĐuraš Ilijić\nCrnojević\nRadič Crnojević\nĐurađ Đurašević\nAleksa Crnojević\nGojčin Crnojević\nStefan I Crnojević\nIvan Crnojević\nĐurađ Crnojević\nStefan II Crnojević\nIvan II Crnojević\nSkenderbeg Crnojević\nSee also: Crnojević family treeAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States","title":"Regnal titles"}]	[{"image_text":"The state of Crnojević","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Zeta_under_Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87.jpg/220px-Map_of_Zeta_under_Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Cetinje Monastery was founded by Ivan Crnojević","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cetinje_monastery.jpg/220px-Cetinje_monastery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue in Cetinje.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cetinje_Ivan_Crnojevic_Monument2014.JPG/170px-Cetinje_Ivan_Crnojevic_Monument2014.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ivan the Black \| Serbian leader \| Britannica\". Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Black","url_text":"\"Ivan the Black \| Serbian leader \| Britannica\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204844/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Black","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1978). Viator. University of California Press. pp. 388–389. ISBN 0-520-03608-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9swtfALoisC&pg=PA388","url_text":"Viator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03608-5","url_text":"0-520-03608-5"}]},{"reference":"Sima M. Ćirković (1964). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba. Naučno delo. p. 189. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Иван Црнојевић је био на херцеговом двору непрекидно од 1444. или још годину две раније.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milivoje Pajović (2001). Vladari srpskih zemalja. Gramatik. p. 132. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Његов син Иван био је извесно време талац код војводе Стефана Вукчића Косаче, што је Стефаницу спречавало у самосталном деловању у Зети и приближавању Венецији","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6aYtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Vladari srpskih zemalja"}]},{"reference":"Sima M. Ćirković (1964). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba. Naučno delo. p. 189. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1982). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Serbian Literary Guild. p. 405. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRXAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Literary_Guild","url_text":"Serbian Literary Guild"}]},{"reference":"Stanoje Stanojević; Dragoslav Stranjaković; Petar Popović (1934). Cetinjska škola: 1834-1934. Štamparija Drag. Gregorića. p. 8. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Стеванов наследник Иван (1455 — 1490) у почетку своје владе напустио је очеву политику добрих односа са Млечићима.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgLy535o6nIC","url_text":"Cetinjska škola: 1834-1934"}]},{"reference":"Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1982). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Srpska književna zadruga. p. 405. Retrieved 22 April 2013. То је предлагао и Скендербег, па је Република прихватила Ивана","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRXAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371)"}]},{"reference":"Maletić, Mihailo (1976), Crna Gora [Montenegro] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Književne novine, p. 172, OCLC 5090762, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, У одбрани Скадра важну улогу играо је Иван Црнојевић обезбијеђујући везу с Котором и дотурање помоћи преко Жабљака и Скадарског језера. Морао је да одбија нападе великих турских одреда.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=03sBAAAAMAAJ&q=1478+%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD","url_text":"Crna Gora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5090762","url_text":"5090762"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=03sBAAAAMAAJ&q=1478+%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Lazo M. Kostić (1960). O zastavama kod Srba: istoriska razmatranja. Izd. piscevo. p. 17. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. а Иван Црнојевић је, због помоћи коју је указао Млечићима приликом турске опсаде Скадра, дсбио 1474 разне дарове од Млетачког сената, па и једну ратну за- ставу.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6KHRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"O zastavama kod Srba: istoriska razmatranja"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171719/https://books.google.com/books?id=6KHRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, The second Ottoman wave of 1477 overran much of Zeta, taking Žabljak and the late in 1477 or early 1478 meeting and defeating John Crnojevićs main army.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA600","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA600","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Radovan Samardžić (1892). Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371-1537. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 419. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. После повлачења из Жабљака, Иван Црнојевић је боравио у Ободу (Ријека Црнојевића), који је утврдио око 1475. године.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KXNpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371-1537"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171723/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXNpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ \"Ђурђе Црнојевић\". p. 99. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Како је Жабљак био разрушен, Иван Црнојевић је пренио престоницу на Обод или Ријеку, утврђено мјесто код извора ријеке, која је касније добила назив Ријека Црнојевића.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cV4VAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=cV4VAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, The Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Skadar..","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=crnojevi%C4%87+skadar+1477&pg=PA600","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171658/https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=crnojevi%C4%87+skadar+1477&pg=PA600","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Božić, Ivan (1979), Nemirno pomorje XV veka (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, p. 129, OCLC 5845972, archived from the original on 2023-03-13, retrieved 2020-12-12, ...После турско-млетачког рата који је имао за последицу и предају Скадра Турцима 1479, Млечани су се морали сложити са губицима и жртвовати савезника Ивана Црнојевића. Он није ни укључен у мир па је напустио Зету и склонио се у Италију.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SnkBAAAAMAAJ&q=1479","url_text":"Nemirno pomorje XV veka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5845972","url_text":"5845972"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171658/https://books.google.com/books?id=SnkBAAAAMAAJ&q=1479","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Rade Turov Plamenac; Jovan R. Bojović (1997). Memoari. CID. p. 566. ISBN 9788649500471. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2013. По смрти Султана Мехмеда мјесеца маја 1481. године Иван Црнојевић нападне Жабљак и преотме га Турској","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Turov_Plamenac","url_text":"Rade Turov Plamenac"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VfwyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Memoari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788649500471","url_text":"9788649500471"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171700/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfwyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Žarko Domljan; Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod \"Miroslav Krleža.\"; Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod \"Miroslav Krleža\". (1984). Likovna enciklopedija Jugoslavije. Zavod. p. 245. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Ivan Crnojević podigao dvorac, kasnije i crkvu zetske mitropolije... to su prvi datirani spomenici renesanse u Crnoj Gori","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tYufAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Likovna enciklopedija Jugoslavije"}]},{"reference":"Brana Vučković (1969). Crna Gora. Revija. p. 48. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5wnAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Crna Gora"}]},{"reference":"Rudolf Abraham (19 July 2012). The Mountains of Montenegro: A Walker's and Trekker's Guide. Cicerone Press Limited. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-1-84965-643-6. Retrieved 22 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iuM3FWgCqe0C&pg=PA236","url_text":"The Mountains of Montenegro: A Walker's and Trekker's Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-643-6","url_text":"978-1-84965-643-6"}]},{"reference":"Srejović, Dragoslav (1981), Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371) [History of Serbs, Book 1, From earliest times to Battle of Marica (1371)] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, OCLC 456125379","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoslav_Srejovi%C4%87","url_text":"Srejović, Dragoslav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456125379","url_text":"456125379"}]},{"reference":"Kovijanić, Risto (1963). Crnogorska plemena u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) [Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records (XIV–XVI century)]. Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gWctAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Srpske dinastije"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7549-921-3","url_text":"978-86-7549-921-3"}]},{"reference":"Erdeljan, Jovana (2021). Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions. De Gryuter. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9twEAAAQBAJ&dq=crnojevic+serb&pg=PA46","url_text":"Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Black","external_links_name":"\"Ivan the Black \| Serbian leader \| Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204844/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Black","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9swtfALoisC&pg=PA388","external_links_name":"Viator"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6aYtAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Vladari srpskih zemalja"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171657/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRXAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Brigade_(Continental_Army)	New Jersey Line	["1 New Jersey Line, 1776","2 New Jersey Line, 1777","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article's lead section may be too long. Please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article's body. (November 2020) American Revolutionary War Armed Forces United States Continental Army → Commander-in-Chief → Regional departments → Units (1775, 1776, 1777–1784) → Manual Continental Navy Continental Marines State forces → List of militia units → List of state navies → Maritime units Great Britain List of British units France List of French units Related topics List of battles Military leadership vte The New Jersey Line was a formation within the Continental Army in the American War of Independence. A "New Jersey Line" was the quota of numbered infantry regiments that the Congress of the Confederacy assigned to New Jersey at various times. New Jersey Line, 1776 The first two regiments were authorized by Congress on October 9, 1775. The Third New Jersey Regiment was authorized on January 1, 1776. Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These "dictatorial powers" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large. New Jersey Line, 1777 Forman's Additional Continental Regiment, under the command of Colonel David Forman, was authorized on September 16, 1776. Another unit, known formally as Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment, under the command of Colonel Oliver Spencer, was sometimes referred to as the Fifth New Jersey Regiment. Neither unit was ever allotted to the New Jersey Line although they contained a large proportion of troops from New Jersey. Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Forman of New Jersey, who accepted. Forman had formerly been a New Jersey militia leader. Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to Oliver Spencer of New Jersey, who accepted. In 1776, Spencer had also served in the New Jersey militia. Spencer's Regiment was unofficially designated the "5th New Jersey Regiment." One company was recruited in Pennsylvania, however. Patton's Additional Continental Regiment was also partially drawn from New Jersey. Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. Under the command of Brigadier General William Maxwell, it was also known as "Maxwell's brigade" or simply, the "Jersey Line." As with preceding military units from New Jersey, the regiments that comprised the New Jersey Line were often referred to as the "Jersey Blues." List of the regiments of the New Jersey Line: 1st New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Matthias Ogden 2nd New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Israel Shreve 3rd New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Elias Dayton 4th New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Ephraim Martin Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment, Colonel Oliver Spencer Forman's Additional Continental Regiment, Colonel David Forman See also Fort Billingsport List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War References ^ Wright, Continental Army, 323. Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1983. Available online. External links Bibliography of the Continental Army in New Jersey compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History vteThe Continental Army of the American Revolutionary WarDepartmentsUnitsBy State Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia By Year 1775 1776 1777–1784 Extra Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments Other units 1st Canadian 2nd Canadian Ottendorf's Corps Militia units that participated alongside Other Cavalry Units 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Armand's Pulaski's Artillery Regiments Knox's 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Events Conway Cabal Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Line Mutiny Pompton Mutiny Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Manual Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (1779) Related Board of War George Washington in the American Revolution vteThe New Jersey Line and Militia in the American Revolutionary WarNew Jersey Regular Units 1st New Jersey Regiment 2nd New Jersey Regiment 3rd New Jersey Regiment 4th New Jersey Regiment Continental Army units Forman's Additional Continental Regiment Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment Militia Burlington Militia Hunterdon Militia Middlesex Militia Monmouth Militia Somerset Militia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_War_of_Independence"}],"text":"The New Jersey Line was a formation within the Continental Army in the American War of Independence. A \"New Jersey Line\" was the quota of numbered infantry regiments that the Congress of the Confederacy assigned to New Jersey at various times.","title":"New Jersey Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"}],"text":"The first two regiments were authorized by Congress on October 9, 1775. The Third New Jersey Regiment was authorized on January 1, 1776.\nNot all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These \"dictatorial powers\" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.","title":"New Jersey Line, 1776"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forman's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forman%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"David Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Forman_(general)"},{"link_name":"Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"David Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Forman_(general)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Patton's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maxwell_(Continental_Army_general)"},{"link_name":"1st New Jersey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_New_Jersey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Matthias Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ogden"},{"link_name":"2nd New Jersey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Jersey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Israel Shreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Shreve"},{"link_name":"3rd New Jersey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_New_Jersey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Elias Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Dayton"},{"link_name":"4th New Jersey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_New_Jersey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Oliver Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Forman's Additional Continental Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forman%27s_Additional_Continental_Regiment"},{"link_name":"David Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Forman_(general)"}],"text":"Forman's Additional Continental Regiment, under the command of Colonel David Forman, was authorized on September 16, 1776. Another unit, known formally as Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment, under the command of Colonel Oliver Spencer, was sometimes referred to as the Fifth New Jersey Regiment. Neither unit was ever allotted to the New Jersey Line although they contained a large proportion of troops from New Jersey.Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Forman of New Jersey, who accepted. Forman had formerly been a New Jersey militia leader.Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to Oliver Spencer of New Jersey, who accepted. In 1776, Spencer had also served in the New Jersey militia. Spencer's Regiment was unofficially designated the \"5th New Jersey Regiment.\" One company was recruited in Pennsylvania, however.Patton's Additional Continental Regiment was also partially drawn from New Jersey.[1]Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service.Under the command of Brigadier General William Maxwell, it was also known as \"Maxwell's brigade\" or simply, the \"Jersey Line.\" As with preceding military units from New Jersey, the regiments that comprised the New Jersey Line were often referred to as the \"Jersey Blues.\"List of the regiments of the New Jersey Line:1st New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Matthias Ogden\n2nd New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Israel Shreve\n3rd New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Elias Dayton\n4th New Jersey Regiment, Colonel Ephraim Martin\nSpencer's Additional Continental Regiment, Colonel Oliver Spencer\nForman's Additional Continental Regiment, Colonel David Forman","title":"New Jersey Line, 1777"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/264px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Fort Billingsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Billingsport"},{"title":"List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"move details into the article's body"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/revwar/contarmy/ca-fm.htm","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/nj.htm","external_links_name":"Bibliography of the Continental Army in New Jersey"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdeshwara	Murdeshwar	["1 Etymology and Chronicles","2 Major attractions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 14°5′37.02″N 74°29′1.77″E / 14.0936167°N 74.4838250°E / 14.0936167; 74.4838250Tourist destination in Karnataka This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Murdeshwar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Karnataka, IndiaMurdeshwarTownStatue of Shiva at Murudeshwara Temple complexMurdeshwarLocation of Murdeshwar in KarnatakaShow map of KarnatakaMurdeshwarLocation of Murdeshwar in IndiaShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 14°5′37.02″N 74°29′1.77″E / 14.0936167°N 74.4838250°E / 14.0936167; 74.4838250Country IndiaStateKarnatakaDistrictUttara KannadaTalukBhatkalLanguages • OfficialKannadaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN581 350Telephone code08385 Murdeshwar (Murudeshwara - ಮುರುಡೇಶ್ವರ) is a town in Uttara Kannada district in the state of Karnataka, India, It is famous for the world's third tallest Shiva statue, the town lies on the coast of the Laccadive Sea and is also famous for the Murudeshwara Temple. The town has a railway station on the Mangalore–Mumbai Konkan railway route. Etymology and Chronicles This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The origin of the name "Murdeshwar" dates to the time of Ramayana. The Hindu gods attained immortality and invincibility by worshiping a divine Linga called the Atma-Linga. The Lanka King Ravana wanted to attain immortality by obtaining the Atma-Linga (Soul of Shiva). Since the Atma-Linga belonged to Shiva, Ravana worshipped Shiva with devotion. Pleased by his prayers, Shiva appeared before him and asked him what he wanted. Ravana asked for the Atma-Linga. Shiva agreed to give him the boon on the condition that it should never be placed on the ground before he reaches Lanka. If the Atma-Linga was ever placed on the ground, it would be impossible to move it. Having obtained his boon, Ravana started back on his journey to Lanka. Lord Vishnu, who learned of this incident, realised that with the Atma-Linga, Ravana may obtain immortality and wreak havoc on Earth. He approached Ganesha and requested him to prevent the Atma-Linga from reaching Lanka. Ganesha knew that Ravana was a very devoted person who performed prayer rituals every evening without fail. He decided to make use of this fact and came up with a plan to confiscate the Atma-Linga from Ravana. As Ravana was nearing Gokarna, Vishnu blotted out the sun to give the appearance of dusk. Ravana now had to perform his evening rituals but was worried because, with the Atma-Linga in his hands, he would not be able to do his rituals. At this time, Ganesha in the disguise of a Brahmin boy accosted him. Ravana requested him to hold the Atma-Linga until he performed his rituals, and asked him not to place it on the ground. Ganesha struck a deal with him saying that he would call Ravana thrice, and if Ravana did not return within that time, he would place the Atma-Linga on the ground. Ravana returned to find that Ganesha had already placed the Atma-Linga on the ground. Vishnu then removed his illusion and it was daylight again. Ravana, realising that he had been tricked, tried to uproot and destroy the linga. Due to the force exerted by Ravana, some pieces were scattered. One such piece from the head of the linga is said to have fallen in present-day Surathkal. The famous Sadashiva temple is said to be built around that piece of linga. Then he decided to destroy the covering of the Atma-Linga, and threw the case covering it to a place called Sajjeshwar, 37 kilometers away. Then he threw the lid of the case to a place called Guneshwar (now Gunavanthe) and Dhareshwar, 16-19 kilometers away. Finally, he threw the cloth covering the Atma-Linga to a place called Mrideshwar in Kanduka-Giri (Kanduka Hill). Mrideshwar has been renamed to Murdeshwar. Major attractions The 20-storied Gopura at the Murudeshwara temple. Two life-size elephants in concrete stand guard at the steps leading to it.Murudeshwara Temple was built on the Kanduka Hill which is surrounded on three sides by the waters of the Laccadive Sea. It is dedicated to lord shiva, and a 20-storied Raja Gopura was constructed at the temple in 2008. The temple authorities have installed a lift that provides a view of the 123-feet Sri Shiva idol from the top of the Raja Gopura. There is also a Rameshwara linga at the bottom of the hill, where devotees can do seva themselves. A Shaneswar temple has been built next to the idol of Sri Akshayaguna. Two life-size elephants in concrete stand guard at the steps leading to it. The entire temple and temple complex, including the 209-feet-tall Raja Gopura, is one of the tallest. There are statues of Sun Chariot on the side of a park, a pool, statues depicting Arjuna receiving Geetopadesham from Lord Krishna, Ravana being deceived by Ganesha in disguise, Shiva's manifestation as Bhagirath, descending Ganga, carved around the hill. The temple is entirely modernised with the exception of the sanctum sanctorum which is still dark and retains its composure. The main deity is Sri Mridesa Linga, also called Murudeshwara. The linga is believed to be a piece of the original Atma Linga and is about two feet below ground level. The devotees performing special sevas like Abhisheka, Rudrabhisheka, Rathotsava, etc., can view the deity by standing before the threshold of the sanctum, and the Linga is illuminated by oil lamps held close by the priests. The Linga is essentially a rough rock inside a hollowed spot in the ground. Entry into the sanctum is banned for all devotees. A huge towering statue of Shiva, visible from great distances, is present in the temple complex. It is the third tallest statue of Shiva in the world after Statue of Belief and Kailashnath Mahadev Statue. The statue is 123 feet (37 m) in height and took about two years to build. The statue was built by Shivamogga's Kashinath and several other sculptors, financed by businessman and philanthropist R. N. Shetty, at a cost of approximately ₹50 million. The idol is designed such that it gets the sunlight directly and thus appears sparkling. Lord Shiva the tallest statue at Murudeswar Tower of Murudeswar Murudeshwar temple from beach Murudeshwara full view Shiva statue at Murudeshwara Statue of Shiva Shiva statue Statue of Nandi at Murudeshwara Temple Gopura of Murudeshwara Temple Shikhara of Murudeshwara Temple Murudeshwara beach with boats and jet skis Panoramic view of Murudeshwara Shiva See also Sirsi Sirsi Marikamba Temple Yana, India Apsarakonda Chitrapur Math Gokarna Idagunji Maravanthe References ^ Madur. "Murdeshwar - Raja Gopura - Fort - Shiva Temple". Karnataka.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Murudeshwar. Links to related articles vteUttara KannadaTaluks Ankola Bhatkal Haliyal Honnavar Joida Karwar Kumta Mundgod Siddapur Sirsi Yellapur Tourist places Gokarna Yana Banavasi Idagunji Murdeshwar Dandeli Netrani Island Sonda Jog Falls Magod Falls Sathodi Falls Unchalli Falls See also Project Seabird Supa Dam Kali River Sharavati River Western Ghats Kannada Konkani Nawayathi vteHydrography of KarnatakaRivers Amarja Arkavathi Bhadra Bhima Chakra Chitravathi Chulki Nala Dandavati Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Karanja Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Kumudvathi Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira Markandeya Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna (Uttara Pinakini) Ponnaiyar (Dakshina Pinakini) Shambhavi Sharavati Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyala Maduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Lake, Bangalore Hebbal Lake, Mysore Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Malpe Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagara Bhadra Dam Gorur Harangi Kabini Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagouda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Vani Vilasa Sagara vteHoly temples of coastal Karnataka Udupi Mookambika Sringeri Dharmasthala Temple Kukke Subramanya Nellitheertha Kollur Kateel Kumbashi Gokarna Murdeshwar Padutirupathi Kodlamane Shree Vishnumurthy Temple vteHindu temples in Karnataka Amrutesvara Temple, Amruthapura Ananthasayana temple Anekere Annapoorneshwari Temple Annigeri Antara Gange Avani, Kolar Badami Cave Temples Balligavi Banashankari Amma Temple Banashankari Temple, Amargol Banavasi Bankapura Begur, Bangalore Brahmeshvara Temple, Kikkeri Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala Bhoganidishvara, Chikkaballapur district Bhutanatha group Chamundeshwari Temple Chamundeswari Temple Chandramouleshwara Temple Chaudayyadanapura Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple Chennakeshava Temple, Belur Chennakeshava Temple, Aralaguppe Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura Chitrapur Math Chowdeshwari Temple Devarayana Durga Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Dharmasthala Temple Dodda Ganeshana Gudi Doddabasappa Temple Dambal Durga temple, Aihole Gadag-Betigeri Kalakaleshwara Temple Gajendragad Galaganatha Gaurishvara Temple, Yelandur Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple Godachi Gokarnanatheshwara Temple Halasi Halasuru Someshwara Temple Hangal Harihareshwara Temple Panchalingewara Temple Hooli Hoysaleswara Temple Hulimavu cave Temple Ganesha Temple, Idagunji Ikkeri Ishvara Temple, Arasikere Itagi Bhimambika Kadri Manjunath Temple Kaitabheshvara Temple, Kubatur Kalasa Kalghatgi Kalikamba Temple Kalleshvara Temple, Ambali Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe Kalleshvara Temple, Bagali Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali Kamala Narayana Temple Belagavi Kanakagiri Karighatta temple Karikanamma Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi Kedareswara temple, Halebidu Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi Keladi Keshava Temple Kodlamane Shree Vishnumurthy Temple Kodandarama Temple Koodli Kote Venkataramana Temple Kotilingeshwara Krauncha Giri Kudalasangama Kudroli Bhagavathi Kukke Subramanya Temple Kuknur Kumara Swamy Devasthana, Bangalore Kundgol Kurudumale Kuruvathi Basaveshwara temple Lad Khan Temple Lakkundi Lakshmeshwar Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Bhadravati Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna Maha Ganapathi Mahammaya Temple Mahadeva Temple, Itagi Mahakuta group of temples Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu Mallikarjuna Temple, Kuruvatti Mandarthi Mangaladevi Temple Maranakatte Mariyamma Temple Melukote Mookambika Temple, Kollur Mudukuthore Mundkur Sri Durgaparameshwari Temple Murudeshwara Mylara Lingeshwara Temple Nandi Temple Nagamangala Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale Navalinga Temple Narasimha Jhira Cave Temple, Bidar Nellitheertha Cave Temple Padutirupathi Panchalingeshwara temple, Govindanahalli Pattadakal Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple Rameshvara Temple, Narasamangala Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bangalore Sadasiva Temple Saundatti Sharana Basaveshwara Temple Shree Vishnumurthy Temple Shri Vinayaka Shankaranarayana Durgamba Temple Sringeri Sringeri Sharadamba Temple Siddhesvara Temple Haveri Srikanteshwara Temple, Nanjangud Sirsangi Kalika Temple Kolar Someshwara Temple Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna Sri Vinayaka Temple, Guddattu Sudi Talagunda Talakad Tamboor Temples in Tulunadu Temples of North Karnataka Thirunarayanapuram Timmalapura Trikuteshwara Temple Gadag Tripurantaka Temple Turuvekere Udupi Sri Krishna Matha Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi Vijayanarayana Temple, Gundlupet Virupaksha Temple Western Chalukya temples Yediyur Siddhalingeshwara Swamy Temple Yelluru Shri Vishweshwara Temple	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uttara Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Laccadive Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Konkan railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_railway"}],"text":"Tourist destination in KarnatakaTown in Karnataka, IndiaMurdeshwar (Murudeshwara - ಮುರುಡೇಶ್ವರ) is a town in Uttara Kannada district in the state of Karnataka, India, It is famous for the world's third tallest Shiva statue, the town lies on the coast of the Laccadive Sea and is also famous for the Murudeshwara Temple. The town has a railway station on the Mangalore–Mumbai Konkan railway route.","title":"Murdeshwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Linga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga"},{"link_name":"Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanka"},{"link_name":"Ravana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravana"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Lord Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Surathkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surathkal"}],"text":"The origin of the name \"Murdeshwar\" dates to the time of Ramayana. The Hindu gods attained immortality and invincibility by worshiping a divine Linga called the Atma-Linga. The Lanka King Ravana wanted to attain immortality by obtaining the Atma-Linga (Soul of Shiva). Since the Atma-Linga belonged to Shiva, Ravana worshipped Shiva with devotion. Pleased by his prayers, Shiva appeared before him and asked him what he wanted. Ravana asked for the Atma-Linga. Shiva agreed to give him the boon on the condition that it should never be placed on the ground before he reaches Lanka. If the Atma-Linga was ever placed on the ground, it would be impossible to move it. Having obtained his boon, Ravana started back on his journey to Lanka.Lord Vishnu, who learned of this incident, realised that with the Atma-Linga, Ravana may obtain immortality and wreak havoc on Earth. He approached Ganesha and requested him to prevent the Atma-Linga from reaching Lanka. Ganesha knew that Ravana was a very devoted person who performed prayer rituals every evening without fail. He decided to make use of this fact and came up with a plan to confiscate the Atma-Linga from Ravana.As Ravana was nearing Gokarna, Vishnu blotted out the sun to give the appearance of dusk. Ravana now had to perform his evening rituals but was worried because, with the Atma-Linga in his hands, he would not be able to do his rituals. At this time, Ganesha in the disguise of a Brahmin boy accosted him. Ravana requested him to hold the Atma-Linga until he performed his rituals, and asked him not to place it on the ground. Ganesha struck a deal with him saying that he would call Ravana thrice, and if Ravana did not return within that time, he would place the Atma-Linga on the ground.Ravana returned to find that Ganesha had already placed the Atma-Linga on the ground. Vishnu then removed his illusion and it was daylight again. Ravana, realising that he had been tricked, tried to uproot and destroy the linga. Due to the force exerted by Ravana, some pieces were scattered. One such piece from the head of the linga is said to have fallen in present-day Surathkal. The famous Sadashiva temple is said to be built around that piece of linga. Then he decided to destroy the covering of the Atma-Linga, and threw the case covering it to a place called Sajjeshwar, 37 kilometers away. Then he threw the lid of the case to a place called Guneshwar (now Gunavanthe) and Dhareshwar, 16-19 kilometers away. Finally, he threw the cloth covering the Atma-Linga to a place called Mrideshwar in Kanduka-Giri (Kanduka Hill). Mrideshwar has been renamed to Murdeshwar.","title":"Etymology and Chronicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwara_raja_gopura_HDR,_Jul_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gopura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopura"},{"link_name":"Laccadive Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Sea"},{"link_name":"lord shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Gopura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopura"},{"link_name":"seva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sev%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Sri Akshayaguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Geetopadesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavadgita"},{"link_name":"Lord Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Statue of Belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Belief"},{"link_name":"Kailashnath Mahadev Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailashnath_Mahadev_Statue"},{"link_name":"Shivamogga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivamogga"},{"link_name":"R. N. Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._N._Shetty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Shiva_the_tallest_statue_@_Murudeswar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_Murudeswar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwar_temple_from_beach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwar_Full_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Shiva_statue_at_Murudeshwara.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwar_shiva.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwar_Temple_Shiva.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Nandi_at_Murudeshwar_Temple.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murdeshwar_temple_gopuram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gopura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeshwara_Temple.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shikhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikhara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karwar_Pictures_-_Yogesa_08.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeswar_Shiva_Panoramic_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murudeswar_Shiva_Panoramic_view.jpg"}],"text":"The 20-storied Gopura at the Murudeshwara temple. Two life-size elephants in concrete stand guard at the steps leading to it.Murudeshwara Temple was built on the Kanduka Hill which is surrounded on three sides by the waters of the Laccadive Sea. It is dedicated to lord shiva, and a 20-storied Raja Gopura was constructed at the temple in 2008. The temple authorities have installed a lift that provides a view of the 123-feet Sri Shiva idol from the top of the Raja Gopura. There is also a Rameshwara linga at the bottom of the hill, where devotees can do seva themselves. A Shaneswar temple has been built next to the idol of Sri Akshayaguna. Two life-size elephants in concrete stand guard at the steps leading to it. The entire temple and temple complex, including the 209-feet-tall Raja Gopura, is one of the tallest.There are statues of Sun Chariot on the side of a park, a pool, statues depicting Arjuna receiving Geetopadesham from Lord Krishna, Ravana being deceived by Ganesha in disguise, Shiva's manifestation as Bhagirath, descending Ganga, carved around the hill.The temple is entirely modernised with the exception of the sanctum sanctorum which is still dark and retains its composure. The main deity is Sri Mridesa Linga, also called Murudeshwara. The linga is believed to be a piece of the original Atma Linga and is about two feet below ground level. The devotees performing special sevas like Abhisheka, Rudrabhisheka, Rathotsava, etc., can view the deity by standing before the threshold of the sanctum, and the Linga is illuminated by oil lamps held close by the priests. The Linga is essentially a rough rock inside a hollowed spot in the ground. Entry into the sanctum is banned for all devotees.A huge towering statue of Shiva, visible from great distances, is present in the temple complex. It is the third tallest statue of Shiva in the world after Statue of Belief and Kailashnath Mahadev Statue. The statue is 123 feet (37 m) in height and took about two years to build. The statue was built by Shivamogga's Kashinath and several other sculptors, financed by businessman and philanthropist R. N. Shetty, at a cost of approximately ₹50 million. The idol is designed such that it gets the sunlight directly and thus appears sparkling.[1][non-primary source needed]Lord Shiva the tallest statue at Murudeswar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTower of Murudeswar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMurudeshwar temple from beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMurudeshwara full view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShiva statue at Murudeshwara\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Shiva\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShiva statue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Nandi at Murudeshwara Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGopura of Murudeshwara Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShikhara of Murudeshwara Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMurudeshwara beach with boats and jet skisPanoramic view of Murudeshwara Shiva","title":"Major attractions"}]	[{"image_text":"The 20-storied Gopura at the Murudeshwara temple. Two life-size elephants in concrete stand guard at the steps leading to it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Murudeshwara_raja_gopura_HDR%2C_Jul_2012.jpg/220px-Murudeshwara_raja_gopura_HDR%2C_Jul_2012.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Sirsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsi,_Karnataka"},{"title":"Sirsi Marikamba Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsi_Marikamba_Temple"},{"title":"Yana, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana,_India"},{"title":"Apsarakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsarakonda"},{"title":"Chitrapur Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrapur_Math"},{"title":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka"},{"title":"Idagunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idagunji"},{"title":"Maravanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravanthe"}]	[{"reference":"Madur. \"Murdeshwar - Raja Gopura - Fort - Shiva Temple\". Karnataka.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/murdeshwar/","url_text":"\"Murdeshwar - Raja Gopura - Fort - Shiva Temple\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murdeshwar&params=14_5_37.02_N_74_29_1.77_E_type:city_region:IN-KA","external_links_name":"14°5′37.02″N 74°29′1.77″E / 14.0936167°N 74.4838250°E / 14.0936167; 74.4838250"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Murdeshwar%22","external_links_name":"\"Murdeshwar\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Murdeshwar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Murdeshwar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Murdeshwar%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Murdeshwar%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Murdeshwar%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murdeshwar&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murdeshwar&params=14_5_37.02_N_74_29_1.77_E_type:city_region:IN-KA","external_links_name":"14°5′37.02″N 74°29′1.77″E / 14.0936167°N 74.4838250°E / 14.0936167; 74.4838250"},{"Link":"http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/murdeshwar/","external_links_name":"\"Murdeshwar - Raja Gopura - Fort - Shiva Temple\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppayur	Meppayur	["1 Villages and desoms","2 Demographics","3 Politics","4 Location","5 Educational institutions","6 Colleges and post-matriculation institutions","7 Places of Interest","8 Nearest towns","9 Transportation","10 References"]	Coordinates: 11°31′0″N 75°42′0″E / 11.51667°N 75.70000°E / 11.51667; 75.70000This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Meppayur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Census town in Kerala, IndiaMeppayurCensus townNickname(s): Venkapparapoyil, PoyilMeppayurMeppayur, Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaMeppayurMeppayur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 11°31′0″N 75°42′0″E / 11.51667°N 75.70000°E / 11.51667; 75.70000Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictKozhikodeGovernment • BodyGrama PanchayatArea • Total23.41 km2 (9.04 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total26,747 • Density1,100/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN673 524Vehicle registrationKL-77 Meppayur is a town in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, South India. Villages and desoms There are two villages, Meppayur and Kozhukkallur. Meppayur Panchayath was formed in 1963. Desams include Meppayur, Keezhpayur, Changaravelly, Kayalad, Narakkode, Nidumpoyil, Chavatta, Kozhukkallur, and Vilayattur Demographics As of the 2011 India census Meppayur panchayath had a population of 1111112914 males and 13833 females, for a total of 26747, in 5531 households. Politics Meppayur is one of the noted cultural and political areas in Malabar. Earlier, Meppayur assembly constituency was part of Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency). At the time of delimitation Meppayur LAC, was renamed as Kuttiady LAC. Mepapyur and Cheruvannur panchayaths were added to Perambra LAC. Location Meppayur area is situated between iraq (Kuttiadippuzha) and Nelliadipuzha. Meppayur town is about 11 km away from NH 66 and 12 km away from Koyilandy Railway station. Educational institutions Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary School, Meppayur Vilayatoor Elampiladu Mappila U.P. School Meppayur ALP School Darul Huda English medium School-Manhakulam (Unaided) Keezhpayur AUP School, Keezhpayur, Meppayur Kizhppayur West L.P School, Kizhppayur Govt. LP School Vilayattoor K.G.M.S U.P SCHOOL KOZHUKKALLUR VELP SCHOOL, Manhakulam Location Colleges and post-matriculation institutions Salafi Educational Institutions-Headquarters Salafi TTI Salafi Private ITI (ITC) Salafi Arabic College Udaya College (Open Edn, Tuition Centre) Viswabharathi College (Tuition Centre) sirajul huda manjakkulam majmau meppayyoor Places of Interest Bus Stand (Private Bus Station) Public Health Centre, Meppayur (Govt. Hospital) Relief Clinic (Dr.Muhammad) Meppayur Police Station State Bank of India, Meppayur Post Office, Meppayur Federal Bank, Meppayur KDC Bank, Meppayur (co-operative) KSEB Section Office BSNL Office Nearest temple: Mangattummel Sree Paradevada (in town) Temple: Kalaangot Sree Kurumba Bhagavathy Mandapam Kshetram, Kalaangot Tharawad. Temple: Meppayur Sree Durga Bhagavathy Kshethram (Formerly known as Sree Pishariyakal Durga Kshethram) Temple: Sree Puthiyedath Paradevatha Kshethram Temple: Sree Edathil Paradevatha Temple (archeological possibilities) Temple: Koonam Velli kavue Sree Paradevada Temple Temple: Sree Thiruvangayoor Sivaksethram Temple: Sree Kozhukkallur Sivaksethram Temple: Sreekandamanasala Temple Temple: Sree Ravattamangalam Mahavishnuksethram Temple: Ambalakulangara Kariyathan Temple vilayattoor Moottaparamb), 4 km Temple: Sree Kupperikavu Temple(4 km) Temple: Sree Edakkayil Temple Temple: Thevarkandi Mahavishnu Temple Manjakkulam Narakkode, 3 km Temple: Sree Kunippoyil Maha Vishnu Temple, Vilayattoor Nearest Masjid: Meppayur Town Juma Masjid Important places Manjakkulam industrial area Microwave Repeating Station 110 KV Sub Station Meppayur Petrol bunks: Manjakulam (1.5 km away from town); Near old post office/Wood Mill (east side of the town) ATMs : SBI, Federal Bank, KGB, all in the west side of the town (near post office & Govt. Hospital) Canara Bank ATM at nelliady road, KDC Bank ATM at perambra road. Nearest towns Perambra (8 km) Payyoli (11 km) Koyilandy (12 km) Kuttiady (20 km) Kozhikode (38 km)- City Transportation Meppayur village connects to other parts of India through Koyilandy town. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Koyilandy. The national highway No.66 passes through Koyilandy and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore. References ^ "Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies" (PDF). Kerala. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ www.salafiedu.org ^ "ശ്രീകണ്ഠമനശാലാക്ഷേത്രം". Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. vteCities and towns in Kozhikode districtKozhikode Atholi Beypore Balussery Calicut Chorode Edacheri Chathamangalam Chathangottunada Cheruvannur Elathur Eramala Feroke Karaparamba Kadalundi Kappad Karuvanthuruthy Koduvally Kunnamangalam Kuttiyadi Maniyur Mavoor Meppayur Mukkam Nadapuram Njeliyanparambu Olavanna Orkkatteri Pantheeramkavu Payyoli Perambra Purameri Quilandy Ramanattukara Thamarassery Thiruvambadi Vatakara Villiappally	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kozhikode district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"Census town in Kerala, IndiaMeppayur is a town in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, South India.","title":"Meppayur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"what language is this?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Which_lang"}],"text":"There are two villages, Meppayur and Kozhukkallur. Meppayur Panchayath was formed in 1963.Desams[what language is this?] include Meppayur, Keezhpayur, Changaravelly, Kayalad, Narakkode, Nidumpoyil, Chavatta, Kozhukkallur, and Vilayattur","title":"Villages and desoms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of the 2011 India census Meppayur panchayath had a population of 1111112914 males and 13833 females, for a total of 26747, in 5531 households.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatakara_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Meppayur is one of the noted cultural and political areas in Malabar. Earlier, Meppayur assembly constituency was part of Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency). At the time of delimitation Meppayur LAC, was renamed as Kuttiady LAC. Mepapyur and Cheruvannur panchayaths were added to Perambra LAC.\n[1]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Meppayur area is situated between iraq (Kuttiadippuzha) and Nelliadipuzha. Meppayur town is about 11 km away from NH 66 and 12 km away from Koyilandy Railway station.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/maps/place/VELP+School+Manjakkulam/@11.526553,75.6972852,62m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x3ba68805e77d5cd5:0x980f4c35e7649eb8!2sManhakulam,+Kerala!3b1!8m2!3d11.5247806!4d75.7045742!16s%2Fg%2F11b7q5vv_2!3m5!1s0x3ba6880969989bc3:0xb"}],"text":"Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary School, Meppayur\nVilayatoor Elampiladu Mappila U.P. School\nMeppayur ALP School\nDarul Huda English medium School-Manhakulam (Unaided)\nKeezhpayur AUP School, Keezhpayur, Meppayur\nKizhppayur West L.P School, Kizhppayur\nGovt. LP School Vilayattoor\nK.G.M.S U.P SCHOOL KOZHUKKALLUR\nVELP SCHOOL, Manhakulam Location","title":"Educational institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Salafi Educational Institutions-Headquarters[2]\nSalafi TTI\nSalafi Private ITI (ITC)\nSalafi Arabic College\nUdaya College (Open Edn, Tuition Centre)\nViswabharathi College (Tuition Centre)\nsirajul huda manjakkulam\nmajmau meppayyoor","title":"Colleges and post-matriculation institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bus Stand (Private Bus Station)\nPublic Health Centre, Meppayur (Govt. Hospital)\nRelief Clinic (Dr.Muhammad)\nMeppayur Police Station\nState Bank of India, Meppayur\nPost Office, Meppayur\nFederal Bank, Meppayur\nKDC Bank, Meppayur (co-operative)\nKSEB Section Office\nBSNL Office\nNearest temple: Mangattummel Sree Paradevada (in town)\nTemple: Kalaangot Sree Kurumba Bhagavathy Mandapam Kshetram, Kalaangot Tharawad.\nTemple: Meppayur Sree Durga Bhagavathy Kshethram (Formerly known as Sree Pishariyakal Durga Kshethram)\nTemple: Sree Puthiyedath Paradevatha Kshethram\nTemple: Sree Edathil Paradevatha Temple (archeological possibilities)\nTemple: Koonam Velli kavue Sree Paradevada Temple\nTemple: Sree Thiruvangayoor Sivaksethram\nTemple: Sree Kozhukkallur Sivaksethram\nTemple: Sreekandamanasala Temple[3]\nTemple: Sree Ravattamangalam Mahavishnuksethram\nTemple: Ambalakulangara Kariyathan Temple vilayattoor Moottaparamb), 4 km\nTemple: Sree Kupperikavu Temple(4 km)\nTemple: Sree Edakkayil Temple\nTemple: Thevarkandi Mahavishnu Temple Manjakkulam Narakkode, 3 km\nTemple: Sree Kunippoyil Maha Vishnu Temple, Vilayattoor\nNearest Masjid: Meppayur Town Juma MasjidImportant placesManjakkulam industrial area\nMicrowave Repeating Station\n110 KV Sub Station Meppayur\nPetrol bunks: Manjakulam (1.5 km away from town); Near old post office/Wood Mill (east side of the town)\nATMs : SBI, Federal Bank, KGB, all in the west side of the town (near post office & Govt. Hospital) Canara Bank ATM at nelliady road, KDC Bank ATM at perambra road.","title":"Places of Interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Perambra (8 km)\nPayyoli (11 km)\nKoyilandy (12 km)\nKuttiady (20 km)\nKozhikode (38 km)- City","title":"Nearest towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koyilandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyilandy"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode_Airport"},{"link_name":"Koyilandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyilandy"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"},{"link_name":"Trivandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum"},{"link_name":"Kuttiady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttiady"},{"link_name":"Mananthavady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananthavady"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"}],"text":"Meppayur village connects to other parts of India through Koyilandy town. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Koyilandy. The national highway No.66 passes through Koyilandy and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore.","title":"Transportation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies\" (PDF). Kerala. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies\""},{"url":"http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ശ്രീകണ്ഠമനശാലാക്ഷേത്രം\". Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220318071042/https://sreekandambika.com/","url_text":"\"ശ്രീകണ്ഠമനശാലാക്ഷേത്രം\""},{"url":"http://www.sreekandambika.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meppayur&params=11_31_0_N_75_42_0_E_type:city(26747)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°31′0″N 75°42′0″E / 11.51667°N 75.70000°E / 11.51667; 75.70000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Meppayur%22","external_links_name":"\"Meppayur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Meppayur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Meppayur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Meppayur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Meppayur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Meppayur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meppayur&params=11_31_0_N_75_42_0_E_type:city(26747)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°31′0″N 75°42′0″E / 11.51667°N 75.70000°E / 11.51667; 75.70000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/VELP+School+Manjakkulam/@11.526553,75.6972852,62m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x3ba68805e77d5cd5:0x980f4c35e7649eb8!2sManhakulam,+Kerala!3b1!8m2!3d11.5247806!4d75.7045742!16s%2Fg%2F11b7q5vv_2!3m5!1s0x3ba6880969989bc3:0xb","external_links_name":"Location"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies\""},{"Link":"http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.salafiedu.org/","external_links_name":"www.salafiedu.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220318071042/https://sreekandambika.com/","external_links_name":"\"ശ്രീകണ്ഠമനശാലാക്ഷേത്രം\""},{"Link":"http://www.sreekandambika.com/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Horne_(bishop)	George Horne (bishop)	["1 Early years","2 Academic career","3 Ecclesiastical career","4 Intellectual influences","5 Writings","6 Family","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]	English academic, churchman and writer (1730–1792) The Right ReverendGeorge HorneBishop of NorwichDioceseDiocese of NorwichIn office1790–1792PredecessorLewis BagotSuccessorCharles Manners-SuttonOther post(s)Dean of Canterbury (1781–1790)Personal detailsBorn(1730-11-01)1 November 1730Otham, KentDied17 January 1792(1792-01-17) (aged 61)Bath, SomersetBuriedEltham ChurchNationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanEducationMaidstone Grammar SchoolAlma materUniversity College, Oxford George Horne (1 November 1730 – 17 January 1792) was an English churchman, academic, writer, and university administrator. Early years Horne was born at Otham near Maidstone, in Kent, the eldest surviving son of the Reverend Samuel Horne (1693-1768), rector of the parish, and his wife Anne (1697-1787), youngest daughter of Bowyer Hendley. He attended Maidstone Grammar School alongside his cousin and lifelong friend William Stevens, son of his father's sister Margaret, and from there went in 1746 to University College, Oxford (BA 1749; MA 1752; DD 1764). Three contemporaries at the college were also friends for life: Charles Jenkinson later first Earl of Liverpool, William Jones of Nayland. and John Moore, later Archbishop of Canterbury. His two younger brothers were also Oxford graduates and clergymen, Samuel Horne (1733 – about 1772) becoming an Oxford academic while William Horne (1740 – 1821) succeeded their father as rector of Otham. Academic career In 1749 Horne became a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, of which college he was elected President on 27 January 1768. As an influential college head, he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1776 until 1780. At the university, he fought against any relaxation of the law that required entrants to subscribe to the beliefs of the Church of England. Ecclesiastical career Ordained priest in 1753, from 1760 to 1764 he was curate of the Oxfordshire village of Horspath. Thereafter his religious duties were performed at Magdalen until 1771, when the prime minister Lord North appointed him to the Royal Household as chaplain in ordinary to King George III, a position he held until 1781. In that year, he was appointed Dean of Canterbury, combining the post with the presidency of Magdalen. An energetic dean, he promoted Sunday schools to inform the young and delivered influential sermons against Unitarianism. He was also an active supporter of the Naval and Military Bible Society, now the Naval Military & Air Force Bible Society, founded in 1779 to supply Christian literature to the armed services and seafarers. In 1790, by then in ill health from which he never recovered, with some reluctance he accepted the bishopric of Norwich, resigning from Canterbury and, the next year, from Magdalen. Unable to accomplish much in his diocese or in the House of Lords, one achievement was to support the bishops of the Episcopalian Church of Scotland who in 1789 came to London to petition Parliament for relief from their legal disadvantages. In what became his final circular to his diocesan clergy, as the French Revolution challenged most of the values for which he stood, he remained adamant that 'true religion and true learning were never yet at variance'. Intellectual influences Through his preaching, journalism, correspondence and authorship of numerous works (some at the time anonymous), Horne actively defended the high church tendency in Anglicanism against Calvinism, the Church of England against other denominations, and Trinitarian Christianity against other beliefs. He had a reputation as a preacher, and his sermons were frequently reprinted. In his polemical pieces, some appearing in newspapers under the name of Nathaniel Freebody (a cousin who had died), he was influenced by the work of Charles Leslie Having early adopted some of the views of John Hutchinson, he wrote in his defence, though disagreeing with Hutchinson's fanciful interpretations of Hebrew etymology. He also fell under the imputation of Methodism, but protested from the university pulpit against those who took their theology from George Whitefield and John Wesley rather than major Anglican divines. Nevertheless, he disapproved of the expulsion of six Methodist students from St Edmund Hall, Oxford, a high-profile event of 1768 in Oxford; and later, when bishop, thought Wesley should not be forbidden to preach in his diocese. Though impressed by the earlier writings of William Law, he later complained that he saw him 'falling from the heaven of Christianity into the sink and complication of Paganism, Quakerism, and Socinianism, mixed up with chemistry and astrology by a possessed cobbler.' In this 'sink', he included the views of Emanuel Swedenborg and Jacob Boehme. Despite criticising the plan of Benjamin Kennicott and some of his colleagues to collate a new text of the Hebrew Bible from manuscripts, in order to prepare for a new translation into English, the two became friends. He was also friendly with Samuel Johnson who with James Boswell came to tea at Magdalen, where they discussed producing a new edition of the Lives by Izaak Walton, and Boswell later wrote warmly of Horne's character and abilities. Though he enjoyed reading Edward Gibbon and admired his scholarship, he recorded his distaste for Gibbon's continual belittling of the Jewish and Christian tradition. His lifelong emphasis on revealed religion rather than natural religion and his acceptance of what would become high church beliefs formed an important link between the nonjurors of the seventeenth century and the Oxford Movement of the nineteenth. Writings Among his publications were: The Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis 1751, a satirical pamphlet. (With William Jones) A full answer to the Essay on Spirit by Bishop R. Clayton, with a particular explanation of the Hermetic, Pythagorean, and Platonic Trinities, 1752. Against the views of Robert Clayton. A Fair, Candid, and Impartial Statement of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson (anon.) 1753. An Apology for certain Gentlemen in the University of Oxford, aspersed in a late anonymous pamphlet 1756. The anonymous pamphlet was called 'A Word to the Hutchinsonians'. Cautions to the Readers of Mr. Law, and, with very few varieties, to the Readers of Baron Swedenborg 1758, to which was added A Letter to a Lady on the subject of Jacob Behmen's Writings. A View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of Correcting the Hebrew Text 1760. Considerations on the Life and Death of St. John the Baptist 1769, an expansion of a sermon preached by him on St. John the Baptist's day 1755, from the open-air pulpit in the quadrangle of Magdalen College. Commentary on the Psalms, 1771. His best known work, the 'Commentary' is partly exegetical and partly devotional, proceeding on the principle that most of the Psalms are more or less Messianic, and cannot be properly understood except in those terms. Richard Mant transferred Horne's preface almost verbatim to his annotated Book of Common Prayer. Hannah More, another of Horne's friends, admired it. A Letter to Dr. Adam Smith (anon), 1777. An attack on Adam Smith's life of David Hume, attempting to refute Hume's contempt for Christian belief. Letters on Infidelity 1784, addressed to his cousin William Stevens. In addition to his bête noire David Hume, these attacked other Enlightenment rationalists such as Voltaire and d'Alembert. A Key to the Book of Psalms (1785) He intended writing a ‘'Defence of the Divinity of Christ'’ against Joseph Priestley, but did not live to do that. Horne's collected Works were published with a Memoir by William Jones in 1799. Family On 22 June 1768, he married Felicia Elizabetha (1741–1821), only child of lawyer and legal author Philip Burton and his wife Felicia, daughter of Ralph Whitfield. They had three daughters: Felicia Elizabetha (1770–1829) who in 1791 married the Reverend Robert Hele Selby Hele; Maria (1773–1852) unmarried; and Sarah (1775–1853), a pupil of Hannah More, who in 1796 married the Reverend Humphrey Aram Hole. Aged 62, he died at Bath, Somerset on 17 January 1792 and was interred in his father-in-law's vault at Eltham. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Aston, Nigel (2004). "Horne, George (1730–1792)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 December 2009. ^ Salter, Herbert E; Lobel, Mary D, eds. (1954). "Magdalen College". A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 3: The University of Oxford. Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 193–207. Retrieved 17 July 2011. ^ "Previous Vice-Chancellors". University of Oxford. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Vice-Chancellors from the year 1660". The Oxford University Calendar. University of Oxford. 1817. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ Lobel, Mary D, ed. (1957). "Horspath". A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 5: Bullingdon Hundred. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 177–189. ^ "A Brief History". St Edmund Hall, Oxford. ^ "Horne, George" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ St Andrew Holborn, Register of marriages by licence, 1768 – 1774, Guildhall Library Ref: P69/AND2/A/01/Ms 6671/4 ^ Felicia Elizabetha Horne, 22 Jun 1770, Saint Andrew, Holborn, London, England England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 FHL microfilm 374,354, retrieved 18 March 2016 ^ PROB 11/2149/262 Will of Maria Horne, Spinster of York House Hotel, Bath, Somerset, proved 23 March 1852 Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, retrieved 18 March 2016 ^ Humphrey Aram Hole and Sarah Horne, 19 Nov 1796, Saint David, Exeter, Devon, England England Marriages, 1538–1973 FHL microfilm 917,097, retrieved 18 March 2016 ^ Lysons, Daniel (1796), "Eltham", The Environs of London: Volume 4, Counties of Herts, Essex and Kent, London, pp. 394–421, retrieved 18 March 2016 Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Horne, George". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to George Horne (bishop). Wikisource has original works by or about:George Horne Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Horne, George" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–709. Hutchinson, John (1892). "George Horne" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. p. 75. Academic offices Preceded byThomas Jenner President of Magdalen College, Oxford 1768–1791 Succeeded byMartin Joseph Routh Preceded byThomas Fothergill Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University 1776–1780 Succeeded bySamuel Dennis Church of England titles Preceded byJames Cornwallis Dean of Canterbury 1781–1790 Succeeded byWilliam Buller Preceded byLewis Bagot Bishop of Norwich 1790–1792 Succeeded byCharles Manners-Sutton vteDeans of CanterburyEarly modern Nicholas Wotton Thomas Godwin Richard Rogers Thomas Nevile Charles Fotherby John Boys Isaac Bargrave George Aglionby Thomas Turner John Tillotson John Sharp George Hooper George Stanhope Elias Sydall John Lynch William Freind John Potter Brownlow North John Moore James Cornwallis George Horne William Buller Folliott Cornewall Late modern Thomas Powys Gerrard Andrewes Hugh Percy Richard Bagot William Lyall Henry Alford Robert Payne Smith Frederic Farrar Henry Wace George Bell Dick Sheppard Hewlett Johnson Ian White-Thomson Victor de Waal John Simpson Robert Willis David Monteith vteBishops of NorwichBishops of Elmham Bedwinus Northbertus Headulacus Æthelfrith Eanfrith Æthelwulf Alherdus Sybba Hunferthus Humbertus See interrupted Aethelweald Eadwulf Ælfric I Theodred I Theodred II Æthelstan Ælfgar Ælfwine Ælfric II Ælfric III Stigand Grimketel Stigand (again) Æthelmær Herfast see removed to Thetford Bishops of Thetford Herfast William de Beaufeu Herbert de Losinga see removed to Norwich High Medieval Herbert de Losinga Everard of Calne William de Turbeville John of Oxford John de Gray Pandulf Verraccio Thomas Blunville Simon of Elmham William de Raley Walter Suffield Simon Walton Roger Skerning William Middleton Ralph Walpole Late Medieval John Salmon Robert Baldock William Ayermin Thomas Hemenhale Antony Bek William Bateman Thomas Percy Henry le Despenser Alexander Tottington Richard Courtenay John Wakering William Alnwick Thomas Brunce Walter Hart James Goldwell Thomas Jane Early modern Richard Nykke William Rugg Thomas Thirlby John Hopton John Parkhurst Edmund Freke Edmund Scambler William Redman John Jegon John Overall Samuel Harsnett Francis White Richard Corbet Matthew Wren Richard Montagu Joseph Hall Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Edward Reynolds Anthony Sparrow William Lloyd John Moore Charles Trimnell Thomas Green John Leng William Baker Robert Butts Thomas Gooch Samuel Lisle Thomas Hayter Philip Yonge Lewis Bagot George Horne Charles Manners-Sutton Late modern Henry Bathurst Edward Stanley Samuel Hinds John Pelham John Sheepshanks Bertram Pollock Percy Herbert Launcelot Fleming Maurice Wood Peter Nott Graham James Alan Winton (acting) Graham Usher Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"George Horne (1 November 1730 – 17 January 1792) was an English churchman, academic, writer, and university administrator.","title":"George Horne (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otham"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Bowyer Hendley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyer_Hendley"},{"link_name":"Maidstone Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"William Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stevens_(writer)"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Charles Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Earl of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"William Jones of Nayland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(1726%E2%80%931800)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"John Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore,_Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"}],"text":"Horne was born at Otham near Maidstone, in Kent, the eldest surviving son of the Reverend Samuel Horne (1693-1768), rector of the parish, and his wife Anne (1697-1787), youngest daughter of Bowyer Hendley. He attended Maidstone Grammar School alongside his cousin and lifelong friend William Stevens, son of his father's sister Margaret, and from there went in 1746 to University College, Oxford (BA 1749; MA 1752; DD 1764). Three contemporaries at the college were also friends for life: Charles Jenkinson later first Earl of Liverpool, William Jones of Nayland.[1] and John Moore, later Archbishop of Canterbury. His two younger brothers were also Oxford graduates and clergymen, Samuel Horne (1733 – about 1772) becoming an Oxford academic while William Horne (1740 – 1821) succeeded their father as rector of Otham.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(college)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vice-chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)#Vice-chancellor"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"In 1749 Horne became a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, of which college he was elected President on 27 January 1768.[2] As an influential college head, he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1776 until 1780.[3][4] At the university, he fought against any relaxation of the law that required entrants to subscribe to the beliefs of the Church of England.[1]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"Horspath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horspath#Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Lord North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North"},{"link_name":"Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Household"},{"link_name":"chaplain in ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_in_ordinary"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Dean of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Sunday schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_schools"},{"link_name":"Unitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Episcopalian Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopalian_Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Ordained priest in 1753, from 1760 to 1764 he was curate of the Oxfordshire village of Horspath.[5] Thereafter his religious duties were performed at Magdalen until 1771, when the prime minister Lord North appointed him to the Royal Household as chaplain in ordinary to King George III, a position he held until 1781.[1] In that year, he was appointed Dean of Canterbury, combining the post with the presidency of Magdalen. An energetic dean, he promoted Sunday schools to inform the young and delivered influential sermons against Unitarianism. He was also an active supporter of the Naval and Military Bible Society, now the Naval Military & Air Force Bible Society, founded in 1779 to supply Christian literature to the armed services and seafarers.In 1790, by then in ill health from which he never recovered, with some reluctance he accepted the bishopric of Norwich, resigning from Canterbury and, the next year, from Magdalen. Unable to accomplish much in his diocese or in the House of Lords, one achievement was to support the bishops of the Episcopalian Church of Scotland who in 1789 came to London to petition Parliament for relief from their legal disadvantages. In what became his final circular to his diocesan clergy, as the French Revolution challenged most of the values for which he stood, he remained adamant that 'true religion and true learning were never yet at variance'.[1]","title":"Ecclesiastical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_church"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian"},{"link_name":"Charles Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leslie_(nonjuror)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"John Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Methodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"George Whitefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield"},{"link_name":"John Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley"},{"link_name":"divines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism#Anglican_divines"},{"link_name":"St Edmund Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Law"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Swedenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg"},{"link_name":"Jacob Boehme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Boehme"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Kennicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kennicott"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"James Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"},{"link_name":"Izaak Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton"},{"link_name":"Edward Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"revealed religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revealed_religion"},{"link_name":"natural religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_religion"},{"link_name":"nonjurors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonjuring_schism"},{"link_name":"Oxford Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Through his preaching, journalism, correspondence and authorship of numerous works (some at the time anonymous), Horne actively defended the high church tendency in Anglicanism against Calvinism, the Church of England against other denominations, and Trinitarian Christianity against other beliefs. He had a reputation as a preacher, and his sermons were frequently reprinted. In his polemical pieces, some appearing in newspapers under the name of Nathaniel Freebody (a cousin who had died), he was influenced by the work of Charles Leslie[1]\nHaving early adopted some of the views of John Hutchinson, he wrote in his defence, though disagreeing with Hutchinson's fanciful interpretations of Hebrew etymology.\nHe also fell under the imputation of Methodism, but protested from the university pulpit against those who took their theology from George Whitefield and John Wesley rather than major Anglican divines. Nevertheless, he disapproved of the expulsion of six Methodist students from St Edmund Hall, Oxford, a high-profile event of 1768 in Oxford;[6] and later, when bishop, thought Wesley should not be forbidden to preach in his diocese.Though impressed by the earlier writings of William Law, he later complained that he saw him 'falling from the heaven of Christianity into the sink and complication of Paganism, Quakerism, and Socinianism, mixed up with chemistry and astrology by a possessed cobbler.' In this 'sink', he included the views of Emanuel Swedenborg and Jacob Boehme.\nDespite criticising the plan of Benjamin Kennicott and some of his colleagues to collate a new text of the Hebrew Bible from manuscripts, in order to prepare for a new translation into English, the two became friends.\nHe was also friendly with Samuel Johnson who with James Boswell came to tea at Magdalen, where they discussed producing a new edition of the Lives by Izaak Walton, and Boswell later wrote warmly of Horne's character and abilities.\nThough he enjoyed reading Edward Gibbon and admired his scholarship, he recorded his distaste for Gibbon's continual belittling of the Jewish and Christian tradition.[1]His lifelong emphasis on revealed religion rather than natural religion and his acceptance of what would become high church beliefs formed an important link between the nonjurors of the seventeenth century and the Oxford Movement of the nineteenth.[1]","title":"Intellectual influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clayton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-7"},{"link_name":"A Fair, Candid, and Impartial Statement of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f21bAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"A View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of Correcting the Hebrew Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0zxVAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"Messianic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"Richard Mant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mant"},{"link_name":"Hannah More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_More"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"d'Alembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"A Key to the Book of Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A%20Key%20to%20the%20Book%20of%20Psalms%20Chiefly%20take/-ENgAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"}],"text":"Among his publications were:The Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis 1751, a satirical pamphlet.\n(With William Jones) A full answer to the Essay on Spirit by Bishop R. Clayton, with a particular explanation of the Hermetic, Pythagorean, and Platonic Trinities, 1752. Against the views of Robert Clayton.[7]\nA Fair, Candid, and Impartial Statement of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson (anon.) 1753.\nAn Apology for certain Gentlemen in the University of Oxford, aspersed in a late anonymous pamphlet 1756. The anonymous pamphlet was called 'A Word to the Hutchinsonians'.\nCautions to the Readers of Mr. Law, and, with very few varieties, to the Readers of Baron Swedenborg 1758, to which was added A Letter to a Lady on the subject of Jacob Behmen's Writings.\nA View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of Correcting the Hebrew Text 1760.\nConsiderations on the Life and Death of St. John the Baptist 1769, an expansion of a sermon preached by him on St. John the Baptist's day 1755, from the open-air pulpit in the quadrangle of Magdalen College.\nCommentary on the Psalms, 1771. His best known work, the 'Commentary' is partly exegetical and partly devotional, proceeding on the principle that most of the Psalms are more or less Messianic, and cannot be properly understood except in those terms. Richard Mant transferred Horne's preface almost verbatim to his annotated Book of Common Prayer. Hannah More, another of Horne's friends, admired it.\nA Letter to Dr. Adam Smith (anon), 1777. An attack on Adam Smith's life of David Hume, attempting to refute Hume's contempt for Christian belief.\nLetters on Infidelity 1784, addressed to his cousin William Stevens. In addition to his bête noire David Hume, these attacked other Enlightenment rationalists such as Voltaire and d'Alembert.[1]\nA Key to the Book of Psalms (1785)He intended writing a ‘'Defence of the Divinity of Christ'’ against Joseph Priestley, but did not live to do that. \nHorne's collected Works were published with a Memoir by William Jones in 1799.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On 22 June 1768, he married Felicia Elizabetha (1741–1821), only child of lawyer and legal author Philip Burton and his wife Felicia, daughter of Ralph Whitfield.[8] They had three daughters: Felicia Elizabetha (1770–1829)[9] who in 1791 married the Reverend Robert Hele Selby Hele; Maria (1773–1852) unmarried;[10] and Sarah (1775–1853), a pupil of Hannah More,[1] who in 1796 married the Reverend Humphrey Aram Hole.[11]Aged 62, he died at Bath, Somerset on 17 January 1792[1] and was interred in his father-in-law's vault at Eltham.[12]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Horne, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Horne,_George"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Horne, George\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Aston, Nigel (2004). \"Horne, George (1730–1792)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13789","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Salter, Herbert E; Lobel, Mary D, eds. (1954). \"Magdalen College\". A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 3: The University of Oxford. Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 193–207. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lobel","url_text":"Lobel, Mary D"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63881","url_text":"A History of the County of Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research","url_text":"Institute of Historical Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Vice-Chancellors\". University of Oxford. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/vc/position/previousvice-chancellors/","url_text":"\"Previous Vice-Chancellors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford","url_text":"University of Oxford"}]},{"reference":"\"Vice-Chancellors from the year 1660\". The Oxford University Calendar. University of Oxford. 1817. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27","url_text":"\"Vice-Chancellors from the year 1660\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford","url_text":"University of Oxford"}]},{"reference":"Lobel, Mary D, ed. (1957). \"Horspath\". A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 5: Bullingdon Hundred. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 177–189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lobel","url_text":"Lobel, Mary D"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol5/pp177-189","url_text":"A History of the County of Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research","url_text":"Institute of Historical Research"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History\". St Edmund Hall, Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seh.ox.ac.uk/index.php?section=26","url_text":"\"A Brief History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford","url_text":"St Edmund Hall, Oxford"}]},{"reference":"\"Horne, George\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Horne,_George","url_text":"\"Horne, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 FHL microfilm 374,354, retrieved 18 March 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NLLN-PFM","url_text":"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 FHL microfilm 374,354"}]},{"reference":"Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, retrieved 18 March 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D10797","url_text":"Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury"}]},{"reference":"England Marriages, 1538–1973 FHL microfilm 917,097, retrieved 18 March 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N2CH-GQ4","url_text":"England Marriages, 1538–1973 FHL microfilm 917,097"}]},{"reference":"Lysons, Daniel (1796), \"Eltham\", The Environs of London: Volume 4, Counties of Herts, Essex and Kent, London, pp. 394–421, retrieved 18 March 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-environs/vol4/pp394-421","url_text":"\"Eltham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horne, George\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Horne,_George","url_text":"Horne, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Horne, George\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horne,_George","url_text":"\"Horne, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, John (1892). \"George Horne\" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrizal_Malna	Afrizal Malna	["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Publications","4 Translations","5 Performing Arts","6 References","7 External links"]	Indonesian activist and writer Afrizal MalnaAfrizal MalnaBornAfrizal MalnaJune 7, 1957JakartaNationalityIndonesianCitizenshipIndonesiaGenrePoetrySubjectIndonesian LiteratureNotable worksTeman-Temanku dari Atap Bahasa (2008) Afrizal Malna (born 7 June 1957 in Jakarta, Indonesia), is an Indonesian activist, writer of prose, poetry, and theatrical texts. Biography Afrizal Malna before beginning his career into writing, studied at the Driyakara College of Philosophy. His poems are predominantly an expression of material aspects in urban existence. Taking images from daily life, Malna juxtaposes them to bring forth the noise and chaos of our existence today. He is fond of seeking connections among different objects in his poems, which he describes as "visual grammar of things". In 1995, Afrizal Malna participated in the International Poets Festival in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He is also a featured poet on the Poetry International Web. His poetry collection Teman-Temanku dari Atap Bahasa (My Friends from the Roof of Language), published in 2008 was chosen as the best literary work of 2009 by the Indonesian news magazine Tempo. He is associated with a number of magazines, such as Horizon, Kompas Daily, News Buana, Republic, Rule of the People, Java Post, Surabaya Post, and Mind of Representatives. Besides composing poems, Afrizal Malna has also written short stories and has published two prose books, Novel yang Malas Mengisahkan Manusia (A Novel Reluctant to Tell of Humans) in 2003, and Lubang dari Separuh Langit (A Hole from Half the Sky) in 2004. In his book entitled Journey Theatre Anthology Second Body and the Word, Afrizal Malna talks about theater. In order to discuss theater across Indonesia, Afrizal Malna has traveled to Switzerland and Hamburg. Awards Best Literary Work 2009 from the Indonesian news magazine Tempo for the poetry collection Teman-Temanku dari Atap Bahasa Essay Literary magazine Horison (1997) The Silence In Microphone, Architecture Rain (1995) received an award from the Center for Development and the Ministry of Education and Language Development Cultural Affairs in 1996 Republika Award for essay in Senimania Republika, Republika (1994) Literature Book Prize by Jakarta Arts Council, (1984) Bronze Reel to script monologue from Radio Netherlands Wereldomroep (1981) Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa Awards for Best Poetry Anthology 2013 Best Performing Art Critic 2014 from Ministry of Culture and Education of the Indonesian Republic DAAD Berliner Kuenstlerprogramm des DAAD stipendium (Artist in Residence of 2014–2015) Publications Malna, Afrizal (1984). Abad yang berlari (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Altermed, Yayasan Lingkaran Merahputih. OCLC 63976414. Malna, Afrizal (1985). Mitos mitos kecemasan (in Indonesian). Jakarta Timur: de auteur. OCLC 67718765. Malna, Afrizal (1986). Menengok tradisi : sebuah alternatif bagi teater modern (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dewan Kesenian Jakarta. OCLC 18685041. Malna, Afrizal (1986). Sketsa sastra Indonesia I (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Sastra Kita. OCLC 68830030. Malna, Afrizal (1989). Forum Teater Naskah Jerman : beberapa pemikiran tentang pementasan naskah Barat oleh teater Indonesia : sumber, Diskusi Forum Teater Naskah Jerman, 19-25 Juni 1988, Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Goethe-Institut. OCLC 21375282. Malna, Afrizal (1990). Yang berdiam dalam mikropon : kumpulan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Medan Satra Indonesia. OCLC 246412987. Malna, Afrizal (1993). Saya menyetrika pakaian : empat kumpulan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta. OCLC 69262986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Malna, Afrizal (1995). Arsitektur hujan (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793066. OCLC 34414637. Malna, Afrizal (1995). Biography of reading : collected poems. Jakarta. OCLC 68876886.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Malna, Afrizal (1996). Tiang hitam belukar malam : 20 puisi pilihan (in Indonesian). Bandung: Diterbitkan untuk Forum Sastra Bandung oleh Rekamedia Multiprakarsa. OCLC 64681453. Malna, Afrizal (1996). Selected Poems (in Indonesian). Indonesia: JSTOR, October 1996, no. 62, p. 83-89. doi:10.2307/3351393. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3351393. OCLC 478014600. Malna, Afrizal (1996). Korek api membakar almari es : kumpulan puisi Made Wianta, 1979-1995 (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793127. OCLC 35229500. Malna, Afrizal (1999). Kalung dari teman : pilihan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. ISBN 9789796695478. OCLC 45762020. Malna, Afrizal (1999). Kalung dari Teman (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo. ISBN 9789796695478. OCLC 246386115. Malna, Afrizal (2000). Sesuatu Indonesia : personifikasi pembaca yang tak bersih (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793899. OCLC 44877041. Malna, Afrizal (2002). Dalam rahim ibuku tak ada anjing (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789793062525. OCLC 51722444. Malna, Afrizal (2003). Ayam berwarna hijau jatuh dari mulutku (in Indonesian). Makassar: Meditatif. OCLC 82149653. Malna, Afrizal (2003). Seperti sebuah novel yang malas mengisahkan manusia : kumpulan prosa (in Indonesian). Magelang: IndonesiaTera. ISBN 9789799375742. OCLC 54373316. Malna, Afrizal (2003). Rakyat miskin kota menulis riwayatnya sendiri : 5 tahun jaringan rakyat miskin kota (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Sosial Indonesia untuk Kemanusiaan. OCLC 66485028. Malna, Afrizal (2004). Hanafi : dive into (in English and Indonesian). Jakarta: Studiohanafi. OCLC 60796072. Malna, Afrizal (2004). Lubang dari separuh langit (in English and Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Akademi Kebudayaan Yogyakarta. ISBN 9789799834133. OCLC 60321699. Malna, Afrizal (2004). Borobudur agitatif : seni, inter-kosmologi, Magelang (in Indonesian). Magelang, Jawa Tengah: Galeri Langgeng. ISBN 9789799750112. OCLC 77332770. Malna, Afrizal (2008). Teman-temanku dari atap bahasa : kumpulan puisi Afrizal Malna (in Indonesian). Jogjakarta: Lafadl Pustaka. ISBN 9789799626882. OCLC 291194911. Malna, Afrizal (2009). Ruang di bawah telinga : biografi seni rupa Made Wianta (in English and Indonesian). Jakarta: O House Gallery. ISBN 978-602-95863-0-5. OCLC 604996182. Malna, Afrizal (2010). Wijnanda Deroo : Indonesia. Amsterdam: De Verbeelding. ISBN 978-90-78909-13-2. OCLC 728688525. Malna, Afrizal (2010). Perjalanan teater kedua : antologi tubuh dan kata (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Indonesia Contemporary Art Network. ISBN 978-602-98319-0-0. OCLC 703617764. Malna, Afrizal (2010). Salam bekti : Nasirun (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Sangkring Art Space. OCLC 752229854. Malna, Afrizal (2010). Pada bantal berasap (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Omahsore. ISBN 978-602-96582-1-7. OCLC 651015144. Translations Traum der Freiheit Indonesien 50 jahre nach der Unabhangigkeit (Hendra Pasuhuk & Edith Koesoemawiria, 1995) Frontiers of World Literature (Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Tokyo, 1997) Poets, Friends Around the World (Mitoh-Sha, Tokyo, 1997) Menagerie 3 (John H. McGlynn, 1997) Do Lado Dos Ollos Arredor da poesia, entrevistas con 79 Poetas do Mundo (Emiilio Arauxo, Edicions do cumio, 2001) Anxiety Myth (Andy Fuller, Lontar Foundation, 2013) Druckmaschine Drittmensch (Ulrike Draesner, interlinearuebersetzungen von Sophie Mahakam Anggawi, Katrin Bandel, DAAD -Berliner Kuenstlerprogramm des DAAD, 2015) Performing Arts Hormat dan Sampah (1995) Kesibukan Mengamati Batu-Batu (1996) Telur Matahari (2003) References ^ "Afrizal Malna". Good Reads. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Meet Afrizal Malna; Talk Video Art, Theatre, Literature and the Arts Politics". jurnalfootage. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Afrizal Malna". Poetry International Web. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Afrizal Malna Bicara Perjalanan Teater di Unej". Antara News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "INSTALASI KATA BERNAMA AFRIZAL MALNA". sastra dio. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Afrizal Malna". 1titik.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Gäste – Malna, Afrizal". Berliner Künstlerprogramm (in German). External links (in Indonesian) Common Language Workshop (in Indonesian) Thesis: KRITIK MODERNITAS: PEMBACAAN SEMIOTIKA PUISI-PUISI AFRIZAL MALNA (in Indonesian) with English translations of Afrizal Malna's poetry Poetry Afrizal Malna Poetry International's poem of the week, translated poem by Afrizal Malna, i just mopped the floor Poem of the Week Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Afrizal Malna (born 7 June 1957 in Jakarta, Indonesia), is an Indonesian activist, writer of prose, poetry, and theatrical texts.[1]","title":"Afrizal Malna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Poetry International Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_International_Web"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Afrizal Malna before beginning his career into writing, studied at the Driyakara College of Philosophy. His poems are predominantly an expression of material aspects in urban existence. Taking images from daily life, Malna juxtaposes them to bring forth the noise and chaos of our existence today. He is fond of seeking connections among different objects in his poems, which he describes as \"visual grammar of things\". In 1995, Afrizal Malna participated in the International Poets Festival in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He is also a featured poet on the Poetry International Web. His poetry collection Teman-Temanku dari Atap Bahasa (My Friends from the Roof of Language), published in 2008 was chosen as the best literary work of 2009 by the Indonesian news magazine Tempo. He is associated with a number of magazines, such as Horizon, Kompas Daily, News Buana, Republic, Rule of the People, Java Post, Surabaya Post, and Mind of Representatives.[2]Besides composing poems, Afrizal Malna has also written short stories and has published two prose books, Novel yang Malas Mengisahkan Manusia (A Novel Reluctant to Tell of Humans) in 2003, and Lubang dari Separuh Langit (A Hole from Half the Sky) in 2004.[3] In his book entitled Journey Theatre Anthology Second Body and the Word, Afrizal Malna talks about theater.[4] In order to discuss theater across Indonesia, Afrizal Malna has traveled to Switzerland and Hamburg.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Center for Development and the Ministry of Education and Language Development Cultural 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Afrizal (1984). Abad yang berlari (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Altermed, Yayasan Lingkaran Merahputih. OCLC 63976414.\nMalna, Afrizal (1985). Mitos mitos kecemasan (in Indonesian). Jakarta Timur: de auteur. OCLC 67718765.\nMalna, Afrizal (1986). Menengok tradisi : sebuah alternatif bagi teater modern (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dewan Kesenian Jakarta. OCLC 18685041.\nMalna, Afrizal (1986). Sketsa sastra Indonesia I (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Sastra Kita. OCLC 68830030.\nMalna, Afrizal (1989). Forum Teater Naskah Jerman : beberapa pemikiran tentang pementasan naskah Barat oleh teater Indonesia : sumber, Diskusi Forum Teater Naskah Jerman, 19-25 Juni 1988, Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Goethe-Institut. OCLC 21375282.\nMalna, Afrizal (1990). Yang berdiam dalam mikropon : kumpulan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Medan Satra Indonesia. OCLC 246412987.\nMalna, Afrizal (1993). Saya menyetrika pakaian : empat kumpulan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta. OCLC 69262986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMalna, Afrizal (1995). Arsitektur hujan (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793066. OCLC 34414637.\nMalna, Afrizal (1995). Biography of reading : collected poems. Jakarta. OCLC 68876886.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMalna, Afrizal (1996). Tiang hitam belukar malam : 20 puisi pilihan (in Indonesian). Bandung: Diterbitkan untuk Forum Sastra Bandung oleh Rekamedia Multiprakarsa. OCLC 64681453.\nMalna, Afrizal (1996). Selected Poems (in Indonesian). Indonesia: JSTOR, October 1996, no. 62, p. 83-89. doi:10.2307/3351393. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3351393. OCLC 478014600.\nMalna, Afrizal (1996). Korek api membakar almari es : kumpulan puisi Made Wianta, 1979-1995 (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793127. OCLC 35229500.\nMalna, Afrizal (1999). Kalung dari teman : pilihan sajak (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. ISBN 9789796695478. OCLC 45762020.\nMalna, Afrizal (1999). Kalung dari Teman (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo. ISBN 9789796695478. OCLC 246386115.\nMalna, Afrizal (2000). Sesuatu Indonesia : personifikasi pembaca yang tak bersih (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789798793899. OCLC 44877041.\nMalna, Afrizal (2002). Dalam rahim ibuku tak ada anjing (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya. ISBN 9789793062525. OCLC 51722444.\nMalna, Afrizal (2003). Ayam berwarna hijau jatuh dari mulutku (in Indonesian). Makassar: Meditatif. OCLC 82149653.\nMalna, Afrizal (2003). Seperti sebuah novel yang malas mengisahkan manusia : kumpulan prosa (in Indonesian). Magelang: IndonesiaTera. ISBN 9789799375742. OCLC 54373316.\nMalna, Afrizal (2003). Rakyat miskin kota menulis riwayatnya sendiri : 5 tahun jaringan rakyat miskin kota (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Sosial Indonesia untuk Kemanusiaan. OCLC 66485028.\nMalna, Afrizal (2004). Hanafi : dive into (in English and Indonesian). Jakarta: Studiohanafi. OCLC 60796072.\nMalna, Afrizal (2004). Lubang dari separuh langit (in English and Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Akademi Kebudayaan Yogyakarta. ISBN 9789799834133. OCLC 60321699.\nMalna, Afrizal (2004). Borobudur agitatif : seni, inter-kosmologi, Magelang (in Indonesian). Magelang, Jawa Tengah: Galeri Langgeng. ISBN 9789799750112. OCLC 77332770.\nMalna, Afrizal (2008). Teman-temanku dari atap bahasa : kumpulan puisi Afrizal Malna (in Indonesian). Jogjakarta: Lafadl Pustaka. ISBN 9789799626882. OCLC 291194911.\nMalna, Afrizal (2009). Ruang di bawah telinga : biografi seni rupa Made Wianta [Space under the ears : fine art biography of Made Wianta] (in English and Indonesian). Jakarta: O House Gallery. ISBN 978-602-95863-0-5. OCLC 604996182.\nMalna, Afrizal (2010). Wijnanda Deroo : Indonesia. Amsterdam: De Verbeelding. ISBN 978-90-78909-13-2. OCLC 728688525.\nMalna, Afrizal (2010). Perjalanan teater kedua : antologi tubuh dan kata (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Indonesia Contemporary Art Network. ISBN 978-602-98319-0-0. OCLC 703617764.\nMalna, Afrizal (2010). Salam bekti : Nasirun (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Sangkring Art Space. OCLC 752229854.\nMalna, Afrizal (2010). Pada bantal berasap (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Omahsore. ISBN 978-602-96582-1-7. OCLC 651015144.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Traum der Freiheit Indonesien 50 jahre nach der Unabhangigkeit (Hendra Pasuhuk & Edith Koesoemawiria, 1995)\nFrontiers of World Literature (Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Tokyo, 1997)\nPoets, Friends Around the World (Mitoh-Sha, Tokyo, 1997)\nMenagerie 3 (John H. McGlynn, 1997)\nDo Lado Dos Ollos Arredor da poesia, entrevistas con 79 Poetas do Mundo (Emiilio Arauxo, Edicions do cumio, 2001)\nAnxiety Myth (Andy Fuller, Lontar Foundation, 2013)\nDruckmaschine Drittmensch (Ulrike Draesner, interlinearuebersetzungen von Sophie Mahakam Anggawi, Katrin Bandel, DAAD -Berliner Kuenstlerprogramm des DAAD, 2015)","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hormat dan Sampah (1995)\nKesibukan Mengamati Batu-Batu (1996)\nTelur Matahari (2003)","title":"Performing Arts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Malna, Afrizal (1984). Abad yang berlari (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Altermed, Yayasan Lingkaran Merahputih. OCLC 63976414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63976414","url_text":"63976414"}]},{"reference":"Malna, Afrizal (1985). Mitos mitos kecemasan (in Indonesian). Jakarta Timur: de auteur. 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Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/617349.Afrizal_Malna/","url_text":"\"Afrizal Malna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Reads","url_text":"Good Reads"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Afrizal Malna; Talk Video Art, Theatre, Literature and the Arts Politics\". jurnalfootage. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201195126/http://www.jurnalfootage.net/v2/in/artikel/36-artikel/341-bertemu-afrizal-malna-bicara-seni-video-teater-sastra-dan-politik-kesenian.html","url_text":"\"Meet Afrizal Malna; Talk Video Art, Theatre, Literature and the Arts Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurnalfootage&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"jurnalfootage"},{"url":"http://www.jurnalfootage.net/v2/in/artikel/36-artikel/341-bertemu-afrizal-malna-bicara-seni-video-teater-sastra-dan-politik-kesenian.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Afrizal Malna\". Poetry International Web. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212131100/http://indonesia.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=19105&x=1%2F","url_text":"\"Afrizal Malna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_International_Web","url_text":"Poetry International Web"},{"url":"http://indonesia.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=19105&x=1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Afrizal Malna Bicara Perjalanan Teater di Unej\". Antara News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriri_River	Iriri River	["1 Course","2 References","3 Sources"]	Coordinates: 3°49′00″S 52°36′20″W / 3.81667°S 52.60556°W / -3.81667; -52.60556River in Pará, Brazil Iriri RiverNative nameRio Iriri (Portuguese)Kororoti (Kayapó): 40 LocationCountryBrazilPhysical characteristicsSource • locationPará, Brazil • elevation619 m (2,031 ft) MouthXingu River • coordinates3°49′00″S 52°36′20″W / 3.81667°S 52.60556°W / -3.81667; -52.60556 • elevation116 m (381 ft)Length1,151 km (715 mi)Basin size141,943 km2 (54,804 sq mi)Discharge • locationConfluence of Xingu (near mouth) • average3,028 m3/s (106,900 cu ft/s) • minimum56.3 m3/s (1,990 cu ft/s) • maximum14,025 m3/s (495,300 cu ft/s) Discharge • locationPedra do Ó gauge station (130 km upstream of mouth - Basin size 123,827 km2 (47,810 sq mi) • average2,748 m3/s (97,000 cu ft/s) • minimum49 m3/s (1,700 cu ft/s) • maximum12,235 m3/s (432,100 cu ft/s) Basin featuresTributaries • leftCuruá River, Catete River, Chiché River, Ipiranga River • rightNovo River, Carajarí River, Xinxim River, Iriri Novo River The Iriri River (Portuguese: Rio Iriri, Portuguese pronunciation: ; Mẽbêngôkre: Kororoti, : 40 ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is 1,300 km (810 mi) long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are the traditional home of the Panará people. Course The river rises in the 342,192-hectare (845,570-acre) Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005 in the Serra do Cachimbo. It is one of the headwaters of the Xingu River. It flows for 900 kilometres (560 mi) before joining the Xingu, running through the 3,373,133.89-hectare (8,335,195.4-acre) Terra do Meio Ecological Station. The river varies greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season includes waterfalls, rocks and rapids. The Iriri River flows through the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion. The river is rich in fish, including many species found only there and in the Xingu. Large sections remain unexplored due to its remoteness in a region surrounded by Amazon rainforest, and sections with strong current and cataracts. References ^ a b Passos, João Lucas Moraes (2018). Caminhos mẽbêngôkre: andando, nomeando, sentando sobre a terra (Ph.D. thesis). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. ^ a b c d e f g h "Conhecimento Técnico e a regulação ambiental na Amazônia: A utilização da bacia hidrográfica nos EIA/RIMA das UHE do Rio Madeira e de Belo Monte". 2015. ^ Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica... ^ Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica ... ^ Sears. ^ Bleher 2009. Sources Bleher, H. (2009), "Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.", Practical Fishkeeping, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014 Sears, Robin, Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168), WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-20 Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, archived from the original on 2018-10-01, retrieved 2016-05-29 Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-27 Ziesler, R.; Ardizzone, G.D. (1979), "Amazon River System", The Inland waters of Latin America, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 92-5-000780-9, archived from the original on 21 October 2013 This article related to a river in Pará, Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈʁiu iɾiˈɾi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Mẽbêngôkre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayap%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Passos-2018-1"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Xingu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_River"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Amazon basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin"},{"link_name":"Panará people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_people"}],"text":"River in Pará, BrazilThe Iriri River (Portuguese: Rio Iriri, Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁiu iɾiˈɾi]; Mẽbêngôkre: Kororoti, [kɔˌɾɔɾɔˈti][1]: 40 ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is 1,300 km (810 mi) long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are the traditional home of the Panará people.","title":"Iriri River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascentes_da_Serra_do_Cachimbo_Biological_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Serra do Cachimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Cachimbo"},{"link_name":"Xingu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_Reserva_Biol%C3%B3gica...-3"},{"link_name":"Terra do Meio Ecological Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_do_Meio_Ecological_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o:_Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ecol%C3%B3gica_...-4"},{"link_name":"Tapajós–Xingu moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s%E2%80%93Xingu_moist_forests"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears-5"},{"link_name":"Amazon rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleher2009-6"}],"text":"The river rises in the 342,192-hectare (845,570-acre) Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005 in the Serra do Cachimbo. It is one of the headwaters of the Xingu River.[3]\nIt flows for 900 kilometres (560 mi) before joining the Xingu, running through the 3,373,133.89-hectare (8,335,195.4-acre) Terra do Meio Ecological Station.\nThe river varies greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season includes waterfalls, rocks and rapids.[4]The Iriri River flows through the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion.[5]\nThe river is rich in fish, including many species found only there and in the Xingu. Large sections remain unexplored due to its remoteness in a region surrounded by Amazon rainforest, and sections with strong current and cataracts.[6]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140527212107/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70"},{"link_name":"Practical Fishkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0168"},{"link_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181001170617/http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47"},{"link_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=216"},{"link_name":"The Inland waters of Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-5-000780-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-000780-9"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131021061745/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iriri_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Par%C3%A1-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Par%C3%A1-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Par%C3%A1-river-stub"}],"text":"Bleher, H. (2009), \"Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.\", Practical Fishkeeping, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014\nSears, Robin, Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168), WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-20\nUnidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, archived from the original on 2018-10-01, retrieved 2016-05-29\nUnidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-27\nZiesler, R.; Ardizzone, G.D. (1979), \"Amazon River System\", The Inland waters of Latin America, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 92-5-000780-9, archived from the original on 21 October 2013This article related to a river in Pará, Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Passos, João Lucas Moraes (2018). Caminhos mẽbêngôkre: andando, nomeando, sentando sobre a terra (Ph.D. thesis). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Conhecimento Técnico e a regulação ambiental na Amazônia: A utilização da bacia hidrográfica nos EIA/RIMA das UHE do Rio Madeira e de Belo Monte\". 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://repositorio.ufpa.br/","url_text":"\"Conhecimento Técnico e a regulação ambiental na Amazônia: A utilização da bacia hidrográfica nos EIA/RIMA das UHE do Rio Madeira e de Belo Monte\""}]},{"reference":"Bleher, H. (2009), \"Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.\", Practical Fishkeeping, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212107/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70","url_text":"\"Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping","url_text":"Practical Fishkeeping"},{"url":"http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Robin, Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168), WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-20","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0168","url_text":"Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168)"}]},{"reference":"Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, archived from the original on 2018-10-01, retrieved 2016-05-29","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001170617/http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47","url_text":"Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio"},{"url":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-27","urls":[{"url":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=216","url_text":"Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo"}]},{"reference":"Ziesler, R.; Ardizzone, G.D. (1979), \"Amazon River System\", The Inland waters of Latin America, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 92-5-000780-9, archived from the original on 21 October 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm","url_text":"The Inland waters of Latin America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization","url_text":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-000780-9","url_text":"92-5-000780-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021061745/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm","url_text":"archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iriri_River&params=3_49_00_S_52_36_20_W_type:river","external_links_name":"3°49′00″S 52°36′20″W / 3.81667°S 52.60556°W / -3.81667; -52.60556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iriri_River&params=3_49_00_S_52_36_20_W_type:river","external_links_name":"3°49′00″S 52°36′20″W / 3.81667°S 52.60556°W / -3.81667; -52.60556"},{"Link":"http://repositorio.ufpa.br/","external_links_name":"\"Conhecimento Técnico e a regulação ambiental na Amazônia: A utilização da bacia hidrográfica nos EIA/RIMA das UHE do Rio Madeira e de Belo Monte\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212107/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70","external_links_name":"\"Rio Iriri biotope, Brazil.\""},{"Link":"http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=70","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0168","external_links_name":"Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001170617/http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47","external_links_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica da Terra do Meio"},{"Link":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=47","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=216","external_links_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Reserva Biológica Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm","external_links_name":"The Inland waters of Latin America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021061745/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iriri_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team	2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team	["1 Previous season","2 Departures","2.1 Incoming transfers","3 Class of 2015 signees","3.1 Class of 2016 signees","4 Roster","5 Schedule","6 Rankings","7 References"]	American college basketball season 2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketballConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceRankingAPNo. 16Record23–8 (12–6 ACC)Head coachRick Pitino (15th season)Assistant coaches Kenny Johnson Mike Balado Ralph Willard Home arenaKFC Yum! CenterSeasons← 2014–152016–17 → 2015–16 ACC men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W L PCT W L PCT No. 3 North Carolina † 14 – 4 .778 33 – 7 .825 No. 4 Virginia 13 – 5 .722 29 – 8 .784 No. 10 Miami (FL) 13 – 5 .722 27 – 8 .771 No. 16 Louisville* 12 – 6 .667 23 – 8 .742 Notre Dame 11 – 7 .611 24 – 12 .667 No. 19 Duke 11 – 7 .611 25 – 11 .694 Virginia Tech 10 – 8 .556 20 – 15 .571 Clemson 10 – 8 .556 17 – 14 .548 Pittsburgh 9 – 9 .500 21 – 12 .636 Syracuse 9 – 9 .500 23 – 14 .622 Georgia Tech 8 – 10 .444 21 – 15 .583 Florida State 8 – 10 .444 20 – 14 .588 NC State 5 – 13 .278 16 – 17 .485 Wake Forest 2 – 16 .111 11 – 20 .355 Boston College 0 – 18 .000 7 – 25 .219 Ineligible for both the 2016 ACC tournament and the 2016 NCAA tournament due to self-imposed postseason ban. † 2016 ACC tournament winnerRankings from AP poll The 2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team represented the University of Louisville during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was Louisville's 102nd season of intercollegiate competition. The Cardinals competed in their second season in the Atlantic Coast Conference and were coached by Rick Pitino, in his 15th season at U of L. The team played its home games on Denny Crum Court at the KFC Yum! Center in downtown Louisville. They finished the season 23–8, 12–6 in ACC play to finish in fourth place. The University of Louisville self-imposed a postseason ban for the 2015–16 season amid an ongoing NCAA investigation over an escort sex scandal involving recruits between 2010 and 2014. None of the players on this team were involved in the allegations. The ban included both the ACC tournament and the NCAA tournament. Previous season The Cardinals finished the 2014–15 season with a record of 27–9, 12–6 to finish in fourth place in ACC play. Louisville lost its first ever ACC tournament game to North Carolina, but received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament. Louisville defeated UC Irvine, Northern Iowa, and NC State to advance to the Elite Eight where they lost to Michigan State. Departures Name Number Pos. Height Weight Year Hometown Notes Terry Rozier 0 G 6'1" 190 Sophomore Cleveland, OH Declared for 2015 NBA draft Anton Gill 1 G 6'4" 190 Sophomore Raleigh, NC Transferred to Nebraska Chris Jones 3 G 5'10" 175 Senior Memphis, TN Dismissed from the team Trent Gilbert 15 G 6'0" 180 Freshman Georgetown, KY Walk-on; transferred to Gulf Coast State College Shaqquan Aaron 21 G 6'7" 170 Freshman Seattle, WA Transferred to USC Akoy Agau 22 F 6'8" 230 Sophomore Omaha, NE Transferred to Georgetown Montrezl Harrell 24 F 6'8" 240 Junior Tarboro, NC Declared for 2015 NBA draft Wayne Blackshear 25 G/F 6'5" 215 Senior Chicago, IL Graduated Incoming transfers Name Number Pos. Height Weight Year Hometown Previous School Damion Lee 0 G/F 6'6" 200 RS Senior Baltimore, MD Drexel Trey Lewis 3 G 6'2" 190 RS Senior Garfield Heights, OH Cleveland State Jay Henderson 11 G 6'4" 180 RS Freshman Orlando, Florida St. John's Class of 2015 signees US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Deng Adel SF Melbourne, Australia Victory Rock Prep 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Jul 14, 2014 Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: Donovan Mitchell SG Greenwich, CT Brewster Academy 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Aug 7, 2014 Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: Ray Spalding PF Louisville, KY Trinity High School 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Jul 20, 2014 Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: Ryan McMahon SG Sarasota, FL Cardinal Mooney High School 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 165 lb (75 kg) Jul 20, 2014 Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: N/A 247Sports: ESPN: Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 8 Rivals: 7 ESPN: 8 Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: "Louisville Basketball Commitment List". Rivals.com. "2015 Louisville Basketball Commitment List". Scout.com. "ESPN". ESPN.com. "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. "2015 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Class of 2016 signees US college sports recruiting information for 2016 recruits Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date V. J. King SF Fairfax, VA Paul VI High School 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 179 lb (81 kg) Jun 12, 2015 Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 8 Rivals: 7 ESPN: 8 Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: "Louisville Basketball Commitment List". Rivals.com. "2016 Louisville Basketball Commitment List". Scout.com. "ESPN". ESPN.com. "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. "2016 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Roster 2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team Players Coaches Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown G 0 Damion Lee 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 210 lb (95 kg) RS Sr Calvert Hall / Drexel Baltimore, Maryland G 2 Quentin Snider 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 175 lb (79 kg) So Ballard Louisville, Kentucky G 3 Trey Lewis 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) RS Sr Garfield Heights / Cleveland State Garfield Heights, Ohio G 4 Dillon Avare (W) 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 155 lb (70 kg) RS So Lexington Catholic Lexington, Kentucky F/C 5 Matz Stockman 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 250 lb (113 kg) So Canarias (BAH) Oslo, Norway F 10 Jaylen Johnson 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 225 lb (102 kg) So Ypsilanti Ypsilanti, Michigan G 11 Jay Henderson (W) 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 180 lb (82 kg) RS Fr Lake Highland Prep Orlando, Florida F/C 12 Mangok Mathiang (C) 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 220 lb (100 kg) RS Jr IMG Academy (FL) Melbourne, Australia F 13 Ray Spalding 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Fr Trinity Louisville, Kentucky F 14 Anas Mahmoud 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 210 lb (95 kg) So West Oaks (FL) Cairo, Egypt F 22 Deng Adel 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Fr Victory Rock Prep Melbourne, Australia F 23 David Levtich (W) 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jr North Oldham Goshen, Kentucky G 30 Ryan McMahon 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 165 lb (75 kg) Fr Cardinal Mooney Sarasota, Florida F/C 32 Chinanu Onuaku 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 245 lb (111 kg) So Riverdale Baptist Lanham, Maryland G 45 Donovan Mitchell 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Fr Brewster Academy Greenwich, Connecticut Head coach Rick Pitino (UMass) Assistant coach(es) Kenny Johnson (Maryland) Mike Balado (St. Thomas) Ralph Willard (Holy Cross) Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible (W) Walk-on Injured Current redshirt Roster Schedule Datetime, TV Rank# Opponent# Result Record High points High rebounds High assists Site (attendance) city, state Exhibition Nov 1, 20151:30 pm, WAVE-TV Bellarmine W 71–55 14 – Johnson 10 – Tied 8 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (18,612)Louisville, KY Nov 9, 20157:00 pm, WAVE-TV Kentucky Wesleyan W 77–68 19 – Lee 8 – Mathiang 4 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (15,794)Louisville, KY Non-conference regular season Nov 13, 20157:00 pm, ESPN3 Samford W 86–45 1–0 14 – Tied 7 – Mathiang 6 – Lewis KFC Yum! Center (20,347)Louisville, KY Nov 17, 20157:00 pm, ESPN3 Hartford Brooklyn Hoops Holiday Invitational W 87–52 2–0 18 – Tied 9 – Onuaku 6 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (18,910)Louisville, KY Nov 21, 201512:00 pm, ESPN3 North Florida Brooklyn Hoops Holiday Invitational W 89–61 3–0 24 – Lee 12 – Spalding 6 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (20,413)Louisville, KY Nov 24, 20157:00 pm, RSN St. Francis Brooklyn Brooklyn Hoops Holiday Invitational W 85–41 4–0 21 – Lee 12 – Onuaku 7 – Lewis KFC Yum! Center (19,112)Louisville, KY Nov 28, 20158:00 pm, ESPN3 vs. Saint Louis Brooklyn Hoops Holiday Invitational W 77–57 5–0 22 – Lewis 13 – Mathiang 4 – Snider Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Dec 2, 20157:15 pm, ESPN No. 24 at No. 3 Michigan State ACC–Big Ten Challenge L 67–71 5–1 23 – Lee 6 – Tied 5 – Lee Breslin Center (14,797)East Lansing, MI Dec 5, 201512:00 pm, ESPN3 No. 24 Grand Canyon W 111–63 6–1 24 – Lee 7 – Tied 8 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (20,380)Louisville, KY Dec 12, 20152:00 pm, RSN No. 22 Eastern Michigan W 86–53 7–1 16 – Lee 7 – Tied 7 – Mitchell KFC Yum! Center (20,649)Louisville, KY Dec 16, 20157:00 pm, ESPNU No. 19 Kennesaw State W 94–57 8–1 18 – Lee 7 – Tied 8 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (19,288)Louisville, KY Dec 19, 201512:00 pm, ESPNU No. 19 WKU W 78–56 9–1 16 – Snider 12 – Onuaku 4 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (21,606)Louisville, KY Dec 22, 20159:00 pm, RSN No. 16 UMKC Billy Minardi Classic W 75–47 10–1 17 – Lewis 9 – Tied 3 – Mitchell KFC Yum! Center (19,419)Louisville, KY Dec 23, 20157:00 pm, ESPNU No. 16 Utah Valley Billy Minardi Classic W 98–86 11–1 21 – Lewis 7 – Lewis 4 – Tied KFC Yum! Center (19,147)Louisville, KY Dec 26, 201512:00 pm, CBS No. 16 at No. 12 Kentucky Battle for the Bluegrass L 73–75 11–2 27 – Lee 10 – Onuaku 3 – Mitchell Rupp Arena (24,412)Lexington, KY ACC regular season Jan 3, 20168:00 pm, ESPNU No. 18 Wake Forest W 65–57 12–2(1–0) 18 – Mitchell 15 – Onuaku 2 – Tied KFC Yum! Center (21,302)Louisville, KY Jan 7, 20167:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 16 at NC State W 77–72 13–2(2–0) 21 – Snider 14 – Onuaku 4 – Mitchell PNC Arena (17,762)Raleigh, NC Jan 10, 201612:00 pm, RSN No. 16 at Clemson L 62–66 13–3(2–1) 14 – Onuaku 10 – Tied 3 – Lewis Bon Secours Wellness Arena (9,562)Greenville, SC Jan 14, 20169:00 pm, ESPN No. 21 No. 20 Pittsburgh W 59–41 14–3(3–1) 18 – Tied 10 – Onuaku 4 – Lewis KFC Yum! Center (21,632)Louisville, KY Jan 20, 20169:00 pm, ESPNU No. 17 Florida State W 84–65 15–3(4–1) 20 – Snider 14 – Onuaku 5 – Lewis KFC Yum! Center (21,349)Louisville, KY Jan 23, 20164:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 17 at Georgia Tech W 75–71 16–3(5–1) 17 – Lee 11 – Onuaku 4 – Onuaku Hank McCamish Pavilion (7,829)Atlanta, GA Jan 27, 20168:00 pm, ACCN/WAVE-TV No. 16 at Virginia Tech W 91–83 17–3(6–1) 29 – Lee 9 – Johnson 6 – Lee Cassell Coliseum Blacksburg, VA Jan 30, 20161:00 pm, CBS No. 16 No. 11 Virginia L 47–63 17–4(6–2) 12 – Tied 7 – Spalding 2 – Tied KFC Yum! Center (21,714)Louisville, KY Feb 1, 20167:00 pm, ESPN No. 19 No. 2 North Carolina Big Monday W 71–65 18–4(7–2) 24 – Lee 10 – Onuaku 7 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (22,781)Louisville, KY Feb 6, 201612:00 pm, ACCN/WHAS-TV No. 19 Boston College W 79–47 19–4(8–2) 16 – Lewis 13 – Onuaku 4 – Adel KFC Yum! Center (21,803)Louisville, KY Feb 8, 20167:00 pm, ESPN No. 13 at Duke Big Monday L 65–72 19–5(8–3) 17 – Mitchell 6 – tied 4 – Lee Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)Durham, NC Feb 13, 20164:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 13 at Notre Dame L 66–71 19–6(8–4) 13 – Lee 5 – Spalding 4 – Snider Edmund P. Joyce Center (9,149)South Bend, IN Feb 17, 20167:00 pm, ESPN No. 13 Syracuse W 72–58 20–6(9–4) 15 – Lee 15 – Onuaku 6 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (21,654)Louisville, KY Feb 20, 201612:00 pm, ESPN No. 18 No. 20 Duke W 71–64 21–6(10–4) 24 – Lee 11 – Onuaku 5 – Lewis KFC Yum! Center (22,785)Louisville, KY Feb 24, 20168:00 pm, ACCN/WAVE-TV No. 11 at Pittsburgh W 67–60 22–6(11–4) 14 – Snider 7 – Adel 7 – Snider Petersen Events Center (10,425)Pittsburgh, PA Feb 27, 20162:00 pm, ACCN/WHAS-TV No. 11 at No. 12 Miami (FL) L 65–73 22–7(11–5) 14 – Snider 8 – Onuaku 6 – Onuaku BankUnited Center (7,342)Coral Gables, FL Mar 1, 20168:00 pm, ACCN/WAVE-TV No. 11 Georgia Tech W 56–53 23–7(12–5) 17 – Onuaku 11 – Onuaku 4 – Snider KFC Yum! Center (22,043)Louisville, KY Mar 5, 20168:30 pm, ESPN No. 11 at No. 4 Virginia L 46–68 23–8(12–6) 11 – Mitchell 6 – Mitchell 2 – tied John Paul Jones Arena (14,088)Charlottesville, VA Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Eastern Time. Rankings See also: 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings Ranking movementLegend: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking. ██ Not ranked the previous week. RV=Others receiving votes. Poll Pre Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 9 Wk 10 Wk 11 Wk 12 Wk 13 Wk 14 Wk 15 Wk 16 Wk 17 Wk 18 Post Final AP RV RV RV 24 22 19 16 18 16 21 17 16 19 13 18 11 11 14 16 N/A Coaches RV RV RV 22 19 16 15 18 16 20 16 14 18 RV NR NR NR NR NR NR * Following the announcement of their self-imposed postseason ban, they were no longer eligible for ranking in the coaches poll. References ^ "Louisville self-imposes postseason ban for men's hoops in 2016". ESPN. February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016. ^ Jeff Greer (February 5, 2016). "U of L imposing postseason hoops ban". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, KY. Retrieved February 5, 2016. vteLouisville Cardinals men's basketballVenues Belknap Gymnasium (1933–1944) Jefferson County Armory (1945–1956) Freedom Hall (1956–2010) KFC Yum! Center (2010–present) Rivalries Cincinnati Kentucky Memphis Culture & lore Billy Minardi Classic Cardinal Bird The Rivalry: Red v. Blue People Head coaches NBA players Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NAIA and NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rick Pitino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Pitino"},{"link_name":"KFC Yum! 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The ban included both the ACC tournament and the NCAA tournament.[1][2]","title":"2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"ACC play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Atlantic_Coast_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"ACC tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_ACC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"UC Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UC_Irvine_Anteaters_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Northern_Iowa_Panthers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"NC State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NC_State_Wolfpack_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team"}],"text":"The Cardinals finished the 2014–15 season with a record of 27–9, 12–6 to finish in fourth place in ACC play. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation_(season_6)	Parks and Recreation season 6	["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","1.3 Guest stars","2 Production","3 Episodes","4 References","5 External links"]	Season of television series Season of television series Parks and RecreationSeason 6Region 1 DVD cover artShowrunnerMichael SchurStarring Amy Poehler Rashida Jones Aziz Ansari Nick Offerman Aubrey Plaza Chris Pratt Adam Scott Rob Lowe Jim O'Heir Retta No. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26) –April 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 5Next →Season 7List of episodes The sixth season of Parks and Recreation originally aired in the United States on the NBC television network, from September 26, 2013, with an hour long premiere, and concluded on April 24, 2014, with an hour-long finale. It premiered in its new Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot. This season consisted of 22 episodes. It stars Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, and Retta. The show moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm beginning with its 100th episode. Much like the other seasons, Season 6 follows Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and her co-workers in local government of fictional Indiana town, Pawnee. The season chronicles Leslie facing the recall vote from City Council, Ann Perkins's (Rashida Jones) and Chris Traeger's (Rob Lowe) move to Michigan to start their family, Andy Dwyer's (Chris Pratt) career in London, and the city merger of Eagleton and Pawnee, resulting in the Unity Concert organized by Leslie. Cast Main Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, the councilwoman for the town of Pawnee who loves her home town. She has not let politics dampen her optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States. Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation. It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written. Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie. Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli. Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate, who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests. As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation. Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the deadpan parks and recreation director who, as a libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them. Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his co-workers. Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and uninterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron. The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, "I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show." Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two. Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Leslie's husband, a competent but socially awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth. Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show. Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official. Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances, but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member. Jim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich, a sweet-natured but painfully incompetent longtime city employee who is the main target of the office petty unkindness, yet enjoys his life as the husband of a gorgeous woman and the father of three beautiful daughters. He reached retirement with a full pension in season 5, but returned to the Parks office to work as an intern. As of season six, the other characters have taken to calling him "Larry Gengurch," after accidentally calling himself that name. Retta as Donna Meagle, the confident and competent office manager for the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department. She is now accepting of her coworkers, previously dismissing them as boring. She has little tolerance for stupidity, can sometimes be selfish, enjoys casual dating, and is irresistible to many men. Donna loves her car, a Mercedes-Benz M-Class SUV. Recurring John Balma as Barney Varmn, an accountant. He regularly attempts to hire Ben as an employee. Alison Becker as Shauna Malwae-Tweep, a newspaper journalist working for The Pawnee Journal. Kristen Bell as Ingrid de Forest, an elitist city councilwoman from Eagleton. Lucy Lawless as Diane Lewis, a middle school vice-principal and Ron's wife. Richard Burch as Herman Lerpiss, the owner of the Pawnee Pawn Shop. Andrew Burlinson as Wyatt "Burly" Burlison, the lead guitarist of Andy's band "Mouse Rat". Mo Collins as Joan Callamezzo, a tabloid journalist and hostess of the local news/talk show Pawnee Today. Billy Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks, the former office manager of Eagleton's parks department. After the Pawnee-Eagleton city merger, he is brought into the Pawnee parks department as the "associate administrator", and forms a friendship with Donna. Sydney Endicott as Madison, a young intern at the parks department. Mary Faber as Kathryn Pinewood, a representative for the Pawnee Restaurant Association. Andy Forrest as Kyle, a government employee who is constantly ridiculed by Andy. Jon Glaser as Councilman Jeremy Jamm, a member of the Pawnee city council and Leslie's nemesis. James Greene as Councilman Fielding Milton, the longest serving member of the Pawnee city council. Eric Isenhower as Orin, a creepy and disturbed friend of April. Jay Jackson as Perd Hapley, a popular Pawnee television journalist and the host of news programs Ya Heard? With Perd! and The Final Word with Perd!. Marc Evan Jackson as Trevor Nelsson, one of Pawnee's top attorneys in the employment of Dr. Saperstein. Yvans Jourdain as Councilman Douglass Howser, the head of the Pawnee city council. Richard Portnow as Mitch Savner, a local businessman and potential investor for Tom's restaurant. Ben Schwartz as Jean-Ralphio Saperstein, Tom's dimwitted and cocky best friend. Jenny Slate as Mona-Lisa Saperstein, Tom's crazy ex-girlfriend and Jean-Ralphio's sister. Helen Slayton-Hughes as Ethel Beavers, an elderly government employee. Brady Smith as Grant Larson, director of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service. Kevin Symons as Councilman Bill Dexhart, a member of the Pawnee city council who is frequently embroiled in outrageous sex scandals. Cooper Thornton as Dr. Harris, a sarcastic doctor at Pawnee's hospital. Jeff Tweedy as Scott Tanner, the former lead singer of a band called "Land Ho!". Susan Yeagley as Jessica Wicks, the vain and superficial widow of Nick Newport Sr., one of the richest men in Pawnee. Henry Winkler as Dr. Saperstein, a gynecologist and father of Jean-Ralphio and Mona-Lisa. Guest stars Blake Anderson as Mike Bean, CEO of tech company "Gryzzl". Matt Besser as Crazy Ira, one of the hosts of the radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche. Dan Castellaneta as Derry Murbles, the host of the Pawnee radio show Thoughts for Your Thoughts. The Decemberists as themselves. Bo Burnham as Chip McCapp, a spoiled teenage country singer. Sam Elliott as Ron Dunn, the former head of the Eagleton parks department. Ginuwine as a fictional version of himself; he is Donna's cousin. Kathryn Hahn as Jennifer Barkley, a successful political campaign manager and old acquaintance of Ben and Leslie. Jon Hamm as Ed, an incompetent employee at the National Park Service. Kay Hanley as herself. Erinn Hayes as Annabel Porter, a well-respected Pawnee lifestyle guru. John Hodgman as August Clementine, an Eagleton radio host. Rob Huebel as Harvey Spielyorm, the unlikable owner of a tent store. Keegan-Michael Key as Joe, a school principal and Donna's ex-boyfriend. Heidi Klum as Ulee Danssen, the mayor of a town in Denmark. Nick Kroll as Howard "The Douche" Tuttleman, one of the hosts of the Pawnee radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche. Letters to Cleo as themselves. Andrew Luck as himself. Tatiana Maslany as Nadia Stasky, a doctor and love interest for Tom. Robert Mathis as himself. Megan Mullally as Tammy Swanson (aka Tammy Two), Ron's sex-crazed ex-wife. Michelle Obama as herself. June Diane Raphael as Tynnyfer, a former employee of the Eagleton parks department. Peter Serafinowicz as His Royal Excellence Lord Edgar Darby Covington, 14th Earl of Cornwall-Upon-Thames and 29th Baron of Hertfordshire, who also goes by the name "Eddie", the head of a British charitable organization. Yo La Tengo as Bobby Knight Ranger, a fictional Night Ranger tribute band. Adam Vinatieri as himself. Production On July 31, 2013, it was reported by BuzzFeed that Rob Lowe and Rashida Jones would be leaving the series around the middle of the season. Their final episode was episode 13, "Ann and Chris". Due to the departure of Jones and Lowe, longtime regulars Jim O'Heir and Retta were added to the show's opening credit sequence starting with episode 14, "Anniversaries". Jones appears as a special guest star in episode 17 when Ann has her baby. Chris Pratt was absent for much of the early part of the season, due to him filming Guardians of the Galaxy in London. Executive producer Michael Schur stated the show went to London for the first two episodes in order for Pratt's character Andy to make an appearance. Pratt made a brief return in the sixth episode, with Schur adding that Pratt would return to the series in the tenth episode, the series' 100th episode. In February 2014, NBC announced a digital tie-in for the show, titled "The Hapley Group", which aired on February 20. Created "to help viewers remain engaged with their favorite programs" while NBC broadcasts the 2014 Winter Olympics, it featured Jay Jackson, Matt Besser, Nick Kroll and Mo Collins reprising their roles as Perd Hapley, Crazy Ira, The Douche, and Joan Callamezzo, respectively, with Seth Morris as Mike Patterson, a new character who recurred on the TV show as well. The tie-in, directed by Morgan Sackett and written by Greg Levine, features the characters in a heated, political round-table discussion of Pawnee's hot topics. Retta tweeted on February 27, 2014, that filming for the season had finished. Episodes See also: List of Parks and Recreation episodes † denotes an extended episode. ‡ denotes an hour-long episode. Parks and Recreation, season 6 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)911"London"‡Dean HollandMichael SchurSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26)3.27922 Continuing moments after the previous episode, as Diane tells Ron that she's pregnant, Ron proposes, and they get married in the municipal building. Leslie wins an international award that takes her, Ben, Andy, April and Ron to London, while Tom learns who his business competitor is. Ann and Chris progress in their relationship. 933"The Pawnee-Eagleton Tip Off Classic"Nicole HolofcenerAlan YangOctober 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)3.14 Leslie, Ben and Chris go to Eagleton on government business, while Ann takes April to her veterinary school orientation in Bloomington. Ron attempts to destroy every piece of evidence of his existence after receiving a junk mail flier, and Ann suggests that she and Chris move away from Pawnee after their baby is born. 944"Doppelgängers"Jay KarasDonick CaryOctober 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)3.23 Leslie pairs the Pawnee Parks Department with their Eagleton counterparts, however, none of them seem to get along. Jerry (now known as Larry) comes out of retirement to become the Parks' department filer. Ann tells Leslie that she and Chris are planning to move away from Pawnee to Michigan, which Leslie does not take well. 955"Gin It Up!"Jorma TacconeMatt MurrayOctober 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)3.27 When Donna uses the department's Twitter account instead of her own, Leslie helps calm the over reaction to the sex-themed tweet. Elsewhere, Tom tries to impress someone who stops by the Parks Department by making her simple request take extra long, and Ron meets with a lawyer to craft his last will. 966"Filibuster"Morgan SackettHarris WittelsNovember 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)3.03 Andy returns briefly from London, while Ron takes Donna hunting after failing at a computer version. Leslie plans a 1990s themed birthday party for Ben, only to miss it in order to attend a filibuster to fight for the rights of former Eagletonians to vote. 977"Recall Vote"Wendey StanzlerAisha MuharrarNovember 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)3.03 Leslie prepares Halloween festivities at town hall on the day of her recall vote, while Ron convinces Tom to sell his business in order to gain money through the deal. 988"Fluoride"Michael TrimMatt HubbardNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)2.81 Leslie accepts that she has been recalled, and attempts to introduce Eagleton's water fluoridation to Pawnee, using a new attitude as a lame duck, but Jamm ruins it with fear-mongering. Tom counters with T-Dazzle, a rebrand, but Jamm decides to introduce Drink-ems, an unhealthy drink to replace water. Leslie berates Sweetums for the Drink-ems idea, which costs Ben his job. Needing Ben to have a job, Leslie decides to apologize, but through encouragement from Ben, she gets Tom to once again rebrand fluoride as H2-Flow, which successfully works. Meanwhile, Chris tries to learn parenting techniques from a reluctant Ron, who is really just showing him how to build a crib. Elsewhere, Donna gets upset with April for choosing spirit dogs for the department, and choosing hers under basic explanations. 999"The Cones of Dunshire"Julie Anne RobinsonDave KingNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)2.81 Leslie faces off with Councilman Jamm on a park proposal. Laid-off Ben gets a new hobby, before accepting a job offer from an accounting firm that has been courting him for two years. Tom, April and Donna help Ron sell his cabin. Chris gets Leslie to finally come to terms with his and Ann's move to Michigan. 10010"Second Chunce"†Dean HollandAmy Poehler & Michael SchurJanuary 9, 2014 (2014-01-09)3.43 Leslie comes to terms with her last days in office, but when Councilman Dexhart gets into another scandal, she tries to convince the department that she should run again for Dexhart's seat. Meanwhile, Ann and Chris find out that they are having a boy. Andy comes home from London. 10111"New Beginnings"Alan YangSam MeansJanuary 16, 2014 (2014-01-16)3.05 Leslie returns to her old job and Ben becomes City Manager after Chris stepped down. April and Andy pull pranks on Ben. 10212"Farmers Market"Adam ScottJoe MandeJanuary 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)2.98 Leslie fights with Ben over the ways the new Farmers Market is being handled. The department gets annoyed with Ann's pregnancy aspects. April supports Andy on playing music for children. 10313"Ann and Chris"Dean HollandAisha Muharrar & Michael SchurJanuary 30, 2014 (2014-01-30)3.03 Leslie throws a goodbye party for Ann and Chris and tries to fulfill a promise by finally beginning to break ground on Pawnee Commons (the project that got her and Ann together). The guys search for a going-away gift for Chris. Ann and Chris say their goodbyes and leave Pawnee. 10414"Anniversaries"Morgan SackettMegan AmramFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)2.52 Ben tries to surprise Leslie with an anniversary gifts, but ends up spending more time with Larry. Donna doesn't show up for work, so April tries to discipline her using the internet which backfires. Leslie tries to put a spin on the Pawnee-Eagleton merger. Andy and Tom come up with an idea to hold a concert to celebrate the merger. Meanwhile, Ron writes letters to all the things he hates. 10515"The Wall"Ken WhittinghamJen StatskyMarch 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)2.95 Ben and Tom try to get sponsors for the Pawnee/Eagleton unity concert and Tom ends up getting an investment offer for one of his ideas; Leslie tries to tear down the wall dividing the two towns, only to release bees, causing Jamm to propose a secede bill; Leslie also gets an offer to run a new National Parks office out of Chicago. Meanwhile, Ron begins to bring his newborn son, John, to the office, as he rebuilds an abandoned floor in Town Hall. 10616"New Slogan"Dean HollandAlan Yang & Sam MeansMarch 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)2.72 Ben revamps the Pawnee website, on which Leslie solicits suggestions for a new town slogan, but The Douche convinces his radio listeners to write in obscene slogans. April tries to keep Tom from leaving by saying bad things about potential restaurant locations. She realizes Donna was doing the same thing by showing him awful locations, so they both try to make things right. Andy discovers Ron is Duke Silver and tries to convince him to play the unity concert. 10717"Galentine's Day"Beth McCarthy-MillerEmma Fletcher & Rachna FruchbomMarch 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)3.05 Leslie throws a Galentine's Day brunch in an effort to find a new best friend. Ben, Tom and Larry search for tents for the Unity Concert. With new parental instincts Ron looks after Andy. Meanwhile, Leslie visits Ann after she gives birth to her baby, Oliver. 10818"Prom"Ken WhittinghamMatt Murray & Harris WittelsApril 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)2.67 After it is cut from the budget, Leslie brings back the senior prom, and asks Ben and Tom to be DJs. Andy tries everything to get April, who hates prom, to go with him. 10919"Flu Season 2"†Nick OffermanMegan Amram & Dave KingApril 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)2.56 Leslie and Andy try to find music for the unity concert while battling the flu; Donna, Tom and April go wine tasting for Tom's new restaurant. Ron and Ben have a bonding session. Later, Ben realizes he wants to start a family, and Leslie announces that she is pregnant. 11020"One in 8,000"Dean HollandDonick Cary & Joe MandeApril 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)2.39 Leslie and Ben try to keep Leslie's pregnancy a secret, which proves a problem when they realize she is having triplets. Meanwhile, Donna seeks Ron's help dealing with her ex-boyfriend at a school, and April organizes Andy's schedule while trying to learn his secret. Leslie and Ben eventually tell the office, with everyone offering some form of help to them once the babies arrive. 11121"Moving Up"†‡Michael SchurAisha Muharrar & Alan YangApril 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)2.7111222 Leslie, Ben, and Andy visit San Francisco for a National Parks Conference, where Ben (with the help of First Lady Michelle Obama) convinces Leslie to take the job in Chicago. Tom opens his restaurant early, which backfires and the investor pulls out. The Parks Department holds the Pawnee/Eagleton Unity Concert, which is a success. Tom reopens his restaurant the night of the concert, having better luck this time and gaining another investor. Later, Leslie convinces her National Parks boss to bring her job to Pawnee, using the City Hall building's third floor that Ron has finished renovating. Three years later in the future, Leslie is shown being stressed but successful at her new job, while she and Ben raise their triplets. 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"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'The Michael J Fox Show' & 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'The Crazy Ones' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 4, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Originals' Adjusted Up; 'Parks And Recreation', 'Welcome to the Family', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Michael J. Fox Show', & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 11, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'The X Factor' & 'Glee' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2013). 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"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'American Idol' & 'Parks & Recreation' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ Bibel, Sara (March 7, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Once Upon A Time in Wonderland', 'Parks and Recreation' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' & 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Hell's Kitchen', 'Parks and Recreation' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Reign', 'The Crazy Ones', 'Two and a Half Men' and 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014. ^ Bibel, Sara (March 21, 2014). 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External links Official Parks and Recreation site at NBC.com Parks and Recreation at IMDb vteParks and RecreationEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Canvassing" "The Reporter" "Boys' Club" "The Banquet" "Rock Show" Season 2 "Pawnee Zoo" "The Stakeout" "Beauty Pageant" "Practice Date" "Sister City" "Kaboom" "Greg Pikitis" "Ron and Tammy" "The Camel" "Hunting Trip" "Tom's Divorce" "Christmas Scandal" "The Set Up" "Leslie's House" "Sweetums" "Galentine's Day" "Woman of the Year" "The Possum" "Park Safety" "Summer Catalog" "94 Meetings" "Telethon" "The Master Plan" "Freddy Spaghetti" Season 3 "Go Big or Go Home" "Flu Season" "Time Capsule" "Ron & Tammy: Part Two" "Media Blitz" "Indianapolis" "Harvest Festival" "Camping" "Andy and April's Fancy Party" "Soulmates" "Jerry's Painting" "Eagleton" "The Fight" "Road Trip" "The Bubble" "Li'l Sebastian" Season 4 "I'm Leslie Knope" "Ron and Tammys" "Born & Raised" "Pawnee Rangers" "End of the World" "Smallest Park" "The Trial of Leslie Knope" "Bowling for Votes" "Operation Ann" "The Debate" "Bus Tour" "Win, Lose, or Draw" Season 5 "Ms. Knope Goes to Washington" "Soda Tax" "How a Bill Becomes a Law" "Sex Education" "Halloween Surprise" Season 6 Season 7 "2017" "Leslie and Ron" "One Last Ride" Special "A Parks and Recreation Special" Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Jean-Ralphio Saperstein Related Pawnee Awards and nominations	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futon-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futon-1"},{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Aziz Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Nick Offerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Offerman"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Adam Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Heir"},{"link_name":"Retta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leslie Knope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Knope"},{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_(Parks_and_Recreation)"},{"link_name":"Ann Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Chris Traeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Traeger"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Andy Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSeason of television seriesThe sixth season of Parks and Recreation originally aired in the United States on the NBC television network, from September 26, 2013, with an hour long premiere, and concluded on April 24, 2014, with an hour-long finale.[1] It premiered in its new Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot.[2] This season consisted of 22 episodes.[1] It stars Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, and Retta. The show moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm beginning with its 100th episode.[3]Much like the other seasons, Season 6 follows Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and her co-workers in local government of fictional Indiana town, Pawnee. The season chronicles Leslie facing the recall vote from City Council, Ann Perkins's (Rashida Jones) and Chris Traeger's (Rob Lowe) move to Michigan to start their family, Andy Dwyer's (Chris Pratt) career in London, and the city merger of Eagleton and Pawnee, resulting in the Unity Concert organized by Leslie.","title":"Parks and Recreation season 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Leslie Knope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Knope"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYPost0409-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ann Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jim Halpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Halpert"},{"link_name":"Karen Filippelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Filippelli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0721-8"},{"link_name":"Aziz Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Tom Haverford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Haverford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub0426-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0721-8"},{"link_name":"Nick Offerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Offerman"},{"link_name":"Ron Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Swanson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub0426-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snierson0127-11"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Plaza"},{"link_name":"April Ludgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Ludgate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Andy Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"slacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0917-13"},{"link_name":"Adam Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wyatt_(Parks_and_Recreation)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Party Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Down"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin0304-15"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Chris Traeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Traeger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0203-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0203-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Heir"},{"link_name":"Jerry Gergich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Gergich"},{"link_name":"Retta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retta"},{"link_name":"Donna Meagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Meagle"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, the councilwoman for the town of Pawnee who loves her home town. She has not let politics dampen her optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States.[4] Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation.[5][6] It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written.[7]\nRashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie. Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli.[7][8]\nAziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate,[9] who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests.[10] As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation.[7][8]\nNick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the deadpan parks and recreation director who, as a libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them.[9] Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his co-workers.[11]\nAubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and uninterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron.[12] The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, \"I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show.\"\nChris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two.[13]\nAdam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Leslie's husband, a competent but socially awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth.[14] Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show.[15]\nRob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official.[16] Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances,[17][18] but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member.[18][19]\nJim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich, a sweet-natured but painfully incompetent longtime city employee who is the main target of the office petty unkindness, yet enjoys his life as the husband of a gorgeous woman and the father of three beautiful daughters. He reached retirement with a full pension in season 5, but returned to the Parks office to work as an intern. As of season six, the other characters have taken to calling him \"Larry Gengurch,\" after accidentally calling himself that name.\nRetta as Donna Meagle, the confident and competent office manager for the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department. She is now accepting of her coworkers, previously dismissing them as boring. She has little tolerance for stupidity, can sometimes be selfish, enjoys casual dating, and is irresistible to many men. Donna loves her car, a Mercedes-Benz M-Class SUV.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alison Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Becker"},{"link_name":"Kristen Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Bell"},{"link_name":"Lucy Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Mo Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Collins"},{"link_name":"Billy Eichner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Eichner"},{"link_name":"Mary Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Faber"},{"link_name":"Jon Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Councilman Jeremy Jamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Jamm"},{"link_name":"James Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greene_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Marc Evan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Evan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Richard Portnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Portnow"},{"link_name":"Ben Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Jean-Ralphio Saperstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ralphio_Saperstein"},{"link_name":"Jenny Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Slate"},{"link_name":"Helen Slayton-Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Slayton-Hughes"},{"link_name":"Brady Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Symons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Symons"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tweedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tweedy"},{"link_name":"Susan Yeagley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Yeagley"},{"link_name":"Henry Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Winkler"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"John Balma as Barney Varmn, an accountant. He regularly attempts to hire Ben as an employee.\nAlison Becker as Shauna Malwae-Tweep, a newspaper journalist working for The Pawnee Journal.\nKristen Bell as Ingrid de Forest, an elitist city councilwoman from Eagleton.\nLucy Lawless as Diane Lewis, a middle school vice-principal and Ron's wife.\nRichard Burch as Herman Lerpiss, the owner of the Pawnee Pawn Shop.\nAndrew Burlinson as Wyatt \"Burly\" Burlison, the lead guitarist of Andy's band \"Mouse Rat\".\nMo Collins as Joan Callamezzo, a tabloid journalist and hostess of the local news/talk show Pawnee Today.\nBilly Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks, the former office manager of Eagleton's parks department. After the Pawnee-Eagleton city merger, he is brought into the Pawnee parks department as the \"associate administrator\", and forms a friendship with Donna.\nSydney Endicott as Madison, a young intern at the parks department.\nMary Faber as Kathryn Pinewood, a representative for the Pawnee Restaurant Association.\nAndy Forrest as Kyle, a government employee who is constantly ridiculed by Andy.\nJon Glaser as Councilman Jeremy Jamm, a member of the Pawnee city council and Leslie's nemesis.\nJames Greene as Councilman Fielding Milton, the longest serving member of the Pawnee city council.\nEric Isenhower as Orin, a creepy and disturbed friend of April.\nJay Jackson as Perd Hapley, a popular Pawnee television journalist and the host of news programs Ya Heard? With Perd! and The Final Word with Perd!.\nMarc Evan Jackson as Trevor Nelsson, one of Pawnee's top attorneys in the employment of Dr. Saperstein.\nYvans Jourdain as Councilman Douglass Howser, the head of the Pawnee city council.\nRichard Portnow as Mitch Savner, a local businessman and potential investor for Tom's restaurant.\nBen Schwartz as Jean-Ralphio Saperstein, Tom's dimwitted and cocky best friend.\nJenny Slate as Mona-Lisa Saperstein, Tom's crazy ex-girlfriend and Jean-Ralphio's sister.\nHelen Slayton-Hughes as Ethel Beavers, an elderly government employee.\nBrady Smith as Grant Larson, director of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service.\nKevin Symons as Councilman Bill Dexhart, a member of the Pawnee city council who is frequently embroiled in outrageous sex scandals.\nCooper Thornton as Dr. Harris, a sarcastic doctor at Pawnee's hospital.\nJeff Tweedy as Scott Tanner, the former lead singer of a band called \"Land Ho!\".\nSusan Yeagley as Jessica Wicks, the vain and superficial widow of Nick Newport Sr., one of the richest men in Pawnee.\nHenry Winkler as Dr. Saperstein, a gynecologist and father of Jean-Ralphio and Mona-Lisa.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blake Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Matt Besser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Besser"},{"link_name":"Dan Castellaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta"},{"link_name":"The Decemberists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decemberists"},{"link_name":"Bo Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Sam Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Jon Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Kay Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Hanley"},{"link_name":"Erinn Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinn_Hayes"},{"link_name":"John Hodgman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodgman"},{"link_name":"Rob Huebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Huebel"},{"link_name":"Keegan-Michael Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keegan-Michael_Key"},{"link_name":"Heidi Klum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Klum"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Nick Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kroll"},{"link_name":"Letters to Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_Cleo"},{"link_name":"Andrew Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Luck"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Maslany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Maslany"},{"link_name":"Robert Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mathis"},{"link_name":"Megan Mullally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Mullally"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"June Diane Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Diane_Raphael"},{"link_name":"Peter Serafinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz"},{"link_name":"Yo La Tengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_La_Tengo"},{"link_name":"Night Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Adam Vinatieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vinatieri"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars","text":"Blake Anderson as Mike Bean, CEO of tech company \"Gryzzl\".\nMatt Besser as Crazy Ira, one of the hosts of the radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche.\nDan Castellaneta as Derry Murbles, the host of the Pawnee radio show Thoughts for Your Thoughts.\nThe Decemberists as themselves.\nBo Burnham as Chip McCapp, a spoiled teenage country singer.\nSam Elliott as Ron Dunn, the former head of the Eagleton parks department.\nGinuwine as a fictional version of himself; he is Donna's cousin.\nKathryn Hahn as Jennifer Barkley, a successful political campaign manager and old acquaintance of Ben and Leslie.\nJon Hamm as Ed, an incompetent employee at the National Park Service.\nKay Hanley as herself.\nErinn Hayes as Annabel Porter, a well-respected Pawnee lifestyle guru.\nJohn Hodgman as August Clementine, an Eagleton radio host.\nRob Huebel as Harvey Spielyorm, the unlikable owner of a tent store.\nKeegan-Michael Key as Joe, a school principal and Donna's ex-boyfriend.\nHeidi Klum as Ulee Danssen, the mayor of a town in Denmark.\nNick Kroll as Howard \"The Douche\" Tuttleman, one of the hosts of the Pawnee radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche.\nLetters to Cleo as themselves.\nAndrew Luck as himself.\nTatiana Maslany as Nadia Stasky, a doctor and love interest for Tom.\nRobert Mathis as himself.\nMegan Mullally as Tammy Swanson (aka Tammy Two), Ron's sex-crazed ex-wife.\nMichelle Obama as herself.\nJune Diane Raphael as Tynnyfer, a former employee of the Eagleton parks department.\nPeter Serafinowicz as His Royal Excellence Lord Edgar Darby Covington, 14th Earl of Cornwall-Upon-Thames and 29th Baron of Hertfordshire, who also goes by the name \"Eddie\", the head of a British charitable organization.\nYo La Tengo as Bobby Knight Ranger, a fictional Night Ranger tribute band.\nAdam Vinatieri as himself.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schur"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Matt Besser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Besser"},{"link_name":"Nick Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kroll"},{"link_name":"Mo Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Collins"},{"link_name":"Perd Hapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Perd_Hapley"},{"link_name":"Crazy Ira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Crazy_Ira_and_The_Douche"},{"link_name":"Joan Callamezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Joan_Callamezzo"},{"link_name":"Seth Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Morris"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"On July 31, 2013, it was reported by BuzzFeed that Rob Lowe and Rashida Jones would be leaving the series around the middle of the season.[20] Their final episode was episode 13, \"Ann and Chris\". Due to the departure of Jones and Lowe, longtime regulars Jim O'Heir and Retta were added to the show's opening credit sequence starting with episode 14, \"Anniversaries\". Jones appears as a special guest star in episode 17 when Ann has her baby.Chris Pratt was absent for much of the early part of the season, due to him filming Guardians of the Galaxy in London. Executive producer Michael Schur stated the show went to London for the first two episodes in order for Pratt's character Andy to make an appearance. Pratt made a brief return in the sixth episode, with Schur adding that Pratt would return to the series in the tenth episode, the series' 100th episode.[21]In February 2014, NBC announced a digital tie-in for the show, titled \"The Hapley Group\", which aired on February 20. Created \"to help viewers remain engaged with their favorite programs\" while NBC broadcasts the 2014 Winter Olympics, it featured Jay Jackson, Matt Besser, Nick Kroll and Mo Collins reprising their roles as Perd Hapley, Crazy Ira, The Douche, and Joan Callamezzo, respectively, with Seth Morris as Mike Patterson, a new character who recurred on the TV show as well.[22] The tie-in, directed by Morgan Sackett and written by Greg Levine, features the characters in a heated, political round-table discussion of Pawnee's hot topics.[23]Retta tweeted on February 27, 2014, that filming for the season had finished.[24]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Parks and Recreation episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Parks and Recreation episodes† denotes an extended episode.\n‡ denotes an hour-long episode.","title":"Episodes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Shows A–Z – parks & recreation on nbc\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/parks-and-recreation/listings/","url_text":"\"Shows A–Z – parks & recreation on nbc\""}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (May 12, 2013). \"NBC 2013-2014 Schedule: 'Revolution' Goes to Wednesday, 'Grimm' & 'Dracula' Pair for Friday, 'Parenthood' Thursday + 'Biggest Loser' & 'Chicago Fire' to Tuesdays\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114141/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","url_text":"\"NBC 2013-2014 Schedule: 'Revolution' Goes to Wednesday, 'Grimm' & 'Dracula' Pair for Friday, 'Parenthood' Thursday + 'Biggest Loser' & 'Chicago Fire' to Tuesdays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2013). \"'Ironside' & 'Welcome to the Family' Canceled by NBC; 'Community' to Premiere January 2, 'Chicago P.D.' January 8\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032645/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/18/nbc-yanks-ironside-community-to-premiere-january-2-chicago-p-d-january-8/210019/","url_text":"\"'Ironside' & 'Welcome to the Family' Canceled by NBC; 'Community' to Premiere January 2, 'Chicago P.D.' January 8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/18/nbc-yanks-ironside-community-to-premiere-january-2-chicago-p-d-january-8/210019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dawidziak, Mark (April 7, 2009). \"'Parks and Recreation': New NBC comedy is uneven but promising\". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014185628/https://www.cleveland.com/tv/index.ssf/2009/04/parks_and_recreation_new_nbc_c.html","url_text":"\"'Parks and Recreation': New NBC comedy is uneven but promising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"},{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/tv/index.ssf/2009/04/parks_and_recreation_new_nbc_c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stasi, Linda (April 9, 2009). \"Raiders of the Lost 'Park': Amy Poehler quit \"SNL\" for \"Parks and Recreation\"\". New York Post. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. 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Online"},{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b29224_amy_poehler_moves_up_snl_exit.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (March 26, 2009). \"It's Not 'The Office.' The Boss Is a Woman\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511091316/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/arts/television/29dave.html","url_text":"\"It's Not 'The Office.' The Boss Is a Woman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/arts/television/29dave.html?sq=Lately,%20Amy%20Poehler%20says,%20she&st=cse&%2339;s%20been%20having%20trouble%20distinguishing%20her%20real%20life%20from%20a%20feverish%20dream.=&scp=1&pagewanted=print","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sepinwall, Alan (July 21, 2008). \"Sepinwall on TV: Leno undercover, 'Office' non-spin-off\". The Star-Ledger. 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Retrieved January 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110509213853/https://insidetv.ew.com/2011/01/27/parks-and-recreation-amy-poehler-the-flu/","url_text":"\"'Parks and Recreation' scoop: Amy Poehler and co-creator Mike Schur dish on Leslie's big gamble, romantic possibilities, and tonight's episode 'The Flu'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://insidetv.ew.com/2011/01/27/parks-and-recreation-amy-poehler-the-flu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sepinwall, Alan (January 15, 2010). \"Parks and Recreation, \"The Set Up\": Will Arnett dates Leslie\". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. 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Retrieved April 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011709/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/18/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-adjusted-up/255190/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/18/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-adjusted-up/255190/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (April 25, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201940/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/25/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-adjusted-down/257405/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/25/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-adjusted-down/257405/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/parks-and-recreation/listings/","external_links_name":"\"Shows A–Z – parks & recreation on nbc\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114141/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","external_links_name":"\"NBC 2013-2014 Schedule: 'Revolution' Goes to Wednesday, 'Grimm' & 'Dracula' Pair for Friday, 'Parenthood' Thursday + 'Biggest Loser' & 'Chicago Fire' to Tuesdays\""},{"Link":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032645/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/18/nbc-yanks-ironside-community-to-premiere-january-2-chicago-p-d-january-8/210019/","external_links_name":"\"'Ironside' & 'Welcome to the Family' Canceled by NBC; 'Community' to Premiere January 2, 'Chicago P.D.' 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Saltzberg	Katherine Saltzberg	["1 Theater","2 Television","3 Hugo's Amazing Tape","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	American actress, singer, and comic (born 1962) Katherine SaltzbergBornKatherine Maisnik (1962-08-12) August 12, 1962 (age 61)Burbank, California, U.S.OccupationActor Katherine Saltzberg (née Maisnik) is an American actress, singer, and comic. She is best known for starring as the showbiz-talented 16-year-old daughter of Brian Dennehy's character in the ABC sitcom, Star of the Family. Theater In 2009, Saltzberg wrote and performed the one woman show, Los Angelyne, an autobiographical theater performance where the "personal" becomes very, very public, as she recounted how her life and home were invaded by Los Angeles icon Angelyne, the attention-hungry queen of billboard self-promotion. Los Angelyne premiered at REDCAT. Television Saltzberg starred in the ABC sitcom, Star of the Family, playing Jennie Lee Krebs, a 16-year-old singer who begins getting show business offers because of her talents in the country/pop genre. This scares her father, played by Brian Dennehy. Saltzberg sang the opening theme song and was nominated for Best Young Actress in a new TV series. Hugo's Amazing Tape Saltzberg and her sister, Lauri Fraser, presented their father's, Hugo Maisnik's, adhesive-free-tape on Shark Tank, and sold to Mark Cuban and Lori Greiner. Personal life Saltzberg is the granddaughter of the British and American publicist, Jack Oliphant, who represented such individuals as Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Pearl Bailey, and Sophie Tucker. References ^ "Sunday, March 22, 2009 to Monday, March 23, 2009". Studio: Winter 2009. REDCAT. ^ "Fourth Annual Youth in Film Awards - 1981-1982". Young Artist Academy. Archived from the original on 2000-06-13. ^ "Hugo's Amazing Tape". Mark Cuban Companies. Retrieved 23 May 2022. "Hugo's Amazing Tape". Lori Greiner: Inventor & Entrepreneur. Retrieved 23 May 2022. "Hugo's Amazing Tape - Free shipping for Prime members". Tools.Woot. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 23 May 2022. "Appeared on Shark Tank". Shark Tank. ABC. Retrieved 23 May 2022. Hugo's Amazing Tape Madeira USA. "Hugo's Amazing Tape and the Amazing Ways to Use It". YouTube. Retrieved 23 May 2022. "Hugo's Amazing Tape". Shark Tank Blog. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2022. The women (the daughters of Hugo Maisnik) buy a roll of tape for $1.27 and sell it for $12.99. "Season 9 Episode 23". All Your Favorite Shark Tank products. Retrieved 23 May 2022. "Hugos Amazing Tape". Shark Tank Tales. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022. BUSINESS PITCH non-adhesive, self-clinging tape ENTREPRENEUR/FOUNDER Katherine Saltzberg and Lauri Fraser ASKED FOR $50,000 for 50% DEAL $100,000 for 100% SHARK Mark Cuban and Lori Greiner ^ The Dramatic List: Who's Who in The Theatre (Tenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. External links Katherine Saltzberg at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Dennehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dennehy"},{"link_name":"Star of the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_the_Family"}],"text":"Katherine Saltzberg (née Maisnik) is an American actress, singer, and comic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhaibi	Al-Mudhaibi	["1 Touristic monuments","2 Traditional Industries","3 References"]	Coordinates: 22°34′N 58°07′E / 22.567°N 58.117°E / 22.567; 58.117This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Al-Mudhaibi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wilayat in Ash Sharqiyah, OmanAl-MudhaibiWilayatCountryOmanGovernorateAsh SharqiyahProvinceAl-MudhaibiPopulation (2020) • Total115,040 Al-Mudhaibi (Arabic: المضيبي) is the largest willaya in Ash Sharqiyah region of Oman. It has two niabas: Sinaw and Samad Ash Shan. Suq Sinaw is one of the most popular suqs in Oman. Dresses, khanjars and jewelry are sold there. It includes villages like Al Sudairah, Barzman, and Al Zahib. On 25 November 2019, 45 well-preserved tombs covering a 50-80 square metre area and a settlement, dating back to beginning of the Iron Age, has been discovered in Al-Mudhaibi, specifically in Al Saleeli mountain by archaeologists from Oman and Heidelberg University. Archaeologists believed that the site belonged to the miners who were working in copper mining. Touristic monuments There are many tourist attractions in the Wilayat of Al-Mudhaibi, including natural springs, falaj, caves, and modern parks. One of the most important springs in the state is Ain al-Harid, which gained fame from the nature of its water which is used to treat infectious diseases. Among the most important falajs in it are: al-Farsakhi – Bouminin, in addition to a group of other falajs. Caves are also spread in the Rawda Mountains and Mudar Mountains. As for the modern parks, one of them is in the Al-Ghashaiya area in Wadi Andam. And the other is in each of the towns of Suhaili, Wadi Daqiq, and Wadi Dhaa’a. Among the most important valleys in the Wilayat of Al-Mudhaibi is Wadi Andam. Among its villages are Al-Alia, Al-Habat, Mahlia, Al-Ghariyin and Al-Khadraa, Bani Difaa, as well as the Al-Dhaqiq area, which is located between the town of Lazq and Al-Maysar, and it has a valley named after the region. Traditional Industries A collection of traditional industries, crafts, and arts are found in the state. Whereas agriculture is thought to be the first craft that the populace practices, some of the most well-known crops are: palm trees, lemons, alfalfa, and vegetables, as well as the crafts of grazing and camel rearing. Spinning and weaving, palm fronds, al-Qafr and semim, agricultural equipment, Omani sweets, and mat manufacturing are a few of the industries. References ^ "Population - DATA PORTAL". National Centre for Statistics & Information. Retrieved 2021-10-15. ^ "New archeological site discovered in Oman". Times of Oman. 25 November 2019. ^ Heyman, Taylor (26 November 2019). "Iron Age archaeological site discovered in Oman". The National. Retrieved 31 January 2023. 22°34′N 58°07′E / 22.567°N 58.117°E / 22.567; 58.117Asia. Localities in Al-Muḍaībī (Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate, Oman) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information. (n.d.). https://www.citypopulation.de/en/oman/sharqiyahnorth/0902__al_mu%E1%B8%8Da%C4%ABb%C4%AB/ vte Ash Sharqiyah North GovernorateCapital: IbraWilayats (provinces) Al-Kabil Al-Mudhaibi Bidiya Dema Wa Thaieen Ibra Wadi Bani Khalid Villages Wadi Zeib This article about the geography of Oman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"willaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayat"},{"link_name":"Ash Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Sharqiyah_Region_(Oman)"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"niabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaw"},{"link_name":"Samad Ash Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samad_Ash_Shan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"khanjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanjar"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Wilayat in Ash Sharqiyah, OmanAl-Mudhaibi (Arabic: المضيبي) is the largest willaya in Ash Sharqiyah region of Oman. It has two niabas: Sinaw and Samad Ash Shan. Suq Sinaw is one of the most popular suqs in Oman. Dresses, khanjars and jewelry are sold there. It includes villages like Al Sudairah, Barzman, and Al Zahib.On 25 November 2019, 45 well-preserved tombs covering a 50-80 square metre area and a settlement, dating back to beginning of the Iron Age, has been discovered in Al-Mudhaibi, specifically in Al Saleeli mountain by archaeologists from Oman and Heidelberg University. Archaeologists believed that the site belonged to the miners who were working in copper mining.[2][3]","title":"Al-Mudhaibi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"falaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat"},{"link_name":"caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave"}],"text":"There are many tourist attractions in the Wilayat of Al-Mudhaibi, including natural springs, falaj, caves, and modern parks. One of the most important springs in the state is Ain al-Harid, which gained fame from the nature of its water which is used to treat infectious diseases. Among the most important falajs in it are: al-Farsakhi – Bouminin, in addition to a group of other falajs. Caves are also spread in the Rawda Mountains and Mudar Mountains. As for the modern parks, one of them is in the Al-Ghashaiya area in Wadi Andam. And the other is in each of the towns of Suhaili, Wadi Daqiq, and Wadi Dhaa’a. Among the most important valleys in the Wilayat of Al-Mudhaibi is Wadi Andam. Among its villages are Al-Alia, Al-Habat, Mahlia, Al-Ghariyin and Al-Khadraa, Bani Difaa, as well as the Al-Dhaqiq area, which is located between the town of Lazq and Al-Maysar, and it has a valley named after the region.","title":"Touristic monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alfalfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa"}],"text":"A collection of traditional industries, crafts, and arts are found in the state. Whereas agriculture is thought to be the first craft that the populace practices, some of the most well-known crops are: palm trees, lemons, alfalfa, and vegetables, as well as the crafts of grazing and camel rearing. Spinning and weaving, palm fronds, al-Qafr and semim, agricultural equipment, Omani sweets, and mat manufacturing are a few of the industries.","title":"Traditional Industries"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population - DATA PORTAL\". National Centre for Statistics & Information. Retrieved 2021-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.gov.om/OMPOP2016/population","url_text":"\"Population - DATA PORTAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"New archeological site discovered in Oman\". Times of Oman. 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofoman.com/article/2281861/Oman/New-archeological-site-discovered-in-Oman","url_text":"\"New archeological site discovered in Oman\""}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Taylor (26 November 2019). \"Iron Age archaeological site discovered in Oman\". The National. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershel_Matt	Hershel Matt	["1 Family","2 Education","3 Career","3.1 Rabbinical experience","4 Religious views","5 References","6 External links"]	Rabbi Hershel Jonah Matt (July 11, 1922 – December 26, 1987) was a rabbi, scholar and professor. Family Hershel was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 11, 1922 to Lena and Rabbi Calman David Matt. Hershel married his wife Gustine on March 10, 1946. They had four children: Jonathan, Daniel, David, and Deborah. Education Rabbi Matt attended the University of Pennsylvania and received a bachelor's degree in Philosophy in 1943, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. Hershel was deeply influenced by his teachers Will Herberg and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel He was awarded a Master of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1947 and received Semicha from JTS in 1947. Career He was a professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College and Academy for Jewish Religion. Rabbi Matt was the spiritual leader of congregations in New Jersey, New York and New Hampshire. Rabbinical experience 1947–1950 Beth Abraham Congregation (Nashua, New Hampshire) 1950–1959 Temple Beth El (Troy, New York) 1959–1970 Temple Neve Shalom (Metuchen, New Jersey) 1970–1975 The Jewish Center (Princeton, New Jersey) 1975-1982 Temple Har Zion (Mount Holly, New Jersey) Religious views Among his congregants, Rabbi Matt encouraged deeper and more meaningful engagement with ritual observance and Torah study. A man of stringent personal ethical standards, Rabbi Matt also attempted to bring greater ethical sensibility into the day-to-day functioning of the synagogue. Hershel's "Principles and Policies for the Ideal Congregation" proposes that synagogues refrain from excessive fund raising. On the issue of a proposed raffle at Temple Neve Shalom in Metuchen, Hershel issued the following list of objections: "Gambling is morally objectionable because it encourages the unworthy desire of obtaining something without earning or paying fair value for it. If the item to be raffled is a luxury item, the raffle encourages luxury and ostentation, which violate the Jewish standard of modest living." Disturbed by the ostentatious displays that accompanied bar and bat mitzvah celebrations, Rabbi Matt convinced the Board of Temple Beth El in Troy to pass a "Resolution on Moderation in Serving Kiddush at Bar and Bat Mitzvahs." Rabbi Matt also spoke out and published on many controversial issues of his day. In the 1950s he pioneered the field of equal rights for women, calling them up to the Torah at Temple Beth El in Troy, New York. Later, he was among the first to support women in their struggle to be accepted for rabbinical studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary. Hershel also helped lead the fight for the acceptance of gay and lesbian Jews at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. A Zionist from childhood, he nonetheless felt a deep concern for Palestinian rights. In pursuing such controversial causes, Hershel rarely took a militant or divisive tone and managed not to alienate his colleagues. In the words of the Orthodox Rabbi Yitz Greenberg, "He forced us to consider new possibilities without betraying the tradition or the seriousness of the past...He was so kind and his spirit was so touching that he was able to say radical things that nobody else could say and yet get people to open their minds." Rabbi Matt's unconventional views went hand-in-hand with traditional Jewish beliefs. Hershel believed in God, the Messiah, the world-to-come, life-after-death, and bodily resurrection. In his words, "Whenever we are truly aware that we stand in God's holy presence, we can catch from within time a glimpse of eternity." Hershel also took special delight in performing and promoting ritual practices that were widely neglected, such as wearing a tallit katan, reciting Kiddush Levanah (the Blessing over the New Moon) and Tashlich. References ^ obituary, The New York Times December 31, 1987: Rabbi Hershel Matt ^ a b c d e Hershel Jonah Matt (1993). Matt, Daniel C. (ed.). Walking Humbly With God The Life and Writings of Rabbi Hershel Jonah Matt. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 0-88125-430-4. External links Rabbi Hershel Matt obituary from The New York Times On Hershel Matt's 10th Yahrtzeit by Joseph G. Rosenstein On Hershel Matt's 20th Yarhtzeit by Daniel C. Matt Hershel Matt's father C. David Matt from Encyclopedia Judaica John C. Merkle; Walter J. Harrelson (2003). Faith Transformed Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism. Liturgical Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8146-5117-9. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hershel Matt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Matt"}],"text":"Hershel was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 11, 1922 to Lena and Rabbi Calman David Matt. Hershel married his wife Gustine on March 10, 1946. They had four children: Jonathan, Daniel, David, and Deborah.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Abraham Joshua Heschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"Semicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humbly-2"}],"text":"Rabbi Matt attended the University of Pennsylvania and received a bachelor's degree in Philosophy in 1943, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. Hershel was deeply influenced by his teachers Will Herberg and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel He was awarded a Master of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1947 and received Semicha from JTS in 1947.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"Reconstructionist Rabbinical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College"},{"link_name":"Academy for Jewish Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humbly-2"}],"text":"He was a professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College and Academy for Jewish Religion. Rabbi Matt was the spiritual leader of congregations in New Jersey, New York and New Hampshire.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rabbinical experience","text":"1947–1950 Beth Abraham Congregation (Nashua, New Hampshire)\n1950–1959 Temple Beth El (Troy, New York)\n1959–1970 Temple Neve Shalom (Metuchen, New Jersey)\n1970–1975 The Jewish Center (Princeton, New Jersey)\n1975-1982 Temple Har Zion (Mount Holly, New Jersey)","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humbly-2"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"Reconstructionist Rabbinical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist"},{"link_name":"Yitz Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitz_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humbly-2"},{"link_name":"tallit katan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit_katan"},{"link_name":"Kiddush Levanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush_Levanah"},{"link_name":"Tashlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashlich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humbly-2"}],"text":"Among his congregants, Rabbi Matt encouraged deeper and more meaningful engagement with ritual observance and Torah study. A man of stringent personal ethical standards, Rabbi Matt also attempted to bring greater ethical sensibility into the day-to-day functioning of the synagogue. Hershel's \"Principles and Policies for the Ideal Congregation\" proposes that synagogues refrain from excessive fund raising. On the issue of a proposed raffle at Temple Neve Shalom in Metuchen, Hershel issued the following list of objections: \"Gambling is morally objectionable because it encourages the unworthy desire of obtaining something without earning or paying fair value for it. If the item to be raffled is a luxury item, the raffle encourages luxury and ostentation, which violate the Jewish standard of modest living.\" Disturbed by the ostentatious displays that accompanied bar and bat mitzvah celebrations, Rabbi Matt convinced the Board of Temple Beth El in Troy to pass a \"Resolution on Moderation in Serving Kiddush at Bar and Bat Mitzvahs.\"[2]Rabbi Matt also spoke out and published on many controversial issues of his day. In the 1950s he pioneered the field of equal rights for women, calling them up to the Torah at Temple Beth El in Troy, New York. Later, he was among the first to support women in their struggle to be accepted for rabbinical studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary. Hershel also helped lead the fight for the acceptance of gay and lesbian Jews at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. A Zionist from childhood, he nonetheless felt a deep concern for Palestinian rights. In pursuing such controversial causes, Hershel rarely took a militant or divisive tone and managed not to alienate his colleagues. In the words of the Orthodox Rabbi Yitz Greenberg, \"He forced us to consider new possibilities without betraying the tradition or the seriousness of the past...He was so kind and his spirit was so touching that he was able to say radical things that nobody else could say and yet get people to open their minds.\"[2]Rabbi Matt's unconventional views went hand-in-hand with traditional Jewish beliefs. Hershel believed in God, the Messiah, the world-to-come, life-after-death, and bodily resurrection. In his words, \"Whenever we are truly aware that we stand in God's holy presence, we can catch from within time a glimpse of eternity.\" Hershel also took special delight in performing and promoting ritual practices that were widely neglected, such as wearing a tallit katan, reciting Kiddush Levanah (the Blessing over the New Moon) and Tashlich.[2]","title":"Religious views"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hershel Jonah Matt (1993). Matt, Daniel C. (ed.). Walking Humbly With God The Life and Writings of Rabbi Hershel Jonah Matt. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 0-88125-430-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-430-4","url_text":"0-88125-430-4"}]},{"reference":"John C. Merkle; Walter J. Harrelson (2003). Faith Transformed Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism. Liturgical Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8146-5117-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lDr3s6xJUtgC&pg=PA191","url_text":"Faith Transformed Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5117-9","url_text":"978-0-8146-5117-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DA153CF932A05751C1A961948260","external_links_name":"obituary"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DA153CF932A05751C1A961948260","external_links_name":"Rabbi Hershel Matt obituary from The New York Times"},{"Link":"http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~joer/matt.html","external_links_name":"On Hershel Matt's 10th Yahrtzeit by Joseph G. Rosenstein"},{"Link":"http://mattfamily108.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"On Hershel Matt's 20th Yarhtzeit by Daniel C. Matt"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_13413.html","external_links_name":"Hershel Matt's father C. David Matt from Encyclopedia Judaica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lDr3s6xJUtgC&pg=PA191","external_links_name":"Faith Transformed Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1833580/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000042607979","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6592531","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGqhq8jfdWxkj9GVkhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92082972","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g0c4m","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara	Napoleon Tiara	["1 Design","2 Thinly veiled insult","3 Modifications","4 References"]	Headwear Drawing of the original Napoleon Tiara (1805) The Napoleon Tiara was a papal tiara given to Pope Pius VII in June 1805 a few months after he presided at the coronation of Napoleon I. While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the Pope. In the painting of The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, the tiara is held behind the Pope by one of his aides. Design The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by Henri Auguste and Marie-Étienne Nitot of the House of Chaumet in Paris. On a central structure of white velvet there are three crowns of gold, each consisting of a large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with rubies, emeralds, and sapphires and surrounded with brilliants on a setting of matched and chosen pearls. In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 francs. The tiara carried in its monde the great emerald, which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay war reparations required by the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797. The emerald (404.5 carats) was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by Cristoforo Foppa; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms. The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy), the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation. Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories. Thinly veiled insult At his coronation, Napoleon promised to send the Pope an altar, two ornate ceremonial coaches, and a tiara. Only the tiara was delivered. Tiaras traditionally weighed between 2 and 5 pounds (0.91 and 2.27 kg). The Napoleon Tiara, however, weighed 18 pounds (8.2 kg). It was also too small to fit comfortably on a human head. Some of the jewels and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the French Directory in 1798, when General Louis-Alexandre Berthier invaded Rome, established the Roman Republic, abolished the Papal States, and exiled Pope Pius VI. His successor, Pope Pius VII, elected in exile in Venice, had to use an improvised papier-mâché tiara for his coronation in 1800. The tiara was a thinly veiled insult to the Pope. However, the Pope thanked the emperor for the tiara by letter on June 23, 1805. He said that he intended to use the tiara for the Papal Mass on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul. Modifications Originally, the middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of religious worship in France with the repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation. The decorations specific to Napoleon were removed probably by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, the Cardinal Secretary of State. They were replaced by inscriptions from Scripture (Acts 20:28 at the top, Revelation 11:4 in the middle, and Psalm 85:10 at the bottom). During the insurrection of 1831, the tiara was buried in the Vatican Gardens and suffered great damage as a result. It was restored in 1834. The size of the tiara was adjusted so that it could be worn. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably Pope Pius IX on 21 June 1846, and last worn during the First Vatican Council in 1870. With the exception of the emerald and eight rubies in the monde, Pope Benedict XV had the tiara's jewels removed and replaced by replicas made of coloured glass. The jewels were sold to raise money for the victims of the First World War. References ^ a b c d e de la Garde Grissell, Hartwell (January–June 1896). "Notes and Queries". A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Eighth Series. 9. London: 9–10. ^ a b c d e Masson, Frédéric (1911). Napoleon and His Coronation. Translated by Frederic Cobb. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. p. 259. OCLC 1875166. ^ Thurston, Herbert (October 1905 – March 1906). "Two Lost Masterpieces of the Goldsmith's Art". The Burlington Magazine. 8: 43. ^ Vandiver Nicassio, Susan (2009). Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780226579740. ^ Horne, Alistair (2006). The Age of Napoleon. Modern Library. p. 50. ISBN 9780812975550. ^ a b Twining, Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. B. T. Batsford. p. 380. ^ "Intelligence". The United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review. 5: 454. August 1846. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ Loohauis, Jackie (February 3, 2006). "Papal treasures Exhibit's objects revered through time". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved March 21, 2016. vteNapoleon Napoleonic era timeline First French Empire Family Wives: Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise Children: Charles Léon Alexandre Walewski Napoleon II Father: Carlo Maria Buonaparte Mother: Letizia Ramolino Brothers: Joseph Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Sisters: Caroline Bonaparte Pauline Bonaparte Elisa Bonaparte Life and career Stay in Auxonne Coup of 18 Brumaire Consulate Assassination attempts Constitutions 1799 1802 1804 1815 Napoleonic Wars Coronation Sale of Louisiana Planned invasion of the UK Holland Mesures usuelles Looting of art Tactics Weaponry and warfare 1st abdication 1st exile Route Napoléon 2nd abdication 2nd exile Death mask Battles and wars French Revolutionary Wars Siege of Toulon French Revolution 13 Vendémiaire Battle of Lodi Battle of Bassano Battle of Rivoli French campaign in Egypt and Syria Battle of the Pyramids Siege of Jaffa Battle of Marengo War of the Third Coalition Battle of Austerlitz 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While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the Pope. In the painting of The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, the tiara is held behind the Pope by one of his aides.","title":"Napoleon Tiara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Auguste"},{"link_name":"Marie-Étienne Nitot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-%C3%89tienne_Nitot"},{"link_name":"Chaumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaumet"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"rubies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby"},{"link_name":"emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"brilliants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliant_(diamond_cut)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-2"},{"link_name":"francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-2"},{"link_name":"monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monde"},{"link_name":"emerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-1"},{"link_name":"Cristoforo Foppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Foppa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thur-3"},{"link_name":"Civil Constitution of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"Concordat of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1801"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-2"}],"text":"The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by Henri Auguste and Marie-Étienne Nitot of the House of Chaumet in Paris. On a central structure of white velvet there are three crowns of gold, each consisting of a large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with rubies, emeralds, and sapphires and surrounded with brilliants on a setting of matched and chosen pearls.[2] In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 francs.[2]The tiara carried in its monde the great emerald, which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay war reparations required by the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797.[2] The emerald (404.5 carats)[1] was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by Cristoforo Foppa; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms.[3] The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy), the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation.[2] Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(carriage)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vandi-4"},{"link_name":"jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"French Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Louis-Alexandre Berthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horne-5"},{"link_name":"Papal Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Mass"},{"link_name":"Feast of Saints Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-1"}],"text":"At his coronation, Napoleon promised to send the Pope an altar, two ornate ceremonial coaches, and a tiara. Only the tiara was delivered.[4] Tiaras traditionally weighed between 2 and 5 pounds (0.91 and 2.27 kg). The Napoleon Tiara, however, weighed 18 pounds (8.2 kg). It was also too small to fit comfortably on a human head. Some of the jewels and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the French Directory in 1798, when General Louis-Alexandre Berthier invaded Rome, established the Roman Republic, abolished the Papal States, and exiled Pope Pius VI. His successor, Pope Pius VII, elected in exile in Venice, had to use an improvised papier-mâché tiara for his coronation in 1800.The tiara was a thinly veiled insult to the Pope.[5] However, the Pope thanked the emperor for the tiara by letter on June 23, 1805. He said that he intended to use the tiara for the Papal Mass on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul.[1]","title":"Thinly veiled insult"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-2"},{"link_name":"Ercole Consalvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twin-6"},{"link_name":"Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Acts 20:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_20:28"},{"link_name":"Revelation 11:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation_11:4"},{"link_name":"Psalm 85:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_85:10"},{"link_name":"insurrection of 1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Vatican Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscmmr-7"},{"link_name":"First Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twin-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjs-8"}],"text":"Originally, the middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of religious worship in France with the repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation.[2] The decorations specific to Napoleon were removed probably by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, the Cardinal Secretary of State.[6] They were replaced by inscriptions from Scripture (Acts 20:28 at the top, Revelation 11:4 in the middle, and Psalm 85:10 at the bottom).During the insurrection of 1831, the tiara was buried in the Vatican Gardens and suffered great damage as a result.[1] It was restored in 1834. The size of the tiara was adjusted so that it could be worn. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably Pope Pius IX on 21 June 1846,[7] and last worn during the First Vatican Council in 1870.[1] With the exception of the emerald and eight rubies in the monde,[6] Pope Benedict XV had the tiara's jewels removed and replaced by replicas made of coloured glass. The jewels were sold to raise money for the victims of the First World War.[8]","title":"Modifications"}]	[{"image_text":"Drawing of the original Napoleon Tiara (1805)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Napoleon_tiara_-_original.jpg/220px-Napoleon_tiara_-_original.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"de la Garde Grissell, Hartwell (January–June 1896). \"Notes and Queries\". A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Eighth Series. 9. London: 9–10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAo4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"Notes and Queries\""}]},{"reference":"Masson, Frédéric (1911). Napoleon and His Coronation. Translated by Frederic Cobb. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. p. 259. OCLC 1875166.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/napoleonhiscoron00mass/napoleonhiscoron00mass_djvu.txt","url_text":"Napoleon and His Coronation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1875166","url_text":"1875166"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Herbert (October 1905 – March 1906). \"Two Lost Masterpieces of the Goldsmith's Art\". The Burlington Magazine. 8: 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZ5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA43","url_text":"\"Two Lost Masterpieces of the Goldsmith's Art\""}]},{"reference":"Vandiver Nicassio, Susan (2009). Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780226579740.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rkYs2rCZKuEC&pg=PA30","url_text":"Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226579740","url_text":"9780226579740"}]},{"reference":"Horne, Alistair (2006). The Age of Napoleon. Modern Library. p. 50. ISBN 9780812975550.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_KX24tGnl18C&pg=PA50","url_text":"The Age of Napoleon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812975550","url_text":"9780812975550"}]},{"reference":"Twining, Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. B. T. Batsford. p. 380.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ&q=Consalvi","url_text":"A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Intelligence\". The United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review. 5: 454. August 1846. Retrieved 31 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhVLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA454","url_text":"\"Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"Loohauis, Jackie (February 3, 2006). \"Papal treasures Exhibit's objects revered through time\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freeforumzone.com/d/354544/CULTURE-POLITICS-ODDS-ENDS/discussione.aspx?idm1=5123519&pl=42","url_text":"\"Papal treasures Exhibit's objects revered through time\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAo4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"\"Notes and Queries\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/napoleonhiscoron00mass/napoleonhiscoron00mass_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Napoleon and His Coronation"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1875166","external_links_name":"1875166"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZ5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"\"Two Lost Masterpieces of the Goldsmith's Art\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rkYs2rCZKuEC&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_KX24tGnl18C&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"The Age of Napoleon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ&q=Consalvi","external_links_name":"A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhVLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA454","external_links_name":"\"Intelligence\""},{"Link":"http://www.freeforumzone.com/d/354544/CULTURE-POLITICS-ODDS-ENDS/discussione.aspx?idm1=5123519&pl=42","external_links_name":"\"Papal treasures Exhibit's objects revered through time\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Patric	Jason Patric	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]	American actor "Jason Patrick" redirects here. For the American militant, see Citizens for Constitutional Freedom. Jason PatricPatric at the 2016 WonderConBornJohn Anthony Miller III (1966-06-17) June 17, 1966 (age 58)New York City, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1985–presentPartnerDanielle Schreiber (2002–2012)Children1ParentsJason Miller (father)Linda Gleason (mother)Relatives Jackie Gleason (grandfather) Joshua John Miller (half-brother) Jason Patric (born John Anthony Miller III; June 17, 1966) is an American film, television and stage actor. He is known for his roles in films such as The Lost Boys (1987), Rush (1991), Geronimo: An American Legend (1993), Sleepers (1996), Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997), Your Friends & Neighbors (1998), Narc (2002), The Alamo (2004), My Sister's Keeper (2009), and The Losers (2010). His father was actor/playwright Jason Miller, and his maternal grandfather was actor Jackie Gleason. Early life Born in New York City in the borough of Queens, Patric is the eldest son and middle child of Academy Award–nominated actor and Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright Jason Miller (born John Anthony Miller Jr.) and actress Linda Miller (born Linda Mae Gleason), and his maternal grandfather was actor/comedian Jackie Gleason. He has an older sister, Jennifer, and a younger brother, Jordan (deceased), and his half-brother is actor Joshua John Miller. His ancestry is mostly Irish, with some German. Growing up in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, he attended schools such as Cavallini Middle School and the all-boys Catholic school Salesian Roman Catholic Don Bosco Preparatory High School (Ramsey, New Jersey). In California, he attended Saint Monica Catholic High School (Santa Monica, California). Career After graduation, he was cast in the television drama Toughlove with Bruce Dern. The following year, Patric was cast in Solarbabies alongside Peter DeLuise, Jami Gertz, Lukas Haas, James LeGros and Adrian Pasdar. Within a couple years, Patric would reunite with Gertz in The Lost Boys and After Dark, My Sweet with Dern. He co-starred with George Dzundza and Stephen Baldwin in The Beast. In 1987, Patric had his breakout role as teenage vampire Michael Emerson in Joel Schumacher's The Lost Boys. The film was a critical and commercial success and Patric's look in the film drew comparisons to The Doors' lead vocalist Jim Morrison, and he was considered to portray the singer in the 1991 biographical film The Doors, directed by Oliver Stone, which later went to Val Kilmer. In 1993, he starred alongside Gene Hackman and Robert Duvall as 1st Lt. Charles B. Gatewood in the movie Geronimo: An American Legend. His scenes in The Thin Red Line were cut before the film's release. He turned down the lead role in The Firm (1993), which went to Tom Cruise. He garnered excellent reviews for his performances as undercover narcotics officers in Rush (1991) and Narc (2002). In 2005, Patric appeared on Broadway as "Brick" in a revival of Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, opposite Ashley Judd, Ned Beatty and esteemed character actress Margo Martindale. He next appeared on Broadway opposite Brian Cox, Chris Noth, Kiefer Sutherland and Jim Gaffigan in a revival of his father Jason Miller's play, That Championship Season, which began previews on February 9, 2011, and closed on May 29, 2011. The play (written by Jason Miller) debuted in 1972, and won, among other awards, the Pulitzer Prize and the Tony Award. In 2012, he began filming the Civil War film, Copperhead, but several weeks into the shoot, he was removed from the project by the director, Ronald F. Maxwell for "refusing to take instructions". His replacement was Billy Campbell. Personal life Patric began dating actress Julia Roberts days after she canceled her wedding to Patric's The Lost Boys co-star and best friend, Kiefer Sutherland, in June 1991. Patric had been invited to the wedding but was later uninvited by Sutherland as the date grew closer. According to Roberts, the wedding had been canceled long before "days before the wedding" as the press claimed at the time, and that it was a mutual decision. On June 14, 1991, the day of what was supposed to be Roberts and Sutherland's wedding, Sutherland moved out of Roberts' Hollywood Hills house and Roberts traveled to Ireland with Patric. In July 1991, Patric turned down a role that was originally set to be played by Sutherland in the western film Renegades, in which he would co-star with Roberts, but the project fell apart following the cancellation of Roberts and Sutherland's wedding. Patric and Roberts broke up in 1992. After over a decade without speaking to each other, Patric and Sutherland reconciled in the mid-2000s, and then co-starred on Broadway in a revival of Jason Miller's play That Championship Season in 2011, and they have been close friends ever since. Patric then dated Danielle Schreiber off-and-on for approximately ten years. During the relationship, they conceived a son through in vitro fertilization. They separated in May 2012. Schreiber's attorneys argued that Patric was merely a sperm donor, as Schreiber and Patric had not married and the conception of the child was by artificial means; therefore, they argued that Patric had no custody rights. Patric sued for parental rights to the child, but lost the case at the trial court level. Following his loss in trial court, Patric lobbied the California legislature to give parental rights to sperm donors. The Court of Appeal of California, however, ruled that the California Family Code did not preclude Patric from establishing that he was presumed a parent based on his post-birth conduct. In late 2014, he was legally recognized as the father of his son. This decision was upheld on appeal. Filmography Film Year Film Role Notes 1986 Solarbabies Jason 1987 The Lost Boys Michael Emerson 1988 The Beast Konstantin Koverchenko 1990 Denial Michael After Dark, My Sweet Kevin "Kid" Collins Frankenstein Unbound Lord Byron 1991 Rush Detective Jim Raynor 1993 Geronimo: An American Legend 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood 1995 The Journey of August King August King 1996 Sleepers Lorenzo "Shakes" Carcaterra 1997 Speed 2: Cruise Control Officer Alex Shaw Incognito Harry Donovan 1998 Your Friends & Neighbors Cary Also producer 2002 Narc Detective Nick Tellis Three Days of Rain Extra Uncredited 2004 The Alamo Colonel Jim Bowie 2006 Walker Payne Walker Payne 2007 Expired Jay Caswell Shortcut to Happiness Ray Uncredited In the Valley of Elah Lieutenant Kirklander 2008 Downloading Nancy Louis Farley 2009 My Sister's Keeper Brian Fitzgerald 2010 The Losers Max Quality Time Father Short film 2011 Keyhole Ulysses Pick 2013 The Outsider Detective Klein Cavemen Jack Bartlett 2014 Rise of the Lonestar Ranger Kip Duane The Prince Paul 2016 The Abandoned Dennis Cooper/Mr. Streak Home Invasion Mike Lost & Found Trent Walton 2017 The Yellow Birds Captain Anderson Gangster Land Detective Reed 2018 Big Kill The Preacher 2020 The Vanished Sheriff Baker Runt Coach Wilkes Becoming Kevin Lee 2021 Burning at Both Ends Andre Eerikäinen 2022 Nightshade Randy Bell MK Ultra Galvin Morgan 2023 Shrapnel Sean Beckwith 2024 Terrifier 3 TBA TBA Armored TBA Television Year Title Role Notes 1985 Toughlove Gary Charters Television film 1990 Teach 109 Teach 109 Short film 1994 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: "Jason Patric/Blind Melon" 2005 Night Live: The Best of David Spade Kevin Television special 2008 Entourage Himself Episode: "Pie" 2011 Tilda Andrew Brown Unaired pilot 2016 Wayward Pines Dr. Theo Yedlin Main cast (season 2) 2018 The Girl in the Bathtub A. Charles Peruto Jr. Television film Awards and nominations Year Award / Festival Category Work Result Ref. 1994 Western Heritage Awards Wrangler Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Geronimo: An American Legend (shared w/cast and crew) Won 1998 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Screen Couple Speed 2: Cruise Control (shared w/Sandra Bullock) Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Best Supporting Actor Your Friends & Neighbors Won 1999 Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominated Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Dramatic Motion Picture Nominated 2003 Prism Awards Best Performance in a Theatrical Feature Film Narc Nominated 2007 Stockholm International Film Festival Best Actor Expired Won References ^ a b Feldberg, Robert (February 13, 2011). "Jason Patric stars in his father's hit play, 'That Championship Season'". The Record (Bergen County). Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. The money from That Championship Season enabled the family, which included Patric's brother and sister, to move to Upper Saddle River and a five-bedroom house on a large piece of land.... Patric (his given name is Jason Patric Miller Jr.) attended Cavallini Middle School, and then Don Bosco Preparatory High School in Ramsey." ^ "What The Cast Of The Lost Boys Looks Like Today". Looper. August 18, 2017. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Lund, Anthony (March 25, 2023). "Kiefer Sutherland Explains What Makes The Lost Boys One of His Career Highlights". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Jen, Chaney (July 31, 2012). "'The Lost Boys' turns 25: A list of 25 great things about the '80s vampire flick". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Ressner, Jeffrey (October 4, 1990). "Jason Patric: On the trail of the elusive actor". Rolling Stone. ^ Power, Ed (September 4, 2018). "The Doors: the troubled making of Oliver Stone's bizarre Jim Morrison biopic". The Guardian. ^ "Geronimo' Co-star Keeps A Low Profile". Orlando Sentinel. December 24, 1993. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010. ^ "Amateur Night in Dixie: Cat Proves It Has Nine Lives". The Village Voice. November 4, 2003. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2009. ^ Diamond, Robert. "Cox, Gaffigan, Noth, Patric & Sutherland to Star in THE CHAMPIONSHIP SEASON". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ O'Connell, Sean (June 6, 2012). "Billy Campbell Replaces Jason Patric On Civil War-Era Copperhead". CinemaBlend.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013. ^ Hedegaard, Erik (April 20, 2006). "Alone In The Dark With Kiefer Sutherland". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ a b c d Lague, Louise (July 1, 1991). "Miss Roberts Regrets". People. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Dargis, Manohla (2013). "Movies: About Jason Patric". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. ^ Rensin, David (July 14, 1994). "The Rolling Stone Interview: Julia Roberts". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Neuhaus, Cable (November 22, 1991). "Julia Roberts: The Price of Fame". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Fox, David J. (July 14, 1991). "HOLLYWOOD FORTUNES : OK, Even if He Is a Potential Star, Why Isn't There a 'K' on the End of His Name?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ a b c Alter, Ethan (April 28, 2021). "Kiefer Sutherland and Jason Patric explain how they reconciled after Julia Roberts love triangle". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Gray, Kevin (March 15, 2011). "That Championship Season's Outspoken Jason Patric Has Quite a Few Things to Say About Hollywood, Few of Them Nice". Vulture. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ "Jason Patric Custody Battle: Motion Seeks to Bar Actor from Speaking About Son". People.com. February 14, 2014. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ Rosenhall, Laurel (August 14, 2013). "California Assembly panel holds sperm donor bill sought by actor Jason Patric". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. ^ "California Court of Appeal ruling". leagle.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015. ^ "Jason Patric Wins Court Battle, Declared Legal Father". ExtraTV.com. November 4, 2014. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ Cullins, Ashley (March 16, 2017). "Jason Patric Is Legal Parent of IVF-Conceived Child, Appeals Court Rules". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (June 17, 2024). "'Terrifier 3': Jason Patric Joins Cast Of Horror Pic, Filming Wraps & New Image Released". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ "Western Heritage Awards Film/Television, Theatrical Motion Picture Awarded in 1994". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Klinka, Karen (April 21, 2013). "Western Heritage Awards salute works in literature, music, television and film". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Wilson, John (August 23, 2000). "1997 Archive". Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. ^ a b Clifton, Anthony (January 18, 2023). "10 Best Movie Supporting Performances That Weren't Nominated For An Oscar". Collider. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ "1998 Awards (2nd Annual)". Online Film Critics Society Awards. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ "Prism sheds light on noms". Variety. April 1, 2003. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ "4 Months wins Stockholm's Bronze Horse". Screen Daily. November 25, 2007. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2024. External links Jason Patric at IMDb Jason Patric at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citizens for Constitutional Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Constitutional_Freedom"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Geronimo: An American Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo:_An_American_Legend"},{"link_name":"Sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Speed 2: Cruise Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_2:_Cruise_Control"},{"link_name":"Your Friends & Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Friends_%26_Neighbors"},{"link_name":"Narc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Alamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"My Sister's Keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sister%27s_Keeper_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Losers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Losers_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"}],"text":"\"Jason Patrick\" redirects here. For the American militant, see Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.Jason Patric (born John Anthony Miller III; June 17, 1966) is an American film, television and stage actor. He is known for his roles in films such as The Lost Boys (1987), Rush (1991), Geronimo: An American Legend (1993), Sleepers (1996), Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997), Your Friends & Neighbors (1998), Narc (2002), The Alamo (2004), My Sister's Keeper (2009), and The Losers (2010). His father was actor/playwright Jason Miller, and his maternal grandfather was actor Jackie Gleason.","title":"Jason Patric"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Linda Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Miller_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"},{"link_name":"Joshua John Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_John_Miller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record2010-1"},{"link_name":"Upper Saddle River, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saddle_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Salesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_schools"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Don Bosco Preparatory High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bosco_Preparatory_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ramsey, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Saint Monica Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Monica_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record2010-1"}],"text":"Born in New York City in the borough of Queens, Patric is the eldest son and middle child of Academy Award–nominated actor and Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright Jason Miller (born John Anthony Miller Jr.) and actress Linda Miller (born Linda Mae Gleason), and his maternal grandfather was actor/comedian Jackie Gleason. He has an older sister, Jennifer, and a younger brother, Jordan (deceased), and his half-brother is actor Joshua John Miller. His ancestry is mostly Irish, with some German.[1]Growing up in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, he attended schools such as Cavallini Middle School and the all-boys Catholic school Salesian Roman Catholic Don Bosco Preparatory High School (Ramsey, New Jersey). In California, he attended Saint Monica Catholic High School (Santa Monica, California).[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Dern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Dern"},{"link_name":"Solarbabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarbabies"},{"link_name":"Peter DeLuise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_DeLuise"},{"link_name":"Jami Gertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_Gertz"},{"link_name":"Lukas Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Haas"},{"link_name":"James LeGros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LeGros"},{"link_name":"Adrian Pasdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"After Dark, My Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Dark,_My_Sweet"},{"link_name":"George Dzundza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dzundza"},{"link_name":"Stephen Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"The Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Emerson_(character)"},{"link_name":"Joel Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors"},{"link_name":"Jim Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors_(film)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gene Hackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Hackman"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Gatewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Gatewood"},{"link_name":"Geronimo: An American Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo:_An_American_Legend"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando_Sentinel-7"},{"link_name":"The Thin Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firm_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Narc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc_(film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof"},{"link_name":"Ashley Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Judd"},{"link_name":"Ned Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Beatty"},{"link_name":"Margo Martindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Martindale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chris Noth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Noth"},{"link_name":"Kiefer Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=489564"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"That Championship Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Championship_Season"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead:_The_War_at_Home"},{"link_name":"Ronald F. Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_F._Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Billy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After graduation, he was cast in the television drama Toughlove with Bruce Dern. The following year, Patric was cast in Solarbabies alongside Peter DeLuise, Jami Gertz, Lukas Haas, James LeGros and Adrian Pasdar. Within a couple years, Patric would reunite with Gertz in The Lost Boys and After Dark, My Sweet with Dern. He co-starred with George Dzundza and Stephen Baldwin in The Beast.In 1987, Patric had his breakout role as teenage vampire Michael Emerson in Joel Schumacher's The Lost Boys.[2] The film was a critical and commercial success[3] and Patric's look in the film drew comparisons to The Doors' lead vocalist Jim Morrison,[4] and he was considered to portray the singer in the 1991 biographical film The Doors, directed by Oliver Stone, which later went to Val Kilmer.[5][6]In 1993, he starred alongside Gene Hackman and Robert Duvall as 1st Lt. Charles B. Gatewood in the movie Geronimo: An American Legend.[7] His scenes in The Thin Red Line were cut before the film's release. He turned down the lead role in The Firm (1993), which went to Tom Cruise. He garnered excellent reviews for his performances as undercover narcotics officers in Rush (1991) and Narc (2002).In 2005, Patric appeared on Broadway as \"Brick\" in a revival of Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, opposite Ashley Judd, Ned Beatty and esteemed character actress Margo Martindale.[8] He next appeared on Broadway opposite Brian Cox, Chris Noth, Kiefer Sutherland and Jim Gaffigan in a revival of his father Jason Miller's play, That Championship Season, which began previews on February 9, 2011, and closed on May 29, 2011. The play (written by Jason Miller) debuted in 1972, and won, among other awards, the Pulitzer Prize and the Tony Award.[9]In 2012, he began filming the Civil War film, Copperhead, but several weeks into the shoot, he was removed from the project by the director, Ronald F. Maxwell for \"refusing to take instructions\". His replacement was Billy Campbell.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kiefer Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1991-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1991-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1991-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1991-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-17"},{"link_name":"Jason Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"That Championship Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Championship_Season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Patric began dating actress Julia Roberts days after she canceled her wedding to Patric's The Lost Boys co-star and best friend,[11] Kiefer Sutherland, in June 1991.[12][13] Patric had been invited to the wedding but was later uninvited by Sutherland as the date grew closer.[12] According to Roberts, the wedding had been canceled long before \"days before the wedding\" as the press claimed at the time,[14] and that it was a mutual decision.[15] On June 14, 1991, the day of what was supposed to be Roberts and Sutherland's wedding, Sutherland moved out of Roberts' Hollywood Hills house and Roberts traveled to Ireland with Patric.[12] In July 1991, Patric turned down a role that was originally set to be played by Sutherland in the western film Renegades, in which he would co-star with Roberts, but the project fell apart following the cancellation of Roberts and Sutherland's wedding.[12][16] Patric and Roberts broke up in 1992.[17] After over a decade without speaking to each other, Patric and Sutherland reconciled in the mid-2000s,[17] and then co-starred on Broadway in a revival of Jason Miller's play That Championship Season in 2011, and they have been close friends ever since.[17][18]Patric then dated Danielle Schreiber off-and-on for approximately ten years. During the relationship, they conceived a son through in vitro fertilization. They separated in May 2012. Schreiber's attorneys argued that Patric was merely a sperm donor, as Schreiber and Patric had not married and the conception of the child was by artificial means; therefore, they argued that Patric had no custody rights. Patric sued for parental rights to the child, but lost the case at the trial court level.[19] Following his loss in trial court, Patric lobbied the California legislature to give parental rights to sperm donors.[20] The Court of Appeal of California, however, ruled that the California Family Code did not preclude Patric from establishing that he was presumed a parent based on his post-birth conduct.[21] In late 2014, he was legally recognized as the father of his son.[22] This decision was upheld on appeal.[23]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Feldberg, Robert (February 13, 2011). \"Jason Patric stars in his father's hit play, 'That Championship Season'\". The Record (Bergen County). Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. The money from That Championship Season enabled the family, which included Patric's brother and sister, to move to Upper Saddle River and a five-bedroom house on a large piece of land.... Patric (his given name is Jason Patric Miller Jr.) [dubious – discuss] attended Cavallini Middle School, and then Don Bosco Preparatory High School in Ramsey.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195748/http://www.northjersey.com/columnists/116102509_Jason_Patric_stars_in_his_father_s_hit_play___That_Championship_Season_.html","url_text":"\"Jason Patric stars in his father's hit play, 'That Championship Season'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_(Bergen_County)","url_text":"The Record (Bergen County)"},{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/columnists/116102509_Jason_Patric_stars_in_his_father_s_hit_play___That_Championship_Season_.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement","url_text":"dubious"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jason_Patric#Dubious","url_text":"discuss"}]},{"reference":"\"What The Cast Of The Lost Boys Looks Like Today\". Looper. August 18, 2017. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.looper.com/81218/cast-lost-boys-looks-like-today/","url_text":"\"What The Cast Of The Lost Boys Looks Like Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looper_(website)","url_text":"Looper"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230705160502/https://www.looper.com/81218/cast-lost-boys-looks-like-today/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lund, Anthony (March 25, 2023). \"Kiefer Sutherland Explains What Makes The Lost Boys One of His Career Highlights\". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/kiefer-sutherland-the-lost-boys-career-highlight/","url_text":"\"Kiefer Sutherland Explains What Makes The Lost Boys One of His Career Highlights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieWeb","url_text":"MovieWeb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231226221244/https://movieweb.com/kiefer-sutherland-the-lost-boys-career-highlight/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jen, Chaney (July 31, 2012). \"'The Lost Boys' turns 25: A list of 25 great things about the '80s vampire flick\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. 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Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Ressner","url_text":"Ressner, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/jason-patric-on-the-trail-of-the-elusive-actor-2-228207/2/","url_text":"\"Jason Patric: On the trail of the elusive actor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Power, Ed (September 4, 2018). \"The Doors: the troubled making of Oliver Stone's bizarre Jim Morrison biopic\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/doors-troubled-making-oliver-stones-bizarre-jim-morrison-biopic/).","url_text":"\"The Doors: the troubled making of Oliver Stone's bizarre Jim Morrison biopic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Geronimo' Co-star Keeps A Low Profile\". Orlando Sentinel. December 24, 1993. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-12-24/news/9312240921_1_patric-geronimo-critical-crossroads","url_text":"\"Geronimo' Co-star Keeps A Low Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071252/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-12-24/news/9312240921_1_patric-geronimo-critical-crossroads","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amateur Night in Dixie: Cat Proves It Has Nine Lives\". The Village Voice. November 4, 2003. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Reda	Mahmoud Reda	["1 Early life","2 The Reda Troupe","3 Later life","4 Personal life","5 References"]	Egyptian choreographer and dancer (1930–2020) Mahmoud RedaBorn(1930-03-18)18 March 1930Cairo, Kingdom of EgyptDied10 July 2020(2020-07-10) (aged 90)Occupation(s)Choreographer, dancerCareerFormer groupsReda Troupe Mahmoud Reda (Arabic: محمود رضا; 18 March 1930 – 10 July 2020) was an Egyptian dancer and choreographer, known for co-founding the Reda Troupe, and as an Olympic gymnast. Early life Reda was born in Cairo, Egypt. He was the eighth of ten children and his father was the head librarian at Cairo University. His elder brother Ali was a dancer and through his influence (and that of Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire films), Mahmoud became interested in dance. He originally trained as a gymnast, representing Egypt in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He attended Cairo University where he received a degree in political economics. However, his main interest was dance and he joined an Argentinian dance troupe after graduating and toured Europe. While on tour in Paris he resolved to start his own dance troupe back in Egypt, but due to lack of funds he had to work as an accountant for Royal Dutch Shell. He joined the Heliolido Club in Cairo, where he met Anglo-Egyptian baladi dancer Farida Fahmy, who became his dancing partner. After the two performed in the Soviet Union in 1957, they decided to start a folk dancing troupe in Egypt with Ali Reda. The Reda Troupe When the Reda brothers and Fahmy founded the state-sponsored Reda Troupe in 1959 it consisted of only twelve dancers and twelve musicians. Reda's choreography combined traditional Egyptian folk dances with Western styles like ballet. Reda later described his style: when you bring them, the real folkloric dancers, put them on stage, they look odd, they look strange. Their costumes, they don't know where to look, they don't know, and if they do their things, it's very monotonous. So what I call my choreography is not folkloric. It's inspired by the folkloric. There is like 90% extra put on the dance. Due to the social connections of Fahmy and her family, the normally stigmatized profession of dance was deemed acceptable by Cairo society and both men and women attended performances by the troupe. Although the Reda Troupe was well known in Cairo society, initially it was not in Egypt as a whole. That changed in 1961, however, when Mahmoud Reda and Fahmy starred in the film Igazah nisf as-sinah along with the rest of the troupe. Directed by Ali Reda, the film was responsible for popularizing the Reda Troupe among ordinary Egyptians. The team followed this success with Gharam fi al-karnak in 1967. In 1970, the troupe appeared in a third film Harami El-Waraqa. Reda stepped down as the principal dancer of the troupe in 1972, but still continued choreographing and directing performances. By this time, the troupe had grown to one hundred and fifty dancers, musicians and stage crew. Under Reda's direction, the Reda Troupe toured the world, giving performances at Carnegie Hall, and in China. They went on five international tours during his tenure, performing for various world leaders. In 1990, Reda retired as director of the Reda Troupe. Later life After his retirement, Reda continued to teach dance workshops in Egypt and internationally. His former students include Keti Sharif, Randa Kamel, Dina Talaat. and Mohamed Ghareb. Personal life Reda married Farida Fahmy's elder sister Nadeeda Fahmy in 1955. She served as the costume designer for the Reda Troupe until her death from rheumatic heart disease in 1960. His second wife was a Yugoslavian ballet dancer, with whom he had a daughter, Shereen. He died on 10 July 2020, aged 90. References ^ Herbert, Ian; LeClercq, Nicole; International Theatre Institute (2000). The World of Theatre 2000: An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99. Taylor & Francis. p. 292. ISBN 0415238668. ^ Barbara Sellers-Young (2016). Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity. Springer. p. 130. ISBN 9781349949540. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Mahmoud Mohamed Reda Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ "وفاة الفنان المصري محمود رضا أسطورة الفنون الشعبية". aawsat.com (in Arabic). 10 July 2020. ^ a b c d Carolina Varga Dinicu (August 2005). "Interview with Mahmoud Reda". Gilded Serpent. Retrieved 9 October 2015. ^ International Student Conference (1961). "ISC The Student Vol 5". The Student (volume 5). ^ a b Zuhur, Sherifa (1998). Images of enchantment: visual and performing arts of the Middle East. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 274–277. ISBN 977-424-467-2. ^ Shay, Anthony (Summer 2003). "Rev. of 'Daughter of Egypt: Farima Fahmy and the Reda Troupe' by Marjorie A. Franken". Dance Research Journal. 35 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1017/S0149767700008822. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ^ Montague, James (13 January 2010). "Mahmoud Reda: Egypt's answer to Fred Astaire". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. ^ Shay, Anthony (2002). Choreographic politics: state folk dance companies, representation, and power. Wesleyan University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8195-6521-0. ^ a b "Pioneer of Egyptian folk dancing Mahmoud Reda dies aged 89". Ahram Online. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Viltis. Vol. 48. International Institute of Wisconsin. 1989. p. 10. ^ "Randa Kamel". BBC News. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 29 February 2012. ^ "Genting Stint For belly Dancer". New Sunday Times. 12 August 2001. p. 10. Retrieved 29 February 2012. ^ "شيرين رضا: ورثت جمالى عن أمى". newsgateeg.com (in Arabic). 7 July 2019. ^ "وفاة الفنان محمود رضا أشهر مصمم رقصات مصرى عن عمر يناهز 90 عاما". youm7.com (in Arabic). 10 July 2020. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"}],"text":"Egyptian choreographer and dancer (1930–2020)Mahmoud Reda (Arabic: محمود رضا; 18 March 1930 – 10 July 2020) was an Egyptian dancer and choreographer, known for co-founding the Reda Troupe, and as an Olympic gymnast.","title":"Mahmoud Reda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cairo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University"},{"link_name":"Gene Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varga-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Dutch Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell"},{"link_name":"baladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuhur-7"}],"text":"Reda was born in Cairo, Egypt. He was the eighth of ten children and his father was the head librarian at Cairo University. His elder brother Ali was a dancer and through his influence (and that of Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire films), Mahmoud became interested in dance.[2] He originally trained as a gymnast, representing Egypt in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.[3] He attended Cairo University where he received a degree in political economics.[4] However, his main interest was dance and he joined an Argentinian dance troupe after graduating and toured Europe.[5][6] While on tour in Paris he resolved to start his own dance troupe back in Egypt, but due to lack of funds he had to work as an accountant for Royal Dutch Shell. He joined the Heliolido Club in Cairo, where he met Anglo-Egyptian baladi dancer Farida Fahmy, who became his dancing partner. After the two performed in the Soviet Union in 1957, they decided to start a folk dancing troupe in Egypt with Ali Reda.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varga-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuhur-7"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-11"}],"text":"When the Reda brothers and Fahmy founded the state-sponsored[8] Reda Troupe in 1959 it consisted of only twelve dancers and twelve musicians. Reda's choreography combined traditional Egyptian folk dances with Western styles like ballet.[9] Reda later described his style:when you bring them, the real folkloric dancers, put them on stage, they look odd, they look strange. Their costumes, they don't know where to look, they don't know, and if they do their things, it's very monotonous. So what I call my choreography is not folkloric. It's inspired by the folkloric. There is like 90% extra put on the dance.[5]Due to the social connections of Fahmy and her family, the normally stigmatized profession of dance was deemed acceptable by Cairo society and both men and women attended performances by the troupe.[10]Although the Reda Troupe was well known in Cairo society, initially it was not in Egypt as a whole. That changed in 1961, however, when Mahmoud Reda and Fahmy starred in the film Igazah nisf as-sinah along with the rest of the troupe. Directed by Ali Reda, the film was responsible for popularizing the Reda Troupe among ordinary Egyptians.[7] The team followed this success with Gharam fi al-karnak in 1967. In 1970, the troupe appeared in a third film Harami El-Waraqa. Reda stepped down as the principal dancer of the troupe in 1972, but still continued choreographing and directing performances. By this time, the troupe had grown to one hundred and fifty dancers, musicians and stage crew. Under Reda's direction, the Reda Troupe toured the world, giving performances at Carnegie Hall, and in China.[11] They went on five international tours during his tenure, performing for various world leaders.[12] In 1990, Reda retired as director of the Reda Troupe.[11]","title":"The Reda Troupe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keti Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keti_Sharif&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Randa Kamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randa_Kamel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dina Talaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Talaat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ghareb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Ghareb&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After his retirement, Reda continued to teach dance workshops in Egypt and internationally. His former students include Keti Sharif, Randa Kamel,[13] Dina Talaat.[14] and Mohamed Ghareb.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varga-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varga-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Reda married Farida Fahmy's elder sister Nadeeda Fahmy in 1955. She served as the costume designer for the Reda Troupe until her death from rheumatic heart disease in 1960.[5] His second wife was a Yugoslavian ballet dancer, with whom he had a daughter, Shereen.[5][15]He died on 10 July 2020, aged 90.[16]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Herbert, Ian; LeClercq, Nicole; International Theatre Institute (2000). The World of Theatre 2000: An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99. Taylor & Francis. p. 292. ISBN 0415238668.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2mP5KTDn8C&pg=PA292","url_text":"The World of Theatre 2000: An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415238668","url_text":"0415238668"}]},{"reference":"Barbara Sellers-Young (2016). Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity. Springer. p. 130. ISBN 9781349949540.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EeB0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA130","url_text":"Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349949540","url_text":"9781349949540"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Mahmoud Mohamed Reda Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418015211/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/mahmoud-mohamed-reda-1.html","url_text":"\"Mahmoud Mohamed Reda Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/mahmoud-mohamed-reda-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"وفاة الفنان المصري محمود رضا أسطورة الفنون الشعبية\". aawsat.com (in Arabic). 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aawsat.com/home/article/2382041/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%C2%BB","url_text":"\"وفاة الفنان المصري محمود رضا أسطورة الفنون الشعبية\""}]},{"reference":"Carolina Varga Dinicu (August 2005). \"Interview with Mahmoud Reda\". 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Retrieved 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0qktAAAAIBAJ&dq=mahmoud-reda&pg=3984%2C1061034","url_text":"\"Genting Stint For belly Dancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"شيرين رضا: ورثت جمالى عن أمى\". newsgateeg.com (in Arabic). 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsgateeg.com/press/1933/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%89","url_text":"\"شيرين رضا: ورثت جمالى عن أمى\""}]},{"reference":"\"وفاة الفنان محمود رضا أشهر مصمم رقصات مصرى عن عمر يناهز 90 عاما\". youm7.com (in Arabic). 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/7/10/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1/4871435","url_text":"\"وفاة الفنان محمود رضا أشهر مصمم رقصات مصرى عن عمر يناهز 90 عاما\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2mP5KTDn8C&pg=PA292","external_links_name":"The World of Theatre 2000: An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EeB0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA130","external_links_name":"Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418015211/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/mahmoud-mohamed-reda-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Mahmoud Mohamed Reda Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/mahmoud-mohamed-reda-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aawsat.com/home/article/2382041/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%C2%BB","external_links_name":"\"وفاة الفنان المصري محمود رضا أسطورة الفنون الشعبية\""},{"Link":"http://www.gildedserpent.com/art32/rockyredainterviewp1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Mahmoud Reda\""},{"Link":"https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=pomona_fac_pub","external_links_name":"\"Rev. of 'Daughter of Egypt: Farima Fahmy and the Reda Troupe' by Marjorie A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hughes_Affair	Lady Hughes Affair	["1 References"]	1784 diplomatic incident between Britain and China Ships and hongs in Canton in 1780, the place of the incident. The Lady Hughes Affair was a 1784 diplomatic incident between Britain and China. On November 24, 1784, a gunner from a British ship in Canton harbor fired a salute for a Danish ship, which seriously wounded three Chinese men in a nearby boat. Two of them were dead soon. In response, Chinese officials detained the Lady Hughes until the British handed over the gunner. The gunner was then executed by strangulation, an outcome that the British were very displeased with. The British criticized the decision, saying that justice was too harsh and the gunner lacked due legal process. These criticisms ultimately helped contribute to the ultimate imposition of extraterritoriality regimes in China. Although the British claimed that the deaths of the two Chinese were accidental, this has been questioned by subsequent scholarship. Under English law, for a homicide to be considered accidental it needed to occur as part of a lawful act, and the British were aware that firing salutes was a felony. References ^ a b Chen, Li (2016). Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty, Justice, and Transcultural Politics. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/chen17374.5. ^ Spence, Jonathan (2001-04-06). "Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2022-09-10. ^ Wright, Arnold (1908). Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China – via Wikisource. ^ Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (2000). The rise of modern China: = Zhong guo jin dai shi (6. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0195125047. Retrieved 24 March 2024. ^ a b Carter, James (2020-11-25). "Justice during imperial China: Reexamining the 'Lady Hughes' affair of 1784". The China Project. Retrieved 2022-09-10.	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On November 24, 1784, a gunner from a British ship in Canton harbor fired a salute for a Danish ship, which seriously wounded three Chinese men in a nearby boat. Two of them were dead soon. In response, Chinese officials detained the Lady Hughes until the British handed over the gunner. The gunner was then executed by strangulation, an outcome that the British were very displeased with.[1][2][3]The British criticized the decision, saying that justice was too harsh and the gunner lacked due legal process.[4] These criticisms ultimately helped contribute to the ultimate imposition of extraterritoriality regimes in China.[5]Although the British claimed that the deaths of the two Chinese were accidental, this has been questioned by subsequent scholarship. Under English law, for a homicide to be considered accidental it needed to occur as part of a lawful act, and the British were aware that firing salutes was a felony.[5][1]","title":"Lady Hughes Affair"}]	[{"image_text":"Ships and hongs in Canton in 1780, the place of the incident.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Hongs_of_Canton_1780.jpg/330px-The_Hongs_of_Canton_1780.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chen, Li (2016). Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty, Justice, and Transcultural Politics. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/chen17374.5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/chen17374","url_text":"Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty, Justice, and Transcultural Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fchen17374.5","url_text":"10.7312/chen17374.5"}]},{"reference":"Spence, Jonathan (2001-04-06). \"Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews\". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2022-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,105588,00.html","url_text":"\"Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Arnold (1908). Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China","url_text":"Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (2000). The rise of modern China: = Zhong guo jin dai shi (6. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0195125047. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Modern-China-Immanuel-Hsu/dp/0195125045","url_text":"The rise of modern China: = Zhong guo jin dai shi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125047","url_text":"978-0195125047"}]},{"reference":"Carter, James (2020-11-25). \"Justice during imperial China: Reexamining the 'Lady Hughes' affair of 1784\". The China Project. Retrieved 2022-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://thechinaproject.com/2020/11/25/justice-during-imperial-china-reexamining-the-lady-hughes-affair-of-1784/","url_text":"\"Justice during imperial China: Reexamining the 'Lady Hughes' affair of 1784\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/chen17374","external_links_name":"Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty, Justice, and Transcultural Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fchen17374.5","external_links_name":"10.7312/chen17374.5"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,105588,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China","external_links_name":"Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Modern-China-Immanuel-Hsu/dp/0195125045","external_links_name":"The rise of modern China: = Zhong guo jin dai shi"},{"Link":"https://thechinaproject.com/2020/11/25/justice-during-imperial-china-reexamining-the-lady-hughes-affair-of-1784/","external_links_name":"\"Justice during imperial China: Reexamining the 'Lady Hughes' affair of 1784\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_RFC	Southend RFC	["1 History","2 Honours","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Rugby teamSouthend RFCFull nameSouthend Rugby Football ClubUnionEssex RFUNickname(s)SaxonsFounded1870; 154 years ago (1870)Ground(s)Warners Bridge ParkChairmanDavid Short & Ken BaynesPresidentDavid RidlerCaptain(s)Matt Wagstaff & Ben LloydLeague(s)London 1 North2019–206th Team kit Official websitewww.southendrugby.com Southend Rugby Club (also known as Southend Saxons) is an English rugby union football club based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. The club currently plays in the sixth tier of English club rugby, participating in London 1 North following their relegation from London & South East Premier at the end of the 2017-18 season. The club runs six senior sides, including a women's team (the Saints) and a full range of age grade teams. History Southend RFC was formed in 1870 and was originally called Southend Foot Ball Club. The club moved to its current location in 1978 and this heralded a golden period for the club, including three county cup victories in the decade before club rugby was introduced. The club was placed in Area 4 South but relegations saw the club relegated to London North East 3 by the turn of the millennium. However, a major turnaround saw the club back in the national leagues by 2003 and the club has remained at that level ever since, having returned to the level in which the club when the leagues were founded in 1987. In 2014, the first team name was changed to Southend Saxons. Honours London Division 3 North East champions: 2000–01 London 2 (north v south) promotion playoff winners: 2001–02 London Division 1 champions: 2002–03 National League Division 3 South champions: 2006–07 Essex Senior Cup winners: 2003–04 See also Essex RFU English rugby union system References ^ Club website ^ a b "History". Southend RFC Saxons. Pitchero. Retrieved 4 May 2015. ^ "Rugby club changes name to Southend Saxons". ^ "2000-2001 London South-East Division". England Rugby. RFU. Retrieved 31 December 2014. ^ "Rugby: Scratch Portsmouth pipped for promotion". The News (Portsmouth). 29 April 2002. ^ "London 1 02/03". www.hampshirerugby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. ^ "Moving Grounds". External links Official website vte Rugby union in EnglandGoverning body Rugby Football Union Rugby Football Union for Women (merged into the RFU) National teamsMen's England England A 7's U-21 U-20 U-18 British & Irish Lions England Counties XV Women's Women's 7's International competitionsMen's World Cup Six Nations Rugby World Cup Sevens Sevens World Series Sevens Grand Prix Series Commonwealth Games Women's World Cup Six Nations World Series Sevens Competition divisionsMen's Premiership Championship National Leagues London and SE Division Northern Division Midland Division South West Division United Hospitals Cup Women's Premiership Women's Rugby European competitions European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup National competitions Premiership Rugby Premiership Cup RFU Championship Championship Cup National League 1 National League 2 East National League 2 North National League 2 West RFU Intermediate Cup RFU Senior Vase RFU Junior Vase Premiership Rugby Sevens Series Women's Premiership Premier 15s London and South East competitions Regional 1 South East Regional 1 South Central Regional 2 South Central Regional 2 South East Regional 2 Thames London 1 North London 2 North East London 2 North West London 2 South East London 2 South West London 3 North West London 3 South East London 3 South West London 3 Eastern Counties London 3 Essex Eastern Counties 1 Eastern Counties 2 Eastern Counties 3 Essex 1 Hampshire Premier Hampshire 1 Hampshire Cups Herts/Middlesex 1 Herts/Middlesex 2 Hertfordshire Cups Middlesex Cups Kent 1 Kent 2 Kent Cups Surrey 1 Counties 2 Surrey Counties 3 Surrey Counties 4 Surrey Counties 5 Surrey Surrey Cups Sussex 1 Sussex Cups Midland competitions Regional 1 Midlands Regional 2 North Midlands Regional 2 West Midlands Regional 2 East Midlands Midlands 2 West (North) Midlands 2 West (South) Midlands 2 East (North) Midlands 2 East (South) Midlands 3 West (North) Midlands 3 West (South) Midlands 3 East (North) Midlands 3 East (South) Midlands 4 West (North) Midlands 4 West (South) Midlands 4 East (North) Midlands 4 East (South) Midlands 5 West (South) Leicestershire Cups North Midlands Cups Staffordshire Cups Warwickshire Cups Northern competitions Regional 1 North East Regional 1 North West Regional 2 North Regional 2 North East Regional 2 North West North 1 East North 1 West North 2 West Lancs/Cheshire 1 Lancs/Cheshire 2 Cheshire Cups Lancashire Cups Counties 1 Cumbria Cumbria Cups Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland Counties 2 Durham & Northumberland Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland Durham Cups Northumberland Cups Counties 1 Yorkshire Counties 2 Yorkshire Counties 3 Yorkshire Counties 4 Yorkshire Yorkshire Cups South West competitions Regional 1 South West Regional 2 Severn Regional 2 South West Counties 1 Southern North Counties 1 Southern South Counties 1 Western North Counties 1 Western West Counties 2 Cornwall Counties 3 Cornwall Cornwall Cups Counties 2 Devon Counties 3 Devon East Counties 3 Devon West Devon Cups Gloucester Premier Gloucester 1 Gloucester 2 North Gloucester 2 South Gloucestershire Cups Somerset Premier Somerset 1 Somerset 2 North Somerset 2 South Somerset 3 North Somerset 3 South Somerset Cups Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier Oxfordshire Cups Dorset & Wilts 1 North Dorset & Wilts 1 South Dorset & Wilts 2 North Dorset & Wilts 2 South Dorset & Wilts 3 North County competitions Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Discontinued competitions Anglo-Welsh Cup Cornwall/Devon League Divisional Championship National League 2 South North Premier RFU Knockout Cup South West 1 East Related articles International players Clubs Churchill Cup Calcutta Cup Millennium Trophy Ella-Mobbs Trophy Hillary Shield Other English rugby union system Timeline of rugby union on UK television	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Southend-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"sixth tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"link_name":"London 1 North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_1_North"},{"link_name":"London & South East Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_%26_South_East_Premier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rugby teamSouthend Rugby Club (also known as Southend Saxons) is an English rugby union football club based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. The club currently plays in the sixth tier of English club rugby, participating in London 1 North following their relegation from London & South East Premier at the end of the 2017-18 season. The club runs six senior sides, including a women's team (the Saints) and a full range of age grade teams.[1]","title":"Southend RFC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Southend RFC was formed in 1870 and was originally called Southend Foot Ball Club.[2] The club moved to its current location in 1978 and this heralded a golden period for the club, including three county cup victories in the decade before club rugby was introduced. The club was placed in Area 4 South but relegations saw the club relegated to London North East 3 by the turn of the millennium. However, a major turnaround saw the club back in the national leagues by 2003 and the club has remained at that level ever since, having returned to the level in which the club when the leagues were founded in 1987.[2] In 2014, the first team name was changed to Southend Saxons.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Division 3 North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2_North_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"London 2 (north v south)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_1_North#Promotion_play-offs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_3_London_%26_SE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National League Division 3 South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_2_South"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_National_Division_Three_South"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"London Division 3 North East champions: 2000–01[4]\nLondon 2 (north v south) promotion playoff winners: 2001–02[5]\nLondon Division 1 champions: 2002–03[6]\nNational League Division 3 South champions: 2006–07\nEssex Senior Cup winners: 2003–04[7]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	[{"title":"Essex RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"title":"English rugby union system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"}]	[{"reference":"\"History\". Southend RFC Saxons. Pitchero. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/southendrfc/a/history-8503.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby club changes name to Southend Saxons\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/11341662.Rugby_club_changes_name_to_Southend_Saxons/","url_text":"\"Rugby club changes name to Southend Saxons\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000-2001 London South-East Division\". England Rugby. RFU. Retrieved 31 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/london-se-division/2000-2001/group/9625","url_text":"\"2000-2001 London South-East Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby: Scratch Portsmouth pipped for promotion\". The News (Portsmouth). 29 April 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/rugby-scratch-portsmouth-pipped-for-promotion-1-1275447","url_text":"\"Rugby: Scratch Portsmouth pipped for promotion\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 1 02/03\". www.hampshirerugby.co.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_of_Subserra	Fort of Subserra	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°55′32″N 9°01′23″W / 38.92556°N 9.02306°W / 38.92556; -9.0230619th-century fort in Portugal Fort of SubserraLisbon District,Near Alhandra in PortugalPart of the remains of the fortCoordinates38°55′32″N 9°01′23″W / 38.92556°N 9.02306°W / 38.92556; -9.02306TypeFortSite informationOpen tothe publicYes.ConditionPreserved and partly restored.Site historyBuilt1810Built byDuke of WellingtonFateUnused in battle The Fort of Subserra (No. 1), also known as the Fort of Alhandra, is situated at 142 metres above sea level close to Alhandra in the municipality of Vila Franca de Xira in the Lisbon District of Portugal. Together with other smaller redoubts and batteries that also had the Subserra name, it was built during the Peninsular War (1807–14) as part of the first line of defence of the Lines of Torres Vedras planned by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington to protect the Portuguese capital of Lisbon and, if necessary, his own retreat. History At the beginning of the Peninsular War, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau in October 1807. This provided for the invasion and subsequent division of Portuguese territory into three kingdoms. Following this, French troops under the command of General Junot entered Portugal, which requested support from the British. In July 1808 troops commanded by the Duke of Wellington, at the time known as Arthur Wellesley, landed in Portugal and defeated French troops at the Battles of Roliça and Vimeiro. This forced Junot to negotiate the Convention of Cintra, which led to the evacuation of the French army from Portugal. In March 1809, Marshal Soult led a new French expedition that advanced south to the city of Porto before being repulsed by Portuguese-British troops and forced to withdraw. After this retreat, Wellesley's forces defeated the French again at the Battle of Talavera. Despite this victory Wellington realised that he was seriously outnumbered by the French army, and that he could be forced to retreat and possibly evacuate. He decided to strengthen the defences to the north of Lisbon by taking advantage of the hilly topography of that area. In October 1809, he ordered the building of the Lines of Torres as a system of fortifications, redoubts, escarpments, dams and other interventions. In total there were 152 works, which were all numbered and the Fort of Subserra was No. 114. It was a small, irregular pentagonal earthwork, well capped with stone, much of which is still visible. Construction began in February 1810 and it was finished within a few weeks. The fort was equipped with one six-pounder cannon and two nine-pounders for the three embrasures, as well as other artillery pieces. From October of that year it had a garrison of 100 Portuguese militia and gunners under the overall command of General Rowland Hill. Its objective was to defend the left flank of the São Fernando Battery (No. 4) and to cross fire with the New Subserra Battery, close by, thereby protecting the road that went from Arruda dos Vinhos to Alhandra through the Subserra Valley. The monument to the Lines of Torres Vedras The fort is close to a monument commemorating the role of the Torres Vedras Lines in the victory of the Anglo-Portuguese troops over the French armies. Built on the site of the Boavista redoubt (originally numbered as work No. 3), construction was finished in 1883. It takes the form of a column, topped by a statue of the classical Greek figure of Hercules. In 1911, two plaques were added to acknowledge the contributions of Sir Richard Fletcher, who supervised the construction of the Lines, and of José Maria das Neves Costa, on whose original topographic maps Wellington based his plans for the Lines. See also Portugal portal List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras References ^ a b c "First fort at Subserra". Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres. Retrieved 19 April 2019. ^ a b "Guide Nr. 4 Lines of Torres Historic Route" (PDF). Museu Municipal Vila Franca de Xira. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ Noivo, Marco António do Carmo Gomes (February 2010). A 1ª E A 2ª LINHAS DE TORRES: A VALORIZAÇÃO DO PATRIMÓNIO E O TURISMO CULTURAL. Lisbon: University of Lisbon. ^ a b Norris, A. H.; Bremner, R. W. (1986). The Lines of Torres Vedras. Lisbon: British Historical Society, Portugal. p. 54. ^ Grehan, John (2015). The lines of Torres Vedras : the cornerstone of Wellington's strategy in the Peninsular War, 1809-1812. Frontline Books. ISBN 9781473852747. ^ "Fort 114 - Forte No1 de Subserra". Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras. Retrieved 19 April 2019. ^ "Percurso a Defesa do Tejo". Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Forte Primeiro da Subserra". SIPA: Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitetónico. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Monumento comemorativo das Linhas de Torres". Museu Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. External links Media related to Forte Primeiro da Subserra at Wikimedia Commons Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alhandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhandra,_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_dos_Montes_e_Calhandriz"},{"link_name":"Vila Franca de Xira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Franca_de_Xira"},{"link_name":"Lisbon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_District"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Lines of Torres Vedras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rota-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museu-2"}],"text":"19th-century fort in PortugalThe Fort of Subserra (No. 1), also known as the Fort of Alhandra, is situated at 142 metres above sea level close to Alhandra in the municipality of Vila Franca de Xira in the Lisbon District of Portugal. Together with other smaller redoubts and batteries that also had the Subserra name, it was built during the Peninsular War (1807–14) as part of the first line of defence of the Lines of Torres Vedras planned by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington to protect the Portuguese capital of Lisbon and, if necessary, his own retreat.[1][2]","title":"Fort of Subserra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(October_1807)"},{"link_name":"General Junot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot"},{"link_name":"Roliça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Vimeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro"},{"link_name":"Convention of Cintra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra"},{"link_name":"Marshal Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noivo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norris-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera"},{"link_name":"redoubts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoubt"},{"link_name":"escarpments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norris-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grehan-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rota-1"},{"link_name":"embrasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrasure"},{"link_name":"General Rowland Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill"},{"link_name":"flank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanking_maneuver"},{"link_name":"Arruda dos Vinhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arruda_dos_Vinhos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rota-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museu-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fletcher,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"topographic maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museu2-9"}],"text":"At the beginning of the Peninsular War, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau in October 1807. This provided for the invasion and subsequent division of Portuguese territory into three kingdoms. Following this, French troops under the command of General Junot entered Portugal, which requested support from the British. In July 1808 troops commanded by the Duke of Wellington, at the time known as Arthur Wellesley, landed in Portugal and defeated French troops at the Battles of Roliça and Vimeiro. This forced Junot to negotiate the Convention of Cintra, which led to the evacuation of the French army from Portugal. In March 1809, Marshal Soult led a new French expedition that advanced south to the city of Porto before being repulsed by Portuguese-British troops and forced to withdraw.[3][4] After this retreat, Wellesley's forces defeated the French again at the Battle of Talavera.Despite this victory Wellington realised that he was seriously outnumbered by the French army, and that he could be forced to retreat and possibly evacuate. He decided to strengthen the defences to the north of Lisbon by taking advantage of the hilly topography of that area. In October 1809, he ordered the building of the Lines of Torres as a system of fortifications, redoubts, escarpments, dams and other interventions.[4][5] In total there were 152 works, which were all numbered and the Fort of Subserra was No. 114.[1] \nIt was a small, irregular pentagonal earthwork, well capped with stone, much of which is still visible. Construction began in February 1810 and it was finished within a few weeks. The fort was equipped with one six-pounder cannon and two nine-pounders for the three embrasures, as well as other artillery pieces. From October of that year it had a garrison of 100 Portuguese militia and gunners under the overall command of General Rowland Hill. Its objective was to defend the left flank of the São Fernando Battery (No. 4) and to cross fire with the New Subserra Battery, close by, thereby protecting the road that went from Arruda dos Vinhos to Alhandra through the Subserra Valley.[1][2][6][7][8]The monument to the Lines of Torres VedrasThe fort is close to a monument commemorating the role of the Torres Vedras Lines in the victory of the Anglo-Portuguese troops over the French armies. Built on the site of the Boavista redoubt (originally numbered as work No. 3), construction was finished in 1883. It takes the form of a column, topped by a statue of the classical Greek figure of Hercules. In 1911, two plaques were added to acknowledge the contributions of Sir Richard Fletcher, who supervised the construction of the Lines, and of José Maria das Neves Costa, on whose original topographic maps Wellington based his plans for the Lines.[9]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The monument to the Lines of Torres Vedras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg/220px-Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Portugal portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Portugal"},{"title":"List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_of_the_Lines_of_Torres_Vedras"}]	[{"reference":"\"First fort at Subserra\". Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres. Retrieved 19 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhlt.pt/en/portfolio/first-fort-at-subserra/","url_text":"\"First fort at Subserra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide Nr. 4 Lines of Torres Historic Route\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison_(died_1669)	John Harrison (died 1669)	["1 Public life","2 Private life","3 References"]	English politician For other people named John Harrison, see John Harrison (disambiguation). John HarrisonMember of Parliament for LancasterIn office1640-16431661–1669Member of Parliament for ScarboroughIn office1628-1640 Personal detailsBornc. 1590 (1590)Lancaster, Lancashire, EnglandDied(1669-09-28)28 September 1669 (aged 80)Balls Park, Hertford, EnglandSpouse(s)Margaret FanshaweMary ShotboltChildren7, including Richard and AnnRelativesEdward Harrison (grandson)George Harrison (grandson)Thomas Harrison (grandson) Sir John Harrison (c. 1590 – 28 September 1669) of Balls Park, Hertfordshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1640 and 1669. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. Public life Balls Park, Hertford Harrison was born in Lancaster, the 12th son of a yeoman, and went to London in 1611 at the age of 22. He was one of the first to suggest the position of commissioner of the customs and was given that post. Harrison was elected MP for Scarborough in 1628. In April 1640, he was elected member of parliament for Lancaster in the Short Parliament. He was then elected for Lancaster in November 1640 for the Long Parliament. He built Balls Park House in Hertford between 1637 and 1640 and was knighted in 1641. He supported the king during the Civil War and was disabled from sitting in September 1643. He suffered greatly from his loyalty, being fined £10,745. After the Restoration, Harrison was elected MP for Lancaster again in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and held the seat until his death in 1669. He served as a gentleman of the Privy Chamber from 1664 until his death. Private life Portrait of Sir John Harrison's daughter Ann, who married Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet and Ambassador to Spain Harrison died at the age of 80, at Balls Park, Hertford and was buried at All Saints' Church, Hertford. He had married, firstly, Margaret Fanshawe, daughter of Robert Fanshawe, by whom he had three sons, all of whom predeceased him, and two daughters, and, secondly, Mary Shotbolt, daughter of Philip Shotbolt, by whom he had a son and a daughter. His elder daughter Ann by his first wife married Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet ambassador to Spain. He was survived by his three daughters and his youngest son, the only son of his second marriage, Richard Harrison (1646–1726), who succeeded him at Balls Park and was also the member of parliament for Lancaster. His descendants included Audrey Etheldreda Harrison and George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend. References ^ a b c Cross Fleury Time-honoured Lancaster ... Historic notes on the ancient borough of Lancaster. ^ a b Townships: Skerton, A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 8 (1914), pp. 58-61. Date accessed: 8 January 2011 ^ a b "HARRISON, John (c.1589-1669), of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London; later of Balls Park, Herts. and Beaumont, Lancs". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ Willis, Browne (1750). Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II: A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660 ... London. pp. 229–239. Parliament of England VacantParliament suspended since 1629 Member of Parliament for Lancaster 1640–1643 With: Roger Kirkby 1640Thomas Fanshawe 1640–1643 Succeeded byThomas FellSir Robert Bindlosse, 1st Baronet Preceded bySir Gilbert Gerard, BtWilliam West Member of Parliament for Lancaster 1661–1669 With: Richard Kirkby Succeeded byRichard KirkbyRichard Harrison	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Harrison (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Balls Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_Park"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"}],"text":"For other people named John Harrison, see John Harrison (disambiguation).Sir John Harrison (c. 1590 – 28 September 1669) of Balls Park, Hertfordshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1640 and 1669. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War.","title":"John Harrison (died 1669)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balls_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_271851.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balls Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_Park"},{"link_name":"yeoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleury-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH-2"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoP-3"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Short Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Long Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Balls Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_Park"},{"link_name":"the king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH-2"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Cavalier Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoP-3"},{"link_name":"gentleman of the Privy Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber"}],"text":"Balls Park, HertfordHarrison was born in Lancaster, the 12th son of a yeoman, and went to London in 1611 at the age of 22.[1] He was one of the first to suggest the position of commissioner of the customs and was given that post.[2]Harrison was elected MP for Scarborough in 1628.[3] In April 1640, he was elected member of parliament for Lancaster in the Short Parliament. He was then elected for Lancaster in November 1640 for the Long Parliament.[4]He built Balls Park House in Hertford between 1637 and 1640 and was knighted in 1641.\nHe supported the king during the Civil War and was disabled from sitting in September 1643. He suffered greatly from his loyalty, being fined £10,745.[2] After the Restoration, Harrison was elected MP for Lancaster again in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and held the seat until his death in 1669.[3] He served as a gentleman of the Privy Chamber from 1664 until his death.","title":"Public life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Daughter_of_Sir_John_Harrison_of_Balls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fanshawe,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Balls Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_Park"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Church, Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Hertford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleury-1"},{"link_name":"Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann,_Lady_Fanshawe"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fanshawe,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Richard Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harrison_(died_1726)"},{"link_name":"Audrey Etheldreda Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etheldreda_Townshend"},{"link_name":"George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Townshend,_1st_Marquess_Townshend"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleury-1"}],"text":"Portrait of Sir John Harrison's daughter Ann, who married Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet and Ambassador to SpainHarrison died at the age of 80, at Balls Park, Hertford and was buried at All Saints' Church, Hertford.[1]He had married, firstly, Margaret Fanshawe, daughter of Robert Fanshawe, by whom he had three sons, all of whom predeceased him, and two daughters, and, secondly, Mary Shotbolt, daughter of Philip Shotbolt, by whom he had a son and a daughter. His elder daughter Ann by his first wife married Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet ambassador to Spain. He was survived by his three daughters and his youngest son, the only son of his second marriage, Richard Harrison (1646–1726), who succeeded him at Balls Park and was also the member of parliament for Lancaster.His descendants included Audrey Etheldreda Harrison and George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend.[1]","title":"Private life"}]	[{"image_text":"Balls Park, Hertford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Balls_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_271851.jpg/220px-Balls_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_271851.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Sir John Harrison's daughter Ann, who married Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet and Ambassador to Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ann_Daughter_of_Sir_John_Harrison_of_Balls.jpg/200px-Ann_Daughter_of_Sir_John_Harrison_of_Balls.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"HARRISON, John (c.1589-1669), of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London; later of Balls Park, Herts. and Beaumont, Lancs\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/harrison-john-1589-1669","url_text":"\"HARRISON, John (c.1589-1669), of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London; later of Balls Park, Herts. and Beaumont, Lancs\""}]},{"reference":"Willis, Browne (1750). Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II: A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660 ... London. pp. 229–239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browne_Willis","url_text":"Willis, Browne"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5V09AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1","url_text":"Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II: A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660 ..."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5V09AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"229"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/cross-fleury/time-honoured-lancaster--historic-notes-on-the-ancient-borough-of-lancaster-uel/page-24-time-honoured-lancaster--historic-notes-on-the-ancient-borough-of-lancaster-uel.shtml","external_links_name":"Cross Fleury Time-honoured Lancaster ... Historic notes on the ancient borough of Lancaster."},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53263","external_links_name":"Townships: Skerton, A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 8 (1914), pp. 58-61. Date accessed: 8 January 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/harrison-john-1589-1669","external_links_name":"\"HARRISON, John (c.1589-1669), of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London; later of Balls Park, Herts. and Beaumont, Lancs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5V09AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1","external_links_name":"Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II: A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660 ..."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5V09AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"229"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Difa	Al-Difa'	["1 History and profile","2 Political stance and contributors","3 Circulation and influence","4 References"]	Arabic daily newspaper in Mandatory Palestine (1934–1966) Al-Difa'9 November 1936 edition of Al-Difa' newspaperTypeDaily newspaperOwner(s)Ibrahim Al ShantiFounder(s)Ibrahim Al ShantiSami Al SirajKhayr Al Din Al ZirikliEditor-in-chiefIbrahim Al ShantiFounded20 April 1934Political alignmentArab nationalismLanguageArabicCeased publication26 May 1971HeadquartersJaffaEast JerusalemAmmanCountryMandatory PalestineJordan⁩OCLC number50763329 Al-Difa' (Arabic: الدفاع, romanized: al-Difāʻ, lit. 'The Defense') was a Palestinian daily newspaper published from 1934 to 1971 with some interruptions. It was one of the most influential newspapers of the period along with Falastin, and their rivalry marked the mandate period. The paper was based in Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine, until 1948. Then it was published in East Jerusalem and later in Amman. The paper also enjoyed popular support during this period. History and profile The paper was first published in Jaffa on 20 April 1934. Its founders, Ibrahim Al Shanti, Sami Al Siraj, and Khayr Al Din Al Zirikli, were three journalists who left the newspaper Al Jamia Al Islamiyya. Ibrahim Al Shanti was the owner and editor of Al-Difa'. Shawkat Hammad took over the role of editor in 1936. Al-Difa' was published five days per week during its initial period and later became a daily newspaper. The paper had rural and Muslim readers in Mandatory Palestine. It presented its readers several prizes such as cars and motorcycles. The paper was actively interested in the development of Jaffa and submitted a five-year development plan in 1934 to the municipality to improve the city's living, health-care and educational conditions. Al-Difa extensively covered news on the civil war in Spain between 1936 and 1939. It did not openly support the rival groups of the war, but published the views of various countries about these groups. However, the paper presented Francisco Franco in a positive manner and employed the term communists to refer to government forces and the term nationalists to describe rebel forces. Al-Difa' was banned by the British authorities in 1937 for nearly two months due the publication of allegedly false reports which might "endanger public peace." The last issue of Al-Difa' in Jaffa appeared on 29 December 1948. Then it was published in East Jerusalem which was under the rule of the Jordanian Hashemites. The paper moved to Amman, Jordan, in 1967 when East Jerusalem was occupied by Israel. It was banned by the Jordanian government on 26 May 1971 due to the publication of an article which allegedly offended the Jordanian authorities. The paper produced 3,874 issues during its run. Its issues published between 1934 and 1951 were archived in Al Aqsa Mosque library in Jerusalem. Political stance and contributors Al-Difa' adopted a pan-Arab and pan-Islam political stance. The paper was one of the mouthpieces of the Istiqlal Party between its start in 1934 and 1939. The paper's editors participated in the Arab Journalists’ Congress held in Ramla on 27 May 1936. It was organized to make it possible for the newspapers to reinforce national solidarity and to provide correct information to their readers during the emerging Arab riot. Although Al-Difa was not affiliated with any party during the World War II period, it supported Amin al-Husseini and the Palestinians' struggle against the British rule opposing the Zionism. It was also an advocate of Nazi policies and was financed by the Arab Bank in the 1940s. However, when the racist characteristic of the Nazi regime began to be much more evident, its support for the Nazi policies ended. The paper encouraged the modernization of daily life among the Palestinian middle and upper classes. Major contributors of Al-Difa' when it was based in Jaffa included Mahmoud Abu Al Zalaf, Mahmoud Yaish, and Ahmad Khalil Al Aqad, and Akram Zuayter. Circulation and influence The circulation data given in the report by the Royal Peel Commission which had been formed to examine the Arab riots in the region in 1936 indicate that shortly after its start Al-Difa' reached the circulation level of the influential Falastin newspaper. Their circulation was reported to be between 4,000 and 6,000 copies in the report. It sold 13,000 copies in 1946, whereas Falastin sold 9,000 copies. One of the reasons for the higher circulation of the paper than Falastin was that the readers considered it as a "Muslim publication". On the other hand, both papers were read aloud publicly in various cities and settlements of the Mandatory Palestine showing that they had readers everywhere in the region. In the mid-1940s Al-Difa' became the most influential Palestinian newspaper. References ^ a b c "Ibrahim Alshanti". All 4 Palestine. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "al-Difāʻ = Ad-difaa". Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ Adnan A. Musallam (1986). "Palestinian Arab Press Developments Under British Rule with A Case Study of Bethlehem's Sawt al-Sha'b". Bethlehem University Journal. 5: 77. JSTOR 26444513. ^ a b c d e f g "Al Difa". National Library of Israel. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ Walaa AlGhussein (2020). Mandated to Report: The Role of the Nationalist Press in Reporting Zionist Land Expropriation and Labor Conquest in Palestine During the 1930s (MA thesis). City University of New York. p. 26. ^ a b c d "Title list" (PDF). brill.com. p. 1. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ Sarah Ozacky-Lazar; Mustafa Kabaha (2002). "The Haganah by Arab and Palestinian Historiography and Media". Israel Studies. 7 (3): 58. doi:10.1353/is.2003.0008. JSTOR 30245595. ^ "Notice of change in permit granted for publication of a newspaper". The Palestine Gazette. 614: 732. 23 July 1936. ^ "Notice of grant of a permit to publish a newspaper". The Palestine Gazette. 936: 871. 21 September 1939. ^ "Al-Difaa' newspaper prizes to its readers". Palestinian Museum Digital Archive. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ Tamir Goren (2020). "The development gap between the cities of Jaffa and Tel Aviv and its effect on the weakening of Jaffa in the time of the Mandate". Middle Eastern Studies. 56 (6): 905. doi:10.1080/00263206.2020.1759555. S2CID 219421988. ^ a b c d e Mustafa Kabha (2014). "The Spanish Civil War as Reflected in Contemporary Palestinian Press". In Israel Gershoni (ed.). Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism: Attraction and Repulsion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 130, 136. doi:10.7560/757455-008. ISBN 9780292757462. JSTOR 10.7560/757455. S2CID 240079125. ^ "Mandate for Palestine – Report of the Mandatory to the LoN". United Nations. Retrieved 7 January 2024. The report is dated 1937 ^ Krystyna Matusiak; Qasem Abu Harb (24 August 2009). "Digitizing the Historical Periodical Collection at the Al-Aqsa Mosque Library in East Jerusalem" (Conference Paper). rclis.org. Retrieved 18 February 2024. ^ a b c Adnan Abu Ghazaleh (1972). "Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine During The British Mandate". Journal of Palestine Studies. 1 (3): 56. doi:10.2307/2535866. JSTOR 2535866. ^ a b c d e Mustafa Kabha (2003). "The Palestinian press and the general strike, April–October 1936: Filastin as a case study". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (3): 170, 176. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301727. S2CID 145466351. ^ Enaya Othman (Spring 2018). "Deconstructing the Dogma of Domesticity: Quaker education and nationalism in British Mandate Palestine". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 19 (1): 5. doi:10.1353/cch.2018.0000. ^ Tamir Sorek (2013). "Calendars, Martyrs, and Palestinian Particularism under British Rule". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 17. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.6. ^ Walid Khalidi (Winter 2005). "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited". Journal of Palestine Studies. 34 (2): 44. doi:10.1525/jps.2005.34.2.042. S2CID 153322044. vteHistory of Palestinian journalismNewspapersOttoman period (1908-1914) Al-Asma'i (1908-1909) Al-Quds (1908-1914) Al-Karmil (1908-1944) Falastin (1911-1967) Mandate period (1917-1948) Mir'at Al-Sharq (1919-1939) Al-Jami'a Al-'Arabiya (1927-1935) Al-Difa' (1934-1971) Al-Liwa' (1935-1939) Jordanian period (1948-1967) Al-Bilad (1951-1967) Al-Jihad (1953-1967) Current period (1967-present) Al-Quds (1967-present) Al-Fajr (1972-1993) Al-Hayat Al-Jadida (1994-present) Al-Ayyam (1995-present) Established by Palestinian diaspora Syria: Alif Ba (1930-1958) United Kingdom: Al-Quds Al-Arabi (1989-present) News websitesThe Palestine Chronicle, The Electronic Intifada, Quds News Network, Shehab News Agency, Wafa, Gaza Now, Palestinian Press AgencyRadioPalestine Broadcasting ServiceTelevisionPalestinian Broadcasting CorporationJournalistsKhalil Sakakini, Yousef El-Issa, Issa El-Issa, Daoud El-Issa, Najib Nassar, Boulos Shehadeh, Jamal al-Husayni, Said Arikat, Shireen Abu Akleh, Motaz Azaiza, Plestia Alaqad, Wael Al-Dahdouh, Bisan Owda, Hind Khoudary, Ali Abunimah, Mustafa Moien AyyashSee also History of Palestinian journalism List of journalists killed during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Falastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falastin"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-all4-1"}],"text":"Al-Difa' (Arabic: الدفاع, romanized: al-Difāʻ, lit. 'The Defense') was a Palestinian daily newspaper published from 1934 to 1971 with some interruptions. It was one of the most influential newspapers of the period along with Falastin, and their rivalry marked the mandate period. The paper was based in Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine, until 1948. Then it was published in East Jerusalem and later in Amman. The paper also enjoyed popular support during this period.[1]","title":"Al-Difa'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Khayr Al Din Al Zirikli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_al-Zirikli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muska-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muska-12"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muska-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hashemites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-6"},{"link_name":"occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Palestinian_exodus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-all4-1"},{"link_name":"Jordanian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-all4-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The paper was first published in Jaffa on 20 April 1934.[2][3] Its founders, Ibrahim Al Shanti, Sami Al Siraj, and Khayr Al Din Al Zirikli, were three journalists who left the newspaper Al Jamia Al Islamiyya.[4][5] Ibrahim Al Shanti was the owner and editor of Al-Difa'.[6][7] Shawkat Hammad took over the role of editor in 1936.[8][9]Al-Difa' was published five days per week during its initial period and later became a daily newspaper.[4] The paper had rural and Muslim readers in Mandatory Palestine.[6] It presented its readers several prizes such as cars and motorcycles.[10] The paper was actively interested in the development of Jaffa and submitted a five-year development plan in 1934 to the municipality to improve the city's living, health-care and educational conditions.[11] Al-Difa extensively covered news on the civil war in Spain between 1936 and 1939.[12] It did not openly support the rival groups of the war, but published the views of various countries about these groups.[12] However, the paper presented Francisco Franco in a positive manner and employed the term communists to refer to government forces and the term nationalists to describe rebel forces.[12]Al-Difa' was banned by the British authorities in 1937 for nearly two months due the publication of allegedly false reports which might \"endanger public peace.\"[13]The last issue of Al-Difa' in Jaffa appeared on 29 December 1948.[4] Then it was published in East Jerusalem which was under the rule of the Jordanian Hashemites.[6] The paper moved to Amman, Jordan, in 1967 when East Jerusalem was occupied by Israel.[1] It was banned by the Jordanian government on 26 May 1971 due to the publication of an article which allegedly offended the Jordanian authorities.[1] The paper produced 3,874 issues during its run.[4] Its issues published between 1934 and 1951 were archived in Al Aqsa Mosque library in Jerusalem.[14]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pan-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"Istiqlal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabug-15"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkab-16"},{"link_name":"Arab riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkab-16"},{"link_name":"Amin al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabug-15"},{"link_name":"Nazi policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muska-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nli-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muska-12"}],"text":"Al-Difa' adopted a pan-Arab and pan-Islam political stance.[4] The paper was one of the mouthpieces of the Istiqlal Party between its start in 1934 and 1939.[15] The paper's editors participated in the Arab Journalists’ Congress held in Ramla on 27 May 1936.[16] It was organized to make it possible for the newspapers to reinforce national solidarity and to provide correct information to their readers during the emerging Arab riot.[16] Although Al-Difa was not affiliated with any party during the World War II period, it supported Amin al-Husseini and the Palestinians' struggle against the British rule opposing the Zionism.[4][15] It was also an advocate of Nazi policies and was financed by the Arab Bank in the 1940s.[6] However, when the racist characteristic of the Nazi regime began to be much more evident, its support for the Nazi policies ended.[12] The paper encouraged the modernization of daily life among the Palestinian middle and upper classes.[17]Major contributors of Al-Difa' when it was based in Jaffa included Mahmoud Abu Al Zalaf, Mahmoud Yaish, and Ahmad Khalil Al Aqad,[4] and Akram Zuayter.[12]","title":"Political stance and contributors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Peel Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkab-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkab-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabug-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkab-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The circulation data given in the report by the Royal Peel Commission which had been formed to examine the Arab riots in the region in 1936 indicate that shortly after its start Al-Difa' reached the circulation level of the influential Falastin newspaper.[16] Their circulation was reported to be between 4,000 and 6,000 copies in the report.[16] It sold 13,000 copies in 1946, whereas Falastin sold 9,000 copies.[15] One of the reasons for the higher circulation of the paper than Falastin was that the readers considered it as a \"Muslim publication\".[16]On the other hand, both papers were read aloud publicly in various cities and settlements of the Mandatory Palestine showing that they had readers everywhere in the region.[18] In the mid-1940s Al-Difa' became the most influential Palestinian newspaper.[19]","title":"Circulation and influence"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ibrahim Alshanti\". All 4 Palestine. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.all4palestine.com/ModelDetails.aspx?gid=16&mid=2399&lang=en","url_text":"\"Ibrahim Alshanti\""}]},{"reference":"\"al-Difāʻ = Ad-difaa\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn2002058154/","url_text":"\"al-Difāʻ = Ad-difaa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Adnan A. Musallam (1986). \"Palestinian Arab Press Developments Under British Rule with A Case Study of Bethlehem's Sawt al-Sha'b\". Bethlehem University Journal. 5: 77. JSTOR 26444513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26444513","url_text":"26444513"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Difa\". National Library of Israel. 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Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/31662_Titlelist.pdf","url_text":"\"Title list\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Ozacky-Lazar; Mustafa Kabaha (2002). \"The Haganah by Arab and Palestinian Historiography and Media\". Israel Studies. 7 (3): 58. doi:10.1353/is.2003.0008. JSTOR 30245595.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Studies","url_text":"Israel Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fis.2003.0008","url_text":"10.1353/is.2003.0008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245595","url_text":"30245595"}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of change in permit granted for publication of a newspaper\". The Palestine Gazette. 614: 732. 23 July 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Notice of grant of a permit to publish a newspaper\". 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S2CID 219421988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)","url_text":"Middle Eastern Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2020.1759555","url_text":"10.1080/00263206.2020.1759555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219421988","url_text":"219421988"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa Kabha (2014). \"The Spanish Civil War as Reflected in Contemporary Palestinian Press\". In Israel Gershoni (ed.). Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism: Attraction and Repulsion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 130, 136. doi:10.7560/757455-008. ISBN 9780292757462. JSTOR 10.7560/757455. 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United Nations. Retrieved 7 January 2024. The report is dated 1937","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208273/","url_text":"\"Mandate for Palestine – Report of the Mandatory to the LoN\""}]},{"reference":"Krystyna Matusiak; Qasem Abu Harb (24 August 2009). \"Digitizing the Historical Periodical Collection at the Al-Aqsa Mosque Library in East Jerusalem\" (Conference Paper). rclis.org. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.rclis.org/20444/","url_text":"\"Digitizing the Historical Periodical Collection at the Al-Aqsa Mosque Library in East Jerusalem\""}]},{"reference":"Adnan Abu Ghazaleh (1972). \"Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine During The British Mandate\". Journal of Palestine Studies. 1 (3): 56. doi:10.2307/2535866. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gambier-Parry	Ernest Gambier-Parry	["1 Background","2 Career","3 Family and later life","4 References","5 External links"]	English painter MajorErnest Gambier-ParryOBEBorn(1853-10-25)25 October 1853Highnam Court, Highnam, Gloucestershire, EnglandDied15 April 1936(1936-04-15) (aged 82)Highnam Court, Highnam, Gloucestershire, EnglandAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyRankMajorUnitRoyal North Gloucester MilitiaRoyal Welch FusiliersDevon YeomanryBattles/warsSuakin Expedition (1885)AwardsOfficer of the Order of the British Empire (1918)Spouse(s)Evelyn Elizabeth PalkRelationsThomas Gambier ParrySir Charles Hubert Hastings ParryOther workAuthor, musician, artist Major Ernest Gambier-Parry OBE (25 October 1853 – 15 April 1936) was a British military officer who participated in an expedition to the Sudan to avenge the grisly death of a renowned general in 1885. However, the wounds he sustained in that campaign ended his military career. Gambier-Parry was also known for his work as an author, musician, and artist. He succeeded to the manor at Highnam Court following the death of his half-brother Sir Hubert Parry. In addition, he preserved and archived the art collection that had been amassed by his father Thomas Gambier Parry; the masterpieces were eventually bequeathed to the Courtauld Institute of Art. Background Ernest Gambier-Parry, son of Thomas Gambier-Parry and his second wife Ethelinda Lear, was born on 25 October 1853 at Highnam Court, Highnam, Gloucestershire. His father was an artist, philanthropist, and art collector. His half-brother was the composer Sir Hubert Parry, Thomas Gambier-Parry's son by his first wife Anna Maria Isabella Clinton. Another brother was the architect Sidney Gambier-Parry. His nephew Brigadier Sir Richard Gambier-Parry modernised communications at the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and was the communications consultant for Operation Tracer in Gibraltar during World War II. Ernest Gambier-Parry was educated at Eton, where he studied under William Evans, the drawing master at Eton, from 1866 to 1871. Career General Gordon's Last Stand Gambier-Parry served in the Volunteers. By 1871, he had joined the Royal North Gloucestershire Regiment of Militia as a supernumerary lieutenant. He was promoted to lieutenant and, on 2 December 1874, he joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers (23rd Regiment of Foot) in that rank. Gambier-Parry became an instructor of musketry to the 2nd Battalion in 1880 and was at the Royal Citadel, Plymouth, in 1881. He resigned as instructor of musketry on 22 August 1881. On 14 February 1883, he left the Royal Welch Fusiliers as a lieutenant, and joined the Devon Yeomanry, the Royal 1st Devon. On 12 February 1885, he was given the rank of captain in the army. Gambier-Parry participated as a special service officer in the Suakin Expedition of March 1885 commanded by Major-General Sir Gerald Graham VC, following the Siege of Khartoum, to avenge the murder of General Charles George Gordon in January 1885. The moments before Gordon's death and beheading were portrayed in the painting General Gordon's Last Stand (pictured) by George William Joy. The Suakin Expedition was also an attempt to change the course of the Mahdist War. During the Eastern Sudan campaign of March 1885, Captain Gambier-Parry was seriously wounded. That military campaign in the Sudan was the subject of his published work Suakin, 1885, which he penned during his convalescence. In the preface to that book, he requested "the indulgence of critics . . . on behalf of one who has carried a sword more often than a pen." He was appointed as a captain in the reserve of officers on 28 October 1885, and was subsequently promoted to the honorary rank of major on 7 May 1886 for his gallant conduct. He was invalided from the army and resigned his commission. During the First World War, he was commandant of No. 6 Red Cross Hospital in Oxfordshire, the Goring Auxiliary Hospital. Gambier-Parry was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was the president of the Gloucester Children's Hospital that had been established by his father. He was also a Gloucestershire magistrate. Gambier-Parry had a strong interest in the arts. Not only was he an author; he was also a musician and artist. In addition to Suakin, 1885, Gambier-Parry was the author of Annals of an Eton House with some Notes on the Evans Family, Sketches of a Yachting Cruise, Day-dreams, The Pageant of my Day, Murphy: A Message to Dog-lovers, Allegories of the Land, The Spirit of the Old Folk, Life of Reynell Taylor, and Ainslie Gore: A Sketch from Life. He was a member of the Gloucester Committee of the Three Choirs Festival. He often exhibited his paintings at the Royal Academy and other venues. Gambier-Parry assumed the role of family archivist. He was reluctant to sell the collection of paintings and other art objects that his father had collected over his lifetime. (His younger son Mark similarly attempted to avoid the attention of dealers and instead bequeathed the Gambier-Parry collection intact to the Courtauld Institute of Art.) The Gambier-Parry archive included an 1897 inventory of the estate that Ernest Gambier-Parry compiled and was used in the research of the collection for the Courtauld Institute. His inventory documented prominent members of the art world who were friends of his father and viewed the collection. They included two presidents of the Royal Academy: Sir Frederic Leighton and Sir Edward John Poynter. The former selected works from the collection in 1888 to show in the Royal Academy's Winter Exhibition. After his father's death, Gambier-Parry extended invitations to art experts to view the collection at Highnam. The visits occurred primarily in the 1910s and 1920s. Gambier-Parry documented the visits and the impressions or detailed appraisals offered by the experts. The visitors included Professor Charles John Holmes, director of the National Gallery; Sir Claude Phillips, curator of the Wallace Collection; Roger Eliot Fry; Bernard Berenson; Dr. Raymond van Marle, author of The Development of the Italian Schools of Painting, William George Constable of the National Gallery, and historian Welbore St. Clair Baddeley. Family and later life Highnam Court Gambier-Parry married Evelyn Elizabeth Palk, daughter of Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon, in 1882. He resided with his wife and children in Goring-on-Thames in 1891, but had moved into Highnam Court (pictured) by 1894. Following the death of his mother Ethelinda Lear in 1896, his half-brother Hubert Parry inherited the Highnam Court estate. The two brothers disagreed over the management of Highnam Court, which was in grave financial difficulty. Ernest Gambier-Parry moved out and his brother moved into Highnam Court. The two brothers remained estranged for the rest of their lives. Gambier-Parry lived in Goring prior to Hubert Parry's death in 1918, at which time he succeeded him to the estate at Highnam Court. Ernest Gambier-Parry and his wife had two children, although neither of their sons ever married. His elder son Thomas Robert Gambier-Parry was a botanist. He also became curator of the Department of Oriental Collections at the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford. His son Robert died in February 1935; his wife Evelyn died that same year. Major Gambier-Parry died on 15 April 1936 at Highnam Court. His younger son, Thomas Mark Gambier-Parry, succeeded to the estate at Highnam Court; Mark resided there until his death on 9 August 1966. References ^ a b c d e f g "Major Gambier-Parry; Soldier, artist, and writer". The Times, London. 17 April 1936. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ a b c d e f Dennis Farr (2004). "Parry, Thomas Gambier (1816–1888)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ a b Gambier-Parry, Ernest. "1901 England Census". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ David Verey; Alan Brooks (1 December 2002). Gloucestershire, Volume 2 (3, illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780300097337. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ Davies, Philip H. J. (2004). MI6 and the Machinery of Spying: Structure and Process in Britain's Secret Intelligence (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 81. ISBN 9780714683638. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ "Operation Tracer". discovergibraltar.com. DiscoverGibraltar.com (Click Operation Tracer – Stay Behind Cave, then Click here for general information about Operation Tracer). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ Lionel Henry Cust. "Evans, William (1798–1877)". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 18. Wikisource. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ a b c d e "Major Gambier-Parry; British Soldier Was Also Artist, Musician and author". New York Times. 17 April 1936. ^ "No. 23786". The London Gazette. 17 October 1871. p. 4267. ^ "No. 24168". The London Gazette. 5 January 1875. p. 34. ^ "No. 24881". The London Gazette. 10 September 1880. p. 4848. ^ Gambier-Parry, Ernest. "1881 England Census". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ "No. 25056". The London Gazette. 6 January 1882. p. 48. ^ "No. 25198". The London Gazette. 13 February 1883. p. 795. ^ "No. 25448". The London Gazette. 3 March 1885. p. 922. ^ a b c Ernest Gambier-Parry (1885). Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year. K. Paul, Trench & Co. (as reprinted on Wikisource). ^ "Battle Near Hasheen". West Coast Times. 23 March 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ Anthony Boden (1 December 1998). The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius (illustrated ed.). Thames Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 9780905210728. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ "Britain's colonial adventures: The truth about Gordon of Khartoum". The Independent. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ a b Ernest Gambier Parry (1885). Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year. K. Paul, Trench & Co. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ "No. 25523". The London Gazette. 27 October 1885. p. 4930. ^ a b "No. 25588". The London Gazette. 18 May 1886. p. 2404. ^ "No. 30730". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1918. p. 6708. ^ "History of British Red Cross nurses and hospitals". www.redcross.org.uk. British Red Cross. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ Gambier-Perry, Ernest (1907). Annals of an Eton house, with some notes on the Evans family. ^ "Review of Annals of an Eton House, with some notes on the Evans family by Major Gambier Perry". The Quarterly Review. 208: 399–416. April 1908. ^ "Art Surfacing From Long Banishment". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 14 March 1967. p. 36. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ Tom Fenton. "Newsletter Archive: Spring 2007; The Restoration of Highnam Church". www.courtauld.ac.uk. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ Caitlin Silberman (June 2007). "The formation of Thomas Gambier Parry's collection". www.courtauld.ac.uk. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ "The development of the Italian schools of painting". library.rijksmuseum.nl. Rijks Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ "Welbore St Clair Baddeley, 1856–1945". etchings.arts.gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ G. Parry, Ernest. "1891 England Census". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ Gambier Parry, Ernest (1894). "U.K., City and County Directories, 1600s–1900s". 1894 Kelly's Directory of Gloucestershire (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). p. 14. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ a b Jeremy Dibble (2004). "Parry, Sir (Charles) Hubert Hastings, baronet (1848–1918)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ a b "Highnam Court, Gloucester, England". www.parksandgardens.org. Parks and Gardens UK. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ a b Gambier Parry, Ernest. "1911 England Census". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ Anthony Boden (1 December 1998). The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius (illustrated ed.). Thames Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 9780905210728. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ Ray Desmond, ed. (1994). Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists (2, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780850668438. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ Gambier Parry, Ernest. "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966". Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ "Churcham Manors and other estates". www.british-history.ac.uk. British History Online. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ "No. 44135". The London Gazette. 7 October 1966. p. 10964. External links Works by Ernest Gambier-Parry at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Ernest Gambier-Parry at Internet Archive Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Highnam Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highnam_Court"},{"link_name":"Sir Hubert Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Parry"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gambier Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gambier_Parry"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art"}],"text":"Major Ernest Gambier-Parry OBE (25 October 1853 – 15 April 1936) was a British military officer who participated in an expedition to the Sudan to avenge the grisly death of a renowned general in 1885. However, the wounds he sustained in that campaign ended his military career. Gambier-Parry was also known for his work as an author, musician, and artist. He succeeded to the manor at Highnam Court following the death of his half-brother Sir Hubert Parry. In addition, he preserved and archived the art collection that had been amassed by his father Thomas Gambier Parry; the masterpieces were eventually bequeathed to the Courtauld Institute of Art.","title":"Ernest Gambier-Parry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Gambier-Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gambier-Parry"},{"link_name":"Highnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1901census-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Hubert Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Parry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Sidney Gambier-Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gambier-Parry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Gambier-Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gambier-Parry"},{"link_name":"Secret Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"Operation Tracer in Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tracer,_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"William Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Evans_(watercolourist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ernest Gambier-Parry, son of Thomas Gambier-Parry and his second wife Ethelinda Lear, was born on 25 October 1853 at Highnam Court, Highnam, Gloucestershire.[1][2][3] His father was an artist, philanthropist, and art collector. His half-brother was the composer Sir Hubert Parry, Thomas Gambier-Parry's son by his first wife Anna Maria Isabella Clinton.[2] Another brother was the architect Sidney Gambier-Parry.[4] His nephew Brigadier Sir Richard Gambier-Parry modernised communications at the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and was the communications consultant for Operation Tracer in Gibraltar during World War II.[5][6] Ernest Gambier-Parry was educated at Eton, where he studied under William Evans, the drawing master at Eton, from 1866 to 1871.[1][2][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Gordon%27s_Last_Stand.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-8"},{"link_name":"supernumerary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Welch Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Citadel, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1881census-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Devon Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"captain in the army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Suakin Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War#Suakin_1885"},{"link_name":"Gerald Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Graham"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Siege of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Charles George Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suakin-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"George William Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Joy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mahdist War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suakin-16"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suakin-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suakinbook-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suakinbook-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-major-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-major-22"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Three Choirs Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Choirs_Festival"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frederic Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton"},{"link_name":"Edward John Poynter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Poynter"},{"link_name":"Charles John Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holmes"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Claude Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Wallace Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Collection"},{"link_name":"Roger Eliot Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fry"},{"link_name":"Bernard Berenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Berenson"},{"link_name":"William George Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Constable"},{"link_name":"Welbore St. Clair Baddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbore_St._Clair_Baddeley"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"General Gordon's Last StandGambier-Parry served in the Volunteers.[1][8] By 1871, he had joined the Royal North Gloucestershire Regiment of Militia as a supernumerary lieutenant.[9] He was promoted to lieutenant and, on 2 December 1874, he joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers (23rd Regiment of Foot) in that rank.[8][10] Gambier-Parry became an instructor of musketry to the 2nd Battalion in 1880 and was at the Royal Citadel, Plymouth, in 1881.[11][12] He resigned as instructor of musketry on 22 August 1881.[13]On 14 February 1883, he left the Royal Welch Fusiliers as a lieutenant, and joined the Devon Yeomanry, the Royal 1st Devon.[8][14] On 12 February 1885, he was given the rank of captain in the army.[15] Gambier-Parry participated as a special service officer in the Suakin Expedition of March 1885 commanded by Major-General Sir Gerald Graham VC, following the Siege of Khartoum, to avenge the murder of General Charles George Gordon in January 1885.[16][17][18]The moments before Gordon's death and beheading were portrayed in the painting General Gordon's Last Stand (pictured) by George William Joy.[19]The Suakin Expedition was also an attempt to change the course of the Mahdist War.[16] During the Eastern Sudan campaign of March 1885, Captain Gambier-Parry was seriously wounded.[8] That military campaign in the Sudan was the subject of his published work Suakin, 1885, which he penned during his convalescence.[16][20] In the preface to that book, he requested \"the indulgence of critics . . . on behalf of one who has carried a sword more often than a pen.\"[20] He was appointed as a captain in the reserve of officers on 28 October 1885, and was subsequently promoted to the honorary rank of major on 7 May 1886 for his gallant conduct.[21][22] He was invalided from the army and resigned his commission.[2][22] During the First World War, he was commandant of No. 6 Red Cross Hospital in Oxfordshire, the Goring Auxiliary Hospital.[23][24]Gambier-Parry was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was the president of the Gloucester Children's Hospital that had been established by his father. He was also a Gloucestershire magistrate.[1]Gambier-Parry had a strong interest in the arts. Not only was he an author; he was also a musician and artist. In addition to Suakin, 1885, Gambier-Parry was the author of Annals of an Eton House with some Notes on the Evans Family,[25][26] Sketches of a Yachting Cruise, Day-dreams, The Pageant of my Day, Murphy: A Message to Dog-lovers, Allegories of the Land, The Spirit of the Old Folk, Life of Reynell Taylor, and Ainslie Gore: A Sketch from Life. He was a member of the Gloucester Committee of the Three Choirs Festival. He often exhibited his paintings at the Royal Academy and other venues.[1][8] Gambier-Parry assumed the role of family archivist.[2] He was reluctant to sell the collection of paintings and other art objects that his father had collected over his lifetime. (His younger son Mark similarly attempted to avoid the attention of dealers and instead bequeathed the Gambier-Parry collection intact to the Courtauld Institute of Art.)[2][27][28]The Gambier-Parry archive included an 1897 inventory of the estate that Ernest Gambier-Parry compiled and was used in the research of the collection for the Courtauld Institute. His inventory documented prominent members of the art world who were friends of his father and viewed the collection. They included two presidents of the Royal Academy: Sir Frederic Leighton and Sir Edward John Poynter. The former selected works from the collection in 1888 to show in the Royal Academy's Winter Exhibition. After his father's death, Gambier-Parry extended invitations to art experts to view the collection at Highnam. The visits occurred primarily in the 1910s and 1920s.Gambier-Parry documented the visits and the impressions or detailed appraisals offered by the experts. The visitors included Professor Charles John Holmes, director of the National Gallery; Sir Claude Phillips, curator of the Wallace Collection; Roger Eliot Fry; Bernard Berenson; Dr. Raymond van Marle, author of The Development of the Italian Schools of Painting, William George Constable of the National Gallery, and historian Welbore St. Clair Baddeley.[29][30][31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highnam_Court_MMB_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highnam Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highnam_Court"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Palk,_1st_Baron_Haldon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Goring-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goring-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Highnam Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highnam_Court"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnbparry-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnbparry-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1901census-3"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parks-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911census-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911census-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parks-35"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Highnam CourtGambier-Parry married Evelyn Elizabeth Palk, daughter of Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon, in 1882.[1] He resided with his wife and children in Goring-on-Thames in 1891, but had moved into Highnam Court (pictured) by 1894.[32][33] Following the death of his mother Ethelinda Lear in 1896, his half-brother Hubert Parry inherited the Highnam Court estate.[34] The two brothers disagreed over the management of Highnam Court, which was in grave financial difficulty. Ernest Gambier-Parry moved out and his brother moved into Highnam Court. The two brothers remained estranged for the rest of their lives.[34] Gambier-Parry lived in Goring prior to Hubert Parry's death in 1918, at which time he succeeded him to the estate at Highnam Court.[3][35][36]Ernest Gambier-Parry and his wife had two children, although neither of their sons ever married.[36][37] His elder son Thomas Robert Gambier-Parry was a botanist. He also became curator of the Department of Oriental Collections at the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford. His son Robert died in February 1935; his wife Evelyn died that same year. Major Gambier-Parry died on 15 April 1936 at Highnam Court.[1][38][39] His younger son, Thomas Mark Gambier-Parry, succeeded to the estate at Highnam Court; Mark resided there until his death on 9 August 1966.[35][40][41]","title":"Family and later life"}]	[{"image_text":"General Gordon's Last Stand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/General_Gordon%27s_Last_Stand.jpg/220px-General_Gordon%27s_Last_Stand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highnam Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Highnam_Court_MMB_08.jpg/220px-Highnam_Court_MMB_08.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Major Gambier-Parry; Soldier, artist, and writer\". The Times, London. 17 April 1936. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Times/1936/Obituary/Ernest_Gambier_Parry","url_text":"\"Major Gambier-Parry; Soldier, artist, and writer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Dennis Farr (2004). \"Parry, Thomas Gambier (1816–1888)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=21436&back=,13047,53591,35393","url_text":"\"Parry, Thomas Gambier (1816–1888)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Gambier-Parry, Ernest. \"1901 England Census\". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives (as reprinted on Ancestry.com).","urls":[]},{"reference":"David Verey; Alan Brooks (1 December 2002). Gloucestershire, Volume 2 (3, illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780300097337. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W2XH11-9EC&q=Sidney+Gambier+Parry%2C+architect&pg=PA105","url_text":"Gloucestershire, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300097337","url_text":"9780300097337"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Philip H. J. (2004). MI6 and the Machinery of Spying: Structure and Process in Britain's Secret Intelligence (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 81. ISBN 9780714683638. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rM97vRIVLtEC&q=Richard+Gambier-Parry&pg=PA81","url_text":"MI6 and the Machinery of Spying: Structure and Process in Britain's Secret Intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714683638","url_text":"9780714683638"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Tracer\". discovergibraltar.com. DiscoverGibraltar.com (Click Operation Tracer – Stay Behind Cave, then Click here for general information about Operation Tracer). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905140025/http://discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","url_text":"\"Operation Tracer\""},{"url":"http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lionel Henry Cust. \"Evans, William (1798–1877)\". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 18. Wikisource. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Evans,_William_(1798-1877)_(DNB00)","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Gambier-Parry; British Soldier Was Also Artist, Musician and author\". New York Times. 17 April 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 23786\". The London Gazette. 17 October 1871. p. 4267.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23786/page/4267","url_text":"\"No. 23786\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24168\". The London Gazette. 5 January 1875. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24168/page/34","url_text":"\"No. 24168\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24881\". The London Gazette. 10 September 1880. p. 4848.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24881/page/4848","url_text":"\"No. 24881\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Gambier-Parry, Ernest. \"1881 England Census\". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 25056\". The London Gazette. 6 January 1882. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25056/page/48","url_text":"\"No. 25056\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25198\". The London Gazette. 13 February 1883. p. 795.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25198/page/795","url_text":"\"No. 25198\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25448\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1885. p. 922.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25448/page/922","url_text":"\"No. 25448\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Gambier-Parry (1885). Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year. K. Paul, Trench & Co. (as reprinted on Wikisource).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Suakin,_1885:_Being_a_Sketch_of_the_Campaign_of_this_Year","url_text":"Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Near Hasheen\". West Coast Times. 23 March 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WCT18850323.2.7.3","url_text":"\"Battle Near Hasheen\""}]},{"reference":"Anthony Boden (1 December 1998). The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius (illustrated ed.). Thames Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 9780905210728. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4VcZAQAAIAAJ&q=Suakin","url_text":"The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905210728","url_text":"9780905210728"}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's colonial adventures: The truth about Gordon of Khartoum\". The Independent. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/britains-colonial-adventures-the-truth-about-gordon-of-khartoum-477846.html","url_text":"\"Britain's colonial adventures: The truth about Gordon of Khartoum\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/britains-colonial-adventures-the-truth-about-gordon-of-khartoum-477846.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Gambier Parry (1885). Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year. K. Paul, Trench & Co. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/suakinbeingaske00parrgoog","url_text":"Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25523\". The London Gazette. 27 October 1885. p. 4930.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25523/page/4930","url_text":"\"No. 25523\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25588\". The London Gazette. 18 May 1886. p. 2404.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25588/page/2404","url_text":"\"No. 25588\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30730\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1918. p. 6708.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30730/supplement/6708","url_text":"\"No. 30730\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"History of British Red Cross nurses and hospitals\". www.redcross.org.uk. British Red Cross. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Museum-and-archives/Historical-factsheets/Nurses-and-hospitals","url_text":"\"History of British Red Cross nurses and hospitals\""}]},{"reference":"Gambier-Perry, Ernest (1907). Annals of an Eton house, with some notes on the Evans family.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006572941","url_text":"Annals of an Eton house, with some notes on the Evans family"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Annals of an Eton House, with some notes on the Evans family by Major Gambier Perry\". The Quarterly Review. 208: 399–416. April 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529205;view=1up;seq=415","url_text":"\"Review of Annals of an Eton House, with some notes on the Evans family by Major Gambier Perry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Surfacing From Long Banishment\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 14 March 1967. p. 36. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19670315&id=t8laAAAAIBAJ&pg=6084,2178998","url_text":"\"Art Surfacing From Long Banishment\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Fenton. \"Newsletter Archive: Spring 2007; The Restoration of Highnam Church\". www.courtauld.ac.uk. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002341/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/spring_2007/highnhamchurch.shtml","url_text":"\"Newsletter Archive: Spring 2007; The Restoration of Highnam Church\""},{"url":"http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/spring_2007/highnhamchurch.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caitlin Silberman (June 2007). \"The formation of Thomas Gambier Parry's collection\". www.courtauld.ac.uk. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Retrieved 18 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/researchforum/projects/collecting-collections/csilberman.shtml","url_text":"\"The formation of Thomas Gambier Parry's collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"The development of the Italian schools of painting\". library.rijksmuseum.nl. Rijks Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.rijksmuseum.nl/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35733","url_text":"\"The development of the Italian schools of painting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welbore St Clair Baddeley, 1856–1945\". etchings.arts.gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://etchings.arts.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/biog/?nid=BaddWEM","url_text":"\"Welbore St Clair Baddeley, 1856–1945\""}]},{"reference":"G. Parry, Ernest. \"1891 England Census\". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gambier Parry, Ernest (1894). \"U.K., City and County Directories, 1600s–1900s\". 1894 Kelly's Directory of Gloucestershire (as reprinted on Ancestry.com). p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jeremy Dibble (2004). \"Parry, Sir (Charles) Hubert Hastings, baronet (1848–1918)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35393&back=,13047,53591","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Highnam Court, Gloucester, England\". www.parksandgardens.org. Parks and Gardens UK. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071015/http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/1725/history","url_text":"\"Highnam Court, Gloucester, England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_Gardens_UK","url_text":"Parks and Gardens UK"},{"url":"http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/1725/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gambier Parry, Ernest. \"1911 England Census\". Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (as reprinted on Ancestry.com).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anthony Boden (1 December 1998). The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius (illustrated ed.). Thames Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 9780905210728. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4VcZAQAAIAAJ&q=Evelyn+","url_text":"The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905210728","url_text":"9780905210728"}]},{"reference":"Ray Desmond, ed. (1994). Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists (2, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780850668438. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=thmPzIltAV8C&q=Thomas+Robert+Gambier+Parry%2C+Bodleian&pg=PA269","url_text":"Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850668438","url_text":"9780850668438"}]},{"reference":"Gambier Parry, Ernest. \"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966\". Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England (as reprinted on Ancestry.com).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Churcham Manors and other estates\". www.british-history.ac.uk. British History Online. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15743","url_text":"\"Churcham Manors and other estates\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44135\". The London Gazette. 7 October 1966. p. 10964.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44135/page/10964","url_text":"\"No. 44135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Times/1936/Obituary/Ernest_Gambier_Parry","external_links_name":"\"Major Gambier-Parry; Soldier, artist, and writer\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=21436&back=,13047,53591,35393","external_links_name":"\"Parry, Thomas Gambier (1816–1888)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W2XH11-9EC&q=Sidney+Gambier+Parry%2C+architect&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Gloucestershire, Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rM97vRIVLtEC&q=Richard+Gambier-Parry&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"MI6 and the Machinery of Spying: Structure and Process in Britain's Secret Intelligence"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905140025/http://discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","external_links_name":"\"Operation Tracer\""},{"Link":"http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Evans,_William_(1798-1877)_(DNB00)","external_links_name":"Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 18"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23786/page/4267","external_links_name":"\"No. 23786\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24168/page/34","external_links_name":"\"No. 24168\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24881/page/4848","external_links_name":"\"No. 24881\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25056/page/48","external_links_name":"\"No. 25056\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25198/page/795","external_links_name":"\"No. 25198\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25448/page/922","external_links_name":"\"No. 25448\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Suakin,_1885:_Being_a_Sketch_of_the_Campaign_of_this_Year","external_links_name":"Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year"},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WCT18850323.2.7.3","external_links_name":"\"Battle Near Hasheen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4VcZAQAAIAAJ&q=Suakin","external_links_name":"The Parrys of the Golden Vale: background to genius"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/britains-colonial-adventures-the-truth-about-gordon-of-khartoum-477846.html","external_links_name":"\"Britain's colonial adventures: The truth about Gordon of Khartoum\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/britains-colonial-adventures-the-truth-about-gordon-of-khartoum-477846.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/suakinbeingaske00parrgoog","external_links_name":"Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25523/page/4930","external_links_name":"\"No. 25523\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25588/page/2404","external_links_name":"\"No. 25588\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30730/supplement/6708","external_links_name":"\"No. 30730\""},{"Link":"http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Museum-and-archives/Historical-factsheets/Nurses-and-hospitals","external_links_name":"\"History of British Red Cross nurses and hospitals\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006572941","external_links_name":"Annals of an Eton house, with some notes on the Evans family"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529205;view=1up;seq=415","external_links_name":"\"Review of Annals of an Eton House, with some notes on the Evans family by Major Gambier Perry\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19670315&id=t8laAAAAIBAJ&pg=6084,2178998","external_links_name":"\"Art Surfacing From Long Banishment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002341/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/spring_2007/highnhamchurch.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Newsletter Archive: Spring 2007; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chathill	Chathill	["1 Governance","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°31′55″N 1°42′29″W / 55.532°N 1.708°W / 55.532; -1.708Village in Northumberland, England Human settlement in EnglandChathillChathill Railway StationChathillLocation within NorthumberlandOS grid referenceNU185265Civil parishEllinghamDistrictNorthumberlandShire countyNorthumberlandRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCHATHILLPostcode districtNE67Dialling code01665PoliceNorthumbriaFireNorthumberlandAmbulanceNorth East UK ParliamentBerwick-upon-Tweed List of places UK England Northumberland 55°31′55″N 1°42′29″W / 55.532°N 1.708°W / 55.532; -1.708 Chathill is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ellingham, in Northumberland, England. It is about 9 miles (14 km) north of Alnwick and 3 miles (5 km) inland from the North Sea coast. It is served by Chathill railway station. It is on the main road serving Seahouses and the northern coast. In 1951 the parish had a population of 59. Chathill is home to Preston Pele Tower, built between 1392 and 1399. One of its former owners was Sir Guiscard Harbottle of Beamish, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden. The tower has a clock, installed in 1864, which features mechanisms similar to Big Ben. Governance Chathill is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Chathill was formerly a township in Ellingham parish, from 1866 Chathill was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 and merged with Ellingham. References ^ "Population statistics Chathill Tn/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "Preston Tower". www.prestontower.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ "History of Chathill, in Berwick upon Tweed and Northumberland". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "Relationships and changes Chathill Tn/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chathill. This Northumberland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Ellingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellingham,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Chathill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chathill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Preston Pele Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Tower,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Flodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodden"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Northumberland, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandChathill is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ellingham, in Northumberland, England. It is about 9 miles (14 km) north of Alnwick and 3 miles (5 km) inland from the North Sea coast. It is served by Chathill railway station.\nIt is on the main road serving Seahouses and the northern coast. In 1951 the parish had a population of 59.[1]Chathill is home to Preston Pele Tower, built between 1392 and 1399. One of its former owners was Sir Guiscard Harbottle of Beamish, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden. The tower has a clock, installed in 1864, which features mechanisms similar to Big Ben.[2]","title":"Chathill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Chathill is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Chathill was formerly a township in Ellingham parish,[3] from 1866 Chathill was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 and merged with Ellingham.[4]","title":"Governance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population statistics Chathill Tn/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10306309/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Population statistics Chathill Tn/CP through time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain_through_Time","url_text":"A Vision of Britain through Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Preston Tower\". www.prestontower.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prestontower.co.uk/theclock.htm","url_text":"\"Preston Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Chathill, in Berwick upon Tweed and Northumberland\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/place/8921","url_text":"\"History of Chathill, in Berwick upon Tweed and Northumberland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relationships and changes Chathill Tn/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10306309","url_text":"\"Relationships and changes Chathill Tn/CP through time\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chathill&params=55.532_N_1.708_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°31′55″N 1°42′29″W / 55.532°N 1.708°W / 55.532; -1.708"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chathill&params=55.531885_N_1.708470_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Chathill","external_links_name":"NU185265"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chathill&params=55.532_N_1.708_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°31′55″N 1°42′29″W / 55.532°N 1.708°W / 55.532; -1.708"},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10306309/cube/TOT_POP","external_links_name":"\"Population statistics Chathill Tn/CP through time\""},{"Link":"http://www.prestontower.co.uk/theclock.htm","external_links_name":"\"Preston Tower\""},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/place/8921","external_links_name":"\"History of Chathill, in Berwick upon Tweed and Northumberland\""},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10306309","external_links_name":"\"Relationships and changes Chathill Tn/CP through time\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chathill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Vista_Fault	Monta Vista Fault	["1 References","2 External links"]	California potentially active fault The Monta Vista Fault, south of the San Jose label The Monta Vista Fault is a potentially active fault, (a fault capable of generating destructive earthquakes) in Santa Clara County, California. It is a relatively short fault that runs between and generally parallel to the much longer San Andreas Fault and Hayward Fault Zones, trending northwest along the eastern foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains in the Coast Range Geomorphic Province. The most recent activity has been estimated to have been approximately 700,000 years ago. It has a slip rate of 0.4 mm/year. The fault runs through the campus of the Foothill College, meandering from under the child-care center and fine arts building to alongside the campus center and the Carriage House. References ^ a b "Geological problems", a section from the PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY'S MONTA VISTA, WOLFE, STELLING LOOPING PROJECT Environmental Review, California Public Utilities Commission ^ AEG San Francisco Section Newsletter, September 2004 ^ Foothill College renovations jeopardized by earthquake fault Archived 2005-02-28 at the Wayback Machine External links Monta Vista fault – United States Geological Survey	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:122-38HaywardFault.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpuc-1"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Andreas Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault"},{"link_name":"Hayward Fault Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Coast Range Geomorphic Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Range_Geomorphic_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpuc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Foothill College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Monta Vista Fault, south of the San Jose labelThe Monta Vista Fault is a potentially active fault,[1] (a fault capable of generating destructive earthquakes) in Santa Clara County, California. It is a relatively short fault that runs between and generally parallel to the much longer San Andreas Fault and Hayward Fault Zones, trending northwest along the eastern foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains in the Coast Range Geomorphic Province. The most recent activity has been estimated to have been approximately 700,000 years ago.[1] It has a slip rate of 0.4 mm/year.[2] The fault runs through the campus of the Foothill College, meandering from under the child-care center and fine arts building to alongside the campus center and the Carriage House.[3]","title":"Monta Vista Fault"}]	[{"image_text":"The Monta Vista Fault, south of the San Jose label","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/122-38HaywardFault.jpg/300px-122-38HaywardFault.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/Environment/info/esa/monta/monta_geo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Geological problems\""},{"Link":"http://www.aegsf.org/archive/2004-09/SEP04NL.PDF","external_links_name":"AEG San Francisco Section Newsletter, September 2004"},{"Link":"http://latc.com/2001/06/20/news/news5.html","external_links_name":"Foothill College renovations jeopardized by earthquake fault"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050228121035/http://latc.com/2001/06/20/news/news5.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100110054629/http://quake.usgs.gov/info/faultmaps/fault150.html","external_links_name":"Monta Vista fault"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_im_Bart	Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg	["1 Early life","2 Elevation to Dukedom","3 Legacy","4 Citations","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Count of Württemberg Eberhard IEberhard im Bart, 1492Count of WürttembergReign1459 - 21 July 1495PredecessorLudwig ISuccessorHimself as DukeDuke of WürttembergReign21 July 1495 - 24 February 1496PredecessorHimself as countSuccessorDuke Eberhard IIBorn11 December 1445Died24 February 1496TübingenSpouseBarbara GonzagaIssueBarbaraHouseWürttembergFatherLudwig IMotherMechthild of the Palatinate This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2021) Monument of Eberhard I in the Altes Schloss in Stuttgart Barbara Gonzaga Coat of arms adopted by Eberhard I in 1495 on the occasion of the elevation of Württemberg to a duchy Eberhard I of Württemberg (11 December 1445 – 24 February 1496) was known as Count Eberhard V from 1459 to 1495, and from July 1495 he was the first Duke of Württemberg. He is also known as Eberhard im Bart (Eberhard the Bearded). Early life Born at Urach, he was the son of count Ludwig I and his wife Mechthild of the Palatinate, born as countess palatine by the Rhine. Count Eberhard V officially took charge of the government of Württemberg-Urach when he was still underage; Württemberg had been divided since 1442. At first he had a legal guardian, a respected nobleman who had mentored his father as a youth, Rudolph von Ehingen of Kilchberg. However, in 1459, assisted by Frederick I, Elector Palatine, he threw off this restraint, and undertook the government of the district of Urach as Count Eberhard V. He neglected his duties as a ruler and lived a reckless life until 1468. During this time, a fencing manual was created for Eberhard in 1467 by Hans Talhoffer. The manuscript is currently held by the Bavarian State Library. In 1468, he traveled to Jerusalem and became a knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. To commemorate this he chose the palm as his symbol. He visited Italy and became acquainted with some famous scholars. Returning home, in Urach on 12 April (or 4 July) 1474, he married a prestigious bride, Barbara, daughter of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. The only child from this marriage, Barbara, was born in Urach on 2 August 1475 and died on 15 October of that year. In 1477, Eberhard, whose motto was attempto ("I dare"), founded the University of Tübingen. He ordered the expulsion of all Jews living in Württemberg. He invited the Brethren of the Common Life and the community of devotio moderna to his country and founded collegiate churches in Urach, Dettingen an der Erms, Herrenberg, Einsiedel near Tübingen and Tachenhausen. He also took an interest in reforms of the church and monasteries. Despite not being able to speak Latin he held education in high esteem and had a great number of Latin texts translated into German. Parts of his large library have been preserved. Finally on 14 December 1482 Eberhard reunified the two halves of Württemberg, Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart, in the Treaty of Münsingen, with his cousin Eberhard VI of Württemberg-Stuttgart, later the second duke. He moved the capital to Stuttgart. In the same year, Pope Sixtus IV awarded him the Golden Rose. Eberhard, although a lover of peace, was one of the founders of the Swabian League in 1488, and assisted to release Maximilian I, from his imprisonment in Bruges in the same year. In 1492 he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece, by Maximilian, then King of Germany. In the same year, the treaty was finally sanctioned by the nobility. Johannes Nauclerus, a humanist and historian, served at his court. Elevation to Dukedom On 21 July 1495, at the Diet of Worms, the County of Württemberg was elevated to a Duchy. After Maximilian I's councilor, Veit von Wolkenstein, delivered a speech praising the House of Württemberg, Eberhard was dressed as an Herzog and bestowed a sword by Maximilian, who confirmed the treaty. Frederick III, Elector of Saxony and the Imperial Marshal, then led Eberhard I to Württemberg's seat in the Reichstag, between the Duke of Jülich and the Landgrave of Hesse. To confirm Württemberg's elevation to a Duchy, the Emperor hosted a banquet attended by his person, the electors, and the other princes of the Diet. In the hierarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, this put Württemberg's status above all the Margraves and Counts, but behind all the existing Duchies. Eberhard died at Tübingen in 1496, and the succession passed to his cousin, who became Duke Eberhard II. He was first buried in the collegiate church Saint Peter auf dem Einsiedel, and later in the collegiate church of Tübingen. Legacy In the 19th and 20th centuries, the patriotic historiography transfigured him. A bust of him was erected in Walhalla. In the Swabian anthem "Preisend mit viel schönen Reden" by Justinus Kerner, he is praised as: "Eberhard the one with the beard, Württemberg's beloved ruler." In this so-called song of the Württembergers, he is praised as the richest prince amongst the German princes, as he is able to rest his head on the lap of every one of his subjects without having fear for his life or property. Citations ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eberhard im Bart". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 841. ^ Internally dated on folio 16v. ^ Fechtbuch von 1467 . Manuscript published in Swabia, Germany. Via World Digital Library. ^ Marek, Miroslav. "gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3". Genealogy.EU. ^ Marek, Miroslav. "wurttemb/wurtt2.html". Genealogy.EU. ^ "Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-11-15. ^ Mertens, Dieter: Eberhard im Bart und der Humanismus ^ Chisholm 1911. ^ Stollberg-Rilinger 2015, pp. 52–53. References Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2015). The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782388067. Further reading Ernst, Fritz. Eberhard im Bart: Die Politik eines deutschen Landesherrn am Ende des Mittelalters. Stuttgart, 1933. Maurer, Hans-Martin, ed. Eberhard und Mechthild: Untersuchungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter. Untersuchungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter (Lebendige Vergangenheit: Zeugnisse und Erinnerungen. Schriftenreihe des Württembergischen Geschichts- und Altertumsvereins, Band 17). Stuttgart, 1994. Mertens, Dieter. Eberhard V./I. im Bart. In Das Haus Württemberg: Ein biographisches Lexikon. ed. Sönke Lorenz, Dieter Mertens, & Volker Press. Stuttgart, 1997. pp. 92–95. Mertens, Dieter. Eberhard im Bart als Stifter der Universität Tübingen. In Sönke Lorenz, et al. eds. Attempto - oder wie stiftet man eine Universität: Die Universitätsgründungen der sogenannten zweiten Gründungswelle im Vergleich (Contubernium Band 50). Stuttgart, 1999. pp. 157–173. Mertens, Dieter: Eberhard im Bart und der Humanismus. In: Hans-Martin Maurer (ed.), Eberhard und Mechthild. Unterschungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter. Stuttgart, 1994, pp. 35–81. Württembergische Landesmuseum Stuttgart, ed. Eberhard im Bart, der erste Herzog von Württemberg. Stuttgart, 1990. The Diary of Jörg von Ehingen / translated and edited by Malcolm Letts, F. S. A., Oxford, 1929 External links Materialien zur zeitgenössischen Wahrnehmung Eberhards "Eberhard im Bart" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg House of WürttembergBorn: 11 December 1445 Died: 24 February 1496 Regnal titles Preceded byLudwig II Count of Württemberg 1459–1495 Raised to Duchy New title Duke of Württemberg 1495–1496 Succeeded byEberhard II vteDukes of WürttembergThe generations are numbered from the ascension of Eberhard I as Duke of Württemberg in 1495. All generations descend from Eberhard IV, Count of Württemberg.1st generation Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg 2nd generation Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg 3rd generation Christoph, Duke of Württemberg Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg 4th generation Louis III, Duke of Württemberg John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt 5th generation Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt 6th generation William Louis, Duke of Württemberg Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt Carl Rudolf, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt 7th generation Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg Henry Frederick Maximilian Emanuel Frederick Louis 8th generation Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg Louis Eugene, Duke of Württemberg Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg 9th generation Frederick I, King of Württemberg Louis Eugen William Frederick Philip Ferdinand Frederick Augustus Alexander 10th generation Adam Alexander Eugen Paul Wilhelm Alexander 11th generation Eugen William Nicholas Maximilian Philipp 12th generation Eugen Albrecht Robert 13th generation Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg Carl Alexander Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Stuttgart,_Altes_Schloss_NIK_1458.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_055_detail.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1495-1707).svg"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg"}],"text":"Monument of Eberhard I in the Altes Schloss in StuttgartBarbara GonzagaCoat of arms adopted by Eberhard I in 1495 on the occasion of the elevation of Württemberg to a duchyEberhard I of Württemberg (11 December 1445 – 24 February 1496) was known as Count Eberhard V from 1459 to 1495, and from July 1495 he was the first Duke of Württemberg. He is also known as Eberhard im Bart (Eberhard the Bearded).","title":"Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Urach"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Urach"},{"link_name":"Mechthild of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechthild_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"countess palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Kilchberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilchberg_(T%C3%BCbingen)"},{"link_name":"Frederick I, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"fencing manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_school_of_fencing"},{"link_name":"Hans Talhoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Talhoffer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdl394a-3"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Gonzaga_(1455%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_III_Gonzaga,_Marquis_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Brethren of the Common Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life"},{"link_name":"devotio moderna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotio_moderna"},{"link_name":"Dettingen an der Erms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dettingen_an_der_Erms"},{"link_name":"Herrenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Württemberg-Urach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrttemberg-Urach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Württemberg-Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrttemberg-Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Münsingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_M%C3%BCnsingen"},{"link_name":"Eberhard VI of Württemberg-Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_II,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Golden Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rose"},{"link_name":"Swabian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_League"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"King of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-8"},{"link_name":"Johannes Nauclerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Nauclerus"}],"text":"Born at Urach, he was the son of count Ludwig I and his wife Mechthild of the Palatinate, born as countess palatine by the Rhine.Count Eberhard V officially took charge of the government of Württemberg-Urach when he was still underage; Württemberg had been divided since 1442. At first he had a legal guardian, a respected nobleman who had mentored his father as a youth, Rudolph von Ehingen of Kilchberg. However, in 1459, assisted by Frederick I, Elector Palatine, he threw off this restraint, and undertook the government of the district of Urach as Count Eberhard V. He neglected his duties as a ruler and lived a reckless life until 1468.[1] During this time, a fencing manual was created for Eberhard in 1467 by Hans Talhoffer.[2] The manuscript is currently held by the Bavarian State Library.[3]In 1468, he traveled to Jerusalem and became a knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. To commemorate this he chose the palm as his symbol. He visited Italy and became acquainted with some famous scholars.[1] Returning home, in Urach on 12 April[4][better source needed] (or 4 July[5][better source needed]) 1474, he married a prestigious bride, Barbara, daughter of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. The only child from this marriage, Barbara, was born in Urach on 2 August 1475 and died on 15 October of that year.[6]In 1477, Eberhard, whose motto was attempto (\"I dare\"), founded the University of Tübingen. He ordered the expulsion of all Jews living in Württemberg. He invited the Brethren of the Common Life and the community of devotio moderna to his country and founded collegiate churches in Urach, Dettingen an der Erms, Herrenberg, Einsiedel near Tübingen and Tachenhausen.\nHe also took an interest in reforms of the church and monasteries. Despite not being able to speak Latin he held education in high esteem and had a great number of Latin texts translated into German.[7] Parts of his large library have been preserved.Finally on 14 December 1482 Eberhard reunified the two halves of Württemberg, Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart, in the Treaty of Münsingen, with his cousin Eberhard VI of Württemberg-Stuttgart, later the second duke.[1] He moved the capital to Stuttgart. In the same year, Pope Sixtus IV awarded him the Golden Rose. Eberhard, although a lover of peace, was one of the founders of the Swabian League in 1488, and assisted to release Maximilian I, from his imprisonment in Bruges in the same year.[1] In 1492 he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece, by Maximilian, then King of Germany. In the same year, the treaty was finally sanctioned by the nobility.[8]Johannes Nauclerus, a humanist and historian, served at his court.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diet of Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms_(1495)"},{"link_name":"County of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Veit von Wolkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veit_von_Wolkenstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"House of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog"},{"link_name":"Frederick III, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Jülich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_J%C3%BClich"},{"link_name":"Landgrave of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgrave_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger201552%E2%80%9353-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"collegiate church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church"},{"link_name":"collegiate church of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Collegiate_Church,_T%C3%BCbingen"}],"text":"On 21 July 1495, at the Diet of Worms, the County of Württemberg was elevated to a Duchy. After Maximilian I's councilor, Veit von Wolkenstein, delivered a speech praising the House of Württemberg, Eberhard was dressed as an Herzog and bestowed a sword by Maximilian, who confirmed the treaty. Frederick III, Elector of Saxony and the Imperial Marshal, then led Eberhard I to Württemberg's seat in the Reichstag, between the Duke of Jülich and the Landgrave of Hesse. To confirm Württemberg's elevation to a Duchy, the Emperor hosted a banquet attended by his person, the electors, and the other princes of the Diet. In the hierarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, this put Württemberg's status above all the Margraves and Counts, but behind all the existing Duchies.[9]Eberhard died at Tübingen in 1496, and the succession passed to his cousin, who became Duke Eberhard II.[1] He was first buried in the collegiate church Saint Peter auf dem Einsiedel, and later in the collegiate church of Tübingen.","title":"Elevation to Dukedom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Walhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)"},{"link_name":"anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem"},{"link_name":"Justinus Kerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus_Kerner"}],"text":"In the 19th and 20th centuries, the patriotic historiography transfigured him. A bust of him was erected in Walhalla.\nIn the Swabian anthem \"Preisend mit viel schönen Reden\" by Justinus Kerner, he is praised as: \"Eberhard the one with the beard, Württemberg's beloved ruler.\" In this so-called song of the Württembergers, he is praised as the richest prince amongst the German princes, as he is able to rest his head on the lap of every one of his subjects without having fear for his life or property.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Eberhard im Bart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eberhard_im_Bart"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"folio 16v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00020451/image_34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wdl394a_3-0"},{"link_name":"Fechtbuch von 1467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wdl.org/en/item/8970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genealogy.euweb.cz/gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"wurttemb/wurtt2.html\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genealogy.euweb.cz/wurttemb/wurtt2.html"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131112210255/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG%3Dengl/F%3DEberhard%40I./N%3Dv.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q%3DD%3A%2824/25%29.2.1496"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=engl/F=Eberhard@I./N=v.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q=D:(24/25).2.1496"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_8-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger201552%E2%80%9353_9-0"},{"link_name":"Stollberg-Rilinger 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStollberg-Rilinger2015"}],"text":"^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Eberhard im Bart\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 841.\n\n^ Internally dated on folio 16v.\n\n^ Fechtbuch von 1467 . Manuscript published in Swabia, Germany. Via World Digital Library.\n\n^ Marek, Miroslav. \"gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3\". Genealogy.EU.[self-published source]\n\n^ Marek, Miroslav. \"wurttemb/wurtt2.html\". Genealogy.EU.[self-published source]\n\n^ \"Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-11-15.\n\n^ Mertens, Dieter: Eberhard im Bart und der Humanismus\n\n^ Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Stollberg-Rilinger 2015, pp. 52–53.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volker Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Press"}],"text":"Ernst, Fritz. Eberhard im Bart: Die Politik eines deutschen Landesherrn am Ende des Mittelalters. Stuttgart, 1933.\nMaurer, Hans-Martin, ed. Eberhard und Mechthild: Untersuchungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter. Untersuchungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter (Lebendige Vergangenheit: Zeugnisse und Erinnerungen. Schriftenreihe des Württembergischen Geschichts- und Altertumsvereins, Band 17). Stuttgart, 1994.\nMertens, Dieter. Eberhard V./I. im Bart. In Das Haus Württemberg: Ein biographisches Lexikon. ed. Sönke Lorenz, Dieter Mertens, & Volker Press. Stuttgart, 1997. pp. 92–95.\nMertens, Dieter. Eberhard im Bart als Stifter der Universität Tübingen. In Sönke Lorenz, et al. eds. Attempto - oder wie stiftet man eine Universität: Die Universitätsgründungen der sogenannten zweiten Gründungswelle im Vergleich (Contubernium Band 50). Stuttgart, 1999. pp. 157–173.\nMertens, Dieter: Eberhard im Bart und der Humanismus. In: Hans-Martin Maurer (ed.), Eberhard und Mechthild. Unterschungen zu Politik und Kultur im ausgehenden Mittelalter. Stuttgart, 1994, pp. 35–81.\nWürttembergische Landesmuseum Stuttgart, ed. Eberhard im Bart, der erste Herzog von Württemberg. Stuttgart, 1990.\nThe Diary of Jörg von Ehingen / translated and edited by Malcolm Letts, F. S. A., Oxford, 1929","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Monument of Eberhard I in the Altes Schloss in Stuttgart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Altes_Schloss_NIK_1458.JPG/220px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Altes_Schloss_NIK_1458.JPG"},{"image_text":"Barbara Gonzaga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Andrea_Mantegna_055_detail.jpg/220px-Andrea_Mantegna_055_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms adopted by Eberhard I in 1495 on the occasion of the elevation of Württemberg to a duchy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Arms_of_the_house_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_%281495-1707%29.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_house_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_%281495-1707%29.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Eberhard im Bart\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eberhard_im_Bart","url_text":"Eberhard im Bart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3","url_text":"\"gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3\""}]},{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"wurttemb/wurtt2.html\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/wurttemb/wurtt2.html","url_text":"\"wurttemb/wurtt2.html\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112210255/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG%3Dengl/F%3DEberhard%40I./N%3Dv.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q%3DD%3A%2824/25%29.2.1496","url_text":"\"Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan\""},{"url":"http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=engl/F=Eberhard@I./N=v.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q=D:(24/25).2.1496","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2015). The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782388067.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TXKBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782388067","url_text":"9781782388067"}]},{"reference":"\"Eberhard im Bart\" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Eberhard_im_Bart","url_text":"\"Eberhard im Bart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00020451/image_34","external_links_name":"folio 16v"},{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8970","external_links_name":"Fechtbuch von 1467"},{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3","external_links_name":"\"gonzaga/gonzaga2.html#BL3\""},{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/wurttemb/wurtt2.html","external_links_name":"\"wurttemb/wurtt2.html\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112210255/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG%3Dengl/F%3DEberhard%40I./N%3Dv.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q%3DD%3A%2824/25%29.2.1496","external_links_name":"\"Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan\""},{"Link":"http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=engl/F=Eberhard@I./N=v.W%C3%BCrttemberg/Q=D:(24/25).2.1496","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TXKBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312085112/http://www.sfb541.uni-freiburg.de/B5/Eberhard/","external_links_name":"Materialien zur zeitgenössischen Wahrnehmung Eberhards"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Eberhard_im_Bart","external_links_name":"\"Eberhard im Bart\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/190431/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080397749","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4903806","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/265086604","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8DcywXXMffG8w8tt3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13505943d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13505943d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11852853X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260652705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85249780","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/31fhl0qm273x1fv","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p119605767","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699663905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/57830","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11852853X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/881018","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/236214438","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lagercrantz	Otto Lagercrantz	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Carl Otto Lagercrantz (26 February 1868 – 13 January 1938) was a Swedish classical philologist and rector of Uppsala University. Biography Otto Lagercrantz was born at Näsby in Jönköping County, Sweden. Lagercrantz graduated from high school in Uppsala in 1887. He then studied at Uppsala University, earning his bachelor's degree in 1890 and his licentiate degree in 1895. He completed his Ph.D. in 1898 with a dissertation titled Zur griechischen Lautgeschichte. He then served as professor of Greek, first at the Gothenburg University College and then at Uppsala University. He was appointed prorector of Uppsala University in 1929 and served as its rector 1932–1933. Lagercrantz had wide scholarly interests. In the field of papyrology, he became an international expert on alchemical manuscripts: he published the Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis in 1913 and was co-publisher of the definitive work in the area, Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques grecs. His other works concerned Greek drama, etymology, lexicography and the philology of the New Testament. Lagercrantz undertook study trips to Germany, England, the Netherlands, Italy and Greece. He was elected member of several learned societies: the Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala, the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg, the Royal Society of Letters at Lund and the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. References ^ a b c d Rudberg, Stig Y. "C Otto Lagercrantz". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 2018-09-01. ^ Nordisk familjebok. Vol. 37 (2nd ed.). Stockholm. 1925. p. 10.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Netherlands Vatican Other IdRef Academic offices Preceded byÖsten Undén Rector of Uppsala University 1932 – 1933 Succeeded byThore Engströmer	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppsala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudberg_2018-1"}],"text":"Carl Otto Lagercrantz (26 February 1868 – 13 January 1938) was a Swedish classical philologist and rector of Uppsala University.[1]","title":"Otto Lagercrantz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jönköping County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_County"},{"link_name":"Uppsala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Gothenburg University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"prorector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudberg_2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"papyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrology"},{"link_name":"Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudberg_2018-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_the_Humanities_at_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts_and_Sciences_in_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Letters,_History_and_Antiquities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudberg_2018-1"}],"text":"Otto Lagercrantz was born at Näsby in Jönköping County, Sweden. \nLagercrantz graduated from high school in Uppsala in 1887. He then studied at Uppsala University, earning his bachelor's degree in 1890 and his licentiate degree in 1895. He completed his Ph.D. in 1898 with a dissertation titled Zur griechischen Lautgeschichte. He then served as professor of Greek, first at the Gothenburg University College and then at Uppsala University. He was appointed prorector of Uppsala University in 1929 and served as its rector 1932–1933.[1] [2]Lagercrantz had wide scholarly interests. In the field of papyrology, he became an international expert on alchemical manuscripts: he published the Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis in 1913 and was co-publisher of the definitive work in the area, Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques grecs. His other works concerned Greek drama, etymology, lexicography and the philology of the New Testament.[1]Lagercrantz undertook study trips to Germany, England, the Netherlands, Italy and Greece. He was elected member of several learned societies: the Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala, the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg, the Royal Society of Letters at Lund and the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.[1]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Otto_Lagercrantz.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Otto_Lagercrantz.tif.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Rudberg, Stig Y. \"C Otto Lagercrantz\". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 2018-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/10867","url_text":"\"C Otto Lagercrantz\""}]},{"reference":"Nordisk familjebok. Vol. 37 (2nd ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breezand	Breezand	["1 Overview","2 Gallery","3 References"]	Coordinates: 52°53′N 4°48′E / 52.883°N 4.800°E / 52.883; 4.800Not to be confused with Breezanddijk. Village in North Holland, NetherlandsBreezandVillageRailway bridge near BreezandBreezandLocation in the NetherlandsShow map of NetherlandsBreezandLocation in the province of North Holland in the NetherlandsShow map of North HollandCoordinates: 52°53′N 4°48′E / 52.883°N 4.800°E / 52.883; 4.800CountryNetherlandsProvinceNorth HollandMunicipalityHollands KroonArea • Total18.23 km2 (7.04 sq mi)Elevation−0.3 m (−1.0 ft)Population (2021) • Total3,780 • Density210/km2 (540/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code1764Dialing code0223 Breezand is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, which is known for its flower bulbs, and lies about 7 km southeast of Den Helder. Overview The village was first mentioned in 1665 as Breesant, and means "wide sand" which refers to a former shoal to the north-east of Wieringen. The polder in which Breezand was built, was created in 1847. In 1931, the Catholic St John Evangelist Church was inaugurated. In 1914, a railway station opened on the Amsterdam to Den Helder railway line. It closed in 1938. Gallery St John Evangelist Church References ^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ "Postcodetool for 1764AA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ "Breezand - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ "Breezand". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ "stopplaats Breezand". Stationsweb (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 April 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breezand. vtePopulated places in the municipality of Hollands KroonTowns Anna Paulowna Hippolytushoef Wieringerwerf Villages Barsingerhorn Breezand Den Oever Haringhuizen Kolhorn Kreileroord Lutjewinkel Middenmeer Nieuwe Niedorp Oosterland Oude Niedorp Slootdorp 't Veld Westerland Wieringerwaard Winkel Zijdewind Hamlets Blokhuizen De Haukes Kreil Langereis Moerbeek Nieuwesluis Noordburen Stroe Terdiek Van Ewijcksluis Vatrop Wateringskant De Weere List of cities, towns and villages in North Holland This North Holland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breezanddijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breezanddijk"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Hollands Kroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollands_Kroon"},{"link_name":"Den Helder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Helder"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Breezanddijk.Village in North Holland, NetherlandsBreezand is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, which is known for its flower bulbs, and lies about 7 km southeast of Den Helder.","title":"Breezand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal"},{"link_name":"Wieringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieringen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"polder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Den Helder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Helder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in 1665 as Breesant, and means \"wide sand\" which refers to a former shoal to the north-east of Wieringen.[3] The polder in which Breezand was built, was created in 1847. In 1931, the Catholic St John Evangelist Church was inaugurated.[4] In 1914, a railway station opened on the Amsterdam to Den Helder railway line. It closed in 1938.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sint_Johannes_Evangelistkerk_-_Breezand_-_20396593_-_RCE.jpg"}],"text":"St John Evangelist Church","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 1764AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 1764AA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breezand - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crandell_Addington	Crandell Addington	["1 Poker","2 Business","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]	American businessman and poker player (1938–2024) Crandell AddingtonAddington at the 2005 World Series of PokerNickname(s)DandyBorn(1938-06-02)June 2, 1938Graham, Texas, U.S.DiedApril 14, 2024(2024-04-14) (aged 85)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.World Series of PokerBracelet(s)NoneMoney finish(es)3Highest ITMMain Event finish2nd, 1978 Crandell Addington (June 2, 1938 – April 14, 2024) was an American businessman and poker player who is best known as one of the founders of the World Series of Poker, and is a member of the Poker Hall of Fame. Poker Known as "Dandy" because he was always well-dressed, Addington was a regular player in the Texas poker circuit in the 1960s. In 1969, he won the Texas Gamblers Convention in Reno, Nevada; it was there that the idea for the World Series of Poker was conceived. At the time, Addington was already a self-made millionaire who played poker primarily for fun; for him, the game was more about personal challenge. Addington participated in the first World Series of Poker in 1970 along with Amarillo Slim, Doyle Brunson, Sailor Roberts, Puggy Pearson, and Carl Cannon. Addington made the final table of the WSOP Main Event almost every year from 1972 to 1979, and still holds the record for most final table appearances (seven). He finished second on two occasions, losing to Johnny Moss in 1974 and Bobby Baldwin in 1978. However, since the WSOP Main Event was winner-take-all until 1978, most of these appearances were not in the money finishes. Although he was no longer an active player and had not had a tournament cash from 1990, fellow Hall of Famer Doyle Brunson described him as a "No Limit Hold'em Legend". In 2005, Addington took another shot at a WSOP win when he returned to Vegas to be inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame, but did not fare as well as he had in the 1970s. As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $160,000. Business Addington graduated from Southwestern University with majors in economics and accounting. He left his professional poker career in the 1980s to put his business degree to work. Over the course of his 40 years as an entrepreneur, he founded successful businesses ranging from chemical manufacturing to oil and gas exploration. Addington was the CEO, Chairman, and Director of Phoenix Biotechnology, a company that focuses on cancer treatment research. Death Addington died on April 14, 2024, at the age of 85. References ^ a b c "Crandell Addington". Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2007. ^ a b Wise, Gary. "The Gambling Dandy". BLUFF. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007. ^ "World Series of Poker: A Retrospective: 1970 Summary". UNLV. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2018. ^ "Poker Hall of Fame (Crandell Addington, 2005)". PokerPages.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2007. ^ "From the Poker Vaults: Crandell Addington, Part II". Poker News. Retrieved November 29, 2018. ^ "Crandell Addington's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Harvard Law Meets Texan Poker Icon: Crandell Addington, Gold Reef International, Inc., Chairman, Shares Lessons Learned at the Poker Table". BusinessWire. Retrieved November 29, 2018. ^ "Management Team". phoenixbiotechnology.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007. ^ Conneller, Philip (April 18, 2024). "Poker Legend Crandell Addington Dies, Age 85". Casino.org. Retrieved April 19, 2024. ^ "Crandell Addington Obituary". Legacy.com. April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Crandell Addington. Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile PokerNews profile WPT profile WSOP profile vtePoker Hall of Fame1979 Johnny Moss Nick Dandolos Corky McCorquodale Red Winn Sid Wyman Wild Bill Hickok Edmond Hoyle 1980s Blondie Forbes Bill Boyd Tom Abdo Joe Bernstein Murph Harrold Red Hodges Henry Green Puggy Pearson Doyle Brunson Jack Straus Sarge Ferris 1990s Benny Binion Chip Reese Amarillo Slim Jack Keller Little Man Popwell Roger Moore 2000s Stu Ungar Lyle Berman Johnny Chan Bobby Baldwin Berry Johnston Jack Binion Crandell Addington T. J. Cloutier Billy Baxter Barbara Enright Phil Hellmuth Dewey Tomko Henry Orenstein Mike Sexton 2010s Dan Harrington Erik Seidel Barry Greenstein Linda Johnson Eric Drache Sailor Roberts Tom McEvoy Scotty Nguyen Jack McClelland Daniel Negreanu Jennifer Harman John Juanda Todd Brunson Carlos Mortensen Dave Ulliott Phil Ivey Mori Eskandani John Hennigan Chris Moneymaker David Oppenheim 2020s Huck Seed Eli Elezra Layne Flack Brian Rast	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Poker Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKLST-1"}],"text":"Crandell Addington (June 2, 1938 – April 14, 2024) was an American businessman and poker player who is best known as one of the founders of the World Series of Poker, and is a member of the Poker Hall of Fame.[1]","title":"Crandell Addington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLFMAG-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKLST-1"},{"link_name":"World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Amarillo Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo_Slim"},{"link_name":"Doyle Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Brunson"},{"link_name":"Sailor Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Puggy Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puggy_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Carl Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cannon_(poker_player)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Johnny Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Moss"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Bobby Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLFMAG-2"},{"link_name":"Doyle Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Brunson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poker Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKLST-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Known as \"Dandy\" because he was always well-dressed, Addington was a regular player in the Texas poker circuit in the 1960s. In 1969, he won the Texas Gamblers Convention in Reno, Nevada; it was there that the idea for the World Series of Poker was conceived.[2] At the time, Addington was already a self-made millionaire[1] who played poker primarily for fun; for him, the game was more about personal challenge.Addington participated in the first World Series of Poker in 1970 along with Amarillo Slim, Doyle Brunson, Sailor Roberts, Puggy Pearson, and Carl Cannon.[3] Addington made the final table of the WSOP Main Event almost every year from 1972 to 1979, and still holds the record for most final table appearances (seven). He finished second on two occasions, losing to Johnny Moss in 1974 and Bobby Baldwin in 1978.[2] However, since the WSOP Main Event was winner-take-all until 1978, most of these appearances were not in the money finishes.Although he was no longer an active player and had not had a tournament cash from 1990, fellow Hall of Famer Doyle Brunson described him as a \"No Limit Hold'em Legend\".[4]In 2005, Addington took another shot at a WSOP win when he returned to Vegas to be inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame,[1] but did not fare as well as he had in the 1970s.[5]As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $160,000.[6]","title":"Poker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_University"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Addington graduated from Southwestern University with majors in economics and accounting.[7] He left his professional poker career in the 1980s to put his business degree to work. Over the course of his 40 years as an entrepreneur, he founded successful businesses ranging from chemical manufacturing to oil and gas exploration.[citation needed]Addington was the CEO, Chairman, and Director of Phoenix Biotechnology, a company that focuses on cancer treatment research.[8]","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Addington died on April 14, 2024, at the age of 85.[9][10]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Crandell Addington\". Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813024202/http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_crandell-addington","url_text":"\"Crandell Addington\""},{"url":"http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_crandell-addington","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Gary. \"The Gambling Dandy\". BLUFF. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wise","url_text":"Wise, Gary"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225226/http://www.bluffmagazine.com/Magazine/2006_09_028.asp","url_text":"\"The Gambling Dandy\""},{"url":"http://www.bluffmagazine.com/Magazine/2006_09_028.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Series of Poker: A Retrospective: 1970 Summary\". UNLV. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220813162800/https://gaming.library.unlv.edu/WSOP/annual/1970.html","url_text":"\"World Series of Poker: A Retrospective: 1970 Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas","url_text":"UNLV"},{"url":"http://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/annual/1970.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poker Hall of Fame (Crandell Addington, 2005)\". PokerPages.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045458/http://www.pokerpages.com/pokerinfo/hallofame/","url_text":"\"Poker Hall of Fame (Crandell Addington, 2005)\""},{"url":"http://www.pokerpages.com/pokerinfo/hallofame/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Poker Vaults: Crandell Addington, Part II\". Poker News. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/03/poker-vaults-crandell-addington-part-2-1258-1294.htm","url_text":"\"From the Poker Vaults: Crandell Addington, Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crandell Addington's profile on The Hendon Mob\". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=27551","url_text":"\"Crandell Addington's profile on The Hendon Mob\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Law Meets Texan Poker Icon: Crandell Addington, Gold Reef International, Inc., Chairman, Shares Lessons Learned at the Poker Table\". BusinessWire. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071016005226/en/Harvard-Law-Meets-Texan-Poker-Icon-Crandell","url_text":"\"Harvard Law Meets Texan Poker Icon: Crandell Addington, Gold Reef International, Inc., Chairman, Shares Lessons Learned at the Poker Table\""}]},{"reference":"\"Management Team\". phoenixbiotechnology.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071127110358/http://www.phoenixbiotechnology.com/index-1.html","url_text":"\"Management Team\""},{"url":"http://www.phoenixbiotechnology.com/index-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conneller, Philip (April 18, 2024). \"Poker Legend Crandell Addington Dies, Age 85\". Casino.org. Retrieved April 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.casino.org/news/poker-legend-crandell-addington-dies-age-85/","url_text":"\"Poker Legend Crandell Addington Dies, Age 85\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crandell Addington Obituary\". Legacy.com. April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/crandell-addington-obituary?id=54914551","url_text":"\"Crandell Addington Obituary\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813024202/http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_crandell-addington","external_links_name":"\"Crandell Addington\""},{"Link":"http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-player_crandell-addington","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225226/http://www.bluffmagazine.com/Magazine/2006_09_028.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Gambling Dandy\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluffmagazine.com/Magazine/2006_09_028.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220813162800/https://gaming.library.unlv.edu/WSOP/annual/1970.html","external_links_name":"\"World Series of Poker: A Retrospective: 1970 Summary\""},{"Link":"http://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/annual/1970.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045458/http://www.pokerpages.com/pokerinfo/hallofame/","external_links_name":"\"Poker Hall of Fame (Crandell Addington, 2005)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pokerpages.com/pokerinfo/hallofame/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/03/poker-vaults-crandell-addington-part-2-1258-1294.htm","external_links_name":"\"From the Poker Vaults: Crandell Addington, Part II\""},{"Link":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=27551","external_links_name":"\"Crandell Addington's profile on The Hendon Mob\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071016005226/en/Harvard-Law-Meets-Texan-Poker-Icon-Crandell","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Law Meets Texan Poker Icon: Crandell Addington, Gold Reef International, Inc., Chairman, Shares Lessons Learned at the Poker Table\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071127110358/http://www.phoenixbiotechnology.com/index-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Management Team\""},{"Link":"http://www.phoenixbiotechnology.com/index-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.casino.org/news/poker-legend-crandell-addington-dies-age-85/","external_links_name":"\"Poker Legend Crandell Addington Dies, Age 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/crandell-addington-obituary?id=54914551","external_links_name":"\"Crandell Addington Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.cardplayer.com/poker-players/2981-crandell-addington","external_links_name":"Card Player profile"},{"Link":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=27551","external_links_name":"Hendon Mob profile"},{"Link":"https://www.pokernews.com/poker-players/crandell-addington/","external_links_name":"PokerNews profile"},{"Link":"https://www.worldpokertour.com/player/crandell-addington/","external_links_name":"WPT profile"},{"Link":"https://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerid=17875","external_links_name":"WSOP profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(Simon_Templar)	The Saint (Simon Templar)	["1 Overview","2 Hirondel","3 Publishing history","4 On radio","5 In film","6 On television","6.1 Films","6.2 Television films","6.3 Television series","6.4 Note","7 On the stage","8 In comics","9 In magazines","10 Book series","10.1 Omnibus editions","10.2 French adventures","10.3 Unpublished works","11 In popular culture","12 References","13 External links"]	Fictional character invented by Leslie Charteris Fictional character Simon TemplarThe Saint characterThe sign of the SaintFirst appearanceMeet the TigerCreated byLeslie CharterisPortrayed by Louis Hayward George Sanders Vincent Price Roger Moore Ian Ogilvy Simon Dutton Val Kilmer Tom Conway Edgar Barrier Brian Aherne Hugh Sinclair Adam Rayner others In-universe informationAlias The Saint Sebastian Tombs Sugarman Treacle GenderMaleOccupationThief, amateur detective, occasional British intelligence agent, occasional police agent, lawyer (classified)NationalityBritish The Saint is the nickname of the fictional character Simon Templar, featured in a series of novels and short stories by Leslie Charteris published between 1928 and 1963. After that date, other authors collaborated with Charteris on books until 1983; two additional works produced without Charteris's participation were published in 1997. The character has also been portrayed in The Saint franchise, which includes motion pictures, radio dramas, comic strips, comic books, and three television series. Overview Simon Templar is a Robin Hood-like figure known as the Saint – from his initials, per The Saint Meets the Tiger, and the reader is told that he was given it at the age of nineteen. In addition, per Knight Templar: Meet the Saint. His godfathers and his godmothers, at his baptism, had bestowed upon him the name of Simon Templar; but that coincidence of initials was not the only reason for the nickname by which he was far more widely known. One day, the story of how he came by that nickname may be told: it is a good story, in its way, though it goes back to the days when the Saint was nineteen, and almost as respectable as he looked. But the name had stuck. It was inevitable that it should stick, for obviously it had been destined to him from the beginning. Templar has aliases, often using the initials S.T. such as "Sebastian Tombs" or "Sugarman Treacle". Blessed with boyish humour, he makes humorous and off-putting remarks and leaves a "calling card" at his "crimes," a stick figure of a man with a halo over his head. This is used as the logo of the books, the films, and the three TV series. Supposedly, the stick figure was created by Charteris when he was a boy, "...drawing cartoons for his own four-page magazine at 10...." He is described as "a buccaneer in the suits of Savile Row, amused, cool, debonair, with hell-for-leather blue eyes and a saintly smile". His origin remains a mystery; he is explicitly British, but in early books (e.g. Meet the Tiger) there are references which suggest that he had spent some time in the United States battling Prohibition villains. Presumably, his acquaintance with Bronx sidekick Hoppy Uniatz dates from this period. In the books, his income is derived from the pockets of the "ungodly" (as he terms those who live by a lesser moral code than his own), whom he is given to "socking on the boko." There are references to a "ten percent collection fee" to cover expenses when he extracts large sums from victims, the remainder being returned to the owners, given to charity, shared among Templar's colleagues, or some combination of those possibilities. Templar's targets include corrupt politicians, warmongers, and other low life. "He claims he's a Robin Hood," says one victim, "but to me he's just a robber and a hood." Robin Hood appears to be one inspiration for the character; Templar stories were often promoted as featuring "The Robin Hood of modern crime," and this phrase to describe Templar appears in several stories. A term used by Templar to describe his acquisitions is "boodle," a term also applied to the short story collection. The Saint has a dark side, as he is willing to ruin the lives of the "ungodly," and even kill them, if he feels that more innocent lives can be saved. In the early books, Templar refers to this as murder, although he considers his actions justified and righteous, a view usually shared by partners and colleagues. Several adventures centre on his intention to kill. (For example, "Arizona" in The Saint Goes West has Templar planning to kill a Nazi scientist.) During the 1920s and early 1930s, the Saint is fighting European arms dealers, drug runners, and white slavers while based in his London home. His battles with Rayt Marius mirror the 'four rounds with Carl Petersen' of Bulldog Drummond. During the first half of the 1940s, Charteris cast Templar as a willing operative of the American government, fighting Nazi interests in the United States during World War II. Beginning with the "Arizona" novella, Templar is fighting his own war against Germany. The Saint Steps In reveals that Templar is operating on behalf of a mysterious American government official known as Hamilton who appears again in the next WWII-era Saint book, The Saint on Guard, and Templar is shown continuing to act as a secret agent for Hamilton in the first post-war novel, The Saint Sees it Through. The later books move from confidence games, murder mysteries, and wartime espionage, and place Templar as a global adventurer. According to Saint historian Burl Barer, Charteris made the decision to remove Templar from his usual confidence-game trappings, not to mention his usual co-stars Uniatz, girlfriend Patricia Holm, valet Orace, and police foil Claud Eustace Teal, as they were all inappropriate for the post-war stories he was writing. Although the Saint functions as an ordinary detective in some stories, others depict ingenious plots to get even with vanity publishers and other rip-off artists, greedy bosses who exploit their workers, con men, etc. The Saint has many partners, though none last throughout the series. For the first half until the late 1940s, the most recurrent is Patricia Holm, his girlfriend, who was introduced in the first story, the 1928 novel Meet the Tiger, in which she shows herself a capable adventurer. Holm appeared erratically throughout the series, sometimes disappearing for books at a time. Templar and Holm lived together in a time when common-law relationships were uncommon and, in some areas, illegal. They have an easy, non-binding relationship, as Templar is shown flirting with other women from time to time. However, his heart remains true to Holm in the early books, culminating in his considering marriage in the novella The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal, only to have Holm say that she had no interest in marrying. Holm disappeared in the late 1940s, and according to Barer's history of The Saint, Charteris refused to allow Templar a steady girlfriend, or Holm to return. (However, according to the Saintly Bible website, Charteris did write a film story that would have seen Templar encountering a son he had had with Holm.) Holm's final appearance as a character was in the short stories "Iris," "Lida," and "Luella," contained within the 1948 collection Saint Errant; the next direct reference to her does not appear in print until the 1983 novel Salvage for the Saint. Another recurring character, Scotland Yard Inspector Claud Eustace Teal, could be found attempting to put the Saint behind bars, although in some books they work in partnership. In The Saint in New York, Teal's American counterpart, NYPD Inspector John Henry Fernack, was introduced, and he would become, like Teal, an Inspector Lestrade-like foil and pseudo-nemesis in a number of books, notably the American-based World War II novels of the 1940s. Many Saint novels were reprinted in new editions in the 1960s to capitalise on the popular television series, starring Roger Moore. The Saint had a band of compatriots, including Roger Conway, Norman Kent, Archie Sheridan, Richard "Dicky" Tremayne (a name that appeared in the 1990s TV series, Twin Peaks), Peter Quentin, Monty Hayward, and his ex-military valet, Orace. In later stories, the dim-witted and constantly soused but reliable American thug Hoppy Uniatz was at Templar's side. Of the Saint's companions, only Norman Kent was killed during an adventure (he sacrifices himself to save Templar in the novel The Last Hero); the other males are presumed to have settled down and married (two to former female criminals: Dicky Tremayne to "Straight Audrey" Perowne and Peter Quentin to Kathleen "The Mug" Allfield; Archie Sheridan is mentioned to have married in "The Lawless Lady" in Enter the Saint, presumably to Lilla McAndrew after the events of the story "The Wonderful War" in Featuring the Saint). Charteris gave Templar interests and quirks as the series went on. Early talents as an amateur poet and songwriter were displayed, often to taunt villains, though the novella The Inland Revenue established that poetry was also a hobby. That story revealed that Templar had written an adventure novel featuring a South American hero not far removed from The Saint himself. Templar also on occasion would break the fourth wall in an almost metafictional sense, making references to being part of a story and mentioning in one early story how he cannot be killed so early on; the 1960s television series would also have Templar address viewers. Charteris in his narrative also frequently breaks the fourth wall by making references to the "chronicler" of the Saint's adventures and directly addressing the reader. In the story "The Sizzling Saboteur" in The Saint on Guard Charteris inserts his own name. In the story "Judith" in Saint Errant is the line, "'This,' the Saint said to nobody in particular, 'sounds like one of those stories that fellow Charteris might write.'" Furthermore, in the 1955 story "The Unkind Philanthropist," published in the collection The Saint on the Spanish Main, Templar states outright that (in his fictional universe) his adventures are indeed written about by a man named Leslie Charteris. Hirondel The Hirondel (sometimes misspelled as Hirondelle) is a fictional car driven by Simon Templar. The Hirondel is an opulent, eight-cylinder, cream and red vehicle costing £5,000 and is a recurring element in many of The Saint books. The Hirondel is also used by Storm (Captain Arden) in the non-Saint novel Daredevil. Daredevil also features inspector Teal. The Hirondel was featured in a 1972 issue of Automobile Quarterly (Vol. 10 No. 1). Publishing history A novella published in The American Magazine in May 1947, "The King of the Beggars" was collected in Call for the Saint (1948) The origins of the Saint can be found in early works by Charteris, some of which predated the first Saint novel, 1928's Meet the Tiger, or were written after it but before Charteris committed to writing a Saint series. Burl Barer reveals that an obscure early work, Daredevil, not only featured a heroic lead who shared "Saintly" traits (down to driving the same make of car) but also shared his adventures with Inspector Claud Eustace Teal—a character later a regular in Saint books. Barer writes that several early Saint stories were rewritten from non-Saint stories, including the novel She Was a Lady, which appeared in magazine form featuring a different lead character. Charteris utilized three formats for delivering his stories. Besides full-length novels, he wrote novellas for the most part published in magazines, notably developing the character in the pages of the British story-paper The Thriller under the tutelage of Monty Hayden, who was developing the ″Desperado″ character type for the magazine, and these were later collected in hardback books collecting two or three stories per volume. He also wrote short stories featuring the character, again mostly for magazines and later compiled into omnibus editions. In later years these short stories carried a common theme, such as the women Templar meets or exotic places he visits. With the exception of Meet the Tiger, chapter titles of Templar novels usually contain a descriptive phrase describing the events of the chapter; for example, Chapter Four of Knight Templar is titled "How Simon Templar dozed in the Green Park and discovered a new use for toothpaste". Although Charteris's novels and novellas had more conventional thriller plots than his confidence game short stories, both novels and stories are admired. As in the past, the appeal lies in the vitality of the character, a hero who can go into a brawl and come out with his hair combed and who, faced with death, lights a cigarette and taunts his enemy with the signature phrase "As the actress said to the bishop ..." The period of the books begins in the 1920s and moves to the 1970s as the 50 books progress (the character being seemingly ageless). In early books most activities are illegal, although directed at villains. In later books, this becomes less so. In books written during World War II, the Saint was recruited by the government to help track spies and similar undercover work. Later he became a cold warrior fighting Communism. The quality of writing also changes; early books have a freshness which becomes replaced by cynicism in later works. A few Saint stories crossed into science fiction and fantasy, "The Man Who Liked Ants" and the early novel The Last Hero being examples; one Saint short story, "The Darker Drink" (also published as "Dawn"), was even published in the October 1952 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. When early Saint books were republished in the 1960s to the 1980s, it was not uncommon to see freshly written introductions by Charteris apologizing for the out-of-date tone; according to a Charteris "apology" in a 1969 paperback of Featuring the Saint, he attempted to update some earlier stories when they were reprinted but gave up and let them sit as period pieces. The 1963 edition of the short story collection The Happy Highwayman contains examples of abandoned revisions; in one story published in the 1930s ("The Star Producers"), references to actors of the 1930s were replaced for 1963 with names of current movie stars; another 1930s-era story, "The Man Who Was Lucky", added references to atomic power. Although Templar is depicted as ageless, Charteris occasionally acknowledged the passing of time for those around him, such as in the 1956 short story collection The Saint Around the World which features the retirement of Inspector Teal in one story. Charteris started retiring from writing books following 1963's The Saint in the Sun. The next book to carry Charteris's name, 1964's Vendetta for the Saint, was written by science fiction author Harry Harrison, who had worked on the Saint comic strip, after which Charteris edited and revised the manuscript. Between 1964 and 1983, another 14 Saint books would be published, credited to Charteris but written by others. In his introduction to the first, The Saint on TV, Charteris called these volumes a team effort in which he oversaw selection of stories, initially adaptations of scripts written for the 1962–1969 TV series The Saint, and with Fleming Lee writing the adaptations (other authors took over from Lee). Charteris and Lee collaborated on two Saint novels in the 1970s, The Saint in Pursuit (based on a story by Charteris for the Saint comic strip) and The Saint and the People Importers. The "team" writers were usually credited on the title page, if not the cover. One later volume, Catch the Saint, was an experiment in returning The Saint to his period, prior to World War II (as opposed to recent Saint books set in the present day). Several later volumes also adapted scripts from the 1970s revival TV series Return of the Saint. The last Saint volume in the line of books starting with Meet the Tiger in 1928 was Salvage for the Saint, published in 1983. According to the Saintly Bible website, every Saint book published between 1928 and 1983 saw the first edition issued by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom (a company that originally published only religious books) and The Crime Club (an imprint of Doubleday that specialized in mystery and detective fiction) in the United States. For the first 20 years, the books were first published in Britain, with the United States edition following up to a year later. By the late 1940s to early 1950s, this situation had been reversed. In one case—The Saint to the Rescue—a British edition did not appear until nearly two years after the American one. French language books published over 30 years included translated volumes of Charteris originals as well as novelisations of radio scripts from the English-language radio series and comic strip adaptations. Many of these books credited to Charteris were written by others, including Madeleine Michel-Tyl. Charteris died in 1993. Two additional Saint novels appeared around the time of the 1997 film starring Val Kilmer: a novelisation of the film (which had little connection to the Charteris stories) and Capture the Saint, a more faithful work published by The Saint Club and originated by Charteris in 1936. Both books were written by Burl Barer, who in the early 1990s published a history of the character in books, radio, and television. Charteris wrote 14 novels between 1928 and 1971 (the last two co-written), 34 novellas, and 95 short stories featuring Simon Templar. Between 1963 and 1997, an additional seven novels and fourteen novellas were written by others. In 2014, all the Saint books from Enter the Saint to Salvage for the Saint (but not Meet the Tiger nor Burl Barer's Capture the Saint) were republished in both the United Kingdom and United States. On radio Several radio drama series were produced in North America, Ireland, and Britain. The earliest was for Radio Éireann's Radio Athlone in 1940 and starred Terence De Marney. Radio Times dated October 11, 1940 refers to 'The Saint' Terence de Marney as the Charteris hero. Both NBC and CBS produced Saint series during 1945, starring Edgar Barrier and Brian Aherne. Many early shows were adaptations of published stories, although Charteris wrote several storylines for the series which were novelised as short stories and novellas. The longest-running radio incarnation was Vincent Price, who played the character in a series between 1947 and 1951 on three networks: CBS, Mutual and NBC. Like The Whistler, the program had an opening whistle theme with footsteps. Price left in May 1951, to be replaced by Tom Conway, who played the role for several more months; his brother, George Sanders, had played Templar on film. For more about the Saint on American radio, see The Saint (radio program). The next English-language radio series aired on Springbok Radio in South Africa between 1953 and 1957. These were fresh adaptations of the original stories and starred Tom Meehan. Around 1965 to 1966 the South African version of Lux Radio Theatre produced a single dramatization of The Saint. The English service of South Africa produced another series radio adventures for six months in 1970–1971. The most recent English-language incarnation was a series of three one-hour-long radio plays on BBC Radio 4 in 1995, all adapted from Charteris novels: Saint Overboard, The Saint Closes The Case and The Saint Plays With Fire, starring Paul Rhys as Templar. In film Not long after creating The Saint, Charteris began a long association with Hollywood as a screenwriter. He was successful in getting a major studio, RKO Radio Pictures, interested in a film based on one of his works. The first, The Saint in New York in 1938, based on the 1935 novel of the same name, starred Louis Hayward as Templar and Jonathan Hale as Inspector Henry Fernack, the American counterpart of Mr Teal. The film was a success and RKO began a Saint series. Some of the films were based on Charteris's original novels or novellas; others were original stories based upon outlines by Charteris. George Sanders took over the leading role. Sanders's offhand manner captured the urbane yet daring qualities of the Saint character, but after five films RKO assigned him to a new series, The Falcon, in which Sanders played the same kind of debonair adventurer. Charteris saw this as both plagiarism and an attempt to deprive him of royalties, and he sued RKO. Hugh Sinclair replaced Sanders in 1941 and portrayed Templar in two films, both produced by RKO's British unit (the second film was ultimately released by Republic Pictures in 1943). In 1953, British Hammer Film Productions produced The Saint's Return (known as "The Saint's Girl Friday" in the United States), for which Louis Hayward returned to the role. This was followed by an unsuccessful French production in 1960. Roger Moore as The Saint In the mid-1980s, the National Enquirer and other newspapers reported that Roger Moore was planning to produce a movie based on The Saint with Pierce Brosnan as Templar, but it was never made. In 1989, six movies were made by Taffner starring Simon Dutton. These were syndicated in the United States as part of a series of films titled Mystery Wheel of Adventure, while in the United Kingdom they were shown as a series on ITV. In 1991, as detailed by Burl Barer in his 1992 history of The Saint, plans were announced for a series of motion pictures. Ultimately, however, no such franchise appeared. A feature film The Saint starring Val Kilmer was released in 1997, but it diverged in style from the Charteris books, although it did revive Templar's use of aliases. Kilmer's Saint is unable to defeat a Russian gangster in hand-to-hand combat and is forced to flee; this would have been unthinkable in a Charteris tale. Whereas the original Saint resorted to aliases that had the initials S.T., Kilmer's character used Christian saints, regardless of initials. This Saint refrained from killing, and even his main enemies live to stand trial, whereas Charteris's version had no qualms about taking another life. Kilmer's Saint is presented as a master of disguise, but Charteris's version hardly used the sophisticated ones shown in this film. The film mirrored aspects of Charteris's own life, notably his origins in the Far East, though not in an orphanage as the film portrayed. Roger Moore features throughout in cameo as the BBC Newsreader heard in Simon Templar's Volvo. In July 2021, Paramount Pictures announced a reboot film, with Regé-Jean Page set to play Templar. On television The actor Roger Moore brought Simon Templar to the new medium of television in the series The Saint, which ran from 1962 to 1969, and Moore remains the actor most closely identified with the character. (According to the book Spy Television by Wesley Britton, the first actor offered the role was Patrick McGoohan of Danger Man and The Prisoner.) Other actors played Templar in later series, notably Return of the Saint (1978–1979) starring Ian Ogilvy; the series ran for one season on CBS and ITV. A television pilot for a series to be called The Saint in Manhattan, starring Australian actor Andrew Clarke, was shown on CBS in 1987 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse; this pilot was produced by Donald L. Taffner, but it never progressed beyond the pilot stage. Inspector John Fernack of the NYPD, played by Kevin Tighe, made his first film appearance since the 1940s in that production, while Templar (sporting a moustache) got about in a black Lamborghini bearing the ST1 licence plate. Since the 1997 Val Kilmer film The Saint, there have been several failed attempts at producing pilots for potential new Saint television series. On 13 March 2007, TNT said it was developing a one-hour series to be executive produced by William J. MacDonald and produced by Jorge Zamacona. James Purefoy was announced as the new Simon Templar. Production of the pilot, which was to have been directed by Barry Levinson, did not go ahead. Another attempt at production was planned for 2009 with Scottish actor Dougray Scott starring as Simon Templar. Roger Moore announced on his website that he would be appearing in the new production, which was being produced by his son, Geoffrey Moore, in a small role. It was announced in December 2012 that a third attempt would be made to produce a pilot for a potential TV series. This time, English actor Adam Rayner was cast as Simon Templar and American actress Eliza Dushku as Patricia Holm (a character from the novels never before portrayed on television and only once in the films), with Roger Moore producing. Unlike the prior attempts, production of the Rayner pilot did commence in December 2012 and continued into early 2013, with Moore and Ogilvy making cameo appearances, according to a cast list posted on the official Leslie Charteris website and subsequently confirmed in the trailer that was released. The pilot was not picked up for a series, but a large amount of additional footage was shot to complete it as the television film The Saint, released on 11 July 2017. Films Since 1938, numerous films have been produced in the United States, France and Australia based to varying degrees upon the Saint. A few were based, usually loosely, upon Charteris's stories, but most were original. This is a list of the films featuring Simon Templar and of the actors who played the Saint: The Saint in New York (1938 – Louis Hayward) The Saint Strikes Back (1939 – George Sanders) The Saint in London (1939 – Sanders; produced in the UK by RKO's British unit) The Saint's Double Trouble (1940 – Sanders) The Saint Takes Over (1940 – Sanders) The Saint in Palm Springs (1941 – Sanders) The Saint's Vacation (1941 – Hugh Sinclair; produced in the UK by RKO) The Saint Meets the Tiger (produced in the UK by RKO in 1941, released in 1943 by Republic – Sinclair) The Saint's Return (1953 – Hayward) – aka The Saint's Girl Friday Le Saint mène la danse (1960 – Félix Marten) Le Saint prend l'affût (1966 – Jean Marais) The Fiction Makers (1968 – Roger Moore) – edited from episodes of The Saint Vendetta for the Saint (1969 – Moore) – edited from episodes of The Saint The Saint (1997 – Val Kilmer) In the 1930s, RKO purchased the rights to produce a film adaptation of Saint Overboard, but no such movie was ever produced. Television films The Saint and the Brave Goose (1979 made for TV – Ian Ogilvy) – edited from episodes of Return of the Saint The Saint in Manhattan (1987 made for TV – Andrew Clarke) The Saint – six 100-minute TV films, all starring Simon Dutton. Made for London Weekend Television (LWT) in the United Kingdom, it was postponed due to poor ratings, but went out as part of The Mystery Wheel of Adventure in the United States: The Saint: Wrong Number (21 July 1990, postponed from 14 July 1990 – Simon Dutton) The Saint: The Software Murders (4 August 1990 – Dutton) The Saint: The Brazilian Connection (2 September 1989 – Dutton) The Saint: The Blue Dulac (9 September 1989 – Dutton) The Saint: The Big Bang (28 July 1990 – Dutton) Fear in Fun Park, a.k.a. The Saint in Australia (14 July 1990, postponed from 16 September 1989 & 7 July 1990 – Dutton) The Saint (2017 made for TV – Adam Rayner) Television series This list includes only productions that became TV series, and does not include pilots. The Saint (1962–1969 – Roger Moore) Return of the Saint (1978–1979 – Ian Ogilvy) Note Three of the actors to play Templar—Roger Moore, Ian Ogilvy, and Simon Dutton—have been appointed vice presidents of "The Saint Club" that was founded by Leslie Charteris in 1936. On the stage In the late 1940s Charteris and sometime Sherlock Holmes scriptwriter Denis Green wrote a stage play titled The Saint Misbehaves. It was never publicly performed, as soon after writing it Charteris decided to focus on non-Saint work. For many years it was thought to be lost; however, two copies are known to exist in private hands, and correspondence relating to the play can be found in the Leslie Charteris Collection at Boston University. In comics The SaintBob Lubbers' The Saint (4 October 1959)Author(s)Leslie CharterisIllustrator(s) Mike Roy (1948–1951) John Spranger (1951–1959) Bob Lubbers (1959–1960) Doug Wildey (1960–1961) Current status/scheduleConcluded Daily & SundayLaunch date27 September 1948End date16 September 1961Syndicate(s)New York Herald Tribune SyndicatePublisher(s)Avon ComicsGenre(s)Adventure The Saint appeared in a long-running series starting as a daily comic strip 27 September 1948 with a Sunday added on 20 March the following year. The early strips were written by Leslie Charteris, who had previous experience writing comic strips, having replaced Dashiell Hammett as the writer of the Secret Agent X-9 strip. The original artist was Mike Roy. In 1951, when John Spranger replaced Roy as the artist, he altered the Saint's appearance by depicting him with a beard. Bob Lubbers illustrated The Saint in 1959 and 1960. The final two years of the strip were drawn by Doug Wildey before it came to an end on 16 September 1961. Concurrent with the comic strip, Avon Comics published 12 issues of a The Saint comic book between 1947 and 1952 (some of these stories were reprinted in the 1980s). Some issues included uncredited short stories; an additional short story, "Danger No. 5", appeared as filler in issue 2 of the 1952 war comic Captain Steve Savage. The 1960s TV series is unusual in that it is one of the few major programs of its genre that was not adapted as a comic book in the United States. It was, however, adapted as a comic strip in the British weekly comic TV Tornado (later merging with TV21), where it ran from 1967 to 1970, drawn by Vicente Alcazar. The strip was titled Meet the Saint in later issues. In Sweden, a long-running Saint comic book was published from 1966 to 1985 under the title Helgonet. It originally reprinted the newspaper strip, but already in 1969 original stories were commissioned for Helgonet. These stories were also later reprinted in other European countries. About 170 stories were produced from 1969 to 1991 (after 1985, the stories were published in the Swedish James Bond comic book). Two of the main writers were Norman Worker and Donne Avenell; the latter also co-wrote the novels The Saint and the Templar Treasure and the novella collection Count on the Saint, while Worker contributed to the novella collection Catch the Saint. A new American comic book series was launched by Moonstone in the summer of 2012, but it never went beyond a single promotional issue "zero". One of the final issues of The Saint Magazine from 1967 featured reprints of the Saint stories "The Export Trade" and "The Five Thousand Pound Kiss", as well as a novella by Michael Avallone, here erroneously credited as the creator of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. In magazines The original Saint novellas first appeared in The Thriller (1929–1940), edited by Monty Hayden, a friend of the author, who was sometimes given a thinly disguised role in the early stories. Charteris also edited or oversaw several magazines that tied in with the Saint. The first of these were anthologies titled The Saint's Choice that ran for seven issues in 1945–46. A few years later Charteris launched The Saint Detective Magazine (later titled The Saint Mystery Magazine and The Saint Magazine), which ran for 141 issues between 1953 and 1967, with a separate British edition that ran just as long but published different material. In most issues of Saint's Choice and the later magazines Charteris included at least one Saint story, usually previously published in one of his books but occasionally original. In several mid-1960s issues, however, he substituted Instead of the Saint, a series of essays on topics of interest to him. The rest of the material in the magazines consisted of novellas and short stories by other mystery writers of the day. An Australian edition was also published for a few years in the 1950s. In 1984 Charteris attempted to revive the Saint magazine, but it ran for only three issues. Leslie Charteris himself portrayed The Saint in The Saint Goes West, a photo play in an issue of Life magazine published in 19 May, 1941. Other performers in the piece were Morgan Conway, Lucia Carroll and Marjorie Woodworth. Book series Most Saint books were collections of novellas or short stories, some of which were published individually either in magazines or in smaller paperback form. Many of the books have also been published under different titles over the years; the titles used here are the more common ones for each book. From 1964 to 1983, the Saint books were collaborative works; Charteris acted in an editorial capacity and received front cover author credit, while other authors wrote these stories and were credited inside the book. These collaborative authors are noted. (Sources: Barer and the editions themselves.) Year First publication title(and author if not Charteris) Stories Alternative titles 1928 Meet the Tiger novel Meet – the Tiger!The Saint Meets the TigerScoundrels Ltd.Crooked GoldThe Saint in Danger 1930 Enter the Saint "The Man Who was Clever""The Policeman with Wings""The Lawless Lady"(Some editions contain only two stories, in different combinations) none 1930 The Last Hero novel The Creeping DeathSudden DeathThe Saint Closes the CaseThe Saint and the Last Hero 1930 Knight Templar novel The Avenging Saint 1931 Featuring the Saint(originally published UK only) "The Logical Adventure""The Wonderful War""The Man Who Could Not Die" none 1931 Alias the Saint(originally published UK only) "Story of a Dead Man""The Impossible Crime""The National Debt"Avon paperback contains only "The National Debt" and "The Man Who Could Not Die" from the previous book. none 1931 Wanted for Murder(US only) America-only edition combining Featuring the Saint and Alias the Saint (only US edition of these books until the 1960s)Avon paperback has only "The Story of a Dead Man" and "The Impossible Crime" from the previous book. Paging the Saint 1931 She Was a Lady novel The Saint Meets His MatchAngels of Doom 1932 The Holy Terror "The Inland Revenue""The Million Pound Day""The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal" The Saint Vs. Scotland Yard 1932 Getaway novel The Saint's GetawayProperty of the DeceasedTwo Men from Munich 1933 Once More the Saint "The Gold Standard""The Man from St. Louis""The Death Penalty" The Saint and Mr. Teal 1933 The Brighter Buccaneer "The Brain Workers""The Export Trade""The Tough Egg""The Bad Baron""The Brass Buddha""The Perfect Crime""The Unpopular Landlord""The New Swindle""The Five Thousand Pound Kiss""The Blind Spot""The Unusual Ending""The Unblemished Bootlegger""The Appalling Politician""The Owner's Handicap""The Green Goods Man" none 1934 The Misfortunes of Mr. Teal "The Simon Templar Foundation""The Higher Finance""The Art of Alibi" The Saint in LondonThe Saint in England 1934 Boodle "The Ingenious Colonel""The Unfortunate Financier""The Newdick Helicopter""The Prince of Cherkessia""The Treasure of Turk's Lane""The Sleepless Knight""The Uncritical Publisher""The Noble Sportsman""The Damsel in Distress""The Loving Brothers""The Tall Timber""The Art Photographer""The Man Who Liked Toys""The Mixture as Before"(some editions omit the stories "The Uncritical Publisher" and "The Noble Sportsman") The Saint Intervenes 1934 The Saint Goes On "The High Fence""The Elusive Ellshaw""The Case of the Frightened Innkeeper" none 1935 The Saint in New York novel none 1936 Saint Overboard novel The Pirate SaintThe Saint Overboard 1937 The Ace of Knaves "The Spanish War""The Unlicensed Victuallers""The Beauty Specialist" The Saint in Action 1937 Thieves' Picnic novel The Saint Bids Diamonds 1938 Prelude for War novel The Saint Plays with FireThe Saint and the Sinners 1938 Follow the Saint "The Miracle Tea Party""The Invisible Millionaire""The Affair of Hogsbotham" none 1939 The Happy Highwayman "The Man Who was Lucky""The Smart Detective""The Wicked Cousin""The Well-Meaning Mayor""The Benevolent Burglary""The Star Producers""The Charitable Countess""The Mug's Game""The Man Who Liked Ants"(some editions omit the stories "The Charitable Countess" and "The Mug's Game"; story order also varies between editions) none 1940 The Saint in Miami novel none 1942 The Saint Goes West "Arizona""Palm Springs""Hollywood"(Some editions omit "Arizona") none 1942 The Saint Steps In novel none 1944 The Saint on Guard "The Black Market""The Sizzling Saboteur"(Some editions omit the second story, which is often published on its own) The Saint and the Sizzling Saboteur (single story reprint) 1946 The Saint Sees it Through novel none 1948 Call for the Saint "The King of the Beggars""The Masked Angel" none 1948 Saint Errant "Judith: The Naughty Niece""Iris: The Old Routine""Lida: The Foolish Frail""Jeannine: The Lovely Sinner""Lucia: The Homecoming of Amadeo Urselli""Teresa: The Uncertain Widow""Luella: The Saint and the Double Badger""Emily: The Doodlebug""Dawn: The Darker Drink" none 1953 The Saint in Europe "Paris: The Covetous Headsman""Amsterdam: The Angel's Eye""The Rhine: The Rhine Maiden""Tirol: The Golden Journey""Lucerne: The Loaded Tourist""Juan-les-Pins: The Spanish Cow""Rome: The Latin Touch" none 1955 The Saint on the Spanish Main "Bimini: The Effete Angler""Nassau: The Arrow of God""Jamaica: The Black Commissar""Puerto Rico: The Unkind Philanthropist""Virgin Islands: The Old Treasure Story""Haiti: The Questing Tycoon"(some editions contain only 4 stories) none 1956 The Saint Around the World "Bermuda: The Patient Playboy""England: The Talented Husband""France: The Reluctant Nudist""Middle East: The Lovelorn Sheik""Malaya: The Pluperfect Lady""Vancouver: The Sporting Chance" none 1957 Thanks to the Saint "The Bunco Artists""The Happy Suicide""The Good Medicine""The Unescapable Word""The Perfect Sucker""The Careful Terrorist" none 1958 Señor Saint "The Pearls of Peace""The Revolution Racket""The Romantic Matron""The Golden Frog" none 1959 The Saint to the Rescue "The Ever-Loving Spouse""The Fruitful Land""The Percentage Player""The Water Merchant""The Gentle Ladies""The Element of Doubt" none 1962 Trust the Saint "The Helpful Pirate""The Bigger Game""The Cleaner Cure""The Intemperate Reformer""The Uncured Ham""The Convenient Monster" none 1963 The Saint in the Sun "Cannes: The Better Mousetrap""St. Tropez: The Ugly Impresario""England: The Prodigal Miser""Nassau: The Fast Women""Florida: The Jolly Undertaker""Lucerne: The Russian Prisoner""Provence: The Hopeless Heiress" none 1964 Vendetta for the Saint(Harry Harrison, Leslie Charteris) novel none 1968 The Saint on TV(Fleming Lee, John Kruse) "The Death Game""The Power Artist"(novelisation of TV scripts) none 1968 The Saint Returns(Fleming Lee, John Kruse, D.R. Motton, Leigh Vance) "The Dizzy Daughter""The Gadget Lovers"(novelisation of TV scripts) none 1968 The Saint and the Fiction Makers(Fleming Lee, John Kruse) novelisation of TV script none 1969 The Saint Abroad(Fleming Lee, Michael Pertwee) "The Art Collectors""The Persistent Patriots"(novelisation of TV scripts) none 1970 The Saint in Pursuit(Fleming Lee, Leslie Charteris) novelization of comic strip none 1971 The Saint and the People Importers(Fleming Lee, Leslie Charteris) novelisation of TV script none 1975 Catch the Saint(Fleming Lee, Norman Worker) "The Masterpiece Merchant""The Adoring Socialite" none 1976 The Saint and the Hapsburg Necklace(Christopher Short) novel none 1977 Send for the Saint(Peter Bloxsom, John Kruse, Donald James) "The Midas Double""The Pawn Gambit"(novelisation of TV scripts) none 1978 The Saint in Trouble(Graham Weaver, John Kruse, Terence Feely) "The Imprudent Professor"(Return of the Saint episode novelisation)"The Red Sabbath" none 1979 The Saint and the Templar Treasure(Graham Weaver, Donne Avenell) novel none 1980 Count on the Saint(Graham Weaver, Donne Avenell) "The Pastors' Problem""The Unsaintly Santa" none 1983 Salvage for the Saint(Peter Bloxsom, John Kruse) novel(Return of the Saint episode novelisation) none 1997 The Saint(Burl Barer, Jonathan Hensleigh, Wesley Strick) film novelization none 1997 Capture the Saint(Burl Barer) novel none Omnibus editions Year First publication title Stories From 1939 The First Saint Omnibus The Man Who was CleverThe Wonderful WarThe Story of a Dead ManThe Unblemished BootleggerThe Appalling PoliticianThe Million Pound DayThe Death PenaltyThe Simon Templar FoundationThe Unfortunate FinancierThe Sleepless KnightThe High FenceThe Unlicensed VictuallersThe Affair of Hogsbotham Enter the SaintFeaturing the SaintAlias the SaintThe Brighter BuccaneerThe Brighter BuccaneerThe Holy TerrorOnce More the SaintThe Misfortunes of Mr TealBoodleBoodleThe Saint Goes OnThe Ace of KnavesFollow the Saint 1952 The Second Saint Omnibus The Star ProducersThe Wicked CousinThe Man Who Liked AntsPalm SpringsThe Sizzling SaboteurThe Masked AngelJudithJeannineTeresaDawn The Happy HighwaymanThe Happy HighwaymanThe Happy HighwaymanThe Saint Goes WestThe Saint on GuardCall For the SaintSaint ErrantSaint ErrantSaint ErrantSaint Errant In addition to the above, numerous paperback omnibuses compiling short stories and novellas have been published. Examples include Arrest the Saint (Avon, 1951), Concerning the Saint (Avon, 1958) and The Saint Cleans Up (Avon, 1959). In 1983, Avenel Books published the hardcover omnibus The Saint: Five Complete Novels, though this was actually three novellas and two full-length novels, combining the books Enter the Saint, The Holy Terror (a.k.a. The Saint vs. Scotland Yard), The Last Hero (a.k.a. The Saint Closes the Case) and Knight Templar (a.k.a. The Avenging Saint). French adventures A number of Saint adventures were published in French over a 30-year period, most of which have yet to be published in English. Many of these stories were ghostwritten by Madeleine Michel-Tyl and credited to Charteris (who exercised some editorial control). The French books were generally novelisations of scripts from the radio series, or novels adapted from stories in the American Saint comic strip. One of the writers who worked on the French series, Fleming Lee, later wrote for the English-language books. Unpublished works Burl Barer's history of the Saint identifies two manuscripts that to date have not been published. The first is a collaboration between Charteris and Fleming Lee called Bet on the Saint that was rejected by Doubleday, the American publishers of the Saint series. Charteris, Barer writes, chose not to submit it to his United Kingdom publishers, Hodder & Stoughton. The rejection of the manuscript by Doubleday meant that The Crime Club's long-standing right of first refusal on any new Saint works was now ended and the manuscript was then submitted to other United States publishers, without success. Barer also tells of a 1979 novel titled The Saint's Lady by a Scottish fan, Joy Martin, which had been written as a present for and as a tribute to Charteris. Charteris was impressed by the manuscript and attempted to get it published, but it too was ultimately rejected. The manuscript, which according to Barer is in the archives of Boston University, features the return of Patricia Holm. According to the Saintly Bible website, at one time Leslie Charteris biographer Ian Dickerson was working on a manuscript (based upon a film story idea by Charteris) for a new novel titled Son of the Saint in which Templar shares an adventure with his son by Patricia Holm. The book has, to date, not been published. A fourth unpublished manuscript, this time written by Charteris himself, titled The Saint's Second Front was written during the Second World War but was rejected at the time; believed lost for decades, it emerged at an auction in 2017. In popular culture In the 2003 BBC documentary series Heroes and Weapons of World War II episode titled "The Man Who Designed the Spitfire" (Episode 2) at approximately 18 minutes in the film an RAF pilot is seen at rest in his dispersal hut with a large Saint stick-man logo on his flying gear (see image at right). He is perhaps showing some personal identification with Simon Templar's own war against Germany in the novella Arizona. In 1980 English punk band Splodgenessabounds released a single "Simon Templer" (misspelling intentional). It reached number 7 in the UK charts. The song appears mocking of the TV character, concluding "I think Simon's a bit of a bore/Ian Ogilvy and Podgy Moore.” In 1962 students from James Cook University, Townsville, Australia abseiled down the pink granite monolith, Castle Hill and painted the character on its side as an act of patriotism, as the university had adopted the character as their mascot. At first, the local council (and some of the public) considered this vandalism and removed it, only for the students to keep repainting it. The council eventually gave up, and The Saint has been a permanent fixture since the 1970s. The irony now is that Queensland State Legislation states that objects older than 30 years old are eligible for cultural heritage status. This means that The Saint, originally a piece of graffiti, is now a Townsville Cultural Heritage icon. References ^ The Saint Meets the Tiger by Leslie Charteris, p. 2, Charter edition, 1980 ^ Knight Templar by Leslie Charteris, p. 4, International Polygonics, Ltd., 1989 ^ Introduction by William Ruehlmann, The Saint in New York by Leslie Charteris, International Polygonics, Ltd., New York City, NY, 1988 ^ Leslie Charteris. She Was a Lady. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931, p. 26 ^ The Sporting Chance in The Saint Around the World ^ Burl Barer, The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television of Leslie Charteris' Robin Hood of Modern Crime, Simon Templar 1928–1992. Jefferson, N.C.: MacFarland, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7864-1680-6. OCLC 249331526. ^ https://simanaitissays.com/2014/10/31/templar-and-his-hirondel/ ^ Watson, Colin (1979). Snobbery with Violence: Crime Stories and Their Audience. Eyre & Spottiswoode. ISBN 0-413-46570-5. ^ Barer, Burl (2003). The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television of Leslie Charteris' Robin Hood of Modern Crime, Simon Templar, 1928–1992. McFarland & Company. p. 379. ISBN 0-7864-1680-7. Retrieved 10 June 2010. ^ Butler, William Vivian (15 October 1973). The Durable Desperadoes. Macmillan. ISBN 0333142179. ^ Templar's behind-the-scenes work for the war effort, only hinted at initially, is confirmed in The Saint Steps In (The Crime Club, 1942) ^ "Fantasy & Science Fiction v003n06 (1952 10)". n.d. – via Internet Archive. ^ a b "The Saint Novels in French". lofficier.com. n.d. ^ "Regé-Jean Page to Star in Paramount's 'The Saint' Reboot". hollywoodreporter.com. 27 July 2021. ^ "TNT, Devil team for 'Leverage' – Entertainment News, TV News, Media – Variety". Variety. n.d. ^ "THE SAINT on TNT". Crime Expert BURL BARER. Edgar Award Winner and NYT Bestselling Author. n.d. ^ Lesliecharteris.com Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "James Purefoy To Play Simon Templar in The Saint – The Saint News". saint.org. n.d. ^ The Hollywood Reporter: "James Purefoy circles NBC series, 21 July 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008. ^ Roger-moore.com Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Andreeva, Nellie (10 December 2012). "Eliza Dushku To Co-Star In 'The Saint' Backdoor Pilot, Roger Moore To Co-Produce". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ "News – December 17, 2012". lesliecharteris.com. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013. ^ Ian Dickerson (1 April 2013). "The Saint promo". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Runboard forum page". runboard.com. n.d. ^ Avon Comics (n.d.). "Captain Steve Savage (1st) 02" – via Internet Archive. ^ sv:Helgonet (serietidning) ^ Grand Comics Database entry. Retrieved 6 March 2015 ^ "The Saint (Detective/Mystery) Magazine". philsp.com. n.d. ^ "LIFE Magazine May 19, 1941". originallifemagazines.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "With Further Ado #159: Summer Beach Reading …with the Saint". popculturesquad.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "The Saint and Leslie Charteris FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions". saint.org. n.d. ^ Britain's Greatest Generation documentary series, Episode 2. First broadcast on BBC2 on Friday, 27 January 2003. ^ "Splodgenessabounds – If You Were There". ifyouwerethere1980s.wordpress.com. n.d. ^ "The Castle Hill Saint Turns 55 Today!". Triple M. Retrieved 3 January 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simon Templar. The Saintly Bible: large site about Leslie Charteris's creation (including news blog) Official site for Leslie Charteris The Saint Novels in French Listing of all English-language Saint radio programs Public domain recordings of Saint radio episodes in MP3 format, starring Vincent Price The Saint's Hirondel—Article at www.saint.org The Cars of The Saint—Article at www.saint.org Teal Cars—A Bugatti-inspired recreation of the Hirondel as it might have been Archived 2016-07-27 at the Wayback Machine vteThe Saint, created by Leslie CharterisCharacters The Saint (Simon Templar) Patricia Holm Claud Eustace Teal Books by Leslie Charteris Meet the Tiger (1928) Enter the Saint (1930) The Last Hero (1930) Knight Templar (1930) Featuring the Saint (UK only – 1931) Alias the Saint (UK only – 1931) Wanted for Murder (US only – 1931) She Was a Lady (1931) The Holy Terror (1932) Getaway (1932) Once More the Saint (1933) The Brighter Buccaneer (1933) The Misfortunes of Mr. Teal (1934) Boodle (1934) The Saint Goes On (1934) The Saint in New York (1935) Saint Overboard (1936) The Ace of Knaves (1937) Thieves' Picnic (1937) Prelude for War (1938) Follow the Saint (1938) The Happy Highwayman (1939) The Saint in Miami (1940) The Saint Goes West (1942) The Saint Steps In (1942) The Saint on Guard (1944) The Saint Sees it Through (1946) Call for the Saint (1948) Saint Errant (1948) The Saint in Europe (1953) The Saint on the Spanish Main (1955) The Saint Around the World (1956) Thanks to the Saint (1957) Señor Saint (1958) The Saint to the Rescue (1959) Trust the Saint (1962) The Saint in the Sun (1963) Collaborations(credited to Charteris) Vendetta for the Saint (1964) The Saint on TV (1968) The Saint Returns (1968) The Saint and the Fiction Makers (1968) The Saint Abroad (1969) The Saint in Pursuit (1970) The Saint and the People Importers (1971) Catch the Saint (1975) The Saint and the Hapsburg Necklace (1976) Send for the Saint (1977) The Saint in Trouble (1978) The Saint and the Templar Treasure (1979) Count On the Saint (1980) Salvage for the Saint (1983) Books by Burl Barer The Saint (film novelization) (1997) Capture the Saint (1997) Unpublished works The Saint's Second Front (1941) Bet on the Saint (1968) The Saint's Lady (1979) Cinema films The Saint in New York (1938) The Saint Strikes Back (1939) The Saint in London (1939) The Saint's Double Trouble (1940) The Saint Takes Over (1940) The Saint in Palm Springs (1941) The Saint's Vacation (1941) The Saint Meets the Tiger (1943) The Saint's Return (1953) Le Saint mène la danse (1960) Le Saint prend l'affût (1966) The Saint (1997) TV films The Fiction Makers (1968) Vendetta for the Saint (1969) The Saint and the Brave Goose (1983) The Saint in Manhattan (1987) Fear in Fun Park (1989) The Saint: The Blue Dulac (1989) The Saint: The Brazilian Connection (1989) The Saint: Wrong Number (1990) The Saint: The Software Murders (1990) The Saint: The Big Bang (1990) The Saint (2017) Radio and TV series The Saint (radio program) The Saint (TV series) episodes theme music Return of the Saint "Vicious Circle" Related articles Daredevil (1929) (Teal's first appearance) S.W.O.R.D. (fictional organization) Hirondel (Templar's car) Category Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"series of novels and short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leslie_Charteris"},{"link_name":"Leslie Charteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Charteris"},{"link_name":"The Saint franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(franchise)"}],"text":"Fictional characterThe Saint is the nickname of the fictional character Simon Templar, featured in a series of novels and short stories by Leslie Charteris published between 1928 and 1963. After that date, other authors collaborated with Charteris on books until 1983; two additional works produced without Charteris's participation were published in 1997. The character has also been portrayed in The Saint franchise, which includes motion pictures, radio dramas, comic strips, comic books, and three television series.","title":"The Saint (Simon Templar)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"The Saint Meets the Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Meets_the_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Knight Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Templar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"calling card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Savile Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savile_Row"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Meet the Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"boodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodle"},{"link_name":"short story collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodle_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"The Saint Goes West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Goes_West"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"white slavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_slavery"},{"link_name":"Bulldog Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog_Drummond"},{"link_name":"The Saint Steps In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Steps_In"},{"link_name":"The Saint on Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_on_Guard"},{"link_name":"The Saint Sees it Through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Sees_it_Through"},{"link_name":"Burl Barer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burl_Barer"},{"link_name":"Patricia Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Holm"},{"link_name":"Claud Eustace Teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Eustace_Teal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"vanity publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_press"},{"link_name":"Meet the Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Tiger"},{"link_name":"The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Terror_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"Saint Errant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Errant"},{"link_name":"Salvage for the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_for_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"The Saint in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Inspector Lestrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Lestrade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaintGetaway.jpg"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"Twin Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks"},{"link_name":"The Last Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Hero_(The_Saint)"},{"link_name":"Enter the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Featuring the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featuring_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Inland Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Terror_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"metafictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction"},{"link_name":"The Saint on Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_on_Guard"},{"link_name":"Saint Errant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Errant"},{"link_name":"The Saint on the Spanish Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_on_the_Spanish_Main"}],"text":"Simon Templar is a Robin Hood-like figure known as the Saint – from his initials, per The Saint Meets the Tiger,[1] and the reader is told that he was given it at the age of nineteen. In addition, per Knight Templar:[2]Meet the Saint.\nHis godfathers and his godmothers, at his baptism, had bestowed upon him the name of Simon Templar; but that coincidence of initials was not the only reason for the nickname by which he was far more widely known. One day, the story of how he came by that nickname may be told: it is a good story, in its way, though it goes back to the days when the Saint was nineteen, and almost as respectable as he looked. But the name had stuck. It was inevitable that it should stick, for obviously it had been destined to him from the beginning.Templar has aliases, often using the initials S.T. such as \"Sebastian Tombs\" or \"Sugarman Treacle\". Blessed with boyish humour, he makes humorous and off-putting remarks and leaves a \"calling card\" at his \"crimes,\" a stick figure of a man with a halo over his head. This is used as the logo of the books, the films, and the three TV series. Supposedly, the stick figure was created by Charteris when he was a boy, \"...drawing cartoons for his own four-page magazine at 10....\"[3]He is described as \"a buccaneer in the suits of Savile Row, amused, cool, debonair, with hell-for-leather blue eyes and a saintly smile\".[4]His origin remains a mystery; he is explicitly British, but in early books (e.g. Meet the Tiger) there are references which suggest that he had spent some time in the United States battling Prohibition villains. Presumably, his acquaintance with Bronx sidekick Hoppy Uniatz dates from this period. In the books, his income is derived from the pockets of the \"ungodly\" (as he terms those who live by a lesser moral code than his own), whom he is given to \"socking on the boko.\" There are references to a \"ten percent collection fee\" to cover expenses when he extracts large sums from victims, the remainder being returned to the owners, given to charity, shared among Templar's colleagues, or some combination of those possibilities.Templar's targets include corrupt politicians, warmongers, and other low life. \"He claims he's a Robin Hood,\" says one victim, \"but to me he's just a robber and a hood.\"[5] Robin Hood appears to be one inspiration for the character; Templar stories were often promoted as featuring \"The Robin Hood of modern crime,\" and this phrase to describe Templar appears in several stories. A term used by Templar to describe his acquisitions is \"boodle,\" a term also applied to the short story collection.The Saint has a dark side, as he is willing to ruin the lives of the \"ungodly,\" and even kill them, if he feels that more innocent lives can be saved. In the early books, Templar refers to this as murder, although he considers his actions justified and righteous, a view usually shared by partners and colleagues. Several adventures centre on his intention to kill. (For example, \"Arizona\" in The Saint Goes West has Templar planning to kill a Nazi scientist.)During the 1920s and early 1930s, the Saint is fighting European arms dealers, drug runners, and white slavers while based in his London home. His battles with Rayt Marius mirror the 'four rounds with Carl Petersen' of Bulldog Drummond. During the first half of the 1940s, Charteris cast Templar as a willing operative of the American government, fighting Nazi interests in the United States during World War II.Beginning with the \"Arizona\" novella, Templar is fighting his own war against Germany. The Saint Steps In reveals that Templar is operating on behalf of a mysterious American government official known as Hamilton who appears again in the next WWII-era Saint book, The Saint on Guard, and Templar is shown continuing to act as a secret agent for Hamilton in the first post-war novel, The Saint Sees it Through. The later books move from confidence games, murder mysteries, and wartime espionage, and place Templar as a global adventurer.According to Saint historian Burl Barer, Charteris made the decision to remove Templar from his usual confidence-game trappings, not to mention his usual co-stars Uniatz, girlfriend Patricia Holm, valet Orace, and police foil Claud Eustace Teal, as they were all inappropriate for the post-war stories he was writing.[6]Although the Saint functions as an ordinary detective in some stories, others depict ingenious plots to get even with vanity publishers and other rip-off artists, greedy bosses who exploit their workers, con men, etc.The Saint has many partners, though none last throughout the series. For the first half until the late 1940s, the most recurrent is Patricia Holm, his girlfriend, who was introduced in the first story, the 1928 novel Meet the Tiger, in which she shows herself a capable adventurer. Holm appeared erratically throughout the series, sometimes disappearing for books at a time. Templar and Holm lived together in a time when common-law relationships were uncommon and, in some areas, illegal.They have an easy, non-binding relationship, as Templar is shown flirting with other women from time to time. However, his heart remains true to Holm in the early books, culminating in his considering marriage in the novella The Melancholy Journey of Mr. Teal, only to have Holm say that she had no interest in marrying. Holm disappeared in the late 1940s, and according to Barer's history of The Saint, Charteris refused to allow Templar a steady girlfriend, or Holm to return. (However, according to the Saintly Bible website, Charteris did write a film story that would have seen Templar encountering a son he had had with Holm.) Holm's final appearance as a character was in the short stories \"Iris,\" \"Lida,\" and \"Luella,\" contained within the 1948 collection Saint Errant; the next direct reference to her does not appear in print until the 1983 novel Salvage for the Saint.Another recurring character, Scotland Yard Inspector Claud Eustace Teal, could be found attempting to put the Saint behind bars, although in some books they work in partnership. In The Saint in New York, Teal's American counterpart, NYPD Inspector John Henry Fernack, was introduced, and he would become, like Teal, an Inspector Lestrade-like foil and pseudo-nemesis in a number of books, notably the American-based World War II novels of the 1940s.Many Saint novels were reprinted in new editions in the 1960s to capitalise on the popular television series, starring Roger Moore.The Saint had a band of compatriots, including Roger Conway, Norman Kent, Archie Sheridan, Richard \"Dicky\" Tremayne (a name that appeared in the 1990s TV series, Twin Peaks), Peter Quentin, Monty Hayward, and his ex-military valet, Orace.In later stories, the dim-witted and constantly soused but reliable American thug Hoppy Uniatz was at Templar's side. Of the Saint's companions, only Norman Kent was killed during an adventure (he sacrifices himself to save Templar in the novel The Last Hero); the other males are presumed to have settled down and married (two to former female criminals: Dicky Tremayne to \"Straight Audrey\" Perowne and Peter Quentin to Kathleen \"The Mug\" Allfield; Archie Sheridan is mentioned to have married in \"The Lawless Lady\" in Enter the Saint, presumably to Lilla McAndrew after the events of the story \"The Wonderful War\" in Featuring the Saint).Charteris gave Templar interests and quirks as the series went on. Early talents as an amateur poet and songwriter were displayed, often to taunt villains, though the novella The Inland Revenue established that poetry was also a hobby. That story revealed that Templar had written an adventure novel featuring a South American hero not far removed from The Saint himself.Templar also on occasion would break the fourth wall in an almost metafictional sense, making references to being part of a story and mentioning in one early story how he cannot be killed so early on; the 1960s television series would also have Templar address viewers. Charteris in his narrative also frequently breaks the fourth wall by making references to the \"chronicler\" of the Saint's adventures and directly addressing the reader. In the story \"The Sizzling Saboteur\" in The Saint on Guard Charteris inserts his own name. In the story \"Judith\" in Saint Errant is the line, \"'This,' the Saint said to nobody in particular, 'sounds like one of those stories that fellow Charteris might write.'\" Furthermore, in the 1955 story \"The Unkind Philanthropist,\" published in the collection The Saint on the Spanish Main, Templar states outright that (in his fictional universe) his adventures are indeed written about by a man named Leslie Charteris.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hirondelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow"},{"link_name":"Simon Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Templar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barer-9"},{"link_name":"Automobile Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Quarterly"}],"text":"The Hirondel (sometimes misspelled as Hirondelle) is a fictional car driven by Simon Templar. The Hirondel is an opulent, eight-cylinder, cream and red vehicle costing £5,000 and is a recurring element in many of The Saint books.[7] The Hirondel is also used by Storm (Captain Arden) in the non-Saint novel Daredevil. Daredevil also features inspector Teal.[8][9] The Hirondel was featured in a 1972 issue of Automobile Quarterly (Vol. 10 No. 1).","title":"Hirondel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King-of-the-Beggars-ad.jpg"},{"link_name":"The American Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Call for the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_for_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(novel)"},{"link_name":"She Was a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Was_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Knight Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Templar_(The_Saint)"},{"link_name":"As the actress said to the bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_the_actress_to_the_bishop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"The Last Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Hero_(The_Saint)"},{"link_name":"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Featuring the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featuring_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Happy Highwayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Highwayman"},{"link_name":"The Saint Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Around_the_World"},{"link_name":"The Saint in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Vendetta for the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendetta_for_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"science fiction author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors"},{"link_name":"Harry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Saint on TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_on_TV"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fleming Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Lee"},{"link_name":"The Saint in Pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"The Saint and the People Importers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_and_the_People_Importers"},{"link_name":"Catch the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Return of the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Salvage for the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_for_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Hodder & Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"The Crime Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crime_Club"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"The Saint to the Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_to_the_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"1997 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"novelisation of the film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Capture the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_the_Saint"}],"text":"A novella published in The American Magazine in May 1947, \"The King of the Beggars\" was collected in Call for the Saint (1948)The origins of the Saint can be found in early works by Charteris, some of which predated the first Saint novel, 1928's Meet the Tiger, or were written after it but before Charteris committed to writing a Saint series. Burl Barer reveals that an obscure early work, Daredevil, not only featured a heroic lead who shared \"Saintly\" traits (down to driving the same make of car) but also shared his adventures with Inspector Claud Eustace Teal—a character later a regular in Saint books. Barer writes that several early Saint stories were rewritten from non-Saint stories, including the novel She Was a Lady, which appeared in magazine form featuring a different lead character.Charteris utilized three formats for delivering his stories. Besides full-length novels, he wrote novellas for the most part published in magazines, notably developing the character in the pages of the British story-paper The Thriller under the tutelage of Monty Hayden, who was developing the ″Desperado″[10] character type for the magazine, and these were later collected in hardback books collecting two or three stories per volume. He also wrote short stories featuring the character, again mostly for magazines and later compiled into omnibus editions. In later years these short stories carried a common theme, such as the women Templar meets or exotic places he visits. With the exception of Meet the Tiger, chapter titles of Templar novels usually contain a descriptive phrase describing the events of the chapter; for example, Chapter Four of Knight Templar is titled \"How Simon Templar dozed in the Green Park and discovered a new use for toothpaste\".Although Charteris's novels and novellas had more conventional thriller plots than his confidence game short stories, both novels and stories are admired. As in the past, the appeal lies in the vitality of the character, a hero who can go into a brawl and come out with his hair combed and who, faced with death, lights a cigarette and taunts his enemy with the signature phrase \"As the actress said to the bishop ...\"The period of the books begins in the 1920s and moves to the 1970s as the 50 books progress (the character being seemingly ageless). In early books most activities are illegal, although directed at villains. In later books, this becomes less so. In books written during World War II, the Saint was recruited by the government to help track spies and similar undercover work.[11] Later he became a cold warrior fighting Communism. The quality of writing also changes; early books have a freshness which becomes replaced by cynicism in later works. A few Saint stories crossed into science fiction and fantasy, \"The Man Who Liked Ants\" and the early novel The Last Hero being examples; one Saint short story, \"The Darker Drink\" (also published as \"Dawn\"), was even published in the October 1952 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction.[12] When early Saint books were republished in the 1960s to the 1980s, it was not uncommon to see freshly written introductions by Charteris apologizing for the out-of-date tone; according to a Charteris \"apology\" in a 1969 paperback of Featuring the Saint, he attempted to update some earlier stories when they were reprinted but gave up and let them sit as period pieces. The 1963 edition of the short story collection The Happy Highwayman contains examples of abandoned revisions; in one story published in the 1930s (\"The Star Producers\"), references to actors of the 1930s were replaced for 1963 with names of current movie stars; another 1930s-era story, \"The Man Who Was Lucky\", added references to atomic power. Although Templar is depicted as ageless, Charteris occasionally acknowledged the passing of time for those around him, such as in the 1956 short story collection The Saint Around the World which features the retirement of Inspector Teal in one story.Charteris started retiring from writing books following 1963's The Saint in the Sun. The next book to carry Charteris's name, 1964's Vendetta for the Saint, was written by science fiction author Harry Harrison, who had worked on the Saint comic strip, after which Charteris edited and revised the manuscript. Between 1964 and 1983, another 14 Saint books would be published, credited to Charteris but written by others. In his introduction to the first, The Saint on TV, Charteris called these volumes a team effort in which he oversaw selection of stories, initially adaptations of scripts written for the 1962–1969 TV series The Saint, and with Fleming Lee writing the adaptations (other authors took over from Lee). Charteris and Lee collaborated on two Saint novels in the 1970s, The Saint in Pursuit (based on a story by Charteris for the Saint comic strip) and The Saint and the People Importers. The \"team\" writers were usually credited on the title page, if not the cover. One later volume, Catch the Saint, was an experiment in returning The Saint to his period, prior to World War II (as opposed to recent Saint books set in the present day). Several later volumes also adapted scripts from the 1970s revival TV series Return of the Saint.The last Saint volume in the line of books starting with Meet the Tiger in 1928 was Salvage for the Saint, published in 1983. According to the Saintly Bible website, every Saint book published between 1928 and 1983 saw the first edition issued by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom (a company that originally published only religious books) and The Crime Club (an imprint of Doubleday that specialized in mystery and detective fiction) in the United States. For the first 20 years, the books were first published in Britain, with the United States edition following up to a year later. By the late 1940s to early 1950s, this situation had been reversed. In one case—The Saint to the Rescue—a British edition did not appear until nearly two years after the American one.French language books published over 30 years included translated volumes of Charteris originals as well as novelisations of radio scripts from the English-language radio series and comic strip adaptations. Many of these books credited to Charteris were written by others, including Madeleine Michel-Tyl.[13]Charteris died in 1993. Two additional Saint novels appeared around the time of the 1997 film starring Val Kilmer: a novelisation of the film (which had little connection to the Charteris stories) and Capture the Saint, a more faithful work published by The Saint Club and originated by Charteris in 1936. Both books were written by Burl Barer, who in the early 1990s published a history of the character in books, radio, and television.Charteris wrote 14 novels between 1928 and 1971 (the last two co-written), 34 novellas, and 95 short stories featuring Simon Templar. Between 1963 and 1997, an additional seven novels and fourteen novellas were written by others.\nIn 2014, all the Saint books from Enter the Saint to Salvage for the Saint (but not Meet the Tiger nor Burl Barer's Capture the Saint) were republished in both the United Kingdom and United States.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio"},{"link_name":"Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone"},{"link_name":"Terence De Marney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_De_Marney"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Edgar Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrier"},{"link_name":"Brian Aherne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Aherne"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Mutual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whistler_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"Tom Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Conway"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"The Saint (radio program)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Paul Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rhys"}],"text":"Several radio drama series were produced in North America, Ireland, and Britain. The earliest was for Radio Éireann's Radio Athlone in 1940 and starred Terence De Marney. Radio Times dated October 11, 1940 refers to 'The Saint' Terence de Marney as the Charteris hero. Both NBC and CBS produced Saint series during 1945, starring Edgar Barrier and Brian Aherne. Many early shows were adaptations of published stories, although Charteris wrote several storylines for the series which were novelised as short stories and novellas.The longest-running radio incarnation was Vincent Price, who played the character in a series between 1947 and 1951 on three networks: CBS, Mutual and NBC. Like The Whistler, the program had an opening whistle theme with footsteps. Price left in May 1951, to be replaced by Tom Conway, who played the role for several more months; his brother, George Sanders, had played Templar on film. For more about the Saint on American radio, see The Saint (radio program).The next English-language radio series aired on Springbok Radio in South Africa between 1953 and 1957. These were fresh adaptations of the original stories and starred Tom Meehan. Around 1965 to 1966 the South African version of Lux Radio Theatre produced a single dramatization of The Saint. The English service of South Africa produced another series radio adventures for six months in 1970–1971. The most recent English-language incarnation was a series of three one-hour-long radio plays on BBC Radio 4 in 1995, all adapted from Charteris novels: Saint Overboard, The Saint Closes The Case and The Saint Plays With Fire, starring Paul Rhys as Templar.","title":"On radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"RKO Radio Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Saint in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_New_York_(film)"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Louis Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hale"},{"link_name":"Saint series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"The Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falcon_(fictional_detective)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Hammer Film Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Return"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Moore_The_Saint_1969.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"Pierce Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"Simon Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Dutton"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat"},{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"Regé-Jean Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C3%A9-Jean_Page"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Not long after creating The Saint, Charteris began a long association with Hollywood as a screenwriter. He was successful in getting a major studio, RKO Radio Pictures, interested in a film based on one of his works. The first, The Saint in New York in 1938, based on the 1935 novel of the same name, starred Louis Hayward as Templar and Jonathan Hale as Inspector Henry Fernack, the American counterpart of Mr Teal.The film was a success and RKO began a Saint series. Some of the films were based on Charteris's original novels or novellas; others were original stories based upon outlines by Charteris. George Sanders took over the leading role. Sanders's offhand manner captured the urbane yet daring qualities of the Saint character, but after five films RKO assigned him to a new series, The Falcon, in which Sanders played the same kind of debonair adventurer. Charteris saw this as both plagiarism and an attempt to deprive him of royalties, and he sued RKO.Hugh Sinclair replaced Sanders in 1941 and portrayed Templar in two films, both produced by RKO's British unit (the second film was ultimately released by Republic Pictures in 1943).In 1953, British Hammer Film Productions produced The Saint's Return (known as \"The Saint's Girl Friday\" in the United States), for which Louis Hayward returned to the role. This was followed by an unsuccessful French production in 1960.Roger Moore as The SaintIn the mid-1980s, the National Enquirer and other newspapers reported that Roger Moore was planning to produce a movie based on The Saint with Pierce Brosnan as Templar, but it was never made. In 1989, six movies were made by Taffner starring Simon Dutton. These were syndicated in the United States as part of a series of films titled Mystery Wheel of Adventure, while in the United Kingdom they were shown as a series on ITV.In 1991, as detailed by Burl Barer in his 1992 history of The Saint, plans were announced for a series of motion pictures. Ultimately, however, no such franchise appeared. A feature film The Saint starring Val Kilmer was released in 1997, but it diverged in style from the Charteris books, although it did revive Templar's use of aliases. Kilmer's Saint is unable to defeat a Russian gangster in hand-to-hand combat and is forced to flee; this would have been unthinkable in a Charteris tale. Whereas the original Saint resorted to aliases that had the initials S.T., Kilmer's character used Christian saints, regardless of initials. This Saint refrained from killing, and even his main enemies live to stand trial, whereas Charteris's version had no qualms about taking another life. Kilmer's Saint is presented as a master of disguise, but Charteris's version hardly used the sophisticated ones shown in this film. The film mirrored aspects of Charteris's own life, notably his origins in the Far East, though not in an orphanage as the film portrayed. Roger Moore features throughout in cameo as the BBC Newsreader heard in Simon Templar's Volvo.In July 2021, Paramount Pictures announced a reboot film, with Regé-Jean Page set to play Templar.[14]","title":"In film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Patrick McGoohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McGoohan"},{"link_name":"Danger Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_Man"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner"},{"link_name":"Return of the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Ian Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"The Saint in Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Andrew Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clarke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"CBS Summer Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Summer_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Donald L. Taffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Taffner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Kevin Tighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tighe"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"William J. MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._MacDonald_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Jorge Zamacona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Zamacona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Purefoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Purefoy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Barry Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Levinson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Adam Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rayner"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(2017_film)"}],"text":"The actor Roger Moore brought Simon Templar to the new medium of television in the series The Saint, which ran from 1962 to 1969, and Moore remains the actor most closely identified with the character. (According to the book Spy Television by Wesley Britton, the first actor offered the role was Patrick McGoohan of Danger Man and The Prisoner.)Other actors played Templar in later series, notably Return of the Saint (1978–1979) starring Ian Ogilvy; the series ran for one season on CBS and ITV. A television pilot for a series to be called The Saint in Manhattan, starring Australian actor Andrew Clarke, was shown on CBS in 1987 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse; this pilot was produced by Donald L. Taffner, but it never progressed beyond the pilot stage.[citation needed] \nInspector John Fernack of the NYPD, played by Kevin Tighe, made his first film appearance since the 1940s in that production, while Templar (sporting a moustache) got about in a black Lamborghini bearing the ST1 licence plate.Since the 1997 Val Kilmer film The Saint, there have been several failed attempts at producing pilots for potential new Saint television series. On 13 March 2007, TNT said it was developing a one-hour series to be executive produced by William J. MacDonald and produced by Jorge Zamacona.[15][16] James Purefoy was announced as the new Simon Templar.[17][18] Production of the pilot, which was to have been directed by Barry Levinson, did not go ahead.[19] Another attempt at production was planned for 2009 with Scottish actor Dougray Scott starring as Simon Templar. Roger Moore announced on his website that he would be appearing in the new production, which was being produced by his son, Geoffrey Moore, in a small role.[20]It was announced in December 2012 that a third attempt would be made to produce a pilot for a potential TV series. This time, English actor Adam Rayner was cast as Simon Templar and American actress Eliza Dushku as Patricia Holm (a character from the novels never before portrayed on television and only once in the films), with Roger Moore producing.[21] Unlike the prior attempts, production of the Rayner pilot did commence in December 2012 and continued into early 2013, with Moore and Ogilvy making cameo appearances, according to a cast list posted on the official Leslie Charteris website[22] and subsequently confirmed in the trailer that was released.[23] The pilot was not picked up for a series, but a large amount of additional footage was shot to complete it as the television film The Saint, released on 11 July 2017.","title":"On television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Saint in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_New_York_(film)"},{"link_name":"Louis Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hayward"},{"link_name":"The Saint Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"The Saint in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_London"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Double Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Double_Trouble"},{"link_name":"The Saint Takes Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Takes_Over"},{"link_name":"The Saint in Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_Palm_Springs"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Vacation"},{"link_name":"Hugh Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Saint Meets the Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_Meets_the_Tiger"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Return"},{"link_name":"Le Saint mène la danse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Saint_m%C3%A8ne_la_danse"},{"link_name":"Félix Marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Marten"},{"link_name":"Le Saint prend l'affût","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Saint_prend_l%27aff%C3%BBt"},{"link_name":"Jean Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marais"},{"link_name":"The Fiction Makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_and_the_Fiction_Makers"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Vendetta for the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendetta_for_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"Saint Overboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Overboard"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Since 1938, numerous films have been produced in the United States, France and Australia based to varying degrees upon the Saint. A few were based, usually loosely, upon Charteris's stories, but most were original.This is a list of the films featuring Simon Templar and of the actors who played the Saint:The Saint in New York (1938 – Louis Hayward)\nThe Saint Strikes Back (1939 – George Sanders)\nThe Saint in London (1939 – Sanders; produced in the UK by RKO's British unit)\nThe Saint's Double Trouble (1940 – Sanders)\nThe Saint Takes Over (1940 – Sanders)\nThe Saint in Palm Springs (1941 – Sanders)\nThe Saint's Vacation (1941 – Hugh Sinclair; produced in the UK by RKO)\nThe Saint Meets the Tiger (produced in the UK by RKO in 1941, released in 1943 by Republic – Sinclair)\nThe Saint's Return (1953 – Hayward) – aka The Saint's Girl Friday\nLe Saint mène la danse (1960 – Félix Marten)\nLe Saint prend l'affût (1966 – Jean Marais)\nThe Fiction Makers (1968 – Roger Moore) – edited from episodes of The Saint\nVendetta for the Saint (1969 – Moore) – edited from episodes of The Saint\nThe Saint (1997 – Val Kilmer)In the 1930s, RKO purchased the rights to produce a film adaptation of Saint Overboard, but no such movie was ever produced.","title":"On television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Saint and the Brave Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Ian Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"Return of the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Saint in Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Andrew Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clarke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Simon Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Dutton"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"The Saint: Wrong Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint:_Wrong_Number"},{"link_name":"Simon Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Dutton"},{"link_name":"The Saint: The Software Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint:_The_Software_Murders"},{"link_name":"The Saint: The Brazilian Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint:_The_Brazilian_Connection"},{"link_name":"The Saint: The Blue Dulac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint:_The_Blue_Dulac"},{"link_name":"The Saint: The Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint:_The_Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"Fear in Fun Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_in_Fun_Park"},{"link_name":"The Saint in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Adam Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rayner"}],"sub_title":"Television films","text":"The Saint and the Brave Goose (1979 made for TV – Ian Ogilvy) – edited from episodes of Return of the Saint\nThe Saint in Manhattan (1987 made for TV – Andrew Clarke)\nThe Saint – six 100-minute TV films, all starring Simon Dutton. Made for London Weekend Television (LWT) in the United Kingdom, it was postponed due to poor ratings, but went out as part of The Mystery Wheel of Adventure in the United States:\nThe Saint: Wrong Number (21 July 1990, postponed from 14 July 1990 – Simon Dutton)\nThe Saint: The Software Murders (4 August 1990 – Dutton)\nThe Saint: The Brazilian Connection (2 September 1989 – Dutton)\nThe Saint: The Blue Dulac (9 September 1989 – Dutton)\nThe Saint: The Big Bang (28 July 1990 – Dutton)\nFear in Fun Park, a.k.a. The Saint in Australia (14 July 1990, postponed from 16 September 1989 & 7 July 1990 – Dutton)\nThe Saint (2017 made for TV – Adam Rayner)","title":"On television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Saint"}],"sub_title":"Television series","text":"This list includes only productions that became TV series, and does not include pilots.The Saint (1962–1969 – Roger Moore)\nReturn of the Saint (1978–1979 – Ian Ogilvy)","title":"On television"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Note","text":"Three of the actors to play Templar—Roger Moore, Ian Ogilvy, and Simon Dutton—have been appointed vice presidents of \"The Saint Club\" that was founded by Leslie Charteris in 1936.","title":"On television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"}],"text":"In the late 1940s Charteris and sometime Sherlock Holmes scriptwriter Denis Green wrote a stage play titled The Saint Misbehaves.[24]\nIt was never publicly performed, as soon after writing it Charteris decided to focus on non-Saint work. For many years it was thought to be lost; however, two copies are known to exist in private hands, and correspondence relating to the play can be found in the Leslie Charteris Collection at Boston University.","title":"On the stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"daily comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Dashiell Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett"},{"link_name":"Secret Agent X-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Agent_X-9"},{"link_name":"Mike Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Roy_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bob Lubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lubbers"},{"link_name":"Doug Wildey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Wildey"},{"link_name":"Avon Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Comics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"TV Tornado (later merging with TV21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Century_21"},{"link_name":"Vicente Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Norman Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Worker"},{"link_name":"The Saint and the Templar Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_and_the_Templar_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Count on the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_on_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Catch the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"Moonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_Books"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaintMagazine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Avallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Avallone"},{"link_name":"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E."}],"text":"The Saint appeared in a long-running series starting as a daily comic strip 27 September 1948 with a Sunday added on 20 March the following year. The early strips were written by Leslie Charteris, who had previous experience writing comic strips, having replaced Dashiell Hammett as the writer of the Secret Agent X-9 strip. The original artist was Mike Roy. In 1951, when John Spranger replaced Roy as the artist, he altered the Saint's appearance by depicting him with a beard. Bob Lubbers illustrated The Saint in 1959 and 1960. The final two years of the strip were drawn by Doug Wildey before it came to an end on 16 September 1961.Concurrent with the comic strip, Avon Comics published 12 issues of a The Saint comic book between 1947 and 1952 (some of these stories were reprinted in the 1980s). Some issues included uncredited short stories; an additional short story, \"Danger No. 5\", appeared as filler in issue 2 of the 1952 war comic Captain Steve Savage.[25]The 1960s TV series is unusual in that it is one of the few major programs of its genre that was not adapted as a comic book in the United States. It was, however, adapted as a comic strip in the British weekly comic TV Tornado (later merging with TV21), where it ran from 1967 to 1970, drawn by Vicente Alcazar. The strip was titled Meet the Saint in later issues.In Sweden, a long-running Saint comic book was published from 1966 to 1985 under the title Helgonet.[26][better source needed] It originally reprinted the newspaper strip, but already in 1969 original stories were commissioned for Helgonet. These stories were also later reprinted in other European countries. About 170 stories were produced from 1969 to 1991 (after 1985, the stories were published in the Swedish James Bond comic book). Two of the main writers were Norman Worker and Donne Avenell; the latter also co-wrote the novels The Saint and the Templar Treasure and the novella collection Count on the Saint, while Worker contributed to the novella collection Catch the Saint.A new American comic book series was launched by Moonstone in the summer of 2012, but it never went beyond a single promotional issue \"zero\".[27]One of the final issues of The Saint Magazine from 1967 featured reprints of the Saint stories \"The Export Trade\" and \"The Five Thousand Pound Kiss\", as well as a novella by Michael Avallone, here erroneously credited as the creator of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","title":"In comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Life magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Morgan Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Conway"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Woodworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Woodworth"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The original Saint novellas first appeared in The Thriller (1929–1940), edited by Monty Hayden, a friend of the author, who was sometimes given a thinly disguised role in the early stories. Charteris also edited or oversaw several magazines that tied in with the Saint. The first of these were anthologies titled The Saint's Choice that ran for seven issues in 1945–46. A few years later Charteris launched The Saint Detective Magazine (later titled The Saint Mystery Magazine and The Saint Magazine), which ran for 141 issues between 1953 and 1967, with a separate British edition that ran just as long but published different material. In most issues of Saint's Choice and the later magazines Charteris included at least one Saint story, usually previously published in one of his books but occasionally original. In several mid-1960s issues, however, he substituted Instead of the Saint, a series of essays on topics of interest to him. The rest of the material in the magazines consisted of novellas and short stories by other mystery writers of the day. An Australian edition was also published for a few years in the 1950s. In 1984 Charteris attempted to revive the Saint magazine, but it ran for only three issues.[28]Leslie Charteris himself portrayed The Saint in The Saint Goes West, a photo play in an issue of Life magazine published in 19 May, 1941. Other performers in the piece were Morgan Conway, Lucia Carroll and Marjorie Woodworth.[29][30]","title":"In magazines"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most Saint books were collections of novellas or short stories, some of which were published individually either in magazines or in smaller paperback form. Many of the books have also been published under different titles over the years; the titles used here are the more common ones for each book.From 1964 to 1983, the Saint books were collaborative works; Charteris acted in an editorial capacity and received front cover author credit, while other authors wrote these stories and were credited inside the book. These collaborative authors are noted. (Sources: Barer and the editions themselves.)","title":"Book series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Omnibus editions","text":"In addition to the above, numerous paperback omnibuses compiling short stories and novellas have been published. Examples include Arrest the Saint (Avon, 1951), Concerning the Saint (Avon, 1958) and The Saint Cleans Up (Avon, 1959). In 1983, Avenel Books published the hardcover omnibus The Saint: Five Complete Novels, though this was actually three novellas and two full-length novels, combining the books Enter the Saint, The Holy Terror (a.k.a. The Saint vs. Scotland Yard), The Last Hero (a.k.a. The Saint Closes the Case) and Knight Templar (a.k.a. The Avenging Saint).","title":"Book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghostwritten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Michel-Tyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madeleine_Michel-Tyl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"}],"sub_title":"French adventures","text":"A number of Saint adventures were published in French over a 30-year period, most of which have yet to be published in English. Many of these stories were ghostwritten by Madeleine Michel-Tyl and credited to Charteris (who exercised some editorial control). The French books were generally novelisations of scripts from the radio series, or novels adapted from stories in the American Saint comic strip. One of the writers who worked on the French series, Fleming Lee, later wrote for the English-language books.[13]","title":"Book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bet on the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_on_the_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Lady"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Ian Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Saint's Second Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint%27s_Second_Front"}],"sub_title":"Unpublished works","text":"Burl Barer's history of the Saint identifies two manuscripts that to date have not been published. The first is a collaboration between Charteris and Fleming Lee called Bet on the Saint that was rejected by Doubleday, the American publishers of the Saint series. Charteris, Barer writes, chose not to submit it to his United Kingdom publishers, Hodder & Stoughton. The rejection of the manuscript by Doubleday meant that The Crime Club's long-standing right of first refusal on any new Saint works was now ended and the manuscript was then submitted to other United States publishers, without success. Barer also tells of a 1979 novel titled The Saint's Lady by a Scottish fan, Joy Martin, which had been written as a present for and as a tribute to Charteris. Charteris was impressed by the manuscript and attempted to get it published, but it too was ultimately rejected. The manuscript, which according to Barer is in the archives of Boston University, features the return of Patricia Holm.According to the Saintly Bible website, at one time Leslie Charteris biographer Ian Dickerson was working on a manuscript (based upon a film story idea by Charteris) for a new novel titled Son of the Saint in which Templar shares an adventure with his son by Patricia Holm. The book has, to date, not been published.[31]A fourth unpublished manuscript, this time written by Charteris himself, titled The Saint's Second Front was written during the Second World War but was rejected at the time; believed lost for decades, it emerged at an auction in 2017.","title":"Book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Splodgenessabounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splodgenessabounds"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"James Cook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook_University"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Townsville"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In the 2003 BBC documentary series Heroes and Weapons of World War II episode titled \"The Man Who Designed the Spitfire\" (Episode 2) at approximately 18 minutes in the film an RAF pilot is seen at rest in his dispersal hut with a large Saint stick-man logo on his flying gear (see image at right). He is perhaps showing some personal identification with Simon Templar's own war against Germany in the novella Arizona.[32]In 1980 English punk band Splodgenessabounds released a single \"Simon Templer\" (misspelling intentional). It reached number 7 in the UK charts. The song appears mocking of the TV character, concluding \"I think Simon's a bit of a bore/Ian Ogilvy and Podgy Moore.”[33]In 1962 students from James Cook University, Townsville, Australia abseiled down the pink granite monolith, Castle Hill and painted the character on its side as an act of patriotism, as the university had adopted the character as their mascot. At first, the local council (and some of the public) considered this vandalism and removed it, only for the students to keep repainting it. The council eventually gave up, and The Saint has been a permanent fixture since the 1970s. The irony now is that Queensland State Legislation states that objects older than 30 years old are eligible for cultural heritage status. This means that The Saint, originally a piece of graffiti, is now a Townsville Cultural Heritage icon.[34]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Many Saint novels were reprinted in new editions in the 1960s to capitalise on the popular television series, starring Roger Moore.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/SaintGetaway.jpg/200px-SaintGetaway.jpg"},{"image_text":"A novella published in The American Magazine in May 1947, \"The King of the Beggars\" was collected in Call for the Saint (1948)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King-of-the-Beggars-ad.jpg/220px-King-of-the-Beggars-ad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roger Moore as The Saint","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Roger_Moore_The_Saint_1969.JPG/220px-Roger_Moore_The_Saint_1969.JPG"},{"image_text":"One of the final issues of The Saint Magazine from 1967 featured reprints of the Saint stories \"The Export Trade\" and \"The Five Thousand Pound Kiss\", as well as a novella by Michael Avallone, here erroneously credited as the creator of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/SaintMagazine.jpg/200px-SaintMagazine.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Watson, Colin (1979). Snobbery with Violence: Crime Stories and Their Audience. Eyre & Spottiswoode. ISBN 0-413-46570-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-46570-5","url_text":"0-413-46570-5"}]},{"reference":"Barer, Burl (2003). The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television of Leslie Charteris' Robin Hood of Modern Crime, Simon Templar, 1928–1992. McFarland & Company. p. 379. ISBN 0-7864-1680-7. Retrieved 10 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMIJ3G_E55oC","url_text":"The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television of Leslie Charteris' Robin Hood of Modern Crime, Simon Templar, 1928–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1680-7","url_text":"0-7864-1680-7"}]},{"reference":"Butler, William Vivian (15 October 1973). The Durable Desperadoes. Macmillan. ISBN 0333142179.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/durabledesperado00crea","url_text":"The Durable Desperadoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333142179","url_text":"0333142179"}]},{"reference":"\"Fantasy & Science Fiction v003n06 (1952 10)\". n.d. – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Fantasy_Science_Fiction_v003n06_1952-10","url_text":"\"Fantasy & Science Fiction v003n06 (1952 10)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Saint Novels in French\". lofficier.com. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lofficier.com/saint.html","url_text":"\"The Saint Novels in French\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regé-Jean Page to Star in Paramount's 'The Saint' Reboot\". hollywoodreporter.com. 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/rege-jean-page-the-saint-movie-1234988363/","url_text":"\"Regé-Jean Page to Star in Paramount's 'The Saint' Reboot\""}]},{"reference":"\"TNT, Devil team for 'Leverage' – Entertainment News, TV News, Media – Variety\". Variety. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961093.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"\"TNT, Devil team for 'Leverage' – Entertainment News, TV News, Media – Variety\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE SAINT on TNT\". Crime Expert BURL BARER. Edgar Award Winner and NYT Bestselling Author. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://adoraburl.typepad.com/burl_barer/2007/03/the_saint_on_tn.html","url_text":"\"THE SAINT on TNT\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Purefoy To Play Simon Templar in The Saint – The Saint News\". saint.org. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saint.org/blog/2007/12/james-purefoy-to-play-simon-templar-in.html","url_text":"\"James Purefoy To Play Simon Templar in The Saint – The Saint News\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (10 December 2012). \"Eliza Dushku To Co-Star In 'The Saint' Backdoor Pilot, Roger Moore To Co-Produce\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 17 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2012/12/eliza-dushku-to-co-star-in-the-saint-backdoor-pilot-roger-moore-to-co-produce/","url_text":"\"Eliza Dushku To Co-Star In 'The Saint' Backdoor Pilot, Roger Moore To Co-Produce\""}]},{"reference":"\"News – December 17, 2012\". lesliecharteris.com. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lesliecharteris.com/","url_text":"\"News – December 17, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Ian Dickerson (1 April 2013). \"The Saint promo\". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhEI_jDRZw8","url_text":"\"The Saint promo\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qhEI_jDRZw8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Runboard forum page\". runboard.com. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://com4.runboard.com/bthesaintonline.f13.t191","url_text":"\"Runboard forum page\""}]},{"reference":"Avon Comics (n.d.). \"Captain Steve Savage (1st) 02\" – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CaptainSteveSavage1st02_323","url_text":"\"Captain Steve Savage (1st) 02\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Saint (Detective/Mystery) Magazine\". philsp.com. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philsp.com/mags/saint.html","url_text":"\"The Saint (Detective/Mystery) Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIFE Magazine May 19, 1941\". originallifemagazines.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Huston_(mayor)	James W. Huston (mayor)	["1 Sources"]	American politician This article is about a former mayor. For the author, see James W. Huston (author). James W. HustonMayor of Boise, Idaho TerritoryIn officeDecember 28, 1885 – July 18, 1887Preceded bySol HasbrouckSucceeded byPeter J. Pefley James W. Huston served as mayor of Boise, Idaho Territory, from 1885 to 1887. Huston was appointed mayor by the Boise City Council in November 1885 to complete the term of Sol Hasbrouck even though Huston was neither a member of the city council nor present at the meeting. He was sworn in more than a month later. Sources Mayors of Boise - Past and Present Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Corrected List of Mayors, 1867-1996 Political offices Preceded bySol Hasbrouck Mayor of Boise, Idaho Territory 1885–1887 Succeeded byPeter J. Pefley vteMayors of Boise, Idaho Smith Prickett Hart Himrod Twitchell Logan J. Lemp Logan Himrod Jacobs Bilderback Pinney Hasbrouck Huston Pefley Pinney Sonna Pierce Alexander Richards Alexander Hawley Pinney Haines Pence Fritchman Hodges Robinson Hays Eagleson Sherman Eagleson H. Lemp Hansen Pope Cady McCue Hyatt J. Edlefsen Straight Whillock Walker Griffin Whillock Howard R. Edlefsen Day Shellworth Amyx Eardley Kempthorne Coles Terteling-Payne Bieter McLean This article about a mayor in Idaho is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James W. Huston (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Huston_(author)"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Boise"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Territory"},{"link_name":"Boise City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Sol Hasbrouck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Hasbrouck"}],"text":"This article is about a former mayor. For the author, see James W. Huston (author).James W. Huston served as mayor of Boise, Idaho Territory, from 1885 to 1887.Huston was appointed mayor by the Boise City Council in November 1885 to complete the term of Sol Hasbrouck even though Huston was neither a member of the city council nor present at the meeting. He was sworn in more than a month later.","title":"James W. 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Lemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lemp_(Idaho_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Logan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Himrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Himrod"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Y._Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Bilderback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Bilderback&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pinney"},{"link_name":"Hasbrouck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Hasbrouck"},{"link_name":"Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pefley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Pefley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pinney"},{"link_name":"Sonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sonna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._E._Pierce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._H._Richards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Hawley"},{"link_name":"Pinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Pinney"},{"link_name":"Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Haines"},{"link_name":"Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._T._Pence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fritchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fritchman"},{"link_name":"Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Hodges_(mayor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Robinson_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._H._Hays"},{"link_name":"Eagleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_G._Eagleson"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_B._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Eagleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_G._Eagleson"},{"link_name":"H. Lemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_F._Lemp"},{"link_name":"Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Hansen"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Pope"},{"link_name":"Cady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Cady"},{"link_name":"McCue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._McCue"},{"link_name":"Hyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_E._Hyatt"},{"link_name":"J. Edlefsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Edlefsen"},{"link_name":"Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Straight"},{"link_name":"Whillock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Whillock"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Walker"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_S._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Whillock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Whillock"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_P._Howard"},{"link_name":"R. Edlefsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._Edlefsen"},{"link_name":"Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Day"},{"link_name":"Shellworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_W._Shellworth"},{"link_name":"Amyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_S._Amyx"},{"link_name":"Eardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eardley"},{"link_name":"Kempthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne"},{"link_name":"Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Brent_Coles"},{"link_name":"Terteling-Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Terteling-Payne"},{"link_name":"Bieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bieter"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_McLean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Idaho.svg"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_W._Huston_(mayor)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Idaho-mayor-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Idaho-mayor-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Idaho-mayor-stub"}],"text":"Mayors of Boise - Past and Present\nIdaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Corrected List of Mayors, 1867-1996vteMayors of Boise, Idaho\nSmith\nPrickett\nHart\nHimrod\nTwitchell\nLogan\nJ. Lemp\nLogan\nHimrod\nJacobs\nBilderback\nPinney\nHasbrouck\nHuston\nPefley\nPinney\nSonna\nPierce\nAlexander\nRichards\nAlexander\nHawley\nPinney\nHaines\nPence\nFritchman\nHodges\nRobinson\nHays\nEagleson\nSherman\nEagleson\nH. Lemp\nHansen\nPope\nCady\nMcCue\nHyatt\nJ. Edlefsen\nStraight\nWhillock\nWalker\nGriffin\nWhillock\nHoward\nR. Edlefsen\nDay\nShellworth\nAmyx\nEardley\nKempthorne\nColes\nTerteling-Payne\nBieter\nMcLeanThis article about a mayor in Idaho is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305091939/http://www.cityofboise.org/Departments/Mayor/PastPresent/page973.aspx","external_links_name":"Mayors of Boise - Past and Present"},{"Link":"http://www.idahohistory.net/Reference%20Series/0047.pdf","external_links_name":"Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Corrected List of Mayors, 1867-1996"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_W._Huston_(mayor)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_single-shot_running_deer	Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's single-shot running deer	["1 Results","2 References","3 Sources"]	Sports shooting at the Olympics Men's single-shot running deerat the Games of the IV OlympiadVenueBisley rifle rangeDateJuly 9Competitors15 from 4 nationsMedalists Oscar Swahn Sweden Ted Ranken Great Britain Alexander Rogers Great Britain1912 → Shooting at the1908 Summer OlympicsRifle1000 yard free riflemen300 m free riflemenTeam free riflemenTeam military riflemenStationary target small-bore riflemenMoving target small-bore riflemenDisappearing target small-bore riflemenTeam small-bore riflemenPistolIndividual pistolmenTeam pistolmenShotgunIndividual trapmenTeam trapmenRunning deerSingle-shot running deermenDouble-shot running deermenTeam single-shot running deermenvte The men's single-shot 100 meter running deer competition was one of 15 shooting sports events on the Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. A deer-shaped target made 10 runs of 75 feet (23 meters), with the shooter firing one shot during each run. The runs lasted about 4 seconds each and took place 110 yards (100 meters) distant from the shooter. There were three concentric circles on the target, with the smallest counting for 4 points, the middle for 3, and the outermost for 2. A hit outside the circles but still on the target (except on the haunch) counted for 1 point. The maximum possible score was thus 40 points. Each nation could enter up to 12 shooters. Results Place Shooter Score 1 Oscar Swahn (SWE) 25 2 Ted Ranken (GBR) 24 3 Alexander Rogers (GBR) 24 4 Maurice Blood (GBR) 23 5 Albert Kempster (GBR) 22 6 James Cowan (GBR) 21 William Russell Lane-Joynt (GBR) 21 Walter W. Winans (USA) 21 9 Joshua Millner (GBR) 20 10 Charles Nix (GBR) 19 11 Ernst Rosell (SWE) 17 12 William Ellicott (GBR) 16 13 Léon Tétart (FRA) 11 14 Maurice Robion du Pont (FRA) 6 15 André Barbillat (FRA) 3 De Wael also lists another British shooter, John Bashford, as having competed and placed lower than Barbillat. However, the Official Report makes no mention of Bashford in its list of competitors. References ^ "Shooting at the 1908 London Summer Games: Men's Running Target, Single Shot". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ Official Report, p. 39. Sources Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association. De Wael, Herman (2001). "Shooting 1908". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 11 May 2006.	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A hit outside the circles but still on the target (except on the haunch) counted for 1 point. The maximum possible score was thus 40 points. Each nation could enter up to 12 shooters.[2]","title":"Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's single-shot running deer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bashford"}],"text":"De Wael also lists another British shooter, John Bashford, as having competed and placed lower than Barbillat. However, the Official Report makes no mention of Bashford in its list of competitors.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Shooting 1908\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/sho1908.html"}],"text":"Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.\nDe Wael, Herman (2001). \"Shooting 1908\". Herman's Full Olympians. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_87	Pennsylvania Route 87	["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Pennsylvania, US Pennsylvania Route 87Route informationMaintained by PennDOTLength69.533 mi (111.903 km)Major junctionsSouth end I-180 / US 220 in MontoursvilleMajor intersections PA 864 in Upper Fairfield Township PA 973 in Upper Fairfield Township PA 154 in Forksville US 220 in Dushore PA 487 in Dushore PA 187 in North Branch Township North end US 6 in Washington Township LocationCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountiesLycoming, Sullivan, Wyoming Highway system Pennsylvania State Route System Interstate US State Scenic Legislative ← PA 86→ PA 88 Pennsylvania Route 87 (PA 87) is a 69.3-mile-long (111.5 km) north–south state highway located in northern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 21 of Interstate 180 (I-180)/U.S. Route 220 (US 220) in Montoursville. The northern terminus is at US 6 in Washington Township. The road is called Loyalsock Avenue at its southern terminus in Montoursville. It joins PA 154 for 200 yards (180 m) in Forksville and US 220 for 1,200 yards (1,100 m) in Dushore. While in Dushore, it serves as the northern terminus of PA 487, and is also known as South German Street, East Main Street, Mill Street, and Carpenter Street. Route description PA 87 begins at an interchange with I-180/US 220 in the borough of Montoursville in Lycoming County, heading north on Loyalsock Avenue, a two-lane divided highway. The route immediately crosses into Fairfield Township and becomes an undivided, unnamed road, running between farmland to the west and woodland with homes to the east. The road continues into Upper Fairfield Township and heads through more agricultural areas with some residences, intersecting the western terminus of PA 864 in Farragut. PA 87 heads through more farmland and woodland with some homes to the east of the Loyalsock Creek, passing through Loyalsockville and coming to an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 973. The road passes through more farm fields with some woods and residences in a narrow valley, crossing into Plunketts Creek Township as it heads north-northwest. The route curves to the north and the northeast before heading east into dense forests alongside the creek, heading to the northeast and continuing through scattered tracts of the Loyalsock State Forest. PA 87 heads north through more forests with a few homes, turning northeast before heading southeast. The road runs northeast through woods with a few fields and residences, curving east before turning north into more dense forests. PA 87 north from PA 487 in Dushore PA 87 enters Hillsgrove Township in Sullivan County and turns east, passing through more forests along the south bank of the Loyalsock Creek. The road continues through more forested areas with a few fields and homes, curving northeast and north. The route crosses the creek and turns northeast into agricultural areas, passing through the residential community of Hillsgrove. PA 87 runs through more farmland with some woods and homes, crossing Loyalsock Creek again and turning southeast into forests. The road curves northeast again and heads into more forested areas with some fields, heading east before crossing into Forks Township and continuing northeast through more rural areas. The route heads north before a turn to the east, heading into the borough of Forksville. Here, PA 87 passes through rural areas of homes and businesses, crossing the Loyalsock Creek and coming to an intersection with PA 154. At this point, PA 154 turns east to form a brief concurrency with PA 87, crossing the Little Loyalsock Creek. After this, PA 154 splits from PA 87 by turning northwest and PA 87 heads into forests, turning north and crossing back into Forks Township. The road continues into a narrow agricultural valley with some woods and homes, curving east at Millview. The route heads east into more forested areas to the north of Little Loyalsock Creek. PA 87 crosses into Cherry Township and runs through more forests with some fields and residences, curving northeast before heading back to the east. The route comes to an intersection with US 220, at which point PA 87 turns north to join US 220 on German Street, heading through wooded areas of homes as it enters the borough of Dushore. The road heads into the commercial center of Dushore, where PA 87 splits from US 220 by turning east onto East Main Street. The route continues onto Mill Street, passing homes and coming to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 487, at which point it turns north onto Carpenter Street, heading northeast through more residential areas. The road crosses back into Cherry Township and becomes an unnamed road, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The route turns east and winds through more rural areas, entering Colley Township. PA 87 curves to the southeast and passes through Colley. The road continues east into dense forests, turning to the northeast. PA 87 southbound past US 6 in Mehoopany PA 87 heads into North Branch Township in Wyoming County and continues east and northeast through more forests with occasional homes. The road comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 187 near Lovelton and turns east into more rural areas. The route winds east and enters Forkston Township, running through more woodland with some farm fields and residences. PA 87 crosses the Mehoopany Creek and turns northeast, passing through more rural areas to the southeast of the creek and heading into Mehoopany Township. The road winds northeast through more farmland and woodland with some homes, crossing the Mehoopany Creek again and heading into the residential community of Mehoopany. The route continues through wooded areas of homes and passes through North Mehoopany, turning east to cross the Susquehanna River into Washington Township. The roadway passes over the Lehigh Secondary railroad line, which is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Lehigh Railway, immediately after the river. The road heads to the north of a large Procter & Gamble factory before turning north into woods. PA 87 continues east into agricultural areas with some woods and homes, coming to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 6. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes LycomingMontoursville0.00.0 I-180 / US 220 (Susquehanna Beltway) – Milton, WilliamsportI-180 exit 21; southern terminus of PA 87 Upper Fairfield Township2.13.4 PA 864 east – Picture RocksWestern terminus of PA 864 4.47.1 PA 973 west – Warrensville, HepburnvilleEastern terminus of PA 973 SullivanForksville30.549.1 PA 154 south – Laporte, Eagles MereSouthern end of concurrency with PA 154 30.649.2 PA 154 north – CantonNorthern end of concurrency with PA 154 Cherry Township42.568.4 US 220 south (Appalachian Throughway) – LaporteSouthern end of concurrency with US 220 Dushore43.269.5 US 220 north (North German Street) – TowandaNorthern end of concurrency with US 220 43.570.0 PA 487 south (Bernice Road) – MildredNorthern terminus of PA 487 WyomingNorth Branch Township55.990.0 PA 187 northSouthern terminus of PA 187 Washington Township69.4111.7 US 6 (Roosevelt Highway)Northern terminus of PA 87 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also U.S. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal References ^ a b "Pennsylvania state roads". Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013. ^ a b c Google (December 27, 2011). "overview of Pennsylvania Route 87" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 27, 2011. ^ Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011. ^ Sullivan County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2011. ^ Wyoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 87KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Route 87. Pennsylvania Highways: PA 87	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Interstate 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_180_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Montoursville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoursville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_154"},{"link_name":"Forksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forksville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dushore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushore,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_487"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-length-1"}],"text":"State highway in Pennsylvania, USPennsylvania Route 87 (PA 87) is a 69.3-mile-long (111.5 km) north–south state highway located in northern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 21 of Interstate 180 (I-180)/U.S. Route 220 (US 220) in Montoursville. The northern terminus is at US 6 in Washington Township.The road is called Loyalsock Avenue at its southern terminus in Montoursville. It joins PA 154 for 200 yards (180 m) in Forksville and US 220 for 1,200 yards (1,100 m) in Dushore. While in Dushore, it serves as the northern terminus of PA 487, and is also known as South German Street, East Main Street, Mill Street, and Carpenter Street.[1]","title":"Pennsylvania Route 87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_180_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"US 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Montoursville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoursville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lycoming County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Township,_Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Fairfield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Fairfield_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_864"},{"link_name":"Loyalsock Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalsock_Creek"},{"link_name":"Loyalsockville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalsockville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_973"},{"link_name":"Plunketts Creek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts_Creek_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Loyalsock State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalsock_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTLycoming-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-10-19_11_11_27_View_north_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_87_(Carpenter_Street)_at_Headley_Avenue_in_Dushore,_Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hillsgrove Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsgrove_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Sullivan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hillsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsgrove,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Forks Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forks_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Forksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forksville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_154"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Little Loyalsock Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Loyalsock_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cherry Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dushore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushore,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_487"},{"link_name":"Colley Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Colley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTSullivan-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Uphill_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"North Branch Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branch_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wyoming County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_187"},{"link_name":"Lovelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Forkston Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkston_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mehoopany Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehoopany_Creek"},{"link_name":"Mehoopany Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehoopany_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mehoopany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehoopany,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Washington Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Railway"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTWyoming-5"}],"text":"PA 87 begins at an interchange with I-180/US 220 in the borough of Montoursville in Lycoming County, heading north on Loyalsock Avenue, a two-lane divided highway. The route immediately crosses into Fairfield Township and becomes an undivided, unnamed road, running between farmland to the west and woodland with homes to the east. The road continues into Upper Fairfield Township and heads through more agricultural areas with some residences, intersecting the western terminus of PA 864 in Farragut. PA 87 heads through more farmland and woodland with some homes to the east of the Loyalsock Creek, passing through Loyalsockville and coming to an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 973. The road passes through more farm fields with some woods and residences in a narrow valley, crossing into Plunketts Creek Township as it heads north-northwest. The route curves to the north and the northeast before heading east into dense forests alongside the creek, heading to the northeast and continuing through scattered tracts of the Loyalsock State Forest. PA 87 heads north through more forests with a few homes, turning northeast before heading southeast. The road runs northeast through woods with a few fields and residences, curving east before turning north into more dense forests.[2][3]PA 87 north from PA 487 in DushorePA 87 enters Hillsgrove Township in Sullivan County and turns east, passing through more forests along the south bank of the Loyalsock Creek. The road continues through more forested areas with a few fields and homes, curving northeast and north. The route crosses the creek and turns northeast into agricultural areas, passing through the residential community of Hillsgrove. PA 87 runs through more farmland with some woods and homes, crossing Loyalsock Creek again and turning southeast into forests. The road curves northeast again and heads into more forested areas with some fields, heading east before crossing into Forks Township and continuing northeast through more rural areas. The route heads north before a turn to the east, heading into the borough of Forksville. Here, PA 87 passes through rural areas of homes and businesses, crossing the Loyalsock Creek and coming to an intersection with PA 154. At this point, PA 154 turns east to form a brief concurrency with PA 87, crossing the Little Loyalsock Creek. After this, PA 154 splits from PA 87 by turning northwest and PA 87 heads into forests, turning north and crossing back into Forks Township. The road continues into a narrow agricultural valley with some woods and homes, curving east at Millview. The route heads east into more forested areas to the north of Little Loyalsock Creek. PA 87 crosses into Cherry Township and runs through more forests with some fields and residences, curving northeast before heading back to the east. The route comes to an intersection with US 220, at which point PA 87 turns north to join US 220 on German Street, heading through wooded areas of homes as it enters the borough of Dushore. The road heads into the commercial center of Dushore, where PA 87 splits from US 220 by turning east onto East Main Street. The route continues onto Mill Street, passing homes and coming to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 487, at which point it turns north onto Carpenter Street, heading northeast through more residential areas. The road crosses back into Cherry Township and becomes an unnamed road, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The route turns east and winds through more rural areas, entering Colley Township. PA 87 curves to the southeast and passes through Colley. The road continues east into dense forests, turning to the northeast.[2][4]PA 87 southbound past US 6 in MehoopanyPA 87 heads into North Branch Township in Wyoming County and continues east and northeast through more forests with occasional homes. The road comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 187 near Lovelton and turns east into more rural areas. The route winds east and enters Forkston Township, running through more woodland with some farm fields and residences. PA 87 crosses the Mehoopany Creek and turns northeast, passing through more rural areas to the southeast of the creek and heading into Mehoopany Township. The road winds northeast through more farmland and woodland with some homes, crossing the Mehoopany Creek again and heading into the residential community of Mehoopany. The route continues through wooded areas of homes and passes through North Mehoopany, turning east to cross the Susquehanna River into Washington Township. The roadway passes over the Lehigh Secondary railroad line, which is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Lehigh Railway, immediately after the river. The road heads to the north of a large Procter & Gamble factory before turning north into woods. PA 87 continues east into agricultural areas with some woods and homes, coming to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 6.[2][5]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"PA 87 north from PA 487 in Dushore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2021-10-19_11_11_27_View_north_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_87_%28Carpenter_Street%29_at_Headley_Avenue_in_Dushore%2C_Sullivan_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-2021-10-19_11_11_27_View_north_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_87_%28Carpenter_Street%29_at_Headley_Avenue_in_Dushore%2C_Sullivan_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"image_text":"PA 87 southbound past US 6 in Mehoopany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Uphill_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Uphill_%281%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania state roads\". Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/SearchResults.aspx?originator=Pennsylvania+Department+of+Transportation&Keyword=&sessionID=5419057282012122415330&searchType=originator&entry=PASDA","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania state roads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (December 27, 2011). \"overview of Pennsylvania Route 87\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=N+Loyalsock+Ave&daddr=41.39546,-76.75723+to:US+6+and+PA+87&hl=en&sll=41.42502,-76.45974&sspn=0.49941,1.352692&geocode=FaCjdQId52Jq-w%3BFQSldwIdEsds-yk9JaihJ5TPiTGuN75Fi9jQVw%3BFVaNegIdVD94-ynd149oxTbFiTGtrdsS8kMjyA&vpsrc=0&mra=dpe&mrsp=1&sz=10&via=1&t=h&z=10","url_text":"\"overview of Pennsylvania Route 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110705233653/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140602141526/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/sullivan_GHSN.pdf","url_text":"Sullivan County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/sullivan_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wyoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/wyoming_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Wyoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/SearchResults.aspx?originator=Pennsylvania+Department+of+Transportation&Keyword=&sessionID=5419057282012122415330&searchType=originator&entry=PASDA","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania state roads\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=N+Loyalsock+Ave&daddr=41.39546,-76.75723+to:US+6+and+PA+87&hl=en&sll=41.42502,-76.45974&sspn=0.49941,1.352692&geocode=FaCjdQId52Jq-w%3BFQSldwIdEsds-yk9JaihJ5TPiTGuN75Fi9jQVw%3BFVaNegIdVD94-ynd149oxTbFiTGtrdsS8kMjyA&vpsrc=0&mra=dpe&mrsp=1&sz=10&via=1&t=h&z=10","external_links_name":"\"overview of Pennsylvania Route 87\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110705233653/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140602141526/ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/sullivan_GHSN.pdf","external_links_name":"Sullivan County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/sullivan_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/wyoming_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"Wyoming County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Pennsylvania_Route_87&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Pennsylvania_Route_87&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.pahighways.com/state/PA51-100.html#PA87","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Highways: PA 87"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Red_Cross_Decoration	German Red Cross Decoration	["1 Badge of Honor of the German Red Cross","1.1 Precursor","2 See also","3 References"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2010) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The German Red Cross Decoration(Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes) The German Red Cross Decoration (German: Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes) is a decoration founded in 1922, replaced by the Social Welfare Decoration in 1939 and re-founded in its present form on 8 May 1953. It is awarded by the German Red Cross. Badge of Honor of the German Red Cross Precursor After the end of the First World War, according to the provisions of the Weimar Constitution (Art. 109), medals and decorations were no longer allowed to be awarded by the state. At the German Red Cross, however, there was a particularly great need to thank mainly foreign Red Cross representatives for the reconstruction help after the World War by awarding decorations. After intensive consultations with government agencies, the parliamentary parties in the Reichstag and bolstered by reports, the German Red Cross decided at their general meeting in May 1922 to adopt a foundation deed. See also Red Cross Medal (Prussia) Blood Donation Badge of Honor References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes. ^ Stutzin, J. (April 1918). "Das Lazarett des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes in Bagdad. (Fortsetzung aus Nr. 13.)". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 44 (14): 382–383. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1134371. ISSN 0012-0472. S2CID 260115388. This Germany-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ehrenzeichen_des_Deutschen_Roten_Kreuzes.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_decoration"},{"link_name":"Social Welfare Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Welfare_Decoration"},{"link_name":"German Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Red_Cross"}],"text":"The German Red Cross Decoration(Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes)The German Red Cross Decoration (German: Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes) is a decoration founded in 1922, replaced by the Social Welfare Decoration in 1939 and re-founded in its present form on 8 May 1953. It is awarded by the German Red Cross.","title":"German Red Cross Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Badge of Honor of the German Red Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Precursor","text":"After the end of the First World War, according to the provisions of the Weimar Constitution (Art. 109), medals and decorations were no longer allowed to be awarded by the state. At the German Red Cross, however, there was a particularly great need to thank mainly foreign Red Cross representatives for the reconstruction help after the World War by awarding decorations. After intensive consultations with government agencies, the parliamentary parties in the Reichstag and bolstered by reports, the German Red Cross decided at their general meeting in May 1922 to adopt a foundation deed.[1]","title":"Badge of Honor of the German Red Cross"}]	[{"image_text":"The German Red Cross Decoration(Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ehrenzeichen_des_Deutschen_Roten_Kreuzes.jpg/220px-Ehrenzeichen_des_Deutschen_Roten_Kreuzes.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Red Cross Medal (Prussia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross_Medal_(Prussia)"},{"title":"Blood Donation Badge of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Donation_Badge_of_Honor"}]	[{"reference":"Stutzin, J. (April 1918). \"Das Lazarett des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes in Bagdad. (Fortsetzung aus Nr. 13.)\". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 44 (14): 382–383. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1134371. ISSN 0012-0472. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle-Beling_Pretorius	Michelle Beling	["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	South African actress Michelle BelingBornMichelle Beling-PretoriusEastern Cape, South AfricaNationalitySouth AfricanOccupationActressYears active1999–presentHeight5 ft 4 in (163 cm) Michelle Beling-Pretorius, is a South African actress. She is best known for her roles in the popular serials Isidingo, Egoli: Place of Gold. Personal life She was born and grew in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Career She started acting career at very young age. She first joined South African theater and performed in several stage plays throughout the country. In 1999, she moved to Gauteng to pursue a professional career. During her life in Gauteng, she made her first public performance in Girl Talk 2000. Then she appeared as painful 'Patty' in Grease Stadium Spectacular. She made television debut with the serial Egoli: Place of Gold in 2009. In the serial, she played the role 'Candice (Candy) Botha Smith' from Seasons 10 to 18. The she made a guest appearance in the serial Generations. She played the supportive role 'Janine Cullanan' in the series High Rollers and then joined the popular television soap opera Isidingo where she played the role 'Wendy'. Filmography Egoli: Place of Gold as Candice (Candy) Botha Smith Generations as Guest Star High Rollers as Janine Cullanan Isidingo as Wendy References ^ "Michelle Beling-Pretorius". Spring South. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "Michelle Beling bio". ESAT. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "Michelle Beling bio". tvsa. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou". netwerk24. Retrieved 22 November 2020. External links Michelle Beling at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Isidingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidingo"},{"link_name":"Egoli: Place of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoli:_Place_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michelle Beling-Pretorius, is a South African actress.[1] She is best known for her roles in the popular serials Isidingo, Egoli: Place of Gold.[2]","title":"Michelle Beling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"}],"text":"She was born and grew in Eastern Cape, South Africa.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Egoli: Place of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoli:_Place_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Isidingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidingo"}],"text":"She started acting career at very young age. She first joined South African theater and performed in several stage plays throughout the country. In 1999, she moved to Gauteng to pursue a professional career. During her life in Gauteng, she made her first public performance in Girl Talk 2000. Then she appeared as painful 'Patty' in Grease Stadium Spectacular.[3]She made television debut with the serial Egoli: Place of Gold in 2009. In the serial, she played the role 'Candice (Candy) Botha Smith' from Seasons 10 to 18.[4] The she made a guest appearance in the serial Generations. She played the supportive role 'Janine Cullanan' in the series High Rollers and then joined the popular television soap opera Isidingo where she played the role 'Wendy'.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egoli: Place of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoli:_Place_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Isidingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidingo"}],"text":"Egoli: Place of Gold as Candice (Candy) Botha Smith\nGenerations as Guest Star\nHigh Rollers as Janine Cullanan\nIsidingo as Wendy","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michelle Beling-Pretorius\". Spring South. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.springsouth.co.nz/michelle-beling-pretorius.html","url_text":"\"Michelle Beling-Pretorius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Beling bio\". ESAT. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Michelle_Beling","url_text":"\"Michelle Beling bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Beling bio\". tvsa. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653","url_text":"\"Michelle Beling bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou\". netwerk24. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netwerk24.com/Sarie/Bekendes/Het-Jy-Gehoor/fotos-michelle-beling-trou-20170914","url_text":"\"FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.springsouth.co.nz/michelle-beling-pretorius.html","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Beling-Pretorius\""},{"Link":"https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Michelle_Beling","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Beling bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Beling bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.netwerk24.com/Sarie/Bekendes/Het-Jy-Gehoor/fotos-michelle-beling-trou-20170914","external_links_name":"\"FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1518353/","external_links_name":"Michelle Beling"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Timmins	Samuel Timmins	["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]	19th-century British Shakespearean scholar and antiquarian This article is about the 19th-century Shakespearean scholar. For other people with the same name, see Samuel Timmins (disambiguation). Samuel TimminsBust, by Francis John Williamson, in the Library of BirminghamBorn(1826-02-27)27 February 1826Died12 November 1902(1902-11-12) (aged 76)Occupation(s)Shakespearean scholar and antiquarian Portrait (circa 1875–1880) by William Thomas Roden, now in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery Cartoon by E. C. Mountfort in The Dart, 27 April 1883 edition, captioned "Shakespeare in Birmingham - Mr. Sam. Timmins, with the aid of a "brazen candlestick" finds traces of Shakespeare's footprints in the sands of the old Rhea.", using an archaic spelling of Birmingham's River Rea Samuel Timmins (27 February 1826 – 12 November 1902) was a British Shakespearean scholar and antiquarian. He was invariably known as Sam Timmins, and signed himself "Sam: Timmins", using a colon for abbreviation in early modern style. He inherited a family business, founded in 1790 by his grandfather Richard Timmins, and based in Hurst Street, as a manufacturer of steel "toys" (i.e. small items such as hinges, buckles and hooks). His true passion, however, was literature; and towards the end of his life he depended for his income as much on his literary output as on his business. In about 1858, Timmins, the nonconformist preacher George Dawson, J. T. Bunce, J. H. Chamberlain, William Harris, and others in their circle, began to meet for literary and cultural discussions. By 1860, these meetings had been regularised into a more formal club, which in 1862 was named "Our Shakespeare Club". H. R. G. Whates calls Our Shakespeare Club "the intellectual centre of the community, the nineteenth century equivalent of the famous Lunar Society". One of the principal achievements of the club, and of Timmins in particular, was the establishment of the Shakespeare Memorial Library within the Central Library in 1864 (the tercentenary year of Shakespeare's birth). The library included a portrait bust of Timmins by F. J. Williamson. The original contents of this library were lost in a fire during 1879, when Timmins was seen sobbing at the destruction. A new Shakespeare Library was created within the new Reference Library built in 1881, and a copy of the bust restored there. In 1890, Timmins was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society. Timmins died on 12 November 1902, aged 76, and was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham. References ^ a b "Burial List: Key Hill and Warstone Lane". Jewellery Quarter Research Trust. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016. ^ Whates 1957, p. 108. ^ a b c Roberts 2013. ^ Whates 1957, pp. 108–9. ^ Whates 1957, pp. 106–8. ^ Harris, William (1903). The History of Our Shakespeare Club. Birmingham: Birmingham Journal. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 12 April 2024. ^ Manning, E. H. (1924) . Handbook of the Birmingham General Cemetery: together with biographical notes on those interred therein. Birmingham: Hudson & Son. p. 55. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016. Further reading Roberts, Stephen (2013) . "Timmins, Samuel (1826–1902)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104869. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Whates, H. R. G. (1957). The Birmingham Post 1857–1957: a centenary retrospect. Birmingham: Birmingham Post & Mail Limited. pp. 108–9. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110716184036/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/BM/WMbiBIxx250.htm Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Vatican Other SNAC This biography article of a United Kingdom academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Timmins (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Timmins_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Thomas_Roden_(1817-1892)_-_Samuel_Timmins_(1826%E2%80%931902)_-_1974P18_-_Birmingham_Museums_Trust.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Roden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Roden"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._C._Mountfort_-_The_Dart_-_1883-04-27_-_Shakespeare_in_Birmingham.jpg"},{"link_name":"E. C. 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T. Bunce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thackray_Bunce"},{"link_name":"J. H. Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"William Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harris_(Birmingham_Liberal)"},{"link_name":"Lunar Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Central Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library#Earlier_libraries"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"F. J. Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_John_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-3"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Key Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jqrt-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This article is about the 19th-century Shakespearean scholar. For other people with the same name, see Samuel Timmins (disambiguation).Portrait (circa 1875–1880) by William Thomas Roden, now in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art GalleryCartoon by E. C. Mountfort in The Dart, 27 April 1883 edition, captioned \"Shakespeare in Birmingham - Mr. Sam. Timmins, with the aid of a \"brazen candlestick\" finds traces of Shakespeare's footprints in the sands of the old Rhea.\", using an archaic spelling of Birmingham's River ReaSamuel Timmins (27 February 1826 – 12 November 1902[1]) was a British Shakespearean scholar and antiquarian. He was invariably known as Sam Timmins, and signed himself \"Sam: Timmins\", using a colon for abbreviation in early modern style.[2]He inherited a family business, founded in 1790 by his grandfather Richard Timmins, and based in Hurst Street, as a manufacturer of steel \"toys\" (i.e. small items such as hinges, buckles and hooks).[3] His true passion, however, was literature; and towards the end of his life he depended for his income as much on his literary output as on his business.[4]In about 1858, Timmins, the nonconformist preacher George Dawson, J. T. Bunce, J. H. Chamberlain, William Harris, and others in their circle, began to meet for literary and cultural discussions. By 1860, these meetings had been regularised into a more formal club, which in 1862 was named \"Our Shakespeare Club\". H. R. G. Whates calls Our Shakespeare Club \"the intellectual centre of the community, [and] the nineteenth century equivalent of the famous Lunar Society\".[5][6] One of the principal achievements of the club, and of Timmins in particular, was the establishment of the Shakespeare Memorial Library within the Central Library in 1864 (the tercentenary year of Shakespeare's birth). The library included a portrait bust of Timmins by F. J. Williamson.[3] The original contents of this library were lost in a fire during 1879, when Timmins was seen sobbing at the destruction.[3] A new Shakespeare Library was created within the new Reference Library built in 1881, and a copy of the bust restored there.In 1890, Timmins was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.[7]Timmins died on 12 November 1902, aged 76, and was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham.[1][8]","title":"Samuel Timmins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/104869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F104869"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"Roberts, Stephen (2013) [2004]. \"Timmins, Samuel (1826–1902)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104869. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nWhates, H. R. G. (1957). The Birmingham Post 1857–1957: a centenary retrospect. Birmingham: Birmingham Post & Mail Limited. pp. 108–9.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait (circa 1875–1880) by William Thomas Roden, now in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/William_Thomas_Roden_%281817-1892%29_-_Samuel_Timmins_%281826%E2%80%931902%29_-_1974P18_-_Birmingham_Museums_Trust.jpg/170px-William_Thomas_Roden_%281817-1892%29_-_Samuel_Timmins_%281826%E2%80%931902%29_-_1974P18_-_Birmingham_Museums_Trust.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cartoon by E. C. Mountfort in The Dart, 27 April 1883 edition, captioned \"Shakespeare in Birmingham - Mr. Sam. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmo	Firmo	["1 Notable people","2 References"]	Coordinates: 39°43′N 16°10′E / 39.717°N 16.167°E / 39.717; 16.167Comune in Calabria, ItalyFirmoComuneComune di Firmo Coat of armsLocation of Firmo FirmoLocation of Firmo in ItalyShow map of ItalyFirmoFirmo (Calabria)Show map of CalabriaCoordinates: 39°43′N 16°10′E / 39.717°N 16.167°E / 39.717; 16.167CountryItalyRegionCalabriaProvinceCosenza (CS)Government • MayorGiuseppe BoscoArea • Total11.7 km2 (4.5 sq mi)Elevation370 m (1,210 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total2,365 • Density200/km2 (520/sq mi)DemonymFirmensiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code87010Dialing code0981ISTAT code078054 Patron saintAthanasius of AlexandriaWebsiteOfficial website Firmo (Arbëreshë Albanian: Ferme; Calabrian: Fìrmu) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy, housing a large community of ethnic Albanians. Notable people Salvatore Frega - Italian composer of contemporary cultured music and experimental music References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat) ^ "Official Website". Retrieved October 17, 2020. vteCalabria · Comuni of the Province of Cosenza Acquaformosa Acquappesa Acri Aiello Calabro Aieta Albidona Alessandria del Carretto Altilia Altomonte Amantea Amendolara Aprigliano Belmonte Calabro Belsito Belvedere Marittimo Bianchi Bisignano Bocchigliero Bonifati Buonvicino Calopezzati Caloveto Campana Canna Cariati Carolei Carpanzano Casali del Manco Cassano all'Ionio Castiglione Cosentino Castrolibero Castroregio Castrovillari Celico Cellara Cerchiara di Calabria Cerisano Cervicati Cerzeto Cetraro Civita Cleto Colosimi Corigliano-Rossano Cosenza Cropalati Crosia Diamante Dipignano Domanico Fagnano Castello Falconara Albanese Figline Vegliaturo Firmo Fiumefreddo Bruzio Francavilla Marittima Frascineto Fuscaldo Grimaldi Grisolia Guardia Piemontese Lago Laino Borgo Laino Castello Lappano Lattarico Longobardi Longobucco Lungro Luzzi Maierà Malito Malvito Mandatoriccio Mangone Marano Marchesato Marano Principato Marzi Mendicino Mongrassano Montalto Uffugo Montegiordano Morano Calabro Mormanno Mottafollone Nocara Oriolo Orsomarso Paludi Panettieri Paola Papasidero Parenti Paterno Calabro Pedivigliano Piane Crati Pietrafitta Pietrapaola Plataci Praia a Mare Rende Rocca Imperiale Roggiano Gravina Rogliano Rose Roseto Capo Spulico Rota Greca Rovito San Basile San Benedetto Ullano San Cosmo Albanese San Demetrio Corone San Donato di Ninea San Fili San Giorgio Albanese San Giovanni in Fiore San Lorenzo Bellizzi San Lorenzo del Vallo San Lucido San Marco Argentano San Martino di Finita San Nicola Arcella San Pietro in Amantea San Pietro in Guarano San Sosti San Vincenzo La Costa Sangineto Sant'Agata di Esaro Santa Caterina Albanese Santa Domenica Talao Santa Maria del Cedro Santa Sofia d'Epiro Santo Stefano di Rogliano Saracena Scala Coeli Scalea Scigliano Serra d'Aiello Spezzano Albanese Spezzano della Sila Tarsia Terranova da Sibari Terravecchia Torano Castello Tortora Trebisacce Vaccarizzo Albanese Verbicaro Villapiana Zumpano vteArbëreshë settlementsBasilicata Barile Brindisi Montagna Ginestra Maschito San Costantino Albanese San Chirico Nuovo San Paolo Albanese Rionero in Vulture Calabria Acquaformosa Amato Andali Bisignano Belvedere di Spinello Caraffa di Catanzaro Carfizzi Civita Castroregio Cervicati Cerzeto Curinga Falconara Albanese Farneta Firmo Frascineto Gizzeria Lungro Marcedusa Vena Marri Mongrassano Pallagorio Plataci Rota Greca San Basile San Benedetto Ullano San Cosmo Albanese San Demetrio Corone San Giacomo San Giorgio Albanese San Lorenzo del Vallo San Martino di Finita San Nicola dell'Alto Santa Caterina Albanese Serra d'Aiello Santa Sofia d'Epiro Spezzano Albanese Vaccarizzo Albanese Zagarise Campania Greci Alife Molise Campomarino Montecilfone Portocannone Ururi San Martino in Pensilis Sant'Elena Sannita San Giacomo degli Schiavoni Santa Croce di Magliano Puglia Casalvecchio di Puglia Chieuti San Marzano di San Giuseppe Carosino Monteparano Casalnuovo Monterotaro San Paolo di Civitate San Giorgio Ionico Faggiano Fragagnano Faeto Roccaforzata Monteiasi Castelluccio dei Sauri Montemesola Panni Monteleone di Puglia Sicily Bronte Biancavilla Contessa Entellina Piana degli Albanesi Santa Cristina Gela Mezzojuso Palazzo Adriano Sant'Angelo Muxaro San Michele di Ganzaria See also Arbëreshë people Arbëresh language Vaccarizzo Albanian Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area This Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbëreshë Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Calabrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Calabrian"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Comune in Calabria, ItalyFirmo (Arbëreshë Albanian: Ferme; Calabrian: Fìrmu) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy, housing a large community of ethnic Albanians.","title":"Firmo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvatore Frega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Frega"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Salvatore Frega - Italian composer of contemporary cultured music and experimental music[3]","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". 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Retrieved October 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salvatorefrega.com/","url_text":"\"Official Website\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Firmo&params=39_43_N_16_10_E_region:IT_type:city(2365)","external_links_name":"39°43′N 16°10′E / 39.717°N 16.167°E / 39.717; 16.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Firmo&params=39_43_N_16_10_E_region:IT_type:city(2365)","external_links_name":"39°43′N 16°10′E / 39.717°N 16.167°E / 39.717; 16.167"},{"Link":"http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/078/078054","external_links_name":"078054"},{"Link":"http://firmo.asmenet.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.salvatorefrega.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/c399798a-b059-4e55-9e1f-af99cdc34937","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firmo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_Farrelly	John W. Farrelly	["1 Biography","2 Footnotes","3 Sources"]	American politician For other people with the same name, see John Farrelly (disambiguation). John W. FarrellyMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 22nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849Preceded byWilliam Swan GarvinSucceeded byJohn W. HoweMember of the Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesIn office1837Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 21st districtIn office1841-1842Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 26th districtIn office1843-1844 Personal detailsBorn(1809-07-07)July 7, 1809Meadville, Pennsylvania, USDiedDecember 20, 1860(1860-12-20) (aged 51)Meadville, Pennsylvania, USPolitical partyWhig John Wilson Farrelly (July 7, 1809 – December 20, 1860) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Whig member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district from 1847 to 1849. Biography John Wilson Farrelly (son of Patrick Farrelly) was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He received a limited schooling and graduated from Allegheny College at Meadville in 1826. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1828 and commenced practice in Meadville. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1837. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 21st district from 1841 to 1842 and for the 26th district from 1843 to 1844. Farrelly was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Patents during the Thirtieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848. He was appointed Sixth Auditor of the Treasury by President Zachary Taylor and served from November 5, 1849, until April 9, 1853, when he resigned. He engaged in the practice of law in Meadville until his death in 1860. Footnotes ^ "Pennsylvania Senate - John Wilson Farrelly Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 18 April 2020. Sources United States Congress. "John W. Farrelly (id: F000031)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Political Graveyard Pennsylvania House of Representatives Preceded by Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 1837 Succeeded by Pennsylvania State Senate Preceded byJoseph M. Sterrett Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 21st district 1841-1842 Succeeded byJohn Hill Preceded by Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 26th district 1843-1844 Succeeded by U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam S. Garvin Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district 1847 - 1849 Succeeded byJohn W. Howe Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Farrelly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farrelly_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_22nd_congressional_district"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see John Farrelly (disambiguation).John Wilson Farrelly (July 7, 1809 – December 20, 1860) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Whig member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district from 1847 to 1849.","title":"John W. Farrelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"Meadville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allegheny College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_College"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"21st district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_21"},{"link_name":"26th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thirtieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States House Committee on Patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Patents"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1848"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"}],"text":"John Wilson Farrelly (son of Patrick Farrelly) was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He received a limited schooling and graduated from Allegheny College at Meadville in 1826. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1828 and commenced practice in Meadville. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1837. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 21st district from 1841 to 1842 and for the 26th district from 1843 to 1844.[1]Farrelly was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Patents during the Thirtieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848. He was appointed Sixth Auditor of the Treasury by President Zachary Taylor and served from November 5, 1849, until April 9, 1853, when he resigned. He engaged in the practice of law in Meadville until his death in 1860.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pennsylvania Senate - John Wilson Farrelly Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=4616&body=S"}],"text":"^ \"Pennsylvania Senate - John Wilson Farrelly Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 18 April 2020.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby_Snacks_(song)	Scooby Snacks (song)	["1 Background","2 Samples","3 Chart performance","4 Track listings","4.1 1996 release","4.2 1997 release","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References"]	1996 single by Fun Lovin' Criminals "Scooby Snacks"Single by Fun Lovin' Criminalsfrom the album Come Find Yourself ReleasedAugust 5, 1996 (1996-08-05)StudioMagic Shop, New York CityLength3:02Label Silver Spotlight EMI Chrysalis Songwriter(s) Fun Lovin' Criminals Quentin Tarantino Producer(s)Fun Lovin' CriminalsFun Lovin' Criminals singles chronology "The Grave and the Constant" (1996) "Scooby Snacks" (1996) "The Fun Lovin' Criminal" (1996) Music video"Scooby Snacks" on YouTube "Scooby Snacks" is a song by American band Fun Lovin' Criminals from their debut album, Come Find Yourself (1996). The song was written by the band and contains several sampled quotes from Quentin Tarantino films, so Tarantino is also credited as a writer. Most of the song is rapped, with the exception of the chorus, which is sung. The "Scooby Snacks" in the song is a reference to diazepam, also known as Valium. "Scooby Snacks" is the band's biggest hit single to date, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, the song originally peaked at number 22 in August 1996, but after being reissued with a cover of the 10cc song "I'm Not in Love", it reached a new peak of number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1997. In 1996, it was voted number 14 on the list of the Hottest 100 songs of that year by listeners of Australia's Triple J radio station. Background Instrumentalist Brian Leiser would practice sounds and samples in his Brooklyn apartment with movies playing in the background. He sampled the tremolo guitar sound from the 1984 song "Movement of Fear" by Tones on Tail, and was putting the song together while Pulp Fiction played on his TV, inspiring him to put its quotes in his song. Leiser was working at a club called The Limelight, where he met bandmate Huey Morgan. The owner of the Limelight had another club called The Tunnel, known for its brawls at Sunday night events. In an effort to calm down clubgoers, one of the security guards would hand them valium capsules as they entered, calling them "Scooby snacks". Leiser said, "That’s where I got the idea for the chorus from: what if this dude and some of his meathead friends were robbing banks, all high on these scooby snacks?" Samples The song contains samples from Quentin Tarantino's movies Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs. Tarantino demanded 37% of the song's royalties and a co-writing credit, which he received. Chart performance "Scooby Snacks" reached the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, the Netherlands and on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It reached the top 20 in New Zealand, peaking at number 18. The song initially peaked number 22 on the UK Singles Chart but was re-released as a double A-side with their cover of 10cc's "I'm Not in Love" on 23 June 1997, reaching a new peak of number 12 the following week. This version also reached number 27 in Ireland. In July 2022, the song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams exceeding 200,000 units. Track listings 1996 release UK CD1 "Scooby Snacks" (album version) – 3:02 "Smoke 'Em" (live) "Come Find Yourself" (live) "I Can't Get with That" (live) UK CD2 "Scooby Snacks" (album version—clean version) – 3:02 "Scooby Snacks" (Steve Lironi master mix) – 3:16 "Scooby Snacks" (20 Mg version) – 3:46 "Scooby Snacks" (Rockamental version) – 2:57 UK limited-edition 7-inch picture disc A1. "Scooby Snacks" (album version—clean version) – 3:04 B1. "Scooby Snacks" (Steve Lironi instrumental with movie samples) – 3:13 B2. "I'll Be Seeing You" – 1:19 European CD single "Scooby Snacks" (album version) – 3:02 "Blues for Suckers" – 3:50 Australian CD single "Scooby Snacks" (album version) "Scooby Snacks" (Steve Lironi master mix) "Scooby Snacks" (20 Mg version) "Scooby Snacks" (Rockamental version) "Scooby Snacks" (Steve Lironi instrumental) "I'll Be Seeing You" 1997 release UK CD1 "Scooby Snacks" (album version) – 3:04 "I'm Not in Love" – 4:36 "Scooby Snacks" (live at the Forum) – 3:15 "I Can't Get with That (live at the Forum) – 4:53 UK CD2 "I'm Not in Love" – 4:36 "Scooby Snacks (Schmoove version) – 3:25 "Bombin' the L (Circa 1956 version) – 2:29 "Coney Island Girl (Schmoove version) – 3:08 UK 7-inch single A1. "I'm Not in Love" – 4:36 A2. "Scooby Snacks" (album version) – 3:04 B1. "Coney Island Girl" (Schmoove version) – 3:08 Credits and personnel Credits are lifted from the 1996 UK CD1 liner notes. Studios Recorded at Steve Rosenthal's Magic Shop (New York City) Pre-produced at Drunk Munk Studios (New York City) Mixed at Platinum Island (New York City) Mastered at Sterling Sound (New York City) Personnel Fun Lovin' Criminals – writing, production, arrangement Quentin Tarantino – writing Tim Latham – recording, mixing Juan Garcia – recording assistant Ed Douglas – recording assistant Steve "Puffy" Coffey – mixing assistant George Marino – mastering Henry Marquez – art direction Morph Iconography – artwork layout and design Doctor Revolt – illustration Charts Weekly charts Chart (1996–1997) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 32 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 3 Ireland (IRMA)1997 reissue with "I'm Not in Love" 27 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 38 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 37 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 18 Scotland (OCC) 24 Scotland (OCC) 1997 reissue with "I'm Not in Love" 8 UK Singles (OCC) 22 UK Singles (OCC) 1997 reissue with "I'm Not in Love" 12 US Radio Songs (Billboard) 73 US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) 14 Year-end charts Chart (1996) Position Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 23 US Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard) 74 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United Kingdom August 5, 1996 7-inch vinylCD Silver SpotlightChrysalis United States November 5, 1996 Contemporary hit radio EMI United Kingdom (re-release) June 23, 1997 CDcassette Silver SpotlightChrysalis References ^ FunLovinCriminals.tv's Scooby Snacks discography page ^ "Triple J Hottest 100 1996". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b Slater, Aaron (August 5, 2021). "How I Wrote "Scooby Snacks" by Fast of Fun Lovin' Criminals". Songwriting. Retrieved May 24, 2023. ^ Review of Fun Lovin' Criminals's "Bag of Hits" by EDF, mentioning the movie references. ^ "New York hip-hoppers keep personality alive". Archived from the original on August 26, 1999. Retrieved May 10, 2020. ^ a b "Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (17.10. – 23.10. '96)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). October 18, 1996. p. 16. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b "Fun Lovin Criminals Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b "Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. June 21, 1996. p. 31. Retrieved June 14, 2021. ^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Scooby Snacks/I'm Not in Love". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ a b "British single certifications – Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 8, 2022. ^ a b Scooby Snacks (UK CD1 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. cdchs 5034, 7243 8 83145 2 7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (UK CD2 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. cdchss 5034, 7243 8 83116 2 5.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (UK limited 7-inch picture disc sleeve). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. CHS 5034, 7243 8 83116 7 0.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (European CD single liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, EMI Records. 1996. 7243 8 82857 2 8.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (Australian CD single liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, EMI Records. 1996. 7243 8 82857 2 8.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (UK CD1 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1997. CDCHS 5060, 7243 8 84189 2 8.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (UK CD2 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1997. CDCHSS 5060, 7243 8 84188 2 9.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Scooby Snacks (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1997. CHS 5060, 7234 8 84188 7 4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 31, 1996" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Fun Lovin Criminals Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ "Árslistinn 1996". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 2, 1997. p. 25. Retrieved May 30, 2020. ^ "Airplay Monitor Best of '96: Modern Rock Tracks" (PDF). Airplay Monitor. Vol. 4, no. 53. December 27, 1996. p. 24. Retrieved December 25, 2023. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. August 3, 1996. p. 27. Retrieved June 14, 2021. ^ "New Releases" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1170. November 1, 1996. p. 36. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. June 21, 1997. p. 31. Retrieved August 24, 2021. vteFun Lovin' Criminals Huey Morgan Brian Leiser Mark Reid Studio albums Come Find Yourself 100% Colombian Loco Welcome to Poppy's Livin' in the City Classic Fantastic EPs and Singles Fun Lovin' Criminals "Scooby Snacks" "I'm Not in Love" "Korean Bodega" "Loco" Compilation albums Mimosa Bag of Hits Scooby Snacks: The Collection A's, B's and Rarities Fun, Live and Criminal Related Discography What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fun Lovin' Criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Lovin%27_Criminals"},{"link_name":"Come Find Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Find_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"rapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"diazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"I'm Not in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_in_Love"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hottest 100 songs of that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100,_1996"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Scooby Snacks\" is a song by American band Fun Lovin' Criminals from their debut album, Come Find Yourself (1996). The song was written by the band and contains several sampled quotes from Quentin Tarantino films, so Tarantino is also credited as a writer. Most of the song is rapped, with the exception of the chorus, which is sung. The \"Scooby Snacks\" in the song is a reference to diazepam, also known as Valium.[1]\"Scooby Snacks\" is the band's biggest hit single to date, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, the song originally peaked at number 22 in August 1996, but after being reissued with a cover of the 10cc song \"I'm Not in Love\", it reached a new peak of number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1997. In 1996, it was voted number 14 on the list of the Hottest 100 songs of that year by listeners of Australia's Triple J radio station.[2]","title":"Scooby Snacks (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Leiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Leiser"},{"link_name":"Tones on Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tones_on_Tail"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fast-3"},{"link_name":"The Limelight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limelight"},{"link_name":"Huey Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Morgan"},{"link_name":"The Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_(New_York_nightclub)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fast-3"}],"text":"Instrumentalist Brian Leiser would practice sounds and samples in his Brooklyn apartment with movies playing in the background. He sampled the tremolo guitar sound from the 1984 song \"Movement of Fear\" by Tones on Tail, and was putting the song together while Pulp Fiction played on his TV, inspiring him to put its quotes in his song.[3]Leiser was working at a club called The Limelight, where he met bandmate Huey Morgan. The owner of the Limelight had another club called The Tunnel, known for its brawls at Sunday night events. In an effort to calm down clubgoers, one of the security guards would hand them valium capsules as they entered, calling them \"Scooby snacks\". Leiser said, \"That’s where I got the idea for the chorus from: what if this dude and some of his meathead friends were robbing banks, all high on these scooby snacks?\"[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)"},{"link_name":"Reservoir Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song contains samples from Quentin Tarantino's movies Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs.[4] Tarantino demanded 37% of the song's royalties and a co-writing credit, which he received.[5]","title":"Samples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ice-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usas-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-9"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"double A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"I'm Not in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_in_Love"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk1997-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-12"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpi-13"}],"text":"\"Scooby Snacks\" reached the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, the Netherlands and on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.[6][7][8] It reached the top 20 in New Zealand, peaking at number 18.[9] The song initially peaked number 22 on the UK Singles Chart but was re-released as a double A-side with their cover of 10cc's \"I'm Not in Love\" on 23 June 1997,[10] reaching a new peak of number 12 the following week.[11] This version also reached number 27 in Ireland.[12] In July 2022, the song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams exceeding 200,000 units.[13]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd196-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"1996 release","text":"UK CD1[14]\n\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (album version) – 3:02\n\"Smoke 'Em\" (live)\n\"Come Find Yourself\" (live)\n\"I Can't Get with That\" (live)\nUK CD2[15]\n\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (album version—clean version) – 3:02\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (Steve Lironi master mix) – 3:16\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (20 Mg version) – 3:46\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (Rockamental version) – 2:57\nUK limited-edition 7-inch picture disc[16]\n\nA1. \"Scooby Snacks\" (album version—clean version) – 3:04\nB1. \"Scooby Snacks\" (Steve Lironi instrumental with movie samples) – 3:13\nB2. \"I'll Be Seeing You\" – 1:19\n\n\nEuropean CD single[17]\n\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (album version) – 3:02\n\"Blues for Suckers\" – 3:50\nAustralian CD single[18]\n\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (album version)\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (Steve Lironi master mix)\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (20 Mg version)\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (Rockamental version)\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (Steve Lironi instrumental)\n\"I'll Be Seeing You\"","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"1997 release","text":"UK CD1[19]\n\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (album version) – 3:04\n\"I'm Not in Love\" – 4:36\n\"Scooby Snacks\" (live at the Forum) – 3:15\n\"I Can't Get with That (live at the Forum) – 4:53\nUK CD2[20]\n\n\"I'm Not in Love\" – 4:36\n\"Scooby Snacks (Schmoove version) – 3:25\n\"Bombin' the L (Circa 1956 version) – 2:29\n\"Coney Island Girl (Schmoove version) – 3:08\n\n\nUK 7-inch single[21]\n\nA1. \"I'm Not in Love\" – 4:36\nA2. \"Scooby Snacks\" (album version) – 3:04\nB1. \"Coney Island Girl\" (Schmoove version) – 3:08","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd196-14"},{"link_name":"Magic Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Shop_(recording_studio)"},{"link_name":"Tim Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Latham"},{"link_name":"George Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marino"}],"text":"Credits are lifted from the 1996 UK CD1 liner notes.[14]StudiosRecorded at Steve Rosenthal's Magic Shop (New York City)\nPre-produced at Drunk Munk Studios (New York City)\nMixed at Platinum Island (New York City)\nMastered at Sterling Sound (New York City)PersonnelFun Lovin' Criminals – writing, production, arrangement\nQuentin Tarantino – writing\nTim Latham – recording, mixing\nJuan Garcia – recording assistant\nEd Douglas – recording assistant\nSteve \"Puffy\" Coffey – mixing assistant\nGeorge Marino – mastering\nHenry Marquez – art direction\nMorph Iconography – artwork layout and design\nDoctor Revolt – illustration","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scooby_Snacks_(song)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-6"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ice-7"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-12"},{"link_name":"I'm Not in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-22"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Fun_Lovin'_Criminals-23"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-9"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-24"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sco1997-25"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-26"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk1997-11"},{"link_name":"Radio Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardradiosongs_Fun_Lovin_Criminals-27"},{"link_name":"Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usas-8"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scooby_Snacks_(song)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1996–1997)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[6]\n\n32\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[7]\n\n3\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[12]1997 reissue with \"I'm Not in Love\"\n\n27\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[22]\n\n38\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[23]\n\n37\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[9]\n\n18\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[24]\n\n24\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[25] 1997 reissue with \"I'm Not in Love\"\n\n8\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[26]\n\n22\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[11] 1997 reissue with \"I'm Not in Love\"\n\n12\n\n\nUS Radio Songs (Billboard)[27]\n\n73\n\n\nUS Alternative Airplay (Billboard)[8]\n\n14\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1996)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[28]\n\n23\n\n\nUS Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard)[29]\n\n74","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Triple J Hottest 100 1996\". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved October 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100_08/history/1996.htm","url_text":"\"Triple J Hottest 100 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Aaron (August 5, 2021). \"How I Wrote \"Scooby Snacks\" by Fast of Fun Lovin' Criminals\". Songwriting. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songwritingmagazine.co.uk/how-i-wrote/scooby-snacks-fun-lovin-criminals","url_text":"\"How I Wrote \"Scooby Snacks\" by Fast of Fun Lovin' Criminals\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York hip-hoppers keep personality alive\". Archived from the original on August 26, 1999. Retrieved May 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990826034900/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsF/fun_lovin_criminals.html","url_text":"\"New York hip-hoppers keep personality alive\""},{"url":"http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsF/fun_lovin_criminals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (17.10. – 23.10. '96)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). October 18, 1996. p. 16. Retrieved October 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2946467#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (17.10. – 23.10. '96)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. June 21, 1996. p. 31. Retrieved June 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-06-21.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18213-1832-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Fun Lovin' Criminals – Scooby Snacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (UK CD1 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. cdchs 5034, 7243 8 83145 2 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Lovin%27_Criminals","url_text":"Fun Lovin' Criminals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records","url_text":"Chrysalis Records"}]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (UK CD2 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. cdchss 5034, 7243 8 83116 2 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (UK limited 7-inch picture disc sleeve). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1996. CHS 5034, 7243 8 83116 7 0.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (European CD single liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, EMI Records. 1996. 7243 8 82857 2 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records","url_text":"EMI Records"}]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (Australian CD single liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, EMI Records. 1996. 7243 8 82857 2 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (UK CD1 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1997. CDCHS 5060, 7243 8 84189 2 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scooby Snacks (UK CD2 liner notes). Fun Lovin' Criminals. Silver Spotlight Records, Chrysalis Records. 1997. 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Retrieved June 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-08-03.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1170. November 1, 1996. p. 36. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1996/R&R-1996-11-01.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. June 21, 1997. p. 31. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkun_Olam	Tikkun olam	["1 History","1.1 In the Mishnah","1.2 In Aleinu","1.3 Maimonides","1.4 Lurianic Kabbalah","1.5 Modern developments","2 Performance of mitzvot","2.1 Ethical behavior","2.2 Tzedakah","3 Building a model society","4 Improving the world","5 Jewish youth organizations","6 Jewish fundamentalism","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]	Concept in Judaism This article is about the concept in Judaism. For the blog, see Tikun Olam (blog). For the medical marijuana firm, see Tikun Olam (cannabis). For the philosophical journal, see Tiqqun. Tikkun olam (/tiˈkuːn ʌˈlɑːm/; Hebrew: תִּקּוּן עוֹלָם, romanized: tiqqūn ʻōlām, lit. 'repairing of the world') is a concept in Judaism, which refers to various forms of action intended to repair and improve the world. In classical rabbinic literature, the phrase referred to legal enactments intended to preserve the social order. In the Aleinu prayer, it refers to the eradication of idolatry. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the "repair" is mystical: to return the sparks of Divine light to their source by means of ritual performance. In the modern era, particularly among the post-Haskalah movements, tikkun olam has come to refer to the pursuit of social justice or "the establishment of Godly qualities throughout the world" based on the idea that "Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at large". History In the Mishnah The earliest use of the term tikkun olam comes in the phrase mip'nei tikkun ha-olam, "for the sake of repairing the world", which appears in the Mishnah (Gittin 4:2–9) with the meaning of amending the law in order to keep society well-functioning. A number of legal enactments appear in this passage with mip'nei tikkun ha-olam given as justification: One cannot convene a court in another place in order to nullify a get (divorce document). (4:2) One must fully specify the names of the husband and wife on a divorce document. (4:2) A widow can collect her ketubah even without a formal oath. (4:3) Witnesses must sign the divorce document. (4:3) Prozbul was instituted. (4:3) If an enslaver set aside an enslaved person as a designated repayment for his debts, the enslaved person is freed but the responsibility to repay the debt is transferred to them. (4:4) If two people enslave one person, and one enslaver frees that person, the formerly enslaved person is forced to repay the second enslaver his share of the value of the enslavement. (4:5) Captives are not redeemed for more than their monetary value. (4:6) Captives are not aided in their attempts to escape (so that captors do not make the conditions of captivity more restrictive, or else so that captors do not take revenge on other captives). (4:6) Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot are not purchased from non-Jews for more than their value. (4:6) Once when a husband made a vow requiring him to divorce his wife, they were then allowed to remarry. (4:7) One who sold their field to a non-Jew must purchase and bring the first fruits from that field. (4:9) More generally, tikkun can mean improvement, establishment, repair, prepare, and more. In this Mishnaic context it generally refers to practical legal measures taken in the present to ameliorate social conditions. In the legal language of the Talmud, however, the verb took on a much more legalistic role, in that a "Takkana" – literally, "Affixation" – was a category of legal enactment made by the Sages. In Aleinu A conception of tikkun olam is also found in the Aleinu, a concluding part of most Jewish congregational prayer, which in contrast to the Mishnah's usage, focuses on the end of time. The Aleinu beseeches God: Hebrew: "לראות מהרה בתפארת עוזך, להעביר גלולים מן הארץ והאלילים כרות יכרתון לתקן עולם במלכות ש-די‎" Translation: "to speedily see Your mighty splendor, to cause detestable (idolatry) to be removed from the land, and the (false) gods will be utterly 'cut off', to takein olam – fix/repair/establish a world – under the Almighty's kingdom" In other words, when all the people of the world abandon false gods and recognize God, the world will have been perfected. Among modern liberal Jewish movements, a common but more modern understanding of this phrase is that we share a partnership with God, and are instructed to take the steps towards improving the state of the world and helping others, which simultaneously brings more honor to God's sovereignty. Some scholars have argued that the Aleinu prayer is actually not a valid source for the concept of tikkun olam, claiming that the original prayer used a homonym "l'takhen" (spelled differently, לתכן‎) meaning "to establish" (rather than "to fix" or "to repair"); this wording is still used by Yemenite Jews. However, among European Jews, Aleinu has used the word "to fix" (לתקן‎) since at least the first recorded texts in the 11th–12th centuries. Thus, Aleinu's influence on the concept of tikkun olam can date to at least this time. Maimonides Over the course of Jewish intellectual history, tikkun olam has at times referred to eschatological concerns, as in Aleinu, and at times to practical concerns, as in the Mishnah, but in either context, it refers to some kind of social change or process that is for the betterment of society or humanity or the world. Whether that happens primarily within Jewish society or primarily in relation to the nations of the world, whether that happens primarily through acts of justice and kindness, or equally through ritual observance, whether primarily through internal work of an individual or through external deeds, is something that changes from one source to the next. For example, Talmudic scholar and eminent philosopher of the Middle Ages Maimonides saw tikkun olam as fully inclusive of all these dimensions when he wrote "Through wisdom, which is Torah, and the elevation of character, which is acts of kindness, and observing the Torah’s commandments, which are the sacrifices, one continuously brings tikkun olam improvement of the world, and the ordering of reality." Yet he also saw justice as a fundamental component, as for example when he wrote, "Every judge who judges truth unto its truth, even for one hour, it’s as if he fixed the whole world entirely / tikein et kol ha’olam kulo and caused the Shekhinah to rest upon Israel." Lurianic Kabbalah Lurianic Kabbalah dwells on the role of prayer and ritual in tikkun of the upper worlds. According to this vision of the world, God contracted part of God's infinite light (Ohr Ein Sof)—concealing Himself—to create the world. The vessels (kelim) of the first universe—Olam HaTohu, i.e., the "world of chaos"—shattered (Shevirat HaKelim) and their shards became sparks of light (neẓuẓot) trapped within the next universe—Olam HaTikun, i.e., "the world of rectification." Prayer, especially contemplation of various aspects of the divinity (sephirot), releases these sparks of God's light and allows them to reunite with God's essence. The “rectification” is two-fold: the gathering of light and of souls, to be achieved by human beings through the contemplative performance of religious acts. The goal of such repair, which can only be effected by humans, is to separate what is holy from the created world, thus depriving the physical world of its very existence, destroying the material universe. This restores all things to a world before disaster within the Godhead. According to Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, in his book Derech Hashem, the physical world is connected to spiritual realms above that influence the physical world, and furthermore, Jews have the ability, through physical deeds and free will, to direct and control these spiritual forces. God's desire in creation was that God's creations ultimately will recognize God's unity and overcome evil; this will constitute the perfection (tikkun) of creation. While the Jews have the Torah now and are aware of God's unity, some believe that when all of humanity recognizes this fact, the rectification will be complete. In recent years Jewish thinkers and activists have used Lurianic Kabbalah to elevate the full range of ethical and ritual mitzvot into acts of tikkun olam. The belief that not only does prayer lift up divine sparks, but so do all of the mitzvot, including those traditionally understood as ethical, was already a part of Kabbalah, but the contemporary emphasis serves the purpose of finding a mystical depth and spiritual energy in ethical mitzvot. The application of the Lurianic vision to improving the world can be seen in Jewish blogs, High Holiday sermons and on-line Jewish learning resource centers. The association between the Lurianic conception of tikkun and ethical action assigns an ultimate significance to even small acts of kindness and small improvements of social policy. However, if this is done in a manner that separates the concept of tikkun olam from its other meanings as found in rabbinic literature and the Aleinu prayer, there is a risk of privileging actions that have no real religious significance and represent personal agendas more than Judaism itself. The application of Lurianic Kabbalah to ethical mitzvot and social action is particularly striking because Lurianic Kabbalah saw itself as repairing dimensions within the spiritual, the mystical worlds, rather than this world and its social relations. Author Lawrence Fine points to two features of Lurianic Kabbalah that have made it adaptable to ethical mitzvot and social action. First, he points out that a generation recovering from the tragedy of the Holocaust resonates with the imagery of shattered vessels. Second, both Lurianic Kabbalah and ethical understandings of tikkun olam emphasize the role of human responsibility and action. Modern developments The original context of the Aleinu prayer, in the Rosh Hashanah liturgy, is accompanied by the hope that "all will form a single union to do Your will with a whole heart". In many contexts this is interpreted to be a call to universalism and justice for all mankind – sentiments which are common throughout Jewish liturgy. For example, in the American Conservative movement's prayer book, Siddur Sim Shalom, "A Prayer for Our Country" elaborates on this passage: "May citizens of all races and creeds forge a common bond in true harmony to banish all hatred and bigotry" and "uniting all people in peace and freedom and helping them to fulfill the vision of your prophet: 'Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they experience war anymore.'" Both lines express wholeheartedly the idea of universal equality, freedom, and peace for all. In the liberal movements of Judaism, most especially in the United States, this sentiment is especially embedded in the idea of acting compassionately for all people, as for example in the 1975 New Union prayer book, used by the movement for Reform Judaism Gates of Prayer, which includes the text "You have taught us to uphold the falling, to heal the sick, to free the captive, to comfort all who suffer pain". These aspects of Judaism already have a traditional name however, gemilut chasadim, and some have criticized the tendency to emphasize social action as a kind of disregard for other aspects of Judaism traditionally connected to tikkun olam, like learning, prayer, repentance, and ritual commandments. Perhaps the first Jewish thinker to use the phrase "tikkun olam" in the modern sense of "fixing the world" by building a just society was Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935). According to Jewish scholar Lawrence Fine, the first use of the phrase tikkun olam in modern Jewish history in the United States was by Brandeis-Bardin Camp Institute founder Shlomo Bardin in the 1950s. Bardin interpreted the Aleinu prayer, specifically the expression le-taken olam be-malchut shaddai (typically translated as when the world shall be perfected under the reign of the almighty), as a responsibility for Jewish people to work towards a better world. However, while Bardin was a significant popularizer of the term, one also finds it being used in similar manner in the late 1930s and early 1940s by Alexander Dushkin and Mordecai Kaplan. As left-leaning progressive Jewish organizations started entering the mainstream in the 1970s and 1980s, the phrase tikkun olam began to gain more traction. The phrase has since been adopted by a variety of Jewish organizations, to mean anything from direct service to general philanthropy. It was presented to a wide international audience—itself an indication of how widely tikkun olam had now permeated American Jewish life—when Mordecai Waxman used the phrase in a speech during Pope John Paul II's visit to the United States in September 1987. Performance of mitzvot Classical Jewish texts teach that performing of ritual mitzvot (good deeds, commandments, connections, or religious obligations) is a means of tikkun olam, helping to perfect the world, and that the performance of more mitzvot will hasten the coming of the Messiah and the Messianic Age. This belief dates back at least to the early Talmudic period. According to Rabbi Yochanan, quoting Rabbi Shim'on bar Yochai, the Jewish people will be redeemed when every Jew observes Shabbat twice in all its details. Some explain that this will occur because Shabbat rest (which is considered a foretaste of the Messianic Age) energizes Jews to work harder to bring the Messianic Age nearer during the six working days of the week. It is expected that in the messianic era there will be no injustice or exploitation, a state comparable with tikkun olam. Ethical behavior In Jewish thought, ethical mitzvot as well as ritual mitzvot are important to the process of tikkun olam. Maimonides writes that tikkun olam requires efforts in all three of the great "pillars" of Judaism: Torah study, acts of kindness, and the ritual commandments. Some Jews believe that performing mitzvot will create a model society among the Jewish people, which will in turn influence the rest of the world. By perfecting themselves, their local Jewish community or the state of Israel, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world. The theme is frequently repeated in sermons and writings across the Jewish spectrum: Reconstructionist, Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. Also, the mitzvot often have practical worldly/social effects (in contrast to mystical effects as held by Lurianic Kabbalah). Tzedakah Tzedakah is a central theme in Judaism and serves as one of the 613 commandments. Tzedakah is used in common parlance as charitable giving. Tzedek, the root of tzedakah, means justice or righteousness. Acts of tzedakah are used to generate a more just world. Therefore, tzedakah is a means through which to perform tikkun olam. Philanthropy is an effective tool in performing tikkun olam as it supports organizations that perform direct service. There are many different philanthropic organizations devoted to repairing the world. The Jewish Federations of North America, one of the top ten charities in the world, counts tikkun olam as one of the three main principles under which it operates. Similarly, the American Jewish World Service supports grassroots organizations creating change in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The intersection between tzedakah, philanthropy, and tikkun olam is captured by Yehudah Mirsky in his article "Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions". Mirsky writes:The rich tradition of tzedakah is a model of communal social responsibility in the absence of a strong welfare state; it also connects to the burgeoning area of Micro Philanthropy, which pools large numbers of small donations resulting in more direct interaction between donors and recipients, or "givers" and "doers," higher resolution in the focus of giving and the creation of new networks of cooperation. Building a model society By performing the mitzvot, it is believed that the Jewish people will become a model society. This idea sometimes is attributed to Biblical verses that describe the Jews as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:5–6) and "a light of the nations" or "a light to the nations" (Isaiah 42:6 and Isaiah 49:6). The philosophies of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, and Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag are prominent in this field, the former rationally and in terms of a kehilla (community) of Jews in galut (the diaspora) influencing their non-Jewish neighbors, and the latter mystically and in Zionist terms of a Jewish state influencing the other nations of the world. Some other Orthodox rabbis, many but not all of them Modern Orthodox, follow a philosophy similar to Hirsch's, including Joseph H. Hertz, Isidore Epstein, and Eliezer Berkovits. The philosophy of Religious Zionism follows Kook in his philosophy. In Modern Orthodox philosophy (which often is intertwined with Religious Zionism, especially in America), it is commonly believed that mitzvot have practical this-worldly sociological and educational effects on those who perform them, and in this manner, the mitzvot will perfect the Jews and the world. According to the rationalist philosophy of Hirsch and others, the social and ethical mitzvot have nearly self-explanatory purposes, while ritual mitzvot may serve functions such as educating people or developing relationships between people and God. As examples, prayer either inculcates a relationship between people and God or strengthens beliefs and faith of the one who prays, and keeping kosher or wearing tzitzit serve as educational symbols of moral and religious values. Thus, the ultimate goal of mitzvot is for moral and religious values and deeds to permeate the Jewish people and ultimately the entire world, but the ritual mitzvot nevertheless play a vital role in this model of tikkun olam, strengthening what is accomplished by the ethical. Hirsch's Horeb is an especially important source, as his exposition of his philosophy of the mitzvot. He classifies the mitzvot into six categories: (1) toroth (philosophical doctrines); The ethical mitzvot fall under (2) mishpatim and (3) chukim (commandments of justice towards (living) people and the natural world (including the human body itself) respectively) and (4) mitzvot (commandments of love); The ritual mitzvot under (5) edoth (educational symbolic commandments) and (6) avodah (commandments of direct service to God). Aside from the fact that by perfecting themselves, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world, there is thus the additional distinction that mitzvot have practical, worldly effects—for example, charity benefits the poor materially, constituting tikkun olam by its improvement of the world physically or socially, in contrast to the mystical effects of mitzvot as held by Lurianic Kabbalah. Improving the world For some Jews, the phrase tikkun olam means that Jews are not only responsible for creating a model society among themselves but also are responsible for the welfare of the society at large. This responsibility may be understood in religious, social or political terms and there are many different opinions about how religion, society, and politics interact. Jane Kanarek, a Conservative rabbi, argues that discussions of tikkun olam in the Mishnah and Talmud point to the importance of creating systemic change through law. She concludes that contemporary tikkun olam should also focus on systemic and structural changes to society. While many non-Orthodox Jews have argued that tikkun olam requires socially liberal politics, some have argued for the validity of a conservative political approach to tikkun olam. Michael Spiro, a Reconstructionist Jew, draws on a conservative tradition that emphasizes free markets precisely because they believed that was the path to the greatest public good. In addition, conservatives have always emphasized the importance of private efforts of gemilut chasadim (benevolence) and tzedakah (charity or philanthropy), and Spiro argues that tikkun olam should be carried out through such private efforts rather than through government. Jewish youth organizations Tikkun olam is used to refer to Jewish obligations to engage in social action in the Reform and Conservative movements as well. For example, in USY, the Conservative youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the SA/TO (social action/tikkun olam) officer. Furthermore, USY has the Abraham Joshua Heschel Honor Society. A requirement of acceptance to the honor society is to perform one act of community service a month. In NFTY, the American branch of Netzer Olami, the Reform youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the social action vice president (SAVP). In addition, other youth organizations have also grown to include tikkun olam has part of its foundation. BBYO has community service/social action commitments in both of its divisions, AZA and BBG. BBG includes two different programming areas specific to tikkun olam—one for community service, and another for social action. AZA includes a combined community service/social action programming area. In addition, both divisions include "pledge principles," principles by which to guide them. For BBG girls the "menorah pledge principles" include citizenship, philanthropy, and community service. For AZA members, the "7 cardinal principles" include charity. Jewish fundamentalism Elon University professor Geoffrey Claussen has asserted that concepts of tikkun olam have inspired Jewish fundamentalists such as Meir Kahane and Yitzchak Ginsburgh. According to Claussen, "while visions of tikkun olam may reflect humility, thoughtfulness, and justice, they are often marked by arrogance, overzealousness, and injustice." See also Eschatology Ethics Jewish ethics Moral idealism References ^ a b Rose, Or N.; Green Kaiser, Jo Ellen; Klein, Margie (2008). Righteous indignation : a Jewish call for justice. Jewish Lights Pub. p. 22. ISBN 9781580233361. OCLC 171111564. ^ a b c Jill Jacobs. "The History of Tikkun Olam", Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture, June 2007. "To our contemporary pluralist ears, the rejection of other religions appears intolerant and proselytizing. Most contemporary Jews who extol the value of tikkun olam certainly do not understand this term as a mandate to impose worship of the Jewish God on all other peoples. ... In our conception, this manifestation of divinity will not require the elimination of other means of religious worship, but rather the establishment of Godly qualities throughout the world." ^ David Shatz, Chaim Isaac Waxman, Nathan J. Diament Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law 1997 "The papers collected here address the issue of tikkun olam, the thesis that Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at large." ^ Mishna Gittin 4:2–9 ^ Aleinu ^ a b First, Mitchell. "Aleinu: Obligation to Fix the World or the Text?" (PDF). Hakirah. Retrieved 2012-10-22. ^ See Seidenberg, David, "A Tikkun for Tikkun Olam?" ^ commentary on Pirkei Avot, 1:2 ^ Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Sanhedrin 23:9 ^ "Tikkun Olam: Repairing the World". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ Derech Hashem, II:4:6-7. ^ ben Moshe, Ariel (21 February 2007). "Tikkun Olam: Connecting Social Action and Spirituality". JSpot. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ Schwartz, Julie. "Sermon for Yom Kippur morning, 5765". Temple Emanu-El, Dunwoody, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ Shill, Scott (2005). "Rosh Hashana". Seattle, Washington: Kol HaNeshama. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ "Kolel: Books and Links". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ Spokoinyon, Andrés (October 17, 2018). "Tikkun Olam: A Defense and a Critique". Jewish Funders Network. Retrieved 2023-07-13. ^ a b c Fine, Lawrence. "Tikkun Olam in contemporary Jewish thought". MyJewishLearning.com. ^ Neusner, Jacob; Frerichs, Ernest S.; Sarna, Nahum M., eds. (1989). "Tikkun: A Lurianic Motif in Contemporary Jewish Thought". From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Intellect in Quest of Understanding—Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox. Vol. 4. Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555403355. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ p.383 ^ Micha Odenheimer, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and Tikkun Olam ^ a b Krasner, Jonathan (2013). "The Place of Tikkun Olam in American Jewish Life". Jewish Political Studies Review. 25 (3–4). ^ The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion (1937), p. 124: "We cannot consider ourselves servants of the Divine King unless we take upon ourselves the task ‘to perfect the World under the Kingdom of the Almighty.’ We must strive to reconstruct the social order in ways that would give evidence of our allegiance to the creative spirit of human life, that spirit which makes for personal self-realization and social communion…We should not give up hope of achieving an adequately representative government integrally related to a righteous economic order and to an internationalism without which there can never be universal peace." ^ Shabbat 118b ^ Brachot 57b ^ Kaplan, Aryeh. Chapter 2, "Sabbath Rest", Sabbath: Day of Eternity, 1974. ^ Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishna, Avos 1:2 ^ a b "Why We Give. What is Tzedakah?". Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ Mirsky, Yehudah (2008). "Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions". Facing Tomorrow. The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. pp. 213–229. Retrieved 22 October 2018 – via Berman Jewish Policy Archive. ^ This is a central theme in his philosophy of Torah im Derech Eretz and a common thread in all of his writings, especially The Nineteen Letters, Horeb, and his Pentateuch. ^ Rabbi Joseph Elias, in his introduction to the Nineteen Letters summarizes Rabbi Hirsch's Commentary on Genesis 9:27 in this manner: "hese spiritual pursuits ... are meant to lead to proper action, to the right response to the ever-changing conditions of life, in order 'to prepare the world for the kingdom of G-d', as we put it in our daily prayers." see History. Thus Hirsch explicitly relates tikkun olam to practical sociological rectification of the material world. See also Rabbi Shelomoh Danziger, "Rediscovering the Hirschian Legacy", Jewish Action 5756/1996, p. 23 (accessed October 23, 2008) ^ Dr. Judith Bleich, "Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch: Ish al Ha'edah" Jewish Action, issue unknown, p. 28 (accessed October 23, 2008): "othing less than transformation of the entire Jewish community and ultimately, the molding of society at large in its moral image (tikkun olam)." ^ The Pentateuch and Haftorahs (London: Soncino Press, 1937). ^ The Faith of Judaism (London: Soncino Press, 1960). ^ God, Man, and History (Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 1959). ^ Blidstein, Gerald J. "Tikkun Olam" in Tikkun Olam: Social Responsibility in Jewish Thought and Law (Orthodox Forum Series). Edited by Nathan Jay Diament. (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, Inc, 1997), p. 18. ^ Spiro, Michael. "Being a Politically Conservative Reconstructionist", Reconstructionism Today, Spring-Summer 2004, Volume 11, Number 3. ^ "Why Advocacy is Central to Reform Judaism". URJ. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ "What Can We Do?". Uscj.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ "Programs to Repair the World : The United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ United Synagogue Youth ^ "Abraham Joshua Heschel Honor Society – USY". ^ "NFTY – NFTY Board". Archived from the original on 2005-12-27. Retrieved 2013-09-14. ^ a b "Program Excellence". ^ "BBG Menorah Pledge Principles". ^ Geoffrey Claussen, "Pinhas, the Quest for Purity, and the Dangers of Tikkun Olam," in Tikkun Olam: Judaism, Humanism & Transcendence, ed. David Birnbaum and Martin S. Cohen (New York: New Paradigm Matrix Publishing, 2015), p. 475. Further reading Sarah Breger (May–June 2010). "How Tikkun Olam Got Its Groove". Moment. Archived from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2015-01-09. Sanford L. Drob (2001). "Tikkun ha-Olam: The Restoration of the World". The New Kabbalah. Jill Jacobs (June 2007). "The History of 'Tikkun Olam'". Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture. Tikkun Olam: Judaism, Humanism & Transcendence, ed. David Birnbaum and Martin S. Cohen (New York: New Paradigm Matrix Publishing, 2015). "The Rise Of Tikkun Olam Paganism", By Steven Plaut, Arutz Sheva	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikun Olam (blog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikun_Olam_(blog)"},{"link_name":"Tikun Olam (cannabis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikun_Olam_(cannabis)"},{"link_name":"Tiqqun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqqun"},{"link_name":"/tiˈkuːn ʌˈlɑːm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Aleinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu"},{"link_name":"Lurianic Kabbalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Haskalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jilljacobs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shatzwaxmandiament-3"}],"text":"This article is about the concept in Judaism. For the blog, see Tikun Olam (blog). For the medical marijuana firm, see Tikun Olam (cannabis). For the philosophical journal, see Tiqqun.Tikkun olam (/tiˈkuːn ʌˈlɑːm/; Hebrew: תִּקּוּן עוֹלָם, romanized: tiqqūn ʻōlām, lit. 'repairing of the world') is a concept in Judaism, which refers to various forms of action intended to repair and improve the world.In classical rabbinic literature, the phrase referred to legal enactments intended to preserve the social order. In the Aleinu prayer, it refers to the eradication of idolatry. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the \"repair\" is mystical: to return the sparks of Divine light to their source by means of ritual performance.In the modern era, particularly among the post-Haskalah movements, tikkun olam has come to refer to the pursuit of social justice[1] or \"the establishment of Godly qualities throughout the world\"[2] based on the idea that \"Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at large\".[3]","title":"Tikkun olam"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Gittin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"get (divorce document)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)"},{"link_name":"ketubah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketubah"},{"link_name":"Prozbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozbul"},{"link_name":"Torah scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_scrolls"},{"link_name":"tefillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefillin"},{"link_name":"mezuzot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah"},{"link_name":"Takkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D"}],"sub_title":"In the Mishnah","text":"The earliest use of the term tikkun olam comes in the phrase mip'nei tikkun ha-olam, \"for the sake of repairing the world\", which appears in the Mishnah (Gittin 4:2–9) with the meaning of amending the law in order to keep society well-functioning.A number of legal enactments appear in this passage with mip'nei tikkun ha-olam given as justification:[4]One cannot convene a court in another place in order to nullify a get (divorce document). (4:2)\nOne must fully specify the names of the husband and wife on a divorce document. (4:2)\nA widow can collect her ketubah even without a formal oath. (4:3)\nWitnesses must sign the divorce document. (4:3)\nProzbul was instituted. (4:3)\nIf an enslaver set aside an enslaved person as a designated repayment for his debts, the enslaved person is freed but the responsibility to repay the debt is transferred to them. (4:4)\nIf two people enslave one person, and one enslaver frees that person, the formerly enslaved person is forced to repay the second enslaver his share of the value of the enslavement. (4:5)\nCaptives are not redeemed for more than their monetary value. (4:6)\nCaptives are not aided in their attempts to escape (so that captors do not make the conditions of captivity more restrictive, or else so that captors do not take revenge on other captives). (4:6)\nTorah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot are not purchased from non-Jews for more than their value. (4:6)\nOnce when a husband made a vow requiring him to divorce his wife, they were then allowed to remarry. (4:7)\nOne who sold their field to a non-Jew must purchase and bring the first fruits from that field. (4:9)More generally, tikkun can mean improvement, establishment, repair, prepare, and more. In this Mishnaic context it generally refers to practical legal measures taken in the present to ameliorate social conditions. In the legal language of the Talmud, however, the verb took on a much more legalistic role, in that a \"Takkana\" – literally, \"Affixation\" – was a category of legal enactment made by the Sages.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"beseeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beseech"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yemenite Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-6"}],"sub_title":"In Aleinu","text":"A conception of tikkun olam is also found in the Aleinu, a concluding part of most Jewish congregational prayer, which in contrast to the Mishnah's usage, focuses on the end of time. The Aleinu beseeches God:[5]Hebrew: \"לראות מהרה בתפארת עוזך, להעביר גלולים מן הארץ והאלילים כרות יכרתון לתקן עולם במלכות ש-די‎\"\nTranslation: \"to speedily see Your mighty splendor, to cause detestable (idolatry) to be removed from the land, and the (false) gods will be utterly 'cut off', to takein olam – fix/repair/establish a world – under the Almighty's kingdom\"In other words, when all the people of the world abandon false gods and recognize God, the world will have been perfected.Among modern liberal Jewish movements, a common but more modern understanding of this phrase is that we share a partnership with God, and are instructed to take the steps towards improving the state of the world and helping others, which simultaneously brings more honor to God's sovereignty. [citation needed]Some scholars have argued that the Aleinu prayer is actually not a valid source for the concept of tikkun olam, claiming that the original prayer used a homonym \"l'takhen\" (spelled differently, לתכן‎) meaning \"to establish\" (rather than \"to fix\" or \"to repair\"); this wording is still used by Yemenite Jews.[6] However, among European Jews, Aleinu has used the word \"to fix\" (לתקן‎) since at least the first recorded texts in the 11th–12th centuries.[6] Thus, Aleinu's influence on the concept of tikkun olam can date to at least this time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Maimonides","text":"Over the course of Jewish intellectual history, tikkun olam has at times referred to eschatological concerns, as in Aleinu, and at times to practical concerns, as in the Mishnah, but in either context, it refers to some kind of social change or process that is for the betterment of society or humanity or the world. Whether that happens primarily within Jewish society or primarily in relation to the nations of the world, whether that happens primarily through acts of justice and kindness, or equally through ritual observance, whether primarily through internal work of an individual or through external deeds, is something that changes from one source to the next.[7] For example, Talmudic scholar and eminent philosopher of the Middle Ages Maimonides saw tikkun olam as fully inclusive of all these dimensions when he wrote \"Through wisdom, which is [represented by] Torah, and the elevation of character, which is [represented by] acts of kindness, and observing the Torah’s commandments, which are [represented by] the sacrifices, one continuously brings tikkun olam improvement of the world, and the ordering of reality.\"[8] Yet he also saw justice as a fundamental component, as for example when he wrote, \"Every judge who judges truth unto its [deepest] truth, even for one hour, it’s as if he fixed the whole world entirely / tikein et kol ha’olam kulo and caused the Shekhinah to rest upon Israel.\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lurianic Kabbalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Ohr Ein Sof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohr_Ein_Sof"},{"link_name":"Olam HaTohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun"},{"link_name":"Olam HaTikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun"},{"link_name":"sephirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephirot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Moshe Chaim Luzzatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mitzvot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jilljacobs-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Lurianic Kabbalah","text":"Lurianic Kabbalah dwells on the role of prayer and ritual in tikkun of the upper worlds. According to this vision of the world, God contracted part of God's infinite light (Ohr Ein Sof)—concealing Himself—to create the world. The vessels (kelim) of the first universe—Olam HaTohu, i.e., the \"world of chaos\"—shattered (Shevirat HaKelim) and their shards became sparks of light (neẓuẓot) trapped within the next universe—Olam HaTikun, i.e., \"the world of rectification.\" Prayer, especially contemplation of various aspects of the divinity (sephirot), releases these sparks of God's light and allows them to reunite with God's essence. The “rectification” is two-fold: the gathering of light and of souls, to be achieved by human beings through the contemplative performance of religious acts. The goal of such repair, which can only be effected by humans, is to separate what is holy from the created world, thus depriving the physical world of its very existence, destroying the material universe. This restores all things to a world before disaster within the Godhead.[10]According to Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, in his book Derech Hashem, the physical world is connected to spiritual realms above that influence the physical world, and furthermore, Jews have the ability, through physical deeds and free will, to direct and control these spiritual forces. God's desire in creation was that God's creations ultimately will recognize God's unity and overcome evil; this will constitute the perfection (tikkun) of creation. While the Jews have the Torah now and are aware of God's unity, some believe that when all of humanity recognizes this fact, the rectification will be complete.[11] In recent years Jewish thinkers and activists have used Lurianic Kabbalah to elevate the full range of ethical and ritual mitzvot into acts of tikkun olam. The belief that not only does prayer lift up divine sparks, but so do all of the mitzvot, including those traditionally understood as ethical, was already a part of Kabbalah, but the contemporary emphasis serves the purpose of finding a mystical depth and spiritual energy in ethical mitzvot. The application of the Lurianic vision to improving the world can be seen in Jewish blogs,[12] High Holiday sermons[13][14] and on-line Jewish learning resource centers.[15][better source needed]The association between the Lurianic conception of tikkun and ethical action assigns an ultimate significance to even small acts of kindness and small improvements of social policy. However, if this is done in a manner that separates the concept of tikkun olam from its other meanings as found in rabbinic literature and the Aleinu prayer, there is a risk of privileging actions that have no real religious significance and represent personal agendas more than Judaism itself.[2][16]The application of Lurianic Kabbalah to ethical mitzvot and social action is particularly striking because Lurianic Kabbalah saw itself as repairing dimensions within the spiritual, the mystical worlds, rather than this world and its social relations. Author Lawrence Fine points to two features of Lurianic Kabbalah that have made it adaptable to ethical mitzvot and social action. First, he points out that a generation recovering from the tragedy of the Holocaust resonates with the imagery of shattered vessels. Second, both Lurianic Kabbalah and ethical understandings of tikkun olam emphasize the role of human responsibility and action.[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siddur Sim Shalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur_Sim_Shalom"},{"link_name":"Reform Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Gates of Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_of_Prayer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Abraham Isaac Kook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Fine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandeis-Bardin Camp Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis-Bardin_Institute"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Bardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Bardin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine2-17"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Dushkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krasner-21"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jilljacobs-2"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Waxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Waxman"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krasner-21"}],"sub_title":"Modern developments","text":"The original context of the Aleinu prayer, in the Rosh Hashanah liturgy, is accompanied by the hope that \"all [people/creatures] will form a single union to do Your will with a whole heart\". In many contexts this is interpreted to be a call to universalism and justice for all mankind – sentiments which are common throughout Jewish liturgy. For example, in the American Conservative movement's prayer book, Siddur Sim Shalom, \"A Prayer for Our Country\" elaborates on this passage: \"May citizens of all races and creeds forge a common bond in true harmony to banish all hatred and bigotry\" and \"uniting all people in peace and freedom and helping them to fulfill the vision of your prophet: 'Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they experience war anymore.'\" Both lines express wholeheartedly the idea of universal equality, freedom, and peace for all.In the liberal movements of Judaism, most especially in the United States, this sentiment is especially embedded in the idea of acting compassionately for all people, as for example in the 1975 New Union prayer book, used by the movement for Reform Judaism Gates of Prayer, which includes the text \"You [Lord] have taught us to uphold the falling, to heal the sick, to free the captive, to comfort all who suffer pain\".[19] These aspects of Judaism already have a traditional name however, gemilut chasadim, and some have criticized the tendency to emphasize social action as a kind of disregard for other aspects of Judaism traditionally connected to tikkun olam, like learning, prayer, repentance, and ritual commandments.Perhaps the first Jewish thinker to use the phrase \"tikkun olam\" in the modern sense of \"fixing the world\" by building a just society was Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935).[20] According to Jewish scholar Lawrence Fine, the first use of the phrase tikkun olam in modern Jewish history in the United States was by Brandeis-Bardin Camp Institute founder Shlomo Bardin in the 1950s.[17] Bardin interpreted the Aleinu prayer, specifically the expression le-taken olam be-malchut shaddai (typically translated as when the world shall be perfected under the reign of the almighty), as a responsibility for Jewish people to work towards a better world.[17] However, while Bardin was a significant popularizer of the term, one also finds it being used in similar manner in the late 1930s and early 1940s by Alexander Dushkin[21] and Mordecai Kaplan.[22] As left-leaning progressive Jewish organizations started entering the mainstream in the 1970s and 1980s, the phrase tikkun olam began to gain more traction. The phrase has since been adopted by a variety of Jewish organizations, to mean anything from direct service to general philanthropy.[2] It was presented to a wide international audience—itself an indication of how widely tikkun olam had now permeated American Jewish life—when Mordecai Waxman used the phrase in a speech during Pope John Paul II's visit to the United States in September 1987.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"Messianic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Age"},{"link_name":"Shim'on bar Yochai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai"},{"link_name":"Shabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan-25"}],"text":"Classical Jewish texts teach that performing of ritual mitzvot (good deeds, commandments, connections, or religious obligations) is a means of tikkun olam, helping to perfect the world, and that the performance of more mitzvot will hasten the coming of the Messiah and the Messianic Age. This belief dates back at least to the early Talmudic period. According to Rabbi Yochanan, quoting Rabbi Shim'on bar Yochai, the Jewish people will be redeemed when every Jew observes Shabbat twice in all its details.[23] Some[who?] explain that this will occur because Shabbat rest (which is considered a foretaste of the Messianic Age[24]) energizes Jews to work harder to bring the Messianic Age nearer during the six working days of the week. It is expected that in the messianic era there will be no injustice or exploitation,[25] a state comparable with tikkun olam.","title":"Performance of mitzvot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ethical behavior","text":"In Jewish thought, ethical mitzvot as well as ritual mitzvot are important to the process of tikkun olam. Maimonides writes that tikkun olam requires efforts in all three of the great \"pillars\" of Judaism: Torah study, acts of kindness, and the ritual commandments.[26] Some Jews believe that performing mitzvot will create a model society among the Jewish people, which will in turn influence the rest of the world. By perfecting themselves, their local Jewish community or the state of Israel, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world. The theme is frequently repeated in sermons and writings across the Jewish spectrum: Reconstructionist, Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. [citation needed]Also, the mitzvot often have practical worldly/social effects (in contrast to mystical effects as held by Lurianic Kabbalah).","title":"Performance of mitzvot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tzedakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hadassah.org-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hadassah.org-27"},{"link_name":"Philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"Jewish Federations of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Federations_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"American Jewish World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_World_Service"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Tzedakah","text":"Tzedakah is a central theme in Judaism and serves as one of the 613 commandments.[27] Tzedakah is used in common parlance as charitable giving. Tzedek, the root of tzedakah, means justice or righteousness.[27] Acts of tzedakah are used to generate a more just world. Therefore, tzedakah is a means through which to perform tikkun olam.Philanthropy is an effective tool in performing tikkun olam as it supports organizations that perform direct service. There are many different philanthropic organizations devoted to repairing the world. The Jewish Federations of North America, one of the top ten charities in the world, counts tikkun olam as one of the three main principles under which it operates. Similarly, the American Jewish World Service supports grassroots organizations creating change in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.The intersection between tzedakah, philanthropy, and tikkun olam is captured by Yehudah Mirsky in his article \"Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions\". Mirsky writes:The rich tradition of tzedakah is a model of communal social responsibility in the absence of a strong welfare state; it also connects to the burgeoning area of Micro Philanthropy, which pools large numbers of small donations resulting in more direct interaction between donors and recipients, or \"givers\" and \"doers,\" higher resolution in the focus of giving and the creation of new networks of cooperation.[28]","title":"Performance of mitzvot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus 19:5–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#5"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 42:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1042.htm#6"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 49:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1049.htm#6"},{"link_name":"Samson Raphael Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danziger-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleich-31"},{"link_name":"Abraham Isaac Kook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Ashlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag"},{"link_name":"galut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galut"},{"link_name":"diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"mystically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Jewish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Modern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Hertz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Isidore Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Epstein"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Eliezer Berkovits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services"},{"link_name":"kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut"},{"link_name":"tzitzit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit"}],"text":"By performing the mitzvot, it is believed that the Jewish people will become a model society. This idea sometimes is attributed to Biblical verses that describe the Jews as \"a kingdom of priests and a holy nation\" (Exodus 19:5–6) and \"a light of the nations\" or \"a light to the nations\" (Isaiah 42:6 and Isaiah 49:6). The philosophies of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch,[29][30][31] Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, and Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag are prominent in this field, the former rationally and in terms of a kehilla (community) of Jews in galut (the diaspora) influencing their non-Jewish neighbors, and the latter mystically and in Zionist terms of a Jewish state influencing the other nations of the world. Some other Orthodox rabbis, many but not all of them Modern Orthodox, follow a philosophy similar to Hirsch's, including Joseph H. Hertz,[32] Isidore Epstein,[33] and Eliezer Berkovits.[34] The philosophy of Religious Zionism follows Kook in his philosophy.In Modern Orthodox philosophy (which often is intertwined with Religious Zionism, especially in America), it is commonly believed that mitzvot have practical this-worldly sociological and educational effects on those who perform them, and in this manner, the mitzvot will perfect the Jews and the world.According to the rationalist philosophy of Hirsch and others, the social and ethical mitzvot have nearly self-explanatory purposes, while ritual mitzvot may serve functions such as educating people or developing relationships between people and God. As examples, prayer either inculcates a relationship between people and God or strengthens beliefs and faith of the one who prays, and keeping kosher or wearing tzitzit serve as educational symbols of moral and religious values. Thus, the ultimate goal of mitzvot is for moral and religious values and deeds to permeate the Jewish people and ultimately the entire world, but the ritual mitzvot nevertheless play a vital role in this model of tikkun olam, strengthening what is accomplished by the ethical.Hirsch's Horeb is an especially important source, as his exposition of his philosophy of the mitzvot. He classifies the mitzvot into six categories:(1) toroth (philosophical doctrines);\nThe ethical mitzvot fall under (2) mishpatim and (3) chukim (commandments of justice towards (living) people and the natural world (including the human body itself) respectively) and (4) mitzvot (commandments of love);\nThe ritual mitzvot under (5) edoth (educational symbolic commandments) and (6) avodah (commandments of direct service to God).Aside from the fact that by perfecting themselves, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world, there is thus the additional distinction that mitzvot have practical, worldly effects—for example, charity benefits the poor materially, constituting tikkun olam by its improvement of the world physically or socially, in contrast to the mystical effects of mitzvot as held by Lurianic Kabbalah.","title":"Building a model society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blidstein-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Reconstructionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"tzedakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"For some Jews, the phrase tikkun olam means that Jews are not only responsible for creating a model society among themselves but also are responsible for the welfare of the society at large.[35] This responsibility may be understood in religious, social or political terms and there are many different opinions about how religion, society, and politics interact.Jane Kanarek, a Conservative rabbi, argues that discussions of tikkun olam in the Mishnah and Talmud point to the importance of creating systemic change through law. She concludes that contemporary tikkun olam should also focus on systemic and structural changes to society.[1]While many non-Orthodox Jews have argued that tikkun olam requires socially liberal politics, some have argued for the validity of a conservative political approach to tikkun olam. Michael Spiro, a Reconstructionist Jew, draws on a conservative tradition that emphasizes free markets precisely because they believed that was the path to the greatest public good. In addition, conservatives have always emphasized the importance of private efforts of gemilut chasadim (benevolence) and tzedakah (charity or philanthropy), and Spiro argues that tikkun olam should be carried out through such private efforts rather than through government.[36]","title":"Improving the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urj-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usc-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscj-39"},{"link_name":"USY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Synagogue_Youth"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Abraham Joshua Heschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usy-41"},{"link_name":"NFTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFTY"},{"link_name":"Netzer Olami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzer_Olami"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"BBYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBYO"},{"link_name":"AZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph"},{"link_name":"BBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith_Girls"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbyo.org-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbyo.org-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocky-44"}],"text":"Tikkun olam is used to refer to Jewish obligations to engage in social action in the Reform[37] and Conservative[38][39] movements as well. For example, in USY, the Conservative youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the SA/TO (social action/tikkun olam) officer.[40] Furthermore, USY has the Abraham Joshua Heschel Honor Society.[41] A requirement of acceptance to the honor society is to perform one act of community service a month. In NFTY, the American branch of Netzer Olami, the Reform youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the social action vice president (SAVP).[42]In addition, other youth organizations have also grown to include tikkun olam has part of its foundation. BBYO has community service/social action commitments in both of its divisions, AZA and BBG. BBG includes two different programming areas specific to tikkun olam—one for community service, and another for social action.[43] AZA includes a combined community service/social action programming area.[43] In addition, both divisions include \"pledge principles,\" principles by which to guide them. For BBG girls the \"menorah pledge principles\" include citizenship, philanthropy, and community service.[44] For AZA members, the \"7 cardinal principles\" include charity.","title":"Jewish youth organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_University"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Claussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Claussen"},{"link_name":"Jewish fundamentalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Meir Kahane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Kahane"},{"link_name":"Yitzchak Ginsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Elon University professor Geoffrey Claussen has asserted that concepts of tikkun olam have inspired Jewish fundamentalists such as Meir Kahane and Yitzchak Ginsburgh. According to Claussen, \"while visions of tikkun olam may reflect humility, thoughtfulness, and justice, they are often marked by arrogance, overzealousness, and injustice.\"[45]","title":"Jewish fundamentalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"How Tikkun Olam Got Its Groove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190530195606/https://www.jdate.com/jmag/2012/05/how-tikkun-olam-got-its-groove/"},{"link_name":"Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jdate.com/jmag/2012/05/how-tikkun-olam-got-its-groove/"},{"link_name":"\"Tikkun ha-Olam: The Restoration of the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newkabbalah.com/tikkun.html"},{"link_name":"Jill Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Jacobs_(rabbi)"},{"link_name":"\"The History of 'Tikkun Olam'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zeek.net/706tohu"},{"link_name":"\"The Rise Of Tikkun Olam Paganism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/1760"},{"link_name":"Steven Plaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Plaut"},{"link_name":"Arutz Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutz_Sheva"}],"text":"Sarah Breger (May–June 2010). \"How Tikkun Olam Got Its Groove\". Moment. Archived from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2015-01-09.\nSanford L. Drob (2001). \"Tikkun ha-Olam: The Restoration of the World\". The New Kabbalah.\nJill Jacobs (June 2007). \"The History of 'Tikkun Olam'\". Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture.\nTikkun Olam: Judaism, Humanism & Transcendence, ed. David Birnbaum and Martin S. Cohen (New York: New Paradigm Matrix Publishing, 2015).\n\"The Rise Of Tikkun Olam Paganism\", By Steven Plaut, Arutz Sheva","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"title":"Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"title":"Jewish ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics"},{"title":"Moral idealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_idealism"}]	[{"reference":"Rose, Or N.; Green Kaiser, Jo Ellen; Klein, Margie (2008). Righteous indignation : a Jewish call for justice. Jewish Lights Pub. p. 22. ISBN 9781580233361. OCLC 171111564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580233361","url_text":"9781580233361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171111564","url_text":"171111564"}]},{"reference":"First, Mitchell. \"Aleinu: Obligation to Fix the World or the Text?\" (PDF). Hakirah. Retrieved 2012-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hakirah.org/vol%2011%20first.pdf","url_text":"\"Aleinu: Obligation to Fix the World or the Text?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tikkun Olam: Repairing the World\". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/tikkun-olam-repairing-the-world/","url_text":"\"Tikkun Olam: Repairing the World\""}]},{"reference":"ben Moshe, Ariel (21 February 2007). \"Tikkun Olam: Connecting Social Action and Spirituality\". JSpot. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011190326/http://jspot.org/?p=968","url_text":"\"Tikkun Olam: Connecting Social Action and Spirituality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Funds_for_Justice","url_text":"JSpot"},{"url":"http://jspot.org/?p=968","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Julie. \"Sermon for Yom Kippur morning, 5765\". Temple Emanu-El, Dunwoody, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023533/http://www.te-atl.com/page7/page22/index.html","url_text":"\"Sermon for Yom Kippur morning, 5765\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunwoody,_Georgia","url_text":"Dunwoody, Georgia"},{"url":"http://www.te-atl.com/page7/page22/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shill, Scott (2005). \"Rosh Hashana\". Seattle, Washington: Kol HaNeshama. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015112/http://www.kol-haneshamah.org/our_community/sermons.php?page=5970","url_text":"\"Rosh Hashana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington","url_text":"Seattle, Washington"},{"url":"http://www.kol-haneshamah.org/our_community/sermons.php?page=5970","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kolel: Books and Links\". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727000746/http://www.kolel.org/pages/books/links.html","url_text":"\"Kolel: Books and Links\""},{"url":"http://www.kolel.org/pages/books/links.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spokoinyon, Andrés (October 17, 2018). \"Tikkun Olam: A Defense and a Critique\". Jewish Funders Network. Retrieved 2023-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jfunders.org/tikkun_olam_a_defense_and_a_critique","url_text":"\"Tikkun Olam: A Defense and a Critique\""}]},{"reference":"Fine, Lawrence. \"Tikkun Olam in contemporary Jewish thought\". MyJewishLearning.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/tikkun-olam/","url_text":"\"Tikkun Olam in contemporary Jewish thought\""}]},{"reference":"Neusner, Jacob; Frerichs, Ernest S.; Sarna, Nahum M., eds. (1989). \"Tikkun: A Lurianic Motif in Contemporary Jewish Thought\". From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Intellect in Quest of Understanding—Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox. Vol. 4. Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555403355. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZrXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Intellect in Quest of Understanding—Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555403355","url_text":"9781555403355"}]},{"reference":"Krasner, Jonathan (2013). \"The Place of Tikkun Olam in American Jewish Life\". Jewish Political Studies Review. 25 (3–4).","urls":[{"url":"http://jcpa.org/article/place-tikkun-olam-american-jewish-life1/","url_text":"\"The Place of Tikkun Olam in American Jewish Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Political_Studies_Review","url_text":"Jewish Political Studies Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Why We Give. What is Tzedakah?\". Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010437/http://www.hadassah.org/site/c.7gLFKYMJLnI2F/b.6036381/","url_text":"\"Why We Give. What is Tzedakah?\""},{"url":"http://www.hadassah.org/site/c.7gLFKYMJLnI2F/b.6036381/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mirsky, Yehudah (2008). \"Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions\". Facing Tomorrow. The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. pp. 213–229. Retrieved 22 October 2018 – via Berman Jewish Policy Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bjpa.org/search-results/publication/5245","url_text":"\"Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Advocacy is Central to Reform Judaism\". URJ. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. 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Retrieved 2015-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190530195606/https://www.jdate.com/jmag/2012/05/how-tikkun-olam-got-its-groove/","url_text":"\"How Tikkun Olam Got Its Groove\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(magazine)","url_text":"Moment"},{"url":"http://www.jdate.com/jmag/2012/05/how-tikkun-olam-got-its-groove/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sanford L. Drob (2001). \"Tikkun ha-Olam: The Restoration of the World\". The New Kabbalah.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newkabbalah.com/tikkun.html","url_text":"\"Tikkun ha-Olam: The Restoration of the World\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Jacobs (June 2007). \"The History of 'Tikkun Olam'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_cavalry	Household Cavalry	["1 Regiments","2 Organisation","3 Ranks","3.1 Officers","3.2 NCOs and other ranks","4 Army farriers","5 Musical Ride","6 Band","7 Order of precedence","8 Notable incidents","9 The Household Cavalry Foundation","10 The Household Cavalry Regiment Museum","11 Notable members","11.1 Lieutenant Colonels commanding Household Cavalry","11.2 Monument","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]	British Army corps Household CavalryBadge of the Household CavalryActiveSince 1992 (roots dating back to 1660)Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeHorse GuardsRoleHousehold Cavalry Regiment (armoured cavalry regiment)Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (public duties)SizeCorps of two regiments:The Life GuardsThe Blues and RoyalsPart ofHousehold DivisionGarrison/HQRHQ – Horse Guards, LondonMotto(s)Honi soit qui mal y pense(Middle French for 'Shame on him who thinks evil of it')CommandersColonel-in-ChiefThe KingColonels of the regimentsThe Princess Royal (Blues and Royals)Lieutenant General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne (The Life Guards)InsigniaTactical Recognition FlashAbbreviationHCavMilitary unit The Household Cavalry (HCAV) is a corps of the Household Division, made up of the two most senior regiments of the British Army, The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). These regiments are divided between the Household Cavalry Regiment stationed at Wing Barracks in Wiltshire, with an armored reconnaissance role, and the ceremonial mounted unit, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, garrisoned at Hyde Park Barracks in London. Both the HCMR and HCR are made up of elements of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals. The Household Cavalry is part of the Household Division and is the King's official bodyguard. Although the Household Cavalry Regiment is armoured, it is not part of the Royal Armoured Corps, being assigned to the Household Division. Regiments Trooper of The Blues and Royals The Life Guards of the Household Cavalry mounting the guard at Horse Guards The Household Cavalry is classed as a corps in its own right, and consists of two regiments: The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). They are the senior regular regiments in the British Army, with traditions dating from 1660, and act as the King's personal bodyguard. They are the cavalry element of the guards regiments and, with the five foot guard regiments, constitute the seven guards regiments of the Household Division. Regiment Tunic colour Plume colour Chinstrap Collar colour Quick March Slow March Trot The Life Guards Red White Worn below bottom lip Blue Millanollo and Men of Harlech Life Guards Slow March Keel Row Colonel Lieutenant General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne The Blues and Royals Blue Red Worn below chin Red Blues and Royals and Grand March from Aida Blues and Royals Slow March Keel Row General The Princess Royal Organisation Below is the structure of the regiment: Household Cavalry Regiment, at Powle Lines, Bulford Camp (Armoured Reconnaissance) Regimental Headquarters Headquarters Squadron A Squadron C Squadron D Squadron Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, at Hyde Park Barracks, London (Ceremonial, mounted duties) Regimental Headquarters Headquarters Squadron Winter Training Troop Forge and Veterinary Department Household Cavalry Training Wing, at Combermere Barracks, Windsor The Life Guards Squadron The Blues and Royals Squadron The Household Cavalry as a whole is split into two different units that fulfil very distinct roles. These are both joint units, consisting of personnel from both regiments. Like other Cavalry formations, the Household Cavalry is divided into regiments (battalion-sized units) and squadrons (company-sized sub-units). The whole corps is under the command of the Commander Household Cavalry (formerly Colonel Commanding The Household Cavalry), who also holds the Royal Household appointment of Silver Stick in Waiting. He is a Colonel and is assisted by a retired lieutenant colonel as Regimental Adjutant. The Household Cavalry Regiment (HCR) has an active operational role as a Formation Reconnaissance Regiment, serving in armoured fighting vehicles including the AJAX and Scimitar, which has seen them at the forefront of the nation's conflicts. The regiment forms one of five formation reconnaissance regiments in the British Army's order of battle. The HCR has four operational squadrons, three of which are traditional medium reconnaissance squadrons equipped with the combat vehicle reconnaissance (tracked) or CVR(T) range of vehicles (Scimitar, Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan) and the fourth is referred to as Command and Support Squadron and includes specialists, such as Forward Air Controllers. One of HCR's squadrons is assigned to the airborne role with 16 Air Assault Brigade since 2003. The Regiment was formerly based at Combermere Barracks, Windsor, one mile from Windsor Castle, until its move to Bulford Camp, Wiltshire, in May 2019. The members of the Household Division have sometimes been required to undertake special tasks as the Sovereign's personal troops. The Household Cavalry were called to Windsor Castle on 20 November 1992 to assist with salvage operations following the 1992 Windsor Castle fire. The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (HCMR) is horsed and carries out mounted (and some dismounted) ceremonial duties on State and Royal occasions. These include the provision of a Sovereign's Escort, most commonly seen on The King's Birthday Parade (Trooping the Colour) in June each year. Other occasions include state visits by visiting heads of state, royal weddings, coronations, or whenever required by the British monarch, including ceremonies associated with the Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II. The regiment also mounts the guard at Horse Guards. HCMR consists of one squadron from The Life Guards, one from The Blues and Royals and a squadron called Headquarters Squadron, which is responsible for all administrative matters and includes the regimental headquarters (RHQ), the Riding Staff, Farriers, Tailors and Saddlers. The Regiment has been based (in various forms) at Hyde Park Barracks, Knightsbridge, since 1795. New troopers and officers are generally first assigned to London upon completion of horsemanship training, referred to, alongside the rest of HCMR personnel, as Mounted Dutymen, and remain there for up to three years. Like the five Foot Guards regiments they rotate between the operational and ceremonial roles. Ranks Officers Second Lieutenants in The Blues and Royals are known as Cornets. NCOs and other ranks The rank names and insignia of non-commissioned officers in the Household Cavalry are unique in the British Army: Household Cavalry Insignia† Standard British Army rank Insignia Regimental Corporal Major Royal Coat of Arms worn on right wrist. Warrant Officer Class 1 Regimental Quartermaster Corporal Laurel wreath around a crown worn on right wrist Quartermaster sergeant Squadron Corporal Major Brass crown worn on right wrist Warrant Officer Class 2 Staff corporalSquadron Quartermaster Corporal A brass crown worn above four inverted chevrons Staff SergeantCompany quartermaster sergeant Corporal of Horse Three chevrons, point down, with metal crown above Sergeant Lance Corporal of Horse‡ Three chevrons with cloth crown above Corporal Lance Corporal Two chevrons with metal crown above Lance Corporal Trooper None Private None † The Household Cavalry's NCOs and warrant officers are the only soldiers in the British Army who do not wear rank insignia on their full dress uniforms (although officers do). Rank is indicated by the wearing of aiguillettes. ‡ A Lance Corporal of Horse is technically an appointment rather than a rank. Any new corporal in the Household Cavalry is immediately appointed a Lance Corporal of Horse (LCoH) on attaining the rank of corporal. Recruits were required to have a very high moral character. Before the Second World War, recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 10 inches tall, but could not exceed 6 feet 1 inch. They initially enlisted for eight years with the colours and a further four years with the reserve. Army farriers A Household Cavalry Jackal provides security at a temporary Vehicle Check Point (VCP) during Op HERRICK 13. The HCR has deployed to Afghanistan in CVR(T), Jackal and without vehicles at all. Queen Elizabeth II with soldiers of the Household Cavalry There is a farrier on call twenty-four hours a day, at Hyde Park Barracks. Farriers traditionally combined veterinary knowledge with blacksmiths' skills. They were responsible for hoof trimming and fitting horseshoes to horses. They also dealt with the "humane dispatch of wounded and sick horses", accomplished with the large spike on the end of their axes. Then they used the sharp blade of the axe to chop off the deceased animal's hoof, which was marked with its regimental number. This assisted in keeping track of animals killed in action. Although the axes are not used any more, army farriers still carry these axes, with their characteristic highly polished blade and spike, at ceremonial events such as Trooping the Colour. In The Blues and Royals, the farriers dress like their comrades in regimental uniform. The distinctive uniform and equipment of the farriers of The Life Guards—blue tunic, black plume and axe—is a historic reminder of the old British Army of the days of James Wolfe. Every cavalry regiment in the Army, other than the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues), originally wore scarlet for all ranks, except the farriers. Farriers were garbed invariably in sombre blue and bore axes, worn at the side, like the swords of their comrades. When on parade, the troopers drew swords, the Farriers drew axes and carried them at the "Advance". Following every parade is a duty horse-box, known as the Veterinary Aid Post, with a specialist emergency team in attendance. Musical Ride The Musical Ride of the Mounted Regiments of the Household Cavalry was first performed at the Royal Tournament in 1882. The two trumpeters sitting on grey horses were historically intended to form a contrast with the darker horses, so that they could be seen on battlefields when relaying officers' commands to the troops. The troops weave around the trumpeters and the celebrated drumhorse, Spartacus. Band The Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry was a merger in 2014 of the 35 piece Band of The Blues and Royals and the 35 piece Band of The Life Guards. They are now one band of 64 musicians but wear the uniform of both The Blues and Royals and The Life Guards. They come under RCAM, the Royal Corps of Army Music. They also provide State Trumpeters for events of state. Order of precedence In the British Army Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line, save in cases that the guns of the Royal Horse Artillery are to be first in line during parades. Preceded byRoyal Horse Artillery(with guns) Order of Precedence Succeeded byRoyal Horse Artillery(without guns) Notable incidents In April 2024, after being spooked by falling concrete during their daily morning exercise, five horses unseated their riders and went on a panicked flight through central London. Colliding with vehicles and pedestrians, two of the horses suffered serious injuries. Three soldiers were among those injured and were taken to hospital. The Household Cavalry Foundation The Household Cavalry is supported by the Household Cavalry Foundation, the regimental charity, which raises funds in aid of five core themes: casualties, veterans, serving soldiers, horses and heritage. The Household Cavalry Regiment Museum A reception at the Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards. The Household Cavalry has two museums. The Household Cavalry Museum is located at Horse Guards Parade in central London, where the HCMR mounts the King's Life Guard. The museum is a very popular tourist attraction with digital audio guides in several languages. The museum includes a window into the working stables of the King's Life Guard, allowing visitors to watch ongoing care of the horses throughout the day. Separately, the Household Cavalry Regiment has its own museum at Combermere Barracks in Windsor. A volunteer team organise tours and events and, in particular, administer the regiment's extensive material, documentary and photographic archives. The museum is open to public groups, by appointment. Notable members James Blount 1997–2002, stage name James Blunt (Life Guards), singer-songwriter Jack Charlton 1953–1955, (Royal Horse Guards), footballer Tommy Cooper 1940–1947, (Royal Horse Guards), comedian Christopher Finney 2002–2009 (Blues and Royals), soldier Michael Flynn (Blues and Royals), soldier Elizabeth Godwin (Life Guards) Craig Harrison (Blues and Royals) Jack Higgins 1947–1950 (Blues and Royals), author Victor McLaglen (Life Guards), film actor Ray Milland 1925–1928 (Royal Horse Guards The Blues), film actor Lord Rupert Nevill (Life Guards), Private Secretary to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Andrew Parker Bowles 1960–1994, (Blues and Royals) Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (1st Life Guards, then Life Guards), paternal grandfather to Diana, Princess of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (Blues and Royals) The Prince of Wales 2006–2008, (Blues and Royals) Lieutenant Colonels commanding Household Cavalry These have included: 1959–1960: Colonel the Marquess of Douro 1960–1964: Colonel the Hon. Julian Berry 1964–1966: Colonel David J. St.M. Tabor 1966–1969: Colonel Harry S. Hopkinson 1969–1972: Colonel Ian B. Baillie 1972–1975: Colonel H. Desmond A. Langley 1975–1978: Colonel James A. C. G. Eyre 1978–1981: Colonel Simon C. Cooper 1981–1982: Colonel Andrew J. Hartigan 1982–1986: Colonel James G. Hamilton-Russell 1986–1987: Colonel James B. Emson 1987–1990: Colonel Andrew H. Parker Bowles 1990–1993: Colonel Jeremy D. Smith-Bingham 1993–1997: Colonel Peter B. Rogers 1997–1999: Colonel P. Simon W.F. Falkner 1999–2000: Colonel W. Toby Browne 2000–2005: Colonel Hamon P.D. Massey 2005–2009: Colonel Patrick J. Tabor 2009–2010: Colonel W. Toby Browne 2010–2014: Colonel Stuart H. Cowen 2014–2019: Major-General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne 2019–2022: Colonel Crispin Lockhart, MBE 2022–present: Colonel M. S. P. Berry Monument In the center of the village Zandvoorde, Zonnebeke in Belgium, there is a British war memorial, The Household Cavalry Monument , commemorating the role of the Household Cavalry in the battles of the First World War in this area. See also United Kingdom portal Barnsby Saddles (1793) Household Cavalry Museum Household Cavalry Coach Troop Household Division President's Bodyguard King's Guard Trooping the Colour References ^ "The Household Cavalry". British Army website. Retrieved 15 February 2024. ^ "War Office and Ministry of Defence: Royal Armoured Corps: Correspondence and Reports". National Archives. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ "Contents". Household Cavalry Journal. 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "A day in the life of Colonel Harry Scott". Household Cavalry Foundation. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The day the castle burned - Windsor Castle fire". Fire. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "Knightsbridge North Side: Parkside to Albert Gate Court, West of Albert Gate', in Survey of London: Volume 45, Knightsbridge, ed. John Greenacombe". London: British History Online. 2000. pp. 53–63. Retrieved 24 August 2016. ^ "Household Cavalry \| The British Army". ^ "The Big Event". The Queen's Cavalry. 11 October 2005. BBC One. ^ "Cornet". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ Rosignoli, Guido (1972). Army badges and insignia of World War 2: Book 1. MacMillan Colour Series. New York: Blandford Press Ltd. pp. Plate 2. ISBN 9780026050807. LCCN 72-85765. ^ "Badges, Headdress and Embellishments". Army Dress Regulations (All Ranks) (PDF). Ministry of Defence. February 2016. p. Part 9, Section 2, Annex D. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Gallery No: 36 - Badges - Non-Commissioned Officers - Badges of Rank". Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ Guard's Uniform And Barracks Aka Household Cavalry (1956) (video). British Pathé. 1956. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ Guard's Uniform And Barracks Aka Household Cavalry (1956) (video). British Pathé. 1956. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ a b Silver, Madeleine (18 May 2018). "Royal wedding: horses undergo their final preparations for the big day". Horse and Hound. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "A-Z Regimental Terms". Household Cavalry Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "British Army ranks". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ War Office, His Majesty's Army, 1938 ^ a b "The Household Cavalry – The Mounted Regiment and its Horses". Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ a b c "War Horse site, description of farriers". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ "2nd Life Guards". British Empire. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "Description of Farriers uniform". Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Commentary accompanying A Heroes Welcome, performed at Windsor before the Queen, and broadcast on BBC1 on 11 May 2008. (Spartacus is a veteran of ceremonial and was 20 years old in 2008. Now something of a celebrity, his stable nickname is "Sparky".) ^ "Changes to the Corps of Army Music". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014. ^ Davies, Caroline (24 April 2024). "Four taken to hospital after military horses break loose in central London" – via The Guardian. ^ "London runaway horses in serious condition but still alive minister says - live". The Independent. 25 April 2024. ^ "Household Cavalry horses cause 'total mayhem' after bolting through central London". Sky News. ^ "'Too early to know' if horses from London's Household Cavalry will return to duty". 25 April 2024 – via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ Somerville, Ewan; Stephens, Max; Smallcombe, Mike (24 April 2024). "Four injured by blood-covered runaway horses in London" – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ "Household Cavalry Foundation". www.hcavfoundation.org. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "Household Cavalry Museum". www.householdcavalrymuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "Two bravery awards for Army's top hero". www.thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ Chelsea, Davina (1 September 2023). "Meet the history-making Captain Elizabeth Godwin as she takes Talter behind the scenes at Horse Guards and Hyde Park Barracks". Tatler. Condé Nast. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ "Super Sniper Kills Taliban 1.5 Miles Away". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. ^ Ripley, Mike (10 April 2022). "Jack Higgins obituary" – via The Guardian. ^ a b "Not a lot of people know this" (PDF). Household Cavalry. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ "No. 28860". The London Gazette. 4 August 1914. p. 6073. ^ "William joining Harry's regiment". BBC News. 21 September 2006. ^ Reporter, James Crawford-Smith Royal (11 August 2023). "Prince William handed military role linked to Harry after palace web update". Newsweek. ^ "Prince William: Duke of Cambridge's military career". www.forces.net. 21 June 2022. ^ "Regimental COs" (PDF). p. 10. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ "No. 61071". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 9 December 2014. p. 23728. ^ "No. 62610". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 9 April 2019. p. 6432. ^ "No. 63774". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 August 2022. p. 14565. ^ "Household Cavalry Memorial Zandvoorde Lord Worsley". Traces of War. Retrieved 11 March 2024. Further reading Watson, J.N.P. Through Fifteen Reigns: A Complete History of the Household Cavalry. Staplehurst: Spellmount Limited, 1997. ISBN 1-873376-70-7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Household Cavalry. Household Cavalry website Household Cavalry on British Army website Household Cavalry on Household Division website Household Cavalry Foundation website Household Cavalry Museum website Household Cavalry on Facebook Household Cavalry Foundation on Facebook vteHousehold Cavalry and Royal Armoured CorpsArmoured Queen's Royal Hussars King's Royal Hussars Royal Tank Regiment Royal Wessex Yeomanry Armoured cavalry Household Cavalry Regiment Royal Dragoon Guards Royal Lancers Light cavalry 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Light Dragoons Royal Yeomanry Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry Queen's Own Yeomanry Public duties Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment Training Royal Armoured Corps Training Regiment vteBritish ArmyGeneral Ministry of Defence Army Headquarters Army Board Chief of the General Staff Deputy Chief of the General Staff Army Sergeant Major Current serving senior officers Future Soldier Structure of the British Army Order of precedence Weapons of mass destruction Chemical Nuclear Installations Equipment (Rifles) Recruitment Training Ranks officer rank insignia other ranks other ranks rank insignia Uniforms National Army Museum History Timeline Army Reserve Regimentsand CorpsHousehold Cavalry Life Guards Blues and Royals Household Cavalry Regiment Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment RoyalArmoured Corps 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Royal Dragoon Guards Queen's Royal Hussars Royal Lancers King's Royal Hussars Light Dragoons Royal Tank Regiment Royal Yeomanry Royal Wessex Yeomanry Queen's Own Yeomanry Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry InfantryFoot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards London Guards LineInfantry Royal Regiment of Scotland Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment Duke of Lancaster's Regiment Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Anglian Regiment Royal Yorkshire Regiment Mercian Regiment Royal Welsh Royal Irish Regiment Rifles Royal Gurkha Rifles The Rifles Airborne Parachute Regiment Overseasregiments Royal Gibraltar Regiment Royal Bermuda Regiment Royal Montserrat Defence Force Cayman Islands Regiment Turks and Caicos Islands Regiment Falkland Islands Defence Force Other Combat Arms Special Air Service Special Reconnaissance Regiment Ranger Regiment Army Air Corps Combat Support Arms Royal Artillery Royal Engineers Royal Corps of Signals Intelligence Corps Honourable Artillery Company Combat Services Royal Army Chaplains' Department Royal Logistic Corps Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Small Arms School Corps Royal Army Physical Training Corps General Service Corps Royal Corps of Army Music Army MedicalServices Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Army Dental Corps Royal Army Veterinary Corps Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps AdjutantGeneral's Corps Staff and Personnel Support Educational and Training Services Branch Army Legal Services Branch Royal Military Police Military Provost Staff Military Provost Guard Service Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Household Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Division"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"The Life Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_and_Royals"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Wing Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulford_Camp"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Mounted_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Military unitThe Household Cavalry (HCAV) is a corps of the Household Division, made up of the two most senior regiments of the British Army, The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). These regiments are divided between the Household Cavalry Regiment stationed at Wing Barracks in Wiltshire, with an armored reconnaissance role, and the ceremonial mounted unit, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, garrisoned at Hyde Park Barracks in London. Both the HCMR and HCR are made up of elements of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals. The Household Cavalry is part of the Household Division and is the King's official bodyguard. Although the Household Cavalry Regiment is armoured, it is not part of the Royal Armoured Corps, being assigned to the Household Division.[2]","title":"Household Cavalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK-2014-London-Blues_and_Royals_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceremony.lifeguard.london.arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"mounting the guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_Mounting"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"The Life Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_and_Royals"},{"link_name":"foot guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_Guards"},{"link_name":"Household Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Division"}],"text":"Trooper of The Blues and RoyalsThe Life Guards of the Household Cavalry mounting the guard at Horse GuardsThe Household Cavalry is classed as a corps in its own right, and consists of two regiments: The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). They are the senior regular regiments in the British Army, with traditions dating from 1660, and act as the King's personal bodyguard. They are the cavalry element of the guards regiments and, with the five foot guard regiments, constitute the seven guards regiments of the Household Division.","title":"Regiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bulford Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulford_Camp"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Combermere Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combermere_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(cavalry)"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Household"},{"link_name":"Silver Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Stick"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Formation Reconnaissance Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_Reconnaissance_Regiment"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"AJAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Scimitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV107_Scimitar"},{"link_name":"CVR(T)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_Reconnaissance_(Tracked)"},{"link_name":"Forward Air Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Air_Controller"},{"link_name":"airborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"16 Air Assault Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_16_Air_Assault_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Combermere Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combermere_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bulford Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulford_Camp"},{"link_name":"1992 Windsor Castle fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Mounted_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Trooping the Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour"},{"link_name":"British monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Guard#King's_Life_Guard"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_London"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Below is the structure of the regiment:[3]Household Cavalry Regiment, at Powle Lines, Bulford Camp (Armoured Reconnaissance)\nRegimental Headquarters\nHeadquarters Squadron\nA Squadron\nC Squadron\nD Squadron\nHousehold Cavalry Mounted Regiment, at Hyde Park Barracks, London (Ceremonial, mounted duties)\nRegimental Headquarters\nHeadquarters Squadron\nWinter Training Troop\nForge and Veterinary Department\nHousehold Cavalry Training Wing, at Combermere Barracks, Windsor\nThe Life Guards Squadron\nThe Blues and Royals SquadronThe Household Cavalry as a whole is split into two different units that fulfil very distinct roles. These are both joint units, consisting of personnel from both regiments. Like other Cavalry formations, the Household Cavalry is divided into regiments (battalion-sized units) and squadrons (company-sized sub-units). The whole corps is under the command of the Commander Household Cavalry (formerly Colonel Commanding The Household Cavalry), who also holds the Royal Household appointment of Silver Stick in Waiting. He is a Colonel and is assisted by a retired lieutenant colonel as Regimental Adjutant.[4]The Household Cavalry Regiment (HCR) has an active operational role as a Formation Reconnaissance Regiment, serving in armoured fighting vehicles including the AJAX and Scimitar, which has seen them at the forefront of the nation's conflicts. The regiment forms one of five formation reconnaissance regiments in the British Army's order of battle. The HCR has four operational squadrons, three of which are traditional medium reconnaissance squadrons equipped with the combat vehicle reconnaissance (tracked) or CVR(T) range of vehicles (Scimitar, Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan) and the fourth is referred to as Command and Support Squadron and includes specialists, such as Forward Air Controllers. One of HCR's squadrons is assigned to the airborne role with 16 Air Assault Brigade since 2003. The Regiment was formerly based at Combermere Barracks, Windsor, one mile from Windsor Castle, until its move to Bulford Camp, Wiltshire, in May 2019. The members of the Household Division have sometimes been required to undertake special tasks as the Sovereign's personal troops. The Household Cavalry were called to Windsor Castle on 20 November 1992 to assist with salvage operations following the 1992 Windsor Castle fire.[5]The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (HCMR) is horsed and carries out mounted (and some dismounted) ceremonial duties on State and Royal occasions. These include the provision of a Sovereign's Escort, most commonly seen on The King's Birthday Parade (Trooping the Colour) in June each year. Other occasions include state visits by visiting heads of state, royal weddings, coronations, or whenever required by the British monarch, including ceremonies associated with the Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II. The regiment also mounts the guard at Horse Guards. HCMR consists of one squadron from The Life Guards, one from The Blues and Royals and a squadron called Headquarters Squadron, which is responsible for all administrative matters and includes the regimental headquarters (RHQ), the Riding Staff, Farriers, Tailors and Saddlers. The Regiment has been based (in various forms) at Hyde Park Barracks, Knightsbridge, since 1795.[6] New troopers and officers are generally first assigned to London upon completion of horsemanship training, referred to, alongside the rest of HCMR personnel, as Mounted Dutymen,[7] and remain there for up to three years. Like the five Foot Guards regiments they rotate between the operational and ceremonial roles.[8]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ranks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet_(military_rank)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Officers","text":"Second Lieutenants in The Blues and Royals are known as Cornets.[9]","title":"Ranks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"NCOs and other ranks","text":"The rank names and insignia of non-commissioned officers in the Household Cavalry are unique in the British Army:[10]Recruits were required to have a very high moral character. Before the Second World War, recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 10 inches tall, but could not exceed 6 feet 1 inch. They initially enlisted for eight years with the colours and a further four years with the reserve.[18]","title":"Ranks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Jackal_Vehicle_and_Soldier_Stand_Guard_at_a_Vehicle_Checkpoint_in_Afghanistan_MOD_45153290.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal_(vehicle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_soldiers_of_the_Household_Cavalry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"farrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrier"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC_Farriers-19"},{"link_name":"veterinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary"},{"link_name":"blacksmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_Horse-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_Horse-20"},{"link_name":"Trooping the Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_Horse-20"},{"link_name":"farriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farriers"},{"link_name":"James Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC_Farriers-19"}],"text":"A Household Cavalry Jackal provides security at a temporary Vehicle Check Point (VCP) during Op HERRICK 13. The HCR has deployed to Afghanistan in CVR(T), Jackal and without vehicles at all.Queen Elizabeth II with soldiers of the Household CavalryThere is a farrier on call twenty-four hours a day, at Hyde Park Barracks.[19]Farriers traditionally combined veterinary knowledge with blacksmiths' skills. They were responsible for hoof trimming and fitting horseshoes to horses. They also dealt with the \"humane dispatch of wounded and sick horses\",[20] accomplished with the large spike on the end of their axes. Then they used the sharp blade of the axe to chop off the deceased animal's hoof, which was marked with its regimental number. This assisted in keeping track of animals killed in action.[20]Although the axes are not used any more, army farriers still carry these axes, with their characteristic highly polished blade and spike, at ceremonial events such as Trooping the Colour.[20]In The Blues and Royals, the farriers dress like their comrades in regimental uniform. The distinctive uniform and equipment of the farriers of The Life Guards—blue tunic, black plume and axe—is a historic reminder of the old British Army of the days of James Wolfe.[21] Every cavalry regiment in the Army, other than the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues), originally wore scarlet for all ranks, except the farriers. Farriers were garbed invariably in sombre blue and bore axes, worn at the side, like the swords of their comrades. When on parade, the troopers drew swords, the Farriers drew axes and carried them at the \"Advance\".[22]Following every parade is a duty horse-box, known as the Veterinary Aid Post, with a specialist emergency team in attendance.[19]","title":"Army farriers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Musical Ride of the Mounted Regiments of the Household Cavalry was first performed at the Royal Tournament in 1882. The two trumpeters sitting on grey horses were historically intended to form a contrast with the darker horses, so that they could be seen on battlefields when relaying officers' commands to the troops. The troops weave around the trumpeters and the celebrated drumhorse, Spartacus.[23]","title":"Musical Ride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_Band_of_the_Household_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Royal Corps of Army Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Army_Music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changes-24"}],"text":"The Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry was a merger in 2014 of the 35 piece Band of The Blues and Royals and the 35 piece Band of The Life Guards. They are now one band of 64 musicians but wear the uniform of both The Blues and Royals and The Life Guards. They come under RCAM, the Royal Corps of Army Music. They also provide State Trumpeters for events of state.[24]","title":"Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army Order of Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_Order_of_Precedence"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery"}],"text":"In the British Army Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line, save in cases that the guns of the Royal Horse Artillery are to be first in line during parades.","title":"Order of precedence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In April 2024, after being spooked by falling concrete during their daily morning exercise, five horses unseated their riders and went on a panicked flight through central London. Colliding with vehicles and pedestrians, two of the horses suffered serious injuries. Three soldiers were among those injured and were taken to hospital.[25][26][27][28][29]","title":"Notable incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Household Cavalry is supported by the Household Cavalry Foundation, the regimental charity, which raises funds in aid of five core themes: casualties, veterans, serving soldiers, horses and heritage.[30]","title":"The Household Cavalry Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evening_reception_at_the_Household_Cavalry_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)#Household_Cavalry_Museum"},{"link_name":"Combermere Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combermere_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"A reception at the Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards.The Household Cavalry has two museums. The Household Cavalry Museum is located at Horse Guards Parade in central London, where the HCMR mounts the King's Life Guard. The museum is a very popular tourist attraction with digital audio guides in several languages. The museum includes a window into the working stables of the King's Life Guard, allowing visitors to watch ongoing care of the horses throughout the day. Separately, the Household Cavalry Regiment has its own museum at Combermere Barracks in Windsor. A volunteer team organise tours and events and, in particular, administer the regiment's extensive material, documentary and photographic archives. The museum is open to public groups, by appointment.[31]","title":"The Household Cavalry Regiment Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blunt"},{"link_name":"Jack Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Charlton"},{"link_name":"Tommy Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Christopher Finney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Finney"},{"link_name":"Michael Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Godwin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Craig Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Harrison_(British_Army_soldier)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Jack Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Higgins"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Victor McLaglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_McLaglen"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not-36"},{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not-36"},{"link_name":"Lord Rupert Nevill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Rupert_Nevill"},{"link_name":"Andrew Parker Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Parker_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Spencer,_7th_Earl_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"James Blount 1997–2002, stage name James Blunt (Life Guards), singer-songwriter\nJack Charlton 1953–1955, (Royal Horse Guards), footballer\nTommy Cooper 1940–1947, (Royal Horse Guards), comedian\nChristopher Finney 2002–2009 (Blues and Royals), soldier\nMichael Flynn (Blues and Royals), soldier[32]\nElizabeth Godwin (Life Guards)[33]\nCraig Harrison (Blues and Royals)[34]\nJack Higgins 1947–1950 (Blues and Royals), author[35]\nVictor McLaglen (Life Guards), film actor[36]\nRay Milland 1925–1928 (Royal Horse Guards The Blues), film actor[36]\nLord Rupert Nevill (Life Guards), Private Secretary to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\nAndrew Parker Bowles 1960–1994, (Blues and Royals)\nAlbert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (1st Life Guards, then Life Guards), paternal grandfather to Diana, Princess of Wales[37]\nPrince Harry, Duke of Sussex (Blues and Royals)\nThe Prince of Wales 2006–2008, (Blues and Royals)[38][39][40]","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"the Marquess of Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_Wellesley,_8th_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"David J. St.M. Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tabor_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"H. Desmond A. Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Langley"},{"link_name":"Andrew H. Parker Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Parker_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smyth-Osbourne"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Lieutenant Colonels commanding Household Cavalry","text":"These have included:[41]1959–1960: Colonel the Marquess of Douro\n1960–1964: Colonel the Hon. Julian Berry\n1964–1966: Colonel David J. St.M. Tabor\n1966–1969: Colonel Harry S. Hopkinson\n1969–1972: Colonel Ian B. Baillie\n1972–1975: Colonel H. Desmond A. Langley\n1975–1978: Colonel James A. C. G. Eyre\n1978–1981: Colonel Simon C. Cooper\n1981–1982: Colonel Andrew J. Hartigan\n1982–1986: Colonel James G. Hamilton-Russell\n1986–1987: Colonel James B. Emson\n1987–1990: Colonel Andrew H. Parker Bowles\n1990–1993: Colonel Jeremy D. Smith-Bingham\n1993–1997: Colonel Peter B. Rogers\n1997–1999: Colonel P. Simon W.F. Falkner\n1999–2000: Colonel W. Toby Browne\n2000–2005: Colonel Hamon P.D. Massey\n2005–2009: Colonel Patrick J. Tabor\n2009–2010: Colonel W. Toby Browne\n2010–2014: Colonel Stuart H. Cowen\n2014–2019: Major-General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne[42]\n2019–2022: Colonel Crispin Lockhart, MBE[43]\n2022–present: Colonel M. S. P. Berry[44]","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zandvoorde, Zonnebeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandvoorde,_Zonnebeke"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Monument","text":"In the center of the village Zandvoorde, Zonnebeke in Belgium, there is a British war memorial, The Household Cavalry Monument , commemorating the role of the Household Cavalry in the battles of the First World War in this area.[45]","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-873376-70-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873376-70-7"}],"text":"Watson, J.N.P. Through Fifteen Reigns: A Complete History of the Household Cavalry. Staplehurst: Spellmount Limited, 1997. ISBN 1-873376-70-7","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Trooper of The Blues and Royals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-2014-London-Blues_and_Royals_01.jpg/220px-UK-2014-London-Blues_and_Royals_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Life Guards of the Household Cavalry mounting the guard at Horse Guards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ceremony.lifeguard.london.arp.jpg/220px-Ceremony.lifeguard.london.arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Household Cavalry Jackal provides security at a temporary Vehicle Check Point (VCP) during Op HERRICK 13. The HCR has deployed to Afghanistan in CVR(T), Jackal and without vehicles at all.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_Jackal_Vehicle_and_Soldier_Stand_Guard_at_a_Vehicle_Checkpoint_in_Afghanistan_MOD_45153290.jpg/220px-A_Jackal_Vehicle_and_Soldier_Stand_Guard_at_a_Vehicle_Checkpoint_in_Afghanistan_MOD_45153290.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen Elizabeth II with soldiers of the Household Cavalry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_soldiers_of_the_Household_Cavalry.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_soldiers_of_the_Household_Cavalry.jpg"},{"image_text":"A reception at the Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Evening_reception_at_the_Household_Cavalry_Museum.jpg/526px-Evening_reception_at_the_Household_Cavalry_Museum.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Barnsby Saddles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsby_Saddles"},{"title":"Household Cavalry Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Museum"},{"title":"Household Cavalry Coach Troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Coach_Troop"},{"title":"Household Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Division"},{"title":"President's Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Bodyguard"},{"title":"King's Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Guard"},{"title":"Trooping the Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Household Cavalry\". British Army website. Retrieved 15 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/household-cavalry-regiment/","url_text":"\"The Household Cavalry\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Office and Ministry of Defence: Royal Armoured Corps: Correspondence and Reports\". National Archives. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14545","url_text":"\"War Office and Ministry of Defence: Royal Armoured Corps: Correspondence and Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contents\". Household Cavalry Journal. 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/lgregsec/docs/hcav-journal-2019-finaledit_no_orbat","url_text":"\"Contents\""}]},{"reference":"\"A day in the life of Colonel Harry Scott\". Household Cavalry Foundation. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hcavfoundation.org/day-life-colonel-harry-scott/","url_text":"\"A day in the life of Colonel Harry Scott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Household_Cavalry_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Household Cavalry Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"The day the castle burned - Windsor Castle fire\". Fire. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fire-magazine.com/the-day-the-castle-burned-windsor-castle-fire","url_text":"\"The day the castle burned - Windsor Castle fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knightsbridge North Side: Parkside to Albert Gate Court, West of Albert Gate', in Survey of London: Volume 45, Knightsbridge, ed. John Greenacombe\". London: British History Online. 2000. pp. 53–63. Retrieved 24 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol45/pp53-63","url_text":"\"Knightsbridge North Side: Parkside to Albert Gate Court, West of Albert Gate', in Survey of London: Volume 45, Knightsbridge, ed. John Greenacombe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Household Cavalry \| The British Army\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/household-cavalry-regiment/","url_text":"\"Household Cavalry \| The British Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Event\". The Queen's Cavalry. 11 October 2005. BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00xn4d2","url_text":"\"The Big Event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornet\". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095639907","url_text":"\"Cornet\""}]},{"reference":"Rosignoli, Guido (1972). Army badges and insignia of World War 2: Book 1. MacMillan Colour Series. New York: Blandford Press Ltd. pp. Plate 2. ISBN 9780026050807. LCCN 72-85765.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armybadgesinsign00rosi/mode/2up","url_text":"Army badges and insignia of World War 2: Book 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780026050807","url_text":"9780026050807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72-85765","url_text":"72-85765"}]},{"reference":"\"Badges, Headdress and Embellishments\". Army Dress Regulations (All Ranks) (PDF). Ministry of Defence. February 2016. p. Part 9, Section 2, Annex D. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. 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Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFPK6QaqxT4","url_text":"Guard's Uniform And Barracks Aka Household Cavalry (1956)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News","url_text":"British Pathé"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/pFPK6QaqxT4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guard's Uniform And Barracks Aka Household Cavalry (1956) (video). British Pathé. 1956. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFPK6QaqxT4","url_text":"Guard's Uniform And Barracks Aka Household Cavalry (1956)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News","url_text":"British Pathé"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Madeleine (18 May 2018). \"Royal wedding: horses undergo their final preparations for the big day\". Horse and Hound. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. 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The Independent. 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/loose-london-horses-runaway-cavalry-latest-b2534460.html","url_text":"\"London runaway horses in serious condition but still alive minister says - live\""}]},{"reference":"\"Household Cavalry horses cause 'total mayhem' after bolting through central London\". 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The London Gazette. 4 August 1914. p. 6073.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28860/page/6073","url_text":"\"No. 28860\""}]},{"reference":"\"William joining Harry's regiment\". BBC News. 21 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5367862.stm","url_text":"\"William joining Harry's regiment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Reporter, James Crawford-Smith Royal (11 August 2023). \"Prince William handed military role linked to Harry after palace web update\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Matsuda	Satoshi Matsuda	["1 Filmography","1.1 TV series","1.2 Films","2 References","3 External links"]	Japanese actor (born 1978) Satoshi Matsuda松田悟志BornTomonori Masuda (益田知紀, Masuda Tomonori) (1978-12-16) December 16, 1978 (age 45)Hirano-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, JapanNationalityJapaneseAlma materKyoto College of ArtOccupationActorYears active1998-presentHeight181 cm (5 ft 11 in) Satoshi Matsuda (松田悟志, Matsuda Satoshi, born December 16, 1978, in Hirano-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actor who has appeared in a number of feature films and television series. He is affiliated with Sun Music Production. On December 9, 2016, he apprehended a voyeur criminal whose taking photographs of his wife's skirt using a smartphone, while Matsuda and his wife were shopping in Kumiyama Town, Kyoto Prefecture and heard his wife scream because of the voyeur. Filmography TV series Year Title Role Network Other notes 1999 NTT DoCoMo Shinseki Kaiki Dial Ryoichi "Fuyubutsu" 2000 Multiple Personality Detective Psycho Tatsuya Ueno WOWOW 2002 Kamen Rider Ryuki Ren Akiyama / Kamen Rider Knight TV Asahi 2004 Blood Hound Suo TV Tokyo Main Role Orange Days Student TBS Episode 1 Hotman 2 Tatsuya Odagiri TBS 2006 Akihabara@Deep Tozaka TBS 2007 Aibō Shohei Tanno TV Asahi Season 6 2008 K-tai Investigator 7 Daiki Kirihara TV Tokyo 2009 Q.E.D. Shizuo Morokawa NHK Drops of God NTV Smile Ryoji Kai TBS Love Game Takamizawa NTV, Yomiuri TV 2010 Ryōmaden Hijikata Toshizō NHK Teppan Takashi Nemoto NHK Osaka 2011 'Teppan Extra Edition Takashi Nemoto NHK Osaka 2016 Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit Jin NHK 2019 Kamen Rider Zi-O Rider Time: Ryuki Ren Akiyama / Kamen Rider Knight TV Asahi Web series Films Year Title Role Other notes 2002 Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final Ren Akiyama / Kamen Rider Knight 2005 Densha Otoko 2006 My Grandfather's Clock 2011 Messiah Harumi Ichishima 2019 Garo - Gekkou no Tabibito Shiroku References ^ "Official profile at Sun Music Production". Retrieved 2015-07-03. ^ "仮面ライダー俳優が男逮捕　妻が盗撮被害、京都 - 共同通信 47NEWS". this.kiji.is. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. ^ "仮面ライダー俳優、盗撮男を取り押さえ　京都（京都新聞） - Yahoo!ニュース". headlines.yahoo.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. ^ @Matsuda_satoshi (December 7, 2016). "すでに報道されております通り、本日、妻が盗撮の被害に遭いまして、その犯人を僕が取り押さえました。京都の宇治警察署のみなさまのご尽力により、妻も僕も怪我なく、事は無事収まりました。ご心配をおかけいたしました。" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Kamen Rider Ryuki Actor Satoshi Matsuda Helps Capture Criminal". Anime News Network. December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2020. External links Official profile at Sun Music Production (in Japanese) Satoshi Matsuda on X Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Japan Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hirano-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirano-ku,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Satoshi Matsuda (松田悟志, Matsuda Satoshi, born December 16, 1978, in Hirano-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan)[1] is a Japanese actor who has appeared in a number of feature films and television series. He is affiliated with Sun Music Production.[2][3][4]On December 9, 2016, he apprehended a voyeur criminal whose taking photographs of his wife's skirt using a smartphone, while Matsuda and his wife were shopping in Kumiyama Town, Kyoto Prefecture and heard his wife scream because of the voyeur.[5]","title":"Satoshi Matsuda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Official profile at Sun Music Production\". Retrieved 2015-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunmusic.org/satoshi_matsuda/","url_text":"\"Official profile at Sun Music Production\""}]},{"reference":"\"仮面ライダー俳優が男逮捕　妻が盗撮被害、京都 - 共同通信 47NEWS\". this.kiji.is. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207170858/http://this.kiji.is/179240568982077443","url_text":"\"仮面ライダー俳優が男逮捕　妻が盗撮被害、京都 - 共同通信 47NEWS\""},{"url":"http://this.kiji.is/179240568982077443","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"仮面ライダー俳優、盗撮男を取り押さえ　京都（京都新聞） - Yahoo!ニュース\". headlines.yahoo.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207171224/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20161207-00000034-kyt-l26","url_text":"\"仮面ライダー俳優、盗撮男を取り押さえ　京都（京都新聞） - Yahoo!ニュース\""},{"url":"http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20161207-00000034-kyt-l26","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"@Matsuda_satoshi (December 7, 2016). \"すでに報道されております通り、本日、妻が盗撮の被害に遭いまして、その犯人を僕が取り押さえました。京都の宇治警察署のみなさまのご尽力により、妻も僕も怪我なく、事は無事収まりました。ご心配をおかけいたしました。\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Matsuda_satoshi/status/806520536532557825","url_text":"\"すでに報道されております通り、本日、妻が盗撮の被害に遭いまして、その犯人を僕が取り押さえました。京都の宇治警察署のみなさまのご尽力により、妻も僕も怪我なく、事は無事収まりました。ご心配をおかけいたしました。\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Kamen Rider Ryuki Actor Satoshi Matsuda Helps Capture Criminal\". Anime News Network. December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2016-12-08/kamen-rider-ryuki-actor-satoshi-matsuda-helps-capture-criminal/.109634","url_text":"\"Kamen Rider Ryuki Actor Satoshi Matsuda Helps Capture Criminal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sunmusic.org/satoshi_matsuda/","external_links_name":"\"Official profile at Sun Music Production\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207170858/http://this.kiji.is/179240568982077443","external_links_name":"\"仮面ライダー俳優が男逮捕　妻が盗撮被害、京都 - 共同通信 47NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://this.kiji.is/179240568982077443","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207171224/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20161207-00000034-kyt-l26","external_links_name":"\"仮面ライダー俳優、盗撮男を取り押さえ　京都（京都新聞） - Yahoo!ニュース\""},{"Link":"http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20161207-00000034-kyt-l26","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://x.com/Matsuda_satoshi/status/806520536532557825","external_links_name":"\"すでに報道されております通り、本日、妻が盗撮の被害に遭いまして、その犯人を僕が取り押さえました。京都の宇治警察署のみなさまのご尽力により、妻も僕も怪我なく、事は無事収まりました。ご心配をおかけいたしました。\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2016-12-08/kamen-rider-ryuki-actor-satoshi-matsuda-helps-capture-criminal/.109634","external_links_name":"\"Kamen Rider Ryuki Actor Satoshi Matsuda Helps Capture Criminal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunmusic.org/satoshi_matsuda/","external_links_name":"Official profile at Sun Music Production"},{"Link":"https://x.com/Matsuda_satoshi","external_links_name":"Satoshi Matsuda"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/259409344","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166094605","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166094605","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01007044","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b0a9c7c7-e2de-4a72-87fb-362420f014a2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Hill	Penn Hill	["1 Overview","2 Politics","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308Not to be confused with Penn Hill (ward). 50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308 Roundabout in Parkstone, in Penn Hill Ward Penn Hill is an electoral ward of Poole in Dorset, England, bordering on Branksome Park, Canford Cliffs, Sandbanks, Lilliput and Parkstone. It is effectively part of Parkstone. Overview 11,355 people live in Penn Hill. There are 4,528 dwellings in the ward. 2% of the residents are from minority ethnic groups. 26.52% of the people are between the ages of 40 and 59. There are 2947 people over the age of 60 living in this ward. 82.53% of residents own their own homes, either outright or with a mortgage. 12.50% of residents live in privately rented homes. 3.98% of residents live in council or housing association homes. 0.99% of residents live completely rent free. The population density of Penn Hill is approximately 7604 people per square mile (2936/km2). The actual size of the ward is 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2). The biggest employers of men in this area (with 17.06% of males) are the real estate business and services industries. The biggest employers of women in this area (with 22.28% of females) are the health and social work sectors. Politics Penn Hill ward for the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council Poole (UK Parliament constituency) References ^ "Poole ward 2011". Retrieved 7 April 2015. External links 2001 Census statistics for Penn Hill This Dorset location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penn Hill (ward)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Hill_(ward)"},{"link_name":"50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penn_Hill&params=50.7233_N_1.9308_W_region:GB_scale:50000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parkstone,_roundabout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1496415.jpg"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Branksome Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branksome_Park"},{"link_name":"Canford Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canford_Cliffs"},{"link_name":"Sandbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbanks"},{"link_name":"Lilliput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilliput,_Poole"},{"link_name":"Parkstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkstone"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Penn Hill (ward).50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308Roundabout in Parkstone, in Penn Hill WardPenn Hill is an electoral ward of Poole in Dorset, England, bordering on Branksome Park, Canford Cliffs, Sandbanks, Lilliput and Parkstone. It is effectively part of Parkstone.","title":"Penn Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"11,355 people live in Penn Hill.[1]\nThere are 4,528 dwellings in the ward.\n2% of the residents are from minority ethnic groups.\n26.52% of the people are between the ages of 40 and 59.\nThere are 2947 people over the age of 60 living in this ward.\n82.53% of residents own their own homes, either outright or with a mortgage.\n12.50% of residents live in privately rented homes.\n3.98% of residents live in council or housing association homes.\n0.99% of residents live completely rent free.\nThe population density of Penn Hill is approximately 7604 people per square mile (2936/km2).\nThe actual size of the ward is 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2).\nThe biggest employers of men in this area (with 17.06% of males) are the real estate business and services industries.\nThe biggest employers of women in this area (with 22.28% of females) are the health and social work sectors.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penn Hill ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Hill_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council"},{"link_name":"Poole (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Penn Hill ward for the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole CouncilPoole (UK Parliament constituency)","title":"Politics"}]	[{"image_text":"Roundabout in Parkstone, in Penn Hill Ward","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parkstone%2C_roundabout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1496415.jpg/220px-Parkstone%2C_roundabout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1496415.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Poole ward 2011\". Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/penn-hill-e05002145#sthash.YNgY9poP.dpbs","url_text":"\"Poole ward 2011\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penn_Hill&params=50.7233_N_1.9308_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penn_Hill&params=50.7233_N_1.9308_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"50°43′24″N 1°55′51″W / 50.7233°N 1.9308°W / 50.7233; -1.9308"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/penn-hill-e05002145#sthash.YNgY9poP.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"Poole ward 2011\""},{"Link":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDatasetList.do?a=3&b=6078432&c=Penn+Hill&d=14&g=403414&i=1001x1003&m=0&r=1&s=1222535049958&enc=1&domainId=16","external_links_name":"2001 Census statistics for Penn Hill"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penn_Hill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_Symington	Fife Symington	["1 Early life and career","2 Governor of Arizona","2.1 1990 gubernatorial campaign","2.2 First term (1991–1995)","2.3 1994 gubernatorial campaign","2.4 Second term, conviction, and resignation (1995–1997)","3 Post-governorship","3.1 Arizona Culinary Institute","3.2 Phoenix Lights","3.3 Potential return to politics and endorsements","3.4 Later life and legacy","4 Personal life","5 Electoral history","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	American politician Fife Symington19th Governor of ArizonaIn officeMarch 6, 1991 – September 5, 1997Preceded byRose MoffordSucceeded byJane Dee Hull Personal detailsBornJohn Fife Symington III (1945-08-12) August 12, 1945 (age 78)New York City, New York, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse Ann Olin Pritzlaff (m. 1976)ParentJ. Fife Symington Jr. (father)EducationHarvard University (AB)SignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States Air ForceYears of service1967–1971Rank CaptainBattles/warsVietnam WarAwardsBronze Star John Fife Symington III (/faɪf ˈsaɪmɪŋtən/ ⓘ fyfe SY-ming-tən; born August 12, 1945) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 19th governor of Arizona from 1991 until his resignation in 1997. A member of the Republican Party, he resigned from office following convictions on charges of extortion and bank fraud – convictions which were later overturned. Prior to entering politics, Symington served in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Glendale, Arizona. A native of New York City, Symington attended the Gilman School in Baltimore; he subsequently graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Dutch art history. Symington comes from a political family: his father, J. Fife Symington Jr., served as Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago; his cousin Stuart Symington was a U.S. Senator from Missouri. After joining the Air Force in 1967 and achieving the rank of captain, Symington was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service. He was honorably discharged in 1971. He remained in Arizona and became a real estate developer, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976. Symington was elected to the governorship in 1990 over Democratic Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard, following a close campaign that resulted in a runoff election. During his first term, Symington established charter schools in Arizona by signing sweeping education reform legislation, with the first charter schools opening in the state in 1995. The following year, during his second term, Symington signed legislation to establish the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency, allowing excess water to be acquired from the Central Arizona Project and banked in Arizona for future necessity. His term in office also oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park during the federal government shutdown in November 1995. In 1997, Symington was convicted on seven counts of bank fraud, and resigned from office, but the convictions were later overturned. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, whom he once saved from a rip tide off of Connecticut during his youth. After his term as governor, Symington left public service and pursued a career as a chef, later co-founding the Arizona Culinary Institute with his business partners Jerry Moyes, Darren Leite and chef Robert E. Wilson. He has been speculated as a possible candidate for another term as Governor of Arizona, as well as considered running for the United States Senate, but has only endorsed candidates since leaving the Governor's office. Symington is also known as a witness to the infamous Phoenix Lights, a mass UFO sighting which occurred in Phoenix, Arizona on March 13, 1997. Early life and career Symington was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1945. Symington comes from a wealthy Maryland family; he is the great-grandson of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick. Symington was born to Martha Howard (née Frick), and J. Fife Symington Jr. who served as United States Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago from 1969 to 1971 under President Richard Nixon. He is also a cousin to Stuart Symington, who was U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976. He attended Gilman School in Baltimore, and then went to Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history. During his time at Gilman, Symington met Thomas Caplan, who would later introduce him to Bill Clinton during college. At 19 years old, Symington rescued an intoxicated 19-year-old Clinton from nearly drowning in a rip tide during a trip to Hyannis Port, Massachusetts near the Kennedy compound. While studying at Harvard, Symington discovered the works of Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek, an economist, social theorist and political philosopher who promoted limited government and free markets. Hayek's work would serve as an influence for Symington's political beliefs in regards to fiscal and taxation policy as governor. Symington was also a supporter of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election against Lyndon B. Johnson. Beginning in 1967, he served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base near Glendale, Arizona. In 1971, he was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service, before being honorably discharged. He remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, The Symington Company, in 1976. In 1983, he was appointed to Southwest Savings and Loan Association board of directors which was based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Esplanade on Camelback and 24th Street in Phoenix was one of The Symington Company's development projects. Beginning in 1983, one of Symington's projects as a real estate developer, with The Symington Company, was the construction of the Esplanade on 24th Street and Camelback Road, an up-scale office complex that had been built on a former Christmas tree lot. Symington believed it to be the "best location in town for business," and as of 2007, still had his own office on the fourth floor of the building. The financing of the project would later play a part in an investigation in his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, which provided the funds with Symington on its board of directors. Symington has stated that the approval of the construction of the Esplanade was significant because nothing over four stories had ever been granted along Camelback Road. The Esplanade took two decades to finish construction, with construction beginning in 1983, and completing in 2003. Other development projects launched by The Symington Company include the Scottsdale Seville, as well as the Mercado, a shopping complex near downtown Phoenix whose design was influenced by southwestern and Hispanic culture. The Mercado was a concept that originated from Phoenix City Hall, which granted the first ever federal Urban Development Action Grant in Phoenix for the complex, and also owned the land that the Mercado was built upon. The Mercado opened in 1989, but it began facing financial hardships only a few years after its opening. Additionally, in an attempt to finance the construction of the Mercado, Symington repeatedly filed false financial statements, according to a jury in the case that later led to his resignation as governor, to receive a $10 million loan for the project from a group of Arizona pension funds. It was also alleged that Symington threatened to end the lease granted to Arizona State University, the largest tenant at the Mercado at the time, several times between July and October 1991, unless he was released from the $10 million loan. The Mercado loan officially went into default in 1992, with Symington filing for bankruptcy protection from creditors in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. Governor of Arizona 1990 gubernatorial campaign Main article: 1990 Arizona gubernatorial election In April 1989, Symington announced his bid for Governor of Arizona in the 1990 election, promising to run the state like a business. Beginning with the initial stages of his campaign, Symington had placed his business expertise and his success as a real estate developer center stage, stating, "What Arizona needs right now is a business mind. The state needs a man who can provide experienced, professional fiscal management to pull it out of its economic crisis. I am that man." In the Republican primary held on September 11, 1990, Symington was opposed by several high-profile career politicians, including former governor Evan Mecham, who had been impeached in 1988 and was attempting to make a comeback. Former U.S. Congressman Sam Steiger, who had previously run for U.S. Senate as the Republican nominee in 1976 and for Governor as the Libertarian nominee in 1982 also ran against Symington, but placed a distant fourth behind Mecham and State Senator Fred Koory. Despite being portrayed as a liberal by his primary opponents, Symington received nearly 44% of the vote in the primary. Former Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard was nominated by the Democratic Party to challenge Symington in the 1990 election. In his election night speech, Symington immediately began his general election campaign message by stating that his Democratic opponent, Terry Goddard, was "a professional politician, a tax-and-spend Dukakis liberal Democrat," and, in contrast, that he was a Barry Goldwater conservative, and "proud of it." At the time, Goldwater was seen as the ideological godfather of the modern Republican Party, and had endorsed Symington's campaign. Symington's father was also personal friends with Goldwater. In the general election, the Democratic Party nominee was Terry Goddard, who had served as the mayor of Phoenix until February of that year. Goddard is also the son of former Arizona Governor Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr. During the campaign, Goddard had attempted to cast doubt on Symington in the minds of voters by stating that the former businessman could face indictment for his business activities. In response, Symington charged that Goddard had violated the state's campaign finance law by "accepting a law-firm salary while campaigning, without spending the stipulated hours on legal work." One of Symington's campaign promises included a state budget cut of 6%, except for programs related to education and the poor. On election day in November 1990, the presence of several write-in candidates resulted in Symington and Goddard being virtually tied, with Symington ahead by only 4,300 votes. Prior to the election, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate received more than 50% of the vote. This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote. As a result, a runoff was scheduled for February 26, 1991. Both candidates spent a cumulative total of approximately $5 million in the primary, general and runoff campaigns. Shortly before the runoff occurred, while in Washington, D.C. for a fundraiser, Symington was called before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee by Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum, a move that was seen as politically motivated. During the hearing, U.S. Senator Bob Dole accused the Democrats of a political "sneak attack" on Symington, a line which was later used in a Symington campaign commercial. The commercial also depicted Goddard behind bars, as the ad's narrator asks: "How can anyone trust Terry Goddard, when the fact is he's broken the law?" Symington would go on to win the runoff with 52% of the vote. After the extended campaign, Arizona returned to plurality voting for all subsequent gubernatorial elections, making the 1990 gubernatorial election the only statewide runoff election in Arizona's history. First term (1991–1995) Symington with then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush at a fundraiser at the Madison Hotel in Phoenix in February 1991. Symington was sworn into office on March 6, 1991, becoming Arizona's fourth governor in five years. Symington's first budget as governor, which totaled more than $3.5 billion, was successfully passed through the state legislature, earning him "high marks" from political analysts at the time, due to its lack of tax increases, as well as for its halting of an incineration project. The project had caused controversy due to the amount of hazardous waste that was being created. Symington also established an extensive review of its human resources management, and created the State Long-Term improved Management Project (known as Project SLIM). The goal of the project was to reduce the size of the state government and decrease spending. Recommendations that were made as a result of the project included methods for improving the hiring process, improving training, providing alternative processes for employee appeals, reducing overall employment, and upgrading the classification, pay, and benefits system, among other suggestions. Symington's accounting firm had won the consulting contract for Project SLIM, which later led to an investigation, and resulted in a $3.3 million settlement due to inquiries into the bidding by other state and federal investigative agencies. Governor Symington, and other former directors of Southwest Savings and Loan, were also the subject of an investigation over their involvement in the failure of the Phoenix-based thrift, with the case later being settled for $12 million. In November 1992, Symington ended a six-month standoff with the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation by signing a compact that allowed the tribe to operate 250 video gambling machines. Prior to this, the tribe was acting in defiance of federal agents who had seized their gambling machines the year before the agreement. The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation settled for a quarter of the machines that had been seized, and also agreed to allow state supervision of the gambling operation. In return, the state conceded to allowing the operation of a 24-hour bingo hall and casino by the tribe. Former Arizona Attorney General Jack LaSota criticized the decision at the time, due to Arizona's state laws against gambling. Symington later signed legislation in 1993 that reversed this decision, however, outlawing gambling and casinos, including for fundraising purposes for churches and charities. Also in November 1992, Symington was a supporter of a ballot proposal that reinstated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in Arizona. The day had been removed as a federal holiday several years prior, under the administration of Governor Evan Mecham, who disagreed with its manner of implementation. Symington boasted that Arizona had become "the only state in the union to put it to the people," and felt the vote in approval of the holiday made "a wonderful statement about Arizona." One of the major achievements enacted by Symington as Governor came at the end of his first term. It included sweeping education reform legislation, which led to the establishment of charter schools in Arizona. The goal behind establishing charter schools was to improve student achievement and provide additional academic choices, with the first charters opening the following year in 1995. Symington later remarked that by creating charter schools "the public education institutions would be forced to compete and get better, it was never meant to hurt, it was meant to make them better." 1994 gubernatorial campaign Main article: 1994 Arizona gubernatorial election Symington ran for reelection to a second term in 1994. In the Republican primary, Symington was challenged by Barbara Barrett, wife of business executive Craig Barrett. In regard to his primary campaign message, Symington stated "I vowed to get state spending under control, reduce taxes and do my best to promote economic development and restore strength to the economy. I think I am in a strong position because I accomplished my goals." Barrett had spent more than $1 million of her own money in the attempt to defeat Symington, who she stated she did not dislike personally, but simply felt that she could do a better job as governor. On September 13, 1994, Symington defeated Barrett in the primary by a margin of 68% to 32%. Political analysts stated that Barrett had failed to distinguish herself from the incumbent governor, and ran a flawed campaign. In the general election, Symington was challenged by Democratic nominee Eddie Basha, who was known in the state as a grocery store magnate as CEO and Chairman of Bashas'. Prior to the general election, Basha had led Symington in opinion polls by 15 to 20 points. However, the midterm elections of 1994 were a landslide for Republicans, which likely benefited Symington as well, despite his vulnerability due to the controversies that had emerged during his first term in office. Symington defeated Basha, winning 52% of the vote to Basha's 44%. Basha had refused to resort to negative campaigning until the final days of the campaign when it was likely too late, which political analysts pointed to as the reason for his loss. In addition, Symington had highlighted Basha's statement during a debate hosted by the League of Women Voters that the public school system "can be the surrogate family to help children and parents," which led Symington to declare that Basha believed the "state can take the place of the family." After defeating Basha, Symington, in his election night victory speech, pledged to try to further reduce state income taxes during the course of his second term, as well as continue to eliminate regulatory burden on businesses, and also to "get tough on crime." Symington also declared his upset victory a "miracle" and a "revolution," saying the people "want their country back and they want their taxes lowered. Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan started all this and God bless them." Second term, conviction, and resignation (1995–1997) Shortly into his second term in office as governor, Symington filed for personal bankruptcy, claiming debts of more than $24 million, caused by the collapse of his real estate investments. According to a report in The New York Times, Symington stated that his "hand was forced by a consortium of union pension funds that refused to negotiate a settlement of an $11 million debt." To finance the construction of a shopping center and office complex in downtown Phoenix, known as the Mercado, Symington had been lent $10 million from six union pension funds. They foreclosed in 1991 when the Mercado's disappointing revenue prevented Symington from being able to make payments towards the loan. This led to the court awarding the union pension funds an estimated $11.4 million settlement, which Symington stated was "beyond his ability to pay." Symington oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park following the federal government shutdown in November 1995. In November 1995, Grand Canyon National Park was closed for the first time in its history, due to the federal government shutdown. On November 17, Symington's response came very close to creating a national crisis. Citing the dire effects of the park's closure on tourism, Symington stated that the "Grand Canyon must remain open, by force, if necessary." The Pentagon warned the head of the Arizona National Guard against the use of force and raised the possibility that, if necessary, the guard would be federalized and brought under the control of the White House. The governor decided to go ahead and, accompanied by the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, fifty unarmed National Guard troops, twenty-five state Park Department employees, and other officials, traveled to the canyon. When Symington's group arrived, Symington beat on the park gates in front of the media and demanded that the park be reopened. Robert Arnberger, the park's superintendent delivered a letter to Symington from the United States Department of Interior which stated that the state of Arizona may be able to donate money to the department to reopen the Grand Canyon, which Symington called a "political game." The Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision. A federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the shutdown. The government shut down again in mid-December of that year, but the state and the federal government were able to come to an agreement to keep the park partially open, with the state of Arizona paying $17,625 in advance of each day's operation, which was also later reimbursed by the federal government. In 1996, Symington signed legislation establishing the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency. The agency acquires excess water from the Central Arizona Project and banks it in Arizona. In a news report published by The Arizona Republic in July 2016, historian Jack August wrote that the legislation "left Arizona in a better position to deal with the current drought than neighboring California," which was experiencing challenges with drought and water management at the time of the article's publication. Later that same year, in June 1996, Symington was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements, and bank fraud. He was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4, 1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a commercial real estate developer, extorting a pension fund and perjuring himself in a bankruptcy hearing. As Arizona, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office, Symington resigned from office the next day. He was succeeded by then-Secretary of State Jane Dee Hull. Prior to his resignation, there had been a high-profile recall effort led by former Arizona Secretary of State Richard D. Mahoney. This conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Six days into jury deliberations, the trial judge had granted the government's motion to dismiss a juror because the other jurors complained she was refusing to deliberate with them, a serious breach of the juror's oath. A three-judge panel of the appeals court ruled 2–1 that there was a "reasonable possibility" that the juror had actually been removed because she was leaning toward acquittal, and the rest of the jury was frustrated at the prospect of a hung jury (in federal cases, verdicts must be unanimous). The appeals court held that the juror's dismissal violated Symington's right to a fair trial, since he was entitled to that juror's vote. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, terminating the federal government's seven-year battle with the former governor. Post-governorship Arizona Culinary Institute Symington speaking at a graduation ceremony for the Arizona Culinary Institute in June 2017. While free on appeal, and before receiving a presidential pardon, Symington had attempted to reinvent himself as a private citizen and decided to enroll himself in culinary school. Symington stated of his experience that "It was very educational and very humbling." During his enrollment at the school, Symington had packed a bag of his belongings in case he had to report to Nellis Federal Prison in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 24 hours notice, but this was made moot following his pardon from President Clinton. After graduating from the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale, Symington helped to found the Arizona Culinary Institute. The school was co-founded with several other business partners including chef Robert E. Wilson, entrepreneur Jerry Moyes and former president of the Scottsdale Culinary Institute Darren Leite. The vision of the school was to create a small class environment with hands on training, with a specific focus on the traditional French methods of cooking. The school was opened and started its first classes in early 2002 in Scottsdale. In addition to his time as a student at culinary school, Symington returned to the Esplanade, a real estate development project that he started in 1983 and eventually lost in the investigation of his business practices, and began working as a dessert and pastry chef at an Italian restaurant at the facility. Symington opened the restaurant, called Franco's Italian Caffe, in February 2003 with a business partner, restaurateur Franco Fazzuoli. Symington had previously interned at a restaurant that Fazzuoli owned while attending culinary school. During an interview with The Washington Post, Symington disclosed that he would rather be a chef than be "making money," and that it was a "great experience." Symington's specialties included tiramisu, as well as a chocolate mousse recipe he created called "The Governor (high taste, low taxes)." Then-Governor Janet Napolitano had supposedly visited Franco's Italian Caffe and finished her meal with "The Governor" dessert on multiple occasions, which was reported by the Tucson Citizen to be the best-selling dessert at the restaurant. The recipe for "The Governor" included "a layer of dense, flourless chocolate cake made with Callebaut dark chocolate from Belgium," and "topped with chocolate mousse, then with another Callebaut chocolate cake with another layer of mousse." Finally, the entire dessert is "drizzled with a chocolate ganache." Phoenix Lights Further information: Phoenix Lights In 2007, Symington revealed he was a witness to the Phoenix Lights, the mass UFO sighting that took place on March 13, 1997, when he was governor of Arizona, a decade before this admission. In an interview with The Daily Courier, Symington stated, "I'm a pilot and I know just about every machine that flies. It was bigger than anything that I've ever seen. It remains a great mystery. Other people saw it, responsible people. I don't know why people would ridicule it." He continued, "It was enormous and inexplicable. Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too. It was dramatic. And it couldn't have been flares because it was too symmetrical. It had a geometric outline, a constant shape." As Governor during the Phoenix Lights, Symington stated he would investigate the event, but went on to hold a press conference where he had his chief of staff dress up in an alien costume. He later stated that as a public official he had felt a responsibility to avert public panic and therefore made an attempt to introduce some levity into the situation. On November 9, 2007, he appeared with a panel of guests discussing their UFO experiences on Larry King Live. A few days later, on November 12, Symington acted as moderator for a UFO press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Other speakers included U.S. and foreign military witnesses and public officials involved in some major UFO cases, such as the 1980 Rendlesham Forest incident, 1990 Belgium UFO incident, and 1976 Tehran UFO incident, and heads of some official foreign government UFO investigations, such as Nick Pope in the United Kingdom and Claude Poher of France. They said the phenomenon was quite real, should be taken seriously, and urged the U.S. government to reopen its public UFO investigations. Symington also appeared as a witness of the Phoenix Lights in an updated version of the 2002 UFO documentary Out of the Blue by filmmaker James Fox. Prior to the documentary, Fox helped organize the witness panels for both Larry King Live, and the subsequent National Press Club event. In 2017, Symington also wrote an editorial piece for CNN, where he further described his experience in witnessing the Phoenix Lights, saying that he observed a delta-shaped craft, which moved silently across the sky over Piestewa Peak (formerly known as Squaw Peak). He further described it as "dramatically large" with a "very distinctive leading edge with some enormous lights." He also expressed his dissatisfaction with the Air Force's explanation of the event as test flares, while acknowledging that there was a possibility of flares also being ignited that night, but that the Phoenix Lights were completely separate from those tests. He went on to voice his support for opening up further investigations, saying "Investigations need to be re-opened, documents need to be unsealed and the idea of an open dialogue can no longer be shunned," and calling for the government to cease "putting out stories that perpetuate the myth that all UFOs can be explained away in down-to-earth conventional terms." Potential return to politics and endorsements On February 4, 2005, in an interview with The Arizona Republic, Symington expressed interest in running again for governor in 2006 against Democrat Janet Napolitano. His interest in the race came after he attended Napolitano's State of the State Address in 2005, and was galvanized in opposition to Napolitano's education platform. However, three months later, on May 5, he withdrew his name from consideration, saying that he wanted to focus his energy on The Symington Group instead. In November 2006, Symington lost a bid to become the Republican Party Chairman of his local legislative district, the district also happened to be the home district of Senator John McCain, whose support Symington had received. This was the first electoral defeat of Symington's career. In April 2007, Symington was named chairman of the board of trustees of the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Following Janet Napolitano's resignation as Governor of Arizona in 2009, due to her appointment as Secretary of Homeland Security, Symington was once more considered as a potential candidate to run in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but he again refused to run, announcing the decision in October 2009 following disappointing hypothetical poll numbers. Symington instead endorsed former Arizona Republican Party chairman John Munger, against incumbent governor Jan Brewer, but Munger eventually dropped out of the race when he was unable to compete with his fellow candidates' sizable fundraising and public funding of their campaigns. Despite Symington's refusal to run again for public office, he has remained involved in state politics, endorsing candidates from both major parties, including Doug Ducey for governor, John McCain for U.S. Senate, and Democrats Ruben Gallego for U.S. Congress and Felecia Rotellini for Arizona Attorney General, among others. Following the announcement by U.S. Senator Jeff Flake that he would not be seeking reelection to a second term, in October 2017, Symington became the treasurer of board of regents member Jay Heiler's U.S. Senate exploratory committee, alongside former governor Jan Brewer as chairman. Heiler was Symington's Chief of Staff during his two terms as governor. In January 2018, Heiler ultimately decided against running for U.S. Senate, instead supporting U.S. Congresswoman Martha McSally. In October 2018, it was reported by The Arizona Capitol Times that Symington was contemplating a run for the U.S. Senate in the 2020 special election. The seat was vacated following the death of U.S. Senator John McCain, with former U.S. Senator Jon Kyl being appointed by Governor Doug Ducey to temporarily fill the seat. Upon appointment, Kyl stated that he would only serve in the Senate until the end of 2018 and in 2018 Governor Ducey appointed former Representative Martha McSally to the Senate seat. Symington stated that he would enjoy running against the potential Democratic candidate former attorney general of Arizona, Grant Woods, saying "I can't think of a better candidate to campaign against. We would have a lot of fun dishing it out," while also questioning Woods' party affiliation. Symington also refuted the idea of the legal issues that led to his resignation as Governor having an effect on his candidacy, adding "Elections are about your ideas for the future, where you want to see the country go. It's not settled on old issues, especially as distant as those." In September 2021, Symington became co-chair of Karrin Taylor Robson's campaign for governor, alongside Jan Brewer. Later life and legacy In an op-ed published by The Arizona Republic in 2012, Symington took time to reflect on his time as Governor of Arizona, and spoke positively about his experiences, despite the federal government's prosecution that led to his resignation. Symington wrote, "Even as we were charging ahead to reform public policy in the brief time given any governor, I was visited by a ruthless pursuit from the world's most inexhaustible adversary. Let it be recorded that few have fought the federal government and prevailed, but by grace and the love of family and friends, we did." In analyzing his performance as governor, Symington also stated in the retrospective, "Arizona's government operated comparatively well, without excess partisan rancor and without so many of the Republican peacocks and Democrat bantam roosters we see running around the political barnyard today." He also wrote that he believed Arizona would be "better off" had he been able to further reduce income taxes during his term, if not eliminate them, and also praised Arizona as the home of charter schools, an initiative which began under his tenure. In July 2016, a discovery was made by Arizona historian Jack August when he located a large collection of missing documents regarding Symington's governorship. There were 305 boxes total, which was estimated to take at least 500-man-hours to process, and consisted of policy papers, records from his federal trial, photos from White House visits, and a humorous photo of Symington in a Phoenix Suns gorilla costume. The records were located at a storage facility approximately four miles from the state Capitol building, and was described by The Arizona Republic as the "equivalent of finding the Lost Dutchman's gold." Prior to their unearthing, Symington had stated that he had no idea where the records were located, despite ordering his staff to box up the records for a swift transition in the event he was sentenced to prison. State law requires that public officials provide their records for public access, but enforcement of this law has been inconsistent and rarely imposed. On February 9, 2017, an exhibit titled "The Surreal Life of Fife Symington" was opened at the Arizona Capitol Museum, with "personal mementoes and a trove of family history items" that were discovered by Symington, in a trunk belonging to his mother, serving as the centerpiece for the display. Political campaign materials, Symington's Bronze Star from his service in the military, a cast bronze relief of Symington's grandfather Henry Clay Frick, and yearbooks were also included. Secretary of State Michele Reagan officiated the opening ceremony. Jack August was one of the organizers of the exhibit, but died only a few weeks before its opening. Personal life From his first wife Symington has two children and five grandchildren. His second wife was Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. They have three children and eight grandchildren. He is currently married for the third time. Electoral history Republican primary for the 1990 Arizona gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Fife Symington 163,010 43.78% Republican Evan Mecham 91,136 24.48% Republican Fred Koory 61,487 16.51% Republican Sam Steiger 49,019 13.17% Republican Bob Barnes 7,672 2.06% Arizona gubernatorial general election, 1990 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Fife Symington 523,984 49.65% Democratic Terry Goddard 519,691 49.24% Write-ins 11,731 1.11% Arizona gubernatorial runoff election, 1991 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Fife Symington 492,569 52.36% Democratic Terry Goddard 448,168 47.64% Republican primary for the 1994 Arizona gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Fife Symington 202,588 68.14% Republican Barbara Barrett 94,740 31.86% Arizona gubernatorial election, 1994 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Fife Symington 593,492 52.54% Democratic Eddie Basha 500,702 44.33% Libertarian John Buttrick 35,222 3.12% Write-ins 191 0.02% See also List of governors of Arizona List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States References ^ a b c d e Bodfield, Rhonda (September 3, 1997). "Symington Verdict". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 9, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k August, Jack (July 29, 2016). "Symington, uncovered: What we now know about the former Arizona governor". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Martha Frick Symington, 79, Philanthropist". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 29, 1996. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Hook, John (May 8, 2014). "Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor, His Troubles, and Saving Bill Clinton's Life". Fox News Channel. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b Pitzl, Mary Jo (September 3, 2007). "Ex-Governor Pursues New Ventures; Beset by Scandal, Now He Enjoys Life as Entrepreneur". The Arizona Republic. FifeSymington.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b Padgett, Mike (July 20, 2003). "Destination: Esplanade". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ a b Dougherty, John (September 5, 1996). "Official Secrecy Acts". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ a b Laake, Deborah (April 19, 1989). "The Mercado". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ a b Greene, Terry (October 23, 1991). "A Museum at the Mercado? Ailing Symington Project May Get Boost from City Bond Money". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ Purdum, Todd (September 4, 1997). "Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ Ostrow, Ronald (June 14, 1996). "Indictment Accuses Arizona Governor of Lying, Fraud". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ Fischer, Howard (February 27, 2004). "No money from Symington investment for pension funds". Capitol Media Services. Arizona Daily Sun. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ a b c "AZ Governor – R Primary Race – Sep 11, 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c "Mecham Loses in Arizona, Backs Primary Winner". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 13, 1990. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Arizona Shootout". Time. September 20, 1976. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. ^ Tackett, Michael (May 30, 1998). "Barry Goldwater, '64 Nominee, Dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c Laake, Deborah (October 3, 1990). "A Groovy Kind of Politician". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c d Laughlin, Laura (February 26, 1991). "Arizona Picks Governor Today in Runoff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Johnson, James W. (October 19, 2015). Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious. ISBN 9780816532995. Retrieved May 10, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e Germond, Jack (February 22, 1991). "Arizona runoff brings out worst in both candidates On Politics Today". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c Laughlin, Laura (February 28, 1991). "Rich GOP Developer Symington Wins Arizona Governor Runoff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "AZ Governor – Requires Run-Off Race – Nov 06, 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Berman, David (1998). Arizona Politics & Government: The Quest for Autonomy, Democracy, and Development. ISBN 0803212887. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Arizona Governor". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 7, 1991. ^ Grover, Ronald (October 13, 1991). "In Arizona, The Scandals Keep On Coming". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Nigro, Lloyd (2006). Civil Service Reform in the States: Personnel Policy and Politics at the Subnational Level. ISBN 9780791466285. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Symington timeline". The Arizona Republic. February 20, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Tearful Symington stepping down after conviction". Deseret News. September 4, 1997. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Gambling Accord in Arizona". The New York Times. November 27, 1992. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Arizona Bars Casino Games". The New York Times. March 7, 1993. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Gross, Jane (January 17, 1993). "Arizona Hopes Holiday for King Will Mend Its Image". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b Ryman, Anne (November 1, 2015). "20 Years of School Choice: How Arizona has evolved". The Arizona Republic. Center for Education Reform. Retrieved May 9, 2017. ^ Hook, John (May 8, 2014). "Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor". Fox News Channel. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c Pittman, David (September 9, 1994). "Governor race nears first stage". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "AZ Governor – R Primary Race – Sep 13, 1994". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Symington wins in GOP romp". Tucson Citizen. November 9, 1994. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ a b c d "Governor Files Bankruptcy Papers". The New York Times. September 21, 1995. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Smith, Christopher (February 11, 1996). "White House was Ready to Federalize Arizona Guard Constitutional Crisis at the Canyon Canyon Conflict Created a Federal Crisis Canyon". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. A1. "Governor Fife Symington did his best John Wayne, commanding a brigade of state troops to the canyon, leading a charge to rescue tourism." ^ "Governor's canyon take over attempt nearly triggers crisis". The Daily Courier. Associated Press. February 12, 1996. ^ a b Berman, David R. (1998). Arizona politics & government: the quest for autonomy, democracy, and Development. University of Nebraska Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-8032-6146-4. ^ a b Ruelas, Richard (January 19, 2018). "Ducey says Grand Canyon to remain open, averting show of force staged by another governor". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ "Agency reimburses Arizona's donations to keep park open". Dallas News. Associated Press. February 23, 1996. ^ Purdum, Todd S. (September 4, 1997). "Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down". The New York Times. ^ Rudin, Ken (January 26, 2001), "I Beg Your Pardon" The Washington Post. Retrieved January 12, 2017. ^ a b Janofsky, Michael (April 6, 2003). "From Politics to Pies: Former Arizona Governor Hails New Life". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "Former Arizona Gov. Symington gives his take on Clinton email controversy". KTAR. August 17, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ a b c Wilson, Robert. "Arizona Culinary Institute School Catalog" (PDF). Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ a b c d Rushio, Michelle (April 13, 2003). "Ex-Arizona Governor Finds Sweet New Life". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2018. ^ a b c Kimble, Mark (February 24, 2005). "'The Governor' definitely gets my vote – as dessert". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved June 2, 2018. ^ "Exopolitics: Politics, Government, and Law in the Universe: Caveat Lector: "Former Arizona Governor Now Admits Seeing UFO"". Retrieved April 6, 2007. ^ Cooper, Anderson (March 21, 2007). "Anderson Cooper 360° Blog". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2007. ^ "Former Arizona Governor Comes Forward About UFO Sighting From 10 Years Ago". Fox News Channel. March 24, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007. ^ Kean, Leslie (March 18, 2007). "Symington confirms he saw UFO 10 years ago". The Daily Courier. Prescott, Arizona. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2007. ^ Shanks, Jon (March 18, 2007). "Former Arizona Gov. Admits UFO Sighting On Night of Phoenix Lights". National Ledger. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007. ^ Hammons, Steve (March 18, 2007). "Former Arizona governor says he saw 'Phoenix Lights' UFO". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007. ^ Transcript of November 2007 press conference, theufochronicles.com. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ "Out of the Blue: The definitive investigation of the UFO phenomenon, an award winning UFO documentary" Archived October 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, outofthebluethemovie.com. Retrieved September 20, 2016. ^ a b c d Symington, Fife (November 9, 2017). "Symington: I saw a UFO in the Arizona sky". CNN. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Kimble, Mark (February 24, 2005). "'The Governor' definitely gets my vote – as dessert". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "Symington Elects Not to Run". KPHO. May 5, 2005. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "Symington Loses Vote in Precinct Hostile to McCain". The Arizona Republic. FifeSymington.com. November 30, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "On the Beat 4-05-2007". Santa Barbara Independent. April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2009. ^ a b Fischer, Howard (October 8, 2009). "Symington rules out run for governor". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "Munger drops out of governor's race". Arizona Capitol Times. June 1, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. ^ "Former Gov. Fife Symington Endorses Doug Ducey for Arizona Governor". Business Wire. March 6, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ "Raft of Republicans back Democratic AG candidate". Arizona Capitol Times. Associated Press. September 23, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ Alonzo, Monica (August 15, 2014). "Former Gov. Fife Symington Hosted Fundraiser for Congressional Candidate Ruben Gallego". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved April 18, 2018. ^ "Heiler Announces US Senate Exploratory Committee". Rose Law Group Reporter. October 28, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Peoples, Steve (January 12, 2018). "McSally launches Senate campaign in heated Arizona contest". Tucson Star. Retrieved April 18, 2018. ^ a b Forman, Carmen (October 3, 2018). "Fife Symington considering 2020 Senate run". The Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018. ^ a b c Moore, Holliday (October 4, 2018). "Fife Symington Considering Run For Arizona Senate Seat". KJZZ. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ Nilsen, Ella (September 4, 2018). "Former Arizona Sen. Jon Kyl will replace John McCain in the Senate". Vox. Retrieved October 3, 2018. ^ "Martha McSally to fill McCain Senate seat after losing race". Associated Press. April 20, 2021. ^ "Brewer, Symington join Taylor Robson campaign for Arizona governor". KTAR. September 13, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ a b c Symington, Fife (September 8, 2012). "Symington looks back". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 16, 2017. ^ a b c d e Pitzl, Mary Jo (July 18, 2016). "Finally found: Fife Symington archives surface years later". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ "Arizona Capitol Museum to open exhibit on ex-Gov. Fife Symington". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press. February 8, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017. ^ a b Czerwinski, Jason (February 9, 2017). "New Capitol Museum Exhibit: The Surreal Life of Fife Symington". Arizona State Library. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017. ^ Scott, Jeffery. "Gov. J. Fife Symington". National Governors Association. National Governors Association. Retrieved December 23, 2021. Further reading Berman, David R. (1998). Arizona Politics & Government: The Quest for Autonomy, Democracy, and Development. Arizona: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6146-4. Johnson, James W. (2002). Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2202-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fife Symington. Arizona Republic special report on Fife Symington Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Arizona Republic biography of Fife Symington Archived July 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Appearances on C-SPAN Pro-Symington website; tracks positive news coverage Summary of the government's investigation Arizona Culinary institute Party political offices Preceded byEvan Mecham Republican nominee for Governor of Arizona 1990, 1994 Succeeded byJane Dee Hull Political offices Preceded byRose Mofford Governor of Arizona 1991–1997 Succeeded byJane Dee Hull U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byMartha McSallyas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States Within Arizona Succeeded byJan Breweras Former Governor Preceded bySusana Martinezas Former Governor Order of precedence of the United States Outside Arizona vteGovernors of ArizonaTerritorial (1863–1912) Goodwin McCormick Safford Hoyt Frémont Tritle Zulick Wolfley Irwin Murphy Hughes Franklin McCord Murphy Brodie Kibbey Sloan State (since 1912) Hunt Campbell Hunt Campbell Hunt Phillips Hunt Moeur Stanford Jones Osborn Garvey Pyle McFarland Fannin Goddard Williams Castro Bolin Babbitt Mecham Mofford Symington Hull Napolitano Brewer Ducey Hobbs Portals: Arizona Biography Politics Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/faɪf ˈsaɪmɪŋtən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/En-us-Fife-Symington.ogg/En-us-Fife-Symington.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Fife-Symington.ogg"},{"link_name":"fyfe SY-ming-tən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"governor of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Luke Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Glendale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Gilman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilman_School"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Dutch art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"J. 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A member of the Republican Party, he resigned from office following convictions on charges of extortion and bank fraud – convictions which were later overturned. Prior to entering politics, Symington served in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Glendale, Arizona.A native of New York City, Symington attended the Gilman School in Baltimore; he subsequently graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Dutch art history. Symington comes from a political family: his father, J. Fife Symington Jr., served as Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago; his cousin Stuart Symington was a U.S. Senator from Missouri. After joining the Air Force in 1967 and achieving the rank of captain, Symington was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service. He was honorably discharged in 1971. He remained in Arizona and became a real estate developer, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976.Symington was elected to the governorship in 1990 over Democratic Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard, following a close campaign that resulted in a runoff election. During his first term, Symington established charter schools in Arizona by signing sweeping education reform legislation, with the first charter schools opening in the state in 1995. The following year, during his second term, Symington signed legislation to establish the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency, allowing excess water to be acquired from the Central Arizona Project and banked in Arizona for future necessity. His term in office also oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park during the federal government shutdown in November 1995. In 1997, Symington was convicted on seven counts of bank fraud, and resigned from office, but the convictions were later overturned. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, whom he once saved from a rip tide off of Connecticut during his youth.After his term as governor, Symington left public service and pursued a career as a chef, later co-founding the Arizona Culinary Institute with his business partners Jerry Moyes, Darren Leite and chef Robert E. Wilson. He has been speculated as a possible candidate for another term as Governor of Arizona, as well as considered running for the United States Senate, but has only endorsed candidates since leaving the Governor's office. Symington is also known as a witness to the infamous Phoenix Lights, a mass UFO sighting which occurred in Phoenix, Arizona on March 13, 1997.","title":"Fife Symington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citizen-1"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"},{"link_name":"J. 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Fife Symington Jr. who served as United States Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago from 1969 to 1971 under President Richard Nixon.[2][3] He is also a cousin to Stuart Symington, who was U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976.[2]He attended Gilman School in Baltimore, and then went to Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history. During his time at Gilman, Symington met Thomas Caplan, who would later introduce him to Bill Clinton during college. At 19 years old, Symington rescued an intoxicated 19-year-old Clinton from nearly drowning in a rip tide during a trip to Hyannis Port, Massachusetts near the Kennedy compound.[4] While studying at Harvard, Symington discovered the works of Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek, an economist, social theorist and political philosopher who promoted limited government and free markets.[2] Hayek's work would serve as an influence for Symington's political beliefs in regards to fiscal and taxation policy as governor.[2] Symington was also a supporter of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election against Lyndon B. Johnson.[2] Beginning in 1967, he served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base near Glendale, Arizona. In 1971, he was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service, before being honorably discharged.[1] He remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, The Symington Company, in 1976.[1] In 1983, he was appointed to Southwest Savings and Loan Association board of directors which was based in Salt Lake City, Utah.[1]The Esplanade on Camelback and 24th Street in Phoenix was one of The Symington Company's development projects.Beginning in 1983, one of Symington's projects as a real estate developer, with The Symington Company, was the construction of the Esplanade on 24th Street and Camelback Road, an up-scale office complex that had been built on a former Christmas tree lot.[5] Symington believed it to be the \"best location in town for business,\" and as of 2007, still had his own office on the fourth floor of the building. The financing of the project would later play a part in an investigation in his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, which provided the funds with Symington on its board of directors.[5] Symington has stated that the approval of the construction of the Esplanade was significant because nothing over four stories had ever been granted along Camelback Road.[6] The Esplanade took two decades to finish construction, with construction beginning in 1983, and completing in 2003.[6]Other development projects launched by The Symington Company include the Scottsdale Seville, as well as the Mercado, a shopping complex near downtown Phoenix whose design was influenced by southwestern and Hispanic culture.[7][8] The Mercado was a concept that originated from Phoenix City Hall, which granted the first ever federal Urban Development Action Grant in Phoenix for the complex, and also owned the land that the Mercado was built upon.[8] The Mercado opened in 1989, but it began facing financial hardships only a few years after its opening.[9] Additionally, in an attempt to finance the construction of the Mercado, Symington repeatedly filed false financial statements, according to a jury in the case that later led to his resignation as governor, to receive a $10 million loan for the project from a group of Arizona pension funds.[9][10] It was also alleged that Symington threatened to end the lease granted to Arizona State University, the largest tenant at the Mercado at the time, several times between July and October 1991, unless he was released from the $10 million loan.[11] The Mercado loan officially went into default in 1992, with Symington filing for bankruptcy protection from creditors in U.S. Bankruptcy Court.[12]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governor of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_gubernatorial_election,_1990"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citizen-1"},{"link_name":"Evan Mecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Mecham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primary-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-14"},{"link_name":"Sam Steiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Steiger"},{"link_name":"Libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primary-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primary-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terry_Goddard_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terry Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Goddard"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Terry Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Goddard"},{"link_name":"Dukakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newtimes-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newtimes-17"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camp-18"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pearson_Goddard_Jr."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newtimes-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimore-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winner-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camp-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimore-20"},{"link_name":"Evan Mecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Mecham"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camp-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camp-18"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Howard Metzenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimore-20"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimore-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimore-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winner-21"},{"link_name":"plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"1990 gubernatorial campaign","text":"In April 1989, Symington announced his bid for Governor of Arizona in the 1990 election, promising to run the state like a business.[1] Beginning with the initial stages of his campaign, Symington had placed his business expertise and his success as a real estate developer center stage, stating, \"What Arizona needs right now is a business mind. The state needs a man who can provide experienced, professional fiscal management to pull it out of its economic crisis. I am that man.\" In the Republican primary held on September 11, 1990, Symington was opposed by several high-profile career politicians, including former governor Evan Mecham, who had been impeached in 1988 and was attempting to make a comeback.[13][14] Former U.S. Congressman Sam Steiger, who had previously run for U.S. Senate as the Republican nominee in 1976 and for Governor as the Libertarian nominee in 1982 also ran against Symington, but placed a distant fourth behind Mecham and State Senator Fred Koory.[13][15] Despite being portrayed as a liberal by his primary opponents, Symington received nearly 44% of the vote in the primary.[13][14]Former Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard was nominated by the Democratic Party to challenge Symington in the 1990 election.In his election night speech, Symington immediately began his general election campaign message by stating that his Democratic opponent, Terry Goddard, was \"a professional politician, a tax-and-spend Dukakis liberal Democrat,\" and, in contrast, that he was a Barry Goldwater conservative, and \"proud of it.\"[14] At the time, Goldwater was seen as the ideological godfather of the modern Republican Party,[16] and had endorsed Symington's campaign.[17] Symington's father was also personal friends with Goldwater.[17]In the general election, the Democratic Party nominee was Terry Goddard, who had served as the mayor of Phoenix until February of that year.[18] Goddard is also the son of former Arizona Governor Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.[17] During the campaign, Goddard had attempted to cast doubt on Symington in the minds of voters by stating that the former businessman could face indictment for his business activities.[19] In response, Symington charged that Goddard had violated the state's campaign finance law by \"accepting a law-firm salary while campaigning, without spending the stipulated hours on legal work.\"[20] One of Symington's campaign promises included a state budget cut of 6%, except for programs related to education and the poor.[21] On election day in November 1990, the presence of several write-in candidates resulted in Symington and Goddard being virtually tied, with Symington ahead by only 4,300 votes.[18][22] Prior to the election, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate received more than 50% of the vote.[20] This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote.[18] As a result, a runoff was scheduled for February 26, 1991. Both candidates spent a cumulative total of approximately $5 million in the primary, general and runoff campaigns.[18]Shortly before the runoff occurred, while in Washington, D.C. for a fundraiser, Symington was called before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee by Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum, a move that was seen as politically motivated.[20] During the hearing, U.S. Senator Bob Dole accused the Democrats of a political \"sneak attack\" on Symington, a line which was later used in a Symington campaign commercial.[20] The commercial also depicted Goddard behind bars, as the ad's narrator asks: \"How can anyone trust Terry Goddard, when the fact is he's broken the law?\"[20] Symington would go on to win the runoff with 52% of the vote.[21] After the extended campaign, Arizona returned to plurality voting for all subsequent gubernatorial elections, making the 1990 gubernatorial election the only statewide runoff election in Arizona's history.[23]","title":"Governor of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19347_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winner-21"},{"link_name":"hazardous waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloom-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-27"},{"link_name":"thrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation"},{"link_name":"Jack LaSota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_LaSota"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"},{"link_name":"Evan Mecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Mecham"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"charter schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ed-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ed-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"First term (1991–1995)","text":"Symington with then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush at a fundraiser at the Madison Hotel in Phoenix in February 1991.Symington was sworn into office on March 6, 1991,[24] becoming Arizona's fourth governor in five years.[21] Symington's first budget as governor, which totaled more than $3.5 billion, was successfully passed through the state legislature, earning him \"high marks\" from political analysts at the time, due to its lack of tax increases, as well as for its halting of an incineration project. The project had caused controversy due to the amount of hazardous waste that was being created.[25] Symington also established an extensive review of its human resources management, and created the State Long-Term improved Management Project (known as Project SLIM). The goal of the project was to reduce the size of the state government and decrease spending. Recommendations that were made as a result of the project included methods for improving the hiring process, improving training, providing alternative processes for employee appeals, reducing overall employment, and upgrading the classification, pay, and benefits system, among other suggestions.[26]Symington's accounting firm had won the consulting contract for Project SLIM, which later led to an investigation, and resulted in a $3.3 million settlement due to inquiries into the bidding by other state and federal investigative agencies.[27] Governor Symington, and other former directors of Southwest Savings and Loan, were also the subject of an investigation over their involvement in the failure of the Phoenix-based thrift, with the case later being settled for $12 million.[28]In November 1992, Symington ended a six-month standoff with the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation by signing a compact that allowed the tribe to operate 250 video gambling machines. Prior to this, the tribe was acting in defiance of federal agents who had seized their gambling machines the year before the agreement. The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation settled for a quarter of the machines that had been seized, and also agreed to allow state supervision of the gambling operation. In return, the state conceded to allowing the operation of a 24-hour bingo hall and casino by the tribe. Former Arizona Attorney General Jack LaSota criticized the decision at the time, due to Arizona's state laws against gambling.[29] Symington later signed legislation in 1993 that reversed this decision, however, outlawing gambling and casinos, including for fundraising purposes for churches and charities.[30] Also in November 1992, Symington was a supporter of a ballot proposal that reinstated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in Arizona. The day had been removed as a federal holiday several years prior, under the administration of Governor Evan Mecham, who disagreed with its manner of implementation. Symington boasted that Arizona had become \"the only state in the union to put it to the people,\" and felt the vote in approval of the holiday made \"a wonderful statement about Arizona.\"[31]One of the major achievements enacted by Symington as Governor came at the end of his first term. It included sweeping education reform legislation, which led to the establishment of charter schools in Arizona.[32] The goal behind establishing charter schools was to improve student achievement and provide additional academic choices, with the first charters opening the following year in 1995.[32] Symington later remarked that by creating charter schools \"the public education institutions would be forced to compete and get better, it was never meant to hurt, it was meant to make them better.\"[33]","title":"Governor of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Craig Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repri-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repri-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repri-34"},{"link_name":"Eddie Basha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Basha"},{"link_name":"Bashas'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashas%27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"League of Women Voters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-36"}],"sub_title":"1994 gubernatorial campaign","text":"Symington ran for reelection to a second term in 1994. In the Republican primary, Symington was challenged by Barbara Barrett, wife of business executive Craig Barrett. In regard to his primary campaign message, Symington stated \"I vowed to get state spending under control, reduce taxes and do my best to promote economic development and restore strength to the economy. I think I am in a strong position because I accomplished my goals.\"[34] Barrett had spent more than $1 million of her own money in the attempt to defeat Symington, who she stated she did not dislike personally, but simply felt that she could do a better job as governor.[34] On September 13, 1994, Symington defeated Barrett in the primary by a margin of 68% to 32%.[35] Political analysts stated that Barrett had failed to distinguish herself from the incumbent governor, and ran a flawed campaign.[34]In the general election, Symington was challenged by Democratic nominee Eddie Basha, who was known in the state as a grocery store magnate as CEO and Chairman of Bashas'. Prior to the general election, Basha had led Symington in opinion polls by 15 to 20 points.[36] However, the midterm elections of 1994 were a landslide for Republicans, which likely benefited Symington as well, despite his vulnerability due to the controversies that had emerged during his first term in office.[36] Symington defeated Basha, winning 52% of the vote to Basha's 44%.[36] Basha had refused to resort to negative campaigning until the final days of the campaign when it was likely too late, which political analysts pointed to as the reason for his loss.[36] In addition, Symington had highlighted Basha's statement during a debate hosted by the League of Women Voters that the public school system \"can be the surrogate family to help children and parents,\" which led Symington to declare that Basha believed the \"state can take the place of the family.\"[36] After defeating Basha, Symington, in his election night victory speech, pledged to try to further reduce state income taxes during the course of his second term, as well as continue to eliminate regulatory burden on businesses, and also to \"get tough on crime.\"[36] Symington also declared his upset victory a \"miracle\" and a \"revolution,\" saying the people \"want their country back and they want their taxes lowered. Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan started all this and God bless them.\"[36]","title":"Governor of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankrupt-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankrupt-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankrupt-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankrupt-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park,_North_Rim_in_Arizona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"federal government shutdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_1995_and_1996"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Arizona National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-40"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Interior"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canyonclose-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canyonclose-41"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"},{"link_name":"The Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"},{"link_name":"Jane Dee Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Dee_Hull"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Mahoney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comp-7"},{"link_name":"Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"hung jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_jury"},{"link_name":"right to a fair trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Second term, conviction, and resignation (1995–1997)","text":"Shortly into his second term in office as governor, Symington filed for personal bankruptcy, claiming debts of more than $24 million, caused by the collapse of his real estate investments. According to a report in The New York Times, Symington stated that his \"hand was forced by a consortium of union pension funds that refused to negotiate a settlement of an $11 million debt.\"[37] To finance the construction of a shopping center and office complex in downtown Phoenix, known as the Mercado, Symington had been lent $10 million from six union pension funds.[37] They foreclosed in 1991 when the Mercado's disappointing revenue prevented Symington from being able to make payments towards the loan.[37] This led to the court awarding the union pension funds an estimated $11.4 million settlement, which Symington stated was \"beyond his ability to pay.\"[37]Symington oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park following the federal government shutdown in November 1995.In November 1995, Grand Canyon National Park was closed for the first time in its history, due to the federal government shutdown. On November 17, Symington's response came very close to creating a national crisis.[38][39] Citing the dire effects of the park's closure on tourism, Symington stated that the \"Grand Canyon must remain open, by force, if necessary.\" The Pentagon warned the head of the Arizona National Guard against the use of force and raised the possibility that, if necessary, the guard would be federalized and brought under the control of the White House. The governor decided to go ahead and, accompanied by the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, fifty unarmed National Guard troops, twenty-five state Park Department employees, and other officials, traveled to the canyon. When Symington's group arrived, Symington beat on the park gates in front of the media and demanded that the park be reopened.[40]Robert Arnberger, the park's superintendent delivered a letter to Symington from the United States Department of Interior which stated that the state of Arizona may be able to donate money to the department to reopen the Grand Canyon, which Symington called a \"political game.\"[41] The Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision.[40] A federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the shutdown.[42] The government shut down again in mid-December of that year, but the state and the federal government were able to come to an agreement to keep the park partially open, with the state of Arizona paying $17,625 in advance of each day's operation, which was also later reimbursed by the federal government.[41]In 1996, Symington signed legislation establishing the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency. The agency acquires excess water from the Central Arizona Project and banks it in Arizona.[2] In a news report published by The Arizona Republic in July 2016, historian Jack August wrote that the legislation \"left Arizona in a better position to deal with the current drought than neighboring California,\" which was experiencing challenges with drought and water management at the time of the article's publication.[2]Later that same year, in June 1996, Symington was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements, and bank fraud. He was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4, 1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a commercial real estate developer, extorting a pension fund and perjuring himself in a bankruptcy hearing. As Arizona, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office, Symington resigned from office the next day. He was succeeded by then-Secretary of State Jane Dee Hull.[43] Prior to his resignation, there had been a high-profile recall effort led by former Arizona Secretary of State Richard D. Mahoney.[7] This conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Six days into jury deliberations, the trial judge had granted the government's motion to dismiss a juror because the other jurors complained she was refusing to deliberate with them, a serious breach of the juror's oath. A three-judge panel of the appeals court ruled 2–1 that there was a \"reasonable possibility\" that the juror had actually been removed because she was leaning toward acquittal, and the rest of the jury was frustrated at the prospect of a hung jury (in federal cases, verdicts must be unanimous). The appeals court held that the juror's dismissal violated Symington's right to a fair trial, since he was entitled to that juror's vote. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, terminating the federal government's seven-year battle with the former governor.[44]","title":"Governor of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fife_Symington_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chefnyt-45"},{"link_name":"Nellis Federal Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Prison_Camp,_Nellis"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chefnyt-45"},{"link_name":"Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu_College_of_Culinary_Arts_Scottsdale"},{"link_name":"Jerry Moyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Moyes"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azcul-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azcul-47"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azcul-47"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazzuoli-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazzuoli-48"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazzuoli-48"},{"link_name":"tiramisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiramisu"},{"link_name":"mousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousse"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazzuoli-48"},{"link_name":"Janet Napolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Napolitano"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegovernor-49"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegovernor-49"},{"link_name":"ganache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganache"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegovernor-49"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Culinary Institute","text":"Symington speaking at a graduation ceremony for the Arizona Culinary Institute in June 2017.While free on appeal, and before receiving a presidential pardon, Symington had attempted to reinvent himself as a private citizen and decided to enroll himself in culinary school.[2] Symington stated of his experience that \"It was very educational and very humbling.\"[45] During his enrollment at the school, Symington had packed a bag of his belongings in case he had to report to Nellis Federal Prison in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 24 hours notice,[46] but this was made moot following his pardon from President Clinton.[45] After graduating from the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale, Symington helped to found the Arizona Culinary Institute. The school was co-founded with several other business partners including chef Robert E. Wilson, entrepreneur Jerry Moyes and former president of the Scottsdale Culinary Institute Darren Leite.[47] The vision of the school was to create a small class environment with hands on training, with a specific focus on the traditional French methods of cooking.[47] The school was opened and started its first classes in early 2002 in Scottsdale.[47]In addition to his time as a student at culinary school, Symington returned to the Esplanade, a real estate development project that he started in 1983 and eventually lost in the investigation of his business practices, and began working as a dessert and pastry chef at an Italian restaurant at the facility.[2] Symington opened the restaurant, called Franco's Italian Caffe, in February 2003 with a business partner, restaurateur Franco Fazzuoli.[48] Symington had previously interned at a restaurant that Fazzuoli owned while attending culinary school.[48]During an interview with The Washington Post, Symington disclosed that he would rather be a chef than be \"making money,\" and that it was a \"great experience.\"[48] Symington's specialties included tiramisu, as well as a chocolate mousse recipe he created called \"The Governor (high taste, low taxes).\"[48] Then-Governor Janet Napolitano had supposedly visited Franco's Italian Caffe and finished her meal with \"The Governor\" dessert on multiple occasions, which was reported by the Tucson Citizen to be the best-selling dessert at the restaurant.[49] The recipe for \"The Governor\" included \"a layer of dense, flourless chocolate cake made with Callebaut dark chocolate from Belgium,\" and \"topped with chocolate mousse, then with another Callebaut chocolate cake with another layer of mousse.\"[49] Finally, the entire dessert is \"drizzled with a chocolate ganache.\"[49]","title":"Post-governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Lights"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Lights"},{"link_name":"UFO sighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"The Daily Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Courier_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Larry King Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King_Live"},{"link_name":"National Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Club_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Rendlesham Forest incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident"},{"link_name":"Belgium UFO incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)#Reported_sightings"},{"link_name":"1976 Tehran UFO incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Nick Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Pope_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Out of the Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Piestewa Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piestewa_Peak"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnufo-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnufo-58"},{"link_name":"test flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnufo-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnufo-58"}],"sub_title":"Phoenix Lights","text":"Further information: Phoenix LightsIn 2007, Symington revealed he was a witness to the Phoenix Lights, the mass UFO sighting that took place on March 13, 1997, when he was governor of Arizona, a decade before this admission.[50][51] In an interview with The Daily Courier, Symington stated, \"I'm a pilot and I know just about every machine that flies. It was bigger than anything that I've ever seen. It remains a great mystery. Other people saw it, responsible people. I don't know why people would ridicule it.\"[52] He continued, \"It was enormous and inexplicable. Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too. It was dramatic. And it couldn't have been flares because it was too symmetrical. It had a geometric outline, a constant shape.\"[53] As Governor during the Phoenix Lights, Symington stated he would investigate the event, but went on to hold a press conference where he had his chief of staff dress up in an alien costume. He later stated that as a public official he had felt a responsibility to avert public panic and therefore made an attempt to introduce some levity into the situation.[54][55]On November 9, 2007, he appeared with a panel of guests discussing their UFO experiences on Larry King Live. A few days later, on November 12, Symington acted as moderator for a UFO press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Other speakers included U.S. and foreign military witnesses and public officials involved in some major UFO cases, such as the 1980 Rendlesham Forest incident, 1990 Belgium UFO incident, and 1976 Tehran UFO incident, and heads of some official foreign government UFO investigations, such as Nick Pope in the United Kingdom and Claude Poher of France. They said the phenomenon was quite real, should be taken seriously, and urged the U.S. government to reopen its public UFO investigations.[56] Symington also appeared as a witness of the Phoenix Lights in an updated version of the 2002 UFO documentary Out of the Blue by filmmaker James Fox. Prior to the documentary, Fox helped organize the witness panels for both Larry King Live, and the subsequent National Press Club event.[57]In 2017, Symington also wrote an editorial piece for CNN, where he further described his experience in witnessing the Phoenix Lights, saying that he observed a delta-shaped craft, which moved silently across the sky over Piestewa Peak (formerly known as Squaw Peak).[58] He further described it as \"dramatically large\" with a \"very distinctive leading edge with some enormous lights.\"[58] He also expressed his dissatisfaction with the Air Force's explanation of the event as test flares, while acknowledging that there was a possibility of flares also being ignited that night, but that the Phoenix Lights were completely separate from those tests.[58] He went on to voice his support for opening up further investigations, saying \"Investigations need to be re-opened, documents need to be unsealed and the idea of an open dialogue can no longer be shunned,\" and calling for the government to cease \"putting out stories that perpetuate the myth that all UFOs can be explained away in down-to-earth conventional terms.\"[58]","title":"Post-governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Napolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Napolitano"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cand-63"},{"link_name":"Jan Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cand-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Doug Ducey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ducey"},{"link_name":"Ruben Gallego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Gallego"},{"link_name":"Arizona Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Jeff Flake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Flake"},{"link_name":"Jay Heiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Heiler"},{"link_name":"Jan Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Martha McSally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_McSally"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"2020 special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Arizona,_2020"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election2020-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjzz-71"},{"link_name":"Jon Kyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kyl"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election2020-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjzz-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjzz-71"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Potential return to politics and endorsements","text":"On February 4, 2005, in an interview with The Arizona Republic, Symington expressed interest in running again for governor in 2006 against Democrat Janet Napolitano. His interest in the race came after he attended Napolitano's State of the State Address in 2005, and was galvanized in opposition to Napolitano's education platform.[59] However, three months later, on May 5, he withdrew his name from consideration, saying that he wanted to focus his energy on The Symington Group instead.[60] In November 2006, Symington lost a bid to become the Republican Party Chairman of his local legislative district, the district also happened to be the home district of Senator John McCain, whose support Symington had received. This was the first electoral defeat of Symington's career.[61] In April 2007, Symington was named chairman of the board of trustees of the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden.[62]Following Janet Napolitano's resignation as Governor of Arizona in 2009, due to her appointment as Secretary of Homeland Security, Symington was once more considered as a potential candidate to run in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but he again refused to run, announcing the decision in October 2009 following disappointing hypothetical poll numbers.[63] Symington instead endorsed former Arizona Republican Party chairman John Munger, against incumbent governor Jan Brewer, but Munger eventually dropped out of the race when he was unable to compete with his fellow candidates' sizable fundraising and public funding of their campaigns.[63][64] Despite Symington's refusal to run again for public office, he has remained involved in state politics, endorsing candidates from both major parties, including Doug Ducey for governor, John McCain for U.S. Senate, and Democrats Ruben Gallego for U.S. Congress and Felecia Rotellini for Arizona Attorney General, among others.[65][66][67]Following the announcement by U.S. Senator Jeff Flake that he would not be seeking reelection to a second term, in October 2017, Symington became the treasurer of board of regents member Jay Heiler's U.S. Senate exploratory committee, alongside former governor Jan Brewer as chairman. Heiler was Symington's Chief of Staff during his two terms as governor.[68] In January 2018, Heiler ultimately decided against running for U.S. Senate, instead supporting U.S. Congresswoman Martha McSally.[69]In October 2018, it was reported by The Arizona Capitol Times that Symington was contemplating a run for the U.S. Senate in the 2020 special election.[70][71] The seat was vacated following the death of U.S. Senator John McCain, with former U.S. Senator Jon Kyl being appointed by Governor Doug Ducey to temporarily fill the seat.[72] Upon appointment, Kyl stated that he would only serve in the Senate until the end of 2018 and in 2018 Governor Ducey appointed former Representative Martha McSally to the Senate seat.[73] Symington stated that he would enjoy running against the potential Democratic candidate former attorney general of Arizona, Grant Woods, saying \"I can't think of a better candidate to campaign against. We would have a lot of fun dishing it out,\" while also questioning Woods' party affiliation.[70][71] Symington also refuted the idea of the legal issues that led to his resignation as Governor having an effect on his candidacy, adding \"Elections are about your ideas for the future, where you want to see the country go. It's not settled on old issues, especially as distant as those.\"[71] In September 2021, Symington became co-chair of Karrin Taylor Robson's campaign for governor, alongside Jan Brewer.[74]","title":"Post-governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ret-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ret-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ret-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-76"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-76"},{"link_name":"Arizona Capitol Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capit-78"},{"link_name":"Michele Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capit-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Symington_(granddaughter)-79"}],"sub_title":"Later life and legacy","text":"In an op-ed published by The Arizona Republic in 2012, Symington took time to reflect on his time as Governor of Arizona, and spoke positively about his experiences, despite the federal government's prosecution that led to his resignation. Symington wrote, \"Even as we were charging ahead to reform public policy in the brief time given any governor, I was visited by a ruthless pursuit from the world's most inexhaustible adversary. Let it be recorded that few have fought the federal government and prevailed, but by grace and the love of family and friends, we did.\"[75] In analyzing his performance as governor, Symington also stated in the retrospective, \"Arizona's government operated comparatively well, without excess partisan rancor and without so many of the Republican peacocks and Democrat bantam roosters we see running around the political barnyard today.\"[75] He also wrote that he believed Arizona would be \"better off\" had he been able to further reduce income taxes during his term, if not eliminate them, and also praised Arizona as the home of charter schools, an initiative which began under his tenure.[75]In July 2016, a discovery was made by Arizona historian Jack August when he located a large collection of missing documents regarding Symington's governorship.[76] There were 305 boxes total, which was estimated to take at least 500-man-hours to process, and consisted of policy papers, records from his federal trial, photos from White House visits, and a humorous photo of Symington in a Phoenix Suns gorilla costume.[76] The records were located at a storage facility approximately four miles from the state Capitol building, and was described by The Arizona Republic as the \"equivalent of finding the Lost Dutchman's gold.\"[76] Prior to their unearthing, Symington had stated that he had no idea where the records were located, despite ordering his staff to box up the records for a swift transition in the event he was sentenced to prison.[76] State law requires that public officials provide their records for public access, but enforcement of this law has been inconsistent and rarely imposed.[76]On February 9, 2017, an exhibit titled \"The Surreal Life of Fife Symington\" was opened at the Arizona Capitol Museum, with \"personal mementoes and a trove of family history items\" that were discovered by Symington, in a trunk belonging to his mother, serving as the centerpiece for the display.[77] Political campaign materials, Symington's Bronze Star from his service in the military, a cast bronze relief of Symington's grandfather Henry Clay Frick, and yearbooks were also included.[78] Secretary of State Michele Reagan officiated the opening ceremony. Jack August was one of the organizers of the exhibit, but died only a few weeks before its opening.[78][79]","title":"Post-governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republic-2"}],"text":"From his first wife Symington has two children and five grandchildren. His second wife was Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. They have three children and eight grandchildren. He is currently married for the third time.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8032-6146-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6146-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8165-2202-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-2202-2"}],"text":"Berman, David R. (1998). Arizona Politics & Government: The Quest for Autonomy, Democracy, and Development. Arizona: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6146-4.\nJohnson, James W. (2002). Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2202-2.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Esplanade on Camelback and 24th Street in Phoenix was one of The Symington Company's development projects.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Esplanade_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-The_Esplanade_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Phoenix Mayor Terry Goddard was nominated by the Democratic Party to challenge Symington in the 1990 election.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Terry_Goddard_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/170px-Terry_Goddard_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Symington with then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush at a fundraiser at the Madison Hotel in Phoenix in February 1991.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19347_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19347_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Symington oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park following the federal government shutdown in November 1995.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_North_Rim_in_Arizona.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_North_Rim_in_Arizona.jpg"},{"image_text":"Symington speaking at a graduation ceremony for the Arizona Culinary Institute in June 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fife_Symington_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/220px-Fife_Symington_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of governors of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona"},{"title":"List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Bodfield, Rhonda (September 3, 1997). \"Symington Verdict\". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/1997/09/03/206731-symington-verdict/","url_text":"\"Symington Verdict\""}]},{"reference":"August, Jack (July 29, 2016). \"Symington, uncovered: What we now know about the former Arizona governor\". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2016/07/29/fife-symington-files/87588508/","url_text":"\"Symington, uncovered: What we now know about the former Arizona governor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martha Frick Symington, 79, Philanthropist\". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 29, 1996. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/29/us/martha-frick-symington-79-philanthropist.html","url_text":"\"Martha Frick Symington, 79, Philanthropist\""}]},{"reference":"Hook, John (May 8, 2014). \"Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor, His Troubles, and Saving Bill Clinton's Life\". Fox News Channel. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fifesymington.com/fife-symington-reflects-on-his-time-as-governor-his-troubles-and-saving-bill-clintons-life/","url_text":"\"Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor, His Troubles, and Saving Bill Clinton's Life\""}]},{"reference":"Pitzl, Mary Jo (September 3, 2007). \"Ex-Governor Pursues New Ventures; Beset by Scandal, Now He Enjoys Life as Entrepreneur\". The Arizona Republic. FifeSymington.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fifesymington.com/ex-governor-pursues-new-ventures-beset-by-scandal-now-he-enjoys-life-as-entrepreneur/","url_text":"\"Ex-Governor Pursues New Ventures; Beset by Scandal, Now He Enjoys Life as Entrepreneur\""}]},{"reference":"Padgett, Mike (July 20, 2003). \"Destination: Esplanade\". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2003/07/21/focus1.html","url_text":"\"Destination: Esplanade\""}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, John (September 5, 1996). \"Official Secrecy Acts\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/official-secrecy-acts-6423485","url_text":"\"Official Secrecy Acts\""}]},{"reference":"Laake, Deborah (April 19, 1989). \"The Mercado\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/the-mercado-6412794","url_text":"\"The Mercado\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Terry (October 23, 1991). \"A Museum at the Mercado? Ailing Symington Project May Get Boost from City Bond Money\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/a-museum-at-the-mercado-ailing-symington-project-may-get-boost-from-city-bond-money-6411715","url_text":"\"A Museum at the Mercado? Ailing Symington Project May Get Boost from City Bond Money\""}]},{"reference":"Purdum, Todd (September 4, 1997). \"Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/04/us/arizona-governor-convicted-of-fraud-and-will-step-down.html","url_text":"\"Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down\""}]},{"reference":"Ostrow, Ronald (June 14, 1996). \"Indictment Accuses Arizona Governor of Lying, Fraud\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1996-06-14/news/mn-14957_1_personal-financial-statements","url_text":"\"Indictment Accuses Arizona Governor of Lying, Fraud\""}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Howard (February 27, 2004). \"No money from Symington investment for pension funds\". Capitol Media Services. Arizona Daily Sun. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://azdailysun.com/no-money-from-symington-investment-for-pension-funds/article_cfa29066-ab6f-5f16-88f8-6e4c9f23e6ed.html","url_text":"\"No money from Symington investment for pension funds\""}]},{"reference":"\"AZ Governor – R Primary Race – Sep 11, 1990\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=242073","url_text":"\"AZ Governor – R Primary Race – Sep 11, 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mecham Loses in Arizona, Backs Primary Winner\". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 13, 1990. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-13/news/mn-382_1_evan-mecham","url_text":"\"Mecham Loses in Arizona, Backs Primary Winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Shootout\". Time. September 20, 1976. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_triathlon	List of Olympic medalists in triathlon	["1 Men","1.1 Individual","2 Women","2.1 Individual","3 Mixed","3.1 Team relay","4 Statistics","4.1 Multiple medalists","4.2 Medals by NOC","5 See also","6 References"]	The medalists of the 2008 Summer Olympics women's triathlon. Left to right: Vanessa Fernandes of Portugal (silver), and Emma Snowsill (gold) and Emma Moffatt (bronze) of Australia. Triathlon has been an Olympic sport since its debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Its inclusion in the Summer Olympic Games program was the quickest of any sport: the International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in 1989 and five years later, on 4 September 1994, triathlon's Olympic status was approved by the 103rd International Olympic Committee Session, in Paris. The variant contested at the Olympics (called Olympic distance) is composed of a 1,500-meter (4,921 ft) swim, followed by a 40-kilometer (25 mi) bicycle race, and a final 10 km (6 mi) run leg. The distances were chosen based on the resulting format to be a challenge for participants (sprint triathletes as well as endurance competitors) and entertaining for spectators all over the world. From 2000, the triathlon competition consisted of a men's and a women's event. A third event, the mixed medley relay involving four triathletes each covering the sprint distance, was introduced in 2021. The inaugural women's event was the first to be contested during the Sydney Games, and crowned Swiss triathlete Brigitte McMahon as the first Olympic champion, over the heavy-favorite Australians. The following day, Simon Whitfield of Canada, who was not considered one of the favorites, came from behind and took the men's gold medal with a 200-meter sprint finish. In similar fashion, long-distance specialist Kate Allen of Austria secured the women's Olympic title in 2004. New Zealand placed two male triathletes in the top two, as Hamish Carter and Bevan Docherty won the gold and silver medals, respectively. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Whitfield was on the verge of repeating his 2000 success, but failed to keep his lead over Jan Frodeno of Germany in the final meters, who pipped the Canadian to the gold medal. The Australian power in women's triathlon was rewarded at the Beijing Games, when three-time world champion and favorite Emma Snowsill clinched the gold medal and Emma Moffatt secured the bronze. After securing a second career Olympic medal in Beijing, Simon Whitfield (one gold and one silver) and Bevan Docherty (one silver and one bronze) were the only triathletes to have won more than one Olympic medal. In 2016 Alistair Brownlee (twice gold) and Jonathan Brownlee (one silver and one bronce) as well as the first woman, Nicola Spirig Hug (one gold and one silver), joined this circle. In 2021 at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics. Jonathan Brownlee became the first and, to date only, triathlete to win three medals, and the first to have a full set of gold, silver and bronze. Men Individual Canadian Simon Whitfield was the first gold medalist in the men's Olympic triathlon, in 2000. Kate Allen of Austria came from behind to win the 2004 women's Olympic triathlon event. Games Gold Silver Bronze 2000 Sydneydetails Simon Whitfield Canada Stephan Vuckovic Germany Jan Řehula Czech Republic 2004 Athensdetails Hamish Carter New Zealand Bevan Docherty New Zealand Sven Riederer Switzerland 2008 Beijingdetails Jan Frodeno Germany Simon Whitfield Canada Bevan Docherty New Zealand 2012 Londondetails Alistair Brownlee Great Britain Javier Gómez Noya Spain Jonathan Brownlee Great Britain 2016 Riodetails Alistair Brownlee Great Britain Jonathan Brownlee Great Britain Henri Schoeman South Africa 2020 Tokyodetails Kristian Blummenfelt Norway Alex Yee Great Britain Hayden Wilde New Zealand 2024 Parisdetails Women Individual Games Gold Silver Bronze 2000 Sydneydetails Brigitte McMahon Switzerland Michellie Jones Australia Magali Messmer Switzerland 2004 Athensdetails Kate Allen Austria Loretta Harrop Australia Susan Williams United States 2008 Beijingdetails Emma Snowsill Australia Vanessa Fernandes Portugal Emma Moffatt Australia 2012 Londondetails Nicola Spirig Switzerland Lisa Nordén Sweden Erin Densham Australia 2016 Riodetails Gwen Jorgensen United States Nicola Spirig Hug Switzerland Vicky Holland Great Britain 2020 Tokyodetails Flora Duffy Bermuda Georgia Taylor-Brown Great Britain Katie Zaferes United States 2024 Parisdetails Mixed Team relay Games Gold Silver Bronze 2020 Tokyodetails Great Britain (GBR)Jess LearmonthJonny BrownleeGeorgia Taylor-BrownAlex Yee United States (USA)Katie ZaferesKevin McDowellTaylor KnibbMorgan Pearson France (FRA)Léonie PériaultDorian ConinxCassandre BeaugrandVincent Luis 2024 Parisdetails Statistics Multiple medalists Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 Jonny Brownlee Great Britain (GBR) 2012–2020 1 1 1 3 2 Alistair Brownlee Great Britain (GBR) 2012–2016 2 0 0 2 3 Simon Whitfield Canada (CAN) 2000–2008 1 1 0 2 Nicola Spirig Switzerland (SUI) 2012–2016 1 1 0 2 Alex Yee Great Britain (GBR) 2020 1 1 0 2 Georgia Taylor-Brown Great Britain (GBR) 2020 1 1 0 2 7 Bevan Docherty New Zealand (NZL) 2004–2008 0 1 1 2 Katie Zaferes United States (USA) 2020 0 1 1 2 Medals by NOC NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Great Britain (GBR) 3 3 2 8 Switzerland (SUI) 2 1 2 5 Australia (AUS) 1 2 2 5 New Zealand (NZL) 1 1 2 4 United States (USA) 1 1 2 4 Canada (CAN) 1 1 0 2 Germany (GER) 1 1 0 2 Austria (AUT) 1 0 0 1 Bermuda (BER) 1 0 0 1 Norway (NOR) 1 0 0 1 Portugal (POR) 0 1 0 1 Spain (ESP) 0 1 0 1 Sweden (SWE) 0 1 0 1 Czech Republic (CZE) 0 0 1 1 France (FRA) 0 0 1 1 South Africa (RSA) 0 0 1 1 Total 13 13 13 39 See also ITU Triathlon World Championships ITU Triathlon World Cup References General "Events". Triathlon.org. International Triathlon Union. Retrieved March 13, 2010. 2000 2004 2008 "Triathlon". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved August 20, 2020. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Triathlon". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2009. Specific ^ "Triathlon Equipment and History". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved March 13, 2010. ^ "ITU Triathlon Facts & Figures". Triathlon.org. International Triathlon Union. Retrieved March 24, 2010. ^ "Triathlon, taekwondo added to Olympics". The Sunday Argus-Press. Associated Press. 4 September 1994. p. 6. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ Hobson, Wes; Clark Campbell and Michael F. Vickers (2001). "Chapter 18, Race Day: Olympic Distance". Swim, bike, run (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 230. ISBN 0-7360-3288-6. OCLC 45583386. Retrieved July 2, 2009. ^ "Triathlon". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 3, 2009. ^ "Golden surprise – Swiss McMahon upsets Aussie for triathlon gold". CNN Sports Illustrated. CNN. September 28, 2000. Retrieved July 3, 2009. ^ "Simon Whitfield". The Official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2010. ^ Michaelis, Vicki (August 25, 2004). "Australian-turned-Austrian Kate Allen wins triathlon with late surge". USA Today. Athens 2004 Olympics. Gannett Company. Retrieved July 3, 2009. ^ "Hamish Carter wins men's triathlon". Xinhua Online. Xinhua News Agency. August 26, 2004. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004. Retrieved July 3, 2009. ^ a b "Germany's Frodeno Wins Triathlon at the Wire". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Associated Press. August 18, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2010. ^ Crutcher, Michael (August 18, 2008). "Emma Snowsill wins triathlon gold medal at Beijing Olympics". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 4, 2009. vteLists of Olympic medalistsSummer sports Archery Artistic swimming Athletics men women mixed Badminton Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Rugby sevens Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Skateboarding Sport climbing Softball Surfing Swimming men women mixed Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco-Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Angling Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Fire fighting Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Water motorsports Olympic sports Olympic medal All-time Olympic Games medal table Olympic Games portal vteTriathlon at the Summer Olympics 1896–1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists List of Olympic venues	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Olympic_triathlon_women_-_medal_ceremony.JPG"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"women's triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Emma Snowsill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Snowsill"},{"link_name":"Emma Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Olympic sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sport"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itu_facts-2"},{"link_name":"International Triathlon Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Triathlon_Union"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wes_hobson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brigitte McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_McMahon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Simon Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kate 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Frodeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Frodeno"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men2008-10"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Emma Snowsill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Snowsill"},{"link_name":"Emma Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men2008-10"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"The medalists of the 2008 Summer Olympics women's triathlon. Left to right: Vanessa Fernandes of Portugal (silver), and Emma Snowsill (gold) and Emma Moffatt (bronze) of Australia.Triathlon has been an Olympic sport since its debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.[1] Its inclusion in the Summer Olympic Games program was the quickest of any sport:[2] the International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in 1989 and five years later, on 4 September 1994, triathlon's Olympic status was approved by the 103rd International Olympic Committee Session, in Paris.[3] The variant contested at the Olympics (called Olympic distance) is composed of a 1,500-meter (4,921 ft) swim, followed by a 40-kilometer (25 mi) bicycle race, and a final 10 km (6 mi) run leg. The distances were chosen based on the resulting format to be a challenge for participants (sprint triathletes as well as endurance competitors) and entertaining for spectators all over the world.[4]From 2000, the triathlon competition consisted of a men's and a women's event. A third event, the mixed medley relay involving four triathletes each covering the sprint distance, was introduced in 2021.[5] The inaugural women's event was the first to be contested during the Sydney Games, and crowned Swiss triathlete Brigitte McMahon as the first Olympic champion, over the heavy-favorite Australians.[6] The following day, Simon Whitfield of Canada, who was not considered one of the favorites, came from behind and took the men's gold medal with a 200-meter sprint finish.[7] In similar fashion, long-distance specialist Kate Allen of Austria secured the women's Olympic title in 2004.[8] New Zealand placed two male triathletes in the top two, as Hamish Carter and Bevan Docherty won the gold and silver medals, respectively.[9] At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Whitfield was on the verge of repeating his 2000 success, but failed to keep his lead over Jan Frodeno of Germany in the final meters, who pipped the Canadian to the gold medal.[10] The Australian power in women's triathlon was rewarded at the Beijing Games, when three-time world champion and favorite Emma Snowsill clinched the gold medal and Emma Moffatt secured the bronze.[11]After securing a second career Olympic medal in Beijing, Simon Whitfield (one gold and one silver) and Bevan Docherty (one silver and one bronze) were the only triathletes to have won more than one Olympic medal.[10] In 2016 Alistair Brownlee (twice gold) and Jonathan Brownlee (one silver and one bronce) as well as the first woman, Nicola Spirig Hug (one gold and one silver), joined this circle. In 2021 at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics. Jonathan Brownlee became the first and, to date only, triathlete to win three medals, and the first to have a full set of gold, silver and bronze.","title":"List of Olympic medalists in triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simon-whitfield-triathlete.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simon Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Whitfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Kate_Allen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kate Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Allen_(triathlete)"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Canadian Simon Whitfield was the first gold medalist in the men's Olympic triathlon, in 2000.\nKate Allen of Austria came from behind to win the 2004 women's Olympic triathlon event.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Individual","title":"Women"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team relay","title":"Mixed"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple medalists","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medals by NOC","title":"Statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"The medalists of the 2008 Summer Olympics women's triathlon. Left to right: Vanessa Fernandes of Portugal (silver), and Emma Snowsill (gold) and Emma Moffatt (bronze) of Australia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2008_Olympic_triathlon_women_-_medal_ceremony.JPG/300px-2008_Olympic_triathlon_women_-_medal_ceremony.JPG"},{"image_text":"Canadian Simon Whitfield was the first gold medalist in the men's Olympic triathlon, in 2000.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Simon-whitfield-triathlete.jpg/220px-Simon-whitfield-triathlete.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kate Allen of Austria came from behind to win the 2004 women's Olympic triathlon event.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2008_Kate_Allen.JPG/220px-2008_Kate_Allen.JPG"}]	[{"title":"ITU Triathlon World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Triathlon_World_Championships"},{"title":"ITU Triathlon World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Triathlon_World_Cup"}]	[{"reference":"\"Events\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_W._Weber	Winfried W. Weber	["1 Education","2 Publications","2.1 Books","2.2 Editor and co-editor","2.3 Selected articles and interviews","3 References","4 External links"]	German business scholar This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Winfried W. Weber" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Winfried W. WeberBornTübingen, GermanyNationalityGermanAcademic career Winfried W. Weber is a German economist and management professor. He is director of the Mannheim Institute of Applied Management Research at Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, with a research focus on new role models of management, global family business and entrepreneurship. He is the founder of managemendenker.com, a blog on management practice, theory, and influential thinkers. Weber is also the president and founder of a non-profit management network, the Peter Drucker Society of Mannheim E.V., whose aim is to strengthen the leadership and networks of managers. Education Weber obtained his doctoral degree (PhD) in economics at Witten/Herdecke University; Reinhard Mohn is Chair for Corporate Governance, Business Ethics and Social Evolution. Publications Books Weber, Winfried W. (2021, in preparation): Die Purpose-Wirtschaft, Mannheim Weber, Winfried W. (2016): Einführung in das Management von Non-Profit-Organisationen, Mannheim Weber, Winfried W. (2007): Complicate your life, Göttingen Weber, Winfried W. (2005): Innovation durch Injunktion – Warum man Innovationen nicht planen (lassen) kann, Göttingen Weber, Winfried W. (1998): Führung und Lernprozesse in mittelständischen Weltmarktunternehmen - neue Ansätze zur Unternehmensglobalisierung, Bremen Weber, Winfried W. (1996): Kundennähe in mittelständischen Weltmarktunternehmen, Bremen Weber, Winfried W. (1991): Defizite internationalen Management-Trainings - zur Bedeutung interkultureller Kommunikationsprozesse, Chur/Zürich Editor and co-editor Weber, Winfried W., Ed. (2013): Versteht die Realwirtschaft noch, was die Finanzwirtschaft tut? Mannheim (in German and English language) Weber, Winfried W. (2010), Ed. with Gladius Kulothungan: Peter Drucker's Next Management. New Institutions, New Theories and Practices, Göttingen Weber, Winfried W., Ed. (2009): Peter Drucker – der Mann, der das Management geprägt hat. Erinnerungen und Ausblick zum 100. Geburtstag, Göttingen Selected articles and interviews A new Management Caravanserai – Learning from the German Model From hierarchical organizations to networks, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Jan. 20th, 2014 Germany's Midsize Manufacturers Outperform its Industrial Giants, Harvard Business Review, August 12, 2016 Management-Guru Peter Drucker, Brandeins, September 2016 List of publications Management training in the right context Why are Mittelstand champions so successful? Sennheiser: Motivated by the customer References ^ "Leadership im Dialog". ^ "Center for Global Family Businesses \| Mannheimer Institut für angewandte Managementforschung". Mim.hs-mannheim.de. 2014-07-06. Retrieved 2014-07-14. ^ http://www.winfriedweber.com/42904.html?entry_id=f8718eb3d5ab07e87429d6683baf97bc#blogstart ^ Weber, Winfried W. (12 August 2016). "Germany's Midsize Manufacturers Outperform its Industrial Giants". Harvard Business Review. ^ "Peter Drucker - brand eins online". ^ http://www.winfriedweber.com/42257.html ^ "Management training in the right context \| Arabian Post". 16 April 2015. ^ "Why are Mittelstand champions so successful? \| Arabian Post". 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2022-02-07. ^ "Sennheiser: Motivated by the customer \| Arabian Post". 2014-10-04. Retrieved 2022-02-07. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"Mannheim University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"family business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_business"},{"link_name":"entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Winfried W. Weber is a German economist and management professor. He is director of the Mannheim Institute of Applied Management Research at Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, with a research focus on new role models of management, global family business and entrepreneurship.He is the founder of managemendenker.com, a blog on management practice, theory, and influential thinkers. Weber is also the president and founder of a non-profit management network, the Peter Drucker Society of Mannheim E.V.,[1] whose aim is to strengthen the leadership and networks of managers.","title":"Winfried W. Weber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witten/Herdecke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witten/Herdecke_University"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Mohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Mohn"}],"text":"Weber obtained his doctoral degree (PhD) in economics at Witten/Herdecke University; Reinhard Mohn is Chair for Corporate Governance, Business Ethics and Social Evolution.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Weber, Winfried W. (2021, in preparation): Die Purpose-Wirtschaft, Mannheim\nWeber, Winfried W. (2016): Einführung in das Management von Non-Profit-Organisationen, Mannheim\nWeber, Winfried W. (2007): Complicate your life, Göttingen\nWeber, Winfried W. (2005): Innovation durch Injunktion – Warum man Innovationen nicht planen (lassen) kann, Göttingen\nWeber, Winfried W. (1998): Führung und Lernprozesse in mittelständischen Weltmarktunternehmen - neue Ansätze zur Unternehmensglobalisierung, Bremen\nWeber, Winfried W. (1996): Kundennähe in mittelständischen Weltmarktunternehmen, Bremen\nWeber, Winfried W. (1991): Defizite internationalen Management-Trainings - zur Bedeutung interkultureller Kommunikationsprozesse, Chur/Zürich","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Editor and co-editor","text":"Weber, Winfried W., Ed. (2013): Versteht die Realwirtschaft noch, was die Finanzwirtschaft tut? Mannheim (in German and English language)\nWeber, Winfried W. (2010), Ed. with Gladius Kulothungan: Peter Drucker's Next Management. New Institutions, New Theories and Practices, Göttingen\nWeber, Winfried W., Ed. (2009): Peter Drucker – der Mann, der das Management geprägt hat. Erinnerungen und Ausblick zum 100. Geburtstag, Göttingen","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Selected articles and interviews","text":"A new Management Caravanserai – Learning from the German Model[2]\nFrom hierarchical organizations to networks, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Jan. 20th, 2014[3]\nGermany's Midsize Manufacturers Outperform its Industrial Giants, Harvard Business Review, August 12, 2016[4]\nManagement-Guru Peter Drucker, Brandeins, September 2016 [5]\nList of publications [6]\nManagement training in the right context [7]\nWhy are Mittelstand champions so successful? [8]\nSennheiser: Motivated by the customer [9]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Leadership im Dialog\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peter-drucker-society-mannheim.com/round-tables/","url_text":"\"Leadership im Dialog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center for Global Family Businesses \| Mannheimer Institut für angewandte Managementforschung\". Mim.hs-mannheim.de. 2014-07-06. Retrieved 2014-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://mim.hs-mannheim.de/social-ecology/","url_text":"\"Center for Global Family Businesses \| Mannheimer Institut für angewandte Managementforschung\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Winfried W. (12 August 2016). \"Germany's Midsize Manufacturers Outperform its Industrial Giants\". Harvard Business Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbr.org/2016/08/germanys-midsize-manufacturers-outperform-its-industrial-giants#","url_text":"\"Germany's Midsize Manufacturers Outperform its Industrial Giants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Drucker - brand eins online\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brandeins.de/archiv/2016/vorbilder/peter-drucker-management-guru/","url_text":"\"Peter Drucker - brand eins online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Management training in the right context \| Arabian Post\". 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thearabianpost.com/management-training-in-the-right-context/","url_text":"\"Management training in the right context \| Arabian Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why are Mittelstand champions so successful? \| Arabian Post\". 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2022-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thearabianpost.com/why-are-mittelstand-champions-so-successful/","url_text":"\"Why are Mittelstand champions so successful? \| Arabian Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sennheiser: Motivated by the customer \| Arabian Post\". 2014-10-04. Retrieved 2022-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thearabianpost.com/sennheiser-motivated-by-the-costumer/","url_text":"\"Sennheiser: Motivated by the customer \| Arabian Post\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_W._Weber&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Winfried+W.+Weber%22","external_links_name":"\"Winfried W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Latrobe	HMAS Latrobe	["1 Design and construction","2 Operational history","3 Decommissioning and fate","4 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]	Australian Bathurst-class corvette HMAS Latrobe History Australia NamesakeTown of Latrobe, Tasmania BuilderMort's Dock and Engineering Company Laid down27 January 1942 LaunchedFloated 19 June 1942 Commissioned6 November 1942 Decommissioned13 March 1953 ReclassifiedTraining ship (1946) Honours andawards Battle honours: Darwin 1943 Pacific 1943–45 New Guinea 1943–44 Borneo 1945 FateSold for scrap, 18 May 1956 General characteristics Class and typeBathurst-class corvette Displacement650 tons (standard), 1,025 tons (full war load) Length180 ft 10 in (55.12 m) Beam31 ft 2 in (9.50 m) Draught8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Propulsiontriple expansion engine, 2 shafts Speed15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph) at 2,000 hp Complement85 Armament1 × 4 inch Mk XVI gun, 3 × Oerlikon 20 mm cannons HMAS Latrobe (J234/M234), named for the town of Latrobe, Tasmania, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Design and construction Main article: Bathurst-class corvette In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and a range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph) top speed, and a range of 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km; 3,280 mi), armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Latrobe) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy. Latrobe's dimensions differed from the Bathurst-class design: she was shorter (180 ft 10 in (55.12 m) compared to 186 ft (57 m)) and had a slightly wider beam (31 ft 2 in (9.50 m) compared to 31 ft (9.4 m)). Latrobe was laid down by Mort's Dock and Engineering Company at Balmain, New South Wales on 27 January 1942. As the ship was built in a dock it was floated clear on 19 June 1942. The ship was commissioned into the RAN on 6 November 1942. Operational history After entering active service, Latrobe initially served as a convoy escort ship, first between Queensland and New Guinea, then between Darwin and Thursday Island. On 12 February 1943, the corvette unsuccessfully attacked a Japanese submarine. In July, a Darwin-bound convoy escorted by Latrobe was attacked twice by Japanese aircraft, and in December, a lone Japanese bomber attempted to attack the corvette. In June 1944, Latrobe was reassigned to New Guinea operations, and arrived on 17 June. She spent seven months operating as a convoy escort and anti-submarine patrol ship, before sailing to Adelaide in January 1945 for a two-month refit. Latrobe returned to New Guinea in late April, and served in numerous roles until the end of World War II, including escort, patrol, minesweeping, and shore bombardment. The corvette received four battle honours for her wartime service: "Darwin 1943", "Pacific 1943–45", "New Guinea 1943–44", and "Borneo 1945". After the end of the war, Latrobe was involved in the evacuation of Allied prisoners-of-war, and the transportation of occupation forces. She returned to Australia in December 1945, towing two small craft to Sydney before proceeding to Melbourne. In early 1946, the corvette was attached to Flinders Naval Depot for use as a training ship until the end of 1952. Decommissioning and fate Latrobe paid off on 13 March 1953. She was placed in reserve on 17 September 1953, where she remained until she was sold for breaking up as scrap to the Hong Kong Rolling Mills on 18 May 1956. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "HMAS Latrobe". HMA Ship Histories. Sea Power Centre – Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ a b c Stevens, The Australian Corvettes, p. 1 ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 103 ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 103–4 ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 103–5 ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 104 ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 105, 148 ^ Donohue, From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, p. 29 ^ Stevens et al., The Royal Australian Navy, p. 108 ^ "Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours". Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ "Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012. References Books Donohue, Hector (October 1996). From Empire Defence to the Long Haul: post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs. Vol. 1. Canberra: Sea Power Centre. ISBN 0-642-25907-0. ISSN 1327-5658. OCLC 36817771. Stevens, David (2005). A Critical Vulnerability: the impact of the submarine threat on Australia's maritime defense 1915–1954. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs. Vol. 15. Canberra: Sea Power Centre Australia. ISBN 0-642-29625-1. ISSN 1327-5658. OCLC 62548623. Stevens, David; Sears, Jason; Goldrick, James; Cooper, Alastair; Jones, Peter; Spurling, Kathryn (2001). Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554116-2. OCLC 50418095. Journal and news articles Stevens, David (May 2010). "The Australian Corvettes" (PDF). Hindsight (Semaphore). 2010 (5). Sea Power Centre – Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMAS Latrobe (ship, 1942). vteBathurst-class corvette Royal Australian NavyAustralian-ordered Ararat Armidale Benalla Bendigo Bowen Bunbury Bundaberg Castlemaine Colac Cootamundra Cowra Deloraine Dubbo Echuca Fremantle Geelong Gladstone Glenelg Gympie Horsham Inverell Junee Kapunda Katoomba Kiama Latrobe Lithgow Mildura Parkes Rockhampton Shepparton Stawell Strahan Townsville Wagga Wallaroo Warrnambool Admiralty-ordered Ballarat Bathurst Broome Burnie Cairns Cessnock Gawler Geraldton Goulburn Ipswich Kalgoorlie Launceston Lismore Maryborough Pirie Tamworth Toowoomba Whyalla Wollongong Royal Indian Navy Bengal Bombay Madras Punjab Post-Second World War operators Indonesian Navy Banteng (ex-Cairns) Hang Tuah (ex-Ipswich) Pati Unus (ex-Tamworth) Radjawali (ex-Wollongong) Royal Netherlands Navy Ambon (ex-Cairns) Banda (ex-Wollongong) Batjan (ex-Lismore) Boeroe (ex-Toowoomba) Ceram (ex-Burnie) Morotai (ex-Ipswich) Ternate (ex-Kalgoorlie) Tidore (ex-Tamworth) Royal New Zealand Navy Echuca Inverell Kiama Stawell Turkish Navy Alanya (ex-Broome) Amasra (ex-Pirie) Antalya (ex-Geraldton) Ayancık (ex-Launceston) Ayvalık (ex-Gawler)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latrobe, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrobe,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Bathurst-class corvettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"}],"text":"HMAS Latrobe (J234/M234), named for the town of Latrobe, Tasmania, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).[1]","title":"HMAS Latrobe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Commonwealth Naval Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Commonwealth_Naval_Board"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindsight1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevensACV103-3"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevensACV103.4-4"},{"link_name":"Bar-class boom defence vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-class_boom_defence_vessel"},{"link_name":"asdic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asdic"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"minesweeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine#Mine_sweeping"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindsight1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"HMAS Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevensACV104-6"},{"link_name":"British Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindsight1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donohue29-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens108-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"Mort's Dock and Engineering Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%27s_Dock_and_Engineering_Company"},{"link_name":"Balmain, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"}],"text":"In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate.[2][3] The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and a range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km; 2,300 mi)[4] The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph) top speed, and a range of 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km; 3,280 mi), armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels.[2][5] Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained.[6] The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the \"Australian Minesweepers\" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as \"corvettes\") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Latrobe) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.[2][7][8][9][1]Latrobe's dimensions differed from the Bathurst-class design: she was shorter (180 ft 10 in (55.12 m) compared to 186 ft (57 m)) and had a slightly wider beam (31 ft 2 in (9.50 m) compared to 31 ft (9.4 m)).[1]Latrobe was laid down by Mort's Dock and Engineering Company at Balmain, New South Wales on 27 January 1942.[1] As the ship was built in a dock it was floated clear on 19 June 1942. The ship was commissioned into the RAN on 6 November 1942.[1]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhonours-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honourslist-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"Flinders Naval Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Naval_Depot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"}],"text":"After entering active service, Latrobe initially served as a convoy escort ship, first between Queensland and New Guinea, then between Darwin and Thursday Island.[1] On 12 February 1943, the corvette unsuccessfully attacked a Japanese submarine.[1] In July, a Darwin-bound convoy escorted by Latrobe was attacked twice by Japanese aircraft, and in December, a lone Japanese bomber attempted to attack the corvette.[1]In June 1944, Latrobe was reassigned to New Guinea operations, and arrived on 17 June.[1] She spent seven months operating as a convoy escort and anti-submarine patrol ship, before sailing to Adelaide in January 1945 for a two-month refit.[1] Latrobe returned to New Guinea in late April, and served in numerous roles until the end of World War II, including escort, patrol, minesweeping, and shore bombardment.[1]The corvette received four battle honours for her wartime service: \"Darwin 1943\", \"Pacific 1943–45\", \"New Guinea 1943–44\", and \"Borneo 1945\".[10][11]After the end of the war, Latrobe was involved in the evacuation of Allied prisoners-of-war, and the transportation of occupation forces.[1] She returned to Australia in December 1945, towing two small craft to Sydney before proceeding to Melbourne.[1] In early 1946, the corvette was attached to Flinders Naval Depot for use as a training ship until the end of 1952.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-1"}],"text":"Latrobe paid off on 13 March 1953.[1] She was placed in reserve on 17 September 1953, where she remained until she was sold for breaking up as scrap to the Hong Kong Rolling Mills on 18 May 1956.[1]","title":"Decommissioning and fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPC_1-15"},{"link_name":"\"HMAS Latrobe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/hmas-latrobe"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hindsight1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hindsight1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hindsight1_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StevensACV103_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StevensACV103.4_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StevensACV104_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donohue29_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stevens108_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newhonours_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-honourslist_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p \"HMAS Latrobe\". HMA Ship Histories. Sea Power Centre – Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 27 December 2008.\n\n^ a b c Stevens, The Australian Corvettes, p. 1\n\n^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 103\n\n^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 103–4\n\n^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 103–5\n\n^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 104\n\n^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 105, 148\n\n^ Donohue, From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, p. 29\n\n^ Stevens et al., The Royal Australian Navy, p. 108\n\n^ \"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\". Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"HMAS Latrobe\". HMA Ship Histories. Sea Power Centre – Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 27 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-latrobe","url_text":"\"HMAS Latrobe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\". Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donohue, Hector (October 1996). From Empire Defence to the Long Haul: post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs. Vol. 1. Canberra: Sea Power Centre. ISBN 0-642-25907-0. ISSN 1327-5658. OCLC 36817771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-25907-0","url_text":"0-642-25907-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1327-5658","url_text":"1327-5658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36817771","url_text":"36817771"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, David (2005). A Critical Vulnerability: the impact of the submarine threat on Australia's maritime defense 1915–1954. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs. Vol. 15. Canberra: Sea Power Centre Australia. ISBN 0-642-29625-1. ISSN 1327-5658. OCLC 62548623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-29625-1","url_text":"0-642-29625-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1327-5658","url_text":"1327-5658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62548623","url_text":"62548623"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, David; Sears, Jason; Goldrick, James; Cooper, Alastair; Jones, Peter; Spurling, Kathryn (2001). Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554116-2. OCLC 50418095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554116-2","url_text":"0-19-554116-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50418095","url_text":"50418095"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, David (May 2010). \"The Australian Corvettes\" (PDF). Hindsight (Semaphore). 2010 (5). Sea Power Centre – Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320183407/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Semaphore_2010_5.pdf","url_text":"\"The Australian Corvettes\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Semaphore_2010_5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-latrobe","external_links_name":"\"HMAS Latrobe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1327-5658","external_links_name":"1327-5658"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36817771","external_links_name":"36817771"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1327-5658","external_links_name":"1327-5658"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62548623","external_links_name":"62548623"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50418095","external_links_name":"50418095"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320183407/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Semaphore_2010_5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Australian Corvettes\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Semaphore_2010_5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoborus	Borophagus	["1 Evolution","2 Description","3 Species","4 Paleoecology","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Extinct genus of carnivores BorophagusTemporal range: Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene, 12–1.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Borophagus secundus skull Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Subfamily: †Borophaginae Tribe: †Borophagini Subtribe: †Borophagina Genus: †BorophagusCope, 1892 Type species †Borophagus diversidens Other species †B. dudleyi †B. hilli †B. littoralis †B. orc †B. parvus †B. pugnator †B. secundus Synonyms †Cynogulo Kretzoi, 1968 †Hyaenognathus Merriam, 1903 †Porthocyon Merriam, 1903 †Osteoborus Borophagus ("gluttonous eater") is an extinct genus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Middle Miocene epoch through the Early Pleistocene epoch 12—1.8 Mya. Evolution Borophagus, like other borophagines, are loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs. Though not the most massive borophagine by size or weight, it had a more highly evolved capacity to crunch bone than earlier, larger genera such as Epicyon, which seems to be an evolutionary trend of the group (Turner, 2004). During the Pliocene epoch, Borophagus began being displaced by other Canid species such as Canis edwardii and later by Aenocyon dirus. Early species of Borophagus were placed in the genus Osteoborus until recently, but the genera are now considered synonyms. Description B. littoralis skull Typical features of this genus are a bulging forehead and powerful jaws; Borophagus has been considered to be probably a scavenger by paleontologists in the past. Its crushing premolar teeth and strong jaw muscles would have been used to crack open bone, much like the hyena of the Old World. However, Borophagus fossils are so abundant and geographically widespread that some paleontologists now argue that Borophagus must have been both the dominant carnivore of its time, and thus an active predator because carrion feeding alone could not have sustained such a large population. They note that not all carnivores with bone-cracking ability are scavengers, such as the modern spotted hyena; instead, they interpret the bone-cracking ability as an adaptation to social hunting where complete utilization of a carcass was favored. Coprolites from Borophagus further vindicate its bone-crushing abilities, while simultaneously indicating it occupied a niche no longer seen in the present-day ecosystems of North America. The discovery of these coprolites also indicates that Borophagus may have been a social pack-hunter. The adult animal is estimated to have been about 80 cm in length, similar to a coyote, although it was much more powerfully built. Species Restoration by Charles R. Knight, 1902 Borophagus diversidens existed for 2.5 million years (synonymous with Felis hillianus, Hyaenognathus matthewi, Hyaenognathus pachyodon, Hyaenognathus solus, Porthocyon dubius) Borophagus dudleyi existed for 2 million years Borophagus hilli existed for 0.5 million years (synonymous with Osteoborus crassapineatus, Osteoborus progressus) Borophagus littoralis existed for 3 million years (syn. Osteoborus diabloensis) Borophagus orc existed for 2 million years Borophagus parvus existed for 2 million years Borophagus pugnator existed for 4 million years (synonymous with Osteoborus galushai) Borophagus secundus existed for 4 million years (synonymous with Hyaenognathus cyonoides, Hyaenognathus direptor, Osteoborus secundus) Existence based on Figure 141 of Wang et al. (1999). Paleoecology In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Borophagus was contemporary with the bear Agriotherium as well as the feliform Barbourofelis, the saber-toothed machairodont cat Amphimachairodus coloradensis and fellow canid Epicyon. All of these animals were potential competitors that would have occasionally conflicted with Borophagus for food and territory, though it may also have readily scavenged their kills. Prey for Borophagus included herbivores like the camel Aepycamelus, the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx, horses like Neohipparion and Nannippus, the ancient peccary Prosthennops and even rhinoceroses like the hippo-like Teleoceras, all of which could provide a suitable meal through hunting or scavenging. References ^ a b c d Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-08. ^ Lambert, David (1985). The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File. p. 163. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7. ^ a b Wang, Xiaoming; and Tedford, Richard H. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. pp112-3 ^ Wang, Xiaoming; White, Stuart C.; Balisi, Mairin; Biewer, Jacob; Sankey, Julia; Garber, Dennis; Tseng, Z Jack (2018). "First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.34773. PMC 5963924. PMID 29785931. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 220. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. ^ Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780253010421. ^ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-231-10228-3. Alan Turner, "National Geographic: Prehistoric Mammals" (Washington, D.C.: Firecrest Books Ltd., 2004), pp. 112–114. ISBN 0-7922-7134-3 Xiaoming Wang, "The Origin and Evolution of the Dog Family" Accessed 1/30/06. Further reading Picture of an Osteoborus skull in a museum, from "World of the Wolf." (Accessed 6/19/06) Russell Hunt, "Ecological Polarities Of the North American Family Canidae: A New Approach to Understanding Forty Million Years of Canid Evolution" (Accessed 1/30/06). Wang et al., "Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora:Canidae)." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 243, Nov. 17 1999. (PDF) (Accessed 4/11/06) Archived 2007-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History, New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3 vteExtinct members of the family Canidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia incertae sedis †Prohesperocyon †Hesperocyoninae Hesperocyon Mesocyon Cynodesmus Sunkahetanka Philotrox Enhydrocyon Paraenhydrocyon Osbornodon Caedocyon Ectopocynus †Borophaginae Archaeocyon Oxetocyon Otarocyon Rhizocyon Phlaocyonini Cynarctoides Phlaocyon Borophagini Cormocyon Desmocyon Metatomarctus Euoplocyon Psalidocyon Microtomarctus Protomarctus Tephrocyon Cynarctina Paracynarctus Cynarctus Aelurodontina Tomarctus Aelurodon Borophagina Paratomarctus Carpocyon Protepicyon Epicyon Borophagus Caninae †Leptocyon †Metalopex †Nurocyon †Prototocyon Urocyon †U. citrinus †U. galushai †U. minicephalus †U. progressus †U. webbi Vulpes †V. qiuzhudingi †V. riffautae †V. skinneri CaniniCerdocyonina †Dusicyon †Protocyon †Theriodictis Lycalopex †L. cultridens †L. ensenadensis Speothos †S. pacivorus Canina †Cynotherium †Eucyon †Aenocyon †Xenocyon Cuon †C. alpinus europaeus Canis †C. apolloniensis †C. armbrusteri †C. arnensis †C. cedazoensis †C. edwardii †C. etruscus †C. ferox †C. lepophagus C. latrans †C. l. orcutti C. lupus †C. l. alces †C. l. beothucus †C. l. bernardi †C. l. cristaldii †C. l. floridanus †C. l. fuscus †C. l. gregoryi †C. l. griseoalbus †C. l. hattai †C. l. hodophilax †C. l. mogollonensis †C. l. monstrabilis †C. l. nubilus †C. l. youngi Category Taxon identifiersBorophagus Wikidata: Q137418 EoL: 4445026 GBIF: 4833511 IRMNG: 1437926 Open Tree of Life: 3612520 Paleobiology Database: 41196	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Borophaginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophaginae"},{"link_name":"canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canids"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Mya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-1"}],"text":"Borophagus (\"gluttonous eater\") is an extinct genus of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids endemic to North America from the Middle Miocene epoch through the Early Pleistocene epoch 12—1.8 Mya.[1]","title":"Borophagus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena"},{"link_name":"Epicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyon"},{"link_name":"Canis edwardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_edwardii"},{"link_name":"Aenocyon dirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenocyon_dirus"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-1"}],"text":"Borophagus, like other borophagines, are loosely known as \"bone-crushing\" or \"hyena-like\" dogs. Though not the most massive borophagine by size or weight, it had a more highly evolved capacity to crunch bone than earlier, larger genera such as Epicyon, which seems to be an evolutionary trend of the group (Turner, 2004). During the Pliocene epoch, Borophagus began being displaced by other Canid species such as Canis edwardii and later by Aenocyon dirus. Early species of Borophagus were placed in the genus Osteoborus until recently, but the genera are now considered synonyms.[1]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borophagus_littoralis_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"scavenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"premolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"hyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang,_Xiaoming_2008._pp112-3-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang,_Xiaoming_2008._pp112-3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"B. littoralis skullTypical features of this genus are a bulging forehead and powerful jaws; Borophagus has been considered to be probably a scavenger by paleontologists in the past.[2] Its crushing premolar teeth and strong jaw muscles would have been used to crack open bone, much like the hyena of the Old World. However, Borophagus fossils are so abundant and geographically widespread that some paleontologists now argue that Borophagus must have been both the dominant carnivore of its time, and thus an active predator because carrion feeding alone could not have sustained such a large population.[3] They note that not all carnivores with bone-cracking ability are scavengers, such as the modern spotted hyena; instead, they interpret the bone-cracking ability as an adaptation to social hunting where complete utilization of a carcass was favored.[3] Coprolites from Borophagus further vindicate its bone-crushing abilities, while simultaneously indicating it occupied a niche no longer seen in the present-day ecosystems of North America. The discovery of these coprolites also indicates that Borophagus may have been a social pack-hunter.[4]The adult animal is estimated to have been about 80 cm in length, similar to a coyote, although it was much more powerfully built.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borophagus_Knight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borophagus diversidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_diversidens"},{"link_name":"2.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4.5%E2%88%922"},{"link_name":"Borophagus dudleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_dudleyi"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=6%E2%88%924"},{"link_name":"Borophagus hilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_hilli"},{"link_name":"0.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=5.5%E2%88%925"},{"link_name":"Borophagus littoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_littoralis"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=12%E2%88%929"},{"link_name":"Borophagus orc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_orc"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%927"},{"link_name":"Borophagus parvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_parvus"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=7%E2%88%925"},{"link_name":"Borophagus pugnator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_pugnator"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%925"},{"link_name":"Borophagus secundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus_secundus"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%925"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-1"}],"text":"Restoration by Charles R. Knight, 1902Borophagus diversidens existed for 2.5 million years (synonymous with Felis hillianus, Hyaenognathus matthewi, Hyaenognathus pachyodon, Hyaenognathus solus, Porthocyon dubius)\nBorophagus dudleyi existed for 2 million years\nBorophagus hilli existed for 0.5 million years (synonymous with Osteoborus crassapineatus, Osteoborus progressus)\nBorophagus littoralis existed for 3 million years (syn. Osteoborus diabloensis)\nBorophagus orc existed for 2 million years\nBorophagus parvus existed for 2 million years\nBorophagus pugnator existed for 4 million years (synonymous with Osteoborus galushai)\nBorophagus secundus existed for 4 million years (synonymous with Hyaenognathus cyonoides, Hyaenognathus direptor, Osteoborus secundus)Existence based on Figure 141 of Wang et al. (1999).[1]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coffee Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_Ranch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agriotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriotherium"},{"link_name":"Barbourofelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbourofelis"},{"link_name":"machairodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodont"},{"link_name":"Amphimachairodus coloradensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimachairodus"},{"link_name":"Aepycamelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aepycamelus"},{"link_name":"Cosoryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosoryx"},{"link_name":"Neohipparion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohipparion"},{"link_name":"Nannippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannippus"},{"link_name":"Prosthennops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthennops"},{"link_name":"Teleoceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleoceras"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Borophagus was contemporary with the bear Agriotherium as well as the feliform Barbourofelis, the saber-toothed machairodont cat Amphimachairodus coloradensis and fellow canid Epicyon. All of these animals were potential competitors that would have occasionally conflicted with Borophagus for food and territory, though it may also have readily scavenged their kills. Prey for Borophagus included herbivores like the camel Aepycamelus, the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx, horses like Neohipparion and Nannippus, the ancient peccary Prosthennops and even rhinoceroses like the hippo-like Teleoceras, all of which could provide a suitable meal through hunting or scavenging.[6][7]","title":"Paleoecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Picture of an Osteoborus skull in a museum, from \"World of the Wolf.\" (Accessed 6/19/06)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.naturalworlds.org/wolf/history/Osteoborus_cynoides.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Ecological Polarities Of the North American Family Canidae: A New Approach to Understanding Forty Million Years of Canid Evolution\" (Accessed 1/30/06)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110926205607/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rhunt/publications.htm"},{"link_name":"Wang et al., \"Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora:Canidae).\" Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 243, Nov. 17 1999. (PDF) (Accessed 4/11/06)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070320023028/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-13528-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13528-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Canidae_extinct_nav"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Canidae_extinct_nav"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canidae_extinct_nav"},{"link_name":"Extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"Canidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Chordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata"},{"link_name":"Mammalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia"},{"link_name":"Carnivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"Caniformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniformia"},{"link_name":"Prohesperocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohesperocyon"},{"link_name":"Hesperocyoninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperocyoninae"},{"link_name":"Hesperocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperocyon"},{"link_name":"Mesocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocyon"},{"link_name":"Cynodesmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynodesmus"},{"link_name":"Sunkahetanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkahetanka"},{"link_name":"Philotrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotrox"},{"link_name":"Enhydrocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhydrocyon"},{"link_name":"Paraenhydrocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraenhydrocyon"},{"link_name":"Osbornodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbornodon"},{"link_name":"Caedocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caedocyon"},{"link_name":"Ectopocynus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopocynus"},{"link_name":"Borophaginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophaginae"},{"link_name":"Archaeocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeocyon"},{"link_name":"Oxetocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxetocyon"},{"link_name":"Otarocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otarocyon"},{"link_name":"Rhizocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizocyon"},{"link_name":"Phlaocyonini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlaocyonini"},{"link_name":"Cynarctoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynarctoides"},{"link_name":"Phlaocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlaocyon"},{"link_name":"Borophagini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagini"},{"link_name":"Cormocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormocyon"},{"link_name":"Desmocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmocyon"},{"link_name":"Metatomarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatomarctus"},{"link_name":"Euoplocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euoplocyon"},{"link_name":"Psalidocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalidocyon"},{"link_name":"Microtomarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtomarctus"},{"link_name":"Protomarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomarctus"},{"link_name":"Tephrocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrocyon"},{"link_name":"Cynarctina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynarctina"},{"link_name":"Paracynarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracynarctus"},{"link_name":"Cynarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynarctus"},{"link_name":"Aelurodontina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelurodontina"},{"link_name":"Tomarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomarctus"},{"link_name":"Aelurodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelurodon"},{"link_name":"Borophagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagina"},{"link_name":"Paratomarctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratomarctus"},{"link_name":"Carpocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpocyon"},{"link_name":"Protepicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protepicyon"},{"link_name":"Epicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyon"},{"link_name":"Borophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Caninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caninae"},{"link_name":"Leptocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocyon"},{"link_name":"Metalopex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalopex"},{"link_name":"Nurocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurocyon"},{"link_name":"Prototocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototocyon"},{"link_name":"Urocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocyon"},{"link_name":"U. citrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urocyon_citrinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U. galushai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urocyon_galushai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U. minicephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urocyon_minicephalus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U. progressus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocyon_progressus"},{"link_name":"U. webbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urocyon_webbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vulpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes"},{"link_name":"V. qiuzhudingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_qiuzhudingi"},{"link_name":"V. riffautae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_riffautae"},{"link_name":"V. skinneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_skinneri"},{"link_name":"Canini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canini_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Cerdocyonina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdocyonina"},{"link_name":"Dusicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusicyon"},{"link_name":"Protocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocyon"},{"link_name":"Theriodictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriodictis"},{"link_name":"Lycalopex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycalopex"},{"link_name":"L. cultridens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._cultridens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. ensenadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._ensenadensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speothos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speothos"},{"link_name":"S. pacivorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speothos_pacivorus"},{"link_name":"Canina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)"},{"link_name":"Cynotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_dhole"},{"link_name":"Eucyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucyon"},{"link_name":"Aenocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_wolf"},{"link_name":"Xenocyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocyon"},{"link_name":"Cuon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"C. alpinus europaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_dhole"},{"link_name":"Canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis"},{"link_name":"C. apolloniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_apolloniensis"},{"link_name":"C. armbrusteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbruster%27s_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. arnensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_arnensis"},{"link_name":"C. cedazoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_cedazoensis"},{"link_name":"C. edwardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_edwardii"},{"link_name":"C. etruscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_etruscus"},{"link_name":"C. ferox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_ferox"},{"link_name":"C. lepophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lepophagus"},{"link_name":"C. latrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._latrans"},{"link_name":"C. l. orcutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_coyote"},{"link_name":"C. lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._lupus"},{"link_name":"C. l. alces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. beothucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. bernardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_Island_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. cristaldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. floridanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_black_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. fuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Mountains_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. gregoryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. griseoalbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. hattai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. hodophilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. mogollonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogollon_mountain_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. monstrabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. nubilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_wolf"},{"link_name":"C. l. youngi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountain_wolf"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_canines"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q137418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137418"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"4445026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/4445026"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"4833511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/4833511"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"1437926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1437926"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3612520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3612520"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"41196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41196"}],"text":"Picture of an Osteoborus skull in a museum, from \"World of the Wolf.\" (Accessed 6/19/06)\nRussell Hunt, \"Ecological Polarities Of the North American Family Canidae: A New Approach to Understanding Forty Million Years of Canid Evolution\" (Accessed 1/30/06).\nWang et al., \"Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora:Canidae).\" Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 243, Nov. 17 1999. (PDF) (Accessed 4/11/06) Archived 2007-03-20 at the Wayback Machine\nXiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History, New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3vteExtinct members of the family Canidae\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Mammalia\nOrder: Carnivora\nSuborder: Caniformia\nincertae sedis\n†Prohesperocyon\n†Hesperocyoninae\nHesperocyon\nMesocyon\nCynodesmus\nSunkahetanka\nPhilotrox\nEnhydrocyon\nParaenhydrocyon\nOsbornodon\nCaedocyon\nEctopocynus\n†Borophaginae\nArchaeocyon\nOxetocyon\nOtarocyon\nRhizocyon\nPhlaocyonini\nCynarctoides\nPhlaocyon\nBorophagini\nCormocyon\nDesmocyon\nMetatomarctus\nEuoplocyon\nPsalidocyon\nMicrotomarctus\nProtomarctus\nTephrocyon\nCynarctina\nParacynarctus\nCynarctus\nAelurodontina\nTomarctus\nAelurodon\nBorophagina\nParatomarctus\nCarpocyon\nProtepicyon\nEpicyon\nBorophagus\nCaninae\n†Leptocyon\n†Metalopex\n†Nurocyon\n†Prototocyon\nUrocyon\n†U. citrinus\n†U. galushai\n†U. minicephalus\n†U. progressus\n†U. webbi\nVulpes\n†V. qiuzhudingi\n†V. riffautae\n†V. skinneri\nCaniniCerdocyonina\n†Dusicyon\n†Protocyon\n†Theriodictis\nLycalopex\n†L. cultridens\n†L. ensenadensis\nSpeothos\n†S. pacivorus\n\nCanina\n†Cynotherium\n†Eucyon\n†Aenocyon\n†Xenocyon\nCuon\n†C. alpinus europaeus\nCanis\n†C. apolloniensis\n†C. armbrusteri\n†C. arnensis\n†C. cedazoensis\n†C. edwardii\n†C. etruscus\n†C. ferox\n†C. lepophagus\nC. latrans\n†C. l. orcutti\nC. lupus\n†C. l. alces\n†C. l. beothucus\n†C. l. bernardi\n†C. l. cristaldii\n†C. l. floridanus\n†C. l. fuscus\n†C. l. gregoryi\n†C. l. griseoalbus\n†C. l. hattai\n†C. l. hodophilax\n†C. l. mogollonensis\n†C. l. monstrabilis\n†C. l. nubilus\n†C. l. youngi\nCategoryTaxon identifiersBorophagus\nWikidata: Q137418\nEoL: 4445026\nGBIF: 4833511\nIRMNG: 1437926\nOpen Tree of Life: 3612520\nPaleobiology Database: 41196","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"B. littoralis skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Borophagus_littoralis_3.jpg/220px-Borophagus_littoralis_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restoration by Charles R. Knight, 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Borophagus_Knight.jpg/220px-Borophagus_Knight.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). \"Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024447/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae\""},{"url":"http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, David (1985). The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File. p. 163. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetopreh00lamb/page/163","url_text":"The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetopreh00lamb/page/163","url_text":"163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1125-7","url_text":"0-8160-1125-7"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Xiaoming; White, Stuart C.; Balisi, Mairin; Biewer, Jacob; Sankey, Julia; Garber, Dennis; Tseng, Z Jack (2018). \"First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche\". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.34773. PMC 5963924. PMID 29785931.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963924","url_text":"\"First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.34773","url_text":"10.7554/eLife.34773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963924","url_text":"5963924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785931","url_text":"29785931"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 220. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84028-152-9","url_text":"1-84028-152-9"}]},{"reference":"Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780253010421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253010421","url_text":"9780253010421"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-231-10228-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10228-3","url_text":"0-231-10228-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4.5%E2%88%922","external_links_name":"2.5"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=6%E2%88%924","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=5.5%E2%88%925","external_links_name":"0.5"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=12%E2%88%929","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%927","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=7%E2%88%925","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%925","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9%E2%88%925","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024447/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetopreh00lamb/page/163","external_links_name":"The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetopreh00lamb/page/163","external_links_name":"163"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963924","external_links_name":"\"First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.34773","external_links_name":"10.7554/eLife.34773"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963924","external_links_name":"5963924"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785931","external_links_name":"29785931"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060718022837/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/Carnivorephylogeny.html","external_links_name":"\"The Origin and Evolution of the Dog Family\""},{"Link":"http://www.naturalworlds.org/wolf/history/Osteoborus_cynoides.htm","external_links_name":"Picture of an Osteoborus skull in a museum, from \"World of the Wolf.\" (Accessed 6/19/06)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205607/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rhunt/publications.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ecological Polarities Of the North American Family Canidae: A New Approach to Understanding Forty Million Years of Canid Evolution\" (Accessed 1/30/06)"},{"Link":"http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","external_links_name":"Wang et al., \"Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora:Canidae).\" Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 243, Nov. 17 1999. (PDF) (Accessed 4/11/06)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070320023028/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4445026","external_links_name":"4445026"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4833511","external_links_name":"4833511"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1437926","external_links_name":"1437926"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3612520","external_links_name":"3612520"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41196","external_links_name":"41196"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aegir	USS Aegir	["1 Construction","2 Service history","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	US submarine USS Aegir (AS-23) underway in US coastal waters c. late 1944. US National Archives photo # 19-N-71738, RG-19 LCM, a US navy Bureau of Ships photo now in the collections of the US National Archives. History United States NameAegir NamesakeAegir Orderedas type (C3-S-A2) hull, MC hull 856 BuilderIngalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi Laid down31 March 1943, Launched15 September 1943 Acquired20 November 1943 Commissioned20 November 1943 (reduced commission) Decommissioned3 December 1943 Commissioned8 September 1944 (full commission) Decommissioned18 October 1946 Stricken1 June 1971 Identification Hull symbol: AS-23 Code letters: NWFX FateSold for scrapping, 16 May 1972 General characteristics Class and typeAegir-class submarine tender Displacement16,500 long tons (16,800 t) (full) Length492 ft 6 in (150.11 m) Beam69 ft 6 in (21.18 m) Draft27 ft (8.2 m) Installed power 2 × Foster–Wheeler D-type 465 psi (3,210 kPa) 765 °F (407 °C) steam boilers 8,500 shp (6,300 kW) Propulsion 1 × General Electric steam turbine General Electric double reduction main gears 1 × Propeller Speed18.4 kn (34.1 km/h; 21.2 mph) Complement82 Officers 1,378 Enlisted Armament 1 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 caliber dual-purpose gun 4 × single 3 in (76 mm)/50 cal guns 2 × twin 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors anti-aircraft (AA) mounts 20 × 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon cannons AA USS Aegir (AS-23) was the lead ship of the Aegir-class submarine tender in the United States Navy during World War II. Construction Aegir was laid down on 31 March 1943 under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 856, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Company in Pascagoula, Mississippi and launched on 15 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. James A. Sweeney. The ship was acquired by the Navy and placed in temporary commission on 20 November 1943 for passage to her conversion yard where she was turned over to the Todd Shipyards Corporation, Brooklyn, New York, for conversion to a submarine tender on 3 December 1943. Aegir was placed in full commission at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 8 September 1944. Service history In early October, Aegir reported to New London, Connecticut for shakedown. On 23 October, the tender got underway for Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal and San Diego. She reached Hawaii on 18 November and was assigned to Submarine Squadron 24 (SubRon 24). Aegir traveled to Midway later that month. She remained stationed at that island until 1 September 1945. During this period, Aegir furnished refitting and tender services to the submarines of SubRon 24. Aegir returned to the west coast of the United States on 11 September and was moored at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. There, she furnished services to submarines awaiting decommissioning. Aegir was placed out of commission, in reserve, at Mare Island on 18 October 1946. Then in 1960 used as a maintenance ship at San Diego PacResFlt and then returned to Mare Island Naval Shipyard and remained there until her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1971. The ship was sold on 16 May 1972 to National Metal and Steel at Terminal Island, California, and scrapped. Notes Citations ^ a b c DANFS. Bibliography Online resources* "Aegir (AS-23)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 6 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External links Photo gallery of USS Aegir (AS-23) at NavSource Naval History vteAegir-class submarine tenders United States Navy Aegir Anthedon Apollo Clytie Turkish Navy Donatan (ex-Anthedon) Preceded by: USS Euryale Followed by: USS Canopus List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy vteType C3-S-A2 ships Aegir Anthedon Apollo Burleigh Cascade Cavalier Chandeleur Clytie Croatan Dade Griggs Grundy Guilford Hamblen Hamlin Hampton Hanover Kathleen S. Holmes Knox Lamar Marguerite Le Hand Mendocino Montour Mormacgulf Mormacland Prince William Riverside Sea Adder (1944) Sea Adder (1945) Sea Angel Sea Angler Sea Arrow Sea Barb Sea Bass (1942) Sea Bass (1943) Sea Blenny Sea Cardinal Sea Carp (1943) Sea Carp (1945) Sea Cat Sea Centaur Sea Corporal Sea Corsair Sea Darter Sea Devil Sea Dolphin (1943) Sea Dolphin (1945) Sea Eagle Sea Falcon Sea Fiddler Sea Flasher Sea Flier Sea Hare (June 1944) Sea Hare (December 1944) Sea Hawk (1943) Sea Hawk (1945) Sea Hound Sea Hydra Sea Lynx Sea Marlin Sea Mink Sea Needle Sea Owl Sea Panther Sea Partridge Sea Pegasus Sea Perch Sea Phoenix Sea Pike Sea Porpoise Sea Quail Sea Ray Sea Robin Sea Runner Sea Satyr Sea Scorpion Sea Shark Sea Skimmer Sea Snapper Sea Snipe Sea Sparrow Sea Stallion Sea Star Sea Sturgeon Sea Swallow Sea Tarpon Sea Tiger Sea Triton Sea Wren Sitka Steel Artisan Westmoreland William Harris Hardy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lead ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship"},{"link_name":"Aegir-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegir-class_submarine_tender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"submarine tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"USS Aegir (AS-23) was the lead ship of the Aegir-class submarine tender in the United States Navy during World War II.","title":"USS Aegir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"Todd Shipyards Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Shipyards_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"submarine tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS-1"}],"text":"Aegir was laid down on 31 March 1943 under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 856, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Company in Pascagoula, Mississippi and launched on 15 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. James A. Sweeney. The ship was acquired by the Navy and placed in temporary commission on 20 November 1943 for passage to her conversion yard where she was turned over to the Todd Shipyards Corporation, Brooklyn, New York, for conversion to a submarine tender on 3 December 1943. Aegir was placed in full commission at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 8 September 1944.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Submarine Squadron 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submarine_Squadron_24&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Register"},{"link_name":"National Metal and Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Metal_and_Steel"},{"link_name":"Terminal Island, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Island,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS-1"}],"text":"In early October, Aegir reported to New London, Connecticut for shakedown. On 23 October, the tender got underway for Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal and San Diego. She reached Hawaii on 18 November and was assigned to Submarine Squadron 24 (SubRon 24). Aegir traveled to Midway later that month. She remained stationed at that island until 1 September 1945. During this period, Aegir furnished refitting and tender services to the submarines of SubRon 24.[1]Aegir returned to the west coast of the United States on 11 September and was moored at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. There, she furnished services to submarines awaiting decommissioning. Aegir was placed out of commission, in reserve, at Mare Island on 18 October 1946. Then in 1960 used as a maintenance ship at San Diego PacResFlt and then returned to Mare Island Naval Shipyard and remained there until her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1971. The ship was sold on 16 May 1972 to National Metal and Steel at Terminal Island, California, and scrapped.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_1-2"},{"link_name":"DANFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS"}],"text":"Citations^ a b c DANFS.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Aegir (AS-23)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aegir.html"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"Online resources* \"Aegir (AS-23)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 6 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aegir.html","external_links_name":"\"Aegir (AS-23)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/36/3623.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Baldazzi	Gianfranco Baldazzi	["1 Life and career","2 Publications","3 Songs written by Gianfranco Baldazzi","4 References","5 External links"]	Italian lyricist, record producer, author and journalist (1943–2013) Gianfranco BaldazziBorn(1943-07-28)28 July 1943BolognaDied25 June 2013(2013-06-25) (aged 69)RomeOccupation(s)lyricist and record producerGianfranco Baldazzi (28 July 1943 – 25 June 2013) was an Italian lyricist, record producer, author and journalist. Life and career Born in Bologna, Baldazzi started his career as a stage actor. Active from the second half of the 1960s, he wrote songs for Mina, Lucio Dalla, Gianni Morandi, Ornella Vanoni, Peppino di Capri, Ron among others. He was also a producer, and between 1991 and 1994 he was artistic director of the label Pressing. As an author, Baldazzi wrote several books about Italian music history, some biographies and a historical novel set in the Middle Ages, "Il Silenzio della Cattedrale" (The Silence of the Cathedral). He also collaborated with several magazines and newspapers, and with the TV-channel RAI International. Publications La canzone italiana del Novecento (Newton Compton, 1988), a history of Italian Song from Enrico Caruso to Eros Ramazzotti I nostri cantautori (Thema, prima edizione 1990), a history of Art Song in Italy from Odoardo Spadaro to the present day Dalla (Muzio, prima edizione 1990), a biography of singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, told by a friend from his same hometown Le parole che cantavamo (50&PIÙ, Le Perle della Memoria, 2004) Lucio Dalla. L'uomo degli specchi (Minerva Edizioni, 2013) with photos by Roberto Serra Songs written by Gianfranco Baldazzi Year Title Lyrics Authors Music Authors Singers 1970 Sylvie Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1970 Dolce Susanna Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Rosalino 1970 Fumetto Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1970 Occhi di ragazza Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Gianni Morandi 1970 Dimmi cosa aspetti ancora Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Daniela Casa Dominga 1971 Itaca Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1971 Il colonnello Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1971 La casa in riva al mare Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1971 Strade su strade Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lally Stott Lucio Dalla 1971 Per due innamorati Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1971 L'ultima vanità Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1972 Se mi davi retta Gianfranco Baldazzi Memmo Foresi e Luigi Lopez Fiorella Mannoia 1972 Se mi davi retta Gianfranco Baldazzi e Tony Cucchiara Marcello Valci Giuliana Valci 1972 Piazza Grande Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Rosalino Cellamare e Lucio Dalla Lucio Dalla 1972 Quando verranno i giorni Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Piero Piccioni Mireille Mathieu 1972 Nata libera Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Piero Piccioni Mireille Mathieu 1972 Principessa Gianfranco Baldazzi e Sergio Bardotti Rosalino Cellamare Gianni Morandi 1973 Da sabato a lunedì Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare e Lucio Dalla Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Non svegliarti Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Leggende d'Oltrepò Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Radar Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Senza sogni, senza amici, senza casa Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Rosa d'amore Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 I bimbi neri non san di liquirizia Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Era la terra mia Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Il mio papà ed io Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Disegno libero Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Il carrarmato disarmato Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 La grande città industriale Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Quelli delle medie Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Alla fine della scuola Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 Da grande farò il maestro Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1973 La scuola che vorrei Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Esperienze Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Tuo fratello (che fa i computer) Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Colori, forme, voci e odori Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 La mia scimmia Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Non ti lascio andare via Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Fenomeni naturali Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Il ponte Gianfranco Baldazzi Rosalino Cellamare Rosalino Cellamare 1975 Né lui, né te, né l'odio, né l'amore Gianfranco Baldazzi e Nicoletta Bauce Nicoletta Bauce Nicoletta Bauce 1977 Ancora i nostri errori Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 Laura G. Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 Battello senza marinai Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 Fuori dal corpo Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 Alla Rai... Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 La perdita di un paradiso Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo Lino Rufo 1978 Amore in manicomio Gianfranco Baldazzi Tony Occhiello Lino Rufo 1979 Fuoco Gianfranco Baldazzi Lino Rufo/Vincenzo Pagliarini Lino Rufo 1980 Ehi ci stai Gianfranco Baldazzi e Goran Kuzminac Goran Kuzminac Goran Kuzminac 1981 Grande figlio di puttana Gianfranco Baldazzi e Lucio Dalla Gaetano Curreri e Giovanni Pezzoli Stadio 1981 Chi te l'ha detto Gianfranco Baldazzi e Lucio Dalla Gaetano Curreri Stadio 1982 Cantare Gianfranco Baldazzi Edoardo Vianello Edoardo Vianello References ^ a b c d e "Addio a Gianfranco Baldazzi grande paroliere della canzone italiana". La Repubblica. 25 June 2013. External links Gianfranco Baldazzi at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Italy United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gianfranco Baldazzi (28 July 1943 – 25 June 2013) was an Italian lyricist, record producer, author and journalist.","title":"Gianfranco Baldazzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)"},{"link_name":"Lucio Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Dalla"},{"link_name":"Gianni Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Morandi"},{"link_name":"Ornella Vanoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornella_Vanoni"},{"link_name":"Peppino di Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppino_di_Capri"},{"link_name":"Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Pressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pressing_(label)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"RAI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Born in Bologna, Baldazzi started his career as a stage actor.[1] Active from the second half of the 1960s, he wrote songs for Mina, Lucio Dalla, Gianni Morandi, Ornella Vanoni, Peppino di Capri, Ron among others.[1] He was also a producer, and between 1991 and 1994 he was artistic director of the label Pressing.[1] As an author, Baldazzi wrote several books about Italian music history, some biographies[1] and a historical novel set in the Middle Ages, \"Il Silenzio della Cattedrale\" (The Silence of the Cathedral). He also collaborated with several magazines and newspapers, and with the TV-channel RAI International.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"50&PIÙ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.50epiu.it"}],"text":"La canzone italiana del Novecento (Newton Compton, 1988), a history of Italian Song from Enrico Caruso to Eros Ramazzotti\nI nostri cantautori (Thema, prima edizione 1990), a history of Art Song in Italy from Odoardo Spadaro to the present day\nDalla (Muzio, prima edizione 1990), a biography of singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, told by a friend from his same hometown\nLe parole che cantavamo (50&PIÙ, Le Perle della Memoria, 2004)\nLucio Dalla. L'uomo degli specchi (Minerva Edizioni, 2013) with photos by Roberto Serra","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Songs written by Gianfranco Baldazzi"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Addio a Gianfranco Baldazzi grande paroliere della canzone italiana\". La Repubblica. 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2013/06/25/news/gianfranco_baldazzi-61844843/","url_text":"\"Addio a Gianfranco Baldazzi grande paroliere della canzone italiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.50epiu.it/","external_links_name":"50&PIÙ"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2013/06/25/news/gianfranco_baldazzi-61844843/","external_links_name":"\"Addio a Gianfranco Baldazzi grande paroliere della canzone italiana\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/659167-Gianfranco-Baldazzi","external_links_name":"Gianfranco Baldazzi"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000385851308","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240659511","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGKkD8gyqHfrwvMmbw4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1728959","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV011564","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94072418","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd20241221130&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p107012529","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5a3ec78c-683c-49e9-b9de-62e67a908e49","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/111174937","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_Seiko_Corporation	Epson	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Printers","1.3 Personal computers","1.4 21st century","2 ESC/P","3 Robots","4 Ink cartridge controversies","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Japanese multinational electronics company Not to be confused with Epsom. Seiko Epson CorporationEpson's corporate headquarters in Suwa, NaganoTrade nameEpsonNative nameセイコーエプソン株式会社Romanized nameSeikō Epuson Kabushiki-gaishaCompany typePublic (K.K.)Traded asTYO: 6724IndustryElectronicsFoundedMay 18, 1942; 82 years ago (1942-05-18) (as Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd.)HeadquartersSuwa, Nagano, Japan(Officially registered in Shinjuku, Tokyo)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleMinoru Usui (Chairman & Director)Yasunori Ogawa (President, CEO & Representative Director)Products Printers personal computers robots projectors watches smartglasses semiconductors Revenue ¥1.129 trillion (2021)(US$9.231 billion)Number of employees77,642 (2022)DivisionsOrient WatchWebsitecorporate.epsonJR Shinjuku Miraina Tower, which houses the Tokyo office (registered office) of Seiko Epson and the headquarters of Epson Sales Japan on the 29th-32nd levels, located adjunct to the JR East Shinjuku Station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards, Tokyo Epson America headquarters in Los Alamitos, California Seiko Epson Corporation, commonly known as Epson, is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa, Nagano, Japan, the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet, dot matrix, thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners, laptop and desktop computers, video projectors, watches, point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices, crystal oscillators, sensing systems and other associated electronic components. The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha) of the former Seiko Group, a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces. Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation. History First quartz wristwatch movement, the Caliber 35A developed by Suwa Seikosha in 1969 and used in the Seiko Astron Origins The roots of Seiko Epson Corporation go back to a company called Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. which was founded in May 1942 by Hisao Yamazaki, a local clock shop owner and former employee of K. Hattori, in Suwa, Nagano. Daiwa Kogyo was supported by an investment from the Hattori family (founder of the Seiko Group) and began as a manufacturer of watch parts for Daini Seikosha (currently Seiko Instruments). The company started operation in a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) renovated miso storehouse with 22 employees. In 1943, Daini Seikosha established a factory in Suwa for manufacturing Seiko watches with Daiwa Kogyo. In 1959, the Suwa Factory was split up and merged into Daiwa Kogyo to form Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd: the forerunner of the Seiko Epson Corporation. The company has developed many timepiece technologies, such as the world's first portable quartz timer (Seiko QC-951) in 1963, the world's first quartz watch (Seiko Quartz Astron 35SQ) in 1969, the first automatic power-generating quartz watch (Seiko Auto-Quartz) in 1988, and the Spring Drive watch movement in 1999. The watch business is the root of the company's ultra-precision machining and micromechatronics technologies and still a major business for Seiko Epson, although it accounts for a low percentage of total revenues. Watches made by the company are sold through the Seiko Watch Corporation, a subsidiary of Seiko Group. The watch brand Orient Watch, also known as Orient Star, has been owned by Epson since 2009 and was fully integrated into the company in 2017. Printers Epson LQ 850 dot matrix printer In 1961, Suwa Seikosha established a company called Shinshu Seiki Co. as a subsidiary to supply precision parts for Seiko watches. When Seiko was selected to be the official time keeper for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, a printing timer was required to time events, and Shinshu Seiki started developing an electronic printer. In September 1968, Shinshu Seiki launched the world's first mini-printer, the EP-101 ("EP" for Electronic Printer), which was soon incorporated into many calculators. In June 1975, the name Epson was coined for the next generation of printers based on the EP-101, which was released to the public. The Epson name was coined by joining the initials EP (Electronic Printer) and the word son, making "Epson" mean "Electronic Printer's Son". In April of the same year, Epson America Inc. was established to sell printers for Shinshu Seiki Co. Epson HX-20 In June 1978, the TX-80 (TP-80), an eighty-column dot matrix printer, was released to the market and was mainly used as a system printer for the Commodore PET computer. After two years of further development, an improved model, the MX-80 (MP-80), was launched in October 1980. It was soon advertised as the best selling printer in the United States. In July 1982, Shinshu Seiki officially named itself the Epson Corporation and launched the world's first handheld computer, the HX-20 (HC-20), and in May 1983, the world's first portable colour LCD TV was developed and launched by the company. In November 1985, Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd. and the Epson Corporation merged to form Seiko Epson Corporation. The company developed the Micro Piezo inkjet technology, which used a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle and did not heat the ink at the print head while spraying it onto the page, and released the Epson MJ-500 inkjet cartridge for the Epson Stylus 800 printer in March 1993. Shortly after in 1994, Epson released the first 720 dpi colour inkjet printer, the Epson Stylus Color (P860A) utilizing the Micro Piezo head technology. Newer models of the Stylus series employed Epson's special DURABrite ink and used two hard drives (an HD 850 and an HD 860). Epson R2000 printer This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1994, Epson started to outsource sales representatives to help sell their products in retail stores in the United States. The same year, they started the Epson Weekend Warrior sales program. The purpose of the program was to help improve sales, improve retail sales reps' knowledge of Epson products, and to address Epson customer service in a retail environment. Reps were assigned on weekend shifts, typically around 12–20 hours a week. Epson started the Weekend Warrior program with TMG Marketing (now Mosaic Sales Solutions), and later with Keystone Marketing Inc, then returned to Mosaic, and switched again to Campaigners Inc. on June 24, 2007 after the Mosaic contract expired. The sales reps of Campaigners, Inc. are not outsourced; Epson hired rack jobbers to ensure retailers displayed products properly, freeing up its regular sales force to concentrate on profitable sales solutions to value-added resellers and system integrators, leaving "retail" to reps who did not require sales skills. Epson R-D1 digital rangefinder camera Personal computers Epson entered the personal computer market in 1983 with the QX-10, a CP/M-compatible Z80 machine. By 1986, the company had shifted to the growing PC market with the Equity line. EPSON manufactured and sold NEC PC-9801 clones in Japan. Epson withdrew from the international PC market in 1996. The company still produces and sells PCs in Japan as of 2022. 21st century SureColor large format printer at Photokina, 2016 In June 2003, the company became public following their listing on the 1st section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Since 2017, the company is a constituent of the Nikkei Stock Average index. Although Seiko Group Corporation (f/k/a K. Hattori, Hattori Seiko, and Seiko Holdings) and the key members of the Hattori family still hold approximately 10% of the outstanding shares of Seiko Epson, the company is managed and operated completely independently from Seiko Group. Seiko Watch Corporation, a division of Seiko Group, produces Seiko timepieces in-house through its subsidiaries as well as delegates the manufacture of some of its high-end watches (Seiko Astron, Grand Seiko, Credor, etc) to Epson. The company makes some of Seiko's highest-grade watches at the Micro Artist Studio inside its Shiojiri Plant in Shiojiri, Nagano. Beside Seiko timepieces, Epson develops, designs, manufactures, markets, and sells watches under its own brands such as Trume, Orient, and Orient Star. In 2004, Epson introduced their R-D1 (the first digital rangefinder camera on the market), which supports the Leica M mount and Leica M39 mount lenses with an adapter ring. Because its sensor is smaller than that of the standard 35 mm film frame, lenses mounted on the R-D1 have a field of view 1.53 times as wide as that of the standard 35 mm camera. In 2006, the R-D1 was replaced by the R-D1s, a cheaper version with identical hardware. Epson has released a firmware patch to bring the R-D1 up to the full functionality of its successor, being the first digital camera manufacturer to make such an upgrade available for free. In September 2012, Epson introduced a printer called the Expression Premium XP-800 Small-in-One, with the ability to print wirelessly. The Expression brand name has since been used on various models of scanners. In the third quarter of 2012, Epson's global market share in the sale of printers, copiers and multifunction devices amounted to 15.20 percent. In September 2015, Epson debuted the ET-4550 printer, which enables the user to pour ink into separate inkwells from ink bottles instead of cartridges. Epson is also involved in the smartglasses market. Since 2016, the company has three different models: the Moverio BT-100, the Moverio BT-200, and the Moverio Pro BT-2000, the latter of which is an enterprise oriented, upgraded version of the BT-200 with stereoscopic cameras. The company also was the first to release consumer smartglasses with transparent optics, which were popular with drone pilots for providing a first-person view while still being able to see the drone in the sky. Epson LX-300+ dot matrix printer with optional colour upgrade In 2016, Epson presented the large-format SureColor SC-P10000 ink printer; it prints with inks in ten colours on paper up to 44 inches (1.1 m) wide. ESC/P Main article: ESC/P To control its printers, Epson introduced a printer control language, the Epson Standard Code for Printers (or ESC/P). It became a de facto industry standard for controlling print formatting during the era of dot matrix printers, whose popularity was initially started by the Epson MX-80. Robots Main article: Epson Robots Epson Robots is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Epson. Seiko Epson produces some microcontrollers, such as the S1C63. In 1980, Epson started the production of robots. Ink cartridge controversies This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023) In July 2003, a Netherlands-based consumer association advised its 640,000 members to boycott Epson inkjet printers. The organisation alleged that Epson customers were unfairly charged for ink they could never use. Later that month, however, the group retracted its call for a nationwide boycott and issued a statement conceding that residual ink left in Epson cartridges was necessary for the printers to function properly. Epson designed ink to be left in the cartridges (having done so ever since the introduction of piezoelectric print heads) due to the way the capping mechanism worked. If the capping mechanism dries out, then the heads risk getting clogged, necessitating expensive repairs. The reason that the Dutch consumer association retracted their statement was that, as pointed out, Epson had made a statement regarding how many pages (at usually a 5% coverage of an A4 sheet of paper) each cartridge could sustain for printing. Nonetheless, Epson America, Inc. settled a class action lawsuit brought before the Los Angeles Superior Court. It did not admit guilt, but agreed to refund $45 to anyone who purchased an Epson inkjet printer after April 8, 1999 (at least $20 of which must be used at Epson's e-Store). According to IDG News Service, Epson filed a complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) in February 2006 against 24 companies that manufactured, imported, or distributed Epson-compatible ink cartridges for resale in the U.S. On March 30, 2007, ITC judge Paul Luckern issued an initial determination that the cartridges in question did infringe upon Epson's patents. He also recommended those companies and others to be barred from manufacturing, importing, or reselling Epson cartridges in the U.S., said Epson. In 2015, it emerged that Epson printers reported cartridges to be empty when in fact up to 20% of their ink remains. As in 2003, the company responded: The ink reporting and ink cartridges used in Epson's Stylus Pro 9900-series large format printer reports on ink levels and simultaneously protect the health of the printhead. During printhead maintenance or cleanings, if a cartridge doesn't have enough ink to complete the cleaning, a fuller cartridge must be used. However, users have the choice to swap out a cartridge that is reporting low levels for a fuller cartridge for the cleaning maintenance as needed, and then replace it with the original cartridge to use the remaining ink. The original cartridge does not need to be discarded. See also Inkjet technology Portals: Companies Telecommunication Electronics Technology References ^ "Company Outline \| About \| Epson". ^ a b "Annual Report 2022" (PDF). 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-07-13. ^ "Company History". Epson US. Retrieved 2017-09-02. ^ "Head Office & Japanese Facilities". Seiko Epson. Retrieved on January 13, 2009. ^ "Company History \| Epson US". epson.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Epson at a Glance, Investor Relations, Epson ^ "Corporate Profile セイコーエプソン株式会社会社案内 2021/2022" (PDF). www.epson.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-09-05. ^ a b c Kelly, Jan Seaman; Lindblom, Brian S. (2006). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents (2nd ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781420003765. ^ "Company History". Epson US. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ "Advert". InfoWorld. Vol. 5, no. 22. 30 May 1983. ^ "State of the Art". SPIN. Vol. 1, no. 3. July 1985. ^ "Corporate History: Timeline 1970-1999". Epson. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ "Epson Printers - Unrivaled in Quality". Retrieved 16 August 2015. ^ "パソコン". shop.epson.jp. ^ "Wearables Innovation - Investor Relations - Epson". global.epson.com. Retrieved 2021-01-14. ^ "Micro Artist Studio Watchmaker, Yoshifusa Nakazawa \| Toki-no-Waza The Artisan of Time｜SEIKO WATCH CORPORATION". Toki-no-Waza The Artisan of Time｜SEIKO WATCH CORPORATION. Retrieved 2021-01-14. ^ In 2009, the company became full owner of Orient Watch, one of the largest timepiece manufacturers in Japan. Orient Watch History Archived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, (in Japanese) ^ Porterfield, Deborah (September 29, 2012). "New products: earphones block noise and take calls". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2012. ^ Print industry crisis Retrieved 17. January 2013. ^ Nadel, Brian (September 24, 2015). "Review: Epson EcoTank -- an inkjet printer without cartridges". Computerworld. ^ Service manual Epson LX-300+, 2000, page 25. ^ fotointern.ch März 2016, Epson SureColor SC-P10000 schneller grossformatiger Fotodrucker (German), retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Nick Holt (2008-11-01). "Driven to automation". automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com. Retrieved 2022-11-09. ^ "Epson Faces Consumer Suits". PC World. 2003-10-24. Archived from the original on 2006-04-23. Retrieved 2009-07-30. ^ "XO(R) Web Site Hosting". Epsonsettlement.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-30. ^ "Epson wins preliminary ruling against aftermarket cartridge manufacturers". Ars Technica. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2015. ^ Zhang, Michael (11 September 2015). "This is How Much Ink the Epson 9900 Printer Wastes". PetaPixel. Retrieved 13 December 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epson. Official website vteSeiko Group Seikosha Major divisions Seiko Group Corporation Seiko Instruments Inc. Seiko Epson Corporation Epson Robots Orient Watch Co., Ltd. Ohara Corporation† Wako Co., Ltd. Seiko assetsWatches Alba Jean Lassale Pulsar Astron Spring Drive mechanism Other DS-250 Seiko Sports Association Epson assetsComputer systems ActionNote Equity HX-20 PX-4 PX-8 Geneva Technologies EP-101 ESC/P Micro flying robot S1C6x Other R-D1 Orient Watch † Joint venture with Canon Inc. Category Commons vteElectronics industry in JapanCompaniesCurrent Aiwa Alaxala Networks Alinco Alps Alpine Anritsu AOR Audio-Technica Bandai Namco Brother Canon Casio CatEye Citizen Watch Cosina D+M Group Denon Marantz Daikin Denso Denso Ten DNP Eiki Eizo Elecom ESP Guitars FANUC Fostex Fuji Electric Fujifilm Business Innovation Fujitsu Funai Furuno Futaba Hamamatsu Photonics Hirose Electric Hitachi Clarion Maxell Hoya Ibanez Ibiden Icom Ikegami Tsushinki Iwatsu Japan Display JEOL JRC JR Propo JVCKenwood JVC Kenwood Kawai Keyence Kioxia Kiramek Konami Konica Minolta KO PROPO Korg Kyocera Luxman Mabuchi Motor Mamiya Maspro Melco Micron Memory Japan MinebeaMitsumi Mitsumi Mitsubishi Electric Murata Manufacturing Mutoh Nakamichi NEC Mobile Communications Nichia Nichicon Nidec Nidec Copal Corporation Nihon Dempa Kogyo Nikon Nintendo Nippon Chemi-Con Nitto Denko NKK Switches Oki Olympus Omron Onkyo Integra Home Theater Orion Electric Panasonic Sanyo Technics Pioneer Pixela Plextor Renesas Electronics Ricoh Pentax Riso Kagaku Rohm Roland Rubycon Sansui Sanwa Electronic SCREEN Sega Sammy Sega Seiko Group Pulsar Seiko Epson Orient Watch Seiko Instruments Sharp Shimadzu Shindengen Electric Manufacturing Sigma Sony SNK Square Enix Taito Stanley Electric Star Micronics Stax Sumitomo Electric Taiyo Yuden Tamron TDK TEAC Tiger TOA Corporation Tokyo Electron Topcon Toshiba Uniden Ushio Wacom Yaesu Yamaha Yaskawa Yokogawa Zojirushi Zoom Zuken Defunct Aiwa Akai Bronica Chinon Contax Konica Minolta National Norita Okaya Optical Other Electronic Industries Association INCJ Japan Electronic Industries Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association Yagi–Uda antenna Category vteMajor imaging companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion Apple Canon Epson Fujifilm Hikvision HP Kodak Konica Minolta Kyocera Lexmark Nikon Oki Electric Industry Olympus Panasonic Ricoh Pentax Samsung Sharp Sony Toshiba Xerox vteMajor point of sale companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion Casio Epson NCR Panasonic Samsung Electronics Sharp Star Micronics Toshiba Diebold Nixdorf Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Norway Spain Germany Israel United States Japan 2 Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_Shinjuku_Miraina_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"registered office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_office"},{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson_America_Headquarters_Los_Alamitos_California_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Alamitos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamitos,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"printers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Suwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwa,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"inkjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printer"},{"link_name":"dot matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer"},{"link_name":"thermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printing"},{"link_name":"laser printers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer"},{"link_name":"scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner"},{"link_name":"laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"desktop computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer"},{"link_name":"video projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector"},{"link_name":"watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"},{"link_name":"point of sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale"},{"link_name":"robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"semiconductor devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device"},{"link_name":"crystal oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"},{"link_name":"sensing systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"Seikosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikosha"},{"link_name":"Seiko Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiko_Group"},{"link_name":"Seiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiko"},{"link_name":"timepieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Epsom.JR Shinjuku Miraina Tower, which houses the Tokyo office (registered office) of Seiko Epson and the headquarters of Epson Sales Japan on the 29th-32nd levels, located adjunct to the JR East Shinjuku Station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards, TokyoEpson America headquarters in Los Alamitos, CaliforniaSeiko Epson Corporation, commonly known as Epson,[3] is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa, Nagano, Japan,[4] the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet, dot matrix, thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners, laptop and desktop computers, video projectors, watches, point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices, crystal oscillators, sensing systems and other associated electronic components.The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha) of the former Seiko Group, a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces. Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation.","title":"Epson"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seiko_Astron.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seiko_35A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suwa Seikosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikosha"},{"link_name":"Seiko Astron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)"}],"text":"First quartz wristwatch movement, the Caliber 35A developed by Suwa Seikosha in 1969 and used in the Seiko Astron","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"K. Hattori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Hattori"},{"link_name":"Suwa, Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwa,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Hattori family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintar%C5%8D_Hattori"},{"link_name":"Daini Seikosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikosha"},{"link_name":"Seiko Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiko_Instruments"},{"link_name":"miso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miso"},{"link_name":"quartz timer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"},{"link_name":"Seiko Quartz Astron 35SQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)"},{"link_name":"automatic power-generating quartz watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_quartz"},{"link_name":"Spring Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Drive"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)"},{"link_name":"micromechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromechatronics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The roots of Seiko Epson Corporation go back to a company called Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. which was founded in May 1942[5] by Hisao Yamazaki, a local clock shop owner and former employee of K. Hattori, in Suwa, Nagano. Daiwa Kogyo was supported by an investment from the Hattori family (founder of the Seiko Group) and began as a manufacturer of watch parts for Daini Seikosha (currently Seiko Instruments). The company started operation in a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) renovated miso storehouse with 22 employees.In 1943, Daini Seikosha established a factory in Suwa for manufacturing Seiko watches with Daiwa Kogyo. In 1959, the Suwa Factory was split up and merged into Daiwa Kogyo to form Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd: the forerunner of the Seiko Epson Corporation. The company has developed many timepiece technologies, such as the world's first portable quartz timer (Seiko QC-951) in 1963, the world's first quartz watch (Seiko Quartz Astron 35SQ) in 1969, the first automatic power-generating quartz watch (Seiko Auto-Quartz) in 1988, and the Spring Drive watch movement in 1999.The watch business is the root of the company's ultra-precision machining and micromechatronics technologies and still a major business for Seiko Epson, although it accounts for a low percentage of total revenues.[6][7] Watches made by the company are sold through the Seiko Watch Corporation, a subsidiary of Seiko Group. The watch brand Orient Watch, also known as Orient Star, has been owned by Epson since 2009 and was fully integrated into the company in 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson_dot_matrix_printer.jpg"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly2006-8"},{"link_name":"EP-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP-101"},{"link_name":"son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/son"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompHist-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson-hx-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"TX-80 (TP-80)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing#Personal_computers"},{"link_name":"dot matrix printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer"},{"link_name":"Commodore PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET"},{"link_name":"MX-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing#History"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly2006-8"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"HX-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity"},{"link_name":"dpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch"},{"link_name":"hard drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson_Stylus_Photo_R2000_Impresora_2014-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"rack jobbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_jobber"},{"link_name":"value-added resellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_reseller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson_R-D1_Digital_Rangefinder_Camera.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Printers","text":"Epson LQ 850 dot matrix printerIn 1961, Suwa Seikosha established a company called Shinshu Seiki Co. as a subsidiary to supply precision parts for Seiko watches. When Seiko was selected to be the official time keeper for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, a printing timer was required to time events, and Shinshu Seiki started developing an electronic printer.[8]In September 1968, Shinshu Seiki launched the world's first mini-printer, the EP-101 (\"EP\" for Electronic Printer), which was soon incorporated into many calculators. In June 1975, the name Epson was coined for the next generation of printers based on the EP-101, which was released to the public. The Epson name was coined by joining the initials EP (Electronic Printer) and the word son, making \"Epson\" mean \"Electronic Printer's Son\".[9] In April of the same year, Epson America Inc. was established to sell printers for Shinshu Seiki Co.Epson HX-20In June 1978, the TX-80 (TP-80), an eighty-column dot matrix printer, was released to the market and was mainly used as a system printer for the Commodore PET computer. After two years of further development, an improved model, the MX-80 (MP-80), was launched in October 1980.[8] It was soon advertised as the best selling printer in the United States.[10]In July 1982, Shinshu Seiki officially named itself the Epson Corporation and launched the world's first handheld computer, the HX-20 (HC-20), and in May 1983, the world's first portable colour LCD TV was developed and launched by the company.[11]In November 1985, Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd. and the Epson Corporation merged to form Seiko Epson Corporation.[12]The company developed the Micro Piezo inkjet technology, which used a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle and did not heat the ink at the print head while spraying it onto the page, and released the Epson MJ-500 inkjet cartridge for the Epson Stylus 800 printer in March 1993. Shortly after in 1994, Epson released the first 720 dpi colour inkjet printer, the Epson Stylus Color (P860A) utilizing the Micro Piezo head technology. Newer models of the Stylus series employed Epson's special DURABrite ink and used two hard drives (an HD 850 and an HD 860).[13]Epson R2000 printerIn 1994, Epson started to outsource sales representatives to help sell their products in retail stores in the United States. The same year, they started the Epson Weekend Warrior sales program. The purpose of the program was to help improve sales, improve retail sales reps' knowledge of Epson products, and to address Epson customer service in a retail environment. Reps were assigned on weekend shifts, typically around 12–20 hours a week. Epson started the Weekend Warrior program with TMG Marketing (now Mosaic Sales Solutions), and later with Keystone Marketing Inc, then returned to Mosaic, and switched again to Campaigners Inc. on June 24, 2007 after the Mosaic contract expired. The sales reps of Campaigners, Inc. are not outsourced; Epson hired rack jobbers to ensure retailers displayed products properly, freeing up its regular sales force to concentrate on profitable sales solutions to value-added resellers and system integrators, leaving \"retail\" to reps who did not require sales skills.Epson R-D1 digital rangefinder camera","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QX-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_QX-10"},{"link_name":"CP/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"},{"link_name":"Z80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80"},{"link_name":"Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_Equity"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"PC-9801 clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-98#Epson_clones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Personal computers","text":"Epson entered the personal computer market in 1983 with the QX-10, a CP/M-compatible Z80 machine. By 1986, the company had shifted to the growing PC market with the Equity line. EPSON manufactured and sold NEC PC-9801 clones in Japan. Epson withdrew from the international PC market in 1996.[citation needed] The company still produces and sells PCs in Japan as of 2022.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epson_SureColor-10000_2016_Photokina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Nikkei Stock Average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225"},{"link_name":"f/k/a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/k/a"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Shiojiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiojiri,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Watch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"R-D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_R-D1"},{"link_name":"Leica M mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_M_mount"},{"link_name":"Leica M39 mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_lens_mount"},{"link_name":"35 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"field of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"smartglasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartglasses"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YosriPencetakBintik9pinEpson1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"SureColor large format printer at Photokina, 2016In June 2003, the company became public following their listing on the 1st section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Since 2017, the company is a constituent of the Nikkei Stock Average index. Although Seiko Group Corporation (f/k/a K. Hattori, Hattori Seiko, and Seiko Holdings) and the key members of the Hattori family still hold approximately 10% of the outstanding shares of Seiko Epson, the company is managed and operated completely independently from Seiko Group.Seiko Watch Corporation, a division of Seiko Group, produces Seiko timepieces in-house through its subsidiaries as well as delegates the manufacture of some of its high-end watches (Seiko Astron, Grand Seiko, Credor, etc) to Epson.[15] The company makes some of Seiko's highest-grade watches at the Micro Artist Studio inside its Shiojiri Plant in Shiojiri, Nagano.[16] Beside Seiko timepieces, Epson develops, designs, manufactures, markets, and sells watches under its own brands such as Trume, Orient,[17] and Orient Star.In 2004, Epson introduced their R-D1 (the first digital rangefinder camera on the market), which supports the Leica M mount and Leica M39 mount lenses with an adapter ring. Because its sensor is smaller than that of the standard 35 mm film frame, lenses mounted on the R-D1 have a field of view 1.53 times as wide as that of the standard 35 mm camera. In 2006, the R-D1 was replaced by the R-D1s, a cheaper version with identical hardware. Epson has released a firmware patch to bring the R-D1 up to the full functionality of its successor, being the first digital camera manufacturer to make such an upgrade available for free.[citation needed]In September 2012, Epson introduced a printer called the Expression Premium XP-800 Small-in-One, with the ability to print wirelessly.[18] The Expression brand name has since been used on various models of scanners. In the third quarter of 2012, Epson's global market share in the sale of printers, copiers and multifunction devices amounted to 15.20 percent.[19]In September 2015, Epson debuted the ET-4550 printer, which enables the user to pour ink into separate inkwells from ink bottles instead of cartridges.[20]Epson is also involved in the smartglasses market. Since 2016, the company has three different models: the Moverio BT-100, the Moverio BT-200, and the Moverio Pro BT-2000, the latter of which is an enterprise oriented, upgraded version of the BT-200 with stereoscopic cameras. The company also was the first to release consumer smartglasses with transparent optics, which were popular with drone pilots for providing a first-person view while still being able to see the drone in the sky.[citation needed]Epson LX-300+ dot matrix printer with optional colour upgrade[21]In 2016, Epson presented the large-format SureColor SC-P10000 ink printer; it prints with inks in ten colours on paper up to 44 inches (1.1 m) wide.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"printer control language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_control_language"},{"link_name":"ESC/P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC/P"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"industry standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard"},{"link_name":"dot matrix printers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly2006-8"}],"text":"To control its printers, Epson introduced a printer control language, the Epson Standard Code for Printers (or ESC/P). It became a de facto industry standard for controlling print formatting during the era of dot matrix printers, whose popularity was initially started by the Epson MX-80.[8]","title":"ESC/P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S1C63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1C63"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Epson Robots is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Epson. Seiko Epson produces some microcontrollers, such as the S1C63. In 1980, Epson started the production of robots.[23]","title":"Robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"A4 sheet of paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_216"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"class action lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"IDG News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group"},{"link_name":"U.S. International Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"compatible ink cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatible_ink"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"printhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_head"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In July 2003, a Netherlands-based consumer association advised its 640,000 members to boycott Epson inkjet printers. The organisation alleged that Epson customers were unfairly charged for ink they could never use. Later that month, however, the group retracted its call for a nationwide boycott and issued a statement conceding that residual ink left in Epson cartridges was necessary for the printers to function properly.[24]Epson designed ink to be left in the cartridges (having done so ever since the introduction of piezoelectric print heads) due to the way the capping mechanism worked. If the capping mechanism dries out, then the heads risk getting clogged, necessitating expensive repairs. The reason that the Dutch consumer association retracted their statement was that, as pointed out, Epson had made a statement regarding how many pages (at usually a 5% coverage of an A4 sheet of paper) each cartridge could sustain for printing.[citation needed]Nonetheless, Epson America, Inc. settled a class action lawsuit brought before the Los Angeles Superior Court. It did not admit guilt, but agreed to refund $45 to anyone who purchased an Epson inkjet printer after April 8, 1999 (at least $20 of which must be used at Epson's e-Store).[25]According to IDG News Service, Epson filed a complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) in February 2006 against 24 companies that manufactured, imported, or distributed Epson-compatible ink cartridges for resale in the U.S.[citation needed] On March 30, 2007, ITC judge Paul Luckern issued an initial determination that the cartridges in question did infringe upon Epson's patents.[26] He also recommended those companies and others to be barred from manufacturing, importing, or reselling Epson cartridges in the U.S., said Epson.[citation needed]In 2015, it emerged that Epson printers reported cartridges to be empty when in fact up to 20% of their ink remains. As in 2003, the company responded:The ink reporting and ink cartridges used in Epson's Stylus Pro 9900-series large format printer reports on ink levels and simultaneously protect the health of the printhead. During printhead maintenance or cleanings, if a cartridge doesn't have enough ink to complete the cleaning, a fuller cartridge must be used. However, users have the choice to swap out a cartridge that is reporting low levels for a fuller cartridge for the cleaning maintenance as needed, and then replace it with the original cartridge to use the remaining ink. The original cartridge does not need to be discarded.[27]","title":"Ink cartridge controversies"}]	[{"image_text":"JR Shinjuku Miraina Tower, which houses the Tokyo office (registered office) of Seiko Epson and the headquarters of Epson Sales Japan on the 29th-32nd levels, located adjunct to the JR East Shinjuku Station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JR_Shinjuku_Miraina_Tower.jpg/220px-JR_Shinjuku_Miraina_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson America headquarters in Los Alamitos, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Epson_America_Headquarters_Los_Alamitos_California_2021.jpg/220px-Epson_America_Headquarters_Los_Alamitos_California_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson LQ 850 dot matrix printer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Epson_dot_matrix_printer.jpg/220px-Epson_dot_matrix_printer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson HX-20","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/220px-Epson-hx-20.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson R2000 printer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Epson_Stylus_Photo_R2000_Impresora_2014-03.jpg/220px-Epson_Stylus_Photo_R2000_Impresora_2014-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson R-D1 digital rangefinder camera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Epson_R-D1_Digital_Rangefinder_Camera.jpg/220px-Epson_R-D1_Digital_Rangefinder_Camera.jpg"},{"image_text":"SureColor large format printer at Photokina, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Epson_SureColor-10000_2016_Photokina.jpg/170px-Epson_SureColor-10000_2016_Photokina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epson LX-300+ dot matrix printer with optional colour upgrade[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/YosriPencetakBintik9pinEpson1.jpg/220px-YosriPencetakBintik9pinEpson1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Inkjet technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_technology"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"title":"Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg"},{"title":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology"}]	[{"reference":"\"Company Outline \| About \| Epson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.epson/en/about/info.html","url_text":"\"Company Outline \| About \| Epson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2022\" (PDF). 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.epson.com/IR/library/pdf/ar2022.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Epson US. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://epson.com/company-history","url_text":"\"Company History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company History \| Epson US\". epson.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://epson.com/company-history","url_text":"\"Company History \| Epson US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Profile セイコーエプソン株式会社会社案内 2021/2022\" (PDF). www.epson.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epson.jp/company/pdf/2106.pdf","url_text":"\"Corporate Profile セイコーエプソン株式会社会社案内 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jan Seaman; Lindblom, Brian S. (2006). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents (2nd ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781420003765.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420003765","url_text":"9781420003765"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Epson US. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://epson.com/company-history","url_text":"\"Company History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advert\". InfoWorld. Vol. 5, no. 22. 30 May 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4S8EAAAAMBAJ&q=epson%20Mx-80%20best%20selling&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"Advert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld","url_text":"InfoWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"State of the Art\". SPIN. Vol. 1, no. 3. July 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&q=world%27s%20first%20portable%20color%20lcd%20tv&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"State of the Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate History: Timeline 1970-1999\". Epson. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201201105557/https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/timeline/index_2.html","url_text":"\"Corporate History: Timeline 1970-1999\""},{"url":"http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/timeline/index_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Epson Printers - Unrivaled in Quality\". Retrieved 16 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allprinterreviews.com/epson-printers.html","url_text":"\"Epson Printers - Unrivaled in Quality\""}]},{"reference":"\"パソコン\". shop.epson.jp.","urls":[{"url":"https://shop.epson.jp/pc/","url_text":"\"パソコン\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wearables Innovation - Investor Relations - Epson\". global.epson.com. 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Retrieved September 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2012/09/29/new-products-earphones-music-baby-ipad-iphone/1590097/","url_text":"\"New products: earphones block noise and take calls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Nadel, Brian (September 24, 2015). \"Review: Epson EcoTank -- an inkjet printer without cartridges\". Computerworld.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2984856/computer-peripherals/review-epson-ecotank-an-inkjet-printer-without-cartridges.html","url_text":"\"Review: Epson EcoTank -- an inkjet printer without cartridges\""}]},{"reference":"Nick Holt (2008-11-01). \"Driven to automation\". automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com. Retrieved 2022-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com/driven-to-automation/6656.article","url_text":"\"Driven to automation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Epson Faces Consumer Suits\". PC World. 2003-10-24. Archived from the original on 2006-04-23. Retrieved 2009-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060423153454/http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,113112,00.asp","url_text":"\"Epson Faces Consumer Suits\""},{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,113112,00.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"XO(R) Web Site Hosting\". Epsonsettlement.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214061453/http://www.epsonsettlement.com/","url_text":"\"XO(R) Web Site Hosting\""},{"url":"http://www.epsonsettlement.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Epson wins preliminary ruling against aftermarket cartridge manufacturers\". Ars Technica. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/04/epson-wins-preliminary-ruling-against-aftermarket-cartridge-manufacturers/","url_text":"\"Epson wins preliminary ruling against aftermarket cartridge manufacturers\""}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Michael (11 September 2015). \"This is How Much Ink the Epson 9900 Printer Wastes\". PetaPixel. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://petapixel.com/2015/09/11/this-is-how-much-ink-the-epson-9900-printer-wastes/","url_text":"\"This is How Much Ink the Epson 9900 Printer Wastes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=6724","external_links_name":"6724"},{"Link":"https://corporate.epson/en/","external_links_name":"corporate.epson"},{"Link":"https://corporate.epson/en/about/info.html","external_links_name":"\"Company Outline \| About \| Epson\""},{"Link":"https://global.epson.com/IR/library/pdf/ar2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2022\""},{"Link":"https://epson.com/company-history","external_links_name":"\"Company History\""},{"Link":"http://www.epson.co.jp/e/company/head_office.htm","external_links_name":"Head Office & Japanese Facilities"},{"Link":"https://epson.com/company-history","external_links_name":"\"Company History \| Epson US\""},{"Link":"http://www.epson.co.jp/e/IR/segment.htm","external_links_name":"Epson at a Glance"},{"Link":"https://www.epson.jp/company/pdf/2106.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Profile セイコーエプソン株式会社会社案内 2021/2022\""},{"Link":"https://epson.com/company-history","external_links_name":"\"Company History\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4S8EAAAAMBAJ&q=epson%20Mx-80%20best%20selling&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"Advert\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&q=world%27s%20first%20portable%20color%20lcd%20tv&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"\"State of the Art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201201105557/https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/timeline/index_2.html","external_links_name":"\"Corporate History: Timeline 1970-1999\""},{"Link":"http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/timeline/index_2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allprinterreviews.com/epson-printers.html","external_links_name":"\"Epson Printers - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Nys	Jef Nys	["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Jommeke","2 Bibliography","3 Awards and honours","4 Notes","5 Resources","6 External links"]	Belgian comic book creator Jef NysJef Nys in 2005BornJozef Nys(1927-01-30)30 January 1927Berchem, BelgiumDied20 October 2009(2009-10-20) (aged 82)Wilrijk, BelgiumNationalityBelgian Area(s)Cartoonist, Writer, ArtistNotable worksJommeke Jozef "Jef" Nys (30 January 1927 – 20 October 2009) was a Belgian comic book creator. He was best known for his comic strip Jommeke. Biography Early years Jozef Nys was born in Berchem, Belgium in 1927. His family came from Koksijde, at the Belgian coast, where his grandfather was a fisherman. Jef Nys' father Hendrik moved to Antwerp after World War I, and worked in the port. Hendrik Nys married Louise Van Den Bos on 5 August 1922. Her father was a council member in Berchem and worked as a painter. He had a great influence on the young Jef. Hendrik and Louise Nys had four children, two of which died at a young age. Hendrik Nys died in 1941 when he was run over by a car while riding his bike. When Jef Nys was 5 years old, he went to school in Berchem. He was a good student and a better artist, and when he was 11 years old, he started with drawing classes in the evening at the municipal art school. The most important of his teachers were Lode De Maeyer and Oscar Depoorter, renowned painters. Another field he excelled in at school was writing essays and stories. Aged 13, he had to choose his field of study, and decided to go the technical school of Antwerp to become a technical engineer. Because he was still too young, he first had to stay one year at the technical school of Borgerhout, where he again got very good results. He no longer had the time to go to the local art school, but continued to draw, making caricatures of the teachers, and portraits of pioneers in the field of electricity to decorate the classroom. His teachers, seeing his talent, urged him to drop his technical studies and to focus solely on his art. In 1943 he entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp, led by Baron Isidoor Opsomer, where one of his teachers was Jan Van Der Loo, a portrettist. Here Nys got the background and craftmanship that would serve him throughout his career. At the same time, Jef Nys started working at AFIM, a small animation study, with his fellow student Bob de Moor and Ray Goossens. But when the academy became aware of this, he had to quit his job at the studio to stay at the academy. He continued his studies until the academy closed down due to the threat of V-1 flying bombs. After the war, he started working at 't Pallieterke, a satirical weekly newspaper, where he made political cartoons, illustrations, and his first comics. As a child, Nys had seen Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and it had made a lasting impression on him. In 1947, this inspired him to send a letter to the Walt Disney Company with some samples of his work, hoping to be offered a job there. The company was not seeking anyone at the time, but the rejection letter was otherwise very encouraging, stating that "Your work was extremely interesting and enjoyed very much by those in the studio who judged it" and "It is the opinion of our art critics that your samples show considerable ability and properly developed and applied, you should go far in an art career" Between 1946 and 1955, he made some short-lived comics (both comic strips and stop comics) for different newspapers, mainly the Gazet van Antwerpen. For Het Handelsblad he produced his first longer series, Amedeus en Seppeke. Meanwhile, he had to fulfill his military duty from 1952 until 1957, working every Saturday with the Air Defense. Jommeke Jommeke started on 30 October 1955 as a one-page gag comic about a boy of about 6 years old, created for a very popular weekly parochial newspaper Kerkelijk Leven (a weekly circulation of over 500,000 copies on a population of less than 6 million), which had some redactorial pages (including the comic) for the whole of Flanders, and local pages for every parish. The last page of Jommeke appeared in Kerkelijk Leven on 2 November 1958. These gags were collected in three books in 1957 and 1958. In the same newspaper he created 5 biographical comics between 1955 and March 1959, which also appeared as albums in those years. When Jommeke started appearing in the daily newspaper Het Volk on 1 November 1958, it changed into a comic story of 44 pages about an 11-year-old, with his friends and family. Every day, he made 2 strips, in the tradition of the Flemish newspaper comics like Spike and Suzy and Nero, but aimed at a younger audience and with fewer political comments. The series was partially based on his older series Amedeus en Seppeke, reusing some characters and story lines. He also continued the production of biographical, more realistic stories, which are now published in 't Kapoentje, the weekly juvenile supplement to Het Volk. The last of the seven appeared in 1964. Jommeke mural in Brussels Nys also started in 1963 the fairytale comic Langteen en Schommelbuik (Longtoe and Wobblebelly), which ended after 11 stories because the work on Jommeke became too time-consuming. The stories, a spin-off of some figures from the 14th story of Jommeke, were a result of his fascination with the work of Disney. They reappeared in the 168th Jommeke story. Apart from the continuous stories in the newspaper, a few hundred weekly Jommeke gags appeared on the back cover of the Flemish comic magazine Ohee. When in 1965 Marc Sleen left Het Volk, Jef Nys took over his series De Lustige Kapoentjes for two years. After this, he worked solely on Jommeke. The series became one of the most popular in Flanders, with loads of merchandising and surrounding publications. A 1967 low budget movie did not become a huge success, with some 30,000 viewers. But the comics sold more each year, raising from 350,000 copies in 1965 to 1 million in 1970. Every year since, at least 1 million copies have been sold, and in 1976 and 1979 more than 2 million Jommeke books were sold. Every new book has an initial printing of some 100,000 copies. The first album, De jacht op een voetbal, is the most often reprinted, with 23 reprints and a total of 448,000 copies sold in 2005. From 1971 on, Jef Nys could no longer handle all the work alone and started using contributors, at first as inkers, later also for the writing and drawing of the stories. Nevertheless, he would personally follow up all the work, often taking home drawings to correct them, until very close to his death in 2009. This tight control over Jommeke will reach beyond his demise, since he specified in his testament that the series should be continued, alongside a list of specifications that would guard the overall spirit of the Jommeke universe (no violence, no sexual content, no changes to the overall appearance of the protagonists...). From 1989 until 2005, the weekly youth supplement of Het Volk was called the Jommekeskrant. Nys worked for many years solely for Catholic newspapers and magazines, and produced many biographies of religious figures. However, in 1970, he and his wife divorced and broke up with the Catholic Church. As of October 2009, 248 albums and more than 50 million copies of Jommeke have been sold. Although some of the comics have been translated in French ("Gil et Jo"), English ("Jeremy") and German ("Peter und Alexander"), the series has only been truly successful in Flanders, where Nys was considered as one of the four great comic artists, together with Willy Vandersteen, Marc Sleen and Bob de Moor. Bibliography De avonturen van Kadodderke (The adventures of Kadodderke) in 't Pallieterke' , 1946 Adam leeft nog (Adam still lives) in 't Pallieterke' , 1948 De Familie Knol (The Family Knol) in 't Pallieterke' , 1948 De lotgevallen van Jef Neus (Whatever happened to Jef Nose) in Gazet van Antwerpen, 1952–1955 Amadeus en Seppeke (Amadeus and Seppeke), 4 stories in Het Handelsblad, 1954–1955 Jommeke in Kerkelijk Leven, 1955–1958 Five biographies (Pieter Breughel, Berten Rodenbach, Pius X, Bernadette and Godelieve van Gistel) in Kerkelijk Leven, 1955–1959 Six biographies (Johannes XXIII and five other lives of priests and missionaries, including one of Pierre-Jean De Smet) in 't Kapoentje, 1958–1965 Langteen en Schommelbuik, 11 stories in 't Kapoentje, from 1963 on De Lustige Kapoentjes (The joyful rascals) in 't Kapoentje, 1965–1967 De Jommekesclub (The Jommeke club) in Ohee, from 1970 on Jommeke in Het Volk, more than 200 adventures from 1958 on Regular albums have appeared for Jommeke, Langteen en Schommelbuik, De Lustige Kapoentjes, and his biographies. Most of his other works have appeared in limited, bibliophile editions. Currently, only Jommeke and Langteen en Schommelbuik are easily available in shops. Awards and honours Statue of Jommeke in Temse 1988: A first Jommeke statue in Beveren, Belgium 1992: Honorary citizen of Koksijde, Belgium 1995: Honorary citizen of Durbuy, Belgium 1997: A statue of Jommeke in Middelkerke, Belgium 1997: A stamp issued by the Belgian Post 1998: A medal issued by the Belgian National Bank 1998: A statue of Jommeke in Temse, Belgium 2004: Bronzen Stripvos, awarded by Vlaamse Onafhankelijke Stripgilde 2005: Gouden Adhemar at Strip Turnhout, Belgium, for his entire career 2005: Gold pencil for his entire career. 2005: A mosaic of Jommeke in Wilrijk, Belgium 2006: A statue of Annemieke and Rozemieke (from the Jommeke comic) in Middelkerke 2006: A bas-relief of Jommeke in Temse Notes ^ a b c d e De Weyer, Geert (2005). "Jef Nys". In België gestript, pp. 145-146. Tielt: Lannoo. ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 6–17. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 18–27. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ a b De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 28–49. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ a b De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 50–75. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 76–91. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 92–121. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 122–133. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ a b c d "Controlefreak tot in testament", Het Laatste Nieuws, 21 October 2009 ^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 134–155. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 156–175. ISBN 90-6334-681-6. ^ a b "65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China". VRT (in Dutch). 24 January 2020. Resources Danny De Laet (1981), De geesteskinderen van Jef Nys, in De avonturen van Amadeus en Seppeke! pages 171–176, Antwerpen, De Dageraad. ISBN 90-6371-121-2 External links Alan Hope, "Face of Flanders - Jef Nys" - article in Flanders Today Jef Nys in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Artists RKD Artists	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"comic book creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_creator"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Jommeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jommeke"}],"text":"Jozef \"Jef\" Nys (30 January 1927 – 20 October 2009) was a Belgian comic book creator. He was best known for his comic strip Jommeke.","title":"Jef Nys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchem"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyer-1"},{"link_name":"Koksijde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koksijde"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Berchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lode De Maeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lode_De_Maeyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oscar Depoorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Depoorter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Borgerhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerhout"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Isidoor Opsomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidoor_Opsomer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Van Der Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Van_Der_Loo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AFIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFIM"},{"link_name":"Bob de Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_de_Moor"},{"link_name":"Ray Goossens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Goossens"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy-4"},{"link_name":"'t Pallieterke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t_Pallieterke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyer-1"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pallieterke-5"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pallieterke-5"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Jozef Nys was born in Berchem, Belgium in 1927.[1] His family came from Koksijde, at the Belgian coast, where his grandfather was a fisherman. Jef Nys' father Hendrik moved to Antwerp after World War I, and worked in the port. Hendrik Nys married Louise Van Den Bos on 5 August 1922. Her father was a council member in Berchem and worked as a painter. He had a great influence on the young Jef. Hendrik and Louise Nys had four children, two of which died at a young age. Hendrik Nys died in 1941 when he was run over by a car while riding his bike.[2]When Jef Nys was 5 years old, he went to school in Berchem. He was a good student and a better artist, and when he was 11 years old, he started with drawing classes in the evening at the municipal art school. The most important of his teachers were Lode De Maeyer and Oscar Depoorter, renowned painters. Another field he excelled in at school was writing essays and stories. Aged 13, he had to choose his field of study, and decided to go the technical school of Antwerp to become a technical engineer.[3] Because he was still too young, he first had to stay one year at the technical school of Borgerhout, where he again got very good results. He no longer had the time to go to the local art school, but continued to draw, making caricatures of the teachers, and portraits of pioneers in the field of electricity to decorate the classroom.[4]His teachers, seeing his talent, urged him to drop his technical studies and to focus solely on his art. In 1943 he entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp, led by Baron Isidoor Opsomer, where one of his teachers was Jan Van Der Loo, a portrettist. Here Nys got the background and craftmanship that would serve him throughout his career. At the same time, Jef Nys started working at AFIM, a small animation study, with his fellow student Bob de Moor and Ray Goossens. But when the academy became aware of this, he had to quit his job at the studio to stay at the academy. He continued his studies until the academy closed down due to the threat of V-1 flying bombs.[4]After the war, he started working at 't Pallieterke, a satirical weekly newspaper, where he made political cartoons, illustrations, and his first comics.[1] As a child, Nys had seen Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and it had made a lasting impression on him. In 1947, this inspired him to send a letter to the Walt Disney Company with some samples of his work, hoping to be offered a job there. The company was not seeking anyone at the time, but the rejection letter was otherwise very encouraging, stating that \"Your work was extremely interesting and enjoyed very much by those in the studio who judged it[...]\" and \"It is the opinion of our art critics that your samples show considerable ability and properly developed and applied, you should go far in an art career\"[5] Between 1946 and 1955, he made some short-lived comics (both comic strips and stop comics) for different newspapers, mainly the Gazet van Antwerpen. For Het Handelsblad he produced his first longer series, Amedeus en Seppeke. Meanwhile, he had to fulfill his military duty from 1952 until 1957, working every Saturday with the Air Defense.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Het Volk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Volk_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Spike and Suzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_and_Suzy"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Nero"},{"link_name":"'t Kapoentje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t_Kapoentje"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_of_Belgian_Comic_Strip_Characters_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Langteen en Schommelbuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langteen_en_Schommelbuik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Marc Sleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Sleen"},{"link_name":"De Lustige Kapoentjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lustige_Kapoentjes"},{"link_name":"De jacht op een voetbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_jacht_op_een_voetbal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"inkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLN21102009-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyer-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLN21102009-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyer-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLN21102009-9"},{"link_name":"Willy Vandersteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Vandersteen"},{"link_name":"Marc Sleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Sleen"},{"link_name":"Bob de Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_de_Moor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyer-1"}],"sub_title":"Jommeke","text":"Jommeke started on 30 October 1955 as a one-page gag comic about a boy of about 6 years old, created for a very popular weekly parochial newspaper Kerkelijk Leven (a weekly circulation of over 500,000 copies on a population of less than 6 million), which had some redactorial pages (including the comic) for the whole of Flanders, and local pages for every parish. The last page of Jommeke appeared in Kerkelijk Leven on 2 November 1958. These gags were collected in three books in 1957 and 1958. In the same newspaper he created 5 biographical comics between 1955 and March 1959, which also appeared as albums in those years.[6]When Jommeke started appearing in the daily newspaper Het Volk on 1 November 1958, it changed into a comic story of 44 pages about an 11-year-old, with his friends and family. Every day, he made 2 strips, in the tradition of the Flemish newspaper comics like Spike and Suzy and Nero, but aimed at a younger audience and with fewer political comments. The series was partially based on his older series Amedeus en Seppeke, reusing some characters and story lines. He also continued the production of biographical, more realistic stories, which are now published in 't Kapoentje, the weekly juvenile supplement to Het Volk. The last of the seven appeared in 1964.[7]Jommeke mural in BrusselsNys also started in 1963 the fairytale comic Langteen en Schommelbuik (Longtoe and Wobblebelly), which ended after 11 stories because the work on Jommeke became too time-consuming. The stories, a spin-off of some figures from the 14th story of Jommeke, were a result of his fascination with the work of Disney. They reappeared in the 168th Jommeke story. Apart from the continuous stories in the newspaper, a few hundred weekly Jommeke gags appeared on the back cover of the Flemish comic magazine Ohee.[8]\nWhen in 1965 Marc Sleen left Het Volk, Jef Nys took over his series De Lustige Kapoentjes for two years. After this, he worked solely on Jommeke. The series became one of the most popular in Flanders, with loads of merchandising and surrounding publications. A 1967 low budget movie did not become a huge success, with some 30,000 viewers. But the comics sold more each year, raising from 350,000 copies in 1965 to 1 million in 1970. Every year since, at least 1 million copies have been sold, and in 1976 and 1979 more than 2 million Jommeke books were sold. Every new book has an initial printing of some 100,000 copies. The first album, De jacht op een voetbal, is the most often reprinted, with 23 reprints and a total of 448,000 copies sold in 2005. From 1971 on, Jef Nys could no longer handle all the work alone and started using contributors, at first as inkers, later also for the writing and drawing of the stories. Nevertheless, he would personally follow up all the work, often taking home drawings to correct them, until very close to his death in 2009. This tight control over Jommeke will reach beyond his demise, since he specified in his testament that the series should be continued, alongside a list of specifications that would guard the overall spirit of the Jommeke universe (no violence, no sexual content, no changes to the overall appearance of the protagonists...).[9] From 1989 until 2005, the weekly youth supplement of Het Volk was called the Jommekeskrant.[10]Nys worked for many years solely for Catholic newspapers and magazines, and produced many biographies of religious figures. However, in 1970, he and his wife divorced and broke up with the Catholic Church.[1]As of October 2009, 248 [9] albums and more than 50 million copies of Jommeke have been sold.[1] Although some of the comics have been translated in French (\"Gil et Jo\"), English (\"Jeremy\") and German (\"Peter und Alexander\"),[9] the series has only been truly successful in Flanders, where Nys was considered as one of the four great comic artists, together with Willy Vandersteen, Marc Sleen and Bob de Moor.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pieter Breughel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Berten Rodenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Rodenbach"},{"link_name":"Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Bernadette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous"},{"link_name":"Godelieve van Gistel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godelieve_van_Gistel"},{"link_name":"Johannes XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jean De Smet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet"},{"link_name":"'t Kapoentje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t_Kapoentje"},{"link_name":"Langteen en Schommelbuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langteen_en_Schommelbuik"},{"link_name":"De Lustige Kapoentjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lustige_Kapoentjes"},{"link_name":"De Lustige Kapoentjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lustige_Kapoentjes"}],"text":"De avonturen van Kadodderke (The adventures of Kadodderke) in 't Pallieterke' , 1946\nAdam leeft nog (Adam still lives) in 't Pallieterke' , 1948\nDe Familie Knol (The Family Knol) in 't Pallieterke' , 1948\nDe lotgevallen van Jef Neus (Whatever happened to Jef Nose) in Gazet van Antwerpen, 1952–1955\nAmadeus en Seppeke (Amadeus and Seppeke), 4 stories in Het Handelsblad, 1954–1955\nJommeke in Kerkelijk Leven, 1955–1958\nFive biographies (Pieter Breughel, Berten Rodenbach, Pius X, Bernadette and Godelieve van Gistel) in Kerkelijk Leven, 1955–1959\nSix biographies (Johannes XXIII and five other lives of priests and missionaries, including one of Pierre-Jean De Smet) in 't Kapoentje, 1958–1965\nLangteen en Schommelbuik, 11 stories in 't Kapoentje, from 1963 on\nDe Lustige Kapoentjes (The joyful rascals) in 't Kapoentje, 1965–1967\nDe Jommekesclub (The Jommeke club) in Ohee, from 1970 on\nJommeke in Het Volk, more than 200 adventures from 1958 onRegular albums have appeared for Jommeke, Langteen en Schommelbuik, De Lustige Kapoentjes, and his biographies. Most of his other works have appeared in limited, bibliophile editions. Currently, only Jommeke and Langteen en Schommelbuik are easily available in shops.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temse_statue_Jommeke_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveren"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"Koksijde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koksijde"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"Durbuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbuy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"Middelkerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelkerke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"Temse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Gouden Adhemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzen_Adhemar"},{"link_name":"Strip Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strip_Turnhout&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLN21102009-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appreciation-11"}],"text":"Statue of Jommeke in Temse1988: A first Jommeke statue in Beveren, Belgium [11]\n1992: Honorary citizen of Koksijde, Belgium[11]\n1995: Honorary citizen of Durbuy, Belgium[11]\n1997: A statue of Jommeke in Middelkerke, Belgium[11]\n1997: A stamp issued by the Belgian Post[11]\n1998: A medal issued by the Belgian National Bank[11]\n1998: A statue of Jommeke in Temse, Belgium[11]\n2004: Bronzen Stripvos, awarded by Vlaamse Onafhankelijke Stripgilde[12]\n2005: Gouden Adhemar at Strip Turnhout, Belgium, for his entire career[9]\n2005: Gold pencil for his entire career.[12]\n2005: A mosaic of Jommeke in Wilrijk, Belgium[11]\n2006: A statue of Annemieke and Rozemieke (from the Jommeke comic) in Middelkerke\n2006: A bas-relief of Jommeke in Temse[11]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weyer_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weyer_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weyer_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weyer_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weyer_1-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Academy_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Academy_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pallieterke_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pallieterke_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HLN21102009_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HLN21102009_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HLN21102009_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HLN21102009_9-3"},{"link_name":"Het Laatste Nieuws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Laatste_Nieuws"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-appreciation_11-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6334-681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_12-1"},{"link_name":"\"65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/17/jommeke-is-65-jaar-jong/"},{"link_name":"VRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)"}],"text":"^ a b c d e De Weyer, Geert (2005). \"Jef Nys\". In België gestript, pp. 145-146. Tielt: Lannoo.\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 6–17. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 18–27. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ a b De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 28–49. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ a b De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 50–75. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 76–91. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 92–121. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 122–133. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ a b c d \"Controlefreak tot in testament\", Het Laatste Nieuws, 21 October 2009\n\n^ De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 134–155. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 156–175. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.\n\n^ a b \"65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China\". VRT (in Dutch). 24 January 2020.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6371-121-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6371-121-2"}],"text":"Danny De Laet (1981), De geesteskinderen van Jef Nys, in De avonturen van Amadeus en Seppeke! pages 171–176, Antwerpen, De Dageraad. ISBN 90-6371-121-2","title":"Resources"}]	[{"image_text":"Jommeke mural in Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mural_of_Belgian_Comic_Strip_Characters_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Mural_of_Belgian_Comic_Strip_Characters_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Jommeke in Temse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Temse_statue_Jommeke_03.jpg/220px-Temse_statue_Jommeke_03.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 6–17. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 18–27. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 28–49. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 50–75. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 76–91. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 92–121. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 122–133. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 134–155. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"De Ryck, Luc (2005). Jef Nys. Ongekend veelzijdig [Jef Nys. Unknown versatile] (in Dutch). Antwerp: Balloon Books. pp. 156–175. ISBN 90-6334-681-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6334-681-6","url_text":"90-6334-681-6"}]},{"reference":"\"65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China\". VRT (in Dutch). 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/17/jommeke-is-65-jaar-jong/","url_text":"\"65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)","url_text":"VRT"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/17/jommeke-is-65-jaar-jong/","external_links_name":"\"65 jaar Jommeke: van ondeugende kleuter in het parochieblad tot stripfenomeen in China\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123195951/http://flanderstoday.eu/content/face-flanders-%E2%80%94-jef-nys","external_links_name":"Alan Hope, \"Face of Flanders - Jef Nys\""},{"Link":"http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/PS_78317","external_links_name":"Jef Nys"},{"Link":"https://www.odis.eu/","external_links_name":"ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428134547/https://www.odis.eu/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37583993","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043933f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043933f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11311348X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/93355","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur-2	Dinajpur-2	["1 Boundaries","2 History","3 Members of Parliament","4 Elections","4.1 Elections in the 2010s","4.2 Elections in the 2000s","4.3 Elections in the 1990s","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 25°38′N 88°33′E / 25.63°N 88.55°E / 25.63; 88.55Constituency of Bangladesh's Jatiya Sangsad Dinajpur-2Constituencyfor the Jatiya SangsadDistrictDinajpur DistrictDivisionRangpur DivisionElectorate306,579 (2018)Current constituencyCreated1973PartyAwami LeagueMember(s)Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury← Seat no 6Seat no 7Seat no 8. → Dinajpur-2 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 2008 by Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury of the Awami League. Boundaries The constituency encompasses Biral and Bochaganj upazilas. History The constituency was created for the first general elections in newly independent Bangladesh, held in 1973. Members of Parliament Election Member Party 1973 Sirajul Islam Awami League 1979 Major Boundary Changes 1986 Satish Chandra Roy Awami League 1988 Reazul Huq Chowdhury 1991 Satish Chandra Roy Awami League February 1996 Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Nationalist Party June 1996 Satish Chandra Roy Awami League 2001 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman Bangladesh Nationalist Party 2008 Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury Awami League Elections Elections in the 2010s Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury was re-elected unopposed in the 2014 general election after opposition parties withdrew their candidacies in a boycott of the election. Elections in the 2000s General Election 2008: Dinajpur-2 Party Candidate Votes % ±% AL Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury 138,152 60.4 +22.3 BNP Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman 89,419 39.1 -3.5 Independent Jalal Uddin Ahamed 985 0.4 N/A Majority 48,733 21.3 +16.9 Turnout 228,556 92.9 +7.0 AL gain from BNP General Election 2001: Dinajpur-2 Party Candidate Votes % ±% BNP Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman 79,490 42.6 +25.8 AL Satish Chandra Roy 71,229 38.1 -0.7 IJOF Md. Anowarul Huq Chowdhury 33,280 17.8 N/A Independent Md. Kachim Uddin 1,498 0.8 N/A Bangladesh Janata Party Abdullah Al Naser 1,244 0.7 -0.1 Majority 8,261 4.4 -1.2 Turnout 186,741 85.9 +4.8 BNP gain from AL Elections in the 1990s General Election June 1996: Dinajpur-2 Party Candidate Votes % ±% AL Satish Chandra Roy 55,551 38.8 -1.1 JP(E) A. F. M. Reazul Haq Chowdhury 47,611 33.3 +7.1 BNP M. A. Zalil 24,044 16.8 +9.3 Jamaat-e-Islami Mahbub Alam 13,663 9.6 -11.2 Bangladesh Janata Party Abdullah Al Naser 1,153 0.8 -3.3 JSD Taimur Rahman 482 0.3 +0.1 Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD Md. Abdul Hye 314 0.2 -0.1 Zaker Party Md. A.T.M. Rezaul 198 0.1 0.0 Majority 7,940 5.6 -8.1 Turnout 143,016 81.1 +9.7 AL gain from BNP General Election 1991: Dinajpur-2 Party Candidate Votes % ±% AL Satish Chandra Roy 49,440 39.9 JP(E) A. F. M. Reazul Huq Chowdhury 32,508 26.2 Jamaat-e-Islami Md. Shah Moksul Minar 25,766 20.8 BNP Md. Abdul Momen Chowdhury 9,316 7.5 Bangladesh Janata Party Md. Razzak Chowdhury 5,097 4.1 Janasakti Party Abdullah Al Naser 918 0.7 JSD Md. Azizul Haq 286 0.2 Independent Md. Mamunur Rashid 193 0.2 JSD (S) A. Malek 173 0.1 Zaker Party Md. Abul Hossein 138 0.1 Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD Md. Abdul Hye 90 0.1 Majority 16,932 13.7 Turnout 123,925 71.4 AL gain from References ^ "Dinajpur-2". The Daily Star. Retrieved 31 December 2018. ^ a b "Constituency Maps of Bangladesh" (PDF). Bangladesh Election Commission. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "Delimitation of Constituencies" (PDF). Bangladesh Election Commission (in Bengali). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014. ^ "List of 1st Parliament Members" (PDF). Bangladesh Parliament (in Bengali). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ "List of 2nd Parliament Members" (PDF). Bangladesh Parliament (in Bengali). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "List of 3rd Parliament Members" (PDF). Bangladesh Parliament (in Bengali). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "List of 4th Parliament Members" (PDF). Bangladesh Parliament (in Bengali). Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ Zakaria, Mohammad (14 December 2013). "The number now goes up to 151". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ "Bangladesh Parliament Election - Detail Results". Amar Desh. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ^ "Nomination submission List". Bangladesh Election Commission (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ a b c "Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics". Vote Monitor Networks. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2018. External links "People's Republic of Bangladesh". Psephos. vte Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad ("National Parliament")Rangpur Division (Seat:1– 33) Panchagarh District: 1st 2nd Thakurgaon District: 1st 2nd 3rd Dinajpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Nilphamari District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Lalmonirhat District: 1st 2nd 3rd Rangpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Kurigram District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Gaibandha District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5thRajshahi Division (Seat:34– 72) Joypurhat District: 1st 2nd Bogra District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Chapai Nawabganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd Naogaon District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Rajshahi District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Natore District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sirajganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Pabna District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5thKhulna Division (Seat:73– 108) Meherpur District: 1st 2nd Kushtia District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Chuadanga District: 1st 2nd Jhenaidah District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Jessore District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Magura District: 1st 2nd Narail District: 1st 2nd Bagerhat District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Khulna District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Satkhira District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4thBarisal Division (Seat:109– 129) Barguna District: 1st 2nd Patuakhali District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Bhola District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Barisal District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Jhalokati District: 1st 2nd Pirojpur District: 1st 2nd 3rdMymensingh Division (Seat:130– 167) Tangail District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Jamalpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Sherpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd Mymensingh District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Netrokona District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Kishoreganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6thDhaka Division (Seat:168– 223) Manikganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd Munshiganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd Dhaka District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Gazipur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Narsingdi District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Narayanganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Rajbari District: 1st 2nd Faridpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Gopalganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd Madaripur District: 1st 2nd 3rd Shariatpur District: 1st 2nd 3rdSylhet Division (Seat:224– 242) Sunamganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Sylhet District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Moulvibazar District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Habiganj District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4thChittagong Division (Seat:243– 300) Brahmanbaria District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Comilla District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Chandpur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Feni District: 1st 2nd 3rd Noakhali District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Lakshmipur District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Chittagong District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Cox's Bazar District: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Khagrachhari District At-large Rangamati District At-large Bandarban District At-largeDefunct constituencies Bakerganj Cum Pirojpur Bakerganj-18 Barisal Cum Pirojpur Chandpur-6 Comilla-12 Faridpur-5 Kishoreganj-7 Manikganj-4 Munshiganj-4 Pirojpur-4 Satkhira-5 Sirajganj-7 25°38′N 88°33′E / 25.63°N 88.55°E / 25.63; 88.55 This Bangladesh location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jatiya Sangsad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Awami League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League"}],"text":"Constituency of Bangladesh's Jatiya SangsadDinajpur-2 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 2008 by Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury of the Awami League.","title":"Dinajpur-2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biral_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Bochaganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochaganj_Upazila"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecs-3"}],"text":"The constituency encompasses Biral and Bochaganj upazilas.[2][3]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The constituency was created for the first general elections in newly independent Bangladesh, held in 1973.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bangladeshi_general_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014results-8"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","text":"Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury was re-elected unopposed in the 2014 general election after opposition parties withdrew their candidacies in a boycott of the election.[8]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dinajpur-2\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Dinajpur-2&d=rangpur","url_text":"\"Dinajpur-2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Maps of Bangladesh\" (PDF). Bangladesh Election Commission. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140814131945/http://123.49.39.5/delimitation_pdF/const_book_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Maps of Bangladesh\""},{"url":"http://123.49.39.5/delimitation_pdF/const_book_2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delimitation of Constituencies\" (PDF). Bangladesh Election Commission (in Bengali). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2014. 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Retrieved 13 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf","url_text":"\"List of 4th Parliament Members\""}]},{"reference":"Zakaria, Mohammad (14 December 2013). \"The number now goes up to 151\". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2013/12/14/the-number-now-goes-up-to-151/","url_text":"\"The number now goes up to 151\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Parliament Election - Detail Results\". Amar Desh. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151120/http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=1&Year=2008","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Parliament Election - Detail Results\""},{"url":"http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=1&Year=2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nomination submission List\". Bangladesh Election Commission (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Cirigliano	Elsa Cirigliano	["1 References"]	In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cirigliano and the second or maternal family name is Martínez. Elsa CiriglianoFirst Lady of GuatemalaIn roleOctober 12, 1978 – March 23, 1982PresidentFernando Romeo Lucas GarcíaPreceded byHellen LossiSucceeded byMaría Teresa Sosa Personal detailsBornElsa Asunción Cirigliano1934Lechería, VenezuelaSpouse Fernando Romeo Lucas García (m. 1978; died 2006) Elsa Asunción Cirigliano Martínez was a Venezuelan woman, the wife of former President Fernando Romeo Lucas García. She was secretly married on October 12, 1978, to Fernando Romeo Lucas García in the Presidential House, months after he assumed the Presidency. After the events that led to the overthrow of her husband, they fled to Venezuela, where they remained until the death of Romeo Lucas García in 2006. References ^ "Guatemala's Romeo Lucas Garcia". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-06-10. ^ Lo que sólo Romeo Lucas García pudo olvidar. Albedrío. 2006. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2018-06-10. ^ Prensa Libre (2015). Amor secreto. Prensa Libre. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Honorary titles Preceded byHellen Lossi First Lady of Guatemala 1978–1982 Succeeded byMaría Teresa Sosa Board of Social Work of the President's Wife 1978–1982 vteFirst ladies of Guatemala Petrona García Morales María Dolores de Aycinena Josefa Gutiérrez Argueta María del Rosario Cristina Saborio Francisca Aparicio Carmen Ramírez María Robles Algeria Benton Desideria Ocampo Mercedes Llerandi Mercedes Flores Josefina Pazos Luz Castañeda Soledad Trabanino Marta Lainfiesta Dorión María Judith Ramírez Prado Elisa Martínez Contreras Maria Cristina Vilanova Odilia Palomo Paíz Julia Solís Gallardo Virginia Ruiz María Teresa Laparra María del Carmen Carrasco Sara de la Hoz Álida España Hellen Lossi Elsa Cirigliano María Teresa Sosa Aura Rosario Rosal López Raquel Blandón Magda Bianchi Lázzari Patricia Escobar Evelyn Morataya Wendy Widmann Sandra Torres Rosa María Leal Ana Violeta Fagianni Patricia Marroquín Marcela Giammattei‡ Lucrecia Peinado* First Lady of Guatemala Secretary of Social Work of the President's Wife This Guatemalan biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Fernando Romeo Lucas García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-2"},{"link_name":"Fernando Romeo Lucas García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cirigliano and the second or maternal family name is Martínez.Elsa Asunción Cirigliano Martínez was a Venezuelan woman, the wife of former President Fernando Romeo Lucas García.[1][2]She was secretly married on October 12, 1978, to Fernando Romeo Lucas García in the Presidential House, months after he assumed the Presidency. After the events that led to the overthrow of her husband, they fled to Venezuela, where they remained until the death of Romeo Lucas García in 2006.[3]","title":"Elsa Cirigliano"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Guatemala's Romeo Lucas Garcia\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052900984.html?noredirect=on","url_text":"\"Guatemala's Romeo Lucas Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"Lo que sólo Romeo Lucas García pudo olvidar. Albedrío. 2006. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2018-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163400/http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/p/ph-003.htm","url_text":"Lo que sólo Romeo Lucas García pudo olvidar"},{"url":"http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/p/ph-003.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prensa Libre (2015). Amor secreto. Prensa Libre. Retrieved 2018-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prensalibre.com/amor-secreto","url_text":"Amor secreto"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052900984.html?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"\"Guatemala's Romeo Lucas Garcia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163400/http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/p/ph-003.htm","external_links_name":"Lo que sólo Romeo Lucas García pudo olvidar"},{"Link":"http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/p/ph-003.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.prensalibre.com/amor-secreto","external_links_name":"Amor secreto"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_Cirigliano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Comtois	Paul Comtois	["1 References","2 External links"]	Canadian politician The HonourablePaul ComtoisPC21st Lieutenant Governor of QuebecIn officeOctober 12, 1961 – February 21, 1966MonarchElizabeth IIGovernor GeneralGeorges VanierPremierJean LesagePreceded byOnésime GagnonSucceeded byHugues LapointeMember of the Canadian Parliamentfor Nicolet—YamaskaIn officeJune 10, 1957 – October 12, 1961Preceded byMaurice BoisvertSucceeded byClément Vincent Personal detailsBorn(1895-08-22)August 22, 1895Pierreville, QuebecDiedFebruary 21, 1966(1966-02-21) (aged 70)Sillery, QuebecPolitical partyProgressive ConservativeRelationsCharles-Ignace Gill, great-uncleCabinetMinister of Mines and Technical Surveys (1957–1961) Paul Comtois PC (August 22, 1895 – February 21, 1966) was a Canadian politician. Born in Pierreville, Quebec, the son of Urbain Comtois and Elizabeth McCaffrey, he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1930 federal election and in a 1933 by-election. He was elected in 1957 election for the riding of Nicolet—Yamaska. A Progressive Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1958 election. From 1957 to 1961, he was the Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys. In 1961, he was appointed the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. He served until 1966, when he was killed in a fire that destroyed his official residence. While trying to save the Blessed Sacrament from the private chapel, he was overcome by the flames. The only objects he was able to recover were cruets, presumably because he found the tabernacle was locked. References ^ Bernard Pothier viewed the objects found under Comtois' remains and reported his findings in Challenge magazine. External links Paul Comtois – Parliament of Canada biography Assemblée nationale du Québec biography (in French) vteLieutenant-governors of QuebecPost-Confederation (1867–present) Belleau Caron Saint-Just Robitaille Masson Angers Chapleau Jetté Pelletier Langelier Leblanc Fitzpatrick Brodeur Pérodeau Gouin Carroll Patenaude Fiset Fauteux Gagnon Comtois Lapointe Côté Lamontagne Asselin Roux Thibault Duchesne Doyon Jeannotte Province of Canada (1841–66)* Clitherow Jackson Bagot Fernhill Cathcart Elgin Head Monck Lower Canada (1791–1841) Carleton (cont'd from 1791) Prescott Milnes Dunn Craig Prévost Drummond Wilson Sherbrooke Richmond Dalhousie Aylmer Gosford Colborne Durham Sydenham British Province of Quebec (1759–91)* Amherst Murray Carleton Haldimand Carleton (2nd time) The Crown's representative from 1759 to 1791, and from 1841 to 1866 held the office and rank of Governor-General Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef Category:List of unusual deaths This article about a Quebec Member of Parliament from the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Canadian viceroy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian"},{"link_name":"Pierreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierreville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1930 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"1957 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Nicolet—Yamaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolet%E2%80%94Yamaska"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1958 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Mines_and_Technical_Surveys_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_Quebec,_1867%E2%80%93present"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"official residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paul Comtois PC (August 22, 1895 – February 21, 1966) was a Canadian politician.Born in Pierreville, Quebec, the son of Urbain Comtois and Elizabeth McCaffrey, he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1930 federal election and in a 1933 by-election. He was elected in 1957 election for the riding of Nicolet—Yamaska. A Progressive Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1958 election. From 1957 to 1961, he was the Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys. In 1961, he was appointed the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.He served until 1966, when he was killed in a fire that destroyed his official residence. While trying to save the Blessed Sacrament from the private chapel, he was overcome by the flames. The only objects he was able to recover were cruets, presumably because he found the tabernacle was locked.[1]","title":"Paul Comtois"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=8451","external_links_name":"Paul Comtois – Parliament of Canada biography"},{"Link":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/patrimoine/anciens-parlementaires/comtois-paul-119.html","external_links_name":"Assemblée nationale du Québec biography"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317274085","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/193189577","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Comtois&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Comtois&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_cam	Lucky imaging	["1 Explanation","2 Demonstration of the principle","3 History","4 Lucky imaging and adaptive optics hybrid systems","5 Popularity of technique","6 Alternative methods","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Technique for astrophotography Lucky image of M15 core Lucky imaging (also called lucky exposures) is one form of speckle imaging used for astrophotography. Speckle imaging techniques use a high-speed camera with exposure times short enough (100 ms or less) so that the changes in the Earth's atmosphere during the exposure are minimal. With lucky imaging, those optimum exposures least affected by the atmosphere (typically around 10%) are chosen and combined into a single image by shifting and adding the short exposures, yielding much higher angular resolution than would be possible with a single, longer exposure, which includes all the frames. Explanation Images taken with ground-based telescopes are subject to the blurring effect of atmospheric turbulence (seen to the eye as the stars twinkling). Many astronomical imaging programs require higher resolution than is possible without some correction of the images. Lucky imaging is one of several methods used to remove atmospheric blurring. Used at a 1% selection or less, lucky imaging can reach the diffraction limit of even 2.5 m aperture telescopes, a resolution improvement factor of at least five over standard imaging systems. Zeta Bootis imaged with the Nordic Optical Telescope on 13 May 2000 using the lucky imaging method. (The Airy discs around the stars are diffraction from the 2.56 m telescope aperture.) Typical short-exposure image of this binary star from the same dataset, but without using any speckle processing. The effect of the Earth's atmosphere is to break the image of each star up into speckles. Demonstration of the principle The sequence of images below shows how lucky imaging works. From a series of 50,000 images taken at a speed of almost 40 images per second, five different long exposure images have been created. Additionally, a single exposure with very low image quality and another single exposure with very high image quality are shown at the beginning of the demo sequence. The astronomical target shown has the 2MASS ID J03323578+2843554. North is up and East on the left. Single exposure with low image quality, not selected for lucky imaging. Single exposure with very high image quality, selected for lucky imaging. This image shows the average of all 50,000 images, which is almost the same as the 21 minutes (50,000/40 seconds) long exposure seeing limited image. It looks like a typical star image, slightly elongated. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the seeing disk is around 0.9 arcsec. This image shows the average of all 50,000 single images but here with the center of gravity (centroid) of each image shifted to the same reference position. This is the tip-tilt-corrected, or image-stabilized, long-exposure image. It already shows more details — two objects — than the seeing-limited image. This image shows the 25,000 (50% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. In this image, we can almost see three objects. This image shows the 5,000 (10% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. The surrounding seeing halo is further reduced, an Airy ring around the brightest object becomes clearly visible. This image shows the 500 (1% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. The seeing halo is further reduced. The signal-to-noise ratio of the brightest object is the highest in this image. The difference between the seeing limited image (third image from top) and the best 1% images selected result is quite remarkable: a triple system has been detected. The brightest component in the West is a V=14.9 magnitude M4V star. This component is the lucky imaging reference source. The weaker component consists of two stars of spectral classes M4.5 and M5.5. The distance of the system is about 45 parsecs (pc). Airy rings can be seen, which indicates that the diffraction limit of the Calar Alto Observatory's 2.2 m telescope was reached. The signal to noise ratio of the point sources increases with stronger selection. The seeing halo on the other side is more suppressed. The separation between the two brightest objects is around 0.53 arcsec and between the two faintest objects less than 0.16 arcsec. At a distance of 45 pc this corresponds to 7.2 times the distance between Earth and Sun, around 1 billion kilometers (109 km). History Lucky imaging of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure time Lucky imaging methods were first used in the middle 20th century, and became popular for imaging planets in the 1950s and 1960s (using cine cameras, often with image intensifiers). For the most part it took 30 years for the separate imaging technologies to be perfected for this counter-intuitive imaging technology to become practical. The first numerical calculation of the probability of obtaining lucky exposures was an article by David L. Fried in 1978. In early applications of lucky imaging, it was generally assumed that the atmosphere smeared-out or blurred the astronomical images. In that work, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the blurring was estimated, and used to select exposures. Later studies took advantage of the fact that the atmosphere does not blur astronomical images, but generally produces multiple sharp copies of the image (the point spread function has speckles). New methods were used which took advantage of this to produce much higher quality images than had been obtained assuming the image to be smeared. In the early years of the 21st century, it was realised that turbulent intermittency (and the fluctuations in astronomical seeing conditions it produced) could substantially increase the probability of obtaining a "lucky exposure" for given average astronomical seeing conditions. Lucky imaging and adaptive optics hybrid systems In 2007 astronomers at Caltech and the University of Cambridge announced the first results from a new hybrid lucky imaging and adaptive optics (AO) system. The new camera gave the first diffraction-limited resolutions on 5 m-class telescopes in visible light. The research was performed on the Mt. Palomar Hale Telescope of 200-inch-diameter aperture. The telescope, with lucky cam and adaptive optics, pushed it near its theoretical angular resolution, achieving up to 0.025 arc seconds for certain types of viewing. Compared to space telescopes like the 2.4 m Hubble, the system still has some drawbacks including a narrow field of view for crisp images (typically 10" to 20"), airglow, and electromagnetic frequencies blocked by the atmosphere. When combined with an AO system, lucky imaging selects the periods when the turbulence the adaptive optics system must correct is reduced. In these periods, lasting a small fraction of a second, the correction given by the AO system is sufficient to give excellent resolution with visible light. The lucky imaging system averages the images taken during the excellent periods to produce a final image with much higher resolution than is possible with a conventional long-exposure AO camera. This technique is applicable to getting very high resolution images of only relatively small astronomical objects, up to 10 arcseconds in diameter, as it is limited by the precision of the atmospheric turbulence correction. It also requires a relatively bright 14th-magnitude star in the field of view on which to guide. Being above the atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope is not limited by these concerns and so is capable of much wider-field high-resolution imaging. Popularity of technique Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image stacking) to achieve previously unattainable resolution. If some of the images are discarded, then this type of video astronomy is called lucky imaging. Many methods exist for image selection, including the Strehl-selection method first suggested by John E. Baldwin from the Cambridge group and the image contrast selection used in the Selective Image Reconstruction method of Ron Dantowitz. The development and availability of electron-multiplying CCDs (EMCCD, also known as LLLCCD, L3CCD, or low-light-level CCD) has allowed the first high-quality lucky imaging of faint objects. On October 27, 2014, Google introduced a similar technique called HDR+. HDR+ takes a burst of shots with short exposures, selectively aligning the sharpest shots and averaging them using computational photography techniques. Short exposures avoid blurry images or blowing out highlights, and averaging multiple shots reduces noise. HDR+ is processed on hardware accelerators including the Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs and Pixel Visual Core. Alternative methods Other approaches that can yield resolving power exceeding the limits of atmospheric seeing include adaptive optics, interferometry, other forms of speckle imaging and space-based telescopes such as NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. References ^ Hippler, Stefan; et al. (2009). "The AstraLux Sur Lucky Imaging Instrument at the NTT" (PDF). The Messenger. 137: 14–17. Bibcode:2009Msngr.137...14H. ^ Janson, Markus; Hormuth, Felix; Bergfors, Carolina; Brandner, Wolfgang; Hippler, Stefan; Daemgen, Sebastian; Kudryavtseva, Natalia; Schmalzl, Eva; Schnupp, Carolin; Henning, Thomas (2012). "The Astralux Large M-Dwarf Multiplicity Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 754 (1): 44. arXiv:1205.4718. Bibcode:2012ApJ...754...44J. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/754/1/44. S2CID 118475425. ^ Fried, David L. (1978). "Probability of getting a lucky short-exposure image through turbulence". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 68 (12): 1651. doi:10.1364/JOSA.68.001651. ^ Nieto, J. -L; Thouvenot, E. (1991). "Recentring and selection of short-exposure images with photon-counting detectors". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 241: 663. Bibcode:1991A&A...241..663N. ^ Law, N. M.; MacKay, C. D.; Baldwin, J. E. (2006). "Lucky imaging: High angular resolution imaging in the visible from the ground". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 446 (2): 739–745. arXiv:astro-ph/0507299. Bibcode:2006A&A...446..739L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053695. S2CID 17844734. ^ Tubbs, Robert Nigel (2003). Lucky exposures: Diffraction limited astronomical imaging through the atmosphere (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.15991. hdl:1810/224517. ^ Batchelor, G. K.; Townsend, A. A. (1949). "The nature of turbulent motion at large wave-numbers". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 199 (1057): 238–255. Bibcode:1949RSPSA.199..238B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1949.0136. S2CID 122967707. ^ Baldwin, J. E.; Warner, P. J.; MacKay, C. D. (2008). "The point spread function in Lucky Imaging and variations in seeing on short timescales". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 480 (2): 589–597. Bibcode:2008A&A...480..589B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079214. ^ Tubbs, Robert N. (2006). "The effect of temporal fluctuations in r0 on high-resolution observations". Advances in Adaptive Optics II. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 6272. pp. 62722Y. doi:10.1117/12.671170. S2CID 119391503. ^ Fienberg, Richard Tresch (14 September 2007). "Sharpening the 200 Inch". Sky and Telescope. ^ Baldwin, J. E.; Tubbs, R. N.; Cox, G. C.; MacKay, C. D.; Wilson, R. W.; Andersen, M. I. (2001). "Diffraction-limited 800 nm imaging with the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 368: L1–L4. arXiv:astro-ph/0101408. Bibcode:2001A&A...368L...1B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010118. S2CID 18152452. ^ "Lucky Imaging". Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-11. ^ Dantowitz, Ronald F.; Teare, Scott W.; Kozubal, Marek J. (2000). "Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2455–2457. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2455D. doi:10.1086/301328. ^ "HDR+: Low Light and High Dynamic Range photography in the Google Camera App". Google AI Blog. Retrieved 2019-08-02. ^ "Introducing the HDR+ Burst Photography Dataset". Google AI Blog. Retrieved 2019-08-02. Further reading C. L. Stong 1956 interviewing scientist Robert B. Leighton for Amateur Scientist, "Concerning the Problem of Making Sharper Photographs of the Planets", Scientific American, Vol 194, June 1956, p. 157. Early example of exposure selection with mechanical tip-tilt correction (using cine film and exposure times of 2 seconds or more). William A. Baum 1956, "Electronic Photography of Stars", Scientific American, Vol 194, March 1956. Discusses the selection of short exposures at moments when the image through a telescope is sharpest (using image intensifier and short exposures). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucky imaging. Amateur lucky imaging Lucky imaging with Astralux at the 2.2 m Calar Alto telescope Details of the Calar Alto and La Silla lucky imaging instruments Details of the LuckyCam instrument at the Nordic Optical Telescope BBC News article: 'Clearest' images taken of space Lucky imaging using gen 3 intensifier tubes	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M15_core_lucky_10pc.gif"},{"link_name":"M15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_Cluster_M15"},{"link_name":"speckle imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_imaging"},{"link_name":"astrophotography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography"},{"link_name":"high-speed camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_camera"},{"link_name":"exposure times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"shifting and adding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-and-add"},{"link_name":"angular resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution"},{"link_name":"longer exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-exposure_photography"}],"text":"Lucky image of M15 coreLucky imaging (also called lucky exposures) is one form of speckle imaging used for astrophotography. Speckle imaging techniques use a high-speed camera with exposure times short enough (100 ms or less) so that the changes in the Earth's atmosphere during the exposure are minimal.With lucky imaging, those optimum exposures least affected by the atmosphere (typically around 10%) are chosen and combined into a single image by shifting and adding the short exposures, yielding much higher angular resolution than would be possible with a single, longer exposure, which includes all the frames.","title":"Lucky imaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"twinkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkling"},{"link_name":"diffraction limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_limit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zboo_lucky_image_1pc.png"},{"link_name":"Zeta Bootis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Bootis"},{"link_name":"Nordic Optical Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Optical_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Airy discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disc"},{"link_name":"diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeta_bootis_short_exposure.png"},{"link_name":"speckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_imaging"}],"text":"Images taken with ground-based telescopes are subject to the blurring effect of atmospheric turbulence (seen to the eye as the stars twinkling). Many astronomical imaging programs require higher resolution than is possible without some correction of the images. Lucky imaging is one of several methods used to remove atmospheric blurring. Used at a 1% selection or less, lucky imaging can reach the diffraction limit of even 2.5 m aperture telescopes, a resolution improvement factor of at least five over standard imaging systems.Zeta Bootis imaged with the Nordic Optical Telescope on 13 May 2000 using the lucky imaging method. (The Airy discs around the stars are diffraction from the 2.56 m telescope aperture.)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTypical short-exposure image of this binary star from the same dataset, but without using any speckle processing. The effect of the Earth's atmosphere is to break the image of each star up into speckles.","title":"Explanation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2MASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS"},{"link_name":"seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"Calar Alto Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calar_Alto_Observatory"},{"link_name":"seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"}],"text":"The sequence of images below shows how lucky imaging works.[1] From a series of 50,000 images taken at a speed of almost 40 images per second, five different long exposure images have been created. Additionally, a single exposure with very low image quality and another single exposure with very high image quality are shown at the beginning of the demo sequence. The astronomical target shown has the 2MASS ID J03323578+2843554. North is up and East on the left.The difference between the seeing limited image (third image from top) and the best 1% images selected result is quite remarkable: a triple system has been detected. The brightest component in the West is a V=14.9 magnitude M4V star. This component is the lucky imaging reference source. The weaker component consists of two stars of spectral classes M4.5 and M5.5.[2] The distance of the system is about 45 parsecs (pc). Airy rings can be seen, which indicates that the diffraction limit of the Calar Alto Observatory's 2.2 m telescope was reached. The signal to noise ratio of the point sources increases with stronger selection. The seeing halo on the other side is more suppressed. The separation between the two brightest objects is around 0.53 arcsec and between the two faintest objects less than 0.16 arcsec. At a distance of 45 pc this corresponds to 7.2 times the distance between Earth and Sun, around 1 billion kilometers (109 km).","title":"Demonstration of the principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg"},{"link_name":"image intensifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_intensifier"},{"link_name":"David L. Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Fried"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"full width at half maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"point spread function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_spread_function"},{"link_name":"astronomical seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lucky imaging of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure timeLucky imaging methods were first used in the middle 20th century, and became popular for imaging planets in the 1950s and 1960s (using cine cameras, often with image intensifiers). For the most part it took 30 years for the separate imaging technologies to be perfected for this counter-intuitive imaging technology to become practical. The first numerical calculation of the probability of obtaining lucky exposures was an article by David L. Fried in 1978.[3]In early applications of lucky imaging, it was generally assumed that the atmosphere smeared-out or blurred the astronomical images.[4] In that work, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the blurring was estimated, and used to select exposures. Later studies[5][6] took advantage of the fact that the atmosphere does not blur astronomical images, but generally produces multiple sharp copies of the image (the point spread function has speckles). New methods were used which took advantage of this to produce much higher quality images than had been obtained assuming the image to be smeared.In the early years of the 21st century, it was realised that turbulent intermittency (and the fluctuations in astronomical seeing conditions it produced)[7] could substantially increase the probability of obtaining a \"lucky exposure\" for given average astronomical seeing conditions.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"adaptive optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_optics"},{"link_name":"Hale Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"field of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"airglow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airglow"},{"link_name":"blocked by the atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"}],"text":"In 2007 astronomers at Caltech and the University of Cambridge announced the first results from a new hybrid lucky imaging and adaptive optics (AO) system. The new camera gave the first diffraction-limited resolutions on 5 m-class telescopes in visible light. The research was performed on the Mt. Palomar Hale Telescope of 200-inch-diameter aperture. The telescope, with lucky cam and adaptive optics, pushed it near its theoretical angular resolution, achieving up to 0.025 arc seconds for certain types of viewing.[10]\nCompared to space telescopes like the 2.4 m Hubble, the system still has some drawbacks including a narrow field of view for crisp images (typically 10\" to 20\"), airglow, and electromagnetic frequencies blocked by the atmosphere.When combined with an AO system, lucky imaging selects the periods when the turbulence the adaptive optics system must correct is reduced. In these periods, lasting a small fraction of a second, the correction given by the AO system is sufficient to give excellent resolution with visible light. The lucky imaging system averages the images taken during the excellent periods to produce a final image with much higher resolution than is possible with a conventional long-exposure AO camera.This technique is applicable to getting very high resolution images of only relatively small astronomical objects, up to 10 arcseconds in diameter, as it is limited by the precision of the atmospheric turbulence correction. It also requires a relatively bright 14th-magnitude star in the field of view on which to guide. Being above the atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope is not limited by these concerns and so is capable of much wider-field high-resolution imaging.","title":"Lucky imaging and adaptive optics hybrid systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"webcams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam"},{"link_name":"camcorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder"},{"link_name":"astrophotography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography"},{"link_name":"shift-and-add","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-and-add"},{"link_name":"speckle imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_imaging"},{"link_name":"image stacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-and-add"},{"link_name":"Strehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strehl_ratio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John E. Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"electron-multiplying CCDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device#Electron-multiplying_CCD"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"computational photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_photography"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hardware accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"Pixel Visual Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image stacking) to achieve previously unattainable resolution. If some of the images are discarded, then this type of video astronomy is called lucky imaging.Many methods exist for image selection, including the Strehl-selection method first suggested[11] by John E. Baldwin from the Cambridge group[12] and the image contrast selection used in the Selective Image Reconstruction method of Ron Dantowitz.[13]The development and availability of electron-multiplying CCDs (EMCCD, also known as LLLCCD, L3CCD, or low-light-level CCD) has allowed the first high-quality lucky imaging of faint objects.On October 27, 2014, Google introduced a similar technique called HDR+. HDR+ takes a burst of shots with short exposures, selectively aligning the sharpest shots and averaging them using computational photography techniques. Short exposures avoid blurry images or blowing out highlights, and averaging multiple shots reduces noise.[14] HDR+ is processed on hardware accelerators including the Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs and Pixel Visual Core.[15]","title":"Popularity of technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"adaptive optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_optics"},{"link_name":"interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interferometry#Astronomical_optical_interferometry"},{"link_name":"speckle imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_imaging"},{"link_name":"space-based telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_telescope"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"}],"text":"Other approaches that can yield resolving power exceeding the limits of atmospheric seeing include adaptive optics, interferometry, other forms of speckle imaging and space-based telescopes such as NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.","title":"Alternative methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"C. L. Stong 1956 interviewing scientist Robert B. Leighton for Amateur Scientist, \"Concerning the Problem of Making Sharper Photographs of the Planets\", Scientific American, Vol 194, June 1956, p. 157. Early example of exposure selection with mechanical tip-tilt correction (using cine film and exposure times of 2 seconds or more).\nWilliam A. Baum 1956, \"Electronic Photography of Stars\", Scientific American, Vol 194, March 1956. Discusses the selection of short exposures at moments when the image through a telescope is sharpest (using image intensifier and short exposures).","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Lucky image of M15 core","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/M15_core_lucky_10pc.gif/220px-M15_core_lucky_10pc.gif"},{"image_text":"Lucky imaging of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg/310px-Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hippler, Stefan; et al. (2009). \"The AstraLux Sur Lucky Imaging Instrument at the NTT\" (PDF). The Messenger. 137: 14–17. 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S2CID 118475425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4718","url_text":"1205.4718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...754...44J","url_text":"2012ApJ...754...44J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F754%2F1%2F44","url_text":"10.1088/0004-637X/754/1/44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118475425","url_text":"118475425"}]},{"reference":"Fried, David L. (1978). \"Probability of getting a lucky short-exposure image through turbulence\". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 68 (12): 1651. doi:10.1364/JOSA.68.001651.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.68.001651","url_text":"10.1364/JOSA.68.001651"}]},{"reference":"Nieto, J. -L; Thouvenot, E. (1991). \"Recentring and selection of short-exposure images with photon-counting detectors\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 241: 663. Bibcode:1991A&A...241..663N.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991A&A...241..663N","url_text":"1991A&A...241..663N"}]},{"reference":"Law, N. M.; MacKay, C. D.; Baldwin, J. E. (2006). \"Lucky imaging: High angular resolution imaging in the visible from the ground\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 446 (2): 739–745. arXiv:astro-ph/0507299. Bibcode:2006A&A...446..739L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053695. S2CID 17844734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0507299","url_text":"astro-ph/0507299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...446..739L","url_text":"2006A&A...446..739L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20053695","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20053695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17844734","url_text":"17844734"}]},{"reference":"Tubbs, Robert Nigel (2003). Lucky exposures: Diffraction limited astronomical imaging through the atmosphere (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.15991. hdl:1810/224517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.15991","url_text":"10.17863/CAM.15991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1810%2F224517","url_text":"1810/224517"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, G. K.; Townsend, A. A. (1949). \"The nature of turbulent motion at large wave-numbers\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 199 (1057): 238–255. Bibcode:1949RSPSA.199..238B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1949.0136. S2CID 122967707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949RSPSA.199..238B","url_text":"1949RSPSA.199..238B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1949.0136","url_text":"10.1098/rspa.1949.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122967707","url_text":"122967707"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, J. E.; Warner, P. J.; MacKay, C. D. (2008). \"The point spread function in Lucky Imaging and variations in seeing on short timescales\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 480 (2): 589–597. Bibcode:2008A&A...480..589B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079214.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20079214","url_text":"\"The point spread function in Lucky Imaging and variations in seeing on short timescales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...480..589B","url_text":"2008A&A...480..589B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20079214","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20079214"}]},{"reference":"Tubbs, Robert N. (2006). \"The effect of temporal fluctuations in r0 on high-resolution observations\". Advances in Adaptive Optics II. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 6272. pp. 62722Y. doi:10.1117/12.671170. S2CID 119391503.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.671170","url_text":"10.1117/12.671170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119391503","url_text":"119391503"}]},{"reference":"Fienberg, Richard Tresch (14 September 2007). \"Sharpening the 200 Inch\". Sky and Telescope.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/sharpening-the-200-inch","url_text":"\"Sharpening the 200 Inch\""}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, J. E.; Tubbs, R. N.; Cox, G. C.; MacKay, C. D.; Wilson, R. W.; Andersen, M. I. (2001). \"Diffraction-limited 800 nm imaging with the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 368: L1–L4. arXiv:astro-ph/0101408. Bibcode:2001A&A...368L...1B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010118. 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(2000). \"Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury\". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2455–2457. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2455D. doi:10.1086/301328.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F301328","url_text":"\"Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AJ....119.2455D","url_text":"2000AJ....119.2455D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F301328","url_text":"10.1086/301328"}]},{"reference":"\"HDR+: Low Light and High Dynamic Range photography in the Google Camera App\". Google AI Blog. Retrieved 2019-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://ai.googleblog.com/2014/10/hdr-low-light-and-high-dynamic-range.html","url_text":"\"HDR+: Low Light and High Dynamic Range photography in the Google Camera App\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing the HDR+ Burst Photography Dataset\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoddard_B._Colby	Stoddard B. Colby	["1 Biography","2 Awards and honors","3 References"]	American civil servant Stoddard Benham ColbyBorn(1816-02-03)February 3, 1816Derby, VermontDiedSeptember 21, 1867(1867-09-21) (aged 51)Haverhill, New HampshireOccupation(s)Lawyer, Register of the Treasury Stoddard B. Colby's signature 10/1854 Stoddard Benham Colby (February 3, 1816 – September 21, 1867) was an American lawyer and political figure. He is notable for his service as Register of the United States Treasury during the American Civil War. Biography Colby was born in Derby, Vermont on February 3, 1816. He was educated in Derby, and prepared for college by studying in the office of attorney Timothy P. Redfield. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1836, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law with William Upham, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Derby. In 1840 he was elected to a single term in the Vermont House of Representatives, and served from 1841 to 1843. In 1846 he began to practice in Montpelier as the partner of Lucius B. Peck. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1856. Colby was appointed Register of the Treasury and assumed office on August 12, 1864. He was married to Harriet Elizabeth Proctor, sister of Sen. Redfield Proctor. She was one of the victims of the Henry Clay (steamboat) disaster. They had four children, including Laura Melinda, who was the wife of Brigadier General Asa B. Carey. Colby died in Haverhill, New Hampshire following a five-week illness. He was buried at Proctor Cemetery in Proctorsville, Vermont. Awards and honors In August 1867, he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Norwich University. References ^ The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 23 (1869), December 1994, ISBN 9780788400704, retrieved 27 December 2012 ^ Vermont government archives ^ Associated Press News Dispatches…, retrieved 27 December 2012 ^ "Brigadier General Asa Bacon Carey (1835–1912)". Sibert Ancestry.org. May 12, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ Decease of Hon. Stoddard B. Colby, Register of the United States Treasury (PDF), retrieved 27 December 2012 ^ Norwich University Commencement – Oration by Hon. S.B. Colby (PDF), retrieved 27 December 2012 NY Times obituary This biography of a person who has held a non-elected position in the federal government of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-B-Colby.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"United States Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Stoddard B. Colby's signature 10/1854Stoddard Benham Colby (February 3, 1816 – September 21, 1867)[1] was an American lawyer and political figure. He is notable for his service as Register of the United States Treasury during the American Civil War.","title":"Stoddard B. Colby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Timothy P. Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_P._Redfield"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"William Upham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Upham"},{"link_name":"Vermont House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Lucius B. Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_B._Peck"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Register of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Redfield Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfield_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay (steamboat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_(steamboat)"},{"link_name":"Asa B. Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_B._Carey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sibert-4"},{"link_name":"Haverhill, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Proctorsville, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctorsville,_Vermont"}],"text":"Colby was born in Derby, Vermont on February 3, 1816. He was educated in Derby, and prepared for college by studying in the office of attorney Timothy P. Redfield. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1836, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law with William Upham, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Derby. In 1840 he was elected to a single term in the Vermont House of Representatives, and served from 1841 to 1843. In 1846 he began to practice in Montpelier as the partner of Lucius B. Peck.He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1856.[2]Colby was appointed Register of the Treasury and assumed office on August 12, 1864.[3]He was married to Harriet Elizabeth Proctor, sister of Sen. Redfield Proctor. She was one of the victims of the Henry Clay (steamboat) disaster. They had four children, including Laura Melinda, who was the wife of Brigadier General Asa B. Carey.[4]Colby died in Haverhill, New Hampshire following a five-week illness.[5] He was buried at Proctor Cemetery in Proctorsville, Vermont.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honorary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"LL.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Norwich University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In August 1867, he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Norwich University.[6]","title":"Awards and honors"}]	[{"image_text":"Stoddard B. Colby's signature 10/1854","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/S-B-Colby.jpg/220px-S-B-Colby.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 23 (1869), December 1994, ISBN 9780788400704, retrieved 27 December 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5yrNq-zNjgC&q=stoddard+b.+colby+register&pg=PA85","url_text":"The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 23 (1869)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788400704","url_text":"9780788400704"}]},{"reference":"Associated Press News Dispatches…, retrieved 27 December 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1864/08/12/news/dispatches-associated-press-decision-respecting-seven-thirty-treasury-notes.html","url_text":"Associated Press News Dispatches…"}]},{"reference":"\"Brigadier General Asa Bacon Carey (1835–1912)\". Sibert Ancestry.org. May 12, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/C/Cary/AsaBaconCarey.html","url_text":"\"Brigadier General Asa Bacon Carey (1835–1912)\""}]},{"reference":"Decease of Hon. Stoddard B. Colby, Register of the United States Treasury (PDF), retrieved 27 December 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/09/24/79367189.pdf","url_text":"Decease of Hon. Stoddard B. Colby, Register of the United States Treasury"}]},{"reference":"Norwich University Commencement – Oration by Hon. S.B. Colby (PDF), retrieved 27 December 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/08/05/87582176.pdf","url_text":"Norwich University Commencement – Oration by Hon. S.B. Colby"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5yrNq-zNjgC&q=stoddard+b.+colby+register&pg=PA85","external_links_name":"The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 23 (1869)"},{"Link":"http://vermont-archives.org/govhistory/elect/results3/pdf/Rep8.pdf","external_links_name":"Vermont government archives"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1864/08/12/news/dispatches-associated-press-decision-respecting-seven-thirty-treasury-notes.html","external_links_name":"Associated Press News Dispatches…"},{"Link":"https://sibertancestry.org/Alphabet/Cary/C/Cary/AsaBaconCarey.html","external_links_name":"\"Brigadier General Asa Bacon Carey (1835–1912)\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/09/24/79367189.pdf","external_links_name":"Decease of Hon. Stoddard B. Colby, Register of the United States Treasury"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/08/05/87582176.pdf","external_links_name":"Norwich University Commencement – Oration by Hon. S.B. Colby"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DE6D8103AEF34BC4C51DFBF66838C679FDE","external_links_name":"NY Times obituary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoddard_B._Colby&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Villepreux	Pierre Villepreux	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	France international rugby union player & coach Pierre Villepreux in 1971 Pierre Villepreux (born 5 July 1943) is a former French rugby union player and coach. He played at full back and fly half for Toulouse, and won 34 caps for France between 1967 and 1972. Villepreux was born in Pompadour. While Villepreux had a distinguished career as a player, World Rugby had the following to say about him when he was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2018:However, it was as an innovative, free-thinking coach that Villepreux was revered throughout the rugby world. He took as his coaching creed "flexibility and adaptability, not organisation” and espoused the traditional open French style of play. He coached the Italy national rugby union team from 1978 until 1981, and then returned to Toulouse as head coach. Working alongside Jean-Claude Skrela, he coached Toulouse to the national title in 1985, the club's first since 1947, and would lead them to two more titles. After leaving Toulouse in 1989, he continued coaching in the European club ranks until France hired Skrela as its new head coach after a disappointing 1995 Rugby World Cup campaign. Skrela then tabbed Villepreux as his top assistant. The partnership proved successful, with France winning the 1997 and 1998 Five Nations titles and reaching the 1999 Rugby World Cup Final under their leadership. After the 1999 World Cup, he became technical director for the French Rugby Federation, and still later went on to work as Regional Development Manager for Europe in the Rugby Services division of the International Rugby Board, now known as World Rugby. See also Mark Egan References ^ a b c "World Rugby Hall of Fame Inductees: Pierre Villepreux". World Rugby. Retrieved 27 November 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pierre Villepreux. Pierre Villepreux on Sporting-hereoes.net Sporting positions Preceded by Gwyn Evans Italy National Rugby Union Coach 1978–1981 Succeeded by Paolo Paladini/Marco Pulli vtePresident's Overseas XVSquad Ian McCallum Pierre Villepreux John Cole Bryan Williams Hannes Marais Peter Johnson Roy Prosser Ron Urlich Jo Maso Roland Bertranne Joggie Jansen Stephen Knight Jona Qoro Colin Meads Frik du Preez Ian Kirkpatrick George Barley Wayne Cottrell Dawie de Villiers Élie Cester Christian Carrère Greg Davis Brian Lochore Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Belgium United States Other IdRef This biographical article relating to French rugby union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Villepreux_(1971).jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Toulousain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnac-Pompadour"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"World Rugby Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRHOF-1"},{"link_name":"Italy national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Skrela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Skrela"},{"link_name":"national title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"1995 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Five_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Five_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Five Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"1999 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRHOF-1"},{"link_name":"French Rugby Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Rugby_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRHOF-1"}],"text":"Pierre Villepreux in 1971Pierre Villepreux (born 5 July 1943) is a former French rugby union player and coach. He played at full back and fly half for Toulouse, and won 34 caps for France between 1967 and 1972.Villepreux was born in Pompadour. While Villepreux had a distinguished career as a player, World Rugby had the following to say about him when he was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2018:[1]However, it was as an innovative, free-thinking coach that Villepreux was revered throughout the rugby world. He took as his coaching creed \"flexibility and adaptability, not organisation” and espoused the traditional open French style of play.He coached the Italy national rugby union team from 1978 until 1981, and then returned to Toulouse as head coach. Working alongside Jean-Claude Skrela, he coached Toulouse to the national title in 1985, the club's first since 1947, and would lead them to two more titles. After leaving Toulouse in 1989, he continued coaching in the European club ranks until France hired Skrela as its new head coach after a disappointing 1995 Rugby World Cup campaign. Skrela then tabbed Villepreux as his top assistant. The partnership proved successful, with France winning the 1997 and 1998 Five Nations titles and reaching the 1999 Rugby World Cup Final under their leadership.[1]After the 1999 World Cup, he became technical director for the French Rugby Federation, and still later went on to work as Regional Development Manager for Europe in the Rugby Services division of the International Rugby Board, now known as World Rugby.[1]","title":"Pierre Villepreux"}]	[{"image_text":"Pierre Villepreux in 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pierre_Villepreux_%281971%29.jpg/200px-Pierre_Villepreux_%281971%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mark Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Egan_(rugby_player)"}]	[{"reference":"\"World Rugby Hall of Fame Inductees: Pierre Villepreux\". World Rugby. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.world.rugby/halloffame/inductees/2693","url_text":"\"World Rugby Hall of Fame Inductees: Pierre Villepreux\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.world.rugby/halloffame/inductees/2693","external_links_name":"\"World Rugby Hall of Fame Inductees: Pierre Villepreux\""},{"Link":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=1340","external_links_name":"Pierre Villepreux on Sporting-hereoes.net"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028121462","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9899755","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk4yrTFqfHbpMvmYCRKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122215882","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122215882","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14406184","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91128106","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030890950","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Villepreux&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics	Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics	["1 Medal summary","2 Medal table","3 Participating nations","4 Results","4.1 Individual","4.2 Team","5 References","6 External links"]	Men's modern pentathlonat the Games of the XVII OlympiadDatesAugust 26–31, 1960Competitors60 from 23 nationsMedalists Ferenc Németh Hungary Imre Nagy Hungary Robert Beck United States← 19561964 → At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, two events in modern pentathlon were contested. Medal summary Event Gold Silver Bronze Individualdetails Ferenc Németh Hungary Imre Nagy Hungary Robert Beck United States Teamdetails Hungary (HUN)Imre NagyAndrás BalczóFerenc Németh Soviet Union (URS)Nikolai TatarinovHanno SelgIgor Novikov United States (USA)Robert BeckJack DanielsGeorge Lambert Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Hungary (HUN)21032 Soviet Union (URS)01013 United States (USA)0022Totals (3 entries)2226 Participating nations A total of 60 athletes from 23 nations competed at the Rome Games: Argentina (3) Australia (3) Austria (3) Belgium (1) Brazil (3) Denmark (1) Finland (3) France (3) United Team of Germany (3) Great Britain (3) Hungary (3) Italy (3) Japan (2) Mexico (3) Morocco (2) Poland (3) South Africa (1) Soviet Union (3) Spain (2) Sweden (3) Switzerland (3) Tunisia (3) United States (3) Results Individual 1 Ferenc Németh Hungary 2 Imre Nagy Hungary 3 Bob Beck United States 4 András Balczó Hungary 5 Igor Novikov Soviet Union 6 Nikolay Tatarinov Soviet Union 7 Stanisław Przybylski Poland 8 Jack Daniels United States 9 Kurt Lindeman Finland 10 Hanno Selg Soviet Union 11 Patrick Harvey Great Britain 12 Berndt Katter Finland 13 Luis Ribera Argentina 14 Kazimierz Paszkiewicz Poland 15 Per-Erik Ritzén Sweden 16 Eero Lohi Finland 17 Antonio Almada Mexico 18 George Lambert United States 19 Erhard Minder Switzerland 20 Kazimierz Mazur Poland 21 Sture Ericson Sweden 22 Sergio Escobedo Mexico 23 Adriano Facchini Italy 24 Donald Cobley Great Britain 25 Peter Lichtner-Hoyer Austria 26 Peter Little Great Britain 27 Justo Botelho Brazil 28 Wolfgang Gödicke United Team of Germany 29 Gaetano Scala Italy 30 Björn Thofelt Sweden 31 Neville Sayers Australia 32 Wenceslau Malta Brazil 33 Werner Vetterli Switzerland 34 Hugh Doherty Australia 35 Kazuhiro Tanaka Japan 36 Carlos Stricker Argentina 37 Udo Birnbaum Austria 38 Shigeaki Uchino Japan 39 Frank Battig Austria 40 Raúl Bauza Argentina 41 Giulio Giunta Italy 42 André Bernard France 43 José Pérez Mexico 44 Joaquín Villalba Spain 45 Christian Beauvalet France 46 Peter Macken Australia 47 Benny Schmidt Denmark 48 Dieter Krickow United Team of Germany 49 Rolf Weber Switzerland 50 José Wilson Brazil 51 Fernando Irayzoz Spain 53 Étienne Jalenques France 54 Arsène Pint Belgium 55 Ralf Berckhan United Team of Germany 56 Lakdar Bouzid Tunisia 57 Habib Ben Azzabi Tunisia 58 Ahmed Ennachi Tunisia AC Mohamed Ben Checkroun Morocco AC Naji El-Mekki Morocco Team 1 Hungary 2 Soviet Union 3 United States 4 Finland 5 Poland 6 Sweden 7 Great Britain 8 Mexico 9 Italy 10 Argentina 11 Switzerland 12 Austria 13 Brazil 14 Australia 15 France 16 United Team of Germany 17 Tunisia References ^ a b "Modern pentathlon: 1960 Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-07-22. External links "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006-12-05. vteEvents at the 1960 Summer Olympics (Rome) Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling vteModern pentathlon at the Summer Olympics 1896–1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists List of venues	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"}],"text":"At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, two events in modern pentathlon were contested.[1]","title":"Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United Team of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"A total of 60 athletes from 23 nations competed at the Rome Games:[1]Argentina (3)\n Australia (3)\n Austria (3)\n Belgium (1)\n Brazil (3)\n Denmark (1)\n Finland (3)\n France (3)\n United Team of Germany (3)\n Great Britain (3)\n Hungary (3)\n Italy (3)\n Japan (2)\n Mexico (3)\n Morocco (2)\n Poland (3)\n South Africa (1)\n Soviet Union (3)\n Spain (2)\n Sweden (3)\n Switzerland (3)\n Tunisia (3)\n United States (3)","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Individual","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Modern pentathlon: 1960 Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045814/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/MOP/","url_text":"\"Modern pentathlon: 1960 Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/MOP/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","url_text":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"International Olympic Committee"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045814/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/MOP/","external_links_name":"\"Modern pentathlon: 1960 Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/MOP/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna_Whyte	Chyna Whyte	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","3.3 Mixtapes","4 References"]	American rapper Chyna WhyteBirth nameStephanie Christine LewisBorn (1974-09-18) September 18, 1974 (age 49)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.GenresHip hopOccupations Rapper songwriter author Years active1992–presentLabels BME TVT Seed Shop LLC Websitewww.chynawhyte.comMusical artist Stephanie Christine Lewis, better known as Chyna Whyte, (born September 18, 1974) is an American rapper. She is best known for her appearance in the Lil Jon & The Eastside Boys song "Bia' Bia'. Biography Chyna Whyte was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, she started rapping when she was a child but later pursued her rap career in 1992. She got her first break in 1998 and signed with Lil Jon's BME Records but before then she decided to send her demo tapes that she spent years working on with Super Producer Donald "XL" Robertson( Strickly Business) and mail them to various record labels. She spoke to Dr. Dre and got a call from Roc-A-Fella Records and even met with Lyor Cohen at Def Jam Records but none of those labels worked out. Later on, she received a call from Lil Jon when he was working at Jermaine Dupri's label So So Def Records as in A&R. He received her demo tape that she mailed to So So Def Records and wanted her to come to Atlanta and record with a group he was forming called Full Time Family. They all met for the first time in the studio and recorded an album that was never released. She went on to record many features on Lil Jon's albums and released a few of her own singles, "Blocka Blocka", "Thug For Life", which was featured on the Love And A Bullet Soundtrack, "What They Want" and "Girls Get Buck featuring Master P". Lil Jon and Chyna Whyte went on and signed a distribution deal with TVT Records but she never got the chance to release any of her own albums. In 2001, Chyna was released from prison. She served five months in federal prison and served the remainder of the year on house arrest but her probation officer allowed her travel and do concerts. She left Atlanta at that time and came back at the end of 2005 after the effects of Hurricane Katrina. In 2002, she had planned to release her solo project but it was never released due to her pregnancy the same year thus having to put her career on hold. Chyna Whyte has featured on various artists albums such as Too Short's album "You Nasty" (RIAA Certified Gold), Bonecrusher's album "Attenchun", Naught By Nature's album "Iicons", Twisted Black's album "Street Fame", Kane & Abel's album "The Seven Sins", Six Shot's "The Actual Meaning" and a number of mixtape features. She also produced 3 mixtapes out, The Whyte Out, Prelude To War & The Real Deal Holyfield. She also received her Multi Platinum and Gold RIAA plaques for her work on Lil Jon & The East Boyz's album Kings of Crunk and Put Yo Hood Up and also received another Gold plaque from Too Short You Nasty album. Whyte started her own publishing company, Seed Shop LLC, formally named Ching Chong Publishing, and has been affiliated with BMI since 1997. Bibliography Mu-Sicks Poisonous Venom. Ching Chong Publishing. April 4, 2011. ISBN 978-0615459028. Celibate But Still Masturbating. Ching Chong Publishing. November 2011. ISBN 978-0615569109. Discography Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions US US R&B US Rap Chyna Whyte Released: Shelved Label: BME, TVT Records Format: CD, digital download N/A Singles Year Single Chart positions Album US Hot 100 R&B R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay 2001 "Bia' Bia'" feat. Lil Jon & The Eastside Boyz, Ludacris, Too Short, Big Kap 94 47 39 Put Yo Hood Up Mixtapes List of mixtapes, with year released Title Album details The Whyte Out 2 - The Prelude To War Released: 2006 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download References ^ a b "S. Martin Credits". Allmusic.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g "Chyna Whyte Bio". Twenty4sevenmagazine.com. October 10, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ ""Bia Bia"—Lil Jon feat. Too $hort, Ludacris, Big Kap and Chyna Whyte (2001)". Vibe.com. April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ a b "Chyna Whyte Billboard Magazine". December 8, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ a b "Ourstage Chyna Whyte". Ourstage.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ "Chyna Whyte Billboard Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018. ^ "Chyna Whyte - The Whyte Out 2 - The Prelude To War // Free Mixtape @". Datpiff.com. February 24, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2018. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lil Jon & The Eastside Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Credits-1"}],"text":"Musical artistStephanie Christine Lewis, better known as Chyna Whyte, (born September 18, 1974) is an American rapper. She is best known for her appearance in the Lil Jon & The Eastside Boys song \"Bia' Bia'.[1]","title":"Chyna Whyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Roc-A-Fella Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc-A-Fella_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"So So Def Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_So_Def_Recordings"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vibe-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Billboard-4"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Billboard-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Credits-1"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Kings of Crunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Crunk"},{"link_name":"Too Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Short"},{"link_name":"You Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Nasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Ourstage-5"},{"link_name":"BMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chyna_Whyte_Ourstage-5"}],"text":"Chyna Whyte was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, she started rapping when she was a child but later pursued her rap career in 1992.[2] She got her first break in 1998 and signed with Lil Jon's BME Records but before then she decided to send her demo tapes that she spent years working on with Super Producer Donald \"XL\" Robertson( Strickly Business) and mail them to various record labels.[2] She spoke to Dr. Dre and got a call from Roc-A-Fella Records and even met with Lyor Cohen at Def Jam Records but none of those labels worked out.[2] Later on, she received a call from Lil Jon when he was working at Jermaine Dupri's label So So Def Records as in A&R.[clarification needed] He received her demo tape that she mailed to So So Def Records and wanted her to come to Atlanta and record with a group he was forming called Full Time Family.[2][3] They all met for the first time in the studio and recorded an album that was never released. She went on to record many features on Lil Jon's albums and released a few of her own singles, \"Blocka Blocka\", \"Thug For Life\", which was featured on the Love And A Bullet Soundtrack, \"What They Want\" and \"Girls Get Buck featuring Master P\". Lil Jon and Chyna Whyte went on and signed a distribution deal with TVT Records but she never got the chance to release any of her own albums.In 2001, Chyna was released from prison. She served five months in federal prison and served the remainder of the year on house arrest but her probation officer allowed her travel and do concerts.[2][4] She left Atlanta at that time and came back at the end of 2005 after the effects of Hurricane Katrina.[2] In 2002, she had planned to release her solo project but it was never released due to her pregnancy the same year thus having to put her career on hold.[2][4]Chyna Whyte has featured on various artists albums such as Too Short's album \"You Nasty\" (RIAA Certified Gold), Bonecrusher's album \"Attenchun\", Naught By Nature's album \"Iicons\", Twisted Black's album \"Street Fame\", Kane & Abel's album \"The Seven Sins\", Six Shot's \"The Actual Meaning\" and a number of mixtape features. She also produced 3 mixtapes out, The Whyte Out, Prelude To War & The Real Deal Holyfield.[1] She also received her Multi Platinum and Gold RIAA plaques for her work on Lil Jon & The East Boyz's album Kings of Crunk and Put Yo Hood Up and also received another Gold plaque from Too Short You Nasty album.[5]Whyte started her own publishing company, Seed Shop LLC, formally named Ching Chong Publishing, and has been affiliated with BMI since 1997.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0615459028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615459028"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0615569109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615569109"}],"text":"Mu-Sicks Poisonous Venom. Ching Chong Publishing. April 4, 2011. ISBN 978-0615459028.\nCelibate But Still Masturbating. Ching Chong Publishing. November 2011. ISBN 978-0615569109.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mu-Sicks Poisonous Venom. Ching Chong Publishing. April 4, 2011. ISBN 978-0615459028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615459028","url_text":"978-0615459028"}]},{"reference":"Celibate But Still Masturbating. Ching Chong Publishing. November 2011. ISBN 978-0615569109.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615569109","url_text":"978-0615569109"}]},{"reference":"\"S. Martin Credits\". Allmusic.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/s-martin-mn0001333456","url_text":"\"S. Martin Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chyna Whyte Bio\". Twenty4sevenmagazine.com. October 10, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twenty4sevenmagazine.wordpress.com/features-2/chyna-whyte/","url_text":"\"Chyna Whyte Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Bia Bia\"—Lil Jon feat. Too $hort, Ludacris, Big Kap and Chyna Whyte (2001)\". Vibe.com. April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/2012/04/full-clip-too-hort-runs-down-his-entire-catalogue-ft-ant-banks-notorious-big-jay-z-and/biabialiljonff9ce70/","url_text":"\"\"Bia Bia\"—Lil Jon feat. Too $hort, Ludacris, Big Kap and Chyna Whyte (2001)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Magazine\". December 8, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UBIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Chyna+Whyte&pg=PA44","url_text":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ourstage Chyna Whyte\". Ourstage.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ourstage.com/profile/chynawhyte1","url_text":"\"Ourstage Chyna Whyte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Chart History\". Billboard.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/chyna-whyte","url_text":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chyna Whyte - The Whyte Out 2 - The Prelude To War // Free Mixtape @\". Datpiff.com. February 24, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/Chyna-Whyte-The-Whyte-Out-2-The-prelude-to-war-mixtape.262.html","url_text":"\"Chyna Whyte - The Whyte Out 2 - The Prelude To War // Free Mixtape @\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/s-martin-mn0001333456","external_links_name":"\"S. 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Too $hort, Ludacris, Big Kap and Chyna Whyte (2001)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UBIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Chyna+Whyte&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://ourstage.com/profile/chynawhyte1","external_links_name":"\"Ourstage Chyna Whyte\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/chyna-whyte","external_links_name":"\"Chyna Whyte Billboard Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/Chyna-Whyte-The-Whyte-Out-2-The-prelude-to-war-mixtape.262.html","external_links_name":"\"Chyna Whyte - The Whyte Out 2 - The Prelude To War // Free Mixtape @\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e3c0d0f0-47d7-4a3a-bdc4-4f8aa075a36f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Chemical	Asahi Kasei	["1 History","2 Statistics","3 Locations","4 Business segments and products","5 References","6 External links"]	Japanese chemicals company Asahi Kasei CorporationHeadquarters in Yūrakuchō, Chiyoda, TokyoNative name旭化成株式会社Romanized nameAsahi Kasei kabushiki gaishaCompany typePublic KKTraded asTYO: 3407TOPIX Large 70 ComponentTOPIX 100 ComponentNikkei 225 ComponentIndustryChemical industryFoundedMay 21, 1931; 93 years ago (1931-05-21)HeadquartersHibiya Mitsui Tower, 1-1-2Yurakucho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0006 JapanKey peopleKoshiro Kudo(President)ProductsChemicalsFibersConstruction materialsPharmaceuticalsMedical devicesElectronic devices and materialsRevenue $ 18.5 billion (FY 2014) (¥ 1,897 billion) (FY 2014)Net income $ 989.7 million (FY 2014) (¥ 101.29 billion) (FY 2014)Number of employees46,751 (consolidated, as of March 31, 2022)WebsiteOfficial websiteFootnotes / references Asahi Kasei Corporation (旭化成株式会社, Asahi Kasei Kabushiki-gaisha, styled as AsahiKASEI) is a multinational Japanese chemical company. Its main products are chemicals and materials. It was founded in May 1931, using the paid in capital of Nobeoka Ammonia Fiber Co., Ltd, a Nobeoka, Miyazaki based producer of ammonia, nitric acid, and other chemicals. Now headquartered in Tokyo, with offices and plants across Japan, as well as China, Singapore, Thailand, U.S.A. and Germany. The company is listed on the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX 100 and Nikkei 225 stock market indices. History The company Asahi Kasei began in the year 1931 with the production of chemicals that included ammonia and nitric acids. In 1949, exchanges between stocks started up between Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. Asahi Kasei entered into a joint petrochemical venture with Dow Chemical. A production of Polystyrene and Saran Wrap began in 1952. Diversification into acrylonitrile, construction materials, petrochemicals, glass fabrics, ethylene, housing, medical devices, electronics, engineered resins, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals and liquors began in the 1960s and 1990s. Net sales exceeded $10 billion globally in the years 2000–2003. Finally, in the years 2008–2009, there was further diversification into medical devices. In 2018, Asahi Kasei acquired Sage Automotive Interiors. Statistics The company makes about 18 billion dollars globally in annual net sales. Their core operating segments include: Chemicals (43.4%) Homes (27.2%) Healthcare (7.95%) Fibers (7%) Electronics (10%) Construction materials (3.3%) Services, engineering, and others (1.2%) Locations As of March 2022, Asahi Kasei currently employs 46,751 people and have a total of 54 manufacturing facilities found in different areas all over the world. Some of these places include North America, Europe, South Asia, East Asia, and Japan. Their operations in North America are located in Alabama, California, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Massachusetts, and Mexico. In Europe it has sites in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. The sites in Japan are located in Tokyo, Kawasaki, Nobeoka, and Mizushima. The sites in South and East Asia operate in India, Suzhou, Shanghai, Thailand, and Singapore. Business segments and products The main operations of the company are divided into the following four business sectors: Chemicals & fibers Chemicals Polymer products Specialty chemicals Fibers Homes & construction materials Foundation systems Insulation materials AAC-related products Structural materials Order-built homes Real estate–related operations Building remodeling Electronics LSIs Hall effect elements, magnetometers and Hall ICs Clean energy materials Optical and printing materials Electronic materials Health care Blood transfusion devices Blood purification devices Bioprocess products: leukocyte reduction filters, virus removal filters Orthopedics and urology pharmaceuticals Critical care devices: defibrillators, wearable defibrillators, automated CPR systems, temperature management systems, data solutions Diagnostic reagents Nutritional products References ^ "Corporate Profile". Retrieved August 6, 2014. ^ "Asahi Kasei Financial Statements". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014. ^ "TOPIX Large70 Components" (PDF). Japan Exchange Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2014. ^ "Components:Nikkei Stock Average". Nikkei Inc. Retrieved August 6, 2014. ^ "Asahi Kasei to acquire Sage Automotive Interiors \| Press Releases \| Asahi Kasei". Asahi Kasei Corporation. Retrieved 2019-06-07. ^ "Corporate Profile". Retrieved December 19, 2022 ^ "Corporate Profile Brochure" Retrieved December 19, 2022 ^ "Asahi Kasei products". Retrieved August 6, 2014. External links Japan portalChemistry portalEngineering portalCompanies portal Asahi Kasei Corporation Website (in English) "Company history books (Shashi)". Shashi Interest Group. April 2016. Wiki collection of bibliographic works on Asahi Kasei vteTOPIX 100 companies of JapanCore 30 Astellas Daiichi Sankyo Daikin FANUC Hitachi Honda Hoya Itochu KDDI Keyence Mitsubishi Corporation MUFG Mitsui & Co Mizuho Murata Nidec Nintendo NTT Recruit Seven & I Holdings Shin-Etsu SMC SoftBank SoftBank Group Sony Group Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Takeda Tokio Marine Tokyo Electron Toyota Large 70 ÆON Ajinomoto ANA Asahi Group Holdings Asahi Kasei Bandai Namco Holdings Bridgestone Canon Chugai Pharmaceutical Dai-ichi Life Daiwa House Denso Eisai ENEOS Fast Retailing Fujifilm Fujitsu Japan Exchange Group Japan Post Holdings JR Central JR East JR West JT Kao Kirin Komatsu Kubota Kyocera Lasertec M3.com Marubeni Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Estate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsui Fudosan MS&AD Nippon Steel Nippon Yusen Nissan Nitori Nomura Olympus Omron Ono Pharmaceutical Oriental Land Orix Otsuka Panasonic Renesas Electronics Resona Secom Sekisui House Shimano Shionogi Shiseido Sompo Holdings Subaru Sumitomo Corporation Sumitomo Electric Sumitomo Metal Mining Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Sumitomo Realty & Development Suzuki Sysmex Terumo Toray Toshiba Unicharm Z Holdings vte Nikkei 225 companies of Japan 7&i Advantest ÆON AGC Ajinomoto Alps ANA Amada Aozora Bank Asahi Breweries Asahi Kasei Astellas Bandai Namco Holdings Bridgestone Canon Casio Chiba Bank Chiyoda Chuden Chugai Citizen Holdings Comsys Concordia Financial Credit Saison Dai-ichi Life Daiichi Sankyo Daikin Daiwa House Daiwa Securities Denka Denso Dentsu DNP Dowa Ebara Eisai ENEOS Fanuc Fast Retailing Fuji Electric Fujifilm Fujikura Fujitsu Fukuoka Financial Furukawa Group Furukawa Electric GS Yuasa Heiwa Real Estate Hino Hitachi Hitachi Construction Machinery Hitz Hokuetsu Paper Honda IHI INPEX Isetan-Mitsukoshi Isuzu Itochu JFE J. Front Retailing JGC JR Central JR East JR West JSW JT JTEKT Kajima KEPCO Kao Kawasaki KDDI Keio Keisei Keyence Kikkoman Kirin K Line Kobelco Komatsu Konami Konica Minolta Kubota Kuraray Kyocera Kyowa Hakko Kirin Marubeni Maruha Nichiro Marui Matsui Securities Mazda Meidensha Meiji Holdings MES Minebea Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Estate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Logistics Mitsubishi Materials Mitsubishi Motors Mitsui & Co Mitsui Chemicals Mitsui Fudosan Mitsui Kinzoku Mitsumi Electric Mizuho MOL MS&AD MUFG Murata Manufacturing NEC Nexon NEG NGK Nichirei Nikon Nintendo Nippon Express Nippon Kayaku Nippon Light Metal Nippon Ham Nippon Paper Industries Nippon Soda Nissan Motor Company Nissan Chemical Nisshin Seifun Nisshin Steel Nissui Nittobo Nitto Denko Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings Nomura NSG NSK NSSMC NTN NTT NTT Data NYK Obayashi Odakyu Oji Holdings Corporation OKI Okuma Olympus Osaka Gas Pacific Metals Panasonic Pioneer Resona Ricoh Sapporo Holdings SCREEN Secom Sekisui House Sharp Shimz Shin-Etsu Shinsei Bank Shionogi Shiseido Shizuoka Bank Showa Denko Showa Shell SoftBank Sojitz Sony Subaru Corporation SUMCO Sumitomo Chemical Sumitomo Corporation Sumitomo Electric Sumitomo Heavy Industries Sumitomo Metal Mining Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Sumitomo Osaka Cement Sumitomo Pharma Sumitomo Realty Suzuki T&D Taiheiyo Cement Taisei Taiyo Yuden Takara Takashimaya Takeda TDK Teijin TEPCO Terumo Tobu Toho Toho Zinc Tokai Carbon Tokuyama Corporation Tokio Marine Tokyo Dome Tokyo Electron Tokyo Gas Tokyo Tatemono Tokyu Tokyu Land Toppan Toray Toshiba Tosoh Toto Toyobo Toyota Toyota Tsusho Trend Micro UBE Unitika Uny Yahoo! Japan Yamaha Yamato Transport Yasakawa Yokogawa Electric Yokohama Rubber Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"chemical company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"paid in capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_in_capital"},{"link_name":"Nobeoka, Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeoka,_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"TOPIX 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nikkei 225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stock market indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_index"}],"text":"Asahi Kasei Corporation (旭化成株式会社, Asahi Kasei Kabushiki-gaisha, styled as AsahiKASEI) is a multinational Japanese chemical company. Its main products are chemicals and materials.It was founded in May 1931, using the paid in capital of Nobeoka Ammonia Fiber Co., Ltd, a Nobeoka, Miyazaki based producer of ammonia, nitric acid, and other chemicals. Now headquartered in Tokyo, with offices and plants across Japan, as well as China, Singapore, Thailand, U.S.A. and Germany.The company is listed on the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX 100[3] and Nikkei 225[4] stock market indices.","title":"Asahi Kasei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acrylonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile"},{"link_name":"Sage Automotive Interiors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Automotive_Interiors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The company Asahi Kasei began in the year 1931 with the production of chemicals that included ammonia and nitric acids. In 1949, exchanges between stocks started up between Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. Asahi Kasei entered into a joint petrochemical venture with Dow Chemical. A production of Polystyrene and Saran Wrap began in 1952. Diversification into acrylonitrile, construction materials, petrochemicals, glass fabrics, ethylene, housing, medical devices, electronics, engineered resins, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals and liquors began in the 1960s and 1990s. Net sales exceeded $10 billion globally in the years 2000–2003. Finally, in the years 2008–2009, there was further diversification into medical devices. In 2018, Asahi Kasei acquired Sage Automotive Interiors.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The company makes about 18 billion dollars globally in annual net sales. Their core operating segments include:Chemicals (43.4%)\nHomes (27.2%)\nHealthcare (7.95%)\nFibers (7%)\nElectronics (10%)\nConstruction materials (3.3%)\nServices, engineering, and others (1.2%)","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As of March 2022, Asahi Kasei currently employs 46,751 people [6] and have a total of 54 manufacturing facilities found in different areas all over the world. Some of these places include North America, Europe, South Asia, East Asia, and Japan.Their operations in North America are located in Alabama, California, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Massachusetts, and Mexico. In Europe it has sites in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. The sites in Japan are located in Tokyo, Kawasaki, Nobeoka, and Mizushima. The sites in South and East Asia operate in India, Suzhou, Shanghai, Thailand, and Singapore.[7]","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AAC-related products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete"},{"link_name":"LSIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI"},{"link_name":"Hall effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect"},{"link_name":"magnetometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer"},{"link_name":"automated CPR systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoPulse"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"}],"text":"The main operations of the company are divided into the following four business sectors:[8]Chemicals & fibers\nChemicals\nPolymer products\nSpecialty chemicals\nFibers\nHomes & construction materials\nFoundation systems\nInsulation materials\nAAC-related products\nStructural materials\nOrder-built homes\nReal estate–related operations\nBuilding remodeling\nElectronics\nLSIs\nHall effect elements, magnetometers and Hall ICs\nClean energy materials\nOptical and printing materials\nElectronic materials\nHealth care\nBlood transfusion devices\nBlood purification devices\nBioprocess products: leukocyte reduction filters, virus removal filters\nOrthopedics and urology pharmaceuticals\nCritical care devices: defibrillators, wearable defibrillators, automated CPR systems, temperature management systems, data solutions[buzzword]\nDiagnostic reagents\nNutritional products","title":"Business segments and products"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Corporate Profile\". Retrieved August 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp/asahi/en/aboutasahi/profile/","url_text":"\"Corporate Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asahi Kasei Financial Statements\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140811211920/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=3407:JP","url_text":"\"Asahi Kasei Financial Statements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek","url_text":"Bloomberg Businessweek"},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=3407:JP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TOPIX Large70 Components\" (PDF). Japan Exchange Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013. 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April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nccjapan.net//shashiwiki/index.php?title=Asahi_Kasei","url_text":"\"Company history books (Shashi)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=3407","external_links_name":"3407"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi-kasei.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp/asahi/en/aboutasahi/profile/","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Profile\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140811211920/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=3407:JP","external_links_name":"\"Asahi Kasei Financial Statements\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=3407:JP","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013065445/http://www.tse.or.jp/english/market/topix/data/b7gje60000003v9e-att/Large70-201310-e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TOPIX Large70 Components\""},{"Link":"http://www.tse.or.jp/english/market/topix/data/b7gje60000003v9e-att/Large70-201310-e.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://indexes.nikkei.co.jp/en/nkave/index/component?idx=nk225#07","external_links_name":"\"Components:Nikkei Stock Average\""},{"Link":"https://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp/asahi/en/news/2018/e180719.html","external_links_name":"\"Asahi Kasei to acquire Sage Automotive Interiors \| Press Releases \| Asahi Kasei\""},{"Link":"https://www.asahi-kasei.com/company/profile/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi-kasei.com/company/pdf/brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp/asahi/en/services_products/","external_links_name":"\"Asahi Kasei products\""},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp//asahi/en/","external_links_name":"Asahi Kasei Corporation Website"},{"Link":"http://www.nccjapan.net//shashiwiki/index.php?title=Asahi_Kasei","external_links_name":"\"Company history books (Shashi)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012225398X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145910885","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1086045041","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011021909","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00917823","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0031428&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01054027?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_reform	Accounting	["1 History","2 Etymology","2.1 Terminology","3 Topics","3.1 Financial accounting","3.2 Management accounting","3.3 Intercompany accounting","3.4 Auditing","3.5 Information systems","3.6 Tax accounting","3.7 Forensic accounting","3.8 Political campaign accounting","4 Organizations","4.1 Professional bodies","4.2 Firms","4.3 Standard-setters","5 Education, training and qualifications","5.1 Degrees","5.2 Professional qualifications","6 Research","7 Scandals","8 Fraud and error","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities "Accountancy" redirects here. For the constituency in Hong Kong, see Accountancy (constituency). For the game, see Accounting (video game). Part of a series onAccounting Historical costConstant purchasing powerManagementTax Major typesAuditBudgetCostForensicFinancialFundGovernmentalManagementSocialTax Key conceptsAccounting periodAccrualConstant purchasing powerEconomic entityFair valueGoing concernHistorical costMatching principleMaterialityRevenue recognitionUnit of account Selected accountsAssetsCashCost of goods soldDepreciation / Amortization (business)EquityExpensesGoodwillLiabilitiesProfitRevenue Accounting standardsGenerally-accepted principlesGenerally-accepted auditing standardsConvergenceInternational Financial Reporting StandardsInternational Standards on AuditingManagement Accounting Principles Financial statementsAnnual reportBalance sheetCash-flowEquityIncomeManagement discussionNotes to the financial statements BookkeepingBank reconciliationDebits and creditsDouble-entry systemFIFO and LIFOJournalLedger / General ledgerTrial balance AuditingFinancialInternalFirmsReportSarbanes–Oxley Act People and organizationsAccountantsAccounting organizationsLuca Pacioli DevelopmentHistoryResearchPositive accountingSarbanes–Oxley Act MisconductCreativeEarnings managementError accountHollywoodOff-balance-sheetTwo sets of books vte Business administration Management of a business Accounting Management accounting Financial accounting Audit Business entity (list) Corporate group Corporation sole Conglomerate (company) Holding company Cooperative Corporation Joint-stock company Limited liability company Partnership Privately held company Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Corporate governance Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Corporate title Chairman Chief business officer/Chief brand officer Chief executive officer/Chief operating officer Chief financial officer Chief human resources officer Chief information officer/Chief marketing officer Chief product officer/Chief technology officer Economics Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Capital management Venture capital Types of management Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Capability Change innovation Commercial Marketing Communications Configuration Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Knowledge Legal Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life-cycle Product Project Property Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Trade route Business process Business statistics Business and economics portalvte Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of recording and processing information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations. Accounting measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used interchangeably. Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, tax accounting and cost accounting. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers. Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management to enhance business operations. The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system. Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities. Accounting has existed in various forms and levels of sophistication throughout human history. The double-entry accounting system in use today was developed in medieval Europe, particularly in Venice, and is usually attributed to the Italian mathematician and Franciscan friar Luca Pacioli. Today, accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are usually audited by accounting firms, and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States and the Financial Reporting Council in the United Kingdom. As of 2012, "all major economies" have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). History Main article: History of accounting Portrait of Luca Pacioli, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Museo di Capodimonte) Accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to ancient civilizations. One early development of accounting dates back to ancient Mesopotamia and is closely related to developments in writing, counting and money; there is also evidence of early forms of bookkeeping in ancient Iran, and early auditing systems by the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. By the time of Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information. Many concepts related to today's accounting seem to be initiated in medieval's Middle East. For example, Jewish communities used double-entry bookkeeping in the early-medieval period and Muslim societies, at least since the 10th century also used many modern accounting concepts. The spread of the use of Arabic numerals, instead of the Roman numbers historically used in Europe, increased efficiency of accounting procedures among Mediterranean merchants, who further refined accounting in medieval Europe. With the development of joint-stock companies, accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting. The first published work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was the Summa de arithmetica, published in Italy in 1494 by Luca Pacioli (the "Father of Accounting"). Accounting began to transition into an organized profession in the nineteenth century, with local professional bodies in England merging to form the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1880. Etymology Early 19th-century ledger Both the words "accounting" and "accountancy" were in use in Great Britain by the mid-1800s and are derived from the words accompting and accountantship used in the 18th century. In Middle English (used roughly between the 12th and the late 15th century), the verb "to account" had the form accounten, which was derived from the Old French word aconter, which is in turn related to the Vulgar Latin word computare, meaning "to reckon". The base of computare is putare, which "variously meant to prune, to purify, to correct an account, hence, to count or calculate, as well as to think". The word "accountant" is derived from the French word compter, which is also derived from the Italian and Latin word computare. The word was formerly written in English as "accomptant", but in process of time the word, which was always pronounced by dropping the "p", became gradually changed both in pronunciation and in orthography to its present form. Terminology Accounting has variously been defined as the keeping or preparation of the financial records of transactions of the firm, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and "the principles and procedures of accounting"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English. Topics Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting Main article: Financial accounting Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers. Financial accounting produces past-oriented reports—for example financial statements are often published six to ten months after the end of the accounting period—on an annual or quarterly basis, generally about the organization as a whole. Management accounting Main article: Management accounting Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information that can help managers in making decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. In management accounting, internal measures and reports are based on cost-benefit analysis, and are not required to follow the generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP). In 2014 CIMA created the Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAPs). The result of research from across 20 countries in five continents, the principles aim to guide best practice in the discipline. Management accounting produces past-oriented reports with time spans that vary widely, but it also encompasses future-oriented reports such as budgets. Management accounting reports often include financial and non financial information, and may, for example, focus on specific products and departments. Intercompany accounting Main article: Intercompany accounting Intercompany accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information between separate entities that are related, such as a parent company and its subsidiary companies. Intercompany accounting concerns record keeping of transactions between companies that have common ownership such as a parent company and a partially or wholly owned subsidiary. Intercompany transactions are also recorded in accounting when business is transacted between companies with a common parent company (subsidiaries). Auditing Main articles: Financial audit and Internal audit Auditing is the verification of assertions made by others regarding a payoff, and in the context of accounting it is the "unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization". Audit is a professional service that is systematic and conventional. An audit of financial statements aims to express or disclaim an independent opinion on the financial statements. The auditor expresses an independent opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements presents the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of an entity, in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and "in all material respects". An auditor is also required to identify circumstances in which the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have not been consistently observed. Information systems Main article: Accounting information system An accounting information system is a part of an organization's information system used for processing accounting data. Many corporations use artificial intelligence-based information systems. The banking and finance industry uses AI in fraud detection. The retail industry uses AI for customer services. AI is also used in the cybersecurity industry. It involves computer hardware and software systems using statistics and modeling. Many accounting practices have been simplified with the help of accounting computer-based software. An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is commonly used for a large organisation and it provides a comprehensive, centralized, integrated source of information that companies can use to manage all major business processes, from purchasing to manufacturing to human resources. These systems can be cloud based and available on demand via application or browser, or available as software installed on specific computers or local servers, often referred to as on-premise. Tax accounting Main article: Tax accounting Tax accounting in the United States concentrates on the preparation, analysis and presentation of tax payments and tax returns. The U.S. tax system requires the use of specialised accounting principles for tax purposes which can differ from the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for financial reporting. U.S. tax law covers four basic forms of business ownership: sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and limited liability company. Corporate and personal income are taxed at different rates, both varying according to income levels and including varying marginal rates (taxed on each additional dollar of income) and average rates (set as a percentage of overall income). Forensic accounting This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Forensic accounting Forensic accounting is a specialty practice area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation. "Forensic" means "suitable for use in a court of law", and it is to that standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work. Political campaign accounting Main article: Political campaign accounting Political campaign accounting deals with the development and implementation of financial systems and the accounting of financial transactions in compliance with laws governing political campaign operations. This branch of accounting was first formally introduced in the March 1976 issue of The Journal of Accountancy. Organizations See also: Category:Accounting organizations Professional bodies Main article: Professional accounting body Professional accounting bodies include the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the other 179 members of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), including Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), CPA Australia, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). Some countries have a single professional accounting body and, in some other countries, professional bodies for subfields of the accounting professions also exist, for example the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) in the UK and Institute of management accountants in the United States. Many of these professional bodies offer education and training including qualification and administration for various accounting designations, such as certified public accountant (AICPA) and chartered accountant. Firms Main article: Accounting networks and associations Depending on its size, a company may be legally required to have their financial statements audited by a qualified auditor, and audits are usually carried out by accounting firms. Accounting firms grew in the United States and Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and through several mergers there were large international accounting firms by the mid-twentieth century. Further large mergers in the late twentieth century led to the dominance of the auditing market by the "Big Five" accounting firms: Arthur Andersen, Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers. The demise of Arthur Andersen following the Enron scandal reduced the Big Five to the Big Four. Standard-setters See also: Accounting standards and Convergence of accounting standards Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are accounting standards issued by national regulatory bodies. In addition, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implemented by 147 countries. Standards for international audit and assurance, ethics, education, and public sector accounting are all set by independent standard settings boards supported by IFAC. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board sets international standards for auditing, assurance, and quality control; the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) sets the internationally appropriate principles-based Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants; the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB) sets professional accounting education standards; and International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) sets accrual-based international public sector accounting standards. Organizations in individual countries may issue accounting standards unique to the countries. For example, in Australia, the Australian Accounting Standards Board manages the issuance of the accounting standards in line with IFRS. In the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issues the Statements of Financial Accounting Standards, which form the basis of US GAAP, and in the United Kingdom the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) sets accounting standards. However, as of 2012 "all major economies" have plans to converge towards or adopt the IFRS. Education, training and qualifications Degrees At least a bachelor's degree in accounting or a related field is required for most accountant and auditor job positions, and some employers prefer applicants with a master's degree. A degree in accounting may also be required for, or may be used to fulfill the requirements for, membership to professional accounting bodies. For example, the education during an accounting degree can be used to fulfill the American Institute of CPA's (AICPA) 150 semester hour requirement, and associate membership with the Certified Public Accountants Association of the UK is available after gaining a degree in finance or accounting. A doctorate is required in order to pursue a career in accounting academia, for example, to work as a university professor in accounting. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are the most popular degrees. The PhD is the most common degree for those wishing to pursue a career in academia, while DBA programs generally focus on equipping business executives for business or public careers requiring research skills and qualifications. Professional qualifications Main articles: Chartered accountant and Certified Public Accountant See also: Professional certification § Accountancy, auditing and finance Professional accounting qualifications include the chartered accountant designations and other qualifications including certificates and diplomas. In Scotland, chartered accountants of ICAS undergo Continuous Professional Development and abide by the ICAS code of ethics. In England and Wales, chartered accountants of the ICAEW undergo annual training, and are bound by the ICAEW's code of ethics and subject to its disciplinary procedures. In the United States, the requirements for joining the AICPA as a Certified Public Accountant are set by the Board of Accountancy of each state, and members agree to abide by the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct and Bylaws. The ACCA is the largest global accountancy body with over 320,000 members, and the organisation provides an 'IFRS stream' and a 'UK stream'. Students must pass a total of 14 exams, which are arranged across three levels. Research Main article: Accounting research Accounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society. It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation. Accounting research is carried out both by academic researchers and practicing accountants. Methodologies in academic accounting research include archival research, which examines "objective data collected from repositories"; experimental research, which examines data "the researcher gathered by administering treatments to subjects"; analytical research, which is "based on the act of formally modeling theories or substantiating ideas in mathematical terms"; interpretive research, which emphasizes the role of language, interpretation and understanding in accounting practice, "highlighting the symbolic structures and taken-for-granted themes which pattern the world in distinct ways"; critical research, which emphasizes the role of power and conflict in accounting practice; case studies; computer simulation; and field research. Empirical studies document that leading accounting journals publish in total fewer research articles than comparable journals in economics and other business disciplines, and consequently, accounting scholars are relatively less successful in academic publishing than their business school peers. Due to different publication rates between accounting and other business disciplines, a recent study based on academic author rankings concludes that the competitive value of a single publication in a top-ranked journal is highest in accounting and lowest in marketing. Scandals Main article: Accounting scandals See also: Accounting ethics The year 2001 witnessed a series of financial information frauds involving Enron, auditing firm Arthur Andersen, the telecommunications company WorldCom, Qwest and Sunbeam, among other well-known corporations. These problems highlighted the need to review the effectiveness of accounting standards, auditing regulations and corporate governance principles. In some cases, management manipulated the figures shown in financial reports to indicate a better economic performance. In others, tax and regulatory incentives encouraged over-leveraging of companies and decisions to bear extraordinary and unjustified risk. The Enron scandal deeply influenced the development of new regulations to improve the reliability of financial reporting, and increased public awareness about the importance of having accounting standards that show the financial reality of companies and the objectivity and independence of auditing firms. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history, the Enron scandal undoubtedly is the biggest audit failure causing the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which at the time was one of the five largest accounting firms in the world. After a series of revelations involving irregular accounting procedures conducted throughout the 1990s, Enron filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in December 2001. One consequence of these events was the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act in the United States in 2002, as a result of the first admissions of fraudulent behavior made by Enron. The act significantly raises criminal penalties for securities fraud, for destroying, altering or fabricating records in federal investigations or any scheme or attempt to defraud shareholders. Fraud and error Accounting fraud is an intentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records by management or employees which involves the use of deception. It is a criminal act and a breach of civil tort. It may involve collusion with third parties. An accounting error is an unintentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records, for example misinterpretation of facts, mistakes in processing data, or oversights leading to incorrect estimates. Acts leading to accounting errors are not criminal but may breach civil law, for example, the tort of negligence. The primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and errors rests with the entity's management. See also Accounting information system Accounting records References ^ a b c d e f Needles, Belverd E.; Powers, Marian (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series (12 ed.). Cengage Learning. ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology (Report). Committee on Accounting Procedure, American Institute of Accountants. November 1940. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ "Department of Accounting". Foster School of Business. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ a b Schipper, Katherine (2005). "The introduction of International Accounting Standards in Europe: Implications for international convergence". European Accounting Review. 14. Taylor & Francis Online: 101–126. doi:10.1080/0963818042000338013. S2CID 153931720. 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"On the curious historical coincidence of algebra and double-entry bookkeeping" (PDF). Foundations of the Formal Sciences. Ghent University. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. ^ Mariotti, Steve (12 July 2013). "So, Who Invented Double Entry Bookkeeping? Luca Pacioli or Benedikt Kotruljević?". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994). "Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli" (PDF download). Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. XXXIX (3). KU Leuven: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2011. ^ Timeline of the History of the Accountancy Profession, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2013, archived from the original on 11 October 2014, retrieved 28 December 2013 ^ Stephen A. 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"New set of accounting principles can help drive sustainable success". Financial Times. ft.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015. ^ https://www.blackline.com/resources/glossaries/intercompany-accounting/ ^ https://www.netsuite.com/portal/resource/articles/accounting/intercompany-accounting.shtml ^ Baiman, Stanley. 1979. "Discussion of Auditing: Incentives and Truthful Reporting." Journal of Accounting Research 17: 25–29. ^ "Audit Definition". Investopedia. Investopedia US. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2013. ^ Tredinnick, Luke (March 2017). "Artificial intelligence and professional roles" (PDF). Business Information Review. 34 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1177/0266382117692621. S2CID 157743821. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. ^ "Responsibilities and Functions of the Independent Auditor" (PDF). AICPA. November 1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. ^ "1.2 Accounting information systems". 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Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ Kyle, McHatton. "ICAS code of ethics". www.icas.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ "ACA – The qualification of ICAEW Chartered Accountants". ICAEW. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ "European Accounting Qualifications Explained \| CareersinAudit.com". CareersinAudit.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017. ^ The Relevance and Utility of Leading Accounting Research (PDF), The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013, retrieved 27 December 2013 ^ Burchell, S.; Clubb, C.; Hopwood, A.; Hughes, J.; Nahapiet, J. (1980). "The roles of accounting in organizations and society". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 5 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(80)90017-3. ^ Oler, Derek K., Mitchell J. Oler, and Christopher J. Skousen. 2010. "Characterizing Accounting Research." Accounting Horizons 24 (4): 635–670. ^ Coyne, Joshua G., Scott L. Summers, Brady Williams, and David a. Wood. 2010. "Accounting Program Research Rankings by Topical Area and Methodology." Issues in Accounting Education 25 (4) (November): 631–654. ^ Chua, Wai Fong (1986). "Radical developments in accounting thought". The Accounting Review. 61 (4): 601–632. ^ Buchheit, S.; Collins, D.; Reitenga, A. (2002). "A cross-discipline comparison of top-tier academic journal publication rates: 1997–1999". Journal of Accounting Education. 20 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1016/S0748-5751(02)00003-9. ^ Merigó, José M.; Yang, Jian-Bo (March 2017). "Accounting Research: A Bibliometric Analysis: Accounting Research: A Bibliometric Analysis". Australian Accounting Review. 27 (1): 71–100. doi:10.1111/auar.12109. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022. ^ Swanson, Edward (2004). "Publishing in the majors: A comparison of accounting, finance, management, and marketing". Contemporary Accounting Research. 21: 223–255. doi:10.1506/RCKM-13FM-GK0E-3W50. ^ Korkeamäki, Timo; Sihvonen, Jukka; Vähämaa, Sami (2018). "Evaluating publications across business disciplines". Journal of Business Research. 84: 220–232. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.024. ^ a b Astrid Ayala and Giancarlo Ibárgüen Snr.: "A Market Proposal for Auditing the Financial Statements of Public Companies" (Journal of Management of Value, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, March 2006) p. 41, UFM.edu.gt ^ Bratton, William W. "Enron and the Dark Side of Shareholder Value" (Tulane Law Review, New Orleans, May 2002) p. 61 ^ "Enron files for bankruptcy". BBC News. 3 December 2001. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2008. ^ Aiyesha Dey, and Thomas Z. Lys: "Trends in Earnings Management and Informativeness of Earnings Announcements in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes Oxley Periods (Kellogg School of Management, Evanston, Illinois, February, 2005) p. 5 ^ a b c 2018 Handbook of International Quality Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance, and Related Services Pronouncements, The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, December 2018 External links Library resources in your library and in other libraries about accounting Operations Research in Accounting on the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences website Portal: Business and economicsAccounting at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTextbooks from WikibooksData from Wikidata vteAccountingType Financial accounting Cost accounting Management accounting Forensic accounting Fund accounting Governmental accounting Social accounting Tax accounting Statements Income statement Balance sheet Statement of changes in equity Cash flow statement Terms Debits and credits Revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expense Capital expenditure Depreciation Gross income Net income Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accountancy (constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancy_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"Accounting (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"economic 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Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalcon-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities\"Accountancy\" redirects here. For the constituency in Hong Kong, see Accountancy (constituency). For the game, see Accounting (video game).Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of recording and processing information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations.[1][2] Accounting measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.[3] Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms \"accounting\" and \"financial reporting\" are often used interchangeably.[4]Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, tax accounting and cost accounting.[5] Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers.[6] Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management to enhance business operations.[1][6] The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system.[7] Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities.Accounting has existed in various forms and levels of sophistication throughout human history. The double-entry accounting system in use today was developed in medieval Europe, particularly in Venice, and is usually attributed to the Italian mathematician and Franciscan friar Luca Pacioli.[8] Today, accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are usually audited by accounting firms,[9] and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[6] GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States[1] and the Financial Reporting Council in the United Kingdom. As of 2012, \"all major economies\" have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).[10][11]","title":"Accounting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacioli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Luca Pacioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Luca_Pacioli"},{"link_name":"Jacopo de' Barbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari"},{"link_name":"Museo di Capodimonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_di_Capodimonte"},{"link_name":"ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"civilizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R_1992-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYSSCPA_2003-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniSA_2013-14"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R_1992-12"},{"link_name":"bookkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeping"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G_1980-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OD_2008-16"},{"link_name":"auditing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYSSCPA_2003-13"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Roman government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_Government"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O_1995-17"},{"link_name":"double-entry bookkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"Roman numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"medieval Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logica.ugent.be-22"},{"link_name":"joint-stock companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"financial accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting"},{"link_name":"management accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_accounting"},{"link_name":"double-entry bookkeeping system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system"},{"link_name":"Summa de arithmetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_de_arithmetica"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luca Pacioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LW_1994-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAEW_2013-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"professional bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_bodies"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perks16-27"}],"text":"Portrait of Luca Pacioli, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Museo di Capodimonte)Accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to ancient civilizations.[12][13][14] One early development of accounting dates back to ancient Mesopotamia and is closely related to developments in writing, counting and money;[12] there is also evidence of early forms of bookkeeping in ancient Iran,[15][16] and early auditing systems by the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.[13] By the time of Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information.[17]Many concepts related to today's accounting seem to be initiated in medieval's Middle East. For example, Jewish communities used double-entry bookkeeping in the early-medieval period[18][19] and Muslim societies, at least since the 10th century also used many modern accounting concepts.[20]The spread of the use of Arabic numerals, instead of the Roman numbers historically used in Europe, increased efficiency of accounting procedures among Mediterranean merchants,[21] who further refined accounting in medieval Europe.[22] With the development of joint-stock companies, accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting.The first published work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was the Summa de arithmetica, published in Italy in 1494 by Luca Pacioli (the \"Father of Accounting\").[23][24] Accounting began to transition into an organized profession in the nineteenth century,[25][26] with local professional bodies in England merging to form the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1880.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hauptbuch_Hochstetter_vor_1828.jpg"},{"link_name":"ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LN_2009-28"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B_1984-29"},{"link_name":"Vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B_1984-29"},{"link_name":"accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountant"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Early 19th-century ledgerBoth the words \"accounting\" and \"accountancy\" were in use in Great Britain by the mid-1800s and are derived from the words accompting and accountantship used in the 18th century.[28] In Middle English (used roughly between the 12th and the late 15th century), the verb \"to account\" had the form accounten, which was derived from the Old French word aconter,[29] which is in turn related to the Vulgar Latin word computare, meaning \"to reckon\". The base of computare is putare, which \"variously meant to prune, to purify, to correct an account, hence, to count or calculate, as well as to think\".[29]The word \"accountant\" is derived from the French word compter, which is also derived from the Italian and Latin word computare. The word was formerly written in English as \"accomptant\", but in process of time the word, which was always pronounced by dropping the \"p\", became gradually changed both in pronunciation and in orthography to its present form.[30]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles"},{"link_name":"job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(role)"},{"link_name":"accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountant"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_Business_Accounting-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_British_Accounting-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW_2013_accounting-33"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(role)"},{"link_name":"profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW_2013_accountancy-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_Business_Accountancy-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_British_Accountancy-36"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_Business_Accounting-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge_British_Accounting-32"}],"sub_title":"Terminology","text":"Accounting has variously been defined as the keeping or preparation of the financial records of transactions of the firm, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant.[31][32][33]Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant,[34][35][36] particularly in British English.[31][32]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting"},{"link_name":"management accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_accounting"},{"link_name":"auditing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing"},{"link_name":"taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation"},{"link_name":"accounting information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_information_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_1981-5"}],"text":"Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems.[5]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statement"},{"link_name":"generally accepted accounting principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDF_2006-6"},{"link_name":"accounting theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_research"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP_2013-1"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_report"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDF_2006-6"}],"sub_title":"Financial accounting","text":"Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[6] GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers.[1]Financial accounting produces past-oriented reports—for example financial statements are often published six to ten months after the end of the accounting period—on an annual or quarterly basis, generally about the organization as a whole.[6]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cost-benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDF_2006-6"},{"link_name":"Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAPs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cgma.org/resources/reports/globalmanagementaccountingprinciples.html"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-37"},{"link_name":"budgets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgets"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDF_2006-6"}],"sub_title":"Management accounting","text":"Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information that can help managers in making decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. In management accounting, internal measures and reports are based on cost-benefit analysis, and are not required to follow the generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP).[6] In 2014 CIMA created the Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAPs). The result of research from across 20 countries in five continents, the principles aim to guide best practice in the discipline.[37]Management accounting produces past-oriented reports with time spans that vary widely, but it also encompasses future-oriented reports such as budgets. Management accounting reports often include financial and non financial information, and may, for example, focus on specific products and departments.[6]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Intercompany accounting","text":"Intercompany accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information between separate entities that are related, such as a parent company and its subsidiary companies. Intercompany accounting concerns record keeping of transactions between companies that have common ownership such as a parent company and a partially or wholly owned subsidiary. Intercompany transactions are also recorded in accounting when business is transacted between companies with a common parent company (subsidiaries).[38][39]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B_1979-40"},{"link_name":"unbiased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unbiased"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_2013-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAS_1_Responsibilities-43"}],"sub_title":"Auditing","text":"Auditing is the verification of assertions made by others regarding a payoff,[40] and in the context of accounting it is the \"unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization\".[41] Audit is a professional service that is systematic and conventional.[42]An audit of financial statements aims to express or disclaim an independent opinion on the financial statements. The auditor expresses an independent opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements presents the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of an entity, in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and \"in all material respects\". An auditor is also required to identify circumstances in which the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have not been consistently observed.[43]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpenLearn-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"accounting computer-based software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_software"},{"link_name":"enterprise resource planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning"}],"sub_title":"Information systems","text":"An accounting information system is a part of an organization's information system used for processing accounting data.[44]\nMany corporations use artificial intelligence-based information systems. The banking and finance industry uses AI in fraud detection. The retail industry uses AI for customer services. AI is also used in the cybersecurity industry. It involves computer hardware and software systems using statistics and modeling.[45]Many accounting practices have been simplified with the help of accounting computer-based software. An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is commonly used for a large organisation and it provides a comprehensive, centralized, integrated source of information that companies can use to manage all major business processes, from purchasing to manufacturing to human resources. These systems can be cloud based and available on demand via application or browser, or available as software installed on specific computers or local servers, often referred to as on-premise.","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generally accepted accounting principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2010-46"},{"link_name":"sole proprietorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship"},{"link_name":"partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"limited liability company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"Corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2010-46"}],"sub_title":"Tax accounting","text":"Tax accounting in the United States concentrates on the preparation, analysis and presentation of tax payments and tax returns. The U.S. tax system requires the use of specialised accounting principles for tax purposes which can differ from the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for financial reporting.[46] U.S. tax law covers four basic forms of business ownership: sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and limited liability company. Corporate and personal income are taxed at different rates, both varying according to income levels and including varying marginal rates (taxed on each additional dollar of income) and average rates (set as a percentage of overall income).[46]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science"}],"sub_title":"Forensic accounting","text":"Forensic accounting is a specialty practice area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation.[47] \"Forensic\" means \"suitable for use in a court of law\", and it is to that standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work.","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Political campaign accounting","text":"Political campaign accounting deals with the development and implementation of financial systems and the accounting of financial transactions in compliance with laws governing political campaign operations. This branch of accounting was first formally introduced in the March 1976 issue of The Journal of Accountancy.[48]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Accounting organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Accounting_organizations"}],"text":"See also: Category:Accounting organizations","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professional accounting bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_accounting_bodies"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Certified Public Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Accountants"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifac-49"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"CPA Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPA_Australia"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_India"},{"link_name":"Association of Chartered Certified Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Management Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Management_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Institute of management accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Management_Accountants"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prince-50"},{"link_name":"AICPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICPA"},{"link_name":"chartered accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_accountant"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AICPA_CPA-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAEW_ACA-52"}],"sub_title":"Professional bodies","text":"Professional accounting bodies include the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the other 179 members of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC),[49] including Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), CPA Australia, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). Some countries have a single professional accounting body and, in some other countries, professional bodies for subfields of the accounting professions also exist, for example the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) in the UK and Institute of management accountants in the United States.[50] Many of these professional bodies offer education and training including qualification and administration for various accounting designations, such as certified public accountant (AICPA) and chartered accountant.[51][52]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statement"},{"link_name":"audited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing"},{"link_name":"accounting firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_networks_and_associations"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parliament_Auditors_1-9"},{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Deloitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parliament_Auditors_2-53"},{"link_name":"demise of Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen#Demise"},{"link_name":"Enron scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_accounting_firms"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_Big_Four-54"}],"sub_title":"Firms","text":"Depending on its size, a company may be legally required to have their financial statements audited by a qualified auditor, and audits are usually carried out by accounting firms.[9]Accounting firms grew in the United States and Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and through several mergers there were large international accounting firms by the mid-twentieth century. Further large mergers in the late twentieth century led to the dominance of the auditing market by the \"Big Five\" accounting firms: Arthur Andersen, Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers.[53] The demise of Arthur Andersen following the Enron scandal reduced the Big Five to the Big Four.[54]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounting standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_standards"},{"link_name":"Convergence of accounting standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_of_accounting_standards"},{"link_name":"Generally accepted accounting principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles"},{"link_name":"International Accounting Standards Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Accounting_Standards_Board"},{"link_name":"International Financial Reporting Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP_2013-1"},{"link_name":"International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ethics_Standards_Board_for_Accountants"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifac2-55"},{"link_name":"International Accounting Education Standards Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Accounting_Education_Standards_Board"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifac3-56"},{"link_name":"International Public Sector Accounting Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Public_Sector_Accounting_Standards"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifac4-57"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ias-4"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Financial Accounting Standards Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Accounting_Standards_Board"},{"link_name":"US GAAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_GAAP"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP_2013-1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Financial Reporting Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Reporting_Council"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAEW_Standards-58"},{"link_name":"converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalcon-10"}],"sub_title":"Standard-setters","text":"See also: Accounting standards and Convergence of accounting standardsGenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are accounting standards issued by national regulatory bodies. In addition, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implemented by 147 countries.[1] Standards for international audit and assurance, ethics, education, and public sector accounting are all set by independent standard settings boards supported by IFAC. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board sets international standards for auditing, assurance, and quality control; the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) [55] sets the internationally appropriate principles-based Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants; the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB) sets professional accounting education standards;[56] and International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) sets accrual-based international public sector accounting standards.[57][4]Organizations in individual countries may issue accounting standards unique to the countries. For example, in Australia, the Australian Accounting Standards Board manages the issuance of the accounting standards in line with IFRS. In the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issues the Statements of Financial Accounting Standards, which form the basis of US GAAP,[1] and in the United Kingdom the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) sets accounting standards.[58] However, as of 2012 \"all major economies\" have plans to converge towards or adopt the IFRS.[10]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education, training and qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor"},{"link_name":"job positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(role)"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLS_2012-59"},{"link_name":"American Institute of CPA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICPA"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AICPA_150-60"},{"link_name":"Certified Public Accountants Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountants_Association"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACPA_Criteria-61"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AICPA_Academia-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYU_Prep-63"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"business executives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_executives"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AICPA_Academia-62"}],"sub_title":"Degrees","text":"At least a bachelor's degree in accounting or a related field is required for most accountant and auditor job positions, and some employers prefer applicants with a master's degree.[59] A degree in accounting may also be required for, or may be used to fulfill the requirements for, membership to professional accounting bodies. For example, the education during an accounting degree can be used to fulfill the American Institute of CPA's (AICPA) 150 semester hour requirement,[60] and associate membership with the Certified Public Accountants Association of the UK is available after gaining a degree in finance or accounting.[61]A doctorate is required in order to pursue a career in accounting academia, for example, to work as a university professor in accounting.[62][63] The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are the most popular degrees. The PhD is the most common degree for those wishing to pursue a career in academia, while DBA programs generally focus on equipping business executives for business or public careers requiring research skills and qualifications.[62]","title":"Education, training and qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professional certification § Accountancy, auditing and finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certification#Accountancy,_auditing_and_finance"},{"link_name":"chartered accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_accountant"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACCA_Qualifications-64"},{"link_name":"ICAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Continuous Professional Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_professional_development"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"ICAEW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"code of ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_ethics"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAEW_Chartered-66"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"AICPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Certified Public Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Code of Professional Conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Professional qualifications","text":"See also: Professional certification § Accountancy, auditing and financeProfessional accounting qualifications include the chartered accountant designations and other qualifications including certificates and diplomas.[64] \nIn Scotland, chartered accountants of ICAS undergo Continuous Professional Development and abide by the ICAS code of ethics.[65] In England and Wales, chartered accountants of the ICAEW undergo annual training, and are bound by the ICAEW's code of ethics and subject to its disciplinary procedures.[66]In the United States, the requirements for joining the AICPA as a Certified Public Accountant are set by the Board of Accountancy of each state, and members agree to abide by the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct and Bylaws.The ACCA is the largest global accountancy body with over 320,000 members, and the organisation provides an 'IFRS stream' and a 'UK stream'. Students must pass a total of 14 exams, which are arranged across three levels.[67]","title":"Education, training and qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACCA_2010-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burchell_et_al_1980-69"},{"link_name":"financial accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting"},{"link_name":"management accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_accounting"},{"link_name":"auditing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing"},{"link_name":"taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OOS_2010-70"},{"link_name":"Methodologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"repositories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_repository"},{"link_name":"administering treatments to subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_experiments"},{"link_name":"formally modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelling"},{"link_name":"theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"interpretive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivism"},{"link_name":"critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"case studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study"},{"link_name":"computer simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation"},{"link_name":"field research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_research"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSWW_2010-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chua_1986-72"},{"link_name":"accounting journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accounting_journals"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAE_2002-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"academic publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing"},{"link_name":"business school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR_2004-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBR_2018-76"}],"text":"Accounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society.[68][69] It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation.[70]Accounting research is carried out both by academic researchers and practicing accountants. Methodologies in academic accounting research include archival research, which examines \"objective data collected from repositories\"; experimental research, which examines data \"the researcher gathered by administering treatments to subjects\"; analytical research, which is \"based on the act of formally modeling theories or substantiating ideas in mathematical terms\"; interpretive research, which emphasizes the role of language, interpretation and understanding in accounting practice, \"highlighting the symbolic structures and taken-for-granted themes which pattern the world in distinct ways\"; critical research, which emphasizes the role of power and conflict in accounting practice; case studies; computer simulation; and field research.[71][72]Empirical studies document that leading accounting journals publish in total fewer research articles than comparable journals in economics and other business disciplines,[73] and consequently, accounting scholars[74] are relatively less successful in academic publishing than their business school peers.[75] Due to different publication rates between accounting and other business disciplines, a recent study based on academic author rankings concludes that the competitive value of a single publication in a top-ranked journal is highest in accounting and lowest in marketing.[76]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounting ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_ethics"},{"link_name":"Enron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron"},{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"WorldCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom"},{"link_name":"Qwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwest"},{"link_name":"Sunbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden"},{"link_name":"accounting standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_accounting_practice"},{"link_name":"corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mba.ufm.edu.gt-77"},{"link_name":"Enron scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal"},{"link_name":"regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulations"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mba.ufm.edu.gt-77"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Sarbanes–Oxley Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"securities fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_fraud"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"See also: Accounting ethicsThe year 2001 witnessed a series of financial information frauds involving Enron, auditing firm Arthur Andersen, the telecommunications company WorldCom, Qwest and Sunbeam, among other well-known corporations. These problems highlighted the need to review the effectiveness of accounting standards, auditing regulations and corporate governance principles. In some cases, management manipulated the figures shown in financial reports to indicate a better economic performance. In others, tax and regulatory incentives encouraged over-leveraging of companies and decisions to bear extraordinary and unjustified risk.[77]The Enron scandal deeply influenced the development of new regulations to improve the reliability of financial reporting, and increased public awareness about the importance of having accounting standards that show the financial reality of companies and the objectivity and independence of auditing firms.[77]In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history, the Enron scandal undoubtedly is the biggest audit failure[78] causing the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which at the time was one of the five largest accounting firms in the world. After a series of revelations involving irregular accounting procedures conducted throughout the 1990s, Enron filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in December 2001.[79]One consequence of these events was the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act in the United States in 2002, as a result of the first admissions of fraudulent behavior made by Enron. The act significantly raises criminal penalties for securities fraud, for destroying, altering or fabricating records in federal investigations or any scheme or attempt to defraud shareholders.[80]","title":"Scandals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAASB-ISA240-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAASB-ISA240-81"},{"link_name":"negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAASB-ISA240-81"}],"text":"Accounting fraud is an intentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records by management or employees which involves the use of deception. It is a criminal act and a breach of civil tort. It may involve collusion with third parties.[81]An accounting error is an unintentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records, for example misinterpretation of facts, mistakes in processing data, or oversights leading to incorrect estimates.[81] Acts leading to accounting errors are not criminal but may breach civil law, for example, the tort of negligence.The primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and errors rests with the entity's management.[81]","title":"Fraud and error"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Luca Pacioli, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Museo di Capodimonte)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pacioli.jpg/260px-Pacioli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early 19th-century ledger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hauptbuch_Hochstetter_vor_1828.jpg/170px-Hauptbuch_Hochstetter_vor_1828.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Accounting information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_information_system"},{"title":"Accounting records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_records"}]	[{"reference":"Needles, Belverd E.; Powers, Marian (2013). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)	Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)	["1 Origin","2 Style","3 Feydeau","4 List of playwrights","5 References"]	The boulevard du Temple in 1838 (daguerréotype by Louis Daguerre) Boulevard theatre is a theatrical aesthetic that emerged from the boulevards of Paris' old city. Origin Starting from the second half of the 18th century, popular and bourgeois theatre alike took up residence on the boulevard du Temple, then nicknamed 'boulevard du Crime' due to the many melodramas and murder stories shown there. In addition to the many attractions on display there – fireworks, pantomime, acrobats, etc. – a so-called 'boulevard' repertoire emerged separate from upper-class theatre. Then, starting from the Second French Empire, vaudeville theatre and comédie d'intrigue arrived on the scene. Style This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Boulevard theatre consists mostly of comedies but also dramas. In general, the characters are simply drawn, ordinary or easily understandable. There is a strong tendency to avoid touchy subjects, such as politics and religion. The style is not designed to challenge preconceived ideas or offend. Examples include such sex comedies as La Cage aux Folles and Boeing Boeing. Feydeau Georges Feydeau, most active between 1890 and 1920, often produced up to the 21st century, is a boulevard theatre playwright whose satiric plays often take aim at adulterers and libertines in a manner not generally seen in British theatre of the same era. List of playwrights Marcel Achard Jean Anouilh Émile Augier Marcel Aymé Pierre Barillet Henry Bataille Henry Becque Tristan Bernard Henri Bernstein Paul Bilhaud Alexandre Bisson Henri-Frédéric Blanc Édouard Bourdet Alexandre Breffort Marc Camoletti Isabelle Candelier Alfred Capus Gaston Arman de Caillavet Henri Chivot Jean Cocteau Georges Courteline Henry de Gorsse Lucien Descaves Jacques Deval Maurice Donnay Françoise Dorin Alexandre Dumas, fils Georges Feydeau Robert de Flers Edmond Gondinet Jean-Pierre Gredy Roger Ferdinand Sacha Guitry Thomas-Simon Gueullette Maurice Hennequin Albert Husson Eugène Labiche Henri Lavedan Julien Luchaire Claude Magnier Félicien Marceau Georges Mitchell Marcel Mithois Maurice Ordonneau Marcel Pagnol René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt Jean Poiret Georges de Porto-Riche Claude-André Puget Jules Romains Edmond Rostand André Roussin Armand Salacrou Victorien Sardou Jean Sarment Eugène Scribe Robert Thomas Albin Valabrègue Francis Veber Pierre Veber Louis Verneuil Pierre Wolff Maurice Yvain References ^ Barrot, Olivier; Chirat, Raymond. Ciel, mon mari ! Le théâtre de boulevard. Paris: Découvertes Gallimard, N° 359, 1998. ISBN 2070533824 ^ Brunet, Brigitte. "Le Théâtre de Boulevard". French Studies 59: 417–418, July 2005 vteComedyTopics Comedian Comedic device Comedy festival Comedy troupe Comic timing Farce Humorist Humour Impersonator Impressionist Irony Joke Prank call Punch line Satire Visual gag Wit Word play FilmCountry American British French Italian Genre Action Fantasy Horror Mockumentary Parody Remarriage Romance Science fiction Screwball Sex Italian Mexican Silent Slapstick Stoner Thriller TheatreCountryEurope Ancient Greek comedy Comédie-Française Comédie-Italienne Corral de comedias Theatre of ancient Rome Asia China Xiangsheng Hong Kong Mo lei tau Indonesia Lenong Ludruk Japan Kyōgen Manzai Owarai Rakugo Sarugaku Genre Boulevard theatre Comedy-drama Comedy of humours Comedy of manners Comedy of menace Commedia dell'arte Double act Improvisational Macchietta One-person show Pantomime Harlequinade Restoration comedy Sentimental comedy Comédie larmoyante Shadow play Shakespearean comedy Sketch comedy Spex Stand-up comedy Street theatre Theatre of the Absurd Tragicomedy Vaudeville Musicand dance Ballad opera Cabaret Café-chantant Café-théâtre Comédie-ballet Comedy club Light music Music hall Musical theatre Opéra bouffe Opéra bouffon Opera buffa Opéra comique Operetta Revue Media Music Album Rock Hip hop Parody Musical comedians Novel Radio Television Mockumentary Roast Sitcom Animated sitcom Black sitcom Teen sitcom Subgenres Alternative Black Blue Character Christian Clown Cringe Deadpan (dry humor) Documentary High / low Horror Insult Observational Physical Prop Self-referential Shock Sick Slapstick Topics Surreal Ventriloquism Zombie Category Portal Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Boulevard theatre is a theatrical aesthetic that emerged from the boulevards of Paris' old city.[1][2]","title":"Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boulevard du Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple"},{"link_name":"boulevard du Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_du_Crime"},{"link_name":"melodramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"comédie d'intrigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die_d%27intrigue&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Starting from the second half of the 18th century, popular and bourgeois theatre alike took up residence on the boulevard du Temple, then nicknamed 'boulevard du Crime' due to the many melodramas and murder stories shown there. In addition to the many attractions on display there – fireworks, pantomime, acrobats, etc. – a so-called 'boulevard' repertoire emerged separate from upper-class theatre. Then, starting from the Second French Empire, vaudeville theatre and comédie d'intrigue arrived on the scene.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(play)"},{"link_name":"Boeing Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing-Boeing_(play)"}],"text":"Boulevard theatre consists mostly of comedies but also dramas. In general, the characters are simply drawn, ordinary or easily understandable. There is a strong tendency to avoid touchy subjects, such as politics and religion. The style is not designed to challenge preconceived ideas or offend. Examples include such sex comedies as La Cage aux Folles and Boeing Boeing.","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Feydeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Feydeau"}],"text":"Georges Feydeau, most active between 1890 and 1920, often produced up to the 21st century, is a boulevard theatre playwright whose satiric plays often take aim at adulterers and libertines in a manner not generally seen in British theatre of the same era.","title":"Feydeau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcel Achard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Achard"},{"link_name":"Jean Anouilh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anouilh"},{"link_name":"Émile Augier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier"},{"link_name":"Marcel Aymé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Aym%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pierre Barillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Barillet"},{"link_name":"Henry 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Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Thomas_(playwright)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albin Valabrègue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albin_Valabr%C3%A8gue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Veber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Veber"},{"link_name":"Pierre Veber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Veber"},{"link_name":"Louis Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Verneuil"},{"link_name":"Pierre Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Maurice Yvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Yvain"}],"text":"Marcel Achard\nJean Anouilh\nÉmile Augier\nMarcel Aymé\nPierre Barillet\nHenry Bataille\nHenry Becque\nTristan Bernard\nHenri Bernstein\nPaul Bilhaud\nAlexandre Bisson\nHenri-Frédéric Blanc\nÉdouard Bourdet\nAlexandre Breffort\nMarc Camoletti\nIsabelle Candelier\nAlfred Capus\nGaston Arman de Caillavet\nHenri Chivot\nJean Cocteau\nGeorges 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld_til_pr%C3%A6riens_skrappe_drenge	Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie	["1 Cast","2 External links"]	1971 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gold for the Tough Guys of the PrairieDirected byFinn KarlssonWritten byFinn KarlssonCarl OttosenProduced byHenrik SandbergStarringDirch PasserCinematographyClaus LoofEdited byAnker SørensenMusic bySven GyldmarkRelease date 30 August 1971 (1971-08-30) Running time101 minutesCountryDenmarkLanguageDanish Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie (Danish: Guld til præriens skrappe drenge) is a 1971 Danish comedy film directed by Finn Karlsson and starring Dirch Passer and Willy Rathnov. . Cast Dirch Passer - Biggy Willy Rathnov - Sam Paul Hagen - Shorty Preben Kaas - Ben Judy Gringer - Swingdoor-Susie Lykke Nielsen - Shannahoo Preben Mahrt - Old Jeff Carl Ottosen - The Sheriff of Greenville Jesper Klein - Telegraph Manager Jørgen Kiil - The Sheriff of Cornerstone Lars Lunøe - Slim O'Hara Otto Brandenburg - Cowboy Jens Jørgen Thorsen - Cowboy Poul Glargaard - Cowboy René de Fries - Cowboy Reginald Samsø - Cowboy Dale Robinson - Cowboy Sven Cleemann - Cowboy Susanne Breuning - Girl Kirsten Sloth - Jenny Kurt Andersen - Linedancer John Mogensen - Saloonpianist External links Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie at IMDb This article related to Danish film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This film article about a 1970s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Finn Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finn_Karlsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dirch Passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirch_Passer"},{"link_name":"Willy Rathnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Rathnov"}],"text":"Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie (Danish: Guld til præriens skrappe drenge) is a 1971 Danish comedy film directed by Finn Karlsson and starring Dirch Passer and Willy Rathnov..","title":"Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirch Passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirch_Passer"},{"link_name":"Willy Rathnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Rathnov"},{"link_name":"Paul Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Preben Kaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Kaas"},{"link_name":"Judy Gringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Gringer"},{"link_name":"Lykke Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lykke_Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Preben Mahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Mahrt"},{"link_name":"Carl Ottosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ottosen"},{"link_name":"Jesper Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Klein"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Kiil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Kiil"},{"link_name":"Lars Lunøe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Lun%C3%B8e"},{"link_name":"Otto Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Jens Jørgen Thorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_J%C3%B8rgen_Thorsen"},{"link_name":"Poul Glargaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Glargaard"},{"link_name":"René de Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_Fries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reginald Samsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Sams%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dale Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Sven Cleemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sven_Cleemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susanne Breuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Breuning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Sloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirsten_Sloth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurt Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Andersen"},{"link_name":"John Mogensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mogensen"}],"text":"Dirch Passer - Biggy\nWilly Rathnov - Sam\nPaul Hagen - Shorty\nPreben Kaas - Ben\nJudy Gringer - Swingdoor-Susie\nLykke Nielsen - Shannahoo\nPreben Mahrt - Old Jeff\nCarl Ottosen - The Sheriff of Greenville\nJesper Klein - Telegraph Manager\nJørgen Kiil - The Sheriff of Cornerstone\nLars Lunøe - Slim O'Hara\nOtto Brandenburg - Cowboy\nJens Jørgen Thorsen - Cowboy\nPoul Glargaard - Cowboy\nRené de Fries - Cowboy\nReginald Samsø - Cowboy\nDale Robinson - Cowboy\nSven Cleemann - Cowboy\nSusanne Breuning - Girl\nKirsten Sloth - Jenny\nKurt Andersen - Linedancer\nJohn Mogensen - Saloonpianist","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22","external_links_name":"\"Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gold+for+the+Tough+Guys+of+the+Prairie%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065804/","external_links_name":"Gold for the Tough Guys of the Prairie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_for_the_Tough_Guys_of_the_Prairie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_for_the_Tough_Guys_of_the_Prairie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predaceous_diving_beetle	Dytiscidae	["1 Habitat","2 Larvae and development","3 Edibility","4 Diving beetle conservation","5 Cultural significance","6 Ethnobiology","7 Parasites","8 Systematics","9 References","10 External links"]	Family of beetles "Water tiger" redirects here. For the mythical Chinese creature, see shuihu. DytiscidaeTemporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cybister lateralimarginalis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Adephaga Superfamily: Dytiscoidea Family: DytiscidaeLeach, 1815 Subfamilies Agabinae Thomson, 1867 Colymbetinae Erichson, 1837 Copelatinae Branden, 1885 Coptotominae Branden, 1885 Cybistrinae Sharp, 1880 Dytiscinae Leach, 1815 Hydrodytinae Miller, 2001 Hydroporinae Aubé, 1836 Laccophilinae Gistel, 1856 Lancetinae Branden, 1885 Matinae Branden, 1885 † Liadytiscinae Prokin & Ren, 2010 The Dytiscidae – based on the Greek dytikos (δυτικός), "able to dive" – are the predaceous diving beetles, a family of water beetles. They occur in virtually any freshwater habitat around the world, but a few species live among leaf litter. The adults of most are between 1 and 2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) long, though much variation is seen between species. The European Dytiscus latissimus and Brazilian Megadytes ducalis are the largest, reaching up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) and 4.75 cm (1.9 in) respectively. In contrast, the smallest is likely the Australian Limbodessus atypicali of subterranean waters, which only is about 0.9 mm (0.035 in) long. Most are dark brown, blackish, or dark olive in color with golden highlights in some subfamilies. The larvae are commonly known as water tigers due to their voracious appetite. They have short, but sharp mandibles and immediately upon biting, they deliver digestive enzymes into prey to suck their liquefied remains. The family includes more than 4,000 described species in numerous genera. Habitat Diving beetles are the most diverse beetles in the aquatic environment and can be found in almost every kind of freshwater habitat, from small rock pools to big lakes. Some dytiscid species are also found in brackish water. Diving beetles live in water bodies in various landscapes, including agricultural and urban landscapes. Some species, such as Agabus uliginosus and Acilius canaliculatus, are found to be relatively tolerant to recent urbanization. One of the most important limiting factors for diving beetle occurrence is the presence of fish, which predate on the beetles (mostly on larvae), compete for food, and change the structure of the habitat. The presence or absence of fish can also affect habitat use and habitat selection of dytiscids. Some species, such as Oreodytes sanmarkii, occur in exposed areas of waters, whereas many diving beetles species prefer habitats with aquatic plants, especially plants with complex structures, such as sedges and bulrush. Larvae and development Larva of the European diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis When still in larval form, the beetles vary in size from about 1 to 5 cm (0.5 to 2.0 in). The larval bodies are shaped like crescents, with the tail long and covered with thin hairs. Six legs protrude from along the thorax, which also sports the same thin hairs. The head is flat and square, with a pair of long, large pincers. When hunting, they cling to grasses or pieces of wood along the bottom, and hold perfectly still until prey passes by, then they lunge, trapping their prey between their front legs and biting down with their pincers. The larvae are also known to partially consume prey and discard the carcass if another potential prey swims nearby. Their usual prey includes tadpoles and glassworms, among other smaller water-dwelling creatures. As the larvae mature, they crawl from the water on the sturdy legs, and bury themselves in the mud for pupation. After about a week, or longer in some species, they emerge from the mud as adults. Adult diving beetles have been found to oviposit their eggs within frog spawn in highly ephemeral habitats, with their eggs hatching within 24 hours after the frogs and the larvae voraciously predating on the recently hatched tadpoles. Edibility Adult Dytiscidae, particularly of the genus Cybister, are edible. Remnants of C. explanatus were found in prehistoric human coprolites in a Nevada cave, likely sourced from the Humboldt Sink. In Mexico, C. explanatus is eaten roasted and salted to accompany tacos. In Japan, C. japonicus has been used as food in certain regions such as Nagano prefecture. In the Guangdong Province of China, the latter species, as well as C. bengalensis, C. guerini, C. limbatus, C. sugillatus, C. tripunctatus, and probably also the well-known great diving beetle (D. marginalis) are bred for human consumption, though as they are cumbersome to raise due to their carnivorous habit and have a fairly bland (though apparently not offensive) taste and little meat, this is decreasing. Dytiscidae are reportedly also eaten in Taiwan, Thailand, and New Guinea. Dytiscidae sp. Diving beetle conservation The greatest threat to diving beetles is the degradation and disappearance of their habitats due to anthropogenic activities. For example, urbanisation has led to the decreasing quantity and quality of dytiscid habitats, which consequentially has increased the distance between habitats.; thus, dytiscids may be exposed to high predation risks during dispersal. Urbanisation has complex effects on the inter- and intraspecific variation in dytiscid traits. Some flight-related traits of Acilius canaliculatus and Hydaticus seminiger, such as body length and hindwing traits, were found to change along the urban gradient at different scales, whereas the traits of Ilybius ater exhibited no change. Brownification, which refers to the change in surface water colour towards yellow–brown hues caused by recent climate change and land-use change, can also drive changes in dytiscid communities. As some species, such as Dytiscus marginalis, are tolerant to brown water, whereas some species, Hyphydrus ovatus, tend to occur in clear water, brownification may threaten dytiscid species that are intolerant to highly coloured waters. Dytiscid adults are eaten by many birds, mammals, reptiles, and other vertebrate predators, despite their arsenal of chemical defenses. But by far the most important predator of diving beetles are fish, which limit the occurrence of most diving beetle species to fishless ponds, or to margins of aquatic habitats. Although the larvae of a few dytiscid species may become apex predators in small ponds, their presence is also often incompatible with fish. Therefore, the main focus of water beetle conservation is the protection of natural, fish-less habitats. In the European Union, two species of diving beetles are protected by the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, and thus serve as umbrella species for the protection of natural aquatic habitats: Dytiscus latissimus and Graphoderus bilineatus. Cultural significance The diving beetle plays a role in a Cherokee creation story. According to the narrative, upon finding nowhere to rest in the "liquid chaos" the beetle brought up soft mud from the bottom. This mud then spread out to form all of the land on Earth. Ethnobiology Adult Dytiscidae, as well as Gyrinidae, are collected by young girls in East Africa. It is believed that inducing the beetles to bite the nipples will stimulate breast growth. The effect of that habit has not been tested, but it is notable that the defense glands of diving beetles contain many types of bioactive steroids. Parasites Dytiscidae are parasitised by various mites. Those in genera Dytiscacarus and Eylais live beneath the elytra of their hosts, those in genus Acherontacarus attach to the mesosternal regions and those in genus Hydrachna attach to various locations. These mites are parasitic as larvae with the exception of Dytiscacarus, which are parasitic for their entire life cycle. Systematics The following taxonomic sequence gives the subfamilies, their associated genera. Subfamily Agabinae Thomson, 1867 Agabinus Crotch, 1873 Agabus Leach, 1817 Agametrus Sharp, 1882 Andonectes Guéorguiev, 1971 Hydronebrius Jakovlev, 1897 Hydrotrupes Sharp, 1882 Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873 Ilybius Erichson, 1832 Leuronectes Sharp, 1882 Platambus Thomson, 1859 Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 Subfamily Colymbetinae Erichson, 1837 Anisomeria Brinck, 1943 Senilites Brinck, 1948 Carabdytes Balke, Hendrich & Wewalka, 1992 Bunites Spangler, 1972 Colymbetes Clairville, 1806 Hoperius Fall, 1927 Meladema Laporte, 1835 Melanodytes Seidlitz, 1887 Neoscutopterus J.Balfour-Browne, 1943 Rhantus Dejean, 1833 Rugosus García, 2001 Subfamily Copelatinae Branden, 1885 Agaporomorphus Zimmermann, 1921 Aglymbus Sharp, 1880 Copelatus Erichson, 1832 Exocelina Broun, 1886 Lacconectus Motschulsky, 1855 Liopterus Dejean, 1833 Madaglymbus Shaverdo & Balke, 2008 Rugosus García, 2001 Subfamily Coptotominae Branden, 1885 Coptotomus Say, 1830 Subfamily Cybistrinae Austrodytes Watts, 1978 Cybister Curtis, 1827 Megadytes Sharp, 1882 Onychohydrus Schaum & White, 1847 Regimbartina Chatanay, 1911 Spencerhydrus Sharp, 1882 Sternhydrus Brinck, 1945 Subfamily Dytiscinae Leach, 1815 Acilius Leach, 1817 Aethionectes Sharp, 1882 Austrodytes Watts, 1978 Dytiscus Linnaeus, 1758 Eretes Laporte, 1833 Graphoderus Dejean, 1833 Hydaticus Leach, 1817 Hyderodes Hope, 1838 Megadytes Sharp, 1882 Miodytiscus Wickham, 1911 Notaticus Zimmermann, 1928 Onychohydrus Schaum & White, 1847 Regimbartina Chatanay, 1911 Rhantaticus Sharp, 1880 Sandracottus Sharp, 1882 Spencerhydrus Sharp, 1882 Sternhydrus Brinck, 1945 Thermonectus Dejean, 1833 Tikoloshanes Omer-Cooper, 1956 †Ambarticus Yang et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Subfamily Hydrodytinae K.B.Miller, 2001 Hydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2001 Microhydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2002 Subfamily Hydroporinae Aubé, 1836 Africodytes Biström, 1988 Agnoshydrus Biström, Nilsson & Wewalka, 1997 Allodessus Guignot, 1953 Allopachria Zimmermann, 1924 Amarodytes Régimbart, 1900 Amurodytes Fery & Petrov, 2013 Andex Sharp, 1882 Anginopachria Wewalka, Balke & Hendrich, 2001 Anodocheilus Babington, 1841 Antiporus Sharp, 1882 Barretthydrus Lea, 1927 Bidessodes Régimbart, 1895 Bidessonotus Régimbart, 1895 Bidessus Sharp, 1882 Boreonectes Angus, 2010 Borneodessus Balke, Hendrich, Mazzoldi & Biström, 2002 Brachyvatus Zimmermann, 1919 Brancuporus Hendrich, Toussaint & Balke, 2014 Canthyporus Zimmermann, 1919 Carabhydrus Watts, 1978 Celina Aubé, 1837 Chostonectes Sharp, 1880 Clypeodytes Régimbart, 1894 Coelhydrus Sharp, 1882 Comaldessus Spangler & Barr, 1995 Crinodessus K.B. Miller, 1997 Darwinhydrus Sharp, 1882 Deronectes Sharp, 1882 Derovatellus Sharp, 1882 Desmopachria Babington, 1841 Dimitshydrus Uéno, 1996 Ereboporus K.B. Miller, Gibson & Alarie, 2009 Etruscodytes Mazza, Cianferoni & Rocchi, 2013 Fontidessus K.B. Miller & Spangler, 2008 Geodessus Brancucci, 1979 Gibbidessus Watts, 1978 Glareadessus Wewalka & Biström, 1998 Graptodytes Seidlitz, 1887 Haideoporus Young & Longley, 1976 Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921 Heroceras Guignot, 1949 Herophydrus Sharp, 1880 Heterhydrus Fairmaire, 1869 Heterosternuta Strand, 1935 Hovahydrus Biström, 1982 Huxelhydrus Sharp, 1882 Hydrocolus Roughley & Larson in Larson, Alarie & Roughley, 2000 Hydrodessus J. Balfour-Browne, 1953 Hydroglyphus Motschulsky, 1853 Hydropeplus Sharp, 1882 Hydroporus Clairville, 1806 Hydrovatus Motschulsky, 1853 Hygrotus Stephens, 1828 Hyphoporus Sharp, 1880 Hyphovatus Wewalka & Biström, 1994 Hyphydrus Illiger, 1802 Hypodessus Guignot, 1939 Iberoporus Castro & Delgado, 2001 Incomptodessus K.B. Miller & García, 2011 Kakadudessus Hendrich & Balke, 2009 Kuschelydrus Ordish, 1976 Laccornellus Roughley & Wolfe, 1987 Laccornis Gozis, 1914 Leiodytes Guignot, 1936 Limbodessus Guignot, 1939 Liodessus Guignot, 1939 Lioporeus Guignot, 1950 Megaporus Brinck, 1943 Metaporus Guignot, 1945 Methles Sharp, 1882 Microdessus Young, 1967 Microdytes J. Balfour-Browne, 1946 Morimotoa Uéno, 1957 Nebrioporus Régimbart, 1906 Necterosoma W.J. Macleay, 1871 Neobidessodes Hendrich & Balke, 2009 Neobidessus Young, 1967 Neoclypeodytes Young, 1967 Neoporus Guignot, 1931 Oreodytes Seidlitz, 1887 Pachydrus Sharp, 1882 Pachynectes Régimbart, 1903 Papuadessus Balke, 2001 Paroster Sharp, 1882 Peschetius Guignot, 1942 Petrodessus K.B. Miller, 2012 Phreatodessus Ordish, 1976 Platydytes Biström, 1988 Porhydrus Guignot, 1945 Primospes Sharp, 1882 Pseuduvarus Biström, 1988 Psychopomporus Jean, Telles & K.B. Miller, 2012 Pteroporus Guignot, 1933 Queda Sharp, 1882 Rhithrodytes Bameul, 1989 Sanfilippodytes Franciscolo, 1979 Scarodytes Gozis, 1914 Schistomerus Palmer, 1957 Sekaliporus Watts, 1997 Sharphydrus Omer-Cooper, 1958 Siamoporus Spangler, 1996 Siettitia Abeille de Perrin, 1904 Sinodytes Spangler, 1996 Spanglerodessus K.B. Miller & García, 2011 Sternopriscus Sharp, 1880 Stictonectes Brinck, 1943 Stictotarsus Zimmermann, 1919 Stygoporus Larson & LaBonte, 1994 Suphrodytes Gozis, 1914 Tepuidessus Spangler, 1981 Terradessus Watts, 1982 Tiporus Watts, 1985 Trichonectes Guignot, 1941 Trogloguignotus Sanfilippo, 1958 Tyndallhydrus Sharp, 1882 Typhlodessus Brancucci, 1985 Uvarus Guignot, 1939 Vatellus Aubé, 1837 Yola Gozis, 1886 Yolina Guignot, 1936 † Calicovatellus K.B. Miller & Lubkin, 2001 † Procoelambus Théobald, 1937 Subfamily Laccophilinae Gistel, 1856 Africophilus Guignot, 1948 Agabetes Crotch, 1873 Australphilus Watts, 1978 Japanolaccophilus Satô, 1972 Laccodytes Régimbart, 1895 Laccophilus Leach, 1815 Laccoporus J. Balfour-Browne, 1939 Laccosternus Brancucci, 1983 Napodytes Steiner, 1981 Neptosternus Sharp, 1882 Philaccolilus Guignot, 1937 Philaccolus Guignot, 1937 Philodytes J. Balfour-Browne, 1939 Subfamily Lancetinae Branden, 1885 Lancetes Sharp, 1882 Subfamily Matinae Branden, 1885 Allomatus Mouchamps, 1964 Batrachomatus Clark, 1863 Matus Aubé, 1836 Subfamily †Liadytiscinae Prokin & Ren, 2010 † Liadroporus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) † Liadytiscus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian † Mesoderus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian † Liadyxianus Prokin, Petrov, B. Wang & Ponomarenko, 2013 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian † Mesodytes Prokin, Petrov, Wang & Ponomarenko, 2013 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian Subfamily Incertae sedis † Cretodytes Ponomarenko, 1977 Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian), Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan, Late Cretaceous (Turonian) † Palaeodytes Ponomarenko, 1987 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian), Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian † "Palaeodytes" incompletus Ponomarenko, Coram & Jarzembowski, 2005 Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) (undescribed genus) † Sinoporus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian References ^ a b c d G.N. Foster; D.T. Bilton (2014). "The Conservation of Predaceous Diving Beetles: Knowns, Unknowns and Anecdotes". In D.A. Yee (ed.). Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Springer. pp. 437–462. ISBN 978-94-017-9109-0. ^ "Dytiscidae - Hurdan, the answer engine". Archived from the original on 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19. ^ G.C. McGavin (2010). Insects. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-4053-4997-0. ^ Nilsson, A.N. (2013). "A World Catalogue of the Family Dytiscidae, or the Diving Beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga)" (PDF). University of Umeå. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ^ Yee, D.A. (2014). "An Introduction to the Dytiscidae: Their Diversity, Historical Importance, Cultural Significance, and Other Musings". Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). pp. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9109-0_1. ISBN 978-94-017-9108-3. ^ a b Lundkvist, E.; Landin, J.; Karlsson, F. (2002). "Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden". Annales Zoologici Fennici. ^ a b Law, A.; Baker, A.; Sayer, C.; Foster, G.; Gunn, I.D.; Taylor, P.; Blaikie, James; Willby, N.J. (2019). "The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters" (PDF). Freshwater Biology. 64 (9): 1664–1675. Bibcode:2019FrBio..64.1664L. doi:10.1111/fwb.13369. hdl:1893/30068. S2CID 202032378. ^ a b c Liao, W.; Venn, S.; Niemelä, J. (2020). "Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape". Biodiversity and Conservation. 29 (7): 2343–2359. Bibcode:2020BiCon..29.2343L. doi:10.1007/s10531-020-01977-9. hdl:10138/315037. ^ a b c Liao, W.; Zanca, T.; Niemelä, J. (2024). "Predation risk modifies habitat use and habitat selection of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an Urban Pondscape". Global Ecology and Conservation. 49: e02801. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02801. ^ Brodin, T.; Johansson, F.; Bergsten, J. (2006). "Predator related oviposition site selection of aquatic beetles (Hydroporus spp.) and effects on offspring life‐history". Freshwater Biology. 51 (7): 1277–1285. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01563.x. ^ Nilsson, A. N.; Holmen, M. (1995). The Aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of the Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. Dytiscidae. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 9004104569. ISSN 0106-8377. ^ Liao, W.; Venn, Stephen.; Niemelä, J. (2023). "Microhabitats with emergent plants counterbalance the negative effects of fish presence on diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) diversity in urban ponds". Global Ecology and Conservation. 41: e02361. Bibcode:2023GEcoC..4102361L. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02361. hdl:10138/352745. ^ a b c Miller, Kelly; Bergsten, Johannes (3 October 2016). Diving Beetles of the World: Systematics and Biology of the Dytiscidae. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ^ De Foliart (2002), Jäch (2003), CSIRO (2004) ^ Liao, W.; Venn, S.; Niemelä, J. (2022). "Diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) community dissimilarity reveals how low landscape connectivity restricts the ecological value of urban ponds". Landscape Ecology. 37 (4): 1049–1058. Bibcode:2022LaEco..37.1049L. doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01413-z. ^ Liao, W.; Lin, H. (2024). "Urbanisation drives inter- and intraspecific variation in flight-related morphological traits of aquatic insects at different landscape scales". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 17 (2): 287–303. doi:10.1111/icad.12703. ^ a b Liao, W. (2024). "Water Colour Shapes Diving Beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Assemblages in Urban Ponds". Insects. 15 (4): 308. doi:10.3390/insects15050308. PMC 11122460. ^ a b Konrad Dettner (2014). "Chemical Ecology and Biochemistry of Dytiscidae". In D.A. Yee (ed.). Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Springer. pp. 235–306. ISBN 978-94-017-9109-0. ^ a b Mortazavi, Abdolazim; Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza; Lindquist, Evert E (2018-10-20). "A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (3): 695–749. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113. ISSN 0024-4082. ^ Aiken, R. B. (1985-02-01). "Attachment sites, phenology, and growth of larvae of Eylais sp. (Acari) on Dytiscus alaskanus J. Balfour-Browne (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (2): 267–271. doi:10.1139/z85-041. ISSN 0008-4301. ^ Aykut, Medeni; Esen, Yunus; Taşar, Gani Erhan (2016-07-03). "New host-parasite association of Acherontacarus rutilans (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Acherontacaridae) on Scarodytes halensis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)". International Journal of Acarology. 42 (5): 242–246. Bibcode:2016IJAca..42..242A. doi:10.1080/01647954.2016.1174304. ISSN 0164-7954. S2CID 88103217. ^ Arjomandi, Elham; Zawal, Andrzej; Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza; Filip, Ewa; Szenejko, Magdalena (2019-07-22). "New record of a parasitising species of Hydrachna (Acari, Hydrachnidia) on water beetles Eretes griseus (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Dytiscinae, Eretini)". ZooKeys (865): 31–38. Bibcode:2019ZooK..865...31A. doi:10.3897/zookeys.865.34532. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6663934. PMID 31379442. ^ "Dytiscidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-06-17. ^ Nilsson, A.N. A World Catalogue of the Family Dytiscidae, or the Diving Beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga) (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. Bibcode:2011ZooK...88....1B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053. ^ "Dytiscidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-06-17. ^ Prokin, A.A.; Petrov, P.N.; Wang, B.; Ponomarenko, A.G. (2013). "New fossil taxa and notes on the Mesozoic evolution of Liadytidae and Dytiscidae (Coleoptera)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3666 (2): 137–159. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3666.2.2. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (2004): Water for a Healthy Country - Family Dytiscidae. Version of 2004-JUL-02. Retrieved 2008-AUG-04 De Foliart, Gene R. (2002): Chapter 26 - Eastern Asia: China, Japan, and other countries. In: The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibliographic Account in Progress. Jäch, Manfred A. (2003): Fried water beetles Cantonese style. American Entomologist 49(1): 34–37. PDF fulltext Larson, D.J., Alarie, Y., and Roughley, R.E. (2000): Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with emphasis on the fauna of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. ISBN 978-0-660-17967-4. External links Media related to Dytiscidae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Dytiscidae at Wikispecies vteExtant Coleoptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae (Crowsoniella relicta) Cupedidae (reticulated beetles) Jurodidae (Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae) Micromalthidae Ommatidae Suborder AdephagaExtant families Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles) Aspidytidae Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Hygrobiidae Meruidae (Meru phyllisae) Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Trachypachidae (false ground beetles) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae Suborder PolyphagaBostrichiformiaBostrichoidea Bostrichidae (auger beetles) Dermestidae (skin beetles) Endecatomidae Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles) Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Ptiniidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles) Derodontoidea Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles) CucujiformiaChrysomeloidea Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae (Acanthocnemus nigricans) Biphyllidae (false skin beetles) Byturidae (fruitworm beetles) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae (checkered beetles) Lophocateridae Mauroniscidae Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles) Metaxinidae (Metaxina ornata) Peltidae Phloiophilidae (Phloiophilus edwardsi) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Protopeltidae Rentoniidae Rhadalidae Thanerocleridae Thymalidae Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles) Coccinelloidea Akalyptoischiidae Alexiidae Anamorphidae Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles) Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles) Coccinellidae (lady beetles, or God's cows) Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles) Discolomatidae Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Eupsilobiidae Euxestidae (well polished beetles) Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Murmidiidae Mycetaeidae Teredidae Cucujoidea Agapythidae (Agapytho foveicollis) Boganiidae Cavognathidae Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) Cucujidae (flat bark beetles) Cybocephalidae Cyclaxyridae Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles) Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles) Lamingtoniidae (Lamingtonium binnaberrense) Monotomidae (root-eating beetles) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles) Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Phloeostichidae Priasilphidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles) Smicripidae (palmetto beetles) Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Tasmosalpingidae Curculionoidea(weevils) Anthribidae (fungus weevils) Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils) Belidae (primitive weevils) Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil) Caridae Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles) Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles) Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles) Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles) Boridae (conifer bark beetles) Chalcodryidae Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles) Melandryidae (false darkling beetles) Meloidae (blister beetles) Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles) Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles) Oedemeridae (false blister beetle) Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles) Pythidae (dead log bark beetles) Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Scraptiidae (false flower beetles) Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles) Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles) Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles) Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles) ElateriformiaBuprestoidea Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae (pill beetles) Callirhipidae (cedar beetles) Chelonariidae (turtle beetles) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles) Elmidae (riffle beetles) Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles) Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) Limnichidae (minute mud beetles) Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles) Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles) Elateroidea Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles) Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) Cantharidae (soldier beetles) Cerophytidae (rare click beetles) Elateridae (click beetles) Eucnemidae (false click beetles) Jurasaidae Lampyridae (fireflies) Lycidae (net-winged beetles) Omethidae (false fireflies, long-lipped beetles) Phengodidae (glowworm beetles) Rhagophthalmidae Sinopyrophoridae Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles) Rhinorhipoidea Rhinorhipidae (Rhinorhipus tamborinensis) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae (Declinia relicta) Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles) Scirtidae ScarabaeiformiaScarabaeoidea Belohinidae (Belohina inexpectata) Bolboceratidae Diphyllostomatidae (false stag beetles) Geotrupidae (dor beetles) Glaphyridae (bumble bee scarab beetles) Glaresidae (enigmatic scarab beetles) Hybosoridae (scavenger scarab beetles) Lucanidae (stag beetles) Ochodaeidae (sand-loving scarab beetles) Passalidae (betsy beetles) Pleocomidae (rain beetles) Scarabaeidae (scarabs) Trogidae (hide beetles) StaphyliniformiaHisteroidea Histeridae (clown beetles) Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Hydraenidae Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles) Silphidae (carrion beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles) List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera Taxon identifiersDytiscidae Wikidata: Q327149 Wikispecies: Dytiscidae ADW: Dytiscidae AFD: Dytiscidae BioLib: 4591 BOLD: 1168 BugGuide: 195 CoL: 9JJ EoL: 7447 EPPO: 1DTSCF Fauna Europaea: 11011 Fauna Europaea (new): ab35662b-0ff1-4f78-be34-7d0077e9baf7 GBIF: 7824 iNaturalist: 57659 IRMNG: 100157 ITIS: 111963 NBN: NHMSYS0001718020 NCBI: 50515 NZOR: e3c6e4f5-658e-44cc-a9e3-e647b2d4bedb Open Tree of Life: 66507 Paleobiology Database: 346388 Plazi: 921787F1-F106-994C-B3F2-FBD9FDB4BDF4 WoRMS: 150718 Authority control databases: National Israel Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shuihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihu"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"water beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_beetle"},{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster2014-1"},{"link_name":"Dytiscus latissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscus_latissimus"},{"link_name":"Megadytes ducalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadytes_ducalis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Limbodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbodessus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster2014-1"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_(color)"},{"link_name":"subfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamilies"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible_(insect)"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Water tiger\" redirects here. For the mythical Chinese creature, see shuihu.The Dytiscidae – based on the Greek dytikos (δυτικός), \"able to dive\" – are the predaceous diving beetles, a family of water beetles. They occur in virtually any freshwater habitat around the world, but a few species live among leaf litter.[1] The adults of most are between 1 and 2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) long, though much variation is seen between species. The European Dytiscus latissimus and Brazilian Megadytes ducalis are the largest, reaching up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) and 4.75 cm (1.9 in) respectively.[1][2] In contrast, the smallest is likely the Australian Limbodessus atypicali of subterranean waters, which only is about 0.9 mm (0.035 in) long.[1] Most are dark brown, blackish, or dark olive in color with golden highlights in some subfamilies. The larvae are commonly known as water tigers due to their voracious appetite.[3] They have short, but sharp mandibles and immediately upon biting, they deliver digestive enzymes into prey to suck their liquefied remains. The family includes more than 4,000 described species in numerous genera.[4]","title":"Dytiscidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundkvist-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao1-8"},{"link_name":"Agabus uliginosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agabus_uliginosus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundkvist-6"},{"link_name":"Acilius canaliculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acilius_canaliculatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brodin-10"},{"link_name":"Oreodytes sanmarkii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodytes_sanmarkii"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao6-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao6-9"}],"text":"Diving beetles are the most diverse beetles in the aquatic environment and can be found in almost every kind of freshwater habitat, from small rock pools to big lakes. Some dytiscid species are also found in brackish water.[5] Diving beetles live in water bodies in various landscapes, including agricultural and urban landscapes.[6][7][8] Some species, such as Agabus uliginosus[6] and Acilius canaliculatus,[8] are found to be relatively tolerant to recent urbanization. One of the most important limiting factors for diving beetle occurrence is the presence of fish, which predate on the beetles (mostly on larvae), compete for food, and change the structure of the habitat. The presence or absence of fish can also affect habitat use and habitat selection of dytiscids.[9][10] Some species, such as Oreodytes sanmarkii, occur in exposed areas of waters,[11] whereas many diving beetles species prefer habitats with aquatic plants,[7][9][12] especially plants with complex structures, such as sedges and bulrush.[9]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg"},{"link_name":"thorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax"},{"link_name":"tadpoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadpole"},{"link_name":"glassworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassworm"},{"link_name":"pupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupation"}],"text":"Larva of the European diving beetle Dytiscus marginalisWhen still in larval form, the beetles vary in size from about 1 to 5 cm (0.5 to 2.0 in). The larval bodies are shaped like crescents, with the tail long and covered with thin hairs. Six legs protrude from along the thorax, which also sports the same thin hairs. The head is flat and square, with a pair of long, large pincers. When hunting, they cling to grasses or pieces of wood along the bottom, and hold perfectly still until prey passes by, then they lunge, trapping their prey between their front legs and biting down with their pincers. The larvae are also known to partially consume prey and discard the carcass if another potential prey swims nearby. Their usual prey includes tadpoles and glassworms, among other smaller water-dwelling creatures. As the larvae mature, they crawl from the water on the sturdy legs, and bury themselves in the mud for pupation. After about a week, or longer in some species, they emerge from the mud as adults. Adult diving beetles have been found to oviposit their eggs within frog spawn in highly ephemeral habitats, with their eggs hatching within 24 hours after the frogs and the larvae voraciously predating on the recently hatched tadpoles.","title":"Larvae and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cybister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomophagy"},{"link_name":"C. explanatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister_explanatus"},{"link_name":"coprolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolite"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Sink"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-13"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"tacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco"},{"link_name":"C. japonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister_japonicus"},{"link_name":"Guangdong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Province"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"C. bengalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybister_bengalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. guerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybister_guerini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. limbatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybister_limbatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. sugillatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister_sugillatus"},{"link_name":"C. tripunctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister_tripunctatus"},{"link_name":"great diving beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_diving_beetle"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dytiscidae.png"}],"text":"Adult Dytiscidae, particularly of the genus Cybister, are edible. Remnants of C. explanatus were found in prehistoric human coprolites in a Nevada cave, likely sourced from the Humboldt Sink.[13] In Mexico, C. explanatus is eaten roasted and salted to accompany tacos. In Japan, C. japonicus has been used as food in certain regions such as Nagano prefecture. In the Guangdong Province of China, the latter species, as well as C. bengalensis, C. guerini, C. limbatus, C. sugillatus, C. tripunctatus, and probably also the well-known great diving beetle (D. marginalis) are bred for human consumption, though as they are cumbersome to raise due to their carnivorous habit and have a fairly bland (though apparently not offensive) taste and little meat, this is decreasing. Dytiscidae are reportedly also eaten in Taiwan, Thailand, and New Guinea.[14]Dytiscidae sp.","title":"Edibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster2014-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao1-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao2-15"},{"link_name":"Acilius canaliculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acilius_canaliculatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hydaticus seminiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydaticus_seminiger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilybius ater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilybius_ater"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao5-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao4-17"},{"link_name":"Dytiscus marginalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscus_marginalis"},{"link_name":"Hyphydrus ovatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphydrus_ovatus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liao4-17"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettner2014-18"},{"link_name":"apex predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator"},{"link_name":"ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond"},{"link_name":"Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats"},{"link_name":"umbrella species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_species"},{"link_name":"Dytiscus latissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscus_latissimus"},{"link_name":"Graphoderus bilineatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphoderus_bilineatus"}],"text":"The greatest threat to diving beetles is the degradation and disappearance of their habitats due to anthropogenic activities.[1] For example, urbanisation has led to the decreasing quantity and quality of dytiscid habitats,[8] which consequentially has increased the distance between habitats.[15]; thus, dytiscids may be exposed to high predation risks during dispersal. Urbanisation has complex effects on the inter- and intraspecific variation in dytiscid traits. Some flight-related traits of Acilius canaliculatus and Hydaticus seminiger, such as body length and hindwing traits, were found to change along the urban gradient at different scales, whereas the traits of Ilybius ater exhibited no change.[16] Brownification, which refers to the change in surface water colour towards yellow–brown hues caused by recent climate change and land-use change, can also drive changes in dytiscid communities.[17] As some species, such as Dytiscus marginalis, are tolerant to brown water, whereas some species, Hyphydrus ovatus, tend to occur in clear water, brownification may threaten dytiscid species that are intolerant to highly coloured waters.[17]Dytiscid adults are eaten by many birds, mammals, reptiles, and other vertebrate predators, despite their arsenal of chemical defenses.[18] But by far the most important predator of diving beetles are fish, which limit the occurrence of most diving beetle species to fishless ponds, or to margins of aquatic habitats. Although the larvae of a few dytiscid species may become apex predators in small ponds, their presence is also often incompatible with fish. Therefore, the main focus of water beetle conservation is the protection of natural, fish-less habitats.\nIn the European Union, two species of diving beetles are protected by the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, and thus serve as umbrella species for the protection of natural aquatic habitats: Dytiscus latissimus and Graphoderus bilineatus.","title":"Diving beetle conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-13"}],"text":"The diving beetle plays a role in a Cherokee creation story. According to the narrative, upon finding nowhere to rest in the \"liquid chaos\" the beetle brought up soft mud from the bottom. This mud then spread out to form all of the land on Earth.[13]","title":"Cultural significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gyrinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrinidae"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettner2014-18"}],"text":"Adult Dytiscidae, as well as Gyrinidae, are collected by young girls in East Africa. It is believed that inducing the beetles to bite the nipples will stimulate breast growth.[13] The effect of that habit has not been tested, but it is notable that the defense glands of diving beetles contain many types of bioactive steroids.[18]","title":"Ethnobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mites"},{"link_name":"Dytiscacarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscacarus"},{"link_name":"Eylais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eylais"},{"link_name":"elytra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elytra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hydrachna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrachna"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"text":"Dytiscidae are parasitised by various mites. Those in genera Dytiscacarus and Eylais live beneath the elytra of their hosts,[19][20] those in genus Acherontacarus attach to the mesosternal regions[21] and those in genus Hydrachna attach to various locations.[22] These mites are parasitic as larvae with the exception of Dytiscacarus, which are parasitic for their entire life cycle.[19]","title":"Parasites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamilies"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nilsson-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchard2011-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-26"},{"link_name":"Agabinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agabinae"},{"link_name":"Agabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agabinus"},{"link_name":"Agabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agabus_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Agametrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agametrus"},{"link_name":"Andonectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andonectes"},{"link_name":"Hydronebrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronebrius"},{"link_name":"Hydrotrupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotrupes"},{"link_name":"Ilybiosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilybiosoma"},{"link_name":"Ilybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilybius"},{"link_name":"Leuronectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuronectes"},{"link_name":"Platambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platambus"},{"link_name":"Platynectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platynectes"},{"link_name":"Colymbetinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colymbetinae"},{"link_name":"Anisomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisomeria_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Senilites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senilites"},{"link_name":"Carabdytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabdytes"},{"link_name":"Bunites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunites"},{"link_name":"Colymbetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colymbetes"},{"link_name":"Hoperius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoperius"},{"link_name":"Meladema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meladema"},{"link_name":"Melanodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanodytes"},{"link_name":"Neoscutopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoscutopterus"},{"link_name":"Rhantus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhantus"},{"link_name":"Rugosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugosus"},{"link_name":"Copelatinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copelatinae"},{"link_name":"Agaporomorphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaporomorphus"},{"link_name":"Aglymbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglymbus"},{"link_name":"Copelatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copelatus"},{"link_name":"Exocelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocelina"},{"link_name":"Lacconectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacconectus"},{"link_name":"Liopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liopterus"},{"link_name":"Madaglymbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaglymbus"},{"link_name":"Rugosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugosus"},{"link_name":"Coptotominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptotominae"},{"link_name":"Coptotomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptotomus"},{"link_name":"Cybistrinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybistrinae"},{"link_name":"Austrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrodytes"},{"link_name":"Cybister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister"},{"link_name":"Megadytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadytes"},{"link_name":"Onychohydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychohydrus"},{"link_name":"Regimbartina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimbartina"},{"link_name":"Spencerhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerhydrus"},{"link_name":"Sternhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternhydrus"},{"link_name":"Dytiscinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscinae"},{"link_name":"Acilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acilius_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Aethionectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethionectes"},{"link_name":"Austrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrodytes"},{"link_name":"Dytiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dytiscus"},{"link_name":"Eretes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretes"},{"link_name":"Graphoderus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphoderus"},{"link_name":"Hydaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydaticus"},{"link_name":"Hyderodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderodes"},{"link_name":"Megadytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadytes"},{"link_name":"Miodytiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miodytiscus"},{"link_name":"Notaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notaticus"},{"link_name":"Onychohydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychohydrus"},{"link_name":"Regimbartina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimbartina"},{"link_name":"Rhantaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhantaticus"},{"link_name":"Sandracottus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandracottus_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Spencerhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerhydrus"},{"link_name":"Sternhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternhydrus"},{"link_name":"Thermonectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonectus"},{"link_name":"Tikoloshanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikoloshanes"},{"link_name":"Ambarticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambarticus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burmese amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_amber"},{"link_name":"Cenomanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenomanian"},{"link_name":"Hydrodytinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodytinae"},{"link_name":"Hydrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodytes"},{"link_name":"Microhydrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhydrodytes"},{"link_name":"Hydroporinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroporinae"},{"link_name":"Africodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africodytes"},{"link_name":"Agnoshydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnoshydrus"},{"link_name":"Allodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodessus"},{"link_name":"Allopachria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopachria"},{"link_name":"Amarodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarodytes"},{"link_name":"Amurodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurodytes"},{"link_name":"Andex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andex"},{"link_name":"Anginopachria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anginopachria"},{"link_name":"Anodocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodocheilus"},{"link_name":"Antiporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiporus"},{"link_name":"Barretthydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barretthydrus"},{"link_name":"Bidessodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidessodes"},{"link_name":"Bidessonotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidessonotus"},{"link_name":"Bidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidessus"},{"link_name":"Boreonectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreonectes"},{"link_name":"Borneodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneodessus"},{"link_name":"Brachyvatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachyvatus"},{"link_name":"Brancuporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancuporus"},{"link_name":"Canthyporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canthyporus"},{"link_name":"Carabhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabhydrus"},{"link_name":"Celina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celina_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Chostonectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chostonectes"},{"link_name":"Clypeodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clypeodytes"},{"link_name":"Coelhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelhydrus"},{"link_name":"Comaldessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comaldessus"},{"link_name":"Crinodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinodessus"},{"link_name":"Darwinhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinhydrus"},{"link_name":"Deronectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deronectes"},{"link_name":"Derovatellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derovatellus"},{"link_name":"Desmopachria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmopachria"},{"link_name":"Dimitshydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitshydrus"},{"link_name":"Ereboporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereboporus"},{"link_name":"Etruscodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscodytes"},{"link_name":"Fontidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontidessus"},{"link_name":"Geodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodessus"},{"link_name":"Gibbidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbidessus"},{"link_name":"Glareadessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glareadessus"},{"link_name":"Graptodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graptodytes"},{"link_name":"Haideoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haideoporus"},{"link_name":"Hemibidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemibidessus"},{"link_name":"Heroceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroceras"},{"link_name":"Herophydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophydrus"},{"link_name":"Heterhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterhydrus"},{"link_name":"Heterosternuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosternuta"},{"link_name":"Hovahydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovahydrus"},{"link_name":"Huxelhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxelhydrus"},{"link_name":"Hydrocolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocolus"},{"link_name":"Hydrodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodessus"},{"link_name":"Hydroglyphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroglyphus"},{"link_name":"Hydropeplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropeplus"},{"link_name":"Hydroporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroporus"},{"link_name":"Hydrovatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrovatus"},{"link_name":"Hygrotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrotus"},{"link_name":"Hyphoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphoporus"},{"link_name":"Hyphovatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphovatus"},{"link_name":"Hyphydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphydrus"},{"link_name":"Hypodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodessus"},{"link_name":"Iberoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoporus"},{"link_name":"Incomptodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomptodessus"},{"link_name":"Kakadudessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakadudessus"},{"link_name":"Kuschelydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuschelydrus"},{"link_name":"Laccornellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccornellus"},{"link_name":"Laccornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccornis"},{"link_name":"Leiodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiodytes"},{"link_name":"Limbodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbodessus"},{"link_name":"Liodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liodessus"},{"link_name":"Lioporeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioporeus"},{"link_name":"Megaporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaporus"},{"link_name":"Metaporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaporus"},{"link_name":"Methles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methles"},{"link_name":"Microdessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdessus"},{"link_name":"Microdytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdytes"},{"link_name":"Morimotoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morimotoa"},{"link_name":"Nebrioporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebrioporus"},{"link_name":"Necterosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necterosoma"},{"link_name":"Neobidessodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobidessodes"},{"link_name":"Neobidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobidessus"},{"link_name":"Neoclypeodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclypeodytes"},{"link_name":"Neoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoporus"},{"link_name":"Oreodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodytes"},{"link_name":"Pachydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydrus"},{"link_name":"Pachynectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachynectes"},{"link_name":"Papuadessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuadessus"},{"link_name":"Paroster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroster"},{"link_name":"Peschetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peschetius"},{"link_name":"Petrodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrodessus"},{"link_name":"Phreatodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatodessus"},{"link_name":"Platydytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platydytes"},{"link_name":"Porhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porhydrus"},{"link_name":"Primospes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primospes"},{"link_name":"Pseuduvarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseuduvarus"},{"link_name":"Psychopomporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomporus"},{"link_name":"Pteroporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteroporus"},{"link_name":"Queda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queda_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Rhithrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhithrodytes"},{"link_name":"Sanfilippodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanfilippodytes"},{"link_name":"Scarodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarodytes"},{"link_name":"Schistomerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistomerus"},{"link_name":"Sekaliporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekaliporus"},{"link_name":"Sharphydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharphydrus"},{"link_name":"Siamoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamoporus"},{"link_name":"Siettitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siettitia"},{"link_name":"Sinodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodytes"},{"link_name":"Spanglerodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanglerodessus"},{"link_name":"Sternopriscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternopriscus"},{"link_name":"Stictonectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stictonectes"},{"link_name":"Stictotarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stictotarsus"},{"link_name":"Stygoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygoporus"},{"link_name":"Suphrodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphrodytes"},{"link_name":"Tepuidessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepuidessus"},{"link_name":"Terradessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terradessus"},{"link_name":"Tiporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiporus"},{"link_name":"Trichonectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichonectes"},{"link_name":"Trogloguignotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogloguignotus"},{"link_name":"Tyndallhydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndallhydrus"},{"link_name":"Typhlodessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhlodessus"},{"link_name":"Uvarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvarus"},{"link_name":"Vatellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatellus"},{"link_name":"Yola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Yolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolina"},{"link_name":"Calicovatellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicovatellus"},{"link_name":"Procoelambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procoelambus"},{"link_name":"Laccophilinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccophilinae"},{"link_name":"Africophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africophilus"},{"link_name":"Agabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agabetes"},{"link_name":"Australphilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australphilus"},{"link_name":"Japanolaccophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanolaccophilus"},{"link_name":"Laccodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccodytes"},{"link_name":"Laccophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccophilus"},{"link_name":"Laccoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccoporus"},{"link_name":"Laccosternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccosternus"},{"link_name":"Napodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napodytes"},{"link_name":"Neptosternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptosternus"},{"link_name":"Philaccolilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaccolilus"},{"link_name":"Philaccolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaccolus"},{"link_name":"Philodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philodytes"},{"link_name":"Lancetinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancetinae"},{"link_name":"Lancetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancetes"},{"link_name":"Matinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinae"},{"link_name":"Allomatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomatus"},{"link_name":"Batrachomatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachomatus"},{"link_name":"Matus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matus_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Liadytiscinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadytiscinae"},{"link_name":"Liadroporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadroporus"},{"link_name":"Yixian Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_Formation"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"Liadytiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadytiscus"},{"link_name":"Mesoderus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderus"},{"link_name":"Liadyxianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadyxianus"},{"link_name":"Mesodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesodytes"},{"link_name":"Cretodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretodytes"},{"link_name":"Doronino Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doronino_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Turonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turonian"},{"link_name":"Palaeodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeodytes"},{"link_name":"Karabastau Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabastau_Formation"},{"link_name":"Oxfordian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)"},{"link_name":"Zaza Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_Formation"},{"link_name":"Durlston Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durlston_Formation"},{"link_name":"Berriasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriasian"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sinoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoporus"}],"text":"The following taxonomic sequence gives the subfamilies, their associated genera.[23][24][25][26]Subfamily Agabinae Thomson, 1867Agabinus Crotch, 1873\nAgabus Leach, 1817\nAgametrus Sharp, 1882\nAndonectes Guéorguiev, 1971\nHydronebrius Jakovlev, 1897\nHydrotrupes Sharp, 1882\nIlybiosoma Crotch, 1873\nIlybius Erichson, 1832\nLeuronectes Sharp, 1882\nPlatambus Thomson, 1859\nPlatynectes Régimbart, 1879Subfamily Colymbetinae Erichson, 1837Anisomeria Brinck, 1943\nSenilites Brinck, 1948\nCarabdytes Balke, Hendrich & Wewalka, 1992\nBunites Spangler, 1972\nColymbetes Clairville, 1806\nHoperius Fall, 1927\nMeladema Laporte, 1835\nMelanodytes Seidlitz, 1887\nNeoscutopterus J.Balfour-Browne, 1943\nRhantus Dejean, 1833\nRugosus García, 2001Subfamily Copelatinae Branden, 1885Agaporomorphus Zimmermann, 1921\nAglymbus Sharp, 1880\nCopelatus Erichson, 1832\nExocelina Broun, 1886\nLacconectus Motschulsky, 1855\nLiopterus Dejean, 1833\nMadaglymbus Shaverdo & Balke, 2008\nRugosus García, 2001Subfamily Coptotominae Branden, 1885Coptotomus Say, 1830Subfamily CybistrinaeAustrodytes Watts, 1978\nCybister Curtis, 1827\nMegadytes Sharp, 1882\nOnychohydrus Schaum & White, 1847\nRegimbartina Chatanay, 1911\nSpencerhydrus Sharp, 1882\nSternhydrus Brinck, 1945Subfamily Dytiscinae Leach, 1815Acilius Leach, 1817\nAethionectes Sharp, 1882\nAustrodytes Watts, 1978\nDytiscus Linnaeus, 1758\nEretes Laporte, 1833\nGraphoderus Dejean, 1833\nHydaticus Leach, 1817\nHyderodes Hope, 1838\nMegadytes Sharp, 1882\nMiodytiscus Wickham, 1911\nNotaticus Zimmermann, 1928\nOnychohydrus Schaum & White, 1847\nRegimbartina Chatanay, 1911\nRhantaticus Sharp, 1880\nSandracottus Sharp, 1882\nSpencerhydrus Sharp, 1882\nSternhydrus Brinck, 1945\nThermonectus Dejean, 1833\nTikoloshanes Omer-Cooper, 1956\n†Ambarticus Yang et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)Subfamily Hydrodytinae K.B.Miller, 2001Hydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2001\nMicrohydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2002Subfamily Hydroporinae Aubé, 1836Africodytes Biström, 1988\nAgnoshydrus Biström, Nilsson & Wewalka, 1997\nAllodessus Guignot, 1953\nAllopachria Zimmermann, 1924\nAmarodytes Régimbart, 1900\nAmurodytes Fery & Petrov, 2013\nAndex Sharp, 1882\nAnginopachria Wewalka, Balke & Hendrich, 2001\nAnodocheilus Babington, 1841\nAntiporus Sharp, 1882\nBarretthydrus Lea, 1927\nBidessodes Régimbart, 1895\nBidessonotus Régimbart, 1895\nBidessus Sharp, 1882\nBoreonectes Angus, 2010\nBorneodessus Balke, Hendrich, Mazzoldi & Biström, 2002\nBrachyvatus Zimmermann, 1919\nBrancuporus Hendrich, Toussaint & Balke, 2014\nCanthyporus Zimmermann, 1919\nCarabhydrus Watts, 1978\nCelina Aubé, 1837\nChostonectes Sharp, 1880\nClypeodytes Régimbart, 1894\nCoelhydrus Sharp, 1882\nComaldessus Spangler & Barr, 1995\nCrinodessus K.B. Miller, 1997\nDarwinhydrus Sharp, 1882\nDeronectes Sharp, 1882\nDerovatellus Sharp, 1882\nDesmopachria Babington, 1841\nDimitshydrus Uéno, 1996\nEreboporus K.B. Miller, Gibson & Alarie, 2009\nEtruscodytes Mazza, Cianferoni & Rocchi, 2013\nFontidessus K.B. Miller & Spangler, 2008\nGeodessus Brancucci, 1979\nGibbidessus Watts, 1978\nGlareadessus Wewalka & Biström, 1998\nGraptodytes Seidlitz, 1887\nHaideoporus Young & Longley, 1976\nHemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921\nHeroceras Guignot, 1949\nHerophydrus Sharp, 1880\nHeterhydrus Fairmaire, 1869\nHeterosternuta Strand, 1935\nHovahydrus Biström, 1982\nHuxelhydrus Sharp, 1882\nHydrocolus Roughley & Larson in Larson, Alarie & Roughley, 2000\nHydrodessus J. Balfour-Browne, 1953\nHydroglyphus Motschulsky, 1853\nHydropeplus Sharp, 1882\nHydroporus Clairville, 1806\nHydrovatus Motschulsky, 1853\nHygrotus Stephens, 1828\nHyphoporus Sharp, 1880\nHyphovatus Wewalka & Biström, 1994\nHyphydrus Illiger, 1802\nHypodessus Guignot, 1939\nIberoporus Castro & Delgado, 2001\nIncomptodessus K.B. Miller & García, 2011\nKakadudessus Hendrich & Balke, 2009\nKuschelydrus Ordish, 1976\nLaccornellus Roughley & Wolfe, 1987\nLaccornis Gozis, 1914\nLeiodytes Guignot, 1936\nLimbodessus Guignot, 1939\nLiodessus Guignot, 1939\nLioporeus Guignot, 1950\nMegaporus Brinck, 1943\nMetaporus Guignot, 1945\nMethles Sharp, 1882\nMicrodessus Young, 1967\nMicrodytes J. Balfour-Browne, 1946\nMorimotoa Uéno, 1957\nNebrioporus Régimbart, 1906\nNecterosoma W.J. Macleay, 1871\nNeobidessodes Hendrich & Balke, 2009\nNeobidessus Young, 1967\nNeoclypeodytes Young, 1967\nNeoporus Guignot, 1931\nOreodytes Seidlitz, 1887\nPachydrus Sharp, 1882\nPachynectes Régimbart, 1903\nPapuadessus Balke, 2001\nParoster Sharp, 1882\nPeschetius Guignot, 1942\nPetrodessus K.B. Miller, 2012\nPhreatodessus Ordish, 1976\nPlatydytes Biström, 1988\nPorhydrus Guignot, 1945\nPrimospes Sharp, 1882\nPseuduvarus Biström, 1988\nPsychopomporus Jean, Telles & K.B. Miller, 2012\nPteroporus Guignot, 1933\nQueda Sharp, 1882\nRhithrodytes Bameul, 1989\nSanfilippodytes Franciscolo, 1979\nScarodytes Gozis, 1914\nSchistomerus Palmer, 1957\nSekaliporus Watts, 1997\nSharphydrus Omer-Cooper, 1958\nSiamoporus Spangler, 1996\nSiettitia Abeille de Perrin, 1904\nSinodytes Spangler, 1996\nSpanglerodessus K.B. Miller & García, 2011\nSternopriscus Sharp, 1880\nStictonectes Brinck, 1943\nStictotarsus Zimmermann, 1919\nStygoporus Larson & LaBonte, 1994\nSuphrodytes Gozis, 1914\nTepuidessus Spangler, 1981\nTerradessus Watts, 1982\nTiporus Watts, 1985\nTrichonectes Guignot, 1941\nTrogloguignotus Sanfilippo, 1958\nTyndallhydrus Sharp, 1882\nTyphlodessus Brancucci, 1985\nUvarus Guignot, 1939\nVatellus Aubé, 1837\nYola Gozis, 1886\nYolina Guignot, 1936\n† Calicovatellus K.B. Miller & Lubkin, 2001\n† Procoelambus Théobald, 1937Subfamily Laccophilinae Gistel, 1856Africophilus Guignot, 1948\nAgabetes Crotch, 1873\nAustralphilus Watts, 1978\nJapanolaccophilus Satô, 1972\nLaccodytes Régimbart, 1895\nLaccophilus Leach, 1815\nLaccoporus J. Balfour-Browne, 1939\nLaccosternus Brancucci, 1983\nNapodytes Steiner, 1981\nNeptosternus Sharp, 1882\nPhilaccolilus Guignot, 1937\nPhilaccolus Guignot, 1937\nPhilodytes J. Balfour-Browne, 1939Subfamily Lancetinae Branden, 1885Lancetes Sharp, 1882Subfamily Matinae Branden, 1885Allomatus Mouchamps, 1964\nBatrachomatus Clark, 1863\nMatus Aubé, 1836Subfamily †Liadytiscinae Prokin & Ren, 2010† Liadroporus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)\n† Liadytiscus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian\n† Mesoderus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian\n† Liadyxianus Prokin, Petrov, B. Wang & Ponomarenko, 2013 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian\n† Mesodytes Prokin, Petrov, Wang & Ponomarenko, 2013 Yixian Formation, China, AptianSubfamily Incertae sedis† Cretodytes Ponomarenko, 1977 Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian), Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan, Late Cretaceous (Turonian)\n† Palaeodytes Ponomarenko, 1987 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian), Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian\n† \"Palaeodytes\" incompletus Ponomarenko, Coram & Jarzembowski, 2005 Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) (undescribed genus)[27]\n† Sinoporus Prokin & Ren, 2010 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian","title":"Systematics"}]	[{"image_text":"Larva of the European diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg/220px-Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dytiscidae sp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dytiscidae.png/220px-Dytiscidae.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"G.N. Foster; D.T. Bilton (2014). \"The Conservation of Predaceous Diving Beetles: Knowns, Unknowns and Anecdotes\". In D.A. Yee (ed.). Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Springer. pp. 437–462. ISBN 978-94-017-9109-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9109-0","url_text":"978-94-017-9109-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dytiscidae - Hurdan, the answer engine\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150521150320/http://www.hurdan.com/search?q=dytiscidae","url_text":"\"Dytiscidae - Hurdan, the answer engine\""},{"url":"http://www.hurdan.com/search?q=dytiscidae","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"G.C. McGavin (2010). Insects. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-4053-4997-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-4997-0","url_text":"978-1-4053-4997-0"}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, A.N. (2013). \"A World Catalogue of the Family Dytiscidae, or the Diving Beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga)\" (PDF). University of Umeå. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403125519/http://www2.emg.umu.se/projects/biginst/andersn/WCD_20130101.pdf","url_text":"\"A World Catalogue of the Family Dytiscidae, or the Diving Beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga)\""},{"url":"http://www2.emg.umu.se/projects/biginst/andersn/WCD_20130101.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yee, D.A. (2014). \"An Introduction to the Dytiscidae: Their Diversity, Historical Importance, Cultural Significance, and Other Musings\". Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). pp. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9109-0_1. ISBN 978-94-017-9108-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9109-0_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-017-9109-0_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9108-3","url_text":"978-94-017-9108-3"}]},{"reference":"Lundkvist, E.; Landin, J.; Karlsson, F. (2002). \"Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden\". Annales Zoologici Fennici.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Law, A.; Baker, A.; Sayer, C.; Foster, G.; Gunn, I.D.; Taylor, P.; Blaikie, James; Willby, N.J. (2019). \"The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters\" (PDF). Freshwater Biology. 64 (9): 1664–1675. Bibcode:2019FrBio..64.1664L. doi:10.1111/fwb.13369. hdl:1893/30068. S2CID 202032378.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/7865012/The_effectiveness_of_aquatic_plants_as_surrogates_for_wider_biodiversity_in_standing_fresh_waters.pdf","url_text":"\"The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FrBio..64.1664L","url_text":"2019FrBio..64.1664L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffwb.13369","url_text":"10.1111/fwb.13369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F30068","url_text":"1893/30068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202032378","url_text":"202032378"}]},{"reference":"Liao, W.; Venn, S.; Niemelä, J. (2020). \"Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape\". Biodiversity and Conservation. 29 (7): 2343–2359. Bibcode:2020BiCon..29.2343L. doi:10.1007/s10531-020-01977-9. hdl:10138/315037.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-020-01977-9","url_text":"\"Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020BiCon..29.2343L","url_text":"2020BiCon..29.2343L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-020-01977-9","url_text":"10.1007/s10531-020-01977-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F315037","url_text":"10138/315037"}]},{"reference":"Liao, W.; Zanca, T.; Niemelä, J. (2024). \"Predation risk modifies habitat use and habitat selection of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an Urban Pondscape\". Global Ecology and Conservation. 49: e02801. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02801.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2024.e02801","url_text":"\"Predation risk modifies habitat use and habitat selection of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an Urban Pondscape\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2024.e02801","url_text":"10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02801"}]},{"reference":"Brodin, T.; Johansson, F.; Bergsten, J. (2006). \"Predator related oviposition site selection of aquatic beetles (Hydroporus spp.) and effects on offspring life‐history\". Freshwater Biology. 51 (7): 1277–1285. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01563.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.2006.01563.x","url_text":"\"Predator related oviposition site selection of aquatic beetles (Hydroporus spp.) and effects on offspring life‐history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.2006.01563.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01563.x"}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, A. N.; Holmen, M. (1995). The Aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of the Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. Dytiscidae. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 9004104569. ISSN 0106-8377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004104569","url_text":"9004104569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0106-8377","url_text":"0106-8377"}]},{"reference":"Liao, W.; Venn, Stephen.; Niemelä, J. (2023). \"Microhabitats with emergent plants counterbalance the negative effects of fish presence on diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) diversity in urban ponds\". Global Ecology and Conservation. 41: e02361. Bibcode:2023GEcoC..4102361L. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02361. hdl:10138/352745.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2022.e02361","url_text":"\"Microhabitats with emergent plants counterbalance the negative effects of fish presence on diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) diversity in urban ponds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023GEcoC..4102361L","url_text":"2023GEcoC..4102361L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2022.e02361","url_text":"10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F352745","url_text":"10138/352745"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Kelly; Bergsten, Johannes (3 October 2016). Diving Beetles of the World: Systematics and Biology of the Dytiscidae. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Liao, W.; Venn, S.; Niemelä, J. (2022). \"Diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) community dissimilarity reveals how low landscape connectivity restricts the ecological value of urban ponds\". Landscape Ecology. 37 (4): 1049–1058. Bibcode:2022LaEco..37.1049L. doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01413-z.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10980-022-01413-z","url_text":"\"Diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) community dissimilarity reveals how low landscape connectivity restricts the ecological value of urban ponds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022LaEco..37.1049L","url_text":"2022LaEco..37.1049L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10980-022-01413-z","url_text":"10.1007/s10980-022-01413-z"}]},{"reference":"Liao, W.; Lin, H. (2024). \"Urbanisation drives inter- and intraspecific variation in flight-related morphological traits of aquatic insects at different landscape scales\". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 17 (2): 287–303. doi:10.1111/icad.12703.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ficad.12703","url_text":"\"Urbanisation drives inter- and intraspecific variation in flight-related morphological traits of aquatic insects at different landscape scales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ficad.12703","url_text":"10.1111/icad.12703"}]},{"reference":"Liao, W. (2024). \"Water Colour Shapes Diving Beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Assemblages in Urban Ponds\". Insects. 15 (4): 308. doi:10.3390/insects15050308. 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ISBN 978-94-017-9109-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9109-0","url_text":"978-94-017-9109-0"}]},{"reference":"Mortazavi, Abdolazim; Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza; Lindquist, Evert E (2018-10-20). \"A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae)\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (3): 695–749. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113. ISSN 0024-4082.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113","url_text":"\"A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx113","url_text":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082","url_text":"0024-4082"}]},{"reference":"Aiken, R. B. (1985-02-01). \"Attachment sites, phenology, and growth of larvae of Eylais sp. (Acari) on Dytiscus alaskanus J. Balfour-Browne (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (2): 267–271. doi:10.1139/z85-041. ISSN 0008-4301.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z85-041","url_text":"\"Attachment sites, phenology, and growth of larvae of Eylais sp. (Acari) on Dytiscus alaskanus J. Balfour-Browne (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz85-041","url_text":"10.1139/z85-041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4301","url_text":"0008-4301"}]},{"reference":"Aykut, Medeni; Esen, Yunus; Taşar, Gani Erhan (2016-07-03). \"New host-parasite association of Acherontacarus rutilans (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Acherontacaridae) on Scarodytes halensis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)\". International Journal of Acarology. 42 (5): 242–246. Bibcode:2016IJAca..42..242A. doi:10.1080/01647954.2016.1174304. ISSN 0164-7954. 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Zootaxa. 3666 (2): 137–159. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3666.2.2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/pdf/Prokin_Petrov_Wang_Ponomarenko_2013_Mesozoic_Liadytidae_Dytiscidae_z03666p159p594.pdf","url_text":"\"New fossil taxa and notes on the Mesozoic evolution of Liadytidae and Dytiscidae (Coleoptera)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootaxa","url_text":"Zootaxa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3666.2.2","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.3666.2.2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150521150320/http://www.hurdan.com/search?q=dytiscidae","external_links_name":"\"Dytiscidae - Hurdan, the answer engine\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurdan.com/search?q=dytiscidae","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403125519/http://www2.emg.umu.se/projects/biginst/andersn/WCD_20130101.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A World Catalogue of the Family Dytiscidae, or 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mignon_G._Eberhart	Mignon G. Eberhart	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Style and reception","4 Personal life","5 Novels","5.1 Sarah Keate series","5.2 Standalone novels","5.3 Short stories","6 Film adaptations","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	American mystery writer Mignon Good Eberhart (July 6, 1899, Lincoln, Nebraska – October 8, 1996, Greenwich, Connecticut) was an American author of mystery novels. She had one of the longest careers (from the 1920s to the 1980s) among major American mystery writers. Early life Mignonette Good was born July 6, 1899, in Lincoln, Nebraska. As a teenager, Good often wrote short stories and novels to occupy herself. From 1917 to 1920, she attended Nebraska Wesleyan University but did not complete the coursework for a degree. In 1923, she married Alanson Clyde Eberhart, and began writing short stories to combat boredom. Within several years, she had begun writing novels. In 1929, she published her first novel, The Patient in Room 18, which introduced her series character Nurse Sarah Keate and her boyfriend Detective Lance O'Leary. A second novel, While the Patient Slept, also featuring Keate, received the $5000 Scotland Yard Prize in 1931. Four years later, Eberhart's alma mater presented her with an honorary doctorate. Career By the end of the 1930s, Eberhart had become the leading female crime novelist in the United States and was one of the highest-paid female crime novelists in the world, next to Agatha Christie. She was one of the first of many writers called, by their publishers, "America's Agatha Christie," few of which had as little in common with 'Dame Agatha in matters of plotting, characterization, or even type of story.' She wrote a total of 59 novels, the last published in 1988, shortly before her 89th birthday. Eight of her novels were adapted as movies, beginning in 1935 with While the Patient Slept. The last adaptation, based on the book Hasty Wedding, was the movie Three's a Crowd, released in 1945. She also collaborated with Robert Wallsten to adapt her novel Fair Warning into the play, Eight O'Clock Tuesday, which played first at the Cleveland Playhouse in Ohio in 1939–40, and then on Broadway in 1941, starring Celeste Holm. Sarah Keate, though popular as the protagonist of Eberhart's first five novels, proved to be the author's only series sleuth, making only a couple of appearances after the early 1930s. Instead, Eberhart wrote mostly "standalone" mysteries, something fairly unusual for a crime writer with such a large output. Eberhart was one of the more prolific of the practitioners of the classic romantic suspense novel that had begun with some of the earliest work of Anna Katharine Green and was brought to its height by Mary Roberts Rinehart in the early 20th century. There had been many female sleuths featured in short stories previously, and Rinehart had introduced her own nurse-detective, Hilda Adams, aka "Miss Pinkerton," in the second decade of the 20th century. But in 1929, when Eberhart introduced Sarah Keate, it was still relatively rare to have a female lead in novel-length "straight detective stories". The year after Eberhart's first novel was published, Agatha Christie wrote the first novel featuring her female detective, Jane Marple, who had previously appeared in short stories collected as "The Tuesday Club Murders". Cover of the pulp magazine Mystery (January 1934) This issue featured the story "Murder on the Wall" by Mignon G. Eberhart. . Style and reception Eberhart's works often featured female protagonists, and tended to include exotic locations, wealthy characters, and suspense and romance. Her characterization has been praised, her characters described as always having "genuine and believable motives for everything they do." Her "writing is spare but almost lyrical." In 1971, she was awarded the Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award. Eberhart also served as president of the Mystery Writers of America. In 1994, she received the Agatha Award: Malice Domestic Award for Lifetime Achievement. Personal life The normally prolific Eberhart wrote relatively few books in the 1940s, possibly due to upheaval in her personal life. After 20 years of marriage, she divorced Alanson Eberhart, and in 1946 married John Hazen Perry. But within two years, she had divorced Perry and remarried Eberhart. The Eberharts remained married until his death in 1974. Eberhart died in 1996. She is buried in Long Island National Cemetery, a Veterans Administration burial site, beside husband Alanson, who had served as a Navy lieutenant commander in World War II. In 2007, a posthumous collection of her short stories, Dead Yesterday and Other Stories, was edited by Rick Cypert and Kirby McCauley and published by Crippen & Landru. Novels Sarah Keate series The Patient in Room 18 (1929) filmed in 1938 While the Patient Slept (1930) filmed in 1935 The Mystery of Hunting's End (1930) filmed in 1938 From This Dark Stairway (1931) filmed in 1938 Murder by an Aristocrat (1932) aka Murder of My Patient filmed in 1936 Wolf in Man's Clothing (1942) Man Missing (1954) Standalone novels The White Cockatoo (1933) filmed in 1935 The Dark Garden (1933) aka Death in the Fog The Cases of Susan Dare (1934) The House on the Roof (1935) Fair Warning (1936) Danger in the Dark (1937) aka Hand in Glove The Pattern (1937) The Glass Slipper (1938) Hasty Wedding (1938) The Chiffon Scarf (1939) Brief Return (1939) The Hangman's Whip (1940) Speak No Evil (1941) With This Ring (1941) Fourth Mystery Book (1942) The Man Next Door (1943) Unidentified Woman (1943) Escape the Night (1944) Wings of Fear (1945) Five Passengers from Lisbon (1946) The White Dress (1946) Another Woman's House (1947) House of Storm (1949) Hunt With the Hounds (1950) Never Look Back (1951) Dead Men's Plans (1952) The Unknown Quantity (1953) Postmark Murder (1955) Another Man's Murder (1957) Melora (1959) aka The Promise of Murder (1961, 1966) Jury of One (1960) The Cup, the Blade or the Gun (1961) aka The Crime at Honotassa Enemy in the House (1962) Run Scared (1963) Call After Midnight (1964) R.S.V.P. Murder (1965) Witness at Large (1966) Woman on the Roof (1967) Message from Hong Kong (1969) El Rancho Rio (1970) Two Little Rich Girls (1971) Murder in Waiting (1973) Nine O'Clock Tide (1975) Danger Money (1975) Family Fortune (1976) Bayou Road (1979) Casa Madrone (1980) Family Affair (1981) Next of Kin (1982) The Patient in Cabin C (1983) Alpine Condo Crossfire (1984) A Fighting Chance (1986) Three Days for Emeralds (1988) Short stories The Cases of Susan Dare (anthology, 1934) Deadly is the Diamond (anthology, 1958) Film adaptations Year Title Notes 1935 The White Cockatoo book author 1935 While the Patient Slept book author 1936 The Murder of Dr. Harrigan short story author 1936 Murder by an Aristocrat book author 1937 The Great Hospital Mystery short story author 1938 The Dark Stairway book author (from the novel From This Dark Stairway) 1938 The Patient in Room 18 book author 1938 Mystery House book author (from the novel The Mystery of Hunting's End) 1945 Three's a Crowd book author (from the novel Hasty Wedding) References ^ "Mignon Eberhart". Nebraska Center for Writers. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2007-04-18. ^ a b c d "Biography". Mignon G. Eberhart Official Website. Retrieved 2007-04-18. ^ a b c d e f Silet, Charles L.P. "Romance Mysteries of Mignon Eberhart". MysteryNet.com. Archived from the original on 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-04-18. ^ a b c d Grost, Michael E. "Mignon G. Eberhart: Death and the Maiden". Girl-detective.net. Retrieved 2007-04-18. ^ a b Eder, Bruce. "Biography: Mignon G. Eberhart". All Media Guide. Retrieved 2007-04-18. ^ Mel Gussow. “Mignon Eberhart, Novelist, 97; Blended Mystery and Romance.” The New York Times, Oct 9, 1996 pg. D19 ^ Playbill.com database http://www.playbill.com/production/eight-oclock-tuesday-henry-millers-theatre-vault-0000013554 ^ Social Networks and Archival Context Cooperative https://snaccooperative.org/vocab_administrator/resources/7541567 ^ "What the Critics Say About Mignon Eberhart". Nebraska Center for Writers. Archived from the original on 2002-06-19. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Further reading Cypert, Rick. America's Agatha Christie. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 1-57591-088-8 External links Works by Mignon G. Eberhart at Open Library vteAgatha Award winnersBest First Novel Elizabeth George (1988) Jill Churchill (1989) Katherine Hall Page (1990) Mary Willis Walker (1991) Barbara Neely (1992) Nevada Barr (1993) Jeff Abbott (1994) Jeanne M. Dams (1995) Anne George (1996) Sujata Massey (1997) Robin Hathaway (1998) Donna Andrews (1999) Rosemary Stevens (2000) Sarah Strohmeyer (2001) Julia Spencer-Fleming (2002) Jacqueline Winspear (2003) Harley Jane Kozak (2004) Laura Durham (2005) Sandra Parshall (2006) Hank Phillippi Ryan (2007) G. M. Malliet (2008) Alan Bradley (2009) Avery Aames (2010) Sara J. Henry (2011) Susan M. Boyer (2012) Leslie Budewitz (2013) Terrie Farley Moran (2014) Art Taylor (2015) Cynthia Kuhn (2016) Kellye Garrett (2017) Dianne Freeman and Shari Randall (2018) (tie) Tara Laskowski (2019) Erica Neubauer (2020) Best Contemporary Novel Hank Phillippi Ryan (2013) Hank Phillippi Ryan (2014) Margaret Maron (2015) Louise Penny (2016) Louise Penny (2017) Ellen Byron (2018) Ann Cleeves (2019) Louise Penny (2020) Best Novel Carolyn G. Hart (1988) Elizabeth Peters (1989) Nancy Pickard (1990) Nancy Pickard (1991) Margaret Maron (1992) Carolyn Hart (1993) Sharyn McCrumb (1994) Sharyn McCrumb (1995) Margaret Maron (1996) Kate Ross (1997) Laura Lippman (1998) Earlene Fowler (1999) Margaret Maron (2000) Rhys Bowen (2001) Donna Andrews (2002) Carolyn Hart (2003) Jacqueline Winspear (2004) Katherine Hall Page (2005) Nancy Pickard (2006) Louise Penny (2007) Louise Penny (2008) Louise Penny (2009) Louise Penny (2010) Margaret Maron (2011) Louise Penny (2012) Best Historical Novel Rhys Bowen (2011) Catriona McPherson (2012) Caroline and Charles Todd (2013) Rhys Bowen (2014) Laurie R. King (2015) Catriona McPherson (2016) Rhys Bowen (2017) Sujata Massey (2018) Edith Maxwell (2019) Rhys Bowen (2020) Best Non-Fiction Barbara D'Amato (1993) Jean Swanson and Dean James (1994) Alzina Stone Dale (1995) Willeta L. Heisin (1996) Willeta L. Heisin (1997) Alzina Stone Dale (1998) Daniel Stashower (1999) Jim Huang (2000) Tony Hillerman (2001) Jim Huang (2002) Elizabeth Peters and Kristen Whitbread (2003) Jack French (2004) Melanie Rehak (2005) Chris Roerden (2006) Jon Lellenberg (2007) Kathy Lynn Emerson (2008) Elena Santangelo (2009) John Curran (2010) Leslie Budewitz (2011) John Connolly (2012) Daniel Stashower (2013) Hank Phillippi Ryan (2014) Martin Edwards (2015) Jane K. Cleland (2016) Mattias Bostrom (2017) Jane Cleland (2018) Mo Moulton (2019) Christina Lane (2020) Best Short Story Robert Barnard (1988) Sharyn McCrumb (1989) Joan Hess (1990) Margaret Maron (1991) Aaron Elkins and Charlotte Elkins (1992) M. D. Lake (1993) Dorothy Cannell (1994) Elizabeth Daniels (1995) Carolyn Wheat (1996) M. D. Lake (1997) Barbara D'Amato (1998) Nancy Pickard (1999) Jan Burke (2000) Katherine Hall Page (2001) Margaret Maron and Marcia Talley (2002) Elizabeth Foxwell (2003) Elaine Viets (2004) Marcia Talley (2005) Toni Kelner (2006) Donna Andrews (2007) Dana Cameron (2008) Hank Phillippi Ryan (2009) Mary Jane Maffini (2010) Dana Cameron (2011) Dana Cameron (2012) Art Taylor (2013) Art Taylor (2014) Barb Goffman (2015) Art Taylor (2016) Gigi Pandian (2017) Leslie Budewitz and Tara Laskowski (2018) (tie) Shawn Reilly Simmons (2019) Barb Goffman (2020) Best Young Adult Mystery Cindy Callaghan (2018) Best Children/Young Adult Fiction Penny Warner (2001) Daniel J. Hale & Matthew LaBrot (2002) Kathleen Karr (2003) Blue Balliett (2004) Peter Abrahams (2005) Nancy Means Wright (2006) Sarah Masters Buckey (2007) Chris Grabenstein (2008) Chris Grabenstein (2009) Sarah Smith (2010) Chris Grabenstein (2011) Penny Warner (2012) Chris Grabenstein (2013) Penny Warner (2014) Amanda Flower (2015) Penny Warner (2016) Cindy Callaghan (2017) Frances Schoonmaker (2019) Richard Narvaez (2020) Malice Domestic Award for Lifetime Achievement Phyllis A. Whitney (1990) Mignon G. Eberhart (1994) Mary Stewart (1996) Emma Lathen (1997) Charlotte MacLeod (1998) Patricia Moyes (1999) Dick Francis (2000) Mildred Benson (2001) Tony Hillerman (2002) Barbara Mertz, Elizabeth Peters and Barbara Michaels (2003) Marian Babson (2004) H.R.F. Keating (2005) Robert Barnard (2006) Carolyn Hart (2007) Peter Lovesey (2008) Anne Perry (2009) Mary Higgins Clark (2010) Sue Grafton (2011) Simon Brett (2012) Aaron Elkins (2013) Dorothy Cannell, Joan Hess and Margaret Maron (2014) Sara Paretsky (2015) Katherine Hall Page (2016) Charlaine Harris (2017) Nancy Pickard (2018) Malice Domestic Poirot Award David Suchet (2003) Ruth Cavin (2004) Angela Lansbury (2005) Douglas G. Greene (2006) Janet Hutchings and Linda Landrigan (2008) Kate Stine and Brian Skupin (2009) William Link (2010) Janet Rudolph (2011) Lee Goldberg (2012) Tom Schantz (2014) Barbara G. Peters (2016) Martin Edwards (2017) Brenda Blethyn (2018) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Greenwich, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"mystery novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_novel"}],"text":"Mignon Good Eberhart (July 6, 1899, Lincoln, Nebraska – October 8, 1996, Greenwich, Connecticut) was an American author of mystery novels. She had one of the longest careers (from the 1920s to the 1980s) among major American mystery writers.","title":"Mignon G. Eberhart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nebraska-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"},{"link_name":"Sarah Keate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Keate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"alma mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"}],"text":"Mignonette Good was born July 6, 1899, in Lincoln, Nebraska.[1] As a teenager, Good often wrote short stories and novels to occupy herself.[2] From 1917 to 1920, she attended Nebraska Wesleyan University but did not complete the coursework for a degree.[3] In 1923, she married Alanson Clyde Eberhart,[2] and began writing short stories to combat boredom. Within several years, she had begun writing novels.[3] In 1929, she published her first novel, The Patient in Room 18, which introduced her series character Nurse Sarah Keate and her boyfriend Detective Lance O'Leary.[2] A second novel, While the Patient Slept, also featuring Keate, received the $5000 Scotland Yard Prize in 1931. Four years later, Eberhart's alma mater presented her with an honorary doctorate.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girldet-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"},{"link_name":"While the Patient Slept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_the_Patient_Slept_(film)"},{"link_name":"Three's a Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_a_Crowd_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eder-5"},{"link_name":"Celeste Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Holm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anna Katharine Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Katharine_Green"},{"link_name":"Mary Roberts Rinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Roberts_Rinehart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girldet-4"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Jane Marple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Marple"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nebraska2-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mystery_January_1934.jpg"}],"text":"By the end of the 1930s, Eberhart had become the leading female crime novelist in the United States and was one of the highest-paid female crime novelists in the world, next to Agatha Christie. She was one of the first of many writers called, by their publishers, \"America's Agatha Christie,\" few of which had as little in common with 'Dame Agatha in matters of plotting, characterization, or even type of story.'[4] She wrote a total of 59 novels, the last published in 1988, shortly before her 89th birthday.[3] Eight of her novels were adapted as movies, beginning in 1935 with While the Patient Slept. The last adaptation, based on the book Hasty Wedding, was the movie Three's a Crowd, released in 1945.[5] She also collaborated with Robert Wallsten to adapt her novel Fair Warning into the play, Eight O'Clock Tuesday, which played first at the Cleveland Playhouse in Ohio in 1939–40, and then on Broadway in 1941, starring Celeste Holm.[6][7][8]Sarah Keate, though popular as the protagonist of Eberhart's first five novels, proved to be the author's only series sleuth, making only a couple of appearances after the early 1930s. Instead, Eberhart wrote mostly \"standalone\" mysteries, something fairly unusual for a crime writer with such a large output.Eberhart was one of the more prolific of the practitioners of the classic romantic suspense novel that had begun with some of the earliest work of Anna Katharine Green and was brought to its height by Mary Roberts Rinehart in the early 20th century.[4] There had been many female sleuths featured in short stories previously, and Rinehart had introduced her own nurse-detective, Hilda Adams, aka \"Miss Pinkerton,\" in the second decade of the 20th century. But in 1929, when Eberhart introduced Sarah Keate, it was still relatively rare to have a female lead in novel-length \"straight detective stories\". The year after Eberhart's first novel was published, Agatha Christie wrote the first novel featuring her female detective, Jane Marple, who had previously appeared in short stories collected as \"The Tuesday Club Murders\".[9]Cover of the pulp magazine Mystery (January 1934) This issue featured the story \"Murder on the Wall\" by Mignon G. Eberhart. [Public domain].","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girldet-4"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Agatha Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Award"}],"text":"Eberhart's works often featured female protagonists, and tended to include exotic locations, wealthy characters, and suspense and romance.[3] Her characterization has been praised, her characters described as always having \"genuine and believable motives for everything they do.\" Her \"writing is spare but almost lyrical.\"[4]In 1971, she was awarded the Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award. Eberhart also served as president of the Mystery Writers of America.[2] In 1994, she received the Agatha Award: Malice Domestic Award for Lifetime Achievement.","title":"Style and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eder-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silet-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girldet-4"},{"link_name":"Long Island National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Veterans Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Administration"},{"link_name":"lieutenant commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Crippen & Landru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippen_%26_Landru"}],"text":"The normally prolific Eberhart wrote relatively few books in the 1940s, possibly due to upheaval in her personal life.[5] After 20 years of marriage, she divorced Alanson Eberhart, and in 1946 married John Hazen Perry.[3] But within two years, she had divorced Perry and remarried Eberhart.[4] The Eberharts remained married until his death in 1974.Eberhart died in 1996. She is buried in Long Island National Cemetery, a Veterans Administration burial site, beside husband Alanson, who had served as a Navy lieutenant commander in World War II. In 2007, a posthumous collection of her short stories, Dead Yesterday and Other Stories, was edited by Rick Cypert and Kirby McCauley and published by Crippen & Landru.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Patient in Room 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patient_in_Room_18"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patient_in_Room_18_(film)"},{"link_name":"While the Patient Slept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_the_Patient_Slept_(novel)"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_the_Patient_Slept_(film)"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_House_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Stairway"},{"link_name":"Murder by an Aristocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_an_Aristocrat_(novel)"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_an_Aristocrat"},{"link_name":"Wolf in Man's Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_in_Man%27s_Clothing"}],"sub_title":"Sarah Keate series","text":"The Patient in Room 18 (1929) filmed in 1938\nWhile the Patient Slept (1930) filmed in 1935\nThe Mystery of Hunting's End (1930) filmed in 1938\nFrom This Dark Stairway (1931) filmed in 1938\nMurder by an Aristocrat (1932) aka Murder of My Patient filmed in 1936\nWolf in Man's Clothing (1942)\nMan Missing (1954)","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The White Cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Cockatoo_(novel)"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Cockatoo"},{"link_name":"The Dark Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Garden"},{"link_name":"The Cases of Susan Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cases_of_Susan_Dare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The House on the Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_on_the_Roof"},{"link_name":"Fair Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Warning_(1936_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danger in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pattern_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Glass Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Slipper_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Hasty Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasty_Wedding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Chiffon Scarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiffon_Scarf_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brief Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brief_Return&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Hangman's Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangman%27s_Whip"},{"link_name":"Speak No Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_No_Evil_(Eberhart_novel)"},{"link_name":"With This Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_This_Ring_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Man Next Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Next_Door_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Escape the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_the_Night_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Wings of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wings_of_Fear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Five Passengers from Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Passengers_from_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"The White Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Dress_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Another Woman's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Woman%27s_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"House of Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hunt With the Hounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_With_the_Hounds"},{"link_name":"Never Look Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Look_Back_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dead Men's Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Men%27s_Plans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_Quantity_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Postmark Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmark_Murder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Another Man's Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Man%27s_Murder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melora_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enemy in the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_in_the_House"}],"sub_title":"Standalone novels","text":"The White Cockatoo (1933) filmed in 1935\nThe Dark Garden (1933) aka Death in the Fog\nThe Cases of Susan Dare (1934)\nThe House on the Roof (1935)\nFair Warning (1936)\nDanger in the Dark (1937) aka Hand in Glove\nThe Pattern (1937)\nThe Glass Slipper (1938)\nHasty Wedding (1938)\nThe Chiffon Scarf (1939)\nBrief Return (1939)\nThe Hangman's Whip (1940)\nSpeak No Evil (1941)\nWith This Ring (1941)\nFourth Mystery Book (1942)\nThe Man Next Door (1943)\nUnidentified Woman (1943)\nEscape the Night (1944)\nWings of Fear (1945)\nFive Passengers from Lisbon (1946)\nThe White Dress (1946)\nAnother Woman's House (1947)\nHouse of Storm (1949)\nHunt With the Hounds (1950)\nNever Look Back (1951)\nDead Men's Plans (1952)\nThe Unknown Quantity (1953)\nPostmark Murder (1955)\nAnother Man's Murder (1957)\nMelora (1959) aka The Promise of Murder (1961, 1966)\nJury of One (1960)\nThe Cup, the Blade or the Gun (1961) aka The Crime at Honotassa\nEnemy in the House (1962)\nRun Scared (1963)\nCall After Midnight (1964)\nR.S.V.P. Murder (1965)\nWitness at Large (1966)\nWoman on the Roof (1967)\nMessage from Hong Kong (1969)\nEl Rancho Rio (1970)\nTwo Little Rich Girls (1971)\nMurder in Waiting (1973)\nNine O'Clock Tide (1975)\nDanger Money (1975)\nFamily Fortune (1976)\nBayou Road (1979)\nCasa Madrone (1980)\nFamily Affair (1981)\nNext of Kin (1982)\nThe Patient in Cabin C (1983)\nAlpine Condo Crossfire (1984)\nA Fighting Chance (1986)\nThree Days for Emeralds (1988)","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"The Cases of Susan Dare (anthology, 1934)\nDeadly is the Diamond (anthology, 1958)","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57591-088-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57591-088-8"}],"text":"Cypert, Rick. America's Agatha Christie. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 1-57591-088-8","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of the pulp magazine Mystery (January 1934) This issue featured the story \"Murder on the Wall\" by Mignon G. Eberhart. [Public domain].","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mystery_January_1934.jpg/220px-Mystery_January_1934.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mignon Eberhart\". Nebraska Center for Writers. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710214722/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/eberhart.htm","url_text":"\"Mignon Eberhart\""},{"url":"http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/eberhart.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Mignon G. Eberhart Official Website. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mignoneberhart.com/","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Silet, Charles L.P. \"Romance Mysteries of Mignon Eberhart\". MysteryNet.com. Archived from the original on 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070129100548/http://www.mysterynet.com/books/testimony/eberhart.shtml","url_text":"\"Romance Mysteries of Mignon Eberhart\""},{"url":"http://www.mysterynet.com/books/testimony/eberhart.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grost, Michael E. \"Mignon G. Eberhart: Death and the Maiden\". Girl-detective.net. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.girl-detective.net/eberhart.html","url_text":"\"Mignon G. Eberhart: Death and the Maiden\""}]},{"reference":"Eder, Bruce. \"Biography: Mignon G. Eberhart\". All Media Guide. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=217093&mod=bio","url_text":"\"Biography: Mignon G. Eberhart\""}]},{"reference":"\"What the Critics Say About Mignon Eberhart\". Nebraska Center for Writers. Archived from the original on 2002-06-19. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020619110111/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/NCW/ebercrit.htm","url_text":"\"What the Critics Say About Mignon Eberhart\""},{"url":"http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/ebercrit.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120710214722/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/eberhart.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mignon Eberhart\""},{"Link":"http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/eberhart.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mignoneberhart.com/","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070129100548/http://www.mysterynet.com/books/testimony/eberhart.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Romance Mysteries of Mignon Eberhart\""},{"Link":"http://www.mysterynet.com/books/testimony/eberhart.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.girl-detective.net/eberhart.html","external_links_name":"\"Mignon G. Eberhart: Death and the Maiden\""},{"Link":"http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=217093&mod=bio","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Mignon G. Eberhart\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/production/eight-oclock-tuesday-henry-millers-theatre-vault-0000013554","external_links_name":"http://www.playbill.com/production/eight-oclock-tuesday-henry-millers-theatre-vault-0000013554"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/vocab_administrator/resources/7541567","external_links_name":"https://snaccooperative.org/vocab_administrator/resources/7541567"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020619110111/http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/NCW/ebercrit.htm","external_links_name":"\"What the Critics Say About Mignon Eberhart\""},{"Link":"http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/ncw/ebercrit.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2710624A","external_links_name":"Works by Mignon G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Labrousse	Thierry Labrousse	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Rugby playerThierry LabrousseDate of birth (1970-05-04) 4 May 1970 (age 54)Place of birthPérigueux, FranceHeight6 ft 4 in (193 cm)Weight238 lb (108 kg)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Back-rowInternational careerYears Team Apps (Points)1996 France 2 (10) Thierry Labrousse (born 4 May 1970) is a French former professional rugby union player. Born in Périgueux, Labrousse was a back-row forward, most often used as a number eight. He captained CA Périgueux to the French Group B championship title in 1993, before linking up with CA Brive, from where he was capped twice for France in 1996. On his international debut, a win over Romania at Aurillac, he crossed over for two tries. His other cap came against the touring Springboks. He played in CA Brive's 1997 Heineken Cup final win over the Leicester Tigers. Labrousse coached CA Périgueux from 2005 to 2010, then again in 2014. See also List of France national rugby union players References ^ "Closure derails sell-out hopes". Sunday Telegraph. 21 April 1996. ^ "Périgueux : Thierry Labrousse, l'ancien entraîneur du CAP, va entraîner Vergt". Sud Ouest (in French). 18 April 2014. ^ "CA Périgueux : le retour de Thierry Labrousse comme entraîneur". Sud Ouest (in French). 5 November 2014. ^ "Top 14. SU Agen : pour Thierry Labrousse, "la descente paraît inéluctable"". La Dépêche (in French). 8 December 2020. External links Thierry Labrousse at ESPNscrum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Périgueux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux"},{"link_name":"CA Périgueux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_P%C3%A9rigueux"},{"link_name":"CA Brive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Brive"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1997 Heineken Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Heineken_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Thierry Labrousse (born 4 May 1970) is a French former professional rugby union player.Born in Périgueux, Labrousse was a back-row forward, most often used as a number eight. He captained CA Périgueux to the French Group B championship title in 1993, before linking up with CA Brive, from where he was capped twice for France in 1996. On his international debut, a win over Romania at Aurillac, he crossed over for two tries.[1] His other cap came against the touring Springboks. He played in CA Brive's 1997 Heineken Cup final win over the Leicester Tigers.[2]Labrousse coached CA Périgueux from 2005 to 2010, then again in 2014.[3][4]","title":"Thierry Labrousse"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of France national rugby union players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_France_national_rugby_union_players"}]	[{"reference":"\"Closure derails sell-out hopes\". Sunday Telegraph. 21 April 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/752029240","url_text":"\"Closure derails sell-out hopes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph","url_text":"Sunday Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Périgueux : Thierry Labrousse, l'ancien entraîneur du CAP, va entraîner Vergt\". Sud Ouest (in French). 18 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudouest.fr/sport/rugby/ca-perigueux/perigueux-thierry-labrousse-l-ancien-entraineur-du-cap-va-entrainer-vergt-8243676.php","url_text":"\"Périgueux : Thierry Labrousse, l'ancien entraîneur du CAP, va entraîner Vergt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Ouest_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sud Ouest"}]},{"reference":"\"CA Périgueux : le retour de Thierry Labrousse comme entraîneur\". Sud Ouest (in French). 5 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudouest.fr/sport/rugby/ca-perigueux/ca-perigueux-le-retour-de-thierry-labrousse-comme-entraineur-8077874.php","url_text":"\"CA Périgueux : le retour de Thierry Labrousse comme entraîneur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 14. SU Agen : pour Thierry Labrousse, \"la descente paraît inéluctable\"\". La Dépêche (in French). 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/12/08/pour-thierry-labrousse-la-descente-parait-ineluctable-9244502.php","url_text":"\"Top 14. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mid_Suffolk_District_Council_election	2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election	["1 Summary","2 Overall result","3 Ward results","3.1 Bacton","3.2 Battisford and Ringshall","3.3 Blakenham","3.4 Bramford","3.5 Chilton (Stowmarket)","3.6 Claydon and Barham","3.7 Combs Ford (Stowmarket)","3.8 Debenham","3.9 Elmswell and Woolpit","3.10 Eye","3.11 Fressingfield","3.12 Gislingham","3.13 Haughley, Stowupland and Wetherden","3.14 Hoxne and Worlingworth","3.15 Mendlesham","3.16 Needham Market","3.17 Onehouse","3.18 Palgrave","3.19 Rattlesden","3.20 Rickinghall","3.21 St Peters (Stowmarket)","3.22 Stonham","3.23 Stow Thorney (Stowmarket)","3.24 Stadbroke and Laxfield","3.25 Thurston","3.26 Walsham-le-Willows","4 References"]	English local election 2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election ← 2019 4 May 2023 (2023-05-04) 2027 → All 34 seats to Mid Suffolk District Council18 seats needed for a majorityTurnout36.9% First party Second party Leader Andy Mellen Suzie Morley (defeated) Party Green Conservative Last election 12 seats, 34.0% 16 seats, 40.6% Seats before 12 16 Seats won 24 6 Seat change 12 10 Popular vote 23,274 11,457 Percentage 56.8% 28.0% Swing 22.8% 12.6% Third party Fourth party Leader John Field Party Liberal Democrats Independent Last election 5 seats, 17.7% 1 seat, 3.4% Seats before 5 1 Seats won 4 0 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 4,451 n/a Percentage 10.9% n/a Swing 6.8% n/a Winner of each seat at the 2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election Leader before election Suzie MorleyConservative No overall control Leader after election Andy Mellen Green The 2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election took place on 4 May 2023 to elect members of Mid Suffolk District Council in Suffolk, England. This was on the same day as other local elections across England. Summary Ahead of the election the council was identified as a target for the Green Party. The council had been under no overall control since the previous election in 2019, and the Conservatives had retained minority control only with the support of the independent councillor and the chair's casting vote. At the 2019 election in the Stowmarket St Peters ward the Conservative candidate had only won by a single vote. The Green Party launched their local election campaign in Stowmarket on 5 April 2023. The council has become highly increasingly closely fought in recent years, partly due to local opposition to large-scale housing development and concerns of damage to the rural environment. The Greens won majority control following the election, and the Conservative leader of the council, Suzie Morley, lost her seat. It was the first time in the Green Party's history that they had taken majority control of a council. The Green group leader, Andy Mellen, was formally appointed leader of the council at the subsequent annual council meeting on 22 May 2023. Overall result The overall results were: 2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election Party Candidates Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/− Green 29 24 12 0 12 70.6 56.8 23,274 +22.8 Conservative 27 6 0 10 10 17.6 28.0 11,457 –12.6 Liberal Democrats 13 4 0 1 1 11.8 10.9 4,451 –6.8 Labour 8 0 0 0 0.0 3.6 1,490 –0.3 Reform UK 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.7 303 New Ward results The Statement of Persons Nominated, which details the candidates standing in each ward, was released by Mid Suffolk District Council following the close of nominations on 5 April 2023. The results were as follows, with an asterisk () indicating an incumbent councillor standing for re-election. Bacton Bacton Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Andy Mellen 745 75.5 +10.6 Conservative John Davie-Thornhill 207 21.0 –14.1 Liberal Democrats David Appleton 35 3.5 N/A Majority 538 54.5 +24.5 Turnout 992 42.8 +5.6 Registered electors 2,317 Green hold Swing 12.5 Battisford and Ringshall Battisford & Ringshall Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Dan Pratt* 608 68.6 +11.5 Conservative David Whybrow 226 25.5 –17.4 Liberal Democrats David Payne 52 5.9 N/A Majority 382 43.1 +39.1 Turnout 888 35.8 +4.3 Registered electors 2,482 Green hold Swing 14.5 Blakenham Blakenham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Adrienne Marriott 434 55.5 +3.8 Conservative Steven Wells 348 44.5 +15.9 Majority 86 9.0 –14.1 Turnout 792 26.8 –1.4 Registered electors 2,956 Liberal Democrats hold Swing 6.0 Bramford Bramford Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative James Caston* 395 54.3 –3.3 Green Emma Buckmaster 201 27.6 N/A Liberal Democrats Attila Borzak 132 18.1 –24.3 Majority 194 27.0 +11.8 Turnout 732 34.3 +3.1 Registered electors 2,134 Conservative hold Swing 3.3 Chilton (Stowmarket) Chilton (Stowmarket) (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Terence Carter* 1,062 71.7 +23.4 Green David Napier 998 67.4 N/A Conservative Vikash Mantha 426 28.8 –19.9 Turnout 1,481 30.1 +4.6 Registered electors 4,923 Green gain from Conservative Green hold Claydon and Barham Claydon & Barham (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green David Penny 708 42.9 +2.8 Conservative John Whitehead* 654 39.6 –13.8 Green Benjamin MacKinnon 624 37.8 N/A Conservative Nick Gowrley 572 34.6 –16.5 Liberal Democrats Martin Wheatley 223 13.5 –17.0 Labour Terence Wilson 185 11.2 N/A Liberal Democrats David Poulson 144 8.7 N/A Turnout 1,651 35.3 +4.3 Registered electors 4,682 Green gain from Conservative Conservative hold Combs Ford (Stowmarket) Combs Ford (Stowmarket) (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Keith Scarff* 1,059 70.1 +31.6 Green Miles Row 1,029 68.1 +37.4 Conservative Kieren Lathangue-Clayton 672 44.5 +13.8 Reform UK David Card 250 16.5 N/A Turnout 1,511 32.5 +2.0 Registered electors 4,648 Liberal Democrats hold Green gain from Independent Debenham Debenham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Teresa Davis 684 61.9 N/A Conservative Henry Dobell 421 38.1 –32.0 Majority 263 23.8 N/A Turnout 1,108 45.0 +8.0 Registered electors 2,463 Green gain from Conservative Elmswell and Woolpit Elmswell & Woolpit (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Sarah Mansel* 1,583 76.7 +17.1 Green Jen Overett 1,358 65.8 +11.0 Conservative Jason Duggan 623 30.2 –12.4 Turnout 2,065 37.2 +2.2 Registered electors 5,558 Green hold Green hold Eye Eye Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Lucy Elkin 693 70.2 N/A Conservative Kev Crispin 294 29.8 –23.1 Majority 399 40.0 N/A Turnout 995 44.2 Registered electors 2,249 Green gain from Conservative Fressingfield Fressingfield Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Lavinia Hadingham* 546 51.5 –3.3 Green Colin MacKinnon 515 48.5 +26.7 Majority 31 3.0 –30.0 Turnout 1,071 44.7 +4.5 Registered electors 2,397 Conservative hold Swing 15.0 Gislingham Gislingham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Rowland Warboys* 792 71.5 +22.7 Conservative Anne-Marie Hogan 315 28.5 –12.1 Majority 477 43.0 +34.6 Turnout 1,122 42.8 +1.8 Registered electors 2,622 Green hold Swing 17.4 Haughley, Stowupland and Wetherden Haughley, Stowupland & Wetherden (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Rachel Eburne* 1,407 80.2 +2.0 Green Janet Pearson 1,210 69.0 –4.2 Conservative Lesley Canham 425 24.2 +4.9 Turnout 1,754 36.0 –4.0 Registered electors 4,866 Green hold Green hold Hoxne and Worlingworth Hoxne & Worlingworth Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Matthew Hicks* 509 51.2 –7.7 Green Charlie Meyer 287 28.9 +8.8 Liberal Democrats Steve Card 97 9.8 –2.1 Labour Stephen Nixon 92 9.3 +0.2 Majority 222 22.3 –15.2 Turnout 994 42.6 +1.9 Registered electors 2,334 Conservative hold Swing 8.3 Mendlesham Mendlesham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Andrew Stringer* 816 79.1 +7.1 Conservative Paul Allen 215 20.8 –7.2 Majority 601 58.2 +14.4 Turnout 1,032 41.6 –7.9 Registered electors 2,479 Green hold Swing +7.1 Needham Market Needham Market (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Ross Piper 943 53.2 N/A Liberal Democrats Terry Lawrence 673 37.9 –25.6 Liberal Democrats Sylvie Watson 636 35.9 –24.4 Conservative Kay Oakes 564 31.8 –1.3 Turnout 1,774 34.4 +6.2 Registered electors 5,160 Green gain from Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats hold Onehouse Onehouse Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green John Matthissen* 534 58.6 +3.0 Conservative James Spencer 283 31.0 +1.6 Labour Rob Davies 87 9.5 N/A Majority 251 27.5 +1.7 Turnout 912 39.3 +0.9 Registered electors 2,318 Green hold Swing 0.7 Palgrave Palgrave Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Tim Weller 536 51.9 +10.0 Conservative Tim Passmore 444 43.0 –15.1 Reform UK Evan Heasley 53 5.1 N/A Majority 92 9.0 N/A Turnout 1,034 43.8 +5.4 Registered electors 2,360 Green gain from Conservative Swing 12.6 Rattlesden Rattlesden Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Nicky Willshere 694 65.4 +2.0 Conservative Stephen Gerrish 351 33.1 +7.4 Majority 343 32.3 +5.0 Turnout 1,061 42.5 +1.6 Registered electors 2,497 Liberal Democrats hold Swing 2.7 Rickinghall Rickinghall Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Gilly Morgan 466 53.0 -9.4 Labour Bob Caley 395 44.9 +7.3 Majority 71 8.1 -15.6 Turnout 879 36.7 +1.4 Registered electors 2,396 Conservative hold Swing -9.4 St Peters (Stowmarket) St Peters (Stowmarket) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Ollie Walters 589 73.7 N/A Conservative Richard Stevens 210 26.3 –23.8 Majority 379 47.4 N/A Turnout 808 35.5 +9.7 Registered electors 2,275 Green gain from Conservative Stonham Stonham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Nicholas Hardingham 615 59.5 +26.5 Conservative Suzie Morley* 419 40.5 –3.5 Majority 196 19.0 N/A Turnout 1,045 45.2 +5.4 Registered electors 2,313 Green gain from Conservative Swing 15.0 Stow Thorney (Stowmarket) Stow Thorney (Stowmarket) (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Colin Lay 662 59.3 +14.0 Green James Patchett 525 47.0 N/A Conservative Steve Runciman 359 32.2 -19.6 Labour Will Howman 280 25.1 -0.9 Turnout 1116 26.5 +4.5 Registered electors 4,209 Green gain from Conservative Green hold Stadbroke and Laxfield Stadbroke & Laxfield Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Anders Linder 441 46.7 -21.5 Green Gemma Whitehouse 263 27.9 N/A Labour Paul Theaker 155 16.4 N/A Liberal Democrats James Fawcett 82 8.7 -30.1 Majority 178 18.9 -16.0 Turnout 944 37.1 -1.7 Registered electors 2,546 Conservative hold Swing 21.5 Thurston Thurston (2 seats) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green David Bradbury 1,288 34.7 -10.9 Green Austin Davies* 1,224 33.0 +5.7 Conservative Harry Richardson* 716 19.3 -20.1 Liberal Democrats Oliver Hurdwell 190 5.1 -7.7 Labour Philip Cockell 164 4.4 -4.1 Labour Jean Staff 132 3.6 Turnout 3714 40.6 Registered electors 5,193 Green hold Green gain from Conservative Walsham-le-Willows Walsham-le-Willows Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Richard Winch 775 68.5 +43.7 Conservative Philippa Wilding 356 31.5 -19.3 Majority 419 37.0 Turnout 1140 42.7 Registered electors 2,672 Green gain from Conservative Swing References ^ Middleton, Siobhan (24 April 2023). "Suffolk local elections 2023: The Liberal Democrats set out their stall". Suffolk News. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Notice of Election" (PDF). Mid Suffolk District Council. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ Geater, Paul (12 April 2023). "Is Mid Suffolk about to turn Green in council election?". Ipswich Star. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ Walker, Peter (2023-04-05). "Greens launch local elections campaign with pledge to push for rent controls". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-02. ^ "Local elections 2023: Greens eye first council win in former Tory heartland". BBC News. 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-05-02. ^ Irwin, Vikki; Cooper, Pete (5 May 2023). "Local elections 2023: Greens secure victory in Mid Suffolk". BBC News. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ Nicholl, Kaia (23 May 2023). "New Mid Suffolk District Council leader Andy Mellen outlines priorities and promises 'a greener and more sustainable direction'". Suffolk News. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Mid Suffolk result – Local Elections 2023". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-05-05. ^ "STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL & SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS" (PDF). Mid Suffolk District Council. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Councillors for Mid Suffolk District". Mid Suffolk District Council. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Declaration of result of poll". Mid Suffolk District Council. Retrieved 6 January 2024. vte Council elections in SuffolkSuffolk County Council 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 Babergh District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 East Suffolk District Council 2019 2023 Ipswich Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Mid Suffolk District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 West Suffolk District Council 2019 2023 East Suffolk County Council 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 Abolished Forest Heath District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Abolished St Edmundsbury Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Abolished Suffolk Coastal District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Abolished Waveney District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2015 Abolished West Suffolk County Council 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 Abolished See also: Wards Boundary changes vte(2022 ←) 2023 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2024)EnglandMetropolitan boroughs Barnsley Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Slough South Gloucestershire Southampton Southend-on-Sea Stockton-on-Tees Stoke-on-Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay West Berkshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Non-metropolitan districts Amber Valley Arun Ashfield Ashford Babergh Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Bassetlaw Blaby Bolsover Boston Braintree Breckland Brentwood Broadland Bromsgrove Broxbourne Broxtowe Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Canterbury Castle Point Charnwood Chelmsford Cherwell Chesterfield Chichester Chorley Colchester Cotswold Crawley Dacorum Dartford Derbyshire Dales Dover East Cambridgeshire East Devon East Hampshire East Hertfordshire East Lindsey East Staffordshire East Suffolk Eastbourne Eastleigh Elmbridge Epping Forest Epsom and Ewell Erewash Exeter Fenland Folkestone & Hythe Forest of Dean Fylde Gedling Gravesham Great Yarmouth Guildford Harborough Harlow Hart Havant Hertsmere High Peak Hinckley and Bosworth Horsham Hyndburn Ipswich King's Lynn and West Norfolk Lancaster Lewes Lichfield Lincoln Maidstone Maldon Malvern Hills Mansfield Melton Mid Devon Mid Suffolk Mid Sussex Mole Valley New Forest Newark and Sherwood North Devon North East Derbyshire North Hertfordshire North Kesteven North Norfolk North Warwickshire North West Leicestershire Norwich Oadby and Wigston Pendle Preston Redditch Reigate and Banstead Ribble Valley Rochford Rossendale Rother Rugby Runnymede Rushcliffe Rushmoor Sevenoaks South Derbyshire South Hams South Holland South Kesteven South Norfolk South Oxfordshire South Ribble South Staffordshire Spelthorne St Albans Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stevenage Stratford-on-Avon Surrey Heath Swale Tamworth Tandridge Teignbridge Tendring Test Valley Tewkesbury Thanet Three Rivers Tonbridge and Malling Torridge Tunbridge Wells Uttlesford Vale of White Horse Warwick Watford Waverley Wealden Welwyn Hatfield West Devon West Lancashire West Lindsey West Oxfordshire West Suffolk Winchester Woking Worcester Worthing Wychavon Wyre Wyre Forest Mayoral Bedford Leicester Mansfield Middlesbrough Northern Ireland Antrim & Newtownabbey Ards & North Down Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Belfast Causeway Coast & Glens Derry City & Strabane Fermanagh & Omagh Lisburn & Castlereagh Mid & East Antrim Mid Ulster Newry, Mourne & Down	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid Suffolk District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Suffolk_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"local elections across England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_Kingdom_local_elections"}],"text":"The 2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election took place on 4 May 2023 to elect members of Mid Suffolk District Council in Suffolk, England.[2] This was on the same day as other local elections across England.","title":"2023 Mid Suffolk District Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"no overall control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_overall_control"},{"link_name":"election in 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Mid_Suffolk_District_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Stowmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowmarket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ahead of the election the council was identified as a target for the Green Party. The council had been under no overall control since the previous election in 2019, and the Conservatives had retained minority control only with the support of the independent councillor and the chair's casting vote. At the 2019 election in the Stowmarket St Peters ward the Conservative candidate had only won by a single vote.[3]The Green Party launched their local election campaign in Stowmarket on 5 April 2023.[4]The council has become highly increasingly closely fought in recent years, partly due to local opposition to large-scale housing development and concerns of damage to the rural environment.[5]The Greens won majority control following the election, and the Conservative leader of the council, Suzie Morley, lost her seat. It was the first time in the Green Party's history that they had taken majority control of a council.[6] The Green group leader, Andy Mellen, was formally appointed leader of the council at the subsequent annual council meeting on 22 May 2023.[7]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The overall results were:[8]","title":"Overall result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Statement of Persons Nominated, which details the candidates standing in each ward, was released by Mid Suffolk District Council following the close of nominations on 5 April 2023.[9] The results were as follows, with an asterisk (*) indicating an incumbent councillor standing for re-election.[10][11]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bacton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Battisford and Ringshall","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Blakenham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bramford","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chilton (Stowmarket)","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Claydon and Barham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Combs Ford (Stowmarket)","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Debenham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elmswell and Woolpit","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eye","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fressingfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gislingham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haughley, Stowupland and Wetherden","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hoxne and Worlingworth","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mendlesham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Needham Market","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Onehouse","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Palgrave","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rattlesden","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rickinghall","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St Peters (Stowmarket)","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stonham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stow Thorney (Stowmarket)","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stadbroke and Laxfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thurston","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Walsham-le-Willows","title":"Ward results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Middleton, Siobhan (24 April 2023). \"Suffolk local elections 2023: The Liberal Democrats set out their stall\". Suffolk News. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suffolknews.co.uk/bury-st-edmunds/news/suffolk-local-elections-2023-the-liberal-democrats-set-out-9309669/","url_text":"\"Suffolk local elections 2023: The Liberal Democrats set out their stall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of Election\" (PDF). Mid Suffolk District Council. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.babergh.gov.uk/assets/Elections/Current-Election-Notices/Notice-of-Election-Mid-Suffolk-District-Council.pdf","url_text":"\"Notice of Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Suffolk_District_Council","url_text":"Mid Suffolk District Council"}]},{"reference":"Geater, Paul (12 April 2023). \"Is Mid Suffolk about to turn Green in council election?\". Ipswich Star. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/23443780.mid-suffolk-turn-green-council-election/","url_text":"\"Is Mid Suffolk about to turn Green in council election?\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Peter (2023-04-05). \"Greens launch local elections campaign with pledge to push for rent controls\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/apr/05/green-party-launch-local-elections-campaign-pledge-rent-controls","url_text":"\"Greens launch local elections campaign with pledge to push for rent controls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Local elections 2023: Greens eye first council win in former Tory heartland\". BBC News. 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-65301710","url_text":"\"Local elections 2023: Greens eye first council win in former Tory heartland\""}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Vikki; Cooper, Pete (5 May 2023). \"Local elections 2023: Greens secure victory in Mid Suffolk\". BBC News. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-65493652","url_text":"\"Local elections 2023: Greens secure victory in Mid Suffolk\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholl, Kaia (23 May 2023). \"New Mid Suffolk District Council leader Andy Mellen outlines priorities and promises 'a greener and more sustainable direction'\". Suffolk News. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suffolknews.co.uk/stowmarket/leader-of-first-majority-green-council-in-uk-promises-green-9313816/","url_text":"\"New Mid Suffolk District Council leader Andy Mellen outlines priorities and promises 'a greener and more sustainable direction'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mid Suffolk result – Local Elections 2023\". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2023/england/councils/E07000203","url_text":"\"Mid Suffolk result – Local Elections 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL & SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS\" (PDF). Mid Suffolk District Council. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.babergh.gov.uk/assets/Elections/2023-Elections/Statement-of-Persons-Nominated-Mid-Suffolk-District-Council.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL & SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Suffolk_District_Council","url_text":"Mid Suffolk District Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors for Mid Suffolk District\". Mid Suffolk District Council. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404180408/https://baberghmidsuffolk.moderngov.co.uk/mgMemberIndexGroup.aspx?bcr=1&g=MSDCC&m=MSDCCW","url_text":"\"Councillors for Mid Suffolk District\""},{"url":"https://baberghmidsuffolk.moderngov.co.uk/mgMemberIndexGroup.aspx?bcr=1&g=MSDCC&m=MSDCCW","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Declaration of result of poll\". Mid Suffolk District Council. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos	County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos	["1 History","2 Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos","2.1 Orsini family","2.2 Angevins","2.3 House of Tocco","3 References","4 Sources"]	Coordinates: 38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570Former country Not to be confused with State of Palestine. County Palatine of Cephalonia and ZakynthosΠαλατινή Κομητεία της Κεφαλονιάς και της Ζακύνθου (Greek)Palatiní Komiteía tis Kefaloniás kai tis ZakýnthouVassal state of various countries, de facto autonomous1185–1479County Palatine of Cephalonia and ZakynthosCapitalCastle of Saint GeorgeGovernment • TypeCounty palatineCount palatine • 1185–1195 Margaritus of Brindisi• 1448–1479 Leonardo III Tocco Historical eraMiddle Ages• Established 1185• Divided by the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice 1479 Preceded by Succeeded by Byzantine Empire Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands Ottoman Empire Today part ofGreece The County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 to 1479 as part of the Kingdom of Sicily. The title and the right to rule the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was originally given to Margaritus of Brindisi for his services to William II, King of Sicily, in 1185. Following Margaritus, the county passed on to a branch of the Orsini family until 1325, when it passed briefly to Angevins and then, from 1357, to the Tocco family. The Tocco used the county as a springboard for their acquisition of lands in the Greek mainland, and were successful in gaining control over the Despotate of Epirus in 1411. However, facing the advance of the Ottoman Turks they successively lost their mainland territories and were once again reduced to the County Palatine, which they held until 1479, when it was divided between Venice and the Ottomans. Zakynthos was put under the direct rule of Venice. History The beginning of the Frankish conquest in the islands of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca was linked with the pirate and admiral of the Sicilian fleet Margaritus of Brindisi, known to the chroniclers of the late 12th century. He developed significant activity as the privateer of William II, Norman King of Sicily. In Latin documents of 1192 and 1193, he signed in Greek as Μαργαρίτος Βρεντεσίνος αμιράς κόμης Μελιτήιος (Margaritus Admiral, Count of Malta). Irrespective of Margaritus’ unclear descent, it is certain that William, after the Norman invasion of 1185 against the Byzantine provinces, granted him the new Norman acquisitions in the Ionian Sea, in exchange for the services he had offered to the Norman. Ten years later, in 1195, Matthew or Maio Orsini, who is generally considered a scion of the noble Roman Orsini family, succeeded Margaritus as the ruler of the Ionian Islands. In order to secure his position, Matthew recognized the dominion of Venice in 1209 and of the Pope in 1216 and later of the Principality of Achaea in 1236. During that same period the Orthodox bishopric of the islands was abolished, the Episcopal thrones were occupied by Latins and the feudal system was put into force. The successor of Matthew, Richard, the "most noble count of the palace and lord of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca", authenticated in 1264 the estates of the Latin bishopric of Cephalonia. During the reign of the latter Frankish ruler, Ithaca had become a refuge for pirates. The Orsini family did not only rule the Ionian Islands but also conquered Epirus in early 14th century, thus acquiring the title of 'the despot' as well. Certain members of the family embraced the Orthodox dogma and married Greek women. After the death of John II Orsini in 1335, the islands were occupied by the Anjou, who, as rulers of Achaea, had the islands under their suzerainty until then. The Angevin occupation lasted until 1357, when the said Greek territory was ceded to the Italian family of the Tocchi, who remained in power for over a century and secured unity in the governance of those three Ionian Islands. In 1357, Robert of Taranto ceded Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca to the governor of Corfu, Leonardo I Tocco, as reward for the services he had provided when he was a captive of the King of Hungary. After the expansion of his dominion to Leukas, Leonardo I Tocco attempted to reinforce his position by entering into family relations with the powerful Florentine family of the Acciaiuoli. This policy gave the family of the Tocchi increased power, which reached its peak during the 15th century with its expansion to the continental coast, after Carlo I Tocco conquered Ioannina (1411) and Arta (1416). He received the title of despot by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and maintained the Byzantine tradition. Seated in the islands of the Ionian Sea or in the acquisitions in Central Greece, the dynasty of the Tocchi attempted to win over the populations by ceding to the seigneurs, according to the Chronicle of the Tocco, "inheritances", "estates", "kratimata" and "pronoias". An example of this is the family Galati, who received privileges and estates from the Tocco on the island of Ithaca. Following an analogous policy on the religious front, Leonardo III (1448–1479), the last of the Tocchi dynasty, reinstated the Orthodox episcopal throne of Cephalonia that had been abolished by the Orsini. Venice was not pleased with the increased influence of the Tocchi. The downfall of the duchy of the Tocchi by the Turks (1479) gave the opportunity to the Serenissima to intervene resolutely in the Ionian Sea and succeeded, through the treaty of 1484, in annexing Zakynthos and, in 1500, Cephalonia and Ithaca. Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Margaritus of Brindisi Orsini family Matthew Orsini, 1195 – after 1238 Richard Orsini, before 1260 – 1304 John I Orsini, 1304–1317 Nicholas Orsini, 1317–1323 John II Orsini, 1323–1325 Angevins John of Gravina, 1325–1336 Robert of Taranto, 1336–1357 House of Tocco Coat of arms of the Tocco as counts palatine of Cephalonia (left) and rulers of Epirus (right) Leonardo I Tocco, 1357–1376 Charles I Tocco, 1376–1429 Charles II Tocco, 1429–1448 Leonardo III Tocco, 1448–1479 References ^ ODB, "Ionian Sea" (T. E. Gregory), p. 1007. ^ Leon-Robert Menager, "Amiratus-Αμηράς: L'emirat et les origines de l'amiraute (XIe-XIIIe siecles)", Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., p. 258, 1960 ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 58, 176. ^ ODB, "Kephalenia" (T. E. Gregory), pp. 1122–1223. ^ Kiesewetter 2006, p. 339. ^ Miller 1908, p. 47. ^ Kiesewetter 2006, p. 348. ^ Jean Longnon L’Empire Latin de Constantinople et la Principauté de Morée, Payot, Paris 1949, p. 175 ^ a b Miller 1908, p. 484. ^ Miller 1921, p. 262. ^ Miller 1908, p. 157. ^ Nicol 2010, p. 82. ^ Polemis 1968, pp. 95 (note 2), 98–99. ^ Nicol 2010, pp. 81–107, 107–121. ^ Nicol 2010, p. 101. ^ ODB, "Tocco" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 2090. ^ a b Miller 1908, p. 292. ^ Zečević 2014, p. 80. ^ Zečević 2014, p. 81. ^ Zečević 2014, pp. 82–84. ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 25–9. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299. ^ Setton 1978, p. 515. Sources Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Kiesewetter, Andreas (2006). "Preludio alla Quarta Crociata? Megareites di Brindisi, Maio di Cefalonia e la signoria sulle isole ionie (1185-1250)". In Gherardo Ortalli; Giorgio Ravegnani; Peter Schreiner (eds.). Quarta Crociata. Venezia - Bisanzio - Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004 (in Italian). Venice: Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. ISBN 8888143742. Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439. Miller, William (1921). Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 457893641. Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (2010). The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9. Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. OCLC 299868377. Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2. Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8. Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th – 15th Centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 978-8687115118. vteHistory of the Ionian Islands Mycenean period Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic period Roman period Byzantine period County Palatine Despotate of Epirus Venetian rule Republican French rule Septinsular Republic Imperial French rule British rule Union with Greece Axis occupation 1953 earthquake Ionian Islands region vteFrankokratia (1204–1797)History Fourth Crusade Constantinople 1203 Constantinople 1204 Partitio Romaniae Kountouras Grove Treaty of Nymphaeum Constantinople 1235 Genoese occupation of Rhodes War of the Euboeote Succession Pelagonia Constantinople 1260 Constantinople 1261 Treaty of Viterbo Prinitza Makryplagi Settepozzi Neopatras Demetrias Revolt of Alexios Kallergis Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes Halmyros Manolada Byzantine–Genoese War Revolt of Saint Titus Echinades Rhodes 1444 Vlastos' conspiracy 1st Ottoman–Venetian War Rhodes 1480 2nd Ottoman–Venetian War Rhodes 1522 3rd Ottoman–Venetian War 4th Ottoman–Venetian War 5th Ottoman–Venetian War Siege of Candia 6th Ottoman–Venetian War 7th Ottoman–Venetian War Fall of the Republic of Venice Treaty of Campo Formio Major centresCities Constantinople Thessaloniki Glarentza Patras Athens Islands Crete Chios Lesbos Rhodes Naxos States and territories Latin Empire Kingdom of Thessalonica Principality of Achaea Akova Arcadia Argos and Nauplia Bodonitsa Chalandritsa Estamira Geraki Gritzena Kalavryta Karytaina Nikli Passavant Patras Veligosti and Damala Vostitsa Duchy of Athens Salona Duchy of Neopatras County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Lordship of Chios Maona of Chios and Phocaea Catalan Company Navarrese Company Hospitaller Rhodes Triarchy of Negroponte Duchy of the Archipelago Stato da Màr of the Republic of Venice Crete Ionian Islands Modon and Coron Kingdom of the Morea Lepanto Parga Preveza People Latin Emperors Latin Empresses Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Princes of Achaea Princesses of Achaea Baillis of Achaea Archbishops of Patras Archbishops of Corinth Tocco Carlo I Acciaioli Antonio I Angevins Charles I of Naples Gattilusi Pallavicini family Villehardouin family Geoffrey I William II Marco I Sanudo Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat Knights Hospitaller Pierre d'Aubusson Juan Fernández de Heredia Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam Foulques de Villaret Roger de Flor Zaccaria Benedetto I Martino Centurione II Cultural impact Chronicle of the Morea Chronicle of the Tocco Assizes of Romania Catholic Church in the Middle East Latin Church in the Middle East Latins Catholic Church in Greece Cretan School Cretan literature Heptanese School (painting) Cuisine of Greece MonumentsFrankish Argyrokastro Castle Chlemoutsi Exomvourgo Fortifications of Rhodes Grand Magne Isova Old Navarino castle Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes Platamon Castle Zaraka Monastery Genoese Castle of Chios Castle of Mytilene Venetian Arkadi Monastery Bourtzi Castle Frangokastello Fortezza of Rethymno Fortifications of Chania Fortifications of Heraklion Gouverneto Monastery Koules Fortress Toplou Monastery New Fortress, Corfu Old Fortress, Corfu Palamidi vteCrusader statesList of Crusader statesLevant Kingdom of Jerusalem vassals Principality of Antioch County of Edessa Marash County of Tripoli Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Cyprus Greece Latin Empire of Constantinople Duchy of Philippopolis Kingdom of Thessalonica Principality of Achaea Duchy of Athens Duchy of Neopatras Duchy of the Archipelago Triarchy of Negroponte County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Lordship of Argos and Nauplia Venetian Stato da Màr Knights Hospitaller Hospitaller Rhodes Genoese colonies Prussiaand Livonia State of the Teutonic Order* Teutonic Order Livonian Order Livonian Brothers of the Sword* Archbishopric of Riga Bishopric of Courland Bishopric of Dorpat Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek Dobrzyń Land Order of Dobrzyń Free City of Riga Military orders Crusading movement Crusades 38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Ionian islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_islands"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Margaritus of Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Orsini family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsini_family"},{"link_name":"Angevins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Tocco family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocco_family"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"County Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Palatine"},{"link_name":"divided between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"}],"text":"Former countryNot to be confused with State of Palestine.The County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 to 1479 as part of the Kingdom of Sicily. The title and the right to rule the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was originally given to Margaritus of Brindisi for his services to William II, King of Sicily, in 1185.Following Margaritus, the county passed on to a branch of the Orsini family until 1325, when it passed briefly to Angevins and then, from 1357, to the Tocco family. The Tocco used the county as a springboard for their acquisition of lands in the Greek mainland, and were successful in gaining control over the Despotate of Epirus in 1411. However, facing the advance of the Ottoman Turks they successively lost their mainland territories and were once again reduced to the County Palatine, which they held until 1479, when it was divided between Venice and the Ottomans. Zakynthos was put under the direct rule of Venice.","title":"County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Greece"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_(island)"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Margaritus of Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB%22Ionian_Sea%22_(T._E._Gregory),_p._1007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82-2"},{"link_name":"Ionian 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Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol2010101-15"},{"link_name":"Tocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocco_family"},{"link_name":"Robert of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_Prince_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Leonardo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"King of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB%22Tocco%22_(A.-M._Talbot),_p._2090-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1908292-17"},{"link_name":"Florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Acciaiuoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciaiuoli"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1908292-17"},{"link_name":"Carlo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZe%C4%8Devi%C4%87201480-18"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZe%C4%8Devi%C4%87201481-19"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZe%C4%8Devi%C4%87201482%E2%80%9384-20"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Galati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatis_(family)"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_(island)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"Leonardo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_III_Tocco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1908484-9"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978515-22"}],"text":"The beginning of the Frankish conquest in the islands of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca was linked with the pirate and admiral of the Sicilian fleet Margaritus of Brindisi, known to the chroniclers of the late 12th century. He developed significant activity as the privateer of William II, Norman King of Sicily.[1] In Latin documents of 1192 and 1193, he signed in Greek as Μαργαρίτος Βρεντεσίνος αμιράς κόμης Μελιτήιος (Margaritus Admiral, Count of Malta).[2] Irrespective of Margaritus’ unclear descent, it is certain that William, after the Norman invasion of 1185 against the Byzantine provinces, granted him the new Norman acquisitions in the Ionian Sea, in exchange for the services he had offered to the Norman.[3][4]Ten years later, in 1195, Matthew or Maio Orsini, who is generally considered a scion of the noble Roman Orsini family, succeeded Margaritus as the ruler of the Ionian Islands.[5] In order to secure his position, Matthew recognized the dominion of Venice in 1209[6] and of the Pope in 1216[7] and later of the Principality of Achaea in 1236.[8] During that same period the Orthodox bishopric of the islands was abolished, the Episcopal thrones were occupied by Latins and the feudal system was put into force.[9] The successor of Matthew, Richard, the \"most noble count of the palace and lord of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca\", authenticated in 1264 the estates of the Latin bishopric of Cephalonia.[10] During the reign of the latter Frankish ruler, Ithaca had become a refuge for pirates.[11]The Orsini family did not only rule the Ionian Islands but also conquered Epirus in early 14th century, thus acquiring the title of 'the despot' as well.[12][13] Certain members of the family embraced the Orthodox dogma and married Greek women.[14] After the death of John II Orsini in 1335, the islands were occupied by the Anjou, who, as rulers of Achaea, had the islands under their suzerainty until then.[15]The Angevin occupation lasted until 1357, when the said Greek territory was ceded to the Italian family of the Tocchi, who remained in power for over a century and secured unity in the governance of those three Ionian Islands. In 1357, Robert of Taranto ceded Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca to the governor of Corfu, Leonardo I Tocco, as reward for the services he had provided when he was a captive of the King of Hungary.[16][17]After the expansion of his dominion to Leukas, Leonardo I Tocco attempted to reinforce his position by entering into family relations with the powerful Florentine family of the Acciaiuoli.[17]This policy gave the family of the Tocchi increased power, which reached its peak during the 15th century with its expansion to the continental coast, after Carlo I Tocco conquered Ioannina (1411)[18] and Arta (1416).[19] He received the title of despot by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and maintained the Byzantine tradition.[20] Seated in the islands of the Ionian Sea or in the acquisitions in Central Greece, the dynasty of the Tocchi attempted to win over the populations by ceding to the seigneurs, according to the Chronicle of the Tocco, \"inheritances\", \"estates\", \"kratimata\" and \"pronoias\". An example of this is the family Galati, who received privileges and estates from the Tocco on the island of Ithaca.[21] Following an analogous policy on the religious front, Leonardo III (1448–1479), the last of the Tocchi dynasty, reinstated the Orthodox episcopal throne of Cephalonia that had been abolished by the Orsini.[9]Venice was not pleased with the increased influence of the Tocchi. The downfall of the duchy of the Tocchi by the Turks (1479) gave the opportunity to the Serenissima to intervene resolutely in the Ionian Sea and succeeded, through the treaty of 1484, in annexing Zakynthos and, in 1500, Cephalonia and Ithaca.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaritus of Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi"}],"text":"Margaritus of Brindisi","title":"Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Richard Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Orsini"},{"link_name":"John I Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Orsini"},{"link_name":"John II Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Orsini"}],"sub_title":"Orsini family","text":"Matthew Orsini, 1195 – after 1238\nRichard Orsini, before 1260 – 1304\nJohn I Orsini, 1304–1317\nNicholas Orsini, 1317–1323\nJohn II Orsini, 1323–1325","title":"Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Gravina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gravina"},{"link_name":"Robert of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Taranto"}],"sub_title":"Angevins","text":"John of Gravina, 1325–1336\nRobert of Taranto, 1336–1357","title":"Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Carlo_I_Tocco_in_Arta.svg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Charles I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Charles II Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Leonardo III Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_III_Tocco"}],"sub_title":"House of Tocco","text":"Coat of arms of the Tocco as counts palatine of Cephalonia (left) and rulers of Epirus (right)Leonardo I Tocco, 1357–1376\nCharles I Tocco, 1376–1429\nCharles II Tocco, 1429–1448\nLeonardo III Tocco, 1448–1479","title":"Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8888143742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8888143742"},{"link_name":"Miller, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/latinsinlevanthi00mill/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"563022439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/563022439"},{"link_name":"Miller, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Essays on the Latin Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"457893641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/457893641"},{"link_name":"Nicol, Donald MacGillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle 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Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"Rhodes 1522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)"},{"link_name":"3rd Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"4th Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)"},{"link_name":"5th Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Candia"},{"link_name":"6th Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morean_War"},{"link_name":"7th Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Republic of 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Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Archbishopric_of_Patras"},{"link_name":"Archbishops of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Archbishopric_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocco_family"},{"link_name":"Carlo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Acciaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciaioli_family"},{"link_name":"Antonio I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_I_Acciaioli"},{"link_name":"Angevins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Gattilusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattilusi"},{"link_name":"Pallavicini family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavicini_family"},{"link_name":"Villehardouin family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villehardouin_family"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey 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I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Centurione II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurione_II_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Assizes of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Latin Church in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Latins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Cretan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_School"},{"link_name":"Cretan literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_literature"},{"link_name":"Heptanese School (painting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Cuisine of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Argyrokastro Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrokastro_Castle"},{"link_name":"Chlemoutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlemoutsi"},{"link_name":"Exomvourgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exomvourgo"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Grand Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Magne"},{"link_name":"Isova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isova"},{"link_name":"Old Navarino castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navarino_castle"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Platamon Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platamon_Castle"},{"link_name":"Zaraka Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaraka_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Castle of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Arkadi Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadi_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Bourtzi Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourtzi_Castle"},{"link_name":"Frangokastello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangokastello"},{"link_name":"Fortezza of Rethymno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortezza_of_Rethymno"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Chania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Chania"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of 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states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_states"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremer"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Principality of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"County of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Marash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Marash"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankokratia"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Philippopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Philippopolis"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Principality of Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Neopatras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras"},{"link_name":"Duchy of the Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Triarchy of Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Argos and Nauplia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Argos_and_Nauplia"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Stato da Màr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Hospitaller Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Genoese colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa#Territories_during_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Mariana"},{"link_name":"State of the Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"Livonian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order"},{"link_name":"Livonian Brothers of the Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Courland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Dorpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek"},{"link_name":"Dobrzyń Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrzy%C5%84_Land"},{"link_name":"Order of Dobrzyń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Dobrzy%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Free City of Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)"},{"link_name":"Crusading movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading_movement"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos&params=38.0086_N_20.657_E_type:country"}],"text":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nKiesewetter, Andreas (2006). \"Preludio alla Quarta Crociata? Megareites di Brindisi, Maio di Cefalonia e la signoria sulle isole ionie (1185-1250)\". In Gherardo Ortalli; Giorgio Ravegnani; Peter Schreiner (eds.). Quarta Crociata. Venezia - Bisanzio - Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004 (in Italian). Venice: Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. ISBN 8888143742.\nMiller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439.\nMiller, William (1921). Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 457893641.\nNicol, Donald MacGillivray (2010). The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.\nPolemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. OCLC 299868377.\nSetton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.\nSoustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.\nZečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th – 15th Centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 978-8687115118.vteHistory of the Ionian Islands\nMycenean period\nArchaic, Classical and Hellenistic period\nRoman period\nByzantine period\nCounty Palatine\nDespotate of Epirus\nVenetian rule\nRepublican French rule\nSeptinsular Republic\nImperial French rule\nBritish rule\nUnion with Greece\nAxis occupation\n1953 earthquake\nIonian Islands regionvteFrankokratia (1204–1797)History\nFourth Crusade\nConstantinople 1203\nConstantinople 1204\nPartitio Romaniae\nKountouras Grove\nTreaty of Nymphaeum\nConstantinople 1235\nGenoese occupation of Rhodes\nWar of the Euboeote Succession\nPelagonia\nConstantinople 1260\nConstantinople 1261\nTreaty of Viterbo\nPrinitza\nMakryplagi\nSettepozzi\nNeopatras\nDemetrias\nRevolt of Alexios Kallergis\nHospitaller conquest of Rhodes\nHalmyros\nManolada\nByzantine–Genoese War\nRevolt of Saint Titus\nEchinades\nRhodes 1444\nVlastos' conspiracy\n1st Ottoman–Venetian War\nRhodes 1480\n2nd Ottoman–Venetian War\nRhodes 1522\n3rd Ottoman–Venetian War\n4th Ottoman–Venetian War\n5th Ottoman–Venetian War\nSiege of Candia\n6th Ottoman–Venetian War\n7th Ottoman–Venetian War\nFall of the Republic of Venice\nTreaty of Campo Formio\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor centresCities\nConstantinople\nThessaloniki\nGlarentza\nPatras\nAthens\nIslands\nCrete\nChios\nLesbos\nRhodes\nNaxos\nStates and territories\nLatin Empire\nKingdom of Thessalonica\nPrincipality of Achaea\nAkova\nArcadia\nArgos and Nauplia\nBodonitsa\nChalandritsa\nEstamira\nGeraki\nGritzena\nKalavryta\nKarytaina\nNikli\nPassavant\nPatras\nVeligosti and Damala\nVostitsa\nDuchy of Athens\nSalona\nDuchy of Neopatras\nCounty Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos\nLordship of Chios\nMaona of Chios and Phocaea\nCatalan Company\nNavarrese Company\nHospitaller Rhodes\nTriarchy of Negroponte\nDuchy of the Archipelago\nStato da Màr of the Republic of Venice\nCrete\nIonian Islands\nModon and Coron\nKingdom of the Morea\nLepanto\nParga\nPreveza\nPeople\nLatin Emperors\nLatin Empresses\nLatin Patriarchate of Constantinople\nPrinces of Achaea\nPrincesses of Achaea\nBaillis of Achaea\nArchbishops of Patras\nArchbishops of Corinth\nTocco\nCarlo I\nAcciaioli\nAntonio I\nAngevins\nCharles I of Naples\nGattilusi\nPallavicini family\nVillehardouin family\nGeoffrey I\nWilliam II\nMarco I Sanudo\nBoniface I, Marquess of Montferrat\nKnights Hospitaller\nPierre d'Aubusson\nJuan Fernández de Heredia\nPhilippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam\nFoulques de Villaret\nRoger de Flor\nZaccaria\nBenedetto I\nMartino\nCenturione II\nCultural impact\nChronicle of the Morea\nChronicle of the Tocco\nAssizes of Romania\nCatholic Church in the Middle East\nLatin Church in the Middle East\nLatins\nCatholic Church in Greece\nCretan School\nCretan literature\nHeptanese School (painting)\nCuisine of Greece\nMonumentsFrankish\nArgyrokastro Castle\nChlemoutsi\nExomvourgo\nFortifications of Rhodes\nGrand Magne\nIsova\nOld Navarino castle\nPalace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes\nPlatamon Castle\nZaraka Monastery\nGenoese\nCastle of Chios\nCastle of Mytilene\nVenetian\nArkadi Monastery\nBourtzi Castle\nFrangokastello\nFortezza of Rethymno\nFortifications of Chania\nFortifications of Heraklion\nGouverneto Monastery\nKoules Fortress\nToplou Monastery\nNew Fortress, Corfu\nOld Fortress, Corfu\nPalamidivteCrusader statesList of Crusader statesLevant\nKingdom of Jerusalem\nvassals\nPrincipality of Antioch\nCounty of Edessa\nMarash\nCounty of Tripoli\nArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia\nKingdom of Cyprus\nGreece\nLatin Empire of Constantinople\nDuchy of Philippopolis\nKingdom of Thessalonica\nPrincipality of Achaea\nDuchy of Athens\nDuchy of Neopatras\nDuchy of the Archipelago\nTriarchy of Negroponte\nCounty Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos\nLordship of Argos and Nauplia\nVenetian Stato da Màr\nKnights Hospitaller\nHospitaller Rhodes\nGenoese colonies\nPrussiaand Livonia\nState of the Teutonic Order\nTeutonic Order\nLivonian Order\nLivonian Brothers of the Sword\nArchbishopric of Riga\nBishopric of Courland\nBishopric of Dorpat\nBishopric of Ösel–Wiek\nDobrzyń Land\nOrder of Dobrzyń\nFree City of Riga\n\nMilitary orders\nCrusading movement\nCrusades38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the Tocco as counts palatine of Cephalonia (left) and rulers of Epirus (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Carlo_I_Tocco_in_Arta.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Carlo_I_Tocco_in_Arta.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 25–9. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1085554299","url_text":"Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-04-2189-7","url_text":"960-04-2189-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085554299","url_text":"1085554299"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton","url_text":"Setton, Kenneth M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC","url_text":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2","url_text":"0-87169-127-2"}]},{"reference":"Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften","url_text":"Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0399-8","url_text":"978-3-7001-0399-8"}]},{"reference":"Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th – 15th Centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 978-8687115118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8687115118","url_text":"978-8687115118"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos&params=38.0086_N_20.657_E_type:country","external_links_name":"38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1085554299","external_links_name":"Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085554299","external_links_name":"1085554299"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/latinsinlevanthi00mill/","external_links_name":"The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563022439","external_links_name":"563022439"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft/","external_links_name":"Essays on the Latin Orient"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457893641","external_links_name":"457893641"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC","external_links_name":"The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx5dAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299868377","external_links_name":"299868377"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC","external_links_name":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos&params=38.0086_N_20.657_E_type:country","external_links_name":"38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuichan_Road_Station	Shuichan Road station	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 31°22′53″N 121°29′18″E / 31.381302°N 121.488247°E / 31.381302; 121.488247Shanghai Metro station Shuichan Road水产路Station platformGeneral informationLocationTongji Road (同济路) and Shuichan RoadBaoshan District, ShanghaiChinaCoordinates31°22′53″N 121°29′18″E / 31.381302°N 121.488247°E / 31.381302; 121.488247Operated byShanghai No. 3 Metro Operation Co. Ltd.Line(s) Line 3Platforms2 (2 side platforms)Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeElevatedAccessibleYesHistoryOpened18 December 2006 (2006-12-18)Services Preceding station Shanghai Metro Following station Baoyang Roadtowards North Jiangyang Road Line 3 Songbin Roadtowards Shanghai South Railway Station LocationShuichan RoadLocation in Shanghai Shuichan Road (simplified Chinese: 水产路; traditional Chinese: 水產路; pinyin: Shuǐchǎn Lù) is the name of a station on the Shanghai Metro Line 3. It is part of the northern extension of that line from Jiangwan Town to North Jiangyang Road that opened on 18 December 2006. References ^ 上海市地方志办公室上海通网站上海市地情资料库上海市的百科全书. shtong.gov.cn. Retrieved 13 September 2017. ^ 20年迈向世界：珍贵老照片展示上海地铁发展. Eastday (in Chinese). 27 May 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. vteShanghai Metro stationsPart of Transport in ShanghaiLine 3 North Jiangyang Road Tieli Road Youyi Road Baoyang Road Shuichan Road Songbin Road Zhanghuabang Songfa Road South Changjiang Road 18 West Yingao Road Jiangwan Town Dabaishu Chifeng Road Hongkou Football Stadium 8 Dongbaoxing Road Baoshan Road 4 Shanghai Railway Station 1 4 Zhongtan Road 4 Zhenping Road 4 7 Caoyang Road 4 11 14 Jinshajiang Road 4 13 Zhongshan Park 2 4 West Yan'an Road 4 Hongqiao Road 4 10 Yishan Road 4 9 Caoxi Road Longcao Road 12 Shilong Road Shanghai South Railway Station 1 15 Jinshan Stations in italics have yet to open. Further information: MuseumRolling stockStationsTimeline See also: Suburban RailMaglevMetroTramBusFerryShanghai Public Transport Card This Shanghai Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Jiangwan Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangwan_Town_station"},{"link_name":"North Jiangyang Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jiangyang_Road_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstline-2"}],"text":"Shanghai Metro stationShuichan Road (simplified Chinese: 水产路; traditional Chinese: 水產路; pinyin: Shuǐchǎn Lù) is the name of a station on the Shanghai Metro Line 3. It is part of the northern extension of that line from Jiangwan Town to North Jiangyang Road that opened on 18 December 2006.[1][2]","title":"Shuichan Road station"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"上海市地方志办公室上海通网站上海市地情资料库上海市的百科全书. shtong.gov.cn. Retrieved 13 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node19828/node78865/node78887/node78963/userobject1ai99973.html","url_text":"上海市地方志办公室上海通网站上海市地情资料库上海市的百科全书"}]},{"reference":"20年迈向世界：珍贵老照片展示上海地铁发展. Eastday (in Chinese). 27 May 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sh.eastday.com/m/20130527/u1a7417946.html","url_text":"20年迈向世界：珍贵老照片展示上海地铁发展"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuichan_Road_station&params=31.381302_N_121.488247_E_type:railwaystation_region:CN-31_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"31°22′53″N 121°29′18″E / 31.381302°N 121.488247°E / 31.381302; 121.488247"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuichan_Road_station&params=31.381302_N_121.488247_E_type:railwaystation_region:CN-31_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"31°22′53″N 121°29′18″E / 31.381302°N 121.488247°E / 31.381302; 121.488247"},{"Link":"http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node19828/node78865/node78887/node78963/userobject1ai99973.html","external_links_name":"上海市地方志办公室上海通网站上海市地情资料库上海市的百科全书"},{"Link":"http://sh.eastday.com/m/20130527/u1a7417946.html","external_links_name":"20年迈向世界：珍贵老照片展示上海地铁发展"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuichan_Road_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_Aviation_Department	Miami-Dade Aviation Department	["1 References","2 External links"]	The Miami-Dade Aviation Department (MDAD) is an agency of the Miami-Dade County government that manages airports. As of 2021, Ralph Cutié is the director of the agency. The Arts and Cultural Affairs division was created, and is managed by, Yolanda Sanchez. MDAD operates Miami International Airport, a passenger airport, and four general aviation airports. The other airports are Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport, Miami Executive Airport, Miami Homestead General Aviation Airport, and Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport. The executive offices are located at Miami International Airport. References ^ "Executive Leaders." Miami International Airport. Retrieved on August 23, 2021. ^ "Meet the Artist Yolanda Sanchez". March 26, 2013. ^ "About Us." Miami International Airport. Retrieved on December 30, 2012. ^ "JOSE ABREU, P.E., DIRECTOR, MIAMI-DADE AVIATION DEPARTMENT Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine." Miami International Airport. Retrieved on December 30, 2012. "MIAMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PO BOX 025504 MIAMI, FL 33102-5504" ^ "Agency Directory." Miami-Dade County. Retrieved on December 30, 2012. "Aviation (Miami International Airport) José Abreu, P.E. - Director PO BOX 025504, MIAMI, FL 33102-5504" External links Aviation portal Miami-Dade International Airport and Miami-Dade Aviation Department This United States government–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Miami-Dade Aviation Department"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Meet the Artist Yolanda Sanchez\". March 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartanews.fiu.edu/meet-the-artist-yolanda-sanchez/","url_text":"\"Meet the Artist Yolanda Sanchez\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.miami-airport.com/executive_biographies.asp","external_links_name":"Executive Leaders"},{"Link":"https://cartanews.fiu.edu/meet-the-artist-yolanda-sanchez/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Artist Yolanda Sanchez\""},{"Link":"http://www.miami-airport.com/about_us.asp","external_links_name":"About Us"},{"Link":"http://www.miami-airport.com/jose_abreu.asp","external_links_name":"JOSE ABREU, P.E., DIRECTOR, MIAMI-DADE AVIATION DEPARTMENT"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117162243/http://www.miami-airport.com/JOSE_ABREU.ASP","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.miamidade.gov/global/navigation/agency-directory-departments.page","external_links_name":"Agency Directory"},{"Link":"http://www.miami-airport.com/","external_links_name":"Miami-Dade International Airport and Miami-Dade Aviation Department"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami-Dade_Aviation_Department&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n	Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán	["1 Ordinaries","2 Episcopal See","3 See also","4 External links and references"]	Coordinates: 23°12′03″N 106°25′19″W / 23.200863°N 106.421847°W / 23.200863; -106.421847Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico Diocese of MazatlánDioecesis MazatlanensisDiócesis de MazatlánCatedral Basílica de la Inmaculada ConcepciónLocationCountryMexicoEcclesiastical provinceProvince of DurangoMetropolitanMazatlánStatisticsArea7,379 sq mi (19,110 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)765,248711,691 (93%)Parishes40InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteRoman RiteEstablished22 November 1958 (65 years ago)CathedralCathedral Basilica of the Immaculate ConceptionCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopMario Espinosa ContrerasMap The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán (Latin: Dioecesis Mazatlanensis) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Durango. It was erected in 1958 and, along with the archdiocese, lost territory in 1968 to form the Territorial Prelature of El Salto. Ordinaries Miguel Garcia Franco (1958 -1981) Rafael Barraza Sánchez (1981 -2005) Mario Espinosa Contreras (2005 - ) Episcopal See Mazatlán, Sinaloa See also Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mazatlán External links and references "Diocese of Mazatlán". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-05. 23°12′03″N 106°25′19″W / 23.200863°N 106.421847°W / 23.200863; -106.421847 vteCatholic Church in MexicoCatholic Bishops Conference of MexicoTimelineHistory History of the Catholic Church in Mexico Contemporary Pastoral Visits (Pope Francis) Archdioceses Archdiocese of Acapulco Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca Archdiocese of Chihuahua Archdiocese of Durango Archdiocese of Guadalajara Archdiocese of Hermosillo Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa) Archdiocese of León Archdiocese of Mexico Archdiocese of Monterrey Archdiocese of Morelia Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí Archdiocese of Tijuana Archdiocese of Toluca Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla Archdiocese of Tulancingo Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez Archdiocese of Yucatán Dioceses Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano Diocese of Tlapa Diocese of Puerto Escondido Diocese of Tehuantepec Diocese of Tuxtepec Prelature of Huautla Prelature of Mixes Diocese of Ciudad Juárez Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes Diocese of Parral Diocese of Tarahumara Diocese of Mazatlán Diocese of Torreón Prelature of El Salto Diocese of Aguascalientes Diocese of Autlán Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán Diocese of Colima Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos Diocese of Tepic Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar Diocese of Ciudad Obregón Diocese of Culiacán Diocese of Nogales Diocese of Coatzacoalcos Diocese of Córdoba Diocese of Orizaba Diocese of Papantla Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla Diocese of Tuxpan Diocese of Veracruz Diocese of Celaya Diocese of Irapuato Diocese of Querétaro Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela Diocese of Cuernavaca Diocese of Ciudad Victoria Diocese of Linares Diocese of Matamoros Diocese of Nuevo Laredo Diocese of Piedras Negras Diocese of Saltillo Diocese of Tampico Diocese of Apatzingan Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas Diocese of Tacámbaro Diocese of Zamora Diocese of Huajuapan de León Diocese of Tehuacán Diocese of Tlaxcala Diocese of Ciudad Valles Diocese of Matehuala Diocese of Zacatecas Diocese of Ensenada Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur Diocese of Mexicali Diocese of Cuautitlán Diocese of Ecatepec Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl Diocese of Texcoco Diocese of Valle de Chalco Diocese of Huejutla Diocese of Tula Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas Diocese of Tapachula Diocese of Campeche Diocese of Tabasco Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal Prelates (TBA) Saints St. Felipe de Jesús, Franciscan cleric St. Peter Baptist, Franciscan priest St. Mateo Correa Magallanes St. Atilano Cruz Alvarado St. José María Robles Hurtado St. Toribio Romo González St. Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo St. José Maria de Yermo y Parres St. Miguel Pro St. Anacleto González Flores St. José Sánchez del Río St. Rafael Guízar y Valencia ReligiousPriests and brothers Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl Sisters La Merced Cloister University of the Cloister of Sor Juana DevotionsJesus (TBA) Marian Our Lady of Guadalupe (TBA) CultureChristmas Nochebuena Navidad Holy Week Fasting and abstinence Others (TBA) Catholicism portal Mexico portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán. This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Durango"},{"link_name":"Territorial Prelature of El Salto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_El_Salto"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in MexicoThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán (Latin: Dioecesis Mazatlanensis) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Durango. It was erected in 1958 and, along with the archdiocese, lost territory in 1968 to form the Territorial Prelature of El Salto.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel Garcia Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Garcia_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Barraza Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Barraza_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Mario Espinosa Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Espinosa_Contreras"}],"text":"Miguel Garcia Franco (1958 -1981)\nRafael Barraza Sánchez (1981 -2005)\nMario Espinosa Contreras (2005 - )","title":"Ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazatlán, Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n,_Sinaloa"}],"text":"Mazatlán, Sinaloa","title":"Episcopal See"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Diocese of 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Texcoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Texcoco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Valle de Chalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valle_de_Chalco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Huejutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huejutla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tapachula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tapachula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Campeche"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Prelature of 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Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-05.23°12′03″N 106°25′19″W / 23.200863°N 106.421847°W / 23.200863; -106.421847vteCatholic Church in MexicoCatholic Bishops Conference of MexicoTimelineHistory\nHistory of the Catholic Church in Mexico\nContemporary\nPastoral Visits (Pope Francis)\nArchdioceses\nArchdiocese of Acapulco\nArchdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca\nArchdiocese of Chihuahua\nArchdiocese of Durango\nArchdiocese of Guadalajara\nArchdiocese of Hermosillo\nArchdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa)\nArchdiocese of León\nArchdiocese of Mexico\nArchdiocese of Monterrey\nArchdiocese of Morelia\nArchdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles\nArchdiocese of San Luis Potosí\nArchdiocese of Tijuana\nArchdiocese of Toluca\nArchdiocese of Tlalnepantla\nArchdiocese of Tulancingo\nArchdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez\nArchdiocese of Yucatán\nDioceses\nDiocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa\nDiocese of Ciudad Altamirano\nDiocese of Tlapa\nDiocese of Puerto Escondido\nDiocese of Tehuantepec\nDiocese of Tuxtepec\nPrelature of Huautla\nPrelature of Mixes\nDiocese of Ciudad Juárez\nDiocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera\nDiocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes\nDiocese of Parral\nDiocese of Tarahumara\nDiocese of Mazatlán\nDiocese of Torreón\nPrelature of El Salto\nDiocese of Aguascalientes\nDiocese of Autlán\nDiocese of Ciudad Guzmán\nDiocese of Colima\nDiocese of San Juan de los Lagos\nDiocese of Tepic\nPrelature of Jesús María del Nayar\nDiocese of Ciudad Obregón\nDiocese of Culiacán\nDiocese of Nogales\nDiocese of Coatzacoalcos\nDiocese of Córdoba\nDiocese of Orizaba\nDiocese of Papantla\nDiocese of San Andrés Tuxtla\nDiocese of Tuxpan\nDiocese of Veracruz\nDiocese of Celaya\nDiocese of Irapuato\nDiocese of Querétaro\nDiocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela\nDiocese of Cuernavaca\nDiocese of Ciudad Victoria\nDiocese of Linares\nDiocese of Matamoros\nDiocese of Nuevo Laredo\nDiocese of Piedras Negras\nDiocese of Saltillo\nDiocese of Tampico\nDiocese of Apatzingan\nDiocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas\nDiocese of Tacámbaro\nDiocese of Zamora\nDiocese of Huajuapan de León\nDiocese of Tehuacán\nDiocese of Tlaxcala\nDiocese of Ciudad Valles\nDiocese of Matehuala\nDiocese of Zacatecas\nDiocese of Ensenada\nDiocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur\nDiocese of Mexicali\nDiocese of Cuautitlán\nDiocese of Ecatepec\nDiocese of Netzahualcóyotl\nDiocese of Texcoco\nDiocese of Valle de Chalco\nDiocese of Huejutla\nDiocese of Tula\nDiocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas\nDiocese of Tapachula\nDiocese of Campeche\nDiocese of Tabasco\nPrelature of Cancún-Chetumal\nPrelates\n(TBA)\nSaints\nSt. Felipe de Jesús, Franciscan cleric\nSt. Peter Baptist, Franciscan priest\nSt. Mateo Correa Magallanes\nSt. Atilano Cruz Alvarado\nSt. José María Robles Hurtado\nSt. Toribio Romo González\nSt. Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo\nSt. José Maria de Yermo y Parres\nSt. Miguel Pro\nSt. Anacleto González Flores\nSt. José Sánchez del Río\nSt. Rafael Guízar y Valencia\nReligiousPriests and brothers\nMonasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl\nSisters\nLa Merced Cloister\nUniversity of the Cloister of Sor Juana\nDevotionsJesus\n(TBA)\nMarian\nOur Lady of Guadalupe\n(TBA)\nCultureChristmas\nNochebuena\nNavidad\nHoly Week\nFasting and abstinence\nOthers\n(TBA)\n\n Catholicism portal\n Mexico portalWikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Mazatlán.This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and references"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mazatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Mazatl%C3%A1n"}]	[{"reference":"\"Diocese of Mazatlán\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmaza.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of Mazatlán\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n&params=23.200863_N_106.421847_W_","external_links_name":"23°12′03″N 106°25′19″W / 23.200863°N 106.421847°W / 23.200863; -106.421847"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmaza.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Mazatlán\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n&params=23.200863_N_106.421847_W_","external_links_name":"23°12′03″N 106°25′19″W / 23.200863°N 106.421847°W / 23.200863; -106.421847"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_Taylor	Melvyn Taylor	["1 Speedway career","2 References"]	British motorcycle speedway rider Melvyn TaylorBorn (1961-04-26) 26 April 1961 (age 63)West Row, Suffolk, EnglandNationalityBritish (English)Career history1977-1979, 1985-1988, 1992Mildenhall Fen Tigers1980-1983, 1988King's Lynn Stars1978-1979Reading Racers1984-1985Oxford Cheetahs1988Ipswich Witches1989-1991Rye House Rockets Individual honours1980, 1981British Speedway Championship finalist1982Golden Sovereign winner Team honours1979National League Champions1987Pairs champion1987Fours Championship winner1980Gauntlet Gold Cup Winner1980Inter League Knockout Cup Winner Melvyn Roy Taylor (born 26 April 1961) is a former speedway rider from England. Speedway career Taylor started his career at Mildenhall Fen Tigers in 1977 before riding in the top tier of British Speedway for King's Lynn Stars and Reading Racers in 1978. In 1980, he reached the Commonwealth final, which formed part of the 1980 Individual Speedway World Championship. He reached the final of the 1980 British Speedway Championship and the 1981 British Speedway Championship, finishing 9th and 12th respectively. In 1984, he was signed by Oxford Cheetahs who bought him from King's Lynn for £12,000. The Oxford team had returned to the British League and the other signings to start as the top five riders for the season were Hans Nielsen for a record £30,000, Simon Wigg for £25,000, Marvyn Cox for £15,000 and Jens Rasmussen, with Ian Clark and Nigel Sparshott at 6 & 7. After a mid table finish in 1984 he was part of the Oxford team that won the league and cup double during a 1985 British League season. Taylor did not compete in the cup final because he left the team in late August to rejoin Mildenhall. In 1987, he won the National League Pairs, partnering Dave Jessup for the Mildenhall, during the 1987 National League season. He also won the Fours Championship with Mildenhall, during the 1987 season. After spells at Ipswich Witches and Rye House Rockets he returned to Mildenhall for one final season in 1992. References ^ "Mel Taylor". wwosbackup. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ^ "ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ a b "History Archive". British Speedway. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ^ Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 0-86215-017-5. ^ a b Bamford/Shailes, Robert/Glynn (2007). The Story of Oxford Speedway. Tempus Publishing Ltd. pp. 128–135. ISBN 978-0-7524-4161-0. ^ "Tigers triumph". Cambridge Daily News. 27 July 1987. Retrieved 25 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Fantastic Fours!". Cambridge Daily News. 31 October 1987. Retrieved 8 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speedway rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Melvyn Roy Taylor (born 26 April 1961) is a former speedway rider from England.[1][2]","title":"Melvyn Taylor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mildenhall Fen Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildenhall_Fen_Tigers"},{"link_name":"top tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_speedway_league_champions"},{"link_name":"King's Lynn Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_Stars"},{"link_name":"Reading Racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Racers"},{"link_name":"1980 Individual Speedway World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-3"},{"link_name":"1980 British Speedway Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_British_Speedway_Championship"},{"link_name":"1981 British Speedway Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_British_Speedway_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cheetahs"},{"link_name":"British League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_League"},{"link_name":"Hans Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Simon Wigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wigg"},{"link_name":"Marvyn Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvyn_Cox"},{"link_name":"Jens Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Rasmussen_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Ian Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Clark_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxstory-5"},{"link_name":"1985 British League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_British_League_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxstory-5"},{"link_name":"National League Pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_League_Division_Two_Pairs_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dave Jessup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Jessup"},{"link_name":"1987 National League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_National_League_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fours Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Speedway_Fours_Champions"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Witches"},{"link_name":"Rye House Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_House_Rockets"}],"text":"Taylor started his career at Mildenhall Fen Tigers in 1977 before riding in the top tier of British Speedway for King's Lynn Stars and Reading Racers in 1978. In 1980, he reached the Commonwealth final, which formed part of the 1980 Individual Speedway World Championship.[3] He reached the final of the 1980 British Speedway Championship and the 1981 British Speedway Championship, finishing 9th and 12th respectively.[4]In 1984, he was signed by Oxford Cheetahs who bought him from King's Lynn for £12,000. The Oxford team had returned to the British League and the other signings to start as the top five riders for the season were Hans Nielsen for a record £30,000, Simon Wigg for £25,000, Marvyn Cox for £15,000 and Jens Rasmussen, with Ian Clark and Nigel Sparshott at 6 & 7.[5] After a mid table finish in 1984 he was part of the Oxford team that won the league and cup double during a 1985 British League season.[3] Taylor did not compete in the cup final because he left the team in late August to rejoin Mildenhall.[5]In 1987, he won the National League Pairs, partnering Dave Jessup for the Mildenhall, during the 1987 National League season.[6] He also won the Fours Championship with Mildenhall, during the 1987 season.[7]After spells at Ipswich Witches and Rye House Rockets he returned to Mildenhall for one final season in 1992.","title":"Speedway career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mel Taylor\". wwosbackup. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/2882/mel-taylor","url_text":"\"Mel Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Ultimate_Index_1929-2022.pdf","url_text":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Archive\". British Speedway. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/historyarchive","url_text":"\"History Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 0-86215-017-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86215-017-5","url_text":"0-86215-017-5"}]},{"reference":"Bamford/Shailes, Robert/Glynn (2007). The Story of Oxford Speedway. Tempus Publishing Ltd. pp. 128–135. ISBN 978-0-7524-4161-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4161-0","url_text":"978-0-7524-4161-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers triumph\". Cambridge Daily News. 27 July 1987. Retrieved 25 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003740/19870727/023/0023","url_text":"\"Tigers triumph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Fantastic Fours!\". Cambridge Daily News. 31 October 1987. Retrieved 8 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003740/19871031/023/0023","url_text":"\"Fantastic Fours!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/2882/mel-taylor","external_links_name":"\"Mel Taylor\""},{"Link":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Ultimate_Index_1929-2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/historyarchive","external_links_name":"\"History Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003740/19870727/023/0023","external_links_name":"\"Tigers triumph\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003740/19871031/023/0023","external_links_name":"\"Fantastic Fours!\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Task_Force	Special Operations Task Force	["1 History","2 Operations","3 Formation","3.1 Headquarters","4 Equipment","4.1 Weapons","4.2 Vehicles","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Bibliography"]	Special Operations Task ForceActive30 June 2009 – presentCountrySingaporeTypeSpecial forcesRoleSpecial operationsCounter-terrorismPart ofSingapore Armed ForcesMotto(s)"When No One Else Can"CommandersCurrentcommanderColonel Pang Chee KongColonel Goh Min Hon Francis(Deputy Commander)NotablecommandersColonel Lam Shiu Tong(Commander)InsigniaPatchMilitary unit The Special Operations Task Force (SOTF, Chinese: 特别行动特遣部队, Malay: Pasukan Petugas Operasi Khas) is a special operations command of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for conducting special operations. The SOTF is composed of only highly-trained regular servicemen from the Army's Special Operations Force (SOF) under the Commandos formation and, the Navy's Special Warfare Group (SWG) under the Naval Diving Unit (NDU). The primary role of SOTF is to combat terrorist threats that would harm Singaporean interests at home and overseas. According to Colonel Benedict Lim, then Assistant Chief of General Staff (Operations), the SOTF is responsible for conducting counter-terrorism operations at the national level. History On 30 June 2009, it was officially announced to the media that the Singapore Government was planning to create the Special Operations Task Force (SOTF) to counter all terrorist threats from land, sea and air. According to Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean, the unit's establishment was needed because Singapore is not "dealing only with people with guns. They may be dealing with people who have very powerful explosives and various kinds of other substances, chemical, radiological and so on, so you need to develop capabilities to deal with these things. You have to deal with them at sea, at shore, buildings, aeroplanes, ships, coastlines and so on, so you do need to bring together these capabilities, develop them in a much more complete, coherent and integrated way." In addition, Colonel Lam commented on the 2008 Mumbai attacks "where terrorists are getting smarter as well. They are getting more organised—they learnt from what the special and security forces are doing." The SOTF saw its inaugural monograph Key Perspectives on Special Forces (2009) published in the same year the integrated unit was formed. The monograph was edited and developed by Captain Kwong Weng Yap, a Commando officer who served as the head of its leadership development. The monograph was published by Pointer, the journal of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The publication introduces the first comprehensive monograph involving Singapore’s special forces from the Army and Navy; it offers a critical examination of the history, evolution and theory of special forces. Professor Denis Fischbacher-Smith of the University of Glasgow commented that the monograph "provided the reader a stimulating insight into the working and thought processes that underpin the selection, training, and deployment of these elite troops. Moreover, it is rare for such a collection to be made available from serving and recent members of elite forces, and for that reason, the book is an important contribution to the literature." The SOTF is a military command rather than an actual unit, combining the Commandos formation's Special Operations Force (SOF) and the Navy's Naval Diving Unit (NDU)—both of which are well-established units, as an integrated force and operational command. Furthermore, the task force would be able to tackle and adapt to various threats according to the various specialties of Singapore's elite units. The SOTF had recently participated in the Exercise Northstar VII drills, neutralising several "terrorists" after they have infiltrated Sentosa. On 11 March 2011, Colonel Chiang Hock Woon was appointed to serve as Commander of SOTF, replacing then-Colonel, Brigadier-General Lam Shiu Tong, who will be appointed Commander of 2nd People's Defence Force (2PDF). On 22 January 2016, Colonel Nicholas Ang was appointed to serve as Commander of SOTF, replacing Colonel Simon Lim. On 4 December 2019, during the Commandos' Golden Jubilee celebrations, Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen helped commission the new Special Operations Command Centre for the SOTF and the SAF to better execute counter-terrorism operations and it is based at the Commandos' headquarters, Hendon Camp. The SOCC is a joint project between the SAF and the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA), being equipped with a C4I system. Operations Every year, the SOTF participate in counter-terrorism exercises led by the Singapore Police Force (SPF) in order to validate their operational response to any large-scale terrorist attacks or when there is a heightened security threat to Singapore. Formation The following units are to be placed under command of SOTF: Naval Diving Unit Commandos Special Operations Force Headquarters The SOTF includes personnel from the Navy and Air Force, who are in charge of mobilising resources for SOTF missions based on their service-specific knowledge. Colonel Tan Tai Tiong said in a statement that SOTF operators "are not losing our individual identities as Divers and Commandos, but gaining a valuable partner in each other's skill sets." Equipment Weapons Pistols Model Origin Caliber Version Notes FN Five-Seven Belgium FN 5.7×28mm Five-Seven USG Submachine guns H&K MP7 Germany HK 4.6×30mm MP7A1 FN P90 Belgium FN 5.7×28mm P90 TR In use. Being replaced by MP7A1s. Assault rifles H&K HK416 Germany 5.56×45mm NATO D10RSD14.5RS SAR 21 Singapore 5.56×45mm NATO Varies M4 Carbine United States 5.56×45mm NATO Colt M4A1 SOPMOD Being replaced by HK416 carbines. Vehicles Renault Higuard MRAP (Peacekeeping Protection Vehicle) Light Strike Vehicle Mark II Airbus Helicopters H225M Ford Super Duty (Patriot 3 Mobile Adjustable Ramp System) Very Slender Vessel from Halmatic Marine Notes ^ Official announcement to create the unit was first reported on this date. References ^ "Fact Sheet: Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation 50th Anniversary". www.mindef.gov.sg. ^ a b c Ashwin Lee (22 January 2016). "Chief Commando Officer / Commander SOTF Change of Command Parade". Singapore Army. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ a b c "SAF special forces to operate under one command". Singaporean Ministry of Defence. 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2009. ^ MINDEF / SAF Translated Terms (PDF), Ministry of Defence (MINDEF Singapore), 31 March 2024, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2024, retrieved 31 March 2024 ^ a b S. Ramesh (30 June 2009). "SAF to develop integrated task force against terrorist threats". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ a b c "Special Operations Task Force Web TV Interview". The Straits Times RAZORTV. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ a b S Ramesh (15 July 2009). "Exercise Northstar tests Singapore's response to terrorist attack". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009. ^ Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Kwong Weng Yap (Ed.) (2009). "Key Perspectives on Special Forces". Pointer. Mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 15 Oct 2015. ^ a b c d Jermyn Chow (1 July 2009). "Special forces to work under one command". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 6 July 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ "When Terror Strikes pamphlet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ "SAF special operations group participates in Exercise Northstar VII". Ministry of Defence. 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2009. ^ "Chief Commando Officer / Commander SOTF Change of Command Parade". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018. ^ Lim, Min Zhang (30 June 2019). "SAF to set up new command centre by end-2019 to plan, monitor and coordinate counter-terror operations". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2020. ^ Lim, Min Zhang (4 December 2019). "SAF commissions Special Operations Command Centre as commandos celebrate golden jubilee". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2020. ^ "Singapore commissions Special Operations Command Centre". ^ Cheong, Danson; Tay, Tiffany Fumiko (18 October 2016). "Islandwide anti-terror exercise: Officers rescue hostages in cinema and malls". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2020. ^ a b c d "New gear for Singapore special forces - Shephard Media". Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ^ a b c d e Neville 2019, p. 179. ^ "SAF helicopters, soldiers deployed in night-time counter-terrorism exercise at Star Vista mall". CNA. Bibliography Neville, Leigh (2019). The Elite: The A–Z of Modern Special Operations Forces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472824295. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Special Operations Task Force. vteSingapore Armed Forces (SAF)SAF Task ForcesArmy Deployment ForceIsland Defence Task ForceJoint Task ForceSpecial Operations Task ForceMaritime Security Task ForceAir Defence Task ForceCybersecurity Task ForceSingapore ArmyDivisions2nd People's Defence Force3rd Division6th Division9th DivisionFormationsSAF Ammunition CommandArmourArmy Deployment ForceArmy IntelligenceArmy Medical ServiceArtilleryCombat EngineersCommandosGuardsInfantryMaintenance & Engineering SupportSAF Military Police CommandPERSCOMSignalsSupplyTransportRepublic of Singapore NavyFleetMaritime Security CommandMaritime Training and Doctrine CommandNaval Diving UnitNaval Logistics CommandRepublic of Singapore Air ForceAir Combat CommandAir Defence and Operations CommandAir Force Training CommandAir Power Generation CommandBlack KnightsParticipation CommandUnmanned Aerial Vehicle CommandDigital and Intelligence ServiceJoint Intelligence CommandSAF C4 CommandDigital Defence CommandDIS Training CommandDigital Ops-Tech CentreSAF training schoolsSAFTI Military InstituteGoh Keng Swee Command and Staff CollegeSAF Advanced SchoolsOfficer Cadet SchoolSpecialist and Warrant Officer InstituteSAFWOS Leadership SchoolSpecialist and Warrant Officer Advanced SchoolSpecialist Cadet SchoolOthersBasic Military Training CentreSAF Medical Training InstituteOther SAF units and affiliated organisations SAF BandSAF Medical CorpsSAF Parachute TeamSAF Volunteer CorpsNational Cadet CorpsWarriors Football ClubSingapore Youth Flying Club	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MINDEF_term-5"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(military_formation)"},{"link_name":"Singapore Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Army"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Force_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_(Singapore_Army)"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy"},{"link_name":"Special Warfare Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Warfare_Group"},{"link_name":"Naval Diving Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exercise-8"}],"text":"Military unitThe Special Operations Task Force (SOTF, Chinese: 特别行动特遣部队, Malay: Pasukan Petugas Operasi Khas)[4] is a special operations command of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for conducting special operations. The SOTF is composed of only highly-trained regular servicemen from the Army's Special Operations Force (SOF) under the Commandos formation and, the Navy's Special Warfare Group (SWG) under the Naval Diving Unit (NDU).The primary role of SOTF is to combat terrorist threats that would harm Singaporean interests at home and overseas.[5][6] According to Colonel Benedict Lim, then Assistant Chief of General Staff (Operations), the SOTF is responsible for conducting counter-terrorism operations at the national level.[7]","title":"Special Operations Task Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA-6"},{"link_name":"Teo Chee Hean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Chee_Hean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV-7"},{"link_name":"2008 Mumbai attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CO-3"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(journal)"},{"link_name":"journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Singapore Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_(Singapore_Army)"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Force_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Naval Diving Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exercise-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General"},{"link_name":"2nd People's Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_People%27s_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ng Eng Hen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Eng_Hen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On 30 June 2009, it was officially announced to the media that the Singapore Government was planning to create the Special Operations Task Force (SOTF) to counter all terrorist threats from land, sea and air.[5]According to Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean, the unit's establishment was needed because Singapore is not \"dealing only with people with guns. They may be dealing with people who have very powerful explosives and various kinds of other substances, chemical, radiological and so on, so you need to develop capabilities to deal with these things. You have to deal with them at sea, at shore, buildings, aeroplanes, ships, coastlines and so on, so you do need to bring together these capabilities, develop them in a much more complete, coherent and integrated way.\"[6] In addition, Colonel Lam commented on the 2008 Mumbai attacks \"where terrorists are getting smarter as well. They are getting more organised—they learnt from what the special and security forces are doing.\"[2]The SOTF saw its inaugural monograph Key Perspectives on Special Forces (2009) published in the same year the integrated unit was formed. The monograph was edited and developed by Captain Kwong Weng Yap, a Commando officer who served as the head of its leadership development. The monograph was published by Pointer, the journal of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The publication introduces the first comprehensive monograph involving Singapore’s special forces from the Army and Navy; it offers a critical examination of the history, evolution and theory of special forces. Professor Denis Fischbacher-Smith of the University of Glasgow commented that the monograph \"provided the reader a stimulating insight into the working and thought processes that underpin the selection, training, and deployment of these elite troops. Moreover, it is rare for such a collection to be made available from serving and recent members of elite forces, and for that reason, the book is an important contribution to the literature.\"[8]The SOTF is a military command rather than an actual unit, combining the Commandos formation's Special Operations Force (SOF) and the Navy's Naval Diving Unit (NDU)—both of which are well-established units, as an integrated force and operational command. Furthermore, the task force would be able to tackle and adapt to various threats according to the various specialties of Singapore's elite units.[9][6]The SOTF had recently participated in the Exercise Northstar VII drills, neutralising several \"terrorists\" after they have infiltrated Sentosa.[7][10][11]On 11 March 2011, Colonel Chiang Hock Woon was appointed to serve as Commander of SOTF, replacing then-Colonel, Brigadier-General Lam Shiu Tong, who will be appointed Commander of 2nd People's Defence Force (2PDF).On 22 January 2016, Colonel Nicholas Ang was appointed to serve as Commander of SOTF, replacing Colonel Simon Lim.[12]On 4 December 2019, during the Commandos' Golden Jubilee celebrations, Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen helped commission the new Special Operations Command Centre for the SOTF and the SAF to better execute counter-terrorism operations and it is based at the Commandos' headquarters, Hendon Camp.[13][14] The SOCC is a joint project between the SAF and the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA), being equipped with a C4I system.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Every year, the SOTF participate in counter-terrorism exercises led by the Singapore Police Force (SPF) in order to validate their operational response to any large-scale terrorist attacks or when there is a heightened security threat to Singapore.[16]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Diving Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-10"},{"link_name":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_(Singapore_Army)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-10"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Force_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-10"}],"text":"The following units are to be placed under command of SOTF:Naval Diving Unit[9]\nCommandos[9]\nSpecial Operations Force[9]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_Command-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_Command-4"}],"sub_title":"Headquarters","text":"The SOTF includes personnel from the Navy and Air Force, who are in charge of mobilising resources for SOTF missions based on their service-specific knowledge.[3]Colonel Tan Tai Tiong said in a statement that SOTF operators \"are not losing our individual identities as Divers and Commandos, but gaining a valuable partner in each other's skill sets.\"[3]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weapons","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2019179-19"},{"link_name":"Light Strike Vehicle Mark II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Strike_Vehicle_(Singapore)#Light_Strike_Vehicle_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2019179-19"},{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters H225M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC725"},{"link_name":"Ford Super Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Super_Duty"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Vehicles","text":"Renault Higuard MRAP (Peacekeeping Protection Vehicle)[18]\nLight Strike Vehicle Mark II[18]\nAirbus Helicopters H225M\nFord Super Duty (Patriot 3 Mobile Adjustable Ramp System)\nVery Slender Vessel from Halmatic Marine[19]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ Official announcement to create the unit was first reported on this date.[1]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SOTF_%28big_text%29_triangle_patch.jpg/200px-SOTF_%28big_text%29_triangle_patch.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet: Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation 50th Anniversary\". www.mindef.gov.sg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/december/04dec19_fs/!ut/p/z1/tZNJb9swEIV_Sw460hytlHpT0sJO4CV1HFvmJdAykthKpCOxVptfXzoLkCCJjR6qEzV8H2ce8Ug5TSiX6V5UqRZKpo353_Lgji2-XkzAc-YLf2VDvF6tpv75_PKWBXRNOeW7XBR0G-RhxPwCie_kLvGyMCBZ4TIS2AhOmflRmTkHdS71Ttd02wpZYElyJTVKbUGtWrRA4tCTVBYE96baW9CkGntNOmww7dEUHLAjCwrMsc2wswA8s7aju7Knm1PjcrMNn3wxPPOL797Y9sCZLmZL3_BRFK7g2oExe-SPHP_EH2lwkuePkmMTnPLAjzZZsnct1mNmBNeXwVV0Y8M3l26NC_b5mIxu9gIHeitV15qM3PxjBCZAr05dhMmd-HF_z2MTl0M-fmua_Ie8mDZON7uYVcZAqmsiZKlocgBo8gLQ5BVgBq8alT29jFhmbmjQDkvssBv96ky51nrXf7HAgmEYRpVSVYOjXLUWfITUqjfO3irprm1D948Q5Ody8nA-J-NN2E8epriJz87-AnNheZs!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet: Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation 50th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Ashwin Lee (22 January 2016). \"Chief Commando Officer / Commander SOTF Change of Command Parade\". Singapore Army. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/army_news/News_Archive/2016/Jan16/ChiefCDOCOC.html","url_text":"\"Chief Commando Officer / Commander SOTF Change of Command Parade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Army","url_text":"Singapore Army"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180720/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/army_news/News_Archive/2016/Jan16/ChiefCDOCOC.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SAF special forces to operate under one command\". Singaporean Ministry of Defence. 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/cyberpioneer/news/2009/July/13jul09_news.html","url_text":"\"SAF special forces to operate under one command\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Singapore)","url_text":"Singaporean Ministry of Defence"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731030642/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/cyberpioneer/news/2009/July/13jul09_news.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MINDEF / SAF Translated Terms (PDF), Ministry of Defence (MINDEF Singapore), 31 March 2024, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2024, retrieved 31 March 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331011237/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/wcm/connect/mindef/0989d84e-7575-474a-94b7-759a925e5ef7/MINDEF_SAF_Translated_Terms_English_Chinese_Malay_Tamil_15nov22.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=oi4u6lC","url_text":"MINDEF / SAF Translated Terms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Singapore)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence (MINDEF Singapore)"},{"url":"https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/wcm/connect/mindef/0989d84e-7575-474a-94b7-759a925e5ef7/MINDEF_SAF_Translated_Terms_English_Chinese_Malay_Tamil_15nov22.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=oi4u6lC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"S. Ramesh (30 June 2009). \"SAF to develop integrated task force against terrorist threats\". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/439458/1/.html","url_text":"\"SAF to develop integrated task force against terrorist threats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia","url_text":"Channel NewsAsia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803051027/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/439458/1/.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Operations Task Force Web TV Interview\". The Straits Times RAZORTV. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka-Livingstone_road	Lusaka–Livingstone Road	["1 Route","2 Road Network","3 Great North Road","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 16°37′24″S 27°19′49″E / 16.62333°S 27.33028°E / -16.62333; 27.33028Road in Zambia Lusaka-Livingstone RoadMap showing the Lusaka-Livingstone Road through ZambiaRoute informationLength430 km (270 mi)Major junctionsNorth-east end T2 south of KafueMajor intersections M11 in Choma M10 in LivingstoneSouth-west endA8 A8 at the Victoria Falls border with Zimbabwe LocationCountryZambiaProvincesSouthern Highway system Transport in Zambia → T2 The T1 or Lusaka–Livingstone Road is the main highway of the Southern Province of Zambia. It begins 55 kilometres south of the city of Lusaka (10 kilometres south of Kafue) and heads south-west to the principal tourist destination, Victoria Falls in Livingstone, via Mazabuka, Monze, Choma and Kalomo, measuring approximately 430 kilometres (267 mi). The entire route is part of Trans-African Highway network number 4 or Cairo-Cape Town Highway between Cairo and Cape Town. Route The total distance of the route is approximately 430 kilometres (267 mi). It is entirely in the Southern Province of Zambia. The T1 begins in Chikankata District, at the Turnpike junction with the T2 road (Kafue Road) just south of the Kafue River Bridge (55 kilometres south of Lusaka; 10 kilometres south of Kafue) (adjacent to the Kafue Weighbridge). A road sign at the T2 & T1 junction in Chikankata District, Southern Province, Zambia (December 2022) From the T2 road t-junction, the T1 goes westwards for 68 kilometres (42 mi) to the town of Mazabuka. It enters Mazabuka in a northerly direction. By ABSA Bank, the T1 turns westwards and by Mazabuka Police Station, the T1 turns northwards. It is one road for the remainder of its length to Livingstone. North of Mazabuka town centre, the road turns west and then south-west. It goes for 60 kilometres (37 mi), through the settlement of Magoye, to the town of Monze. After passing through Monze in a southerly direction, it continues for 35 kilometres (22 mi), through the small town of Chisekesi (where it meets the D375 road going to Gwembe), to the town of Pemba. From Pemba, the T1 goes south-west for 60 kilometres (37 mi), through the settlement of Batoka (where it meets the D775 road to Sinazongwe by Lake Kariba), through the Daniel Munkombwe Toll Plaza, to the town of Choma, Southern Province's Capital since 2012. In Choma, the T1 meets the southern terminus of the M11 road, which connects Choma with Namwala and the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam. From Choma, the T1 goes west-south-west for 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the town of Kalomo, which was the first capital city of the former North-Western Rhodesia. In Kalomo, the T1 meets a road which heads to the southern part of the Kafue National Park (Dundumwezi Gate). From Kalomo, the road goes south-west for 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the market town of Zimba. From Zimba, the road continues south-south-west for 80 kilometres (50 mi), through a narrow part of Kazungula District, through the Kebby Musokotwane Toll Plaza, to the city of Livingstone, Zambia's tourist capital, where it passes through the city as Mosi-oa-Tunya Road. South of the Livingstone city centre, the T1 road meets the eastern terminus of the M10 road, which connects Livingstone with Kazungula (Botswana Border Post), Sesheke (Namibia Border Post) and Mongu. The T1 continues southwards for another 10 kilometres (6 mi) to the Victoria Falls, where it crosses the Zambezi River via the Victoria Falls Bridge into the Republic of Zimbabwe, where it becomes the A8 road to Bulawayo. The border city on the other side of the Zambezi River crossing is also named Victoria Falls. Road Network This route is entirely part of Trans-African Highway number 4 or Cairo-Cape Town Highway, which links Cairo in Egypt with Gaborone in Botswana and Cape Town in South Africa. It is also part of the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road. It is also part of the route that motorists and heavy cargo trucks from Botswana, Namibia and parts of South Africa use to reach Lusaka, Zambia's capital city. From Lusaka, this traffic continues to the north and east, including to Tanzania, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a result, the road may be very busy and occupied with trucks, cars and buses, in either direction. As the road is one lane in each direction, heavy traffic and traffic jams are common. Great North Road Main article: Great North Road, Zambia This road connecting Lusaka and Livingstone (which was the capital of the nation before 1935) was originally regarded as being part of the Great North Road of Zambia. Then, after the capital of the nation became Lusaka in 1935, Lusaka was regarded as the southern terminus of the Great North Road and this road connecting Lusaka to Livingstone was no-longer regarded as part of the route. See also Great North Road, Zambia Transport in Zambia Roads in Zambia References ^ a b "Roads and Road Traffic Act \| National Assembly of Zambia". www.parliament.gov.zm. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ Google (11 May 2020). "Distance Between Lusaka And Livingstone, In Zambia" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ a b Eleanor Whitehead (29 May 2014). "Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere". Howwemadeitinafrica.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Winnie Rioba (11 May 2020). "How To Travel From Zambia to Zimbabwe By Road". Justrioba.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ a b "NRFA". Retrieved 2021-07-03. ^ Trans-African Highway Network Routes - African Union ^ Millicent Kgeledi (6 March 2017). "Towards effortlessly moving people and goods across borders". Addis Ababa: African Union Development Agency–New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA–NEPAD). Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Lusaka Times (6 March 2015). "Livingstone bound bus in road traffic accident after tyre burst, 24 injured". Lusaka Times. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Inskeep, R. R. (1962). "Some Iron Age Sites in Northern Rhodesia". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 17 (67): 136–180. doi:10.2307/3887543. ISSN 0038-1969. JSTOR 3887543. ^ Wilson, Elizabeth (1963). "LUSAKA—A CITY OF TROPICAL AFRICA". Geography. 48 (4): 411–414. ISSN 0016-7487. JSTOR 40565719. ^ Mangena, Tendai; Nyambi, Oliver; Pfukwa, Charles (2016-08-17). The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-9923-9. Camerapix (1996). "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Nairobi: Camerapix International Publishing. ISBN 1-874041-14-8. Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000. External links Crossing Lusaka to Livingstone 16°37′24″S 27°19′49″E / 16.62333°S 27.33028°E / -16.62333; 27.33028Roads in ZambiaInter-Territorial roadsT1 · T2 (Great North Road) · T3 · T4 · T5 · T6Territorial roadsM1 · M2 · M3 · M4 · M5 · M6 · M7 · M8 · M9 · M10 · M11 · M12 · M13 · M14 · M15 · M16 · M18 · M19 · M20	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Kafue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue"},{"link_name":"Victoria Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls"},{"link_name":"Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Mazabuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazabuka"},{"link_name":"Monze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monze"},{"link_name":"Choma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choma,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Kalomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalomo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-2"},{"link_name":"Trans-African Highway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network"},{"link_name":"Cairo-Cape Town Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3R-3"}],"text":"Road in ZambiaThe T1 or Lusaka–Livingstone Road is the main highway of the Southern Province of Zambia.[1] It begins 55 kilometres south of the city of Lusaka (10 kilometres south of Kafue) and heads south-west to the principal tourist destination, Victoria Falls in Livingstone, via Mazabuka, Monze, Choma and Kalomo, measuring approximately 430 kilometres (267 mi).[1][2] The entire route is part of Trans-African Highway network number 4 or Cairo-Cape Town Highway between Cairo and Cape Town.[3]","title":"Lusaka–Livingstone Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4R2-4"},{"link_name":"Chikankata District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikankata_District"},{"link_name":"T2 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_road_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"Kafue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_River"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Kafue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T2_%26_T1_Junction_in_Chikankata_District.jpg"},{"link_name":"T1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_road_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"Chikankata District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikankata_District"},{"link_name":"Southern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Mazabuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazabuka"},{"link_name":"Monze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monze"},{"link_name":"Gwembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwembe"},{"link_name":"Pemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Sinazongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinazongwe"},{"link_name":"Lake Kariba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Choma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choma,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"M11 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11_road_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"Namwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namwala"},{"link_name":"Itezhi-Tezhi Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kalomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalomo"},{"link_name":"North-Western Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Kafue National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Dundumwezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundumwezi"},{"link_name":"Zimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimba,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Kazungula District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazungula_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"M10 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_Road_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"Kazungula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazungula"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Sesheke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesheke"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Mongu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongu"},{"link_name":"Victoria Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls"},{"link_name":"Zambezi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River"},{"link_name":"Victoria Falls Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Republic of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"A8 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A8_Road_(Zimbabwe)"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"Victoria Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe"}],"text":"The total distance of the route is approximately 430 kilometres (267 mi). It is entirely in the Southern Province of Zambia.[4]The T1 begins in Chikankata District, at the Turnpike junction with the T2 road (Kafue Road) just south of the Kafue River Bridge (55 kilometres south of Lusaka; 10 kilometres south of Kafue) (adjacent to the Kafue Weighbridge).A road sign at the T2 & T1 junction in Chikankata District, Southern Province, Zambia (December 2022)From the T2 road t-junction, the T1 goes westwards for 68 kilometres (42 mi) to the town of Mazabuka. It enters Mazabuka in a northerly direction. By ABSA Bank, the T1 turns westwards and by Mazabuka Police Station, the T1 turns northwards. It is one road for the remainder of its length to Livingstone.North of Mazabuka town centre, the road turns west and then south-west. It goes for 60 kilometres (37 mi), through the settlement of Magoye, to the town of Monze. After passing through Monze in a southerly direction, it continues for 35 kilometres (22 mi), through the small town of Chisekesi (where it meets the D375 road going to Gwembe), to the town of Pemba.From Pemba, the T1 goes south-west for 60 kilometres (37 mi), through the settlement of Batoka (where it meets the D775 road to Sinazongwe by Lake Kariba), through the Daniel Munkombwe Toll Plaza,[5] to the town of Choma, Southern Province's Capital since 2012. In Choma, the T1 meets the southern terminus of the M11 road, which connects Choma with Namwala and the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam.From Choma, the T1 goes west-south-west for 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the town of Kalomo, which was the first capital city of the former North-Western Rhodesia. In Kalomo, the T1 meets a road which heads to the southern part of the Kafue National Park (Dundumwezi Gate).From Kalomo, the road goes south-west for 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the market town of Zimba. From Zimba, the road continues south-south-west for 80 kilometres (50 mi), through a narrow part of Kazungula District, through the Kebby Musokotwane Toll Plaza,[5] to the city of Livingstone, Zambia's tourist capital, where it passes through the city as Mosi-oa-Tunya Road.South of the Livingstone city centre, the T1 road meets the eastern terminus of the M10 road, which connects Livingstone with Kazungula (Botswana Border Post), Sesheke (Namibia Border Post) and Mongu.The T1 continues southwards for another 10 kilometres (6 mi) to the Victoria Falls, where it crosses the Zambezi River via the Victoria Falls Bridge into the Republic of Zimbabwe, where it becomes the A8 road to Bulawayo. The border city on the other side of the Zambezi River crossing is also named Victoria Falls.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trans-African Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-African_Highway"},{"link_name":"Cairo-Cape Town Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Gaborone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3R-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi_Development_Road"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5R-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6R-8"}],"text":"This route is entirely part of Trans-African Highway number 4 or Cairo-Cape Town Highway, which links Cairo in Egypt with Gaborone in Botswana and Cape Town in South Africa.[3][6] It is also part of the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road.It is also part of the route that motorists and heavy cargo trucks from Botswana, Namibia and parts of South Africa use to reach Lusaka, Zambia's capital city. From Lusaka, this traffic continues to the north and east, including to Tanzania, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[7]As a result, the road may be very busy and occupied with trucks, cars and buses, in either direction. As the road is one lane in each direction, heavy traffic and traffic jams are common.[8]","title":"Road Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Great North Road of Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road,_Zambia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"}],"text":"This road connecting Lusaka and Livingstone (which was the capital of the nation before 1935) was originally regarded as being part of the Great North Road of Zambia.[9][10] Then, after the capital of the nation became Lusaka in 1935, Lusaka was regarded as the southern terminus of the Great North Road and this road connecting Lusaka to Livingstone was no-longer regarded as part of the route.[11]","title":"Great North Road"}]	[{"image_text":"A road sign at the T2 & T1 junction in Chikankata District, Southern Province, Zambia (December 2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/T2_%26_T1_Junction_in_Chikankata_District.jpg/220px-T2_%26_T1_Junction_in_Chikankata_District.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Great North Road, Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road,_Zambia"},{"title":"Transport in Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Zambia"},{"title":"Roads in Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Zambia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Roads and Road Traffic Act \| National Assembly of Zambia\". www.parliament.gov.zm. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492","url_text":"\"Roads and Road Traffic Act \| National Assembly of Zambia\""}]},{"reference":"Google (11 May 2020). \"Distance Between Lusaka And Livingstone, In Zambia\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lusaka,+Zambia/Livingstone,+Zambia/@-16.617861,25.9579117,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1940f37d3cbcaa49:0xd0d093c1462013eb!2m2!1d28.3228165!2d-15.3875259!1m5!1m1!1s0x194ff09b5958356f:0x482214a7d637286a!2m2!1d25.8285153!2d-17.8519791!3e0","url_text":"\"Distance Between Lusaka And Livingstone, In Zambia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Whitehead (29 May 2014). \"Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere\". Howwemadeitinafrica.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/","url_text":"\"Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere\""}]},{"reference":"Winnie Rioba (11 May 2020). \"How To Travel From Zambia to Zimbabwe By Road\". Justrioba.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://justrioba.com/how-to-travel-from-zambia-to-zimbabwe-by-road/","url_text":"\"How To Travel From Zambia to Zimbabwe By Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"NRFA\". Retrieved 2021-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrfa.org.zm/nrtp-phase-ii/","url_text":"\"NRFA\""}]},{"reference":"Millicent Kgeledi (6 March 2017). \"Towards effortlessly moving people and goods across borders\". Addis Ababa: African Union Development Agency–New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA–NEPAD). Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nepad.org/news/towards-effortlessly-moving-people-and-goods-across-borders","url_text":"\"Towards effortlessly moving people and goods across borders\""}]},{"reference":"Lusaka Times (6 March 2015). \"Livingstone bound bus in road traffic accident after tyre burst, 24 injured\". Lusaka Times. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/03/06/livingstone-bound-bus-road-traffic-accident-tyre-burst-24-injured/","url_text":"\"Livingstone bound bus in road traffic accident after tyre burst, 24 injured\""}]},{"reference":"Inskeep, R. R. (1962). \"Some Iron Age Sites in Northern Rhodesia\". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 17 (67): 136–180. doi:10.2307/3887543. ISSN 0038-1969. JSTOR 3887543.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887543","url_text":"\"Some Iron Age Sites in Northern Rhodesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3887543","url_text":"10.2307/3887543"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1969","url_text":"0038-1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887543","url_text":"3887543"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Elizabeth (1963). \"LUSAKA—A CITY OF TROPICAL AFRICA\". Geography. 48 (4): 411–414. ISSN 0016-7487. JSTOR 40565719.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565719","url_text":"\"LUSAKA—A CITY OF TROPICAL AFRICA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7487","url_text":"0016-7487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565719","url_text":"40565719"}]},{"reference":"Mangena, Tendai; Nyambi, Oliver; Pfukwa, Charles (2016-08-17). The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-9923-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_FckDQAAQBAJ&dq=Livingstone+To+Lusaka+Great+North+Road&pg=PA270","url_text":"The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-9923-9","url_text":"978-1-4438-9923-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lusaka%E2%80%93Livingstone_Road&params=16_37_24_S_27_19_49_E_","external_links_name":"16°37′24″S 27°19′49″E / 16.62333°S 27.33028°E / -16.62333; 27.33028"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492","external_links_name":"\"Roads and Road Traffic Act \| National Assembly of Zambia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lusaka,+Zambia/Livingstone,+Zambia/@-16.617861,25.9579117,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1940f37d3cbcaa49:0xd0d093c1462013eb!2m2!1d28.3228165!2d-15.3875259!1m5!1m1!1s0x194ff09b5958356f:0x482214a7d637286a!2m2!1d25.8285153!2d-17.8519791!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Distance Between Lusaka And Livingstone, In Zambia\""},{"Link":"https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/","external_links_name":"\"Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere\""},{"Link":"https://justrioba.com/how-to-travel-from-zambia-to-zimbabwe-by-road/","external_links_name":"\"How To Travel From Zambia to Zimbabwe By Road\""},{"Link":"http://nrfa.org.zm/nrtp-phase-ii/","external_links_name":"\"NRFA\""},{"Link":"https://au.int/web/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf","external_links_name":"Trans-African Highway Network Routes - African Union"},{"Link":"https://www.nepad.org/news/towards-effortlessly-moving-people-and-goods-across-borders","external_links_name":"\"Towards effortlessly moving people and goods across borders\""},{"Link":"https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/03/06/livingstone-bound-bus-road-traffic-accident-tyre-burst-24-injured/","external_links_name":"\"Livingstone bound bus in road traffic accident after tyre burst, 24 injured\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887543","external_links_name":"\"Some Iron Age Sites in Northern Rhodesia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3887543","external_links_name":"10.2307/3887543"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1969","external_links_name":"0038-1969"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887543","external_links_name":"3887543"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565719","external_links_name":"\"LUSAKA—A CITY OF TROPICAL AFRICA\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7487","external_links_name":"0016-7487"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565719","external_links_name":"40565719"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_FckDQAAQBAJ&dq=Livingstone+To+Lusaka+Great+North+Road&pg=PA270","external_links_name":"The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa"},{"Link":"https://whileinafrica.com/crossing-lusaka-to-livingstone/","external_links_name":"Crossing Lusaka to Livingstone"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lusaka%E2%80%93Livingstone_Road&params=16_37_24_S_27_19_49_E_","external_links_name":"16°37′24″S 27°19′49″E / 16.62333°S 27.33028°E / -16.62333; 27.33028"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Volksgrenadier_Division	31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)	["1 Formation","2 Operations","2.1 31st (Volks) Grenadier Division","3 Organisational history","4 Commanding officers","4.1 31st Grenadierdivision and 31st Volks-Grenadier-Division","5 Footnotes","6 References","6.1 Books","6.2 Web"]	31st Infantry Division31. Infanteriedivision— 31. InfDiv —Unit insignia of the division, the Brunswick LionActive1 October 1936 – 8 May 1945Disbanded18 July 1944 (subsequently re-formed)Country Nazi GermanyBranchArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionPart of2nd Panzer Army, 9th Army, othersNickname(s)Lion DivisionEngagementsWorld War IICommandersNotablecommanders Gerhard Berthold † Friedrich Hoßbach Kurt Pflieger Hermann Flörke Willifrank Ochsner Ernst König Military unit The 31st Infantry Division (German: 31. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division of the Army during World War II. It participated in the invasion of Poland in 1939 then the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940. As part of Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre, it was involved in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. After hard fighting throughout 1941 and 1942 it joined the 9th Army and fought in the Battle of Kursk in July and August 1943. Along with the rest of the 9th Army, the division conducted a fighting withdrawal for the remainder of 1943, during which it sustained heavy casualties. In the early stages of the Soviet Operation Bagration of June to August 1944, the 31st Infantry Division was destroyed, a fate which subsequently befell most of Army Group Centre. The division was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944. The division was initially re-formed on 21 July 1944 as the 31st Grenadier Division, but was soon re-designated as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division and returned to the front line in September 1944 as part of Army Group North. Army Group North was subsequently re-designated Army Group Courland in October 1944 when it was cut off from the rest of the German Army on the Courland Peninsula in northwestern Latvia. Army Group Courland remained encircled for the rest of the war, but several divisions, including the 31st Volksgrenadier Division were evacuated by sea to Germany in January 1945. The division joined the newly formed Army Group Vistula and fought in the Danzig area before being captured by the Red Army in May 1945. Twenty-three awards of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross were made to members serving with the division, along with two awards of the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. Two of its commanders were killed in action. Formation The division was created on 1 October 1936 recruited from the Braunschweig region of north-central Germany within Wehrkreis XI. The division was established with three infantry regiments of three battalions each. The divisional emblem was a standing lion. Operations The division saw combat under the command of Generalleutnant (Major General) Rudolf Kaempfe during the invasion of Poland in 1939 as part of the Tenth Army's XVI Motorised Corps, which included a role for the division in the drive on Warsaw. After a reorganisation it then participated in heavy fighting during the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940, as part of XI Corps and the Sixth Army of Army Group B. In June 1941 it took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of General der Panzertruppe (Lieutenant General) Heinz Guderian's Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre. The 31st Division initially fought in battles for Białystok and Minsk. During the battle for Smolensk which commenced on 17 July 1941, the division was part of Generaloberst (General) Maximilian von Weichs's 2nd Army, as part of the XII Corps. It was also involved in fighting at Bryansk, and was engaged in the failed attempt to encircle Tula southeast of Moscow (in late 1941). Other bitter fighting fell to the 31st Division in the winter of 1941/42. Generaloberst Walter Model's 9th Army, XLVI Panzer Corps, in the Kursk area in 1943 where it took part in rear-guard skirmishes in the Middle Dnieper area of the Ukraine. It was almost completely annihilated to the east of Minsk in June/July 1944. Its commanding officer, Generalleutnant Willifrank Ochsner, was taken prisoner along with most of the remaining troops. 31st (Volks) Grenadier Division The recovering wounded and new recruits were organized into a new 31st Division in Germany in the fall of 1944; initially designated the 31st Grenadier Division, it was later merged with the newly created 550th Grenadier Division to form the 31st Volksgrenadier Division. In September 1944 this division successfully participated in the early battles to defend the Courland Peninsula, (Latvia). In early 1945 the division was evacuated by sea to northern Germany where it fought its last campaigns with Army Group Vistula. In late January 1945 it was part of the garrison defending the East Prussian city of Thorn on the Vistula from the Red Army. After destroying the bridges over the river at Thorn, the division fought its way west and north in an attempt to breakout from Soviet encirclement. When it reached a crossing point about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Kulm in early February, the ice was melting and the Red Army was closing in. In May 1945 it surrendered to Russian troops on the Hel Peninsula, a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in Northern Poland that separates the Bay of Puck from the Baltic Sea. Ochsner remained a Soviet prisoner until 1955. Organisational history The division was mobilised on 28 August 1939. Its initial composition was: 12th Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions) 17th Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions) 82nd Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions) 31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions) 67th Artillery Regiment (I battalion) 31st Panzerjäger Battalion 31st Reconnaissance Battalion 31st Pioneer Battalion 31st Signals Battalion 31st Division Support Units In January 1940 the divisional replacement battalion became part of the 181st Infantry Division, and II battalion of the 12th Infantry Regiment (I/12) became part of the 295th Infantry Division and a new battalion was raised to replace it. In October 1940 roughly a third of the division was used as the core of the 131st Infantry Division, but the donated units were replaced. In 1942, II/12, II/17 and III/82 were disbanded and from this point onwards the infantry regiments of the division consisted of only two battalions each. In May 1944, the divisional fusilier battalion was formed from the divisional reconnaissance battalion, and the division absorbed the 566th Grenadier Regiment of the 52nd Field Recruit Division which was being broken up. At this point the division comprised the following major units: 12th Grenadier Regiment (I, III battalions) 17th Grenadier Regiment (I, III battalions); Oberst Wolfgang Müller, commanding officer 15 Jun 1942 – 30 September 1943 82nd Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) 31st Divisional Fusilier Battalion (anti-aircraft) 31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions) 67th Artillery Regiment (I battalion) In June 1944, the division was destroyed while serving with Army Group Centre, and it was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944. On 21 July 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was formed using a combination of the remnants of the 31st Infantry Division and a re-designation of the 550th (Sperr) Division of the 29th Wave. The major units of the division comprised: 12th Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1100th Grenadier Regiment) 17th Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1111th Grenadier Regiment) 82nd Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1112th Grenadier Regiment) 31st Divisional Fusilier Battalion (anti-aircraft) (from 550th Divisional Fusilier Company) 31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions) (from 1550th Artillery Regiment) 31st Flak Company 31st Assault Gun Battalion On 9 September 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was re-formed as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division, and some minor re-organisation was affected. The re-organisation was completed in Danzig on 17 January 1945. Commanding officers The following officers commanded the division: Generalmajor then from 1 January 1938 Generalleutnant Rudolf Kaempfe (1 April 1937 – 22 May 1941) Generalmajor Kurt Kalmuekoff (22 May 1941 – 13 August 1941) † Generalmajor Gerhard Berthold (15 August 1941 – 21 January 1942) Oberst Friedrich Hoßbach (21 January 1942 – 28 February 1942) Generalmajor Gerhard Berthold (28 February 1942 – 14 April 1942) † Generalmajor then from 1 October 1942 Generalleutnant Kurt Pflieger (16 April 1942 – 1 April 1943) Oberst Hermann Flörke (1 April 1943 – 16 May 1943) Generalleutnant Friedrich Hoßbach (16 May 1943 – 2 August 1943) Oberst Kurt Möhring (2 August 1943 – 25 September 1943) Generalmajor then from 1 June 1944 Generalleutnant Willifrank Ochsner (25 September 1943 – late June 1944) (POW) Generalmajor Ernst König (late June 1944 – 1 July 1944) 31st Grenadierdivision and 31st Volks-Grenadier-Division Oberst then from 1 October 1944 Generalmajor Hans-Joachim von Stolzmann (1 July 1944 – January 1945) Oberst Wolkewitz (January 1945 - 13 March 1945) Oberst Heinrich Kuhberg (March - April 1945) Oberst Anton Manold (April - May 1945) Footnotes ^ a b c Mitcham 2007, p. 76. ^ a b c d e f Nafziger 2000, p. 25. ^ Nafziger 1996, p. 51. ^ Wettstein 2012, p. 45. ^ a b c d Mitcham 2007, p. 77. ^ Nafziger 1992, p. 5. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 135–136. ^ Hinsley 1988, p. 646–647. ^ Buttar 2012, p. 181. ^ Buttar 2012, pp. 186–188. ^ Nafziger 1994, p. 5. ^ “Bundesarchiv“ a.a.O., page 51. ^ Lexikon der Wehrmacht References Books Buttar, Prit (2012). Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944/45. Long Island, New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84908-790-2. Frankson, Anders; Zetterling, Niklas (2012). The Drive on Moscow, 1941. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-120-3. Glantz, David M. (2010). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk 10 July - 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941. Vol. 1. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-907677-50-2. Hinsley, Francis Harry (1988). British Intelligence in the Second World War, Part 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Vol. 3. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35196-6. Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). German Order of Battle Volume Three: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Divisions in WWII. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. Nafziger, George F. (2000). The German Order of Battle — Infantry in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-393-1. von Roman, Rudolf Freiherr (2009). "XX Corps in Defensive Fighting, August–October 1943". In Newton, Steven H. (ed.). Kursk: The German View. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 228–250. ISBN 978-0-7867-4513-5. Wettstein, Adrian E. (2012). "Urban Warfare Doctrine on the Eastern Front". In Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (eds.). Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization. Rochester, New York: University Rochester Press. pp. 45–65. ISBN 978-1-58046-407-9. Web Nafziger, George (1992), German Army - Invasion of France - 10 May 1940 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, retrieved 8 June 2013 Nafziger, George (1994), German Army - 1 September 1939 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2011, retrieved 8 June 2013 Nafziger, George (1996), German Army Group South - Invasion of Poland - 1 September 1939 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2011, retrieved 8 June 2013 vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, AufstellungswellevteVolksgrenadier divisions of the German Army, 1944–451st– 199th 6 9 12 16 18 19 22 26 31 36 45 46 47 61 62 78 79 98 167 183 200th – 299th 211 212 246 256 257 271 272 276 277 278 300th – 540th 320 326 334 337 340 347 349 352 361 363 462 541st – 549th 541 542 544 545 547 548 549 551st – 559th 551 553 558 559 560th – 569th 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570th – 579th 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580th – 589th 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 590th – 709th 708 See also: List of German divisions in World War IIKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 31st Infantry Division Gerhard Berthold Friedrich Hoßbach1 (Oak Leaves) Ernst König (Oak Leaves) Willifrank Ochsner 1 Oak Leaves with LVI Panzer Corps Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"invasion of France and the Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Panzergruppe 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Army Group Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre"},{"link_name":"invasion of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Army Group North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North"},{"link_name":"Army Group Courland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Courland"},{"link_name":"Courland Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Army Group Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross#Knight's_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves_and_Swords"}],"text":"Military unitThe 31st Infantry Division (German: 31. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division of the Army during World War II. It participated in the invasion of Poland in 1939 then the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940. As part of Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre, it was involved in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. After hard fighting throughout 1941 and 1942 it joined the 9th Army and fought in the Battle of Kursk in July and August 1943. Along with the rest of the 9th Army, the division conducted a fighting withdrawal for the remainder of 1943, during which it sustained heavy casualties. In the early stages of the Soviet Operation Bagration of June to August 1944, the 31st Infantry Division was destroyed, a fate which subsequently befell most of Army Group Centre. The division was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944.The division was initially re-formed on 21 July 1944 as the 31st Grenadier Division, but was soon re-designated as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division and returned to the front line in September 1944 as part of Army Group North. Army Group North was subsequently re-designated Army Group Courland in October 1944 when it was cut off from the rest of the German Army on the Courland Peninsula in northwestern Latvia. Army Group Courland remained encircled for the rest of the war, but several divisions, including the 31st Volksgrenadier Division were evacuated by sea to Germany in January 1945. The division joined the newly formed Army Group Vistula and fought in the Danzig area before being captured by the Red Army in May 1945. Twenty-three awards of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross were made to members serving with the division, along with two awards of the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. Two of its commanders were killed in action.","title":"31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wehrkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_district_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776-1"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776-1"}],"text":"The division was created on 1 October 1936 recruited from the Braunschweig region of north-central Germany within Wehrkreis XI.[1] The division was established with three infantry regiments of three battalions each.[2] The divisional emblem was a standing lion.[1]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kaempfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kaempfe"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Tenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"XVI Motorised Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199651-3"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettstein201245-4"},{"link_name":"invasion of France and the Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777-5"},{"link_name":"XI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Army Group B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger19925-6"},{"link_name":"invasion of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"General der Panzertruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_der_Panzertruppe"},{"link_name":"Heinz Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"Panzergruppe 2.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Army Group Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777-5"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Maximilian von Weichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"XII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2010135%E2%80%93136-7"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Walter Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Model"},{"link_name":"9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"XLVI Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLVI_Panzer_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"Middle Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Willifrank Ochsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willifrank_Ochsner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777-5"}],"text":"The division saw combat under the command of Generalleutnant (Major General) Rudolf Kaempfe during the invasion of Poland in 1939 as part of the Tenth Army's XVI Motorised Corps,[3] which included a role for the division in the drive on Warsaw.[4] After a reorganisation it then participated in heavy fighting during the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940,[5] as part of XI Corps and the Sixth Army of Army Group B.[6]In June 1941 it took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of General der Panzertruppe (Lieutenant General) Heinz Guderian's Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre. The 31st Division initially fought in battles for Białystok and Minsk.[5] During the battle for Smolensk which commenced on 17 July 1941, the division was part of Generaloberst (General) Maximilian von Weichs's 2nd Army, as part of the XII Corps.[7]It was also involved in fighting at Bryansk, and was engaged in the failed attempt to encircle Tula southeast of Moscow (in late 1941). Other bitter fighting fell to the 31st Division in the winter of 1941/42. Generaloberst Walter Model's 9th Army, XLVI Panzer Corps, in the Kursk area in 1943 where it took part in rear-guard skirmishes in the Middle Dnieper area of the Ukraine. It was almost completely annihilated to the east of Minsk in June/July 1944. Its commanding officer, Generalleutnant Willifrank Ochsner, was taken prisoner along with most of the remaining troops.[5]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courland Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Army Group Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1988646%E2%80%93647-8"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar2012181-9"},{"link_name":"Kulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar2012186%E2%80%93188-10"},{"link_name":"Hel Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Bay of Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Puck"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777-5"}],"sub_title":"31st (Volks) Grenadier Division","text":"The recovering wounded and new recruits were organized into a new 31st Division in Germany in the fall of 1944; initially designated the 31st Grenadier Division, it was later merged with the newly created 550th Grenadier Division to form the 31st Volksgrenadier Division. In September 1944 this division successfully participated in the early battles to defend the Courland Peninsula, (Latvia). In early 1945 the division was evacuated by sea to northern Germany where it fought its last campaigns with Army Group Vistula.[8] In late January 1945 it was part of the garrison defending the East Prussian city of Thorn on the Vistula from the Red Army.[9] After destroying the bridges over the river at Thorn, the division fought its way west and north in an attempt to breakout from Soviet encirclement. When it reached a crossing point about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Kulm in early February, the ice was melting and the Red Army was closing in.[10] In May 1945 it surrendered to Russian troops on the Hel Peninsula, a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in Northern Poland that separates the Bay of Puck from the Baltic Sea. Ochsner remained a Soviet prisoner until 1955.[5]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger19945-11"},{"link_name":"Panzerjäger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications"},{"link_name":"181st Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"295th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/295th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"131st Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/131st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"},{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger200025-2"}],"text":"The division was mobilised on 28 August 1939. Its initial composition was:[2][11]12th Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions)\n17th Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions)\n82nd Infantry Regiment (I, II, III battalions)\n31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions)\n67th Artillery Regiment (I battalion)\n31st Panzerjäger Battalion\n31st Reconnaissance Battalion\n31st Pioneer Battalion\n31st Signals Battalion\n31st Division Support UnitsIn January 1940 the divisional replacement battalion became part of the 181st Infantry Division, and II battalion of the 12th Infantry Regiment (I/12) became part of the 295th Infantry Division and a new battalion was raised to replace it. In October 1940 roughly a third of the division was used as the core of the 131st Infantry Division, but the donated units were replaced. In 1942, II/12, II/17 and III/82 were disbanded and from this point onwards the infantry regiments of the division consisted of only two battalions each. In May 1944, the divisional fusilier battalion was formed from the divisional reconnaissance battalion, and the division absorbed the 566th Grenadier Regiment of the 52nd Field Recruit Division which was being broken up. At this point the division comprised the following major units:[2]12th Grenadier Regiment (I, III battalions)\n17th Grenadier Regiment (I, III battalions); Oberst Wolfgang Müller, commanding officer 15 Jun 1942 – 30 September 1943[12]\n82nd Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions)\n31st Divisional Fusilier Battalion (anti-aircraft)\n31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions)\n67th Artillery Regiment (I battalion)In June 1944, the division was destroyed while serving with Army Group Centre, and it was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944.[2]On 21 July 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was formed using a combination of the remnants of the 31st Infantry Division and a re-designation of the 550th (Sperr) Division of the 29th Wave. The major units of the division comprised:[2]12th Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1100th Grenadier Regiment)\n17th Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1111th Grenadier Regiment)\n82nd Grenadier Regiment (I, II battalions) (from the 1112th Grenadier Regiment)\n31st Divisional Fusilier Battalion (anti-aircraft) (from 550th Divisional Fusilier Company)\n31st Artillery Regiment (I, II, III battalions) (from 1550th Artillery Regiment)\n31st Flak Company\n31st Assault Gun BattalionOn 9 September 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was re-formed as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division, and some minor re-organisation was affected. The re-organisation was completed in Danzig on 17 January 1945.[2]","title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776-1"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kaempfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kaempfe"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Berthold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Berthold"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hoßbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ho%C3%9Fbach"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Kurt Pflieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Pflieger"},{"link_name":"Hermann Flörke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fl%C3%B6rke"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hoßbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hossbach"},{"link_name":"Willifrank Ochsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willifrank_Ochsner"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Ernst König","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C3%B6nig"}],"text":"The following officers commanded the division:[1]Generalmajor then from 1 January 1938 Generalleutnant Rudolf Kaempfe (1 April 1937 – 22 May 1941)\nGeneralmajor Kurt Kalmuekoff (22 May 1941 – 13 August 1941) †\nGeneralmajor Gerhard Berthold (15 August 1941 – 21 January 1942)\nOberst Friedrich Hoßbach (21 January 1942 – 28 February 1942)\nGeneralmajor Gerhard Berthold (28 February 1942 – 14 April 1942) †\nGeneralmajor then from 1 October 1942 Generalleutnant Kurt Pflieger (16 April 1942 – 1 April 1943)\nOberst Hermann Flörke (1 April 1943 – 16 May 1943)\nGeneralleutnant Friedrich Hoßbach (16 May 1943 – 2 August 1943)\nOberst Kurt Möhring (2 August 1943 – 25 September 1943)\nGeneralmajor then from 1 June 1944 Generalleutnant Willifrank Ochsner (25 September 1943 – late June 1944) (POW)\nGeneralmajor Ernst König (late June 1944 – 1 July 1944)","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"31st Grenadierdivision and 31st Volks-Grenadier-Division","text":"Oberst then from 1 October 1944 Generalmajor Hans-Joachim von Stolzmann (1 July 1944 – January 1945)\nOberst Wolkewitz (January 1945 - 13 March 1945)\nOberst Heinrich Kuhberg (March - April 1945)\nOberst Anton Manold (April - May 1945)[13]","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200776_1-2"},{"link_name":"Mitcham 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitcham2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger200025_2-5"},{"link_name":"Nafziger 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNafziger2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger199651_3-0"},{"link_name":"Nafziger 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNafziger1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettstein201245_4-0"},{"link_name":"Wettstein 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWettstein2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200777_5-3"},{"link_name":"Mitcham 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitcham2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger19925_6-0"},{"link_name":"Nafziger 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNafziger1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2010135%E2%80%93136_7-0"},{"link_name":"Glantz 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGlantz2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsley1988646%E2%80%93647_8-0"},{"link_name":"Hinsley 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHinsley1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtar2012181_9-0"},{"link_name":"Buttar 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFButtar2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtar2012186%E2%80%93188_10-0"},{"link_name":"Buttar 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFButtar2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger19945_11-0"},{"link_name":"Nafziger 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNafziger1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Lexikon der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Volksgrenadierdivisionen/31VGD.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c Mitcham 2007, p. 76.\n\n^ a b c d e f Nafziger 2000, p. 25.\n\n^ Nafziger 1996, p. 51.\n\n^ Wettstein 2012, p. 45.\n\n^ a b c d Mitcham 2007, p. 77.\n\n^ Nafziger 1992, p. 5.\n\n^ Glantz 2010, pp. 135–136.\n\n^ Hinsley 1988, p. 646–647.\n\n^ Buttar 2012, p. 181.\n\n^ Buttar 2012, pp. 186–188.\n\n^ Nafziger 1994, p. 5.\n\n^ “Bundesarchiv“ a.a.O., page 51.\n\n^ Lexikon der Wehrmacht","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Buttar, Prit (2012). Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944/45. Long Island, New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84908-790-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-790-2","url_text":"978-1-84908-790-2"}]},{"reference":"Frankson, Anders; Zetterling, Niklas (2012). The Drive on Moscow, 1941. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-120-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8vH8G_w4mUUC","url_text":"The Drive on Moscow, 1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-120-3","url_text":"978-1-61200-120-3"}]},{"reference":"Glantz, David M. (2010). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk 10 July - 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941. Vol. 1. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-907677-50-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Glantz","url_text":"Glantz, David M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SDfInc6Gb40C","url_text":"Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk 10 July - 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907677-50-2","url_text":"978-1-907677-50-2"}]},{"reference":"Hinsley, Francis Harry (1988). British Intelligence in the Second World War, Part 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Vol. 3. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35196-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hinsley","url_text":"Hinsley, Francis Harry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35196-6","url_text":"978-0-521-35196-6"}]},{"reference":"Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). German Order of Battle Volume Three: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Divisions in WWII. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nafziger, George F. (2000). The German Order of Battle — Infantry in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-393-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nafziger","url_text":"Nafziger, George F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-393-1","url_text":"978-1-85367-393-1"}]},{"reference":"von Roman, Rudolf Freiherr (2009). \"XX Corps in Defensive Fighting, August–October 1943\". In Newton, Steven H. (ed.). Kursk: The German View. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 228–250. ISBN 978-0-7867-4513-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Freiherr_von_Roman","url_text":"von Roman, Rudolf Freiherr"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AQJny3H51ZQC","url_text":"Kursk: The German View"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4513-5","url_text":"978-0-7867-4513-5"}]},{"reference":"Wettstein, Adrian E. (2012). \"Urban Warfare Doctrine on the Eastern Front\". In Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (eds.). Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization. Rochester, New York: University Rochester Press. pp. 45–65. ISBN 978-1-58046-407-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-407-9","url_text":"978-1-58046-407-9"}]},{"reference":"Nafziger, George (1992), German Army - Invasion of France - 10 May 1940 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, retrieved 8 June 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/940GEAJ.pdf","url_text":"German Army - Invasion of France - 10 May 1940"}]},{"reference":"Nafziger, George (1994), German Army - 1 September 1939 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2011, retrieved 8 June 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043119/http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIAA.PDF","url_text":"German Army - 1 September 1939"},{"url":"http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIAA.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nafziger, George (1996), German Army Group South - Invasion of Poland - 1 September 1939 (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2011, retrieved 8 June 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208084716/http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIPQ.PDF","url_text":"German Army Group South - Invasion of Poland - 1 September 1939"},{"url":"http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIPQ.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Volksgrenadierdivisionen/31VGD.htm","external_links_name":"Lexikon der Wehrmacht"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8vH8G_w4mUUC","external_links_name":"The Drive on Moscow, 1941"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SDfInc6Gb40C","external_links_name":"Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk 10 July - 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AQJny3H51ZQC","external_links_name":"Kursk: The German View"},{"Link":"http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/940GEAJ.pdf","external_links_name":"German Army - Invasion of France - 10 May 1940"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043119/http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIAA.PDF","external_links_name":"German Army - 1 September 1939"},{"Link":"http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIAA.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208084716/http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIPQ.PDF","external_links_name":"German Army Group South - Invasion of Poland - 1 September 1939"},{"Link":"http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIPQ.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236103177","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4458871-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADas_sin_luna	Días sin luna	["1 Cast","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]	Mexican telenovela Días sin lunaGenreTelenovelaCreated byEric VonnWritten byEric VonnMary AragónDirected byRafael BanquellsPhilippe AmandStarringAngélica AragónSergio GoyriOfelia GuilmáinGabriela RoelJorge RussekDaniela CastroSylvia PasquelOpening themeDías sin luna by Amparo RubínDías sin luna by GreciaCountry of originMexicoOriginal languageSpanishNo. of episodes80ProductionExecutive producerJuan OsorioCinematographyCarlos Guerra VillarealRoberto NinoCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time41-44 minutesProduction companyTelevisaOriginal releaseNetworkCanal de las EstrellasReleaseMay 14 (1990-05-14) –August 31, 1990 (1990-08-31)Related Simplemente María Ángeles blancos Días sin luna (English: Days Without Moon) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1990. Based on an original script by Eric Vonn. Angélica Aragón, Sergio Goyri and Gabriela Roel starred as protagonists, Daniela Castro starred as co-protagonist, while the leading actress Ofelia Guilmáin starred as main antagonist. Sylvia Pasquel starred as co-antagonist. Cast Angélica Aragón as Lucía Álvarez Sergio Goyri as Andrés Monasterios Gabriela Roel as Silvia Parlange Ofelia Guilmáin as Doña Carlota Parlange Vda. de Escalante-Duval Sylvia Pasquel as Laura de Santamaría Daniela Castro as Lorena Parlange Jorge Russek as Rogelio Santamaría Gaston Tusset as Alfonso Parlange Lupita Sandoval as Rosario "Chayito" Lucía Guilmáin as Lourdes Juan Carlos Casasola as Gastón Solís Mercedes Olea as Sonia Maty Huitrón as Magdalena Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez as Irene Mario Iván Martínez as Jaime Beatriz Cecilia as Olga Jair de Rubín as Rodrigo Parlange Alejandro Gaytán as Julio Monasterio Magda Giner as Teresa "Tere" Patricia Bolaños as Marcela Miriam Calderón as Cirila John Pike as Marcial Alicia Brug Alcocer as Graciela "Chelita" David Rencoret as Rodolfo Berenice Domínguez as Estíbaliz Gloria Izaguirre Leonor Llausás as Clementina Gerardo Moscoso as Lic. Vela Hugo Acosta as Santiago Polo Salazar as Padre Enrique Rosita Pelayo as Clara Perla de la Rosa Yanni Contreras Héctor Parra Awards Year Award Category Nominee Result 1991 9th TVyNovelas Awards Best Telenovela of the Year Juan Osorio Nominated Best Actress Angélica Aragón Best Actor Sergio Goyri Best Leading Actress Ofelia Guilmáin Won Best Leading Actor Jorge Russek Best Young Lead Actress Daniela Castro Nominated Best Child Performance Jair de Rubín Won Alejandro Gaytán Nominated References ^ "Días sin luna (TV Series 1990– ) - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 16, 2013. External links Días sin luna at IMDb vteTelevisa telenovelas (1990–1999)1990 Alcanzar una estrella Amor de nadie Ángeles blancos Cenizas y diamantes Destino Días sin luna En carne propia La fuerza del amor Mi pequeña Soledad Un rostro en mi pasado Yo compro esa mujer 1991 Alcanzar una estrella II Al filo de la muerte Atrapada Cadenas de amargura La pícara soñadora Madres egoístas Milagro y magia Muchachitas Valeria y Maximiliano Vida robada Yo no creo en los hombres 1992 Ángeles sin paraíso Baila conmigo Carrusel de las Américas De frente al sol El abuelo y yo La sonrisa del Diablo Las secretas intenciones Mágica juventud María Mercedes Triángulo 1993 Buscando el paraíso Capricho Clarisa Corazón salvaje Dos mujeres, un camino Entre la vida y la muerte La última esperanza Los Parientes Pobres Sueño de amor Tenías que ser tú Valentina Más allá del puente 1994 Agujetas de color de rosa Caminos cruzados El vuelo del águila Imperio de cristal Marimar Prisionera de amor Volver a Empezar 1995 Acapulco, cuerpo y alma Alondra Bajo un mismo rostro La Dueña Morelia Pobre niña rica Retrato de familia María la del Barrio Si Dios me quita la vida El premio mayor Lazos de amor La Paloma María José 1996 Marisol Luz Clarita Mi querida Isabel Sentimientos ajenos Cañaveral de Pasiones La antorcha encendida Azul Morir dos veces Confidente de secundaria Para toda la vida Canción de amor La sombra del otro Bendita mentira La culpa Tú y yo Te sigo amando 1997 Alguna vez tendremos alas Pueblo chico, infierno grande Los hijos de nadie No tengo madre La jaula de oro Gente bien Esmeralda El alma no tiene color María Isabel Salud, dinero y amor Amada enemiga Huracán Desencuentro El secreto de Alejandra Sin Ti Mi pequeña traviesa 1998 La usurpadora Una luz en el camino Vivo Por Elena Rencor apasionado Preciosa La Mentira El Privilegio de Amar Gotita de amor Soñadoras Camila El diario de Daniela Ángela 1999 Nunca te olvidaré Rosalinda Tres mujeres El niño que vino del mar Amor gitano Por tu amor Infierno en el paraíso Alma rebelde Serafín Laberintos de pasión Mujeres engañadas DKDA: Sueños de juventud Cuento de Navidad Complete 1958–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 This article about Mexican telenovelas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Juan Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Osorio"},{"link_name":"Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"link_name":"Eric Vonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Vonn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Angélica Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sergio Goyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Goyri"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Roel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Roel"},{"link_name":"Daniela Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Castro"},{"link_name":"Ofelia Guilmáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofelia_Guilm%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pasquel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pasquel"}],"text":"Días sin luna (English: Days Without Moon) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1990. Based on an original script by Eric Vonn.[1]Angélica Aragón, Sergio Goyri and Gabriela Roel starred as protagonists, Daniela Castro starred as co-protagonist, while the leading actress Ofelia Guilmáin starred as main antagonist. Sylvia Pasquel starred as co-antagonist.","title":"Días sin luna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angélica Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sergio Goyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Goyri"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Roel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Roel"},{"link_name":"Ofelia Guilmáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofelia_Guilm%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pasquel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pasquel"},{"link_name":"Daniela Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Castro"},{"link_name":"Jorge Russek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Russek"},{"link_name":"Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaide_Silvia_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Mario Iván Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Iv%C3%A1n_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Gloria Izaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Izaguirre"},{"link_name":"Leonor Llausás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_Llaus%C3%A1s"}],"text":"Angélica Aragón as Lucía Álvarez\nSergio Goyri as Andrés Monasterios\nGabriela Roel as Silvia Parlange\nOfelia Guilmáin as Doña Carlota Parlange Vda. de Escalante-Duval\nSylvia Pasquel as Laura de Santamaría\nDaniela Castro as Lorena Parlange\nJorge Russek as Rogelio Santamaría\nGaston Tusset as Alfonso Parlange\nLupita Sandoval as Rosario \"Chayito\"\nLucía Guilmáin as Lourdes\nJuan Carlos Casasola as Gastón Solís\nMercedes Olea as Sonia\nMaty Huitrón as Magdalena\nZaide Silvia Gutiérrez as Irene\nMario Iván Martínez as Jaime\nBeatriz Cecilia as Olga\nJair de Rubín as Rodrigo Parlange\nAlejandro Gaytán as Julio Monasterio\nMagda Giner as Teresa \"Tere\"\nPatricia Bolaños as Marcela\nMiriam Calderón as Cirila\nJohn Pike as Marcial\nAlicia Brug Alcocer as Graciela \"Chelita\"\nDavid Rencoret as Rodolfo\nBerenice Domínguez as Estíbaliz\nGloria Izaguirre\nLeonor Llausás as Clementina\nGerardo Moscoso as Lic. Vela\nHugo Acosta as Santiago\nPolo Salazar as Padre Enrique\nRosita Pelayo as Clara\nPerla de la Rosa\nYanni Contreras\nHéctor Parra","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Días sin luna (TV Series 1990– ) - IMDb\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0229893/","url_text":"\"Días sin luna (TV Series 1990– ) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0229893/","external_links_name":"\"Días sin luna (TV Series 1990– ) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0229893/","external_links_name":"Días sin luna"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%ADas_sin_luna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantacuzino	Cantacuzino family	["1 Origin of the family","2 Origin of the Romanian branch","3 Family tree of notable members","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cantacuzino family" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Coat of arms of Gheorghe Cantacuzino, Great Ban of Craiova in 1719–1726 The House of Cantacuzino (French: Cantacuzène) is a Romanian aristocratic family of Greek origin. The family gave a number of princes to Wallachia and Moldavia, and it claimed descent from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifically from Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1354). After the Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11, a lateral branch of the family settled in Russia, receiving the princely (Knyaz, as opposed to Velikij Knyaz) status. In 1944, Prince Ștefan Cantacuzino settled in Sweden, where his descendants form part of the unintroduced nobility of that country. Origin of the family Cantacuzino arms as used in the Kingdom of Romania, c. 1900 Further information: Kantakouzenos Members of the family claim that the genealogical links between the original House of Kantakouzinos and the subsequent House of Cantacuzino have been extensively researched. The family first appears among the Phanariotes in the late 16th century, with Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos, after a gap of over a century from the Fall of Constantinople. Whether the family is indeed linked to the Byzantine imperial house of Kantakouzenos is disputed, as it was usual among wealthy Greeks of the time to assume Byzantine surnames and claim descent from the famous noble houses of their Byzantine past. The first member of the family to publicly stress his imperial descent on an international level was the adventurer and pretender Radu Cantacuzino (1699–1761), who produced a genealogy linking himself to Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, though it contained several invented figures. Radu also changed his coat of arms from the earlier arms depicting an eagle holding a cross, to a new rendition with more shields representing various families and regions, a version still in use by the family today. The eminent Byzantinist Steven Runciman considered the latter-day Kantakouzenoi "perhaps the only family whose claim to be in the direct line from Byzantine Emperors, as authentic", but according to the historian Donald Nicol, "Patriotic Rumanian historians have indeed labored to show that ... of all the Byzantine imperial families that of the Kantakouzenos is the only one which can truthfully be said to have survived to this day; but the line of succession after the middle of the fifteenth century is, to say the least, uncertain." The origin of the Byzantine family can be traced to Smyrna. The Greek scholar Konstantinos Amantos suggested that "Kantakouzenos" derives from κατὰ-κουζηνᾶν or κατὰ-κουζηνόν, ultimately from the locality of Kouzenas, a name for the southern part of Mount Sipylon near Smyrna. Donald Nicol agrees with this theory, and lists some connections the Kantakouzenoi had with the locale in the 11th and 13th centuries. Origin of the Romanian branch Cantacuzino Palace in Bucharest, Romania Cantacuzino Castle in Bușteni, Romania The Greek Kantakouzenos family had been active in Constantinople and Greece during the Greek War of Independence, but several branches of the original Greek family were created via the migrations and establishment of Kantakouzenos family members to different parts of Europe. Two of those new branches were the Romanian (Wallachian and Moldavian) Cantacuzino branch as well as the Russian branch (which is an offshoot of the Wallachian-Moldavian one). As a consequence of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet occupation of Romania after World War II, (between 1944 and 1947) the last two branches now mostly live in Western Europe and North America. According to Jean-Michel Cantacuzène and Mihail Sturdza, the origin of the Cantacuzino family in Romania is traced to Andronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601; also known as Andronik), a Greek financier from Constantinople, son of the "Prince of the Greeks" Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos. Andronikos had among his several sons two who became "boyars" in what today is Romania and founded the yet-surviving new branches of Cantacuzino: "boyar" Georgios 'Iordaki' Kantakouzenos became forefather of the Moldavian branch, which soon branched to Cantacuzino-Deleanu and Cantacuzino-Pasceanu. "boyar" Konstantinos 'Kostaki' Kantakouzenos married an heiress (daughter) of the late reigning prince Radu Șerban, onetime ruler of Wallachia, and they founded the Wallachian branches which soon clashed against the Ghica family over power. Family tree of notable members Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu (1510–1578) Andronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601) Mihai Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino (died 1686), Prince of Moldavia Iordache (died 1663) Toderascu (died 1685) Ionitsa (1664–1692) Iordache (1688–1758) Ionitsa (1721–1789) Matei (1750–1817) Alexandros Kantakouzinos (1787–1841), magnate and politician Alexandru Cantacuzino (1811–1884), government minister Iordache (died 1700) Iordache (died 1740) Constantin (died 1740) Iordache Cantacuzino (1740–1826) Constantin (1778–1843) Lascar (1805–1885) Constantin Cantacuzino-Pașcanu (1856–1927), politician Nicolas (1811–1840), married to Lucía Palladi (1821–1860) Pulcheria (1840–1865), married to Prince Emil zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1824-1878) Lucia zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Beleburg (1859-1903), married Prince Otto Victor von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1856-1888) Princess Sophie von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1885-1936), married Wilhelm, Prince of Albania Grigore (1779–1809) Elisabeta Știrbey (1805–1874), Princess of Wallachia Alexandru (1786–1832) Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino (1829–1897) Constantin Cantacuzino (1598–1663); married to Elena Cantacuzino Drăghici Cantacuzino (1630–1667) Parvu (died 1696) Parvu (1689–1751) Ioan (died 1749) Iordache (1747–1803) Constantin Cantacuzino (1793–1877) Ion C. Cantacuzino (1825–1878), politician Ioan Cantacuzino (1863–1934), physician and scientist Adolf (1839–1911) Scarlat Cantacuzino (1874–1949), poet and diplomat Grigore (1800–1849) Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (1833–1913), Prime Minister of Romania Mihail G. Cantacuzino (1867–1928), Mayor of Bucharest and Justice Minister Constantin Cantacuzino (1905–1958), World War II flying ace Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino (1872–1930), Mayor of Bucharest; married to Alexandrina Cantacuzino (1876–1944), political activist Alexandru Cantacuzino (1901–1939), politician Matei (died 1742) Pârvu Cantacuzino (died 1769), Ban of Oltenia, the leader of an anti-Ottoman rebellion in 1769 Constantin (died 1761) Ioan (1756–1828) Nicolae (1790–1857) Vasile (1818–1906) Matei B. Cantacuzino (1855–1925), Mayor of Iași, Education Minister and Justice Minister Nicolae (1864–1948) George Matei Cantacuzino (1899–1960), architect Serban Cantacuzino (1928–2018), architect Marie Cantacuzène (1820–1898), painter's model Rodion Cantacuzino (1725–1774) Nikolai Rodionovich Cantacuzène (1761–1841) Rodion (1812–1880) Mikhail Rodionovich Cantacuzène-Speransky (1847–1894) Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène (1875–1955), Russian diplomat; married to Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant (1876–1975), granddaughter of Ulysses S. Grant and author Alexander (1813–1857) Olga Cantacuzène-Altieri (1843–1929), novelist Ivan (1816–1888) Pavel (1852–1922) George (1881–1950) Pierre (1922–1975) Ambrose (1947–2009), Bishop of Vevey Șerban Cantacuzino (1634–1688), Voivode of Wallachia 1678–1688 Gheorghe Cantacuzino (1673–1739) Toma (1714–1762) Matei (1745–1817) Iordache (1775–1827) Constantin (1811–1876) Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Râfoveanu (1845–1898), Minister of Finance Constantin (1847–1920), married to Sabina Brătianu-Cantacuzino (1863–1944), writer Gheorghe (1815–1890) Ioan (1847–1911) Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul (1869–1937), politician Ioan Radu (1885–1950), married to Maria Filotti (1883–1956), actress Ion Filotti Cantacuzino (1908–1975), writer and film producer Gheorghe I. Cantacuzino (1937–2019), historian Șerban Cantacuzino (1941–2011), actor Ioana Cantacuzino (1895–1951) Casandra Cantacuzino (1685–1713), Princess of Moldavia Stanca Brâncoveanu (1637–1699) Constantin Cantacuzino (1639–1716), high official in Wallachia Ștefan Cantacuzino (1675–1716), Voivode of Wallachia 1714–1716; married to Păuna Greceanu-Cantacuzino (died 1740) Radu Cantacuzino (1699–1761) Mihai Cantacuzino (1640–1716) Matei (died 1685) Toma Cantacuzino (died 1721) Ioannis (born 1570) Bella Rosetti (Cantacuzino), wife of Lascaris Rosetti, high chancellor of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and mother of Constantin Rosetti and Prince Antonie Ruset See also Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia Cantacuzino Bible References ^ Kaplan, Robert D. (2016-02-09). In Europe's Shadow: Two Cold Wars and a Thirty-Year Journey Through Romania and Beyond. Random House Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8129-9682-1. ^ Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006-01-10). A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-615-5053-72-6. ^ a b Gaster, Moses (1911). "Cantacuzino" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ^ Carl Otto Werkelid, Utländska släkter med stamtavla. In: Svenska Dagbladet, 26 April 2005 online. Retrieved on 12 September 2016. ^ a b c Jean-Michel Cantacuzène, Mille ans dans les Balkans Éditions Christian Paris (1992) ISBN 2-86496-054-0. ^ a b Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 188–189. ^ Chindriş, Ioan; Iacob, Niculina (2015). O diplomă privilegială inedită a episcopului Inochentie Micu-Klein (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Library of Romania. ISBN 978-6066903264. ^ Olar, Ovidiu (2014). "Intrigi politice, strategii de ascensiune socială și genealogii fabuloase. Episcopul Inochentie Micu, Cavaler și Prefect Suprem pentru Dacia al Ordinului "Constantinian" al Sf. Gheorghe" . Apulum (in Romanian). 51 (2): 129–161. ISSN 1013-428X. ^ Opaschi, Cătălina (2006–2007). "O genealogie inedită a familiei Cantacuzino şi herburi Cantacuzine" (PDF). Cercetari Numismatice. 12/13: 535–565. ^ Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-521-31310-4. ^ Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. v. OCLC 390843. ^ Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. pp. viii ff. OCLC 390843. ^ "Verisys". ^ Cantacuzène, Jean Michel (December 1992). Mille ans dans les Balkans: Chronique des Cantacuzène dans la tourmente des siècles (French ed.). Editions Christian. p. 6. ISBN 9782864960546. ^ Mihaela Roco and Mihail C. Roco, Diplomatie si Poezie - Contributia Europeana a lui Scarlat A. Cantacuzino (Charles-Adolphe Cantacuzène), 176 p. Bucharest: Editura Universitară, 2018. ISBN 978-606-28-0770-2. (http://www.editurauniversitara.ro/carte/istorie-75/diplomatie_si_poezie___contributia_europeana_a_lui_scarlat_a_cantacuzino_charles_adolphe_cantacuzne/11683) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cantacuzino family. Romanian Society at the Dawn of Modern Ages (17th–18th Centuries) vteTitled unintroduced nobility of SwedenPrincely Bernadotte Cantacuzino Ducal d'Otrante Marquisal Joussineau de Tourdonnet Lagergren Comital Bernadotte af Wisborg Crapon de Caprona Fouché d'Otrante von der Groeben von Hallwyl Joussineau de Tourdonnet Lagergren Landberg Moltke Moltke-Huitfeldt de Paus von Platen zu Hallermund Révay Reventlow Stolberg Tolstoy von (af) Trampe Baronial von Bonsdorff von Bredow von Buddenbrock von Buxhoeveden Cronstedt von Grothusen von Gussich von Leithner von Mecklenburg von der Osten-Sacken von der Pahlen von Rosen (från Hoch-Rosen) Rosenørn-Lehn von Strauss von Wangenheim de Wendel Families that have been included in Kalender öfver i Sverige lefvande ointroducerad adel (1886–1899), Sveriges ointroducerade adels kalender (1912–1944) and/or Kalender över Ointroducerad adels förening (1935–) vteRoyal houses of Wallachia House of Basarab Rossetti Bogdan-Mușat Movilești Drăculești Ghica Cantacuzene Cantemirești Romanov Racoviță Ottoman Mavrocordato Ypsilantis Soutzos Mourousi Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantacuzino_CoA.png"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Cantacuzino_(Ban_of_Craiova)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Banship_of_Craiova"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_of_Craiova"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian aristocratic family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"Velikij Knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Knyaz"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"unintroduced nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_nobility#Unintroduced_nobility"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Coat of arms of Gheorghe Cantacuzino, Great Ban of Craiova in 1719–1726The House of Cantacuzino (French: Cantacuzène) is a Romanian aristocratic family of Greek origin.[1][2] The family gave a number of princes to Wallachia and Moldavia, and it claimed descent from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifically from Byzantine Emperor[3] John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1354). After the Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11, a lateral branch of the family settled in Russia, receiving the princely (Knyaz, as opposed to Velikij Knyaz) status. In 1944, Prince Ștefan Cantacuzino settled in Sweden, where his descendants form part of the unintroduced nobility of that country.[4]","title":"Cantacuzino family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantacuzino_family_coat_of_arms,_variant,_ca._1900.svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"genealogical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"House of Kantakouzinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jean-Michel-5"},{"link_name":"Phanariotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotes"},{"link_name":"Michael \"Şeytanoğlu\" Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_%C5%9Eeytano%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finlay-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finlay-6"},{"link_name":"Radu Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Donald Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Amantos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Amantos"},{"link_name":"Mount Sipylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sipylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Cantacuzino arms as used in the Kingdom of Romania, c. 1900Further information: KantakouzenosMembers of the family claim that the genealogical links between the original House of Kantakouzinos and the subsequent House of Cantacuzino have been extensively researched.[5] The family first appears among the Phanariotes in the late 16th century, with Michael \"Şeytanoğlu\" Kantakouzenos, after a gap of over a century from the Fall of Constantinople.[6] Whether the family is indeed linked to the Byzantine imperial house of Kantakouzenos is disputed, as it was usual among wealthy Greeks of the time to assume Byzantine surnames and claim descent from the famous noble houses of their Byzantine past.[6] The first member of the family to publicly stress his imperial descent on an international level was the adventurer and pretender Radu Cantacuzino (1699–1761), who produced a genealogy linking himself to Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, though it contained several invented figures. Radu also changed his coat of arms from the earlier arms depicting an eagle holding a cross, to a new rendition with more shields representing various families and regions, a version still in use by the family today.[7][8][9]The eminent Byzantinist Steven Runciman considered the latter-day Kantakouzenoi \"perhaps the only family whose claim to be in the direct line from Byzantine Emperors, as authentic\",[10] but according to the historian Donald Nicol, \"Patriotic Rumanian historians have indeed labored to show that ... of all the Byzantine imperial families that of the Kantakouzenos is the only one which can truthfully be said to have survived to this day; but the line of succession after the middle of the fifteenth century is, to say the least, uncertain.\"[11]The origin of the Byzantine family can be traced to Smyrna. The Greek scholar Konstantinos Amantos suggested that \"Kantakouzenos\" derives from κατὰ-κουζηνᾶν or κατὰ-κουζηνόν, ultimately from the locality of Kouzenas, a name for the southern part of Mount Sipylon near Smyrna. Donald Nicol agrees with this theory, and lists some connections the Kantakouzenoi had with the locale in the 11th and 13th centuries.[12]","title":"Origin of the family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cantacuzino_Palace_from_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cantacuzino Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantacuzino_Palace"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CantacuzinoPalace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cantacuzino Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantacuzino_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bușteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C8%99teni"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wallachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Moldavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jean-Michel-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mihail Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Kantakouzenos_(1553%E2%80%931601)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Michael \"Şeytanoğlu\" Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_%C5%9Eeytano%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jean-Michel-5"},{"link_name":"Radu Șerban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_%C8%98erban"},{"link_name":"Ghica family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghica_family"}],"text":"Cantacuzino Palace in Bucharest, RomaniaCantacuzino Castle in Bușteni, RomaniaThe Greek Kantakouzenos family had been active in Constantinople and Greece during the Greek War of Independence,[13] but several branches of the original Greek family were created via the migrations and establishment of Kantakouzenos family members to different parts of Europe. Two of those new branches were the Romanian (Wallachian and Moldavian) Cantacuzino branch as well as the Russian branch (which is an offshoot of the Wallachian-Moldavian one). As a consequence of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet occupation of Romania after World War II, (between 1944 and 1947) the last two branches now mostly live in Western Europe and North America.[5][14]According to Jean-Michel Cantacuzène and Mihail Sturdza, the origin of the Cantacuzino family in Romania is traced to Andronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601; also known as Andronik),[3] a Greek financier from Constantinople, son of the \"Prince of the Greeks\" Michael \"Şeytanoğlu\" Kantakouzenos.[5] Andronikos had among his several sons two who became \"boyars\" in what today is Romania and founded the yet-surviving new branches of Cantacuzino:\"boyar\" Georgios 'Iordaki' Kantakouzenos became forefather of the Moldavian branch, which soon branched to Cantacuzino-Deleanu and Cantacuzino-Pasceanu.\n\"boyar\" Konstantinos 'Kostaki' Kantakouzenos married an heiress (daughter) of the late reigning prince Radu Șerban, onetime ruler of Wallachia, and they founded the Wallachian branches which soon clashed against the Ghica family over power.","title":"Origin of the Romanian branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_%C5%9Eeytano%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Kantakouzenos_(1553%E2%80%931601)"},{"link_name":"Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitra%C8%99cu_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Kantakouzinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Kantakouzinos"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Cantacuzino_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Iordache Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iordache_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordache_Cantacuzino_(Canta)"},{"link_name":"Constantin Cantacuzino-Pașcanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Cantacuzino-Pa%C8%99canu"},{"link_name":"Lucía Palladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luc%C3%ADa_Palladi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_Palladi"},{"link_name":"Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg"},{"link_name":"Sayn-Wittgenstein-Beleburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Schönburg-Waldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nburg_family"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophie von Schönburg-Waldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie,_Princess_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm, Prince of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm,_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Elisabeta Știrbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_%C8%98tirbey"},{"link_name":"Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Alexandru_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alexandre_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Constantin Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Cantacuzino_(died_1663)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Cantacuzino_(postelnic)"},{"link_name":"Elena Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Drăghici Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr%C4%83ghici_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83ghici_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Constantin Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Cantacuzino_(died_1877)"},{"link_name":"Ion C. Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_C._Cantacuzino_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ioan Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Scarlat Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlat_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mihail G. Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_G._Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Constantin Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Cantacuzino_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore_Gheorghe_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Alexandrina Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrina_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Cantacuzino_(legionnaire)"},{"link_name":"Pârvu Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rvu_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Matei B. Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_B._Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Education Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Justice Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"George Matei Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Matei_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Serban Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serban_Cantacuzino_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Marie Cantacuzène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Rodion Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rodionovich Cantacuzène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Rodionovich_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Rodionovich Cantacuzène-Speransky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Rodionovich_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne-Speransky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mikhail_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Dent_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne_Spiransky-Grant"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Olga Cantacuzène-Altieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Cantacuz%C3%A8ne-Altieri"},{"link_name":"Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_(Cantacuz%C3%A8ne)"},{"link_name":"Șerban Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Cantacuzino_(Ban_of_Oltenia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Râfoveanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-R%C3%A2foveanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Cantacuzino-R%C3%A2foveanu"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Sabina Brătianu-Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Br%C4%83tianu-Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Br%C4%83tianu-Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul"},{"link_name":"Maria Filotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Filotti"},{"link_name":"Ion Filotti Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Filotti_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe I. Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_I._Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Șerban Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ioana Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioana_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioana_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Casandra Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casandra_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casandra_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Stanca Brâncoveanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanca_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanca_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu"},{"link_name":"Constantin Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Cantacuzino_(stolnic)"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Păuna Greceanu-Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83una_Greceanu-Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Radu Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Mihai Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Toma Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_Cantacuzino"},{"link_name":"Bella Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Rosetti"},{"link_name":"Lascaris Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Rosetti"},{"link_name":"Constantin Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Rosetti"},{"link_name":"Antonie Ruset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_Ruset"}],"text":"Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu (1510–1578)\nAndronikos Kantakouzenos (1553–1601)\nMihai\nDumitrașcu Cantacuzino (died 1686), Prince of Moldavia\nIordache (died 1663)\nToderascu (died 1685)\nIonitsa (1664–1692)\nIordache (1688–1758)\nIonitsa (1721–1789)\nMatei (1750–1817)\nAlexandros Kantakouzinos (1787–1841), magnate and politician\nAlexandru Cantacuzino (1811–1884), government minister\nIordache (died 1700)\nIordache (died 1740)\nConstantin (died 1740)\nIordache Cantacuzino [ro] (1740–1826)\nConstantin (1778–1843)\nLascar (1805–1885)\nConstantin Cantacuzino-Pașcanu (1856–1927), politician\nNicolas (1811–1840), married to Lucía Palladi [es] (1821–1860)\nPulcheria (1840–1865), married to Prince Emil zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1824-1878)\nLucia zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Beleburg (1859-1903), married Prince Otto Victor von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1856-1888)\nPrincess Sophie von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1885-1936), married Wilhelm, Prince of Albania\nGrigore (1779–1809)\nElisabeta Știrbey (1805–1874), Princess of Wallachia\nAlexandru (1786–1832)\nIoan Alexandru Cantacuzino [fr] (1829–1897)\nConstantin Cantacuzino [ro] (1598–1663); married to Elena Cantacuzino\nDrăghici Cantacuzino [ro] (1630–1667)\nParvu (died 1696)\nParvu (1689–1751)\nIoan (died 1749)\nIordache (1747–1803)\nConstantin Cantacuzino (1793–1877)\nIon C. Cantacuzino (1825–1878), politician\nIoan Cantacuzino (1863–1934), physician and scientist\nAdolf (1839–1911)\nScarlat Cantacuzino (1874–1949), poet and diplomat[15]\nGrigore (1800–1849)\nGheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (1833–1913), Prime Minister of Romania\nMihail G. Cantacuzino (1867–1928), Mayor of Bucharest and Justice Minister\nConstantin Cantacuzino (1905–1958), World War II flying ace\nGrigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino (1872–1930), Mayor of Bucharest; married to Alexandrina Cantacuzino (1876–1944), political activist\nAlexandru Cantacuzino (1901–1939), politician\nMatei (died 1742)\nPârvu Cantacuzino (died 1769), Ban of Oltenia, the leader of an anti-Ottoman rebellion in 1769\nConstantin (died 1761)\nIoan (1756–1828)\nNicolae (1790–1857)\nVasile (1818–1906)\nMatei B. Cantacuzino (1855–1925), Mayor of Iași, Education Minister and Justice Minister\nNicolae (1864–1948)\nGeorge Matei Cantacuzino (1899–1960), architect\nSerban Cantacuzino (1928–2018), architect\nMarie Cantacuzène (1820–1898), painter's model\nRodion Cantacuzino (1725–1774)\nNikolai Rodionovich Cantacuzène [ru] (1761–1841)\nRodion (1812–1880)\nMikhail Rodionovich Cantacuzène-Speransky [ru] (1847–1894)\nPrince Mikhail Cantacuzène (1875–1955), Russian diplomat; married to Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant (1876–1975), granddaughter of Ulysses S. Grant and author\nAlexander (1813–1857)\nOlga Cantacuzène-Altieri (1843–1929), novelist\nIvan (1816–1888)\nPavel (1852–1922)\nGeorge (1881–1950)\nPierre (1922–1975)\nAmbrose (1947–2009), Bishop of Vevey\nȘerban Cantacuzino (1634–1688), Voivode of Wallachia 1678–1688\nGheorghe Cantacuzino [ro] (1673–1739)\nToma (1714–1762)\nMatei (1745–1817)\nIordache (1775–1827)\nConstantin (1811–1876)\nGheorghe Cantacuzino-Râfoveanu [ro] (1845–1898), Minister of Finance\nConstantin (1847–1920), married to Sabina Brătianu-Cantacuzino [ro] (1863–1944), writer\nGheorghe (1815–1890)\nIoan (1847–1911)\nGheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul (1869–1937), politician\nIoan Radu (1885–1950), married to Maria Filotti (1883–1956), actress\nIon Filotti Cantacuzino (1908–1975), writer and film producer\nGheorghe I. Cantacuzino (1937–2019), historian\nȘerban Cantacuzino (1941–2011), actor\nIoana Cantacuzino [ro] (1895–1951)\nCasandra Cantacuzino [ro] (1685–1713), Princess of Moldavia\nStanca Brâncoveanu [ro] (1637–1699)\nConstantin Cantacuzino (1639–1716), high official in Wallachia\nȘtefan Cantacuzino (1675–1716), Voivode of Wallachia 1714–1716; married to Păuna Greceanu-Cantacuzino (died 1740)\nRadu Cantacuzino (1699–1761)\nMihai Cantacuzino [ro] (1640–1716)\nMatei (died 1685)\nToma Cantacuzino (died 1721)\nIoannis (born 1570)\nBella Rosetti (Cantacuzino), wife of Lascaris Rosetti, high chancellor of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and mother of Constantin Rosetti and Prince Antonie Ruset","title":"Family tree of notable members"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Gheorghe Cantacuzino, Great Ban of Craiova in 1719–1726","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cantacuzino_CoA.png/200px-Cantacuzino_CoA.png"},{"image_text":"Cantacuzino arms as used in the Kingdom of Romania, c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantacuzino_family_coat_of_arms%2C_variant%2C_ca._1900.svg/200px-Cantacuzino_family_coat_of_arms%2C_variant%2C_ca._1900.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cantacuzino Palace in Bucharest, Romania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Cantacuzino_Palace_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/280px-The_Cantacuzino_Palace_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cantacuzino Castle in Bușteni, Romania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/CantacuzinoPalace.jpg/280px-CantacuzinoPalace.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia"},{"title":"Cantacuzino Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantacuzino_Bible"}]	[{"reference":"Kaplan, Robert D. (2016-02-09). In Europe's Shadow: Two Cold Wars and a Thirty-Year Journey Through Romania and Beyond. Random House Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8129-9682-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=udXvCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"In Europe's Shadow: Two Cold Wars and a Thirty-Year Journey Through Romania and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9682-1","url_text":"978-0-8129-9682-1"}]},{"reference":"Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006-01-10). A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-615-5053-72-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hfwOEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-72-6","url_text":"978-615-5053-72-6"}]},{"reference":"Gaster, Moses (1911). \"Cantacuzino\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Gaster","url_text":"Gaster, Moses"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cantacuzino","url_text":"\"Cantacuzino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 188–189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finlay","url_text":"Finlay, George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun00finlgoog","url_text":"The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historygreeceun00finlgoog/page/n204","url_text":"188"}]},{"reference":"Chindriş, Ioan; Iacob, Niculina (2015). O diplomă privilegială inedită a episcopului Inochentie Micu-Klein [An unprecedented privileged diploma of Bishop Inochentie Micu-Klein] (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Library of Romania. ISBN 978-6066903264.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litere.usv.ro/public_pdf/lucrari_cadre/n_iacob/2_INOCHENTIE%20MICU_O%20diploma%20privilegiala%20inedita.pdf","url_text":"O diplomă privilegială inedită a episcopului Inochentie Micu-Klein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Romania","url_text":"National Library of Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6066903264","url_text":"978-6066903264"}]},{"reference":"Olar, Ovidiu (2014). \"Intrigi politice, strategii de ascensiune socială și genealogii fabuloase. Episcopul Inochentie Micu, Cavaler și Prefect Suprem pentru Dacia al Ordinului \"Constantinian\" al Sf. Gheorghe\" [Political Intrigues, Strategies to Achieving a Higher Social Status and Fabulous Genealogies. Bishop Inochentie Micu, Knight and Supreme Prefect for Dacia of the \"Constantinian\" Order of St. George]. Apulum (in Romanian). 51 (2): 129–161. ISSN 1013-428X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22391616","url_text":"\"Intrigi politice, strategii de ascensiune socială și genealogii fabuloase. Episcopul Inochentie Micu, Cavaler și Prefect Suprem pentru Dacia al Ordinului \"Constantinian\" al Sf. Gheorghe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1013-428X","url_text":"1013-428X"}]},{"reference":"Opaschi, Cătălina (2006–2007). \"O genealogie inedită a familiei Cantacuzino şi herburi Cantacuzine\" [New genealogy of Cantacuzino family and Cantacuzian herbs] (PDF). Cercetari Numismatice. 12/13: 535–565.","urls":[{"url":"https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/cercetari-numismatice/dl.asp?filename=CercetariNumismatice_XII-XIII_2007_037_p535-565_Opaschi.pdf","url_text":"\"O genealogie inedită a familiei Cantacuzino şi herburi Cantacuzine\""}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-521-31310-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC","url_text":"The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31310-4","url_text":"0-521-31310-4"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. v. OCLC 390843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390843","url_text":"390843"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. pp. viii ff. OCLC 390843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390843","url_text":"390843"}]},{"reference":"\"Verisys\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agiasofia.com/1821/fort1821/struggle3.html","url_text":"\"Verisys\""}]},{"reference":"Cantacuzène, Jean Michel (December 1992). Mille ans dans les Balkans: Chronique des Cantacuzène dans la tourmente des siècles (French ed.). Editions Christian. p. 6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_(TV_series)	Freezing (TV series)	["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Trivia","4 References","5 External links"]	2008 British television comedy series This article is about the BBC comedy series. For the Japanese anime, see List of Freezing episodes. Freezing is a BBC comedy series starring Hugh Bonneville and Elizabeth McGovern about an otherwise successful couple in their forties who find themselves out of work. Synopsis Matt (Bonneville) is a publisher who has recently lost his job and Elizabeth (McGovern) is an Oscar-nominated American actress who is having a hard time getting work since moving to live with Matt in London. Freezing was originally a one-off comedy as part of BBC Four's Tight Spot season in February 2007, which then became the first episode of the series when it aired on BBC Two in February 2008. Freezing is written by James Wood and directed by Simon Curtis. Cast Hugh Bonneville as Matt Elizabeth McGovern as Elizabeth Tom Hollander as Leon Blakely Ben Miles as Stephen Marshall Rebecca Gethings as Kim Tim McInnerny as Bamber Jones Ruth Wilson as Alison Fennel Tom Riley as Dave Beethoven Lucinda Raikes as Gloria Trivia Elizabeth McGovern is herself an Oscar-nominated actress who moved to London to live with her husband, Simon Curtis. From 2010 to 2015, McGovern and Bonneville worked together again, co-starring in the successful period drama series Downton Abbey as Robert and Cora Crawley, the Earl and Countess of Grantham. References ^ "Tight Spot". BBC. 16 February 2007. ^ "Freezing". BBC. 18 February 2008. ^ "BBC Four Winter/Spring Highlights 2007" (PDF). BBC. 2007. External links Freezing at IMDb Freezing at BBC Online British Comedy Guide Freezing reviews from Tom Hollander Fan Site This article related to a BBC television programme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Freezing episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Freezing_episodes"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McGovern"}],"text":"This article is about the BBC comedy series. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Tammer	Harald Tammer	["1 Career","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]	Estonian weightlifter Harald TammerPersonal informationBorn9 January 1899Tallinn, EstoniaDied6 June 1942 (aged 43)Sukhobezvodnoye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, RussiaSportSportWeightlifting, athleticsEvent(s)Shot put, discus throw, hammer throwClubKalev TallinnAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)SP – 14.15 m (1922)DT – 41.06 m (1920)HT – 37.18 m (1923) Medal record Representing Estonia Weightlifting Olympic Games 1924 Paris +82.5 kg World Championships 1922 Tallinn +82.5 kg Harald Tammer (9 January 1899 – 6 June 1942) was an Estonian journalist, athlete and weightlifter. As a heavyweight weightlifter he won a world title in 1922 and a bronze medal at the 1924 Olympics. As an athlete he competed in the shot put at the 1920 and 1924 Olympics and came sixth and twelfth, respectively. He served as the Olympic flag bearer for Estonia in 1920, and as a representative of the Estonian Olympic team in 1928 and 1936. Career In 1915 Tammer graduated from Tallinn Commerce School and joined the Sports Association Kalev. Next year he placed within the podium at the Russian championships in shot put, discus throw and hammer throw. Soon after that he volunteered to fight in World War I and Estonian War of Independence as member of the Estonian Defence Leagues Kalevlaste Maleva Battalion in Tallinn. After demobilization, from 1921 to 1928 he edited the Estonian sports newspaper Eesti Spordileht, and in 1923–33 was a journalist and in 1933–1940 editor-in-chief of Eesti Päevaleht. In 1928–40 he was a board member of Estonian Journalists Union, and in 1934–35 headed the Baltic Journalists Union. Tammer studied law and diplomacy at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris in 1931–33. He was also a board member of the Estonian National Olympic Committee in 1933–40, and of the Estonian Parliament in 1937–40. In 1940 he briefly worked as editor of the magazine Revue Baltique. Next year he was accused of spying for the Estonian Defence Forces and deported to Russia. He died in 1942 in a Gulag prison camp near Sukhobezvodnoye station in Semyonovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Awards 21 February 1940 Order of the Estonian Red Cross II class (et: Eesti Punase Risti Teenetemärk II klass) 18 June 1936 Order of the Estonian Red Cross II class I (et:Eesti Punase Risti mälestusmärk II järgu I aste) 1924 Order of Lāčplēsis nr.3/1816 References ^ a b c Harald Tammer. sports-reference.com ^ Harald Tammer. trackfield.brinkster.net ^ "Harald Tammer". Olympedia. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ Harald Tammer. chidlovski.net ^ Estonia. sports-reference.com ^ Tammer, Harald. Eesti spordi biograafiline leksikon ^ "Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ (in Latvian) Lāčplēša kaŗa ordeņa kavalieŗi: biogrāfija Tammer, Harald. Lāčplēša kaŗa ordeņa kavalieŗi External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harald Tammer. Short biography – Members of Tallinn Rotary Club 1930–40 What Happened to Rotary and rotarians in 1940 and 1941 in Estonia and the Baltic States vteWorld Champions in Weightlifting – Men's Heavyweight 1891: Edward Lawrence Levy (GBR) 1898: Wilhelm Türk (AUT) 1899: Sergey Yeliseyev (RUS) 1903: François Lancoud (SUI) 1904: Josef Steinbach (AUT) 1905 (I): Josef Steinbach (AUT) 1905 (II): Josef Steinbach (AUT) 1905 (III): Émile Schweitzer (FRA) 1906: Heinrich Schneidereit (GER) 1907: Heinrich Rondi (GER) 1908: Josef Grafl (AUT) 1909: Josef Grafl (AUT) 1910 (I): Josef Grafl (AUT) 1910 (II): Josef Grafl (AUT) 1911 (I): Josef Grafl (AUT) 1911 (II): Karl Swoboda (AUT) 1911 (III): Berthold Tandler (AUT) 1911 (IV): Karl Swoboda (AUT) 1913: Josef Grafl (AUT) 1920: Karl Mörke (GER) 1922: Harald Tammer (EST) 1923: Franz Aigner (AUT) 1937: Josef Manger (GER) 1938: Josef Manger (GER) 1946: John Davis (USA) 1947: John Davis (USA) 1949: John Davis (USA) 1950: John Davis (USA) 1951: John Davis (USA) 1953: Doug Hepburn (CAN) 1954: Norbert Schemansky (USA) 1955: Paul Anderson (USA) 1957: Aleksey Medvedev (URS) 1958: Aleksey Medvedev (URS) 1959: Yury Vlasov (URS) 1961: Yury Vlasov (URS) 1962: Yury Vlasov (URS) 1963: Yury Vlasov (URS) 1964: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) 1965: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) 1966: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) 1968: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) 1969: Bob Bednarski (USA) 1970: Jaan Talts (URS) 1971: Yury Kozin (URS) 1972: Jaan Talts (URS) 1973: Pavel Pervushin (URS) 1974: Valery Ustyuzhin (URS) 1975: Valentin Hristov (BUL) 1976: Yury Zaitsev (URS) 1977: Valentin Hristov (BUL) 1978: Yury Zaitsev (URS) 1979: Sergey Arakelov (URS) 1980: Leonid Taranenko (URS) 1981: Valery Kravchuk (URS) 1982: Sergey Arakelov (URS) 1983: Vyacheslav Klokov (URS) 1984: Norberto Oberburger (ITA) 1985: Yury Zakharevich (URS) 1986: Yury Zakharevich (URS) 1987: Yury Zakharevich (URS) 1989: Stefan Botev (BUL) 1990: Stefan Botev (BUL) 1991: Artur Akoyev (URS) 1993: Timur Taymazov (UKR) 1994: Timur Taymazov (UKR) 1995: Ihor Razoronov (UKR) 1997: Cui Wenhua (CHN) 1998: Ihor Razoronov (UKR) 1999: Denys Hotfrid (UKR) 2001: Vladimir Smorchkov (RUS) 2002: Denys Hotfrid (UKR) 2003: Said Saif Asaad (QAT) 2005: Dmitry Klokov (RUS) 2006: Marcin Dołęga (POL) 2007: Andrei Aramnau (BLR) 2009: Marcin Dołęga (POL) 2010: Marcin Dołęga (POL) 2011: Khadzhimurat Akkaev (RUS) 2013: Ruslan Nurudinov (UZB) 2014: Ilya Ilyin (KAZ) 2015: Alexandr Zaichikov (KAZ) 2017: Ali Hashemi (IRI) 2018: Simon Martirosyan (ARM) 2019: Simon Martirosyan (ARM) 2021: Akbar Djuraev (UZB) 2022: Ruslan Nurudinov (UZB) 2023: Akbar Djuraev (UZB) Open (1891–1904) +80 kg (1905–1913) +82.5 kg (1920–1950) +90 kg (1951–1968) 110 kg (1969–1991) 108 kg (1993–1997) 105 kg (1998–2017) 109 kg (2018–) Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"weightlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chid-4"},{"link_name":"shot put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_-_Men%27s_shot_put"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_-_Men%27s_shot_put"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr2-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"}],"text":"Harald Tammer (9 January 1899 – 6 June 1942) was an Estonian journalist, athlete and weightlifter.[3] As a heavyweight weightlifter he won a world title in 1922 and a bronze medal at the 1924 Olympics.[4] As an athlete he competed in the shot put at the 1920 and 1924 Olympics and came sixth and twelfth, respectively. He served as the Olympic flag bearer for Estonia in 1920,[5] and as a representative of the Estonian Olympic team in 1928 and 1936.[1]","title":"Harald Tammer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports Association Kalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Sports_Association_Kalev"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Estonian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Estonian Defence Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League"},{"link_name":"Kalevlaste Maleva Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalevlaste_Maleva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevlaste_Maleva"},{"link_name":"Eesti Spordileht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_Spordileht"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Eesti Päevaleht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_P%C3%A4evaleht"},{"link_name":"École Libre des Sciences Politiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Libre_des_Sciences_Politiques"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Estonian Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Semyonovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyonovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWII-7"}],"text":"In 1915 Tammer graduated from Tallinn Commerce School and joined the Sports Association Kalev. Next year he placed within the podium at the Russian championships in shot put, discus throw and hammer throw. Soon after that he volunteered to fight in World War I and Estonian War of Independence as member of the Estonian Defence Leagues Kalevlaste Maleva Battalion [et] in Tallinn. After demobilization, from 1921 to 1928 he edited the Estonian sports newspaper Eesti Spordileht, and in 1923–33 was a journalist and in 1933–1940 editor-in-chief of Eesti Päevaleht. In 1928–40 he was a board member of Estonian Journalists Union, and in 1934–35 headed the Baltic Journalists Union. Tammer studied \nlaw and diplomacy at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris in 1931–33. He was also a board member of the Estonian National Olympic Committee in 1933–40, and of the Estonian Parliament in 1937–40. In 1940 he briefly worked as editor of the magazine Revue Baltique. Next year he was accused of spying for the Estonian Defence Forces and deported to Russia. He died in 1942 in a Gulag prison camp near Sukhobezvodnoye station in Semyonovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.[1][6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Estonian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Estonian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Order of the Estonian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Estonian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"et","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Order of Lāčplēsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"21 February 1940 Order of the Estonian Red Cross II class (et: Eesti Punase Risti Teenetemärk II klass)\n18 June 1936 Order of the Estonian Red Cross II class I (et:Eesti Punase Risti mälestusmärk II järgu I aste)\n1924 Order of Lāčplēsis nr.3/1816[8]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Harald Tammer\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_process	Creativity	["1 Etymology","2 Definition","3 Conceptual history","3.1 Ancient","3.2 Renaissance","3.3 Enlightenment and thereafter","3.4 Modern","3.5 Across cultures","4 Classification","4.1 \"Four C\" model","4.2 \"Four P's\" aspects","4.3 \"Five A's\" aspects","5 Process theories","5.1 Incubation","5.2 Divergent thinking","5.3 Geneplore model","5.4 Explicit–Implicit Interaction theory","5.5 Conceptual blending","5.6 Honing theory","5.7 Everyday imaginative thought","5.8 Dialectical theory","5.9 Neuroeconomic framework","5.10 Behaviorism theory","5.11 Investment theory","5.12 Computational creativity","6 Personal assessment","6.1 Psychometric approaches","6.1.1 History","6.1.2 Computer scoring","6.2 Social-personality approaches","6.3 Self-report questionnaires","7 Factors","7.1 Intelligence","7.1.1 Creativity as a subset of intelligence","7.1.2 Intelligence as a subset of creativity","7.1.3 Creativity and intelligence as overlapping yet distinct constructs","7.1.4 Creativity and intelligence as coincident sets","7.1.5 Creativity and intelligence as disjoint sets","7.2 Affective influence","7.3 Mental health","7.3.1 Studies","7.3.2 Bipolar disorders","7.3.3 Opinions","7.4 Personality","7.4.1 Divergent production","7.4.2 Dedication and expertise","7.4.3 Motivation","7.5 Conditions","8 In different fields","8.1 Neuroscience","8.1.1 REM sleep","8.1.2 Vandervert model","8.1.3 Flaherty model","8.1.4 Lin and Vartanian model","8.2 Economics","8.3 Sociology","8.4 Evolutionary theory","8.5 Education","8.5.1 Scotland","8.5.2 China","8.5.3 European Union","9 Organizational creativity","9.1 Team composition","9.2 Team processes","9.3 Organizational culture","9.4 Constraints","10 Fostering creativity","10.1 Need for closure","11 Malevolent creativity","11.1 Crime","11.2 Predictive factors","12 Academic journals","13 See also","14 Notes","15 Further reading"]	Forming something new and somehow valuable For other uses, see Creativity (disambiguation).This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (December 2019) A picture of an incandescent light bulb is associated with someone having an idea, an example of creativity. Creativity is a characteristic of someone (or some process) that forms something novel and valuable. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a printed literary work, or a painting). Creativity enables people to solve problems in new or innovative ways. Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines, primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science. However, it is also present in education, the humanities (including philosophy and the arts), theology, and the social sciences (such as sociology, linguistics, and economics), as well as engineering, technology, and mathematics. These disciplines cover the relations between creativity and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes, mental health, and artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity through education, training, leadership, and organizational practices; the factors that determine how creativity is evaluated and perceived; the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning; and the fostering of creativity for national economic benefit. According to Harvard Business School, it benefits business by encouraging innovation, boosting productivity, enabling adaptability, and fostering growth. Etymology The English word "creativity" comes from the Latin terms creare (meaning 'to create') and facere (meaning 'to make'). Its derivational suffixes also comes from Latin. The word "create" appeared in English as early as the 14th century—notably in Chaucer's The Parson's Tale to indicate divine creation. The modern meaning of creativity in reference to human creation did not emerge until after the Enlightenment. Definition In a summary of scientific research into creativity, Michael Mumford suggests, "We seem to have reached a general agreement that creativity involves the production of novel, useful products." In Robert Sternberg's words, creativity produces "something original and worthwhile". Authors have diverged dramatically in their precise definitions beyond these general commonalities: Peter Meusburger estimates that over a hundred different definitions can be found in the literature, typically elaborating on the context (field, organization, environment, etc.) that determines the originality and/or appropriateness of the created object and the processes through which it came about. As an illustration, one definition given by Dr. E. Paul Torrance in the context of assessing an individual's creative ability is "a process of becoming sensitive to problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies, and so on; identifying the difficulty; searching for solutions, making guesses, or formulating hypotheses about the deficiencies: testing and retesting these hypotheses and possibly modifying and retesting them; and finally communicating the results." Ignacio L. Götz, following the etymology of the word, argues that creativity is not necessarily "making". He confines it to the act of creating without thinking about the end product. While many definitions of creativity seem almost synonymous with originality, he also emphasized the difference between creativity and originality. Götz asserted that one can be creative without necessarily being original. When someone creates something, they are certainly creative at that point, but they may not be original in the case that their creation is not something new. However, originality and creativity can go hand-in-hand. Creativity in general is usually distinguished from innovation in particular, where the stress is on implementation. For example, Teresa Amabile and Pratt define creativity as the production of novel and useful ideas and innovation as the implementation of creative ideas, while the OECD and Eurostat state that "Innovation is more than a new idea or an invention. An innovation requires implementation, either by being put into active use or by being made available for use by other parties, firms, individuals, or organizations." There is also emotional creativity, which is described as a pattern of cognitive abilities and personality traits related to originality and appropriateness in emotional experience. Conceptual history Main article: History of the concept of creativity Greek philosophers like Plato rejected the concept of creativity, preferring to see art as a form of discovery. Asked in The Republic, "Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something?", Plato answers, "Certainly not, he merely imitates." Ancient Most ancient cultures, including Ancient Greece, Ancient China, and Ancient India, lacked the concept of creativity, seeing art as a form of discovery and not creation. The ancient Greeks had no terms corresponding to "to create" or "creator" except for the expression "poiein" ("to make"), which only applied to poiesis (poetry) and to the poietes (poet, or "maker" who made it. Plato did not believe in art as a form of creation. Asked in The Republic, "Will we say of a painter that he makes something?" he answers, "Certainly not, he merely imitates." It is commonly argued that the notion of "creativity" originated in Western cultures through Christianity, asa matter of divine inspiration. According to scholars, "the earliest Western conception of creativity was the Biblical story of the creation given in Genesis.": 18 However, this is not creativity in the modern sense, which did not arise until the Renaissance. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, creativity was the sole province of God; humans were not considered to have the ability to create something new except as an expression of God's work. A concept similar to that in Christianity existed in Greek culture. For instance, Muses were seen as mediating inspiration from the gods. Romans and Greeks invoked the concept of an external creative "daemon" (Greek) or "genius" (Latin), linked to the sacred or the divine. However, none of these views are similar to the modern concept of creativity, and the rejection of creativity in favor of discovery and the belief that individual creation was a conduit of the divine would dominate the West probably until the Renaissance and even later.: 18–19 Renaissance It was during the Renaissance that creativity was first seen, not as a conduit for the divine, but from the abilities of "great men".: 18–19 The development of the modern concept of creativity began in the Renaissance, when creation began to be perceived as having originated from the abilities of the individual and not God. This could be attributed to the leading intellectual movement of the time, aptly named humanism, which developed an intensely human-centric outlook on the world, valuing the intellect and achievement of the individual. From this philosophy arose the Renaissance man (or polymath), an individual who embodies the principles of humanism in their ceaseless courtship with knowledge and creation. One of the most well-known and immensely accomplished examples is Leonardo da Vinci. Enlightenment and thereafter However, the shift from divine inspiration to the abilities of the individual was gradual and would not become immediately apparent until the Enlightenment.: 19–21 By the 18th century and the Age of Enlightenment, mention of creativity (notably in aesthetics), linked with the concept of imagination, became more frequent. In the writing of Thomas Hobbes, imagination became a key element of human cognition; William Duff was one of the first to identify imagination as a quality of genius, typifying the separation being made between talent (productive, but not new ground) and genius. As an independent topic of study, creativity effectively received no attention until the 19th century. Runco and Albert argue that creativity as the subject of proper study began seriously to emerge in the late 19th century with the increased interest in individual differences inspired by the arrival of Darwinism. In particular, they refer to the work of Francis Galton, who, through his eugenicist outlook took a keen interest in the heritability of intelligence, with creativity taken as an aspect of genius. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading mathematicians and scientists such as Hermann von Helmholtz (1896) and Henri Poincaré (1908) began to reflect on and publicly discuss their creative processes. Modern The insights of Poincaré and von Helmholtz were built on in early accounts of the creative process by pioneering theorists such as Graham Wallas and Max Wertheimer. In his work Art of Thought, published in 1926, Wallas presented one of the first models of the creative process. In the Wallas stage model, creative insights and illuminations may be explained by a process consisting of five stages: preparation (preparatory work on a problem that focuses the individual's mind on the problem and explores the problem's dimensions), incubation (in which the problem is internalized into the unconscious mind and nothing appears externally to be happening), intimation (the creative person gets a "feeling" that a solution is on its way), illumination or insight (in which the creative idea bursts forth from its preconscious processing into conscious awareness); verification (in which the idea is consciously verified, elaborated, and then applied). Wallas' model is also often treated as four stages, with "intimation" seen as a sub-stage. Wallas considered creativity to be a legacy of the evolutionary process, which allowed humans to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments. Simonton provides an updated perspective on this view in his book, Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on creativity. In 1927, Alfred North Whitehead gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh, later published as Process and Reality. He is credited with having coined the term "creativity" to serve as the ultimate category of his metaphysical scheme: "Whitehead actually coined the term—our term, still the preferred currency of exchange among literature, science, and the arts—a term that quickly became so popular, so omnipresent, that its invention within living memory, and by Alfred North Whitehead of all people, quickly became occluded". Although psychometric studies of creativity had been conducted by The London School of Psychology as early as 1927 with the work of H.L. Hargreaves into the Faculty of Imagination, the formal psychometric measurement of creativity, from the standpoint of orthodox psychological literature, is usually considered to have begun with J.P. Guilford's address to the American Psychological Association in 1950. The address helped to popularize the study of creativity and to focus attention on scientific approaches to conceptualizing creativity. Statistical analyzes led to the recognition of creativity (as measured) as a separate aspect of human cognition from IQ-type intelligence, into which it had previously been subsumed. Guilford's work suggested that above a threshold level of IQ, the relationship between creativity and classically measured intelligence broke down. Across cultures Creativity is viewed differently in different countries. For example, cross-cultural research centered in Hong Kong found that Westerners view creativity more in terms of the individual attributes of a creative person, such as their aesthetic taste, while Chinese people view creativity more in terms of the social influence of creative people (i.e., what they can contribute to society). Mpofu et al. surveyed 28 African languages and found that 27 had no word which directly translated to "creativity" (the exception being Arabic).: 465 The linguistic relativity hypothesis (i.e., that language can affect thought) suggests that the lack of an equivalent word for "creativity" may affect the views of creativity among speakers of such languages. However, more research would be needed to establish this, and there is certainly no suggestion that this linguistic difference makes people any less, or more, creative. Nevertheless, it is true that there has been very little research on creativity in Africa,: 458 and there has also been very little research on creativity in Latin America. Creativity has been more thoroughly researched in the northern hemisphere, but here again there are cultural differences, even between countries or groups of countries in close proximity. For example, in Scandinavian countries, creativity is seen as an individual attitude which helps in coping with life's challenges, while in Germany, creativity is seen more as a process that can be applied to help solve problems. Classification "Four C" model James C. Kaufman and Ronald A. Beghetto introduced a "four C" model of creativity. The four "C's" are the following: mini-c ("transformative learning" involving "personally meaningful interpretations of experiences, actions, and insights"). little-c (everyday problem-solving and creative expression). Pro-C (exhibited by people who are professionally or vocationally creative though not necessarily eminent). Big-C (creativity considered great in the given field). This model was intended to help accommodate models and theories of creativity that stressed competence as an essential component and the historical transformation of a creative domain as the highest mark of creativity. It also, the authors argued, made a useful framework for analyzing creative processes in individuals. The contrast between the terms "Big C" and "Little C" has been widely used. Kozbelt, Beghetto, and Runco use a little-c/Big-C model to review major theories of creativity. Margaret Boden distinguishes between h-creativity (historical) and p-creativity (personal). Ken Robinson and Anna Craft focused on creativity in a general population, particularly with respect to education. Craft makes a similar distinction between "high" and "little c" creativity and cites Robinson as referring to "high" and "democratic" creativity. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi defined creativity in terms of individuals judged to have made significant creative, perhaps domain-changing contributions. Simonton analyzed the career trajectories of eminent creative people in order to map patterns and predictors of creative productivity. "Four P's" aspects Theories of creativity (and empirical investigations of why some people are more creative than others) have focused on a variety of aspects. The dominant factors are usually identified as "the four P's", a framework first put forward by Mel Rhodes: Process A focus on process is shown in cognitive approaches that try to describe thought mechanisms and techniques for creative thinking. Theories invoking divergent rather than convergent thinking (such as that of Guilford), or those describing the staging of the creative process (such as that of Wallas) are primarily theories of the creative process. Product A focus on a creative product usually attempts to assess creative output, whether for psychometrics (see below) or to understand why some objects are considered creative. It is from a consideration of product that the standard definition of creativity as the production of something novel and useful arises. Person A focus on the nature of the creative person considers more general intellectual habits, such as openness, levels of ideation, autonomy, expertise, exploratory behavior, and so on. Press and place A focus on place (or press) considers the circumstances in which creativity flourishes, such as degrees of autonomy, access to resources, and the nature of gatekeepers. Creative lifestyles are characterized by nonconforming attitudes and behaviors, as well as flexibility. "Five A's" aspects In 2013, based on a sociocultural critique of the Four P model as individualistic, static, and decontextualized, Vlad Petre Glăveanu proposed a "five A's" model consisting of actor, action, artifact, audience, and affordance. In this model, the actor is the person with attributes but also located within social networks; action is the process of creativity not only in internal cognitive terms but also external, bridging the gap between ideation and implementation; artifacts emphasize how creative products typically represent cumulative innovations over time rather than abrupt discontinuities; and "press/place" is divided into audience and affordance, which consider the interdependence of the creative individual with the social and material world, respectively. Although not supplanting the four Ps model in creativity research, the five As model has exerted influence over the direction of some creativity research, and has been credited with bringing coherence to studies across a number of creative domains. Process theories This section may require copy editing for length. You can assist by editing it. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There has been much empirical study in psychology and cognitive science of the processes through which creativity occurs. Interpretation of the results of these studies has led to several possible explanations of the sources and methods of creativity. Incubation Main article: Incubation (psychology) "Incubation" is a temporary break from creative problem solving that can result in insight. Empirical research has investigated whether, as the concept of "incubation" in Wallas's model implies, a period of interruption or rest from a problem may aid creative problem-solving. Early work proposed that creative solutions to problems arise mysteriously from the unconscious mind while the conscious mind is occupied on other tasks. This hypothesis is discussed in Csikszentmihalyi's five-phase model of the creative process which describes incubation as a time when your unconscious takes over. This was supposed to allow for unique connections to be made without our consciousness trying to make logical order out of the problem. Ward lists various hypotheses that have been advanced to explain why incubation may aid creative problem-solving and notes how some empirical evidence is consistent with a different hypothesis: Incubation aids creative problems in that it enables "forgetting" of misleading clues. The absence of incubation may lead the problem solver to become fixated on inappropriate strategies of solving the problem. Divergent thinking J. P. Guilford drew a distinction between convergent and divergent production (commonly renamed convergent and divergent thinking). Convergent thinking involves aiming for a single, correct, or best solution to a problem (e.g., "How can we get a crewed rocket to land on the moon safely and within budget?"). Divergent thinking, on the other hand, involves the creative generation of multiple answers to an open-ended prompt (e.g., "How can a chair be used?"). Divergent thinking is sometimes used as a synonym for creativity in psychology literature or is considered the necessary precursor to creativity. However, as Runco points out, there is a clear distinction between creative thinking and divergent thinking. Creative thinking focuses on the production, combination, and assessment of ideas to formulate something new and unique, while divergent thinking focuses on the act of conceiving of a variety of ideas that are not necessarily new or unique. Other researchers have occasionally used the terms flexible thinking or fluid intelligence, which are also roughly similar to (but not synonymous with) creativity. While convergent and divergent thinking differ greatly in terms of approach to problem solving, it is believed that both are employed to some degree when solving most real-world problems. Geneplore model In 1992, Finke et al. proposed the "Geneplore" model, in which creativity takes place in two phases: a generative phase, where an individual constructs mental representations called "preinventive" structures, and an exploratory phase where those structures are used to come up with creative ideas. Some evidence shows that when people use their imagination to develop new ideas, those ideas are structured in predictable ways by the properties of existing categories and concepts. Weisberg argued, by contrast, that creativity involves ordinary cognitive processes yielding extraordinary results. Explicit–Implicit Interaction theory Helie and Sun proposed a framework for understanding creativity in problem solving, namely the Explicit-Implicit Interaction (EII) theory of creativity. This theory attempts to provide a more unified explanation of relevant phenomena (in part by reinterpreting/integrating various fragmentary existing theories of incubation and insight). The EII theory relies mainly on five basic principles: the co-existence of and the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge simultaneous involvement of implicit and explicit processes in most tasks redundant representation of explicit and implicit knowledge integration of the results of explicit and implicit processing iterative (and possibly bidirectional) processing A computational implementation of the theory was developed based on the CLARION cognitive architecture and used to simulate relevant human data. This work is an initial step in the development of process-based theories of creativity encompassing incubation, insight, and various other related phenomena. Conceptual blending Main article: Conceptual blending In The Act of Creation, Arthur Koestler introduced the concept of bisociation – that creativity arises as a result of the intersection of two quite different frames of reference. In the 1990s, various approaches in cognitive science that dealt with metaphor, analogy, and structure mapping converged, and a new integrative approach to the study of creativity in science, art, and humor emerged under the label conceptual blending. Honing theory Honing theory, developed principally by psychologist Liane Gabora, posits that creativity arises due to the self-organizing, self-mending nature of a worldview. The creative process is a way in which the individual hones (and re-hones) an integrated worldview. Honing theory places emphasis not only on the externally visible creative outcome but also on the internal cognitive restructuring and repair of the worldview brought about by the creative process and production. When one is faced with a creatively demanding task, there is an interaction between one's conception of the task and one's worldview. The conception of the task changes through interaction with the worldview, and the worldview changes through interaction with the task. This interaction is reiterated until the task is complete, at which point the task is conceived of differently and the worldview is subtly or drastically transformed, following the natural tendency of a worldview to attempt to resolve dissonance and seek internal consistency amongst its components, whether they be ideas, attitudes, or bits of knowledge. Dissonance in a person's worldview is, in some cases, generated by viewing their peers' creative outputs, and so people pursue their own creative endeavors to restructure their worldviews and reduce dissonance. This shift in worldview and cognitive restructuring through creative acts has also been considered as a way to explain possible benefits of creativity on mental health. The theory also addresses challenges not addressed by other theories of creativity, such as the factors guiding restructuring and the evolution of creative works. A central feature of honing theory is the notion of a potential state. Honing theory posits that creative thought proceeds not by searching through and randomly "mutating" predefined possibilities but by drawing upon associations that exist due to overlap in the distributed neural cell assemblies that participate in the encoding of experiences in memory. Midway through the creative process, one may have made associations between the current task and previous experiences but not yet disambiguated which aspects of those previous experiences are relevant to the current task. Thus, the creative idea may feel "half-baked.". At that point, it can be said to be in a potentiality state, because how it will actualize depends on the different internally or externally generated contexts it interacts with. Honing theory is held to explain certain phenomena not dealt with by other theories of creativity—for example, how different works by the same creator exhibit a recognizable style or "voice" even in different creative outlets. This is not predicted by theories of creativity that emphasize chance processes or the accumulation of expertise, but it is predicted by honing theory, according to which personal style reflects the creator's uniquely structured worldview. Another example is the environmental stimulus for creativity. Creativity is commonly considered to be fostered by a supportive, nurturing, and trustworthy environment conducive to self-actualization. In line with this idea, Gabora posits that creativity is a product of culture and that our social interactions evolve our culture in way that promotes creativity. Everyday imaginative thought See also: Subjunctive and Counterfactual thinking In everyday thought, people often spontaneously imagine alternatives to reality when they think "if only...". Their counterfactual thinking is viewed as an example of everyday creative processes. It has been proposed that the creation of counterfactual alternatives to reality depends on similar cognitive processes to rational thought. Imaginative thought in everyday life can be categorized based on whether it involves perceptual/motor related mental imagery, novel combinatorial processing, or altered psychological states. This classification aids in understanding the neural foundations and practical implications of imagination. Creative thinking is a central aspect of everyday life, encompassing both controlled and undirected processes. This includes divergent thinking and stage models, highlighting the importance of extra- and meta-cognitive contributions to imaginative thought. Brain network dynamics play a crucial role in creative cognition. The default and executive control networks in the brain cooperate during creative tasks, suggesting a complex interaction between these networks in facilitating everyday imaginative thought. Dialectical theory The term "dialectical theory of creativity" dates back to psychoanalyst Daniel Dervin and was later developed into an interdisciplinary theory. The dialectical theory of creativity starts with the ancient concept that creativity takes place in an interplay between order and chaos. Similar ideas can be found in neuroscience and psychology. Neurobiologically, it can be shown that the creative process takes place in a dynamic interplay between coherence and incoherence that leads to new and usable neuronal networks. Psychology shows how the dialectics of convergent and focused thinking with divergent and associative thinking leads to new ideas and products. Personality traits like the "Big Five" seem to bedialectically intertwined in the creative process: emotional instability vs. stability, extraversion vs. introversion, openness vs. reserve, agreeableness vs. antagonism, and disinhibition vs. constraint. The dialectical theory of creativity applies also to counseling and psychotherapy. Neuroeconomic framework Lin and Vartanian developed a neurobiological description of creative cognition. This interdisciplinary framework integrates theoretical principles and empirical results from neuroeconomics, reinforcement learning, cognitive neuroscience, and neurotransmission research on the locus coeruleus system. It describes how decision-making processes studied by neuroeconomists as well as activity in the locus coeruleus system underlie creative cognition and the large-scale brain network dynamics associated with creativity. It suggests that creativity is an optimization and utility-maximization problem that requires individuals to determine the optimal way to exploit and explore ideas (the multi-armed bandit problem). This utility maximization process is thought to be mediated by the locus coeruleus system, and this creativity framework describes how tonic and phasic locus coeruleus activity work in conjunction to facilitate the exploiting and exploring of creative ideas. This framework not only explains previous empirical results but also makes novel and falsifiable predictions at different levels of analysis (ranging from neurobiological to cognitive and personality differences). Behaviorism theory B.F. Skinner attributed creativity to accidental behaviors that are reinforced by the environment. In behaviorism, creativity can be understood as novel or unusual behaviors that are reinforced if they produce a desired outcome. Spontaneous behaviors by living creatures are thought to reflect past learned behaviors. In this way, a behaviorist may say that prior learning caused novel behaviors to be reinforced many times over, and the individual has been shaped to produce increasingly novel behaviors. A creative person, according to this definition, is someone who has been reinforced more often for novel behaviors than others. Behaviorists suggest that anyone can be creative, they just need to be reinforced to learn to produce novel behaviors. Investment theory Another theory about creative people is the investment theory of creativity. This approach suggests that many individual and environmental factors must exist in precise ways for extremely high levels of creativity opposed to average levels of creativity to result. In the investment sense, a person with their particular characteristics in their particular environment may see an opportunity to devote their time and energy into something that has been overlooked by others. The creative person develops an undervalued or under-recognized idea to the point that it is established as a new and creative idea. Just like in the financial world, some investments are worth the buy-in, while others are less productive and do not build to the extent that the investor expected. This investment theory of creativity asserts that creativity might rely to some extent on the right investment of effort being added to a field at the right time in the right way. Computational creativity Main article: Computational creativity Jürgen Schmidhuber's formal theory of creativity postulates that creativity, curiosity, and interestingness are by-products of a simple computational principle for measuring and optimizing learning progress. Consider an agent able to manipulate its environment and thus its own sensory inputs. The agent can use a black box optimization method such as reinforcement learning to learn (through informed trial and error) sequences of actions that maximize the expected sum of its future reward signals. There are extrinsic reward signals for achieving externally given goals, such as finding food when hungry. But Schmidhuber's objective function to be maximized also includes an additional, intrinsic term to model "wow-effects". This non-standard term motivates purely creative behavior of the agent even when there are no external goals. A wow-effect is formally defined as follows: As the agent is creating and predicting and encoding the continually growing history of actions and sensory inputs, it keeps improving the predictor or encoder, which can be implemented as an artificial neural network or some other machine learning device that can exploit regularities in the data to improve its performance over time. The improvements can be measured precisely, by computing the difference in computational costs (storage size, number of required synapses, errors, time) needed to encode new observations before and after learning. This difference depends on the encoder's present subjective knowledge, which changes over time, but the theory formally takes this into account. The cost difference measures the strength of the present "wow-effect" due to sudden improvements in data compression or computational speed. It becomes an intrinsic reward signal for the action selector. The objective function thus motivates the action optimizer to create action sequences causing more wow-effects. Irregular, random data (or noise) do not permit any wow-effects or learning progress, and thus are "boring" by nature (providing no reward). Already known and predictable regularities also are boring. Temporarily interesting are only the initially unknown, novel, regular patterns in both actions and observations. This motivates the agent to perform continual, open-ended, active, creative exploration. Schmidhuber's work is highly influential in intrinsic motivation which has emerged as a research topic as part of the study of artificial intelligence and robotics. According to Schmidhuber, his objective function explains the activities of scientists, artists, and comedians. For example, physicists are motivated to create experiments leading to observations that obey previously unpublished physical laws, permitting better data compression. Likewise, composers receive intrinsic reward for creating non-arbitrary melodies with unexpected but regular harmonies that permit wow-effects through data compression improvements. Similarly, a comedian gets intrinsic reward for "inventing a novel joke with an unexpected punch line, related to the beginning of the story in an initially unexpected but quickly learnable way that also allows for better compression of the perceived data." Schmidhuber augured that computer hardware advances would greatly scale up rudimentary artificial scientists and artists. He used the theory to create low-complexity art and an attractive human face. Personal assessment Psychometric approaches History J. P. Guilford's group, which pioneered the modern psychometric study of creativity, constructed several performance-based tests to measure creativity in 1967, including asking participants to write original titles for a story with a given plot, asking participants to come up with unusual uses for everyday objects like bricks, and asking participants to generate a list of consequences of unexpected events, like the loss of gravity. Guilford was trying to create a model for intellect as a whole, but in doing so, he also created a model for creativity. Guilford made an important assumption which was needed for creativity research: that creativity was not an abstract concept. The idea that creativity was a category rather than a single concept enabled other researchers to look at creativity with a new perspective. Additionally, Guilford hypothesized one of the first models for the components of creativity. He explained that creativity was a result of having three qualities: the ability to recognize problems, "fluency", and "flexibility." "Fluency" encompassed "ideational fluency," or the ability to rapidly produce a variety of ideas fulfilling stated requirements; "associational fluency", or the ability to generate a list of words associated with a given word; and "expressional fluency", or the ability to organize words into larger units like phrases, sentences and paragraphs. "Flexibility" encompassed both "spontaneous flexibility," or the general ability to be flexible, and "adaptive flexibility," or the ability to produces responses that are novel and high in quality. This represents the base model which several researchers would alter to produce their new theories of creativity years later. Building on Guilford's work, tests were developed, sometimes called Divergent Thinking (DT) tests, which have been both supported and criticized. One example is the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking developed in 1966. They involved tasks of divergent thinking and other problem-solving skills, which were scored on four categories: "fluency", the total number of meaningful, and relevant ideas generated; "flexibility", the number of different categories of responses; "originality", the statistical rarity of the responses; and "elaboration", the amount of detail given. Computer scoring Considerable progress has been made in the automated scoring of divergent thinking tests using a semantic approach. When compared to human raters, NLP techniques are reliable and valid for scoring originality. Computer programs were able to achieve a correlation to human graders of 0.60 and 0.72. Semantic networks also devise originality scores that yield significant correlations with socio-personal measures. A team of researchers led by James C. Kaufman and Mark A. Runco combined expertise in creativity research, natural language processing, computational linguistics, and statistical data analysis to devise a scalable system for computerized automated testing (the SparcIt Creativity Index Testing system). This system enabled automated scoring of DT tests that is reliable, objective, and scalable, thus addressing most of the issues of DT tests that had been found and reported. The resultant computer system was able to achieve a correlation to human graders of 0.73. Social-personality approaches Researchers have taken a social-personality approach by using personality traits such as independence of judgement, self-confidence, attraction to complexity, aesthetic orientation, and risk-taking as measures of personal creativity. Within the framework of the Big Five personality traits, a consistent few of these traits have emerged as being correlated to creativity. Openness to experience is consistently related to a host of different assessments of creativity. On the other Big Five traits, research has demonstrated subtle differences between different domains of creativity. Compared to non-artists, artists tend to have higher levels of openness to experience and lower levels of conscientiousness, while scientists are more open to experience, conscientious, and higher in the confidence-dominance facets of extraversion compared to non-scientists. Self-report questionnaires Biographical methods use quantitative characteristics such as the number of publications, patents, or performances of a work can be credited to a person. While this method was originally developed for highly creative personalities, today it is also available as self-report questionnaires supplemented with frequent, less outstanding creative behaviors such as writing a short story or creating your own recipes. The self-report questionnaire most frequently used in research is the Creative Achievement Questionnaire, a self-report test that measures creative achievement across ten domains, which described in 2005 and shown to be reliable when compared to other measures of creativity and to independent evaluation of creative output. Factors Intelligence The potential relationship between creativity and intelligence has been of interest since the last half of the twentieth century, when many influential studies focused not only on creativity but also on intelligence. This joint focus highlights both the theoretical and practical importance of the relationship: researchers are interested not only if the constructs are related, but also how and why. There are multiple theories accounting for their relationship, with the three main theories. Threshold theory states that intelligence is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for creativity, and that there is a moderate positive relationship between creativity and intelligence until IQ ~120. Certification theory states that creativity is not intrinsically related to intelligence. Instead, individuals are required to meet the requisite level of intelligence in order to gain a certain level of education or work, which then in turn offers the opportunity to be creative. In this theory, displays of creativity are moderated by intelligence. Interference theory states, in contrast, that extremely high intelligence might interfere with creative ability. Sternberg and O'Hara proposed a different framework of five possible relationships between creativity and intelligence: that creativity was a subset of intelligence; that intelligence was a subset of creativity; that the two constructs overlapped; that they were both part of the same construct (coincident sets); or that they were distinct constructs (disjoint sets). Creativity as a subset of intelligence A number of researchers include creativity, either explicitly or implicitly, as a key component of intelligence, for example: Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence includes creativity as a main component and comprises three sub-theories: contextual (analytic), contextual (practical), and experiential (creative). Experiential sub-theory—the ability to use pre-existing knowledge and skills to solve new and novel problems – is directly related to creativity. The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC) includes creativity as a subset of intelligence, associated with the broad group factor of long-term storage and retrieval (Glr). Glr narrow abilities relating to creativity include ideational fluency, associational fluency, and originality/creativity. Silvia et al. conducted a study to look at the relationship between divergent thinking and verbal fluency tests and reported that both fluency and originality in divergent thinking were significantly affected by the broad-level Glr factor. Martindale extended the CHC-theory by proposing that people who are creative are also selective in their processing speed. Martindale argues that in the creative process, larger amounts of information are processed more slowly in the early stages, and as a person begins to understand the problem, the processing speed is increased. The Dual Process Theory of Intelligence posits a two-factor or type model of intelligence. Type 1 is a conscious process and concerns goal-directed thoughts, which are explained by. Type 2 is an unconscious process, and concerns spontaneous cognition, which encompasses daydreaming and implicit learning ability. Kaufman argues that creativity occurs as a result of Type 1 and Type 2 processes working together in combination. Each type in the creative process can be used to varying degrees. Intelligence as a subset of creativity In this relationship model, intelligence is a key component in the development of creativity, for example: Sternberg & Lubart's Investment Theory, using the metaphor of a stock market, demonstrates that creative thinkers are like good investors—they buy low and sell high (in their ideas). Like undervalued or low-valued stock, creative individuals generate unique ideas that are initially rejected by other people. The creative individual has to persevere and convince others of the idea's value. After convincing the others and thus increasing the idea's value, the creative individual 'sells high' by leaving the idea with the other people and moves on to generate another idea. According to this theory, six distinct, but related elements contribute to successful creativity: intelligence, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. Intelligence is just one of the six factors that can, either solely or in conjunction with the other five factors, generate creative thoughts. Amabile's Componential Model of Creativity posits three within-individual components needed for creativity—domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant processes, and task motivation—and one component external to the individual: their surrounding social environment. Creativity requires the confluence of all components. High creativity will result when a person is intrinsically motivated, possesses both a high level of domain-relevant skills and has high skills in creative thinking, and is working in a highly creative environment. The Amusement Park Theoretical Model is a four-step theory in which domain-specific and generalist views are integrated into a model of creativity. The researchers make use of the metaphor of the amusement park to demonstrate that within each of the following creative levels, intelligence plays a key role: To get into the amusement park, there are initial requirements (e.g., time/transport to go to the park). Initial requirements (like intelligence) are necessary, but not sufficient for creativity. They are more like prerequisites for creativity, and if a person does not possess the basic level of the initial requirement (intelligence), then they will not be able to generate creative thoughts/behaviour. Secondly, there are the subcomponents—general thematic areas—that increase in specificity. Like choosing which type of amusement park to visit (e.g., a zoo or a water park), these areas relate to the areas in which someone could be creative (e.g. poetry). Thirdly, there are specific domains. After choosing the type of park to visit, e.g., a waterpark, you then have to choose which specific park to go to. For example, within the poetry domain, there are many different types (e.g., free verse, riddles, sonnets, etc.) that have to be selected from. Lastly, there are micro-domains. These are the specific tasks that reside within each domain, e.g., individual lines in a free verse poem / individual rides at the waterpark. Creativity and intelligence as overlapping yet distinct constructs This possible relationship concerns creativity and intelligence as distinct, but intersecting constructs, for example: In Renzulli's Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness, giftedness is an overlap of above-average intellectual ability, creativity, and task commitment. Under this view, creativity and intelligence are distinct constructs, but they overlap under the correct conditions. In the PASS theory of intelligence, the planning component—the ability to solve problems, make decisions, and take action – strongly overlaps with the concept of creativity. Threshold Theory (TT) derives from a number of previous research findings that suggested that a threshold exists in the relationship between creativity and intelligence – both constructs are moderately positively correlated up to an IQ of ~120. Above this threshold, if there is a relationship at all, it is small and weak. TT posits that a moderate level of intelligence is necessary for creativity. Creativity and intelligence as coincident sets Under this view, researchers posit that there are no differences in the mechanisms underlying creativity between those used in normal problem solving, and in normal problem solving, there is no need for creativity. Thus, creativity and intelligence (problem solving) are the same thing. Perkins referred to this as the "nothing-special" view. Creativity and intelligence as disjoint sets In this view, creativity and intelligence are completely different, unrelated constructs. Affective influence Some theories suggest that creativity may be particularly susceptible to affective influence. The term "affect" in this context refers to liking or disliking key aspects of the subject in question. This work largely follows from findings in psychology regarding the ways in which affective states are involved in human judgment and decision-making. According to Alice Isen, positive affect has three primary effects on cognitive activity. First, it makes additional cognitive material available for processing, increasing the number of cognitive elements available for association. Second, it leads to defocused attention and a more complex cognitive context, increasing the breadth of those elements that are treated as relevant to the problem. Third, it increases cognitive flexibility, increasing the probability that diverse cognitive elements will in fact become associated. Together, these processes lead positive affect to improve creativity. Barbara Fredrickson in her broaden-and-build model suggests that positive emotions such as joy and love broaden a person's available repertoire of cognitions and actions, thus enhancing creativity. According to these researchers, positive emotions increase the number of cognitive elements available for association (attention scope) and the number of elements that are relevant to the problem (cognitive scope). Day-by-day psychological experiences including emotions, perceptions, and motivation significantly impact creative performance. Creativity is higher when emotions and perceptions are more positive and when intrinsic motivation is stronger. Some meta-analyses, such as Baas et al. (2008) of 66 studies about creativity and affect support the link between creativity and positive affect. Mental health Main article: Creativity and mental healthLinks have been identified between creativity and mood disorders, particularly manic-depressive disorder (a.k.a. bipolar disorder) and depressive disorder (a.k.a. unipolar disorder). However, different artists have described mental illness as having both positive and negative effects on their work. In general, people who have worked in the arts industry throughout history have faced many environmental factors that are associated with and can sometimes influence mental illness—things such as poverty, persecution, social alienation, psychological trauma, substance abuse, and high stress. Studies A study by psychologist J. Philippe Rushton found creativity to correlate with intelligence and psychoticism. Another study found creativity to be greater in people with schizotypal personality disorder than in people with either schizophrenia or those without mental health conditions. While divergent thinking was associated with activation of both sides of the prefrontal cortex, schizotypal individuals were found to have much greater activation of their right prefrontal cortex specifically. That study hypothesized that such individuals are better at accessing both hemispheres, allowing them to make novel associations at a faster rate. Consistent with this hypothesis, ambidexterity is also more common in people with schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Three studies by Mark Batey and Adrian Furnham demonstrated the relationships between schizotypal personality disorder and hypomanic personality and several different measures of creativity. A study of 300,000 persons with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression, and their relatives, found overrepresentation in creative professions for those with bipolar disorder as well as for undiagnosed siblings of those with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. There was no overall overrepresentation, but overrepresentation for artistic occupations, among those diagnosed with schizophrenia. There was no association for those with unipolar depression or their relatives. Another study involving more than one million people, conducted by Swedish researchers at the Karolinska Institute, reported a number of correlations between creative occupations and mental illnesses. Writers had a higher risk of anxiety and bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, unipolar depression, and substance abuse, and were almost twice as likely as the general population to kill themselves. Dancers and photographers were also more likely to have bipolar disorder. Those in the creative professions were no more likely to have psychiatric disorders than other people, although they were more likely to have a close relative with a disorder, including anorexia and, to some extent, autism, the Journal of Psychiatric Research reported. Nancy Andreasen was one of the first researchers to carry out a large-scale study on creativity and whether mental illnesses have an impact on someone's ability to be creative. She expected to find a link between creativity and schizophrenia but her research sample (the book authors she pooled) had no history of schizophrenia. Her findings instead showed that 80% of the creative group previously had some form of mental illness episode in their lifetime. When she performed follow up studies over a 15-year period, she found that 43% of the authors had bipolar disorder, compared to the 1% of the general public. In 1989 another study, by Kay Redfield Jamison, reaffirmed those statistics by having 38% of her sample of authors having a history of mood disorders. Anthony Storr, a prominent psychiatrist, remarked: The creative process can be a way of protecting the individual against being overwhelmed by depression, a means of regaining a sense of mastery in those who have lost it, and, to a varying extent, a way of repairing the self-damaged by bereavement or by the loss of confidence in human relationships which accompanies depression from whatever cause. Bipolar disorders People diagnosed with bipolar disorder report themselves as having a larger range of emotional understanding, heightened states of perception, and an ability to connect better with those in the world around them. Other reported traits include higher rates of productivity, higher senses of self-awareness, and a greater understanding of empathy. Those who have bipolar disorder also understand their own sense of heightened creativity and ability to get immense amounts of tasks done all at once. In one study, of 219 participants (aged 19 to 63) diagnosed with bipolar disorder, 82% of them reported having elevated feelings of creativity during the hypomanic swings. A study done by Shapiro and Weisberg also showed a positive correlation between the manic upswings of the cycles of bipolar disorder and the ability for an individual to be more creative. The data showed, however, that it was not the depressive swing that brings forth dark creative spurts, but the act of climbing out of the depressive episode that sparks creativity. The reason behind this spur of creative genius could come from the type of self-image that the person has during a time of hypomania. A hypomanic person may feel a bolstered sense of self-confidence, creative confidence, and sense of individualism. Opinions Giannouli believes that the creativity a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder feels comes as a form of "stress management". In the realm of music, one might be expressing one's stress or pains through the pieces one writes in order to better understand those same feelings. Famous authors and musicians, along with some actors, would often attribute their wild enthusiasm to something like a hypomanic state. The artistic side of society has been notorious for behaviors that are seen as maladapted to societal norms. Symptoms of bipolar disorder match up with behaviors in high-profile creative personalities such as alcohol addiction; drug abuse including stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and dissociatives, opioids, inhalants, and cannabis; difficulties in holding regular occupations; interpersonal problems; legal issues; and a high risk of suicide. Weisberg believes that the state of mania sets "free the powers of a thinker". He implies that not only has the person become more creative, but they have fundamentally changed the kind of thoughts they produce. In a study of poets, who seem to have especially high percentages of bipolar authors, over a period of three years those poets would have cycles of really creative and powerful works of poetry. The timelines over the three-year study looked at the poets' personal journals and their clinical records and found that the timelines between their most powerful poems matched that of their upswings in bipolar disorder. Personality This section may require copy editing. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Creativity can be expressed in a number of different forms, depending on unique people and environments. Theorists have suggested a number of different models of the creative person. However, the creativity profiling approach must take into account the tension between predicting the creative profile of an individual, as characterized by the psychometric approach, and the evidence that team creativity is founded on diversity and difference. From a personality-traits perspective, there are a number of traits that are associated with creativity in people. Creative people tend to be more open to new experiences, are more self-confident, are more ambitious, self-accepting, impulsive, driven, dominant, and hostile, compared to people with less creativity. Divergent production One characteristic of creative people, as measured by some psychologists, is what is called divergent production—the ability of a person to generate a diverse assortment of, yet an appropriate amount of, responses to a given situation. One way to measure divergent production is by administering the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking assess the diversity, quantity, and appropriateness of participants' responses to a variety of open-ended questions. Some researchers also emphasize how creative people are better at balancing between divergent and convergent production, which depends on an individual's innate preference or ability to explore and exploit ideas. Dedication and expertise Other researchers of creativity see what distinguishes creative people as a cognitive process of dedication to problem-solving and developing expertise in the field of their creative expression. Hardworking people study the work of people before them in their milieu, become experts in their fields, and then have the ability to add to and build upon previous information in innovative and creative ways. In a study of projects by design students, students who had more knowledge on their subject on average had greater creativity within their projects. Motivation The aspect of motivation in a person's personality may also predict their creativity levels. Motivation stems from two different sources: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is an internal drive within a person to participate or invest as a result of personal interest, desires, hopes, goals, etc. Extrinsic motivation is a drive from outside a person and might take the form of payment, rewards, fame, approval from others, etc. Although extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation can both increase creativity in certain cases, strictly extrinsic motivation often impedes creativity in people. Conditions In studying exceptionally creative people in history, some common traits in lifestyle and environment are often found. Creative people usually had supportive, but rigid and non-nurturing, parents. Most had an interest in their field at an early age, and most had a highly supportive and skilled mentor in their field of interest. Often the field they chose was relatively uncharted, allowing for their creativity to be expressed more. Most exceptionally creative people devoted almost all of their time and energy into their craft, and after about a decade had a creative breakthrough of fame. Their lives were marked with extreme dedication and a cycle of hard-work and breakthroughs as a result of their determination. In different fields Neuroscience This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Distributed functional brain network associated with divergent thinking The neuroscience of creativity looks at the operation of the brain during creative behavior. One article writes that "creative innovation might require coactivation and communication between regions of the brain that ordinarily are not strongly connected." Highly creative people who excel at creative innovation tend to differ from others in three ways: first, they have a high level of specialized knowledge; second, they are capable of divergent thinking mediated by the frontal lobe; and third, they are able to modulate neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine in their frontal lobe. Thus, the frontal lobe appears to be the part of the cortex that is most important for creativity. A 2015 study on creativity found that it involves the interaction of multiple neural networks, including those that support associative thinking, along with other default mode network functions. In 2018, some experiments showed that when the brain suppresses obvious or "known" solutions, the outcome is solutions that are more creative. This suppression is mediated by alpha oscillations in the right temporal lobe. REM sleep Creativity involves the forming of associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement. Sleep aids this process. REM rather than NREM sleep appears to be responsible. This may be due to changes in cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation that occurs during REM sleep. During this period of sleep, high levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from the hippocampus to the neocortex, and lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the spread of associational activity within neocortical areas without control from the hippocampus. This is in contrast to waking consciousness, in which higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep may aid creativity by allowing "neocortical structures to reorganize associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes." Vandervert model Vandervert described how the brain's frontal lobes and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Vandervert's explanation rests on considerable evidence that all processes of working memory (responsible for processing all thought) are adaptively modeled for increased efficiency by the cerebellum. The cerebellum (consisting of 100 billion neurons, which is more than the entirety of the rest of the brain) also adaptively models all bodily movement for efficiency. The cerebellum's adaptive models of working memory processing are then fed back to especially frontal lobe working memory control processes where creative and innovative thoughts arise. (Apparently, creative insight or the "aha" experience is then triggered in the temporal lobe.) According to Vandervert, the details of creative adaptation begin in "forward" cerebellar models which are anticipatory/exploratory controls for movement and thought. These cerebellar processing and control architectures have been termed Hierarchical Modular Selection and Identification for Control (HMOSAIC). New, hierarchically arranged levels of the cerebellar control architecture (HMOSAIC) develop as mental mulling in working memory is extended over time. These new levels of the control architecture are fed forward to the frontal lobes. Since the cerebellum adaptively models all movement and all levels of thought and emotion, Vandervert's approach helps explain creativity and innovation in sports, art, music, the design of video games, technology, mathematics, the child prodigy, and thought in general. Vandervert argues that when a person is confronted with a challenging new situation, visual-spatial working memory and speech-related working memory are decomposed and re-composed (fractionated) by the cerebellum and then blended in the cerebral cortex in an attempt to deal with the new situation. With repeated attempts to deal with challenging situations, the cerebro-cerebellar blending process continues to optimize the efficiency of how working memory deals with the situation or problem. He also argues that this is the same process (only involving visual-spatial working memory and pre-language vocalization) that led to the evolution of language in humans. Vandervert and Vandervert-Weathers have pointed out that this blending process, because it continuously optimizes efficiencies, constantly improves prototyping attempts toward the invention or innovation of new ideas, music, art, or technology. Prototyping, they argue, not only produces new products, it trains the cerebro-cerebellar pathways involved to become more efficient at prototyping itself. Further, Vandervert and Vandervert-Weathers believe that this repetitive "mental prototyping" or mental rehearsal involving the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex explains the success of the self-driven, individualized patterning of repetitions initiated by the teaching methods of the Khan Academy. The model proposed by Vandervert has, however, received incisive critique from several authors. Flaherty model In 2005, Alice Flaherty presented a three-factor model of the creative drive. Drawing from evidence in brain imaging, drug studies, and lesion analysis, she described the creative drive as resulting from an interaction of the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, and dopamine from the limbic system. The frontal lobes may be responsible for idea generation, and the temporal lobes for idea editing and evaluation. Abnormalities in the frontal lobe (such as depression or anxiety) generally decrease creativity, while abnormalities in the temporal lobe often increase creativity. High activity in the temporal lobe typically inhibits activity in the frontal lobe, and vice versa. High dopamine levels increase general arousal and goal directed behaviors and reduce latent inhibition, and all three effects increase the drive to generate ideas. Lin and Vartanian model In 2018, Lin and Vartanian proposed a neuroeconomic framework that precisely describes norepinephrine's role in creativity and modulating large-scale brain networks associated with creativity. This framework describes how neural activity in different brain regions and networks like the default mode network track utility or subjective value of ideas. Economics Economic approaches to creativity have focused on three aspects – the impact of creativity on economic growth, methods of modeling markets for creativity, and the maximization of economic creativity (innovation). In the early 20th century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of creative destruction to describe the way in which old ways of doing things are endogenously destroyed and replaced by the new. Some economists (such as Paul Romer) view creativity as an important element in the recombination of elements to produce new technologies and products and, consequently, economic growth. Creativity leads to capital, and creative products are protected by intellectual property laws. Mark A. Runco and Daniel Rubenson have tried to describe a "psychoeconomic" model of creativity. In such a model, creativity is the product of endowments and active investments in creativity; the costs and benefits of bringing creative activity to market determine the supply of creativity. Such an approach has been criticized for its view of creativity consumption as always having positive utility, and for the way it analyzes the value of future innovations. In his 2002 book, The Rise of the Creative Class, economist Richard Florida popularized the notion that regions with "3 T's of economic development: Technology, Talent, and Tolerance" also have high concentrations of creative professionals and tend to have a higher level of economic development. Sociology Creativity research for most of the twentieth century was dominated by psychology and business studies, with little work done in sociology. Since the turn of the millennium, there has been more attention paid by sociological researchers, but it has yet to establish itself as a specific research field, with reviews of sociological research into creativity a rarity in high impact literature. While psychology has tended to focus on the individual as the locus of creativity, sociological research is directed more at the structures and context within which creative activity takes place, primarily based in sociology of culture, which finds its roots in the works of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. This has meant a focus on the cultural and creative industries as sociological phenomena. Such research has covered a variety of areas, including the economics and production of culture, the role of creative industries in development, and the rise of the "creative class". Evolutionary theory From an evolutionary perspective, creativity may be a result of the outcome of years of generating ideas. As ideas are continuously generated, the need to evolve produces a need for new ideas and developments. As a result, people have been creating and developing new, innovative, and creative ideas to build our progress as a society. Education Some see the conventional system of schooling as stifling of creativity, and they attempt (particularly in the preschool/kindergarten and early school years) to provide a creativity-friendly, rich, imagination-fostering environment for young children. Researchers have seen this as important because technology is advancing our society at an unprecedented rate and creative problem solving will be needed to cope with these challenges as they arise. In addition to helping with problem solving, creativity also helps students identify problems where others have failed to do so. The Waldorf School is an example of an education program that promotes creative thought. Promoting intrinsic motivation and problem solving are two areas where educators can foster creativity in students. Students are more creative when they see a task as intrinsically motivating, valued for its own sake. To promote creative thinking, educators need to identify what motivates their students and to structure teaching around it. Providing students with a choice of activities to complete allows them to become more intrinsically motivated and therefore creative in completing the tasks. Teaching students to solve problems that do not have well-defined answers is another way to foster their creativity. This is accomplished by allowing students to explore problems and redefine them, possibly drawing on knowledge that at first may seem unrelated to the problem in order to solve it. In adults, mentoring individuals is another way to foster their creativity. However, the benefits of mentoring creativity apply only to creative contributions considered great in a given field, not to everyday creative expression. Musical creativity is a gateway to the flow state, which is conducive to spontaneity, improvisation, and creativity. Studies show that it is beneficial to emphasize students' creative side and integrate more creativity into their curriculums, with a notable strategy being through music. One reason for this is that students are able to express themselves through musical improvisation in a way that taps into higher order brain regions while connecting with their peers, allowing them to go beyond typical pattern generation. In this sense, improvisation is a form of self-expression that can generate connectivity amongst peers and surpass the age-old rudimentary aspects of school. Scotland In the Scottish education system, creativity is identified as a core skillset for learning, life, and work and is defined as "a process which generates ideas that have value to the individual. It involves looking at familiar things with a fresh eye, examining problems with an open mind, making connections, learning from mistakes, and using imagination to explore new possibilities." The need to develop a shared language and understanding of creativity and its role across every aspect of learning, teaching, and continuous improvement was identified as a necessary aim and a set of four skills is used to allow educators to discuss and develop creativity skills across all subjects and sectors of education – curiosity, open-mindedness, imagination, and problem solving. Distinctions are made between creative learning (when learners are using their creativity skills), creative teaching (when educators are using their creativity skills), and creative change (when creativity skills are applied to planning and improvement). Scotland's national Creative Learning Plan supports the development of creativity skills in all learners and of educators' expertise in developing creativity skills. A range of resources have been created to support and assess this, including a national review of creativity across learning by Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education. China Recognizes that creativity ability is crucial for national security, social development, and improving people's benefits. Measures have been proposed to enhance creative ability in the country. European Union Emphasizes creativity as a transversal theme important for the development of basic skills and has declared 2009 the 'Year of Creativity and Innovation'. Countries like France, Germany, Italy, and Spain have incorporated creativity into their education and economic policies. Organizational creativity This section may require copy editing. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Training meeting in an eco-design stainless steel company in Brazil. The leaders among other things wish to cheer and encourage the workers in order to achieve a higher level of creativity. Various research studies set out to establish that organizational effectiveness depends on the creativity of the workforce to a large extent. For any given organization, measures of effectiveness vary, depending upon its mission, environmental context, nature of work, the product or service it produces, and customer demands. Thus, the first step in evaluating organizational effectiveness is to understand the organization itself – how it functions, how it is structured, and what it emphasizes. Similarly, social psychologists, organizational scientists, and management scientists (who research factors that influence creativity and innovation in teams and organizations) have developed integrative theoretical models that emphasize the roles of team composition, team processes, and organizational culture. These theoretical models also emphasize the mutually reinforcing relationships between them in promoting innovation. Research studies of the knowledge economy may be classified into three levels: macro, meso, and micro. Macro studies are at a societal or transnational dimension. Meso studies focus on organizations. Micro investigations center on the minutiae workings of workers. There is also an interdisciplinary dimension such as research from businesses, economics, education, human resource management, knowledge and organizational management, sociology, psychology, knowledge economy-related sectors – especially software, and advertising. Team composition Diversity of team members' backgrounds and knowledge can increase team creativity by expanding the collection of unique information that is available to the team and by introducing different perspectives that can integrate in novel ways. However, under some conditions, diversity can also decrease team creativity by making it more difficult for team members to communicate about ideas and causing interpersonal conflicts between those with different perspectives. Thus, the potential advantages of diversity must be supported by appropriate team processes and organizational cultures in order to enhance creativity. Team processes Team communication norms, such as respecting others' expertise, paying attention to others' ideas, expecting information sharing, tolerating disagreements, negotiating, remaining open to others' ideas, learning from others, and building on each other's ideas, increase team creativity by facilitating the social processes involved with brainstorming and problem solving. Through these processes, team members can access their collective pool of knowledge, reach shared understandings, identify new ways of understanding problems or tasks, and make new connections between ideas. Engaging in these social processes also promotes positive team affect, which facilitates collective creativity. Organizational culture Supportive and motivational environments that create psychological safety by encouraging risk taking and tolerating mistakes increase team creativity as well. Organizations in which help-seeking, help giving, and collaboration are rewarded promote innovation by providing opportunities and contexts in which team processes that lead to collective creativity can occur. Additionally, leadership styles that downplay status hierarchies or power differences within an organization and empower people to speak up about their ideas or opinions also help to create cultures that are conducive to creativity. Constraints Main article: Creative limitation There is a long-standing debate on how material constraints (e.g., lack of money, materials, or equipment) affect creativity. In psychological and managerial research, two competing views in this regard prevail. In one view, scholars propose a negative effect of material constraints on innovation and claim that material constraints starve creativity. Proponents argue that adequate material resources are needed to engage in creative activities like experimenting with new solutions and idea exploration. In an opposing view, scholars assert that people tend to stick to established routines or solutions as long as they are not forced to deviate from them by constraints. For example, material constraints facilitated the development of jet engines in World War II. To reconcile these competing views, contingency models were proposed. The rationale behind these models is that certain contingency factors (e.g., creativity climate or creativity relevant skills) influence the relationship between constraints and creativity. These contingency factors reflect the need for higher levels of motivation and skills when working on creative tasks under constraints. Depending on these contingency factors, there is either a positive or negative relationship between constraints and creativity. Fostering creativity Main article: Creativity techniques Several researchers have proposed methods of increasing a person's creativity. Such ideas range from the psychological-cognitive, such as the Osborn-Parnes Creative Problem Solving Process, Synectics, science-based creative thinking, Purdue Creative Thinking Program, and Edward de Bono's lateral thinking; to the highly structured, such as TRIZ (the Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving) and its variant Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (developed by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller), and Computer-Aided morphological analysis. An empirical synthesis of which methods work best in enhancing creativity was published by Haase et al. Summarising the results of 84 studies, the authors found that complex training courses, meditation, and cultural exposure were most effective in enhancing creativity, while the use of cognitive manipulation drugs was noneffective. Need for closure Experiments suggest the need for closure of task participants, whether as a reflection of personality or induced (through time pressure), negatively impacts creativity. Accordingly, it has been suggested that reading fiction, which can reduce the cognitive need for closure, may help to encourage creativity. Malevolent creativity Main article: Malevolent creativity So-called malevolent creativity is the "dark side" of creativity. This type of creativity is not typically accepted within society and is defined by the intention to cause harm to others through original and innovative means. While it is often associated with criminal behavior, it can also be observed in ordinary day-to-day life as lying, cheating, and betrayal. Malevolent creativity should be distinguished from negative creativity in that negative creativity may unintentionally cause harm to others, whereas malevolent creativity is explicitly malevolently motivated. Crime Malevolent creativity is a key contributor to crime and in its most destructive form can even manifest as terrorism. As creativity requires deviating from the conventional, there is a permanent tension between being creative and going too far—in some cases to the point of breaking the law. Aggression is a key predictor of malevolent creativity, and increased levels of aggression correlate with a higher likelihood of committing crime. Predictive factors Although everyone shows some levels of malevolent creativity under certain conditions, those that have a higher propensity towards it have increased tendencies to deceive and manipulate others to their own gain. While malevolent creativity appears to dramatically increase when an individual is placed under unfair conditions, personality, particularly aggressiveness, is also a key predictor in anticipating levels of malevolent thinking. Researchers Harris and Reiter-Palmon investigated the role of aggression in levels of malevolent creativity, in particular levels of implicit aggression and the tendency to employ aggressive actions in response to problem solving. The personality traits of physical aggression, conscientiousness, emotional intelligence, and implicit aggression all seem to be related with malevolent creativity. Harris and Reiter-Palmon's research showed that when subjects were presented with a problem that designed to trigger malevolent creativity, participants high in implicit aggression and low in premeditation expressed the largest number of malevolently themed solutions. When presented with the more benign problem designed to trigger prosocial motives of helping others and cooperating, those high in implicit aggression, even if they were high in impulsiveness, were far less destructive in their imagined solutions. The researchers concluded premeditation, more than implicit aggression, controlled an individual's expression of malevolent creativity. The current measure for malevolent creativity is the 13-item Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS). Academic journals Creativity Research Journal International Journal of Creative Computing Journal of Creative Behavior Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Thinking Skills and Creativity See also Philosophy portalPsychology portal Adaptive performance Brainstorming Computational creativity Confabulation (neural networks) Content creation Creative age Creativity techniques Daydreaming Dreaming E-scape Fantasy prone personality Genius Guided visualization Heroic theory of invention and scientific development History of the concept of creativity Imagination Innovation Invention (such as "artistic invention" in the visual arts) Lateral thinking Learned industriousness Multiple discovery Music therapy Musical improvisation Openness to experience Originality Why Man Creates (film) Notes ^ "How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity". Harvard Business Review. 2023-06-16. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2023-06-20.Anderson, Neil; Potočnik, Kristina; Zhou, Jing (July 2014). 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Creativity Research Journal. 25 (2): 149–154. doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.783735. S2CID 143961189. ^ Cropley, David H.; Cropley, Arthur J.; Kaufman, James C.; et al., eds. (2010). The Dark Side of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13960-1. ^ a b McLaren, R.B. (1993). "The dark side of creativity". Creat. Res. J. 6 (1–2): 137–144. doi:10.1080/10400419309534472. ^ a b Hao, N.; Tang, M.; Yang, J.; Wang, Q.; Runco, M.A. (2016). "A New Tool to Measure Malevolent Creativity: The Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 682. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00682. PMC 4870273. PMID 27242596. ^ Berkowitz, Leonard (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. ^ Harris, D.J.; Reiter-Palmon, R. (2015). "Fast and furious: The influence of implicit aggression, premeditation, and provoking situations on malevolent creativity". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 9 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1037/a0038499. Further reading Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in Schools: tensions and dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32414-4. Gielen, P. (2013). Creativity and other Fundamentalisms. Amsterdam: Mondriaan. Glăveanu, Vlad Petre, ed. (2019). The Creativity Reader. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-084171-3. Hadamard, Jacques (1954). The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Dover. ISBN 0-486-20107-4. Jeffery, Graham (2005). The Creative College: building a successful learning culture in the arts. Trentham Books. Johnson, D.M. (1972). Systematic introduction to the psychology of thinking. Harper & Row. Jullien, F. (2004). In Praise of Blandness: Proceeding from Chinese Thought and Aesthetics. Translated by Varsano, Paula M. Zone Books, U.S. ISBN 1-890951-41-2. Jung, Carl G. (1981). The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 8. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09774-7. Kanigel, Robert (1992). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-75061-5. Kraft, U. (2005). "Unleashing Creativity". Scientific American Mind. April: 16–23. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0405-16. Kolp, P.; Lammé, A.; Regnard, Fr. (2009). Rens, J.M. (ed.). "Musique et créativité". Orphée Apprenti. NS (1): 9–119. D/2009/11848/5 Lehrer, Jonah (2012). Imagine: How Creativity Works. McLaren, R.B. (1999). "Dark Side of Creativity". In Runco, M.A.; Pritzker, S.R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press. McCrae, R.R. (1987). "Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to Experience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1258–1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258. Michalko, M. (1998). Cracking Creativity: The Secrets of Creative Genius. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-913-4. National Academy of Engineering (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020: adapting engineering education to the new century. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09649-2. Runco, M.A. (2004). "Creativity". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 657–687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502. PMID 14744230. Sabaneev, Leonid (July 1928). "The Psychology of the Musico-Creative Process". Psyche. 9: 37–54. Smith, S.M.; Blakenship, S.E. (1 April 1991). "Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving". American Journal of Psychology. 104 (1): 61–87. doi:10.2307/1422851. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1422851. PMID 2058758. S2CID 10359632.= Taylor, C.W. (1988). "Various approaches to and definitions of creativity". In Sternberg, R.J. (ed.). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press. von Franz, Marie-Louise (1992). Psyche and Matter. Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-902-1. 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Concepts Appropriation Art for art's sake Art manifesto Artistic merit Avant-garde Beauty Feminine Masculine Camp Comedy Creativity Cuteness Disgust Ecstasy Elegance Emotions Entertainment Eroticism Fashion Fun Gaze Harmony Humour Interpretation Judgment Kama Kitsch Life imitating art Magnificence Mimesis Perception Picturesque Quality Rasa Recreation Reverence Style Sublime Taste Tragedy Work of art Works Hippias Major (c. 390 BC) Poetics (c. 335 BC) The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (c. 100) On the Sublime (c. 500) A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) Lectures on Aesthetics (1835) "The Critic as Artist" (1891) In Praise of Shadows (1933) Art as Experience (1934) "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935) "Avant-Garde and Kitsch" (1939) Critical Essays (1946) The Aesthetic Dimension (1977) Why Beauty Matters (2009) Related Aestheticization of politics Applied aesthetics Arts criticism Axiology Evolutionary aesthetics Mathematical beauty Neuroesthetics Patterns in nature Philosophy of design Philosophy of film Philosophy of music Psychology of art Theory of art Index Outline Category Philosophy portal vteHumanitiesDisciplines Anthropology Archaeology Classical studies History Language arts Literature Poetry Rhetoric Law Performing arts Dance Music Theatre Philosophy Religious studies Visual arts Filmmaking Painting Sculpture Interdisciplinary fields Digital Environmental Health Medical Public Themes Abductive reasoning Aesthetics Antipositivism The arts Beauty Belles-lettres Bildung Creativity Critical theory Criticism Cultural literacy Culture High General knowledge Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human condition Humanitas Liberal arts education Trivium Quadrivium Metaphysics Ontology Moral character Self-realization Self-reflection Wisdom Work of art Journals American Journal of Archaeology Daedalus History of Humanities Humanitas Humanities and Social Sciences Communications Journal of Controversial Ideas Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Leonardo Nova Religio Revue des Études Arméniennes Teaching Philosophy more... Academia Arts and Humanities Research Council Human science Geisteswissenschaft Humanities, arts, and social sciences Master of Humanities Moscow University for the Humanities National Endowment for the Humanities National Humanities Medal Related Antihumanism Philistinism Criticism of mass culture Educational essentialism Humanities in the United States List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field Outline of the humanities Renaissance humanism Studia Humanitatis vteHuman intelligence topicsTypes Collective Emotional Intellectual Linguistic Multiple Social Spatial (visuospatial) Abilities, traits,and constructs Cognition Cognitive liberty Communication Creativity Fluid and crystallized intelligence g factor Intelligence quotient Knowledge Learning Memory Problem solving Reasoning Thought (abstraction) Understanding Visual processing Models and theories Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory Fluid and crystallized intelligence Multiple-intelligences theory PASS theory Three-stratum theory Triarchic theory Areas of research Evolution of human intelligence Heritability of IQ Psychometrics Intelligence and environment / fertility / height / health / longevity / neuroscience / personality / race / sex Outline of human intelligence / thought Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creativity (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg"},{"link_name":"incandescent light bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb"},{"link_name":"idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea"},{"link_name":"scientific theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory"},{"link_name":"musical composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke"},{"link_name":"invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention"},{"link_name":"literary work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"business studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies"},{"link_name":"cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Creativity (disambiguation).A picture of an incandescent light bulb is associated with someone having an idea, an example of creativity.Creativity is a characteristic of someone (or some process) that forms something novel and valuable. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a printed literary work, or a painting). Creativity enables people to solve problems in new or innovative ways.Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines, primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science. However, it is also present in education, the humanities (including philosophy and the arts), theology, and the social sciences (such as sociology, linguistics, and economics), as well as engineering, technology, and mathematics. These disciplines cover the relations between creativity and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes, mental health, and artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity through education, training, leadership, and organizational practices;[1] the factors that determine how creativity is evaluated and perceived;[2] the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning; and the fostering of creativity for national economic benefit. According to Harvard Business School, it benefits business by encouraging innovation, boosting productivity, enabling adaptability, and fostering growth.[3]","title":"Creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"derivational suffixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_derivation"},{"link_name":"The Parson's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parson%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-5"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"}],"text":"The English word \"creativity\" comes from the Latin terms creare (meaning 'to create') and facere (meaning 'to make'). Its derivational suffixes also comes from Latin. The word \"create\" appeared in English as early as the 14th century—notably in Chaucer's The Parson's Tale[4] to indicate divine creation.[5]The modern meaning of creativity in reference to human creation did not emerge until after the Enlightenment.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg_Cognitive_Psychology_2011-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meusburger1-8"},{"link_name":"Dr. E. Paul Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Paul_Torrance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torrance_Test_Manual_Verbal-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-10"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"Teresa Amabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Amabile"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Eurostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In a summary of scientific research into creativity, Michael Mumford suggests, \"We seem to have reached a general agreement that creativity involves the production of novel, useful products.\"[6] In Robert Sternberg's words, creativity produces \"something original and worthwhile\".[7]Authors have diverged dramatically in their precise definitions beyond these general commonalities: Peter Meusburger estimates that over a hundred different definitions can be found in the literature, typically elaborating on the context (field, organization, environment, etc.) that determines the originality and/or appropriateness of the created object and the processes through which it came about.[8] As an illustration, one definition given by Dr. E. Paul Torrance in the context of assessing an individual's creative ability is \"a process of becoming sensitive to problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies, and so on; identifying the difficulty; searching for solutions, making guesses, or formulating hypotheses about the deficiencies: testing and retesting these hypotheses and possibly modifying and retesting them; and finally communicating the results.\"[9]Ignacio L. Götz, following the etymology of the word, argues that creativity is not necessarily \"making\". He confines it to the act of creating without thinking about the end product.[10] While many definitions of creativity seem almost synonymous with originality, he also emphasized the difference between creativity and originality. Götz asserted that one can be creative without necessarily being original. When someone creates something, they are certainly creative at that point, but they may not be original in the case that their creation is not something new. However, originality and creativity can go hand-in-hand.[10]Creativity in general is usually distinguished from innovation in particular, where the stress is on implementation. For example, Teresa Amabile and Pratt define creativity as the production of novel and useful ideas and innovation as the implementation of creative ideas,[11] while the OECD and Eurostat state that \"Innovation is more than a new idea or an invention. An innovation requires implementation, either by being put into active use or by being made available for use by other parties, firms, individuals, or organizations.\"[12]There is also emotional creativity,[13] which is described as a pattern of cognitive abilities and personality traits related to originality and appropriateness in emotional experience.[14]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plato-raphael.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"imitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SixIdeas-15"}],"text":"Greek philosophers like Plato rejected the concept of creativity, preferring to see art as a form of discovery. Asked in The Republic, \"Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something?\", Plato answers, \"Certainly not, he merely imitates.\"[15]","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SixIdeas-15"},{"link_name":"Ancient China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China"},{"link_name":"Ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert99-16"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"The Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"imitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SixIdeas-15"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Western cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"divine inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-5"},{"link_name":"Biblical story of the creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert99-16"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NiuSternberg-18"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacey-19"},{"link_name":"daemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)"},{"link_name":"genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NiuSternberg-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert99-16"}],"sub_title":"Ancient","text":"Most ancient cultures, including Ancient Greece,[15] Ancient China, and Ancient India,[16] lacked the concept of creativity, seeing art as a form of discovery and not creation. The ancient Greeks had no terms corresponding to \"to create\" or \"creator\" except for the expression \"poiein\" (\"to make\"), which only applied to poiesis (poetry) and to the poietes (poet, or \"maker\" who made it. Plato did not believe in art as a form of creation. Asked in The Republic,[17] \"Will we say of a painter that he makes something?\" he answers, \"Certainly not, he merely imitates.\"[15]It is commonly argued[by whom?] that the notion of \"creativity\" originated in Western cultures through Christianity, asa matter of[clarification needed] divine inspiration.[5] According to scholars, \"the earliest Western conception of creativity was the Biblical story of the creation given in Genesis.\"[16]: 18 However, this is not creativity in the modern sense, which did not arise until the Renaissance. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, creativity was the sole province of God; humans were not considered to have the ability to create something new except as an expression of God's work.[18] A concept similar to that in Christianity existed in Greek culture. For instance, Muses were seen as mediating inspiration from the gods.[19] Romans and Greeks invoked the concept of an external creative \"daemon\" (Greek) or \"genius\" (Latin), linked to the sacred or the divine. However, none of these views are similar to the modern concept of creativity, and the rejection of creativity in favor of discovery and the belief that individual creation was a conduit of the divine would dominate the West probably until the Renaissance and even later.[18][16]: 18–19","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"great men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Man_theory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert99-16"},{"link_name":"humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Renaissance man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_man"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"}],"sub_title":"Renaissance","text":"It was during the Renaissance that creativity was first seen, not as a conduit for the divine, but from the abilities of \"great men\".[16]: 18–19 The development of the modern concept of creativity began in the Renaissance, when creation began to be perceived as having originated from the abilities of the individual and not God. This could be attributed to the leading intellectual movement of the time, aptly named humanism, which developed an intensely human-centric outlook on the world, valuing the intellect and achievement of the individual.[20] From this philosophy arose the Renaissance man (or polymath), an individual who embodies the principles of humanism in their ceaseless courtship with knowledge and creation.[21] One of the most well-known and immensely accomplished examples is Leonardo da Vinci.","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert99-16"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SixIdeas-15"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-5"},{"link_name":"William Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duff_(writer)"},{"link_name":"genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacey-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacey-19"},{"link_name":"Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism"},{"link_name":"Francis Galton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton"},{"link_name":"eugenicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuncoAlbert-5"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Helmholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Enlightenment and thereafter","text":"However, the shift from divine inspiration to the abilities of the individual was gradual and would not become immediately apparent until the Enlightenment.[16]: 19–21 By the 18th century and the Age of Enlightenment, mention of creativity (notably in aesthetics), linked with the concept of imagination, became more frequent.[15] In the writing of Thomas Hobbes, imagination became a key element of human cognition;[5] William Duff was one of the first to identify imagination as a quality of genius, typifying the separation being made between talent (productive, but not new ground) and genius.[19]As an independent topic of study, creativity effectively received no attention until the 19th century.[19] Runco and Albert argue that creativity as the subject of proper study began seriously to emerge in the late 19th century with the increased interest in individual differences inspired by the arrival of Darwinism. In particular, they refer to the work of Francis Galton, who, through his eugenicist outlook took a keen interest in the heritability of intelligence, with creativity taken as an aspect of genius.[5]In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading mathematicians and scientists such as Hermann von Helmholtz (1896)[22] and Henri Poincaré (1908)[23] began to reflect on and publicly discuss their creative processes.","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Wallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas"},{"link_name":"Max Wertheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallas26-24"},{"link_name":"incubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"preconscious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconscious"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simonton99-25"},{"link_name":"Alfred North Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Process and Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_and_Reality"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"J.P. Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Guilford"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg99-29"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kozbelt-30"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"The insights of Poincaré and von Helmholtz were built on in early accounts of the creative process by pioneering theorists such as Graham Wallas and Max Wertheimer. In his work Art of Thought, published in 1926,[24] Wallas presented one of the first models of the creative process. In the Wallas stage model, creative insights and illuminations may be explained by a process consisting of five stages:preparation (preparatory work on a problem that focuses the individual's mind on the problem and explores the problem's dimensions),\nincubation (in which the problem is internalized into the unconscious mind and nothing appears externally to be happening),\nintimation (the creative person gets a \"feeling\" that a solution is on its way),\nillumination or insight (in which the creative idea bursts forth from its preconscious processing into conscious awareness);\nverification (in which the idea is consciously verified, elaborated, and then applied).Wallas' model is also often treated as four stages, with \"intimation\" seen as a sub-stage.Wallas considered creativity to be a legacy of the evolutionary process, which allowed humans to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments. Simonton[25] provides an updated perspective on this view in his book, Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on creativity.In 1927, Alfred North Whitehead gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh, later published as Process and Reality.[26] He is credited with having coined the term \"creativity\" to serve as the ultimate category of his metaphysical scheme: \"Whitehead actually coined the term—our term, still the preferred currency of exchange among literature, science, and the arts—a term that quickly became so popular, so omnipresent, that its invention within living memory, and by Alfred North Whitehead of all people, quickly became occluded\".[27]Although psychometric studies of creativity had been conducted by The London School of Psychology as early as 1927 with the work of H.L. Hargreaves into the Faculty of Imagination,[28] the formal psychometric measurement of creativity, from the standpoint of orthodox psychological literature, is usually considered to have begun with J.P. Guilford's address to the American Psychological Association in 1950.[29] The address helped to popularize the study of creativity and to focus attention on scientific approaches to conceptualizing creativity. Statistical analyzes led to the recognition of creativity (as measured) as a separate aspect of human cognition from IQ-type intelligence, into which it had previously been subsumed. Guilford's work suggested that above a threshold level of IQ, the relationship between creativity and classically measured intelligence broke down.[30]","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mpofu-33"},{"link_name":"linguistic relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mpofu-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Across cultures","text":"Creativity is viewed differently in different countries.[31] For example, cross-cultural research centered in Hong Kong found that Westerners view creativity more in terms of the individual attributes of a creative person, such as their aesthetic taste, while Chinese people view creativity more in terms of the social influence of creative people (i.e., what they can contribute to society).[32] Mpofu et al. surveyed 28 African languages and found that 27 had no word which directly translated to \"creativity\" (the exception being Arabic).[33]: 465 The linguistic relativity hypothesis (i.e., that language can affect thought) suggests that the lack of an equivalent word for \"creativity\" may affect the views of creativity among speakers of such languages. However, more research would be needed to establish this, and there is certainly no suggestion that this linguistic difference makes people any less, or more, creative. Nevertheless, it is true that there has been very little research on creativity in Africa,[33]: 458 and there has also been very little research on creativity in Latin America.[34] Creativity has been more thoroughly researched in the northern hemisphere, but here again there are cultural differences, even between countries or groups of countries in close proximity. For example, in Scandinavian countries, creativity is seen as an individual attitude which helps in coping with life's challenges,[35] while in Germany, creativity is seen more as a process that can be applied to help solve problems.[36]","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James C. Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Kaufman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaufBeg2009-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kozbelt-30"},{"link_name":"Margaret Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Boden"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boden2004-38"},{"link_name":"Ken Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Robinson_(educationalist)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allourfutures-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft1-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft1-40"},{"link_name":"Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csik1-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simonton97-42"}],"sub_title":"\"Four C\" model","text":"James C. Kaufman and Ronald A. Beghetto introduced a \"four C\" model of creativity. The four \"C's\" are the following:mini-c (\"transformative learning\" involving \"personally meaningful interpretations of experiences, actions, and insights\").\nlittle-c (everyday problem-solving and creative expression).\nPro-C (exhibited by people who are professionally or vocationally creative though not necessarily eminent).\nBig-C (creativity considered great in the given field).This model was intended to help accommodate models and theories of creativity that stressed competence as an essential component and the historical transformation of a creative domain as the highest mark of creativity. It also, the authors argued, made a useful framework for analyzing creative processes in individuals.[37]The contrast between the terms \"Big C\" and \"Little C\" has been widely used. Kozbelt, Beghetto, and Runco use a little-c/Big-C model to review major theories of creativity.[30] Margaret Boden distinguishes between h-creativity (historical) and p-creativity (personal).[38]Ken Robinson[39] and Anna Craft[40] focused on creativity in a general population, particularly with respect to education. Craft makes a similar distinction between \"high\" and \"little c\" creativity[40] and cites Robinson as referring to \"high\" and \"democratic\" creativity. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi defined creativity in terms of individuals judged to have made significant creative, perhaps domain-changing contributions.[41] Simonton analyzed the career trajectories of eminent creative people in order to map patterns and predictors of creative productivity.[42]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mel Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melvin_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"divergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"convergent thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford"},{"link_name":"Wallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideation_(creative_process)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg_2009_468-45"}],"sub_title":"\"Four P's\" aspects","text":"Theories of creativity (and empirical investigations of why some people are more creative than others) have focused on a variety of aspects. The dominant factors are usually identified as \"the four P's\", a framework first put forward by Mel Rhodes:[43]Process\nA focus on process is shown in cognitive approaches that try to describe thought mechanisms and techniques for creative thinking. Theories invoking divergent rather than convergent thinking (such as that of Guilford), or those describing the staging of the creative process (such as that of Wallas) are primarily theories of the creative process.\nProduct\nA focus on a creative product usually attempts to assess creative output, whether for psychometrics (see below) or to understand why some objects are considered creative. It is from a consideration of product that the standard definition of creativity as the production of something novel and useful arises.[44]\nPerson\nA focus on the nature of the creative person considers more general intellectual habits, such as openness, levels of ideation, autonomy, expertise, exploratory behavior, and so on.\nPress and place\nA focus on place (or press) considers the circumstances in which creativity flourishes, such as degrees of autonomy, access to resources, and the nature of gatekeepers. Creative lifestyles are characterized by nonconforming attitudes and behaviors, as well as flexibility.[45]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideation_(creative_process)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattson_et_al_2021-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_&_Okada_2021-48"}],"sub_title":"\"Five A's\" aspects","text":"In 2013, based on a sociocultural critique of the Four P model as individualistic, static, and decontextualized, Vlad Petre Glăveanu proposed a \"five A's\" model consisting of actor, action, artifact, audience, and affordance.[46] In this model, the actor is the person with attributes but also located within social networks; action is the process of creativity not only in internal cognitive terms but also external, bridging the gap between ideation and implementation; artifacts emphasize how creative products typically represent cumulative innovations over time rather than abrupt discontinuities; and \"press/place\" is divided into audience and affordance, which consider the interdependence of the creative individual with the social and material world, respectively. Although not supplanting the four Ps model in creativity research, the five As model has exerted influence over the direction of some creativity research,[47] and has been credited with bringing coherence to studies across a number of creative domains.[48]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"}],"text":"There has been much empirical study in psychology and cognitive science of the processes through which creativity occurs. Interpretation of the results of these studies has led to several possible explanations of the sources and methods of creativity.","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creative problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_problem_solving"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC_Incubation-49"},{"link_name":"Wallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2000-50"},{"link_name":"Csikszentmihalyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward2003-52"},{"link_name":"empirical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence"},{"link_name":"fixated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1995-53"}],"sub_title":"Incubation","text":"\"Incubation\" is a temporary break from creative problem solving that can result in insight.[49] Empirical research has investigated whether, as the concept of \"incubation\" in Wallas's model implies, a period of interruption or rest from a problem may aid creative problem-solving. Early work proposed that creative solutions to problems arise mysteriously from the unconscious mind while the conscious mind is occupied on other tasks.[50]\nThis hypothesis is discussed in Csikszentmihalyi's five-phase model of the creative process which describes incubation as a time when your unconscious takes over. This was supposed to allow for unique connections to be made without our consciousness trying to make logical order out of the problem.[51]Ward[52] lists various hypotheses that have been advanced to explain why incubation may aid creative problem-solving and notes how some empirical evidence is consistent with a different hypothesis: Incubation aids creative problems in that it enables \"forgetting\" of misleading clues. The absence of incubation may lead the problem solver to become fixated on inappropriate strategies of solving the problem.[53]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. P. Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guilford67-54"},{"link_name":"convergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"divergent thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-55"},{"link_name":"fluid intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-55"}],"sub_title":"Divergent thinking","text":"J. P. Guilford[54] drew a distinction between convergent and divergent production (commonly renamed convergent and divergent thinking). Convergent thinking involves aiming for a single, correct, or best solution to a problem (e.g., \"How can we get a crewed rocket to land on the moon safely and within budget?\"). Divergent thinking, on the other hand, involves the creative generation of multiple answers to an open-ended prompt (e.g., \"How can a chair be used?\").[55] Divergent thinking is sometimes used as a synonym for creativity in psychology literature or is considered the necessary precursor to creativity.[56] However, as Runco points out, there is a clear distinction between creative thinking and divergent thinking.[55] Creative thinking focuses on the production, combination, and assessment of ideas to formulate something new and unique, while divergent thinking focuses on the act of conceiving of a variety of ideas that are not necessarily new or unique. Other researchers have occasionally used the terms flexible thinking or fluid intelligence, which are also roughly similar to (but not synonymous with) creativity.[57] While convergent and divergent thinking differ greatly in terms of approach to problem solving, it is believed[by whom?] that both are employed to some degree when solving most real-world problems.[55]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finke_et_al_1992-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1995-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisberg93-60"}],"sub_title":"Geneplore model","text":"In 1992, Finke et al. proposed the \"Geneplore\" model, in which creativity takes place in two phases: a generative phase, where an individual constructs mental representations called \"preinventive\" structures, and an exploratory phase where those structures are used to come up with creative ideas.[58] Some evidence shows that when people use their imagination to develop new ideas, those ideas are structured in predictable ways by the properties of existing categories and concepts.[59] Weisberg argued, by contrast, that creativity involves ordinary cognitive processes yielding extraordinary results.[60]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HelieSun2010-61"},{"link_name":"creativity in problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_problem-solving"},{"link_name":"incubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"insight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight"},{"link_name":"CLARION cognitive architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLARION_(cognitive_architecture)"}],"sub_title":"Explicit–Implicit Interaction theory","text":"Helie and Sun[61] proposed a framework for understanding creativity in problem solving, namely the Explicit-Implicit Interaction (EII) theory of creativity. This theory attempts to provide a more unified explanation of relevant phenomena (in part by reinterpreting/integrating various fragmentary existing theories of incubation and insight).The EII theory relies mainly on five basic principles:the co-existence of and the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge\nsimultaneous involvement of implicit and explicit processes in most tasks\nredundant representation of explicit and implicit knowledge\nintegration of the results of explicit and implicit processing\niterative (and possibly bidirectional) processingA computational implementation of the theory was developed based on the CLARION cognitive architecture and used to simulate relevant human data. This work is an initial step in the development of process-based theories of creativity encompassing incubation, insight, and various other related phenomena.","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Act of Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Act_of_Creation"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koestler64-62"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"analogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"conceptual blending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_blending"}],"sub_title":"Conceptual blending","text":"In The Act of Creation, Arthur Koestler introduced the concept of bisociation – that creativity arises as a result of the intersection of two quite different frames of reference.[62] In the 1990s, various approaches in cognitive science that dealt with metaphor, analogy, and structure mapping converged, and a new integrative approach to the study of creativity in science, art, and humor emerged under the label conceptual blending.","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liane Gabora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Gabora"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Honing theory","text":"Honing theory, developed principally by psychologist Liane Gabora, posits that creativity arises due to the self-organizing, self-mending nature of a worldview. The creative process is a way in which the individual hones (and re-hones) an integrated worldview. Honing theory places emphasis not only on the externally visible creative outcome but also on the internal cognitive restructuring and repair of the worldview brought about by the creative process and production.[63] When one is faced with a creatively demanding task, there is an interaction between one's conception of the task and one's worldview. The conception of the task changes through interaction with the worldview, and the worldview changes through interaction with the task. This interaction is reiterated until the task is complete, at which point the task is conceived of differently and the worldview is subtly or drastically transformed, following the natural tendency of a worldview to attempt to resolve dissonance and seek internal consistency amongst its components, whether they be ideas, attitudes, or bits of knowledge. Dissonance in a person's worldview is, in some cases, generated by viewing their peers' creative outputs, and so people pursue their own creative endeavors to restructure their worldviews and reduce dissonance.[63] This shift in worldview and cognitive restructuring through creative acts has also been considered as a way to explain possible benefits of creativity on mental health.[63] The theory also addresses challenges not addressed by other theories of creativity, such as the factors guiding restructuring and the evolution of creative works. [64]A central feature of honing theory is the notion of a potential state.[65] Honing theory posits that creative thought proceeds not by searching through and randomly \"mutating\" predefined possibilities but by drawing upon associations that exist due to overlap in the distributed neural cell assemblies that participate in the encoding of experiences in memory. Midway through the creative process, one may have made associations between the current task and previous experiences but not yet disambiguated which aspects of those previous experiences are relevant to the current task. Thus, the creative idea may feel \"half-baked.\". At that point, it can be said to be in a potentiality state, because how it will actualize depends on the different internally or externally generated contexts it interacts with.Honing theory is held to explain certain phenomena not dealt with by other theories of creativity—for example, how different works by the same creator exhibit a recognizable style or \"voice\" even in different creative outlets. This is not predicted by theories of creativity that emphasize chance processes or the accumulation of expertise, but it is predicted by honing theory, according to which personal style reflects the creator's uniquely structured worldview. Another example is the environmental stimulus for creativity. Creativity is commonly considered to be fostered by a supportive, nurturing, and trustworthy environment conducive to self-actualization. In line with this idea, Gabora posits that creativity is a product of culture and that our social interactions evolve our culture in way that promotes creativity.[66]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subjunctive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive"},{"link_name":"Counterfactual thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"counterfactual thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne_2005-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Everyday imaginative thought","text":"See also: Subjunctive and Counterfactual thinkingIn everyday thought, people often spontaneously imagine alternatives to reality when they think \"if only...\".[67] Their counterfactual thinking is viewed as an example of everyday creative processes.[68] It has been proposed that the creation of counterfactual alternatives to reality depends on similar cognitive processes to rational thought.[69]Imaginative thought in everyday life can be categorized based on whether it involves perceptual/motor related mental imagery, novel combinatorial processing, or altered psychological states. This classification aids in understanding the neural foundations and practical implications of imagination. [70]Creative thinking is a central aspect of everyday life, encompassing both controlled and undirected processes. This includes divergent thinking and stage models, highlighting the importance of extra- and meta-cognitive contributions to imaginative thought. [71]Brain network dynamics play a crucial role in creative cognition. The default and executive control networks in the brain cooperate during creative tasks, suggesting a complex interaction between these networks in facilitating everyday imaginative thought. [72]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Dialectical theory","text":"The term \"dialectical theory of creativity\" dates back to psychoanalyst Daniel Dervin[73] and was later developed into an interdisciplinary theory.[74][page needed] The dialectical theory of creativity starts with the ancient concept that creativity takes place in an interplay between order and chaos. Similar ideas can be found in neuroscience and psychology. Neurobiologically, it can be shown that the creative process takes place in a dynamic interplay between coherence and incoherence that leads to new and usable neuronal networks. Psychology shows how the dialectics of convergent and focused thinking with divergent and associative thinking leads to new ideas and products.[75]Personality traits like the \"Big Five\" seem to bedialectically intertwined in[clarification needed] the creative process: emotional instability vs. stability, extraversion vs. introversion, openness vs. reserve, agreeableness vs. antagonism, and disinhibition vs. constraint.[76] The dialectical theory of creativity applies[how?] also to counseling and psychotherapy.[77]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-78"},{"link_name":"neuroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics"},{"link_name":"reinforcement learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning"},{"link_name":"cognitive neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"neurotransmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission"},{"link_name":"locus coeruleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus"},{"link_name":"decision-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making"},{"link_name":"large-scale brain network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_brain_networks"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization"},{"link_name":"utility-maximization problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_maximization_problem"},{"link_name":"multi-armed bandit problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(physiology)"}],"sub_title":"Neuroeconomic framework","text":"Lin and Vartanian developed a neurobiological description of creative cognition.[78] This interdisciplinary framework integrates theoretical principles and empirical results from neuroeconomics, reinforcement learning, cognitive neuroscience, and neurotransmission research on the locus coeruleus system. It describes how decision-making processes studied by neuroeconomists as well as activity in the locus coeruleus system underlie creative cognition and the large-scale brain network dynamics associated with creativity.[79] It suggests that creativity is an optimization and utility-maximization problem that requires individuals to determine the optimal way to exploit and explore ideas (the multi-armed bandit problem). This utility maximization process is thought to be mediated by the locus coeruleus system,[80] and this creativity framework describes how tonic and phasic locus coeruleus activity work in conjunction to facilitate the exploiting and exploring of creative ideas. This framework not only explains previous empirical results but also makes novel and falsifiable predictions at different levels of analysis (ranging from neurobiological to cognitive and personality differences).","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.F. Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Behaviorism theory","text":"B.F. Skinner attributed creativity to accidental behaviors that are reinforced by the environment.[81] In behaviorism, creativity can be understood as novel or unusual behaviors that are reinforced if they produce a desired outcome.[82] Spontaneous behaviors by living creatures are thought to reflect past learned behaviors. In this way,[83] a behaviorist may say that prior learning caused novel behaviors to be reinforced many times over, and the individual has been shaped to produce increasingly novel behaviors.[84] A creative person, according to this definition, is someone who has been reinforced more often for novel behaviors than others. Behaviorists suggest that anyone can be creative, they just need to be reinforced to learn to produce novel behaviors.","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL91-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Investment theory","text":"Another theory about creative people is the investment theory of creativity. This approach suggests that many individual and environmental factors must exist in precise ways for extremely high levels of creativity opposed to average levels of creativity to result. In the investment sense, a person with their particular characteristics in their particular environment may see an opportunity to devote their time and energy into something that has been overlooked by others. The creative person develops an undervalued or under-recognized idea to the point that it is established as a new and creative idea. Just like in the financial world, some investments are worth the buy-in, while others are less productive and do not build to the extent that the investor expected. This investment theory of creativity asserts that creativity might rely to some extent on the right investment of effort being added to a field at the right time in the right way.[85][86][full citation needed]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jürgen Schmidhuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"computational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_learning_theory"},{"link_name":"sensory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system"},{"link_name":"black box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box"},{"link_name":"reinforcement learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning"},{"link_name":"reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system"},{"link_name":"objective function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function"},{"link_name":"artificial neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"data compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"},{"link_name":"action selector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_selector"},{"link_name":"intrinsic motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_motivation_(artificial_intelligence)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"comedians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"physicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"physical laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law"},{"link_name":"data compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"},{"link_name":"punch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_line"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"artificial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"low-complexity art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-complexity_art"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"human face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Computational creativity","text":"Jürgen Schmidhuber's formal theory of creativity[87] postulates that creativity, curiosity, and interestingness are by-products of a simple computational principle for measuring and optimizing learning progress.Consider an agent able to manipulate its environment and thus its own sensory inputs. The agent can use a black box optimization method such as reinforcement learning to learn (through informed trial and error) sequences of actions that maximize the expected sum of its future reward signals. There are extrinsic reward signals for achieving externally given goals, such as finding food when hungry. But Schmidhuber's objective function to be maximized also includes an additional, intrinsic term to model \"wow-effects\". This non-standard term motivates purely creative behavior of the agent even when there are no external goals.A wow-effect is formally defined as follows: As the agent is creating and predicting and encoding the continually growing history of actions and sensory inputs, it keeps improving the predictor or encoder, which can be implemented as an artificial neural network or some other machine learning device that can exploit regularities in the data to improve its performance over time. The improvements can be measured precisely, by computing the difference in computational costs (storage size, number of required synapses, errors, time) needed to encode new observations before and after learning. This difference depends on the encoder's present subjective[clarification needed] knowledge, which changes over time, but the theory formally takes this into account. The cost difference measures the strength of the present \"wow-effect\" due to sudden improvements in data compression or computational speed. It becomes an intrinsic reward signal for the action selector. The objective function thus motivates the action optimizer to create action sequences causing more wow-effects.Irregular, random data (or noise) do not permit any wow-effects or learning progress, and thus are \"boring\" by nature (providing no reward). Already known and predictable regularities also are boring. Temporarily interesting are only the initially unknown, novel, regular patterns in both actions and observations. This motivates the agent to perform continual, open-ended, active, creative exploration.Schmidhuber's work is highly influential in intrinsic motivation which has emerged as a research topic as part of the study of artificial intelligence and robotics.According to Schmidhuber, his objective function explains the activities of scientists, artists, and comedians.[88] For example, physicists are motivated to create experiments leading to observations that obey previously unpublished physical laws, permitting better data compression. Likewise, composers receive intrinsic reward for creating non-arbitrary melodies with unexpected but regular harmonies that permit wow-effects through data compression improvements. Similarly, a comedian gets intrinsic reward for \"inventing a novel joke with an unexpected punch line, related to the beginning of the story in an initially unexpected but quickly learnable way that also allows for better compression of the perceived data.\"[89]Schmidhuber augured that computer hardware advances would greatly scale up rudimentary artificial scientists and artists.[90]\nHe used the theory to create low-complexity art[91] and an attractive human face.[92]","title":"Process theories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Psychometric approaches","title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. P. Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guilford67-54"},{"link_name":"psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-93"},{"link_name":"Divergent Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim2006-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-{{doi\|10.1080/10400419.2011.545713}}-95"},{"link_name":"Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Tests_of_Creative_Thinking"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim2006-94"}],"sub_title":"Psychometric approaches - History","text":"J. P. Guilford's group,[54] which pioneered the modern psychometric study of creativity, constructed several performance-based tests to measure creativity in 1967, including asking participants to write original titles for a story with a given plot, asking participants to come up with unusual uses for everyday objects like bricks, and asking participants to generate a list of consequences of unexpected events, like the loss of gravity. Guilford was trying to create a model for intellect as a whole, but in doing so, he also created a model for creativity. Guilford made an important assumption which was needed for creativity research: that creativity was not an abstract concept. The idea that creativity was a category[clarification needed] rather than a single concept enabled other researchers to look at creativity with a new perspective.[93]Additionally, Guilford hypothesized one of the first models for the components of creativity. He explained that creativity was a result of having three qualities: the ability to recognize problems, \"fluency\", and \"flexibility.\" \"Fluency\" encompassed \"ideational fluency,\" or the ability to rapidly produce a variety of ideas fulfilling stated requirements; \"associational fluency\", or the ability to generate a list of words associated with a given word; and \"expressional fluency\", or the ability to organize words into larger units like phrases, sentences and paragraphs. \"Flexibility\" encompassed both \"spontaneous flexibility,\" or the general ability to be flexible, and \"adaptive flexibility,\" or the ability to produces responses that are novel and high in quality.This represents the base model which several researchers would alter to produce their new theories of creativity years later.[93] Building on Guilford's work, tests were developed, sometimes called Divergent Thinking (DT) tests, which have been both supported[94] and criticized.[95] One example is the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking developed in 1966.[94] They involved tasks of divergent thinking and other problem-solving skills, which were scored on four categories: \"fluency\", the total number of meaningful, and relevant ideas generated; \"flexibility\", the number of different categories of responses; \"originality\", the statistical rarity of the responses; and \"elaboration\", the amount of detail given.","title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Semantic networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"James C. Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Kaufman"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-{{doi\|10.1080/10400419.2011.545713}}-95"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Psychometric approaches - Computer scoring","text":"Considerable progress has been made in the automated scoring of divergent thinking tests using a semantic approach. When compared to human raters, NLP techniques are reliable and valid for scoring originality.[96] Computer programs were able to achieve a correlation to human graders of 0.60 and 0.72.Semantic networks also devise originality scores that yield significant correlations with socio-personal measures.[97] A team of researchers led by James C. Kaufman and Mark A. Runco combined expertise in creativity research, natural language processing, computational linguistics, and statistical data analysis to devise a scalable system for computerized automated testing (the SparcIt Creativity Index Testing system). This system enabled automated scoring of DT tests that is reliable, objective, and scalable, thus addressing most of the issues of DT tests that had been found and reported.[95] The resultant computer system was able to achieve a correlation to human graders of 0.73.[98]","title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg99-29"},{"link_name":"Big Five personality traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batey,_M._2006_p._355-429-99"},{"link_name":"Openness to experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness_to_experience"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"conscientious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientiousness"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feist-101"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Social-personality approaches","text":"Researchers have taken a social-personality approach by using personality traits such as independence of judgement, self-confidence, attraction to complexity, aesthetic orientation, and risk-taking as measures of personal creativity.[29] Within the framework of the Big Five personality traits, a consistent few of these traits have emerged as being correlated to creativity.[99] Openness to experience is consistently related to[how?] a host of different assessments of creativity.[100][better source needed] On the other Big Five traits, research has demonstrated subtle differences between different domains of creativity. Compared to non-artists, artists tend to have higher levels of openness to experience and lower levels of conscientiousness, while scientists are more open to experience, conscientious, and higher in the confidence-dominance facets of extraversion compared to non-scientists.[101][better source needed]","title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"self-report questionnaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_study#Questionnaires_and_interviews"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-102"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carson_(2005)-103"}],"sub_title":"Self-report questionnaires","text":"Biographical methods use quantitative characteristics such as the number of publications, patents, or performances of a work can be credited to a person. While this method was originally developed for highly creative personalities,[citation needed] today it is also available as self-report questionnaires supplemented with frequent, less outstanding creative behaviors such as writing a short story or creating your own recipes.[clarification needed] The self-report questionnaire most frequently used in research is the Creative Achievement Questionnaire,[102][better source needed] a self-report test that measures creative achievement across ten domains, which described in 2005 and shown to be reliable when compared to other measures of creativity and to independent evaluation of creative output.[103]","title":"Personal assessment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barron,_F._1963-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guilford,_J._P._1967-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg,_R._J._1996-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg,_R._J._1999_pp._251-109"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence","text":"The potential relationship between creativity and intelligence has been of interest since the last half of the twentieth century, when many influential studies focused not only on creativity but also on intelligence. This joint focus highlights both the theoretical and practical importance of the relationship: researchers are interested not only if the constructs are related, but also how and why.[104]There are multiple theories accounting for their relationship, with the three main theories.[citation needed] Threshold theory states that intelligence is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for creativity, and that there is a moderate positive relationship between creativity and intelligence until IQ ~120.[105][106] Certification theory states that creativity is not intrinsically related to intelligence. Instead, individuals are required to meet the requisite level of intelligence in order to gain a certain level of education or work, which then in turn offers the opportunity to be creative. In this theory, displays of creativity are moderated by intelligence.[107] Interference theory states, in contrast, that extremely high intelligence might interfere with creative ability.[108]Sternberg and O'Hara proposed a different framework of five possible relationships between creativity and intelligence: that creativity was a subset of intelligence; that intelligence was a subset of creativity; that the two constructs overlapped; that they were both part of the same construct (coincident sets); or that they were distinct constructs (disjoint sets).[109]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchic_theory_of_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg,_R._J._1996-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sternberg,_R._J._1999_pp._251-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattell%E2%80%93Horn%E2%80%93Carroll_theory"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Dual Process Theory of Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence - Creativity as a subset of intelligence","text":"A number of researchers include creativity, either explicitly or implicitly, as a key component of intelligence, for example:Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence[108][109][110] includes creativity as a main component and comprises three sub-theories: contextual (analytic), contextual (practical), and experiential (creative). Experiential sub-theory—the ability to use pre-existing knowledge and skills to solve new and novel problems – is directly related to creativity.\nThe Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC) includes creativity as a subset of intelligence, associated with the broad group factor of long-term storage and retrieval (Glr).[111] Glr narrow abilities relating to creativity include ideational fluency, associational fluency, and originality/creativity. Silvia et al.[112] conducted a study to look at the relationship between divergent thinking and verbal fluency tests and reported that both fluency and originality in divergent thinking were significantly affected by the broad-level Glr factor. Martindale[113] extended the CHC-theory by proposing that people who are creative are also selective in their processing speed. Martindale argues that in the creative process, larger amounts of information are processed more slowly in the early stages, and as a person begins to understand the problem, the processing speed is increased.\nThe Dual Process Theory of Intelligence[114] posits a two-factor or type model of intelligence. Type 1 is a conscious process and concerns goal-directed thoughts, which are explained by. Type 2 is an unconscious process, and concerns spontaneous cognition, which encompasses daydreaming and implicit learning ability. Kaufman argues that creativity occurs as a result of Type 1 and Type 2 processes working together in combination. Each type in the creative process can be used to varying degrees.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL91-85"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amabile_1996_CiC-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence - Intelligence as a subset of creativity","text":"In this relationship model, intelligence is a key component in the development of creativity, for example:Sternberg & Lubart's Investment Theory,[85][115] using the metaphor of a stock market, demonstrates that creative thinkers are like good investors—they buy low and sell high (in their ideas). Like undervalued or low-valued stock, creative individuals generate unique ideas that are initially rejected by other people. The creative individual has to persevere and convince others of the idea's value. After convincing the others and thus increasing the idea's value, the creative individual 'sells high' by leaving the idea with the other people and moves on to generate another idea. According to this theory, six distinct, but related elements contribute to successful creativity: intelligence, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. Intelligence is just one of the six factors that can, either solely or in conjunction with the other five factors, generate creative thoughts.\nAmabile's Componential Model of Creativity[116][117] posits three within-individual components needed for creativity—domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant processes, and task motivation—and one component external to the individual: their surrounding social environment. Creativity requires the confluence of all components. High creativity will result when a person is intrinsically motivated, possesses both a high level of domain-relevant skills and has high skills in creative thinking, and is working in a highly creative environment.\nThe Amusement Park Theoretical Model[118] is a four-step theory in which domain-specific and generalist views are integrated into a model of creativity. The researchers make use of the metaphor of the amusement park to demonstrate that within each of the following creative levels, intelligence plays a key role:\nTo get into the amusement park, there are initial requirements (e.g., time/transport to go to the park). Initial requirements (like intelligence) are necessary, but not sufficient for creativity. They are more like prerequisites for creativity, and if a person does not possess the basic level of the initial requirement (intelligence), then they will not be able to generate creative thoughts/behaviour.\nSecondly, there are the subcomponents—general thematic areas—that increase in specificity. Like choosing which type of amusement park to visit (e.g., a zoo or a water park), these areas relate to the areas in which someone could be creative (e.g. poetry).\nThirdly, there are specific domains. After choosing the type of park to visit, e.g., a waterpark, you then have to choose which specific park to go to. For example, within the poetry domain, there are many different types (e.g., free verse, riddles, sonnets, etc.) that have to be selected from.\nLastly, there are micro-domains. These are the specific tasks that reside within each domain, e.g., individual lines in a free verse poem / individual rides at the waterpark.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"PASS theory of intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASS_theory_of_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Getzels,_J._W._1962-121"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barron,_F._1963-105"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence - Creativity and intelligence as overlapping yet distinct constructs","text":"This possible relationship concerns creativity and intelligence as distinct, but intersecting constructs, for example:In Renzulli's Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness,[119] giftedness is an overlap of above-average intellectual ability, creativity, and task commitment. Under this view, creativity and intelligence are distinct constructs, but they overlap under the correct conditions.\nIn the PASS theory of intelligence, the planning component—the ability to solve problems, make decisions, and take action – strongly overlaps with the concept of creativity.[120]\nThreshold Theory (TT) derives from a number of previous research findings that suggested that a threshold exists in the relationship between creativity and intelligence – both constructs are moderately positively correlated up to an IQ of ~120. Above this threshold, if there is a relationship at all, it is small and weak.[121][105][122] TT posits that a moderate level of intelligence is necessary for creativity.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence - Creativity and intelligence as coincident sets","text":"Under this view, researchers posit that there are no differences in the mechanisms underlying creativity between those used in normal problem solving, and in normal problem solving, there is no need for creativity. Thus, creativity and intelligence (problem solving) are the same thing. Perkins referred to this[123] as the \"nothing-special\" view.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Intelligence - Creativity and intelligence as disjoint sets","text":"In this view, creativity and intelligence are completely different, unrelated constructs.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"affective influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkielman2007-124"},{"link_name":"Alice Isen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_M._Isen"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Barbara Fredrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Fredrickson"},{"link_name":"broaden-and-build","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broaden-and-build"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-positive-129"}],"sub_title":"Affective influence","text":"Some theories suggest that creativity may be particularly susceptible to affective influence. The term \"affect\" in this context refers to liking or disliking key aspects of the subject in question. This work largely follows from findings in psychology regarding the ways in which affective states are involved in human judgment and decision-making.[124]According to Alice Isen, positive affect has three primary effects on cognitive activity. First, it makes additional cognitive material available for processing, increasing the number of cognitive elements available for association. Second, it leads to defocused attention and a more complex cognitive context, increasing the breadth of those elements that are treated as relevant to the problem. Third, it increases cognitive flexibility, increasing the probability that diverse cognitive elements will in fact become associated. Together, these processes lead positive affect to improve creativity.[125]Barbara Fredrickson in her broaden-and-build model suggests that positive emotions such as joy and love broaden a person's available repertoire of cognitions and actions, thus enhancing creativity.[126]According to these researchers, positive emotions increase the number of cognitive elements available for association (attention scope) and the number of elements that are relevant to the problem (cognitive scope). Day-by-day psychological experiences including emotions, perceptions, and motivation significantly impact creative performance. Creativity is higher when emotions and perceptions are more positive and when intrinsic motivation is stronger.[127]Some meta-analyses, such as Baas et al. (2008) of 66 studies about creativity and affect support the link between creativity and positive affect.[128][129]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mood disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"manic-depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"unipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-131"}],"sub_title":"Mental health","text":"Links have been identified between creativity and mood disorders, particularly manic-depressive disorder (a.k.a. bipolar disorder) and depressive disorder (a.k.a. unipolar disorder).[130] However, different artists have described mental illness as having both positive and negative effects on their work.[131] In general, people who have worked in the arts industry throughout history have faced many environmental factors that are associated with and can sometimes influence mental illness—things such as poverty, persecution, social alienation, psychological trauma, substance abuse, and high stress.[131]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Philippe Rushton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"psychoticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoticism"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"schizotypal personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"ambidexterity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambidexterity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_health-19959565-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_health-19959565-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-138"},{"link_name":"Anthony Storr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Storr"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-138"}],"sub_title":"Mental health - Studies","text":"A study by psychologist J. Philippe Rushton found creativity to correlate with intelligence and psychoticism.[132] Another study found creativity to be greater in people with schizotypal personality disorder than in people with either schizophrenia or those without mental health conditions.[citation needed] While divergent thinking was associated with activation of both sides of the prefrontal cortex, schizotypal individuals were found to have much greater activation of their right prefrontal cortex specifically.[133] That study hypothesized that such individuals are better at accessing both hemispheres, allowing them to make novel associations at a faster rate. Consistent with this hypothesis, ambidexterity is also more common in people with schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia.[citation needed] Three studies by Mark Batey and Adrian Furnham demonstrated the relationships between schizotypal personality disorder[134] and hypomanic personality[135] and several different measures of creativity.A study of 300,000 persons with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression, and their relatives, found overrepresentation in creative professions for those with bipolar disorder as well as for undiagnosed siblings of those with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. There was no overall overrepresentation, but overrepresentation for artistic occupations, among those diagnosed with schizophrenia.[clarification needed] There was no association for those with unipolar depression or their relatives.[136]Another study involving more than one million people, conducted by Swedish researchers at the Karolinska Institute, reported a number of correlations between creative occupations and mental illnesses. Writers had a higher risk of anxiety and bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, unipolar depression, and substance abuse, and were almost twice as likely as the general population to kill themselves. Dancers and photographers were also more likely to have bipolar disorder.[137] Those in the creative professions were no more likely to have psychiatric disorders than other people, although they were more likely to have a close relative with a disorder, including anorexia and, to some extent, autism, the Journal of Psychiatric Research reported.[137]Nancy Andreasen was one of the first researchers to carry out a large-scale study on creativity and whether mental illnesses have an impact on someone's ability to be creative. She expected to find a link between creativity and schizophrenia but her research sample (the book authors she pooled) had no history of schizophrenia. Her findings instead showed that 80% of the creative group previously had some form of mental illness episode in their lifetime.[138] When she performed follow up studies over a 15-year period, she found that 43% of the authors had bipolar disorder, compared to the 1% of the general public.In 1989 another study, by Kay Redfield Jamison, reaffirmed those statistics by having 38% of her sample of authors having a history of mood disorders.[138] Anthony Storr, a prominent psychiatrist, remarked:The creative process can be a way of protecting the individual against being overwhelmed by depression, a means of regaining a sense of mastery in those who have lost it, and, to a varying extent, a way of repairing the self-damaged by bereavement or by the loss of confidence in human relationships which accompanies depression from whatever cause.[138]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-141"}],"sub_title":"Mental health - Bipolar disorders","text":"People diagnosed with bipolar disorder report themselves as having a larger range of emotional understanding, heightened states of perception, and an ability to connect better with those in the world around them.[139] Other reported traits include higher rates of productivity, higher senses of self-awareness, and a greater understanding of empathy. Those who have bipolar disorder also understand their own sense of heightened creativity and ability to get immense amounts of tasks done all at once. In one study, of 219 participants (aged 19 to 63) diagnosed with bipolar disorder, 82% of them reported having elevated feelings of creativity during the hypomanic swings.[140]A study done by Shapiro and Weisberg also showed a positive correlation between the manic upswings of the cycles of bipolar disorder and the ability for an individual to be more creative.[141] The data showed, however, that it was not the depressive swing that brings forth dark creative spurts, but the act of climbing out of the depressive episode that sparks creativity. The reason behind this spur of creative genius could come from the type of self-image that the person has during a time of hypomania. A hypomanic person may feel a bolstered sense of self-confidence, creative confidence, and sense of individualism.[141]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisberg_1994_361%E2%80%93367-144"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisberg_1994_361%E2%80%93367-144"}],"sub_title":"Mental health - Opinions","text":"Giannouli[clarification needed] believes that the creativity a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder feels comes as a form of \"stress management\".[142] In the realm of music, one might be expressing one's stress or pains through the pieces one writes in order to better understand those same feelings. Famous authors and musicians, along with some actors, would often attribute their wild enthusiasm to something like a hypomanic state.[143] The artistic side of society has been notorious for behaviors that are seen as maladapted to societal norms. Symptoms of bipolar disorder match up with behaviors in high-profile creative personalities such as alcohol addiction; drug abuse including stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and dissociatives, opioids, inhalants, and cannabis; difficulties in holding regular occupations; interpersonal problems; legal issues; and a high risk of suicide.[143]Weisberg believes that the state of mania sets \"free the powers of a thinker\". He implies that not only has the person become more creative, but they have fundamentally changed the kind of thoughts they produce.[144] In a study of poets, who seem to have especially high percentages of bipolar authors, over a period of three years those poets would have cycles of really creative and powerful works of poetry. The timelines over the three-year study looked at the poets' personal journals and their clinical records and found that the timelines between their most powerful poems matched that of their upswings in bipolar disorder.[144]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feist-101"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Personality","text":"Creativity can be expressed in a number of different forms, depending on unique people and environments. Theorists have suggested a number of different models of the creative person. However, the creativity profiling approach must take into account the tension between predicting the creative profile of an individual, as characterized by the psychometric approach, and the evidence that team creativity is founded on diversity and difference.[145]From a personality-traits perspective, there are a number of traits that are associated with creativity in people.[101][146][full citation needed] Creative people tend to be more open to new experiences, are more self-confident, are more ambitious, self-accepting, impulsive, driven, dominant, and hostile, compared to people with less creativity.","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guilford_speech_1950-147"},{"link_name":"Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Tests_of_Creative_Thinking"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-78"}],"sub_title":"Personality - Divergent production","text":"One characteristic of creative people, as measured by some psychologists, is what is called divergent production—the ability of a person to generate a diverse assortment of, yet an appropriate amount of, responses to a given situation.[147] One way to measure divergent production is by administering the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.[148] The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking assess the diversity, quantity, and appropriateness of participants' responses to a variety of open-ended questions. Some researchers also emphasize how creative people are better at balancing between divergent and convergent production, which depends on an individual's innate preference or ability to explore and exploit ideas.[78]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Personality - Dedication and expertise","text":"Other researchers of creativity see what distinguishes creative people as a cognitive process of dedication to problem-solving and developing expertise in the field of their creative expression. Hardworking people study the work of people before them in their milieu, become experts in their fields, and then have the ability to add to and build upon previous information in innovative and creative ways. In a study of projects by design students, students who had more knowledge on their subject on average had greater creativity within their projects.[149][full citation needed]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amabile_1996_CiC-117"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Personality - Motivation","text":"The aspect of motivation in a person's personality may also predict their creativity levels. Motivation stems from two different sources: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is an internal drive within a person to participate or invest as a result of personal interest, desires, hopes, goals, etc. Extrinsic motivation is a drive from outside a person and might take the form of payment, rewards, fame, approval from others, etc. Although extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation can both increase creativity in certain cases, strictly extrinsic motivation often impedes creativity in people.[117][150][full citation needed]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Conditions","text":"In studying exceptionally creative people in history, some common traits in lifestyle and environment are often found. Creative people usually had supportive, but rigid and non-nurturing, parents. Most had an interest in their field at an early age, and most had a highly supportive and skilled mentor in their field of interest. Often the field they chose was relatively uncharted, allowing for their creativity to be expressed more. Most exceptionally creative people devoted almost all of their time and energy into their craft, and after about a decade[clarification needed] had a creative breakthrough of fame. Their lives were marked with extreme dedication and a cycle of hard-work and breakthroughs as a result of their determination.[151][full citation needed]","title":"Factors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distributed_network_of_voxel_clusters_associated_with_divergent_thinking.jpg"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuroPsychiatry-152"},{"link_name":"divergent thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_thinking"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuroPsychiatry-152"},{"link_name":"cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeuroPsychiatry-152"},{"link_name":"default mode network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMID_26003860-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNAS_2018_Luft-154"}],"sub_title":"Neuroscience","text":"Distributed functional brain network associated with divergent thinkingThe neuroscience of creativity looks at the operation of the brain during creative behavior. One article writes that \"creative innovation might require coactivation and communication between regions of the brain that ordinarily are not strongly connected.\"[152] Highly creative people who excel at creative innovation tend to differ from others in three ways: first, they have a high level of specialized knowledge; second, they are capable of divergent thinking mediated by the frontal lobe; and third, they are able to modulate neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine in their frontal lobe.[152] Thus, the frontal lobe appears to be the part of the cortex that is most important for creativity.[152]A 2015 study on creativity found that it involves the interaction of multiple neural networks, including those that support associative thinking, along with other default mode network functions.[153] In 2018, some experiments showed that when the brain suppresses obvious or \"known\" solutions, the outcome is solutions that are more creative. This suppression is mediated by alpha oscillations in the right temporal lobe.[154]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"REM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep"},{"link_name":"NREM sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cai-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"cholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic"},{"link_name":"noradrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"neuromodulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cai-156"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cai-156"}],"sub_title":"Neuroscience - REM sleep","text":"Creativity involves the forming of associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement. Sleep aids this process.[155][better source needed] REM rather than NREM sleep appears to be responsible.[156][157] This may be due to changes in cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation that occurs during REM sleep.[156] During this period of sleep, high levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from the hippocampus to the neocortex, and lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the spread of associational activity within neocortical areas without control from the hippocampus.[158] This is in contrast to waking consciousness, in which higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep may aid creativity by allowing \"neocortical structures to reorganize associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes.\"[156]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vandervert2003a-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmahmann2004-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vandervert2003a-159"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmahmann2004-163"},{"link_name":"child prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Khan Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Academy"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"}],"sub_title":"Neuroscience - Vandervert model","text":"Vandervert[159][160] described how the brain's frontal lobes and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Vandervert's explanation rests on considerable evidence that all processes of working memory (responsible for processing all thought)[161] are adaptively modeled for increased efficiency by the cerebellum.[162][163] The cerebellum (consisting of 100 billion neurons, which is more than the entirety of the rest of the brain)[164] also adaptively models all bodily movement for efficiency. The cerebellum's adaptive models of working memory processing are then fed back to especially frontal lobe working memory control processes[165] where creative and innovative thoughts arise.[159] (Apparently, creative insight or the \"aha\" experience is then triggered in the temporal lobe.)[166]According to Vandervert, the details of creative adaptation begin in \"forward\" cerebellar models which are anticipatory/exploratory controls for movement and thought. These cerebellar processing and control architectures have been termed Hierarchical Modular Selection and Identification for Control (HMOSAIC).[167] New, hierarchically arranged levels of the cerebellar control architecture (HMOSAIC) develop as mental mulling in working memory is extended over time. These new levels of the control architecture are fed forward to the frontal lobes. Since the cerebellum adaptively models all movement and all levels of thought and emotion,[163] Vandervert's approach helps explain creativity and innovation in sports, art, music, the design of video games, technology, mathematics, the child prodigy, and thought in general.Vandervert argues that when a person is confronted with a challenging new situation, visual-spatial working memory and speech-related working memory are decomposed and re-composed (fractionated) by the cerebellum and then blended in the cerebral cortex in an attempt to deal with the new situation. With repeated attempts to deal with challenging situations, the cerebro-cerebellar blending process continues to optimize the efficiency of how working memory deals with the situation or problem.[168] He also argues that this is the same process (only involving visual-spatial working memory and pre-language vocalization) that led to the evolution of language in humans.[169] Vandervert and Vandervert-Weathers have pointed out that this blending process, because it continuously optimizes efficiencies, constantly improves prototyping attempts toward the invention or innovation of new ideas, music, art, or technology.[170] Prototyping, they argue, not only produces new products, it trains the cerebro-cerebellar pathways involved to become more efficient at prototyping itself. Further, Vandervert and Vandervert-Weathers believe that this repetitive \"mental prototyping\" or mental rehearsal involving the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex explains the success of the self-driven, individualized patterning of repetitions initiated by the teaching methods of the Khan Academy.The model proposed by Vandervert has, however, received incisive critique from several authors.[171]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temporal lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"limbic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system"},{"link_name":"arousal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal"},{"link_name":"latent inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_inhibition"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Neuroscience - Flaherty model","text":"In 2005, Alice Flaherty presented a three-factor model of the creative drive. Drawing from evidence in brain imaging, drug studies, and lesion analysis, she described the creative drive as resulting from an interaction of the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, and dopamine from the limbic system. The frontal lobes may be responsible for idea generation, and the temporal lobes for idea editing and evaluation. Abnormalities in the frontal lobe (such as depression or anxiety) generally decrease creativity, while abnormalities in the temporal lobe often increase creativity. High activity in the temporal lobe typically inhibits activity in the frontal lobe, and vice versa. High dopamine levels increase general arousal and goal directed behaviors and reduce latent inhibition, and all three effects increase the drive to generate ideas.[172]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuroeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"large-scale brain networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_brain_networks"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-78"},{"link_name":"default mode network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"}],"sub_title":"Neuroscience - Lin and Vartanian model","text":"In 2018, Lin and Vartanian proposed a neuroeconomic framework that precisely describes norepinephrine's role in creativity and modulating large-scale brain networks associated with creativity.[78] This framework describes how neural activity in different brain regions and networks like the default mode network track utility or subjective value of ideas.","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter"},{"link_name":"creative destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_destruction"},{"link_name":"Paul Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Romer"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"psychoeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RubRunc1992-173"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamond1992-174"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"Richard Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Florida"},{"link_name":"creative professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_professional"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida_2002-175"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"Economic approaches to creativity have focused on three aspects – the impact of creativity on economic growth, methods of modeling markets for creativity, and the maximization of economic creativity (innovation).[citation needed]In the early 20th century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of creative destruction to describe the way in which old ways of doing things are endogenously destroyed and replaced by the new. Some economists (such as Paul Romer) view creativity as an important element in the recombination of elements to produce new technologies and products and, consequently, economic growth. Creativity leads to capital, and creative products are protected by intellectual property laws.Mark A. Runco and Daniel Rubenson have tried to describe a \"psychoeconomic\" model of creativity.[173] In such a model, creativity is the product of endowments and active investments in creativity; the costs and benefits of bringing creative activity to market determine the supply of creativity. Such an approach has been criticized for its view of creativity consumption as always having positive utility, and for the way it analyzes the value of future innovations.[174]In his 2002 book, The Rise of the Creative Class, economist Richard Florida popularized the notion that regions with \"3 T's of economic development: Technology, Talent, and Tolerance\" also have high concentrations of creative professionals and tend to have a higher level of economic development.[175]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan_2011-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godart_Seong_Phillips_2020-178"},{"link_name":"sociology of culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culture"},{"link_name":"Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Durkheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim"},{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casey_Obrien_2020-179"}],"sub_title":"Sociology","text":"Creativity research for most of the twentieth century was dominated by psychology and business studies, with little work done in sociology. Since the turn of the millennium, there has been more attention paid by sociological researchers,[176][177] but it has yet to establish itself as a specific research field, with reviews of sociological research into creativity a rarity in high impact literature.[178]While psychology has tended to focus on the individual as the locus of creativity, sociological research is directed more at the structures and context within which creative activity takes place, primarily based in sociology of culture, which finds its roots in the works of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. This has meant a focus on the cultural and creative industries as sociological phenomena. Such research has covered a variety of areas, including the economics and production of culture, the role of creative industries in development, and the rise of the \"creative class\".[179]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Creativity#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary theory","text":"From an evolutionary perspective, creativity may be a result of the outcome of years of generating ideas. As ideas are continuously generated, the need to evolve produces a need for new ideas and developments.[dubious – discuss] As a result, people have been creating and developing new, innovative, and creative ideas to build our progress as a society.[180][full citation needed]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weasel words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"schooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickerson99handbook-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csik99handbook-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobAzzam2009-183"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobAzzam2009-183"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickerson99handbook-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csik99handbook-182"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Waldorf School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_School"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csik99handbook-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobAzzam2009-183"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByrgeHanson2009-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickerson99handbook-181"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickerson99handbook-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csik99handbook-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobAzzam2009-183"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByrgeHanson2009-185"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"everyday creative expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#%22Four_C%22_model"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Form_440%E2%80%93450-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Some[weasel words] see the conventional system of schooling as stifling of creativity, and they attempt (particularly in the preschool/kindergarten and early school years) to provide a creativity-friendly, rich, imagination-fostering environment for young children.[181][182][183] Researchers have seen this as important because technology is advancing our society at an unprecedented rate and creative problem solving will be needed to cope with these challenges as they arise.[183] In addition to helping with problem solving, creativity also helps students identify problems where others have failed to do so.[181][182][184] The Waldorf School is an example of an education program that promotes creative thought.Promoting intrinsic motivation and problem solving are two areas where educators can foster creativity in students. Students are more creative when they see a task as intrinsically motivating, valued for its own sake.[182][183][185][186] To promote creative thinking, educators need to identify what motivates their students and to structure teaching around it. Providing students with a choice of activities to complete allows them to become more intrinsically motivated and therefore creative in completing the tasks.[181][187]Teaching students to solve problems that do not have well-defined answers is another way to foster their creativity. This is accomplished by allowing students to explore problems and redefine them, possibly drawing on knowledge that at first may seem unrelated to the problem in order to solve it.[181][182][183][185] In adults, mentoring individuals is another way to foster their creativity.[188] However, the benefits of mentoring creativity apply only to creative contributions considered great in a given field, not to everyday creative expression.[189]Musical creativity is a gateway to the flow state, which is conducive to spontaneity, improvisation, and creativity. Studies show that it is beneficial to emphasize students' creative side and integrate more creativity into their curriculums, with a notable strategy being through music.[190] One reason for this is that students are able to express themselves through musical improvisation in a way that taps into higher order brain regions while connecting with their peers, allowing them to go beyond typical pattern generation.[191] In this sense, improvisation is a form of self-expression that can generate connectivity amongst peers and surpass the age-old rudimentary aspects of school.","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education.gov.scot-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education.gov.scot-192"}],"sub_title":"Education - Scotland","text":"In the Scottish education system, creativity is identified as a core skillset for learning, life, and work and is defined as \"a process which generates ideas that have value to the individual. It involves looking at familiar things with a fresh eye, examining problems with an open mind, making connections, learning from mistakes, and using imagination to explore new possibilities.\"[192] The need to develop a shared language and understanding of creativity and its role across every aspect of learning, teaching, and continuous improvement was identified as a necessary aim[193] and a set of four skills is used to allow educators to discuss and develop creativity skills across all subjects and sectors of education – curiosity, open-mindedness, imagination, and problem solving.[194] Distinctions are made between creative learning (when learners are using their creativity skills), creative teaching (when educators are using their creativity skills), and creative change (when creativity skills are applied to planning and improvement). Scotland's national Creative Learning Plan[195] supports the development of creativity skills in all learners and of educators' expertise in developing creativity skills. A range of resources have been created to support and assess this, including a national review of creativity across learning by Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education.[192]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"social development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Development"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"sub_title":"Education - China","text":"Recognizes that creativity ability is crucial for national security, social development, and improving people's benefits. Measures have been proposed to enhance creative ability in the country. [196]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"economic policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policies"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"sub_title":"Education - European Union","text":"Emphasizes creativity as a transversal theme important for the development of basic skills and has declared 2009 the 'Year of Creativity and Innovation'. Countries like France, Germany, Italy, and Spain have incorporated creativity into their education and economic policies. [197]","title":"In different fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"}],"text":"Training meeting in an eco-design stainless steel company in Brazil. The leaders among other things wish to cheer and encourage the workers in order to achieve a higher level of creativity.Various research studies set out to establish that organizational effectiveness depends on the creativity of the workforce to a large extent. For any given organization, measures of effectiveness vary, depending upon its mission, environmental context, nature of work, the product or service it produces, and customer demands. Thus, the first step in evaluating organizational effectiveness is to understand the organization itself – how it functions, how it is structured, and what it emphasizes.[citation needed]Similarly, social psychologists, organizational scientists, and management scientists (who research factors that influence creativity and innovation in teams and organizations) have developed integrative theoretical models that emphasize the roles of team composition, team processes, and organizational culture. These theoretical models also emphasize the mutually reinforcing relationships between them[ambiguous] in promoting innovation.[198][199][200][201]Research studies of the knowledge economy may be classified into three levels: macro, meso, and micro. Macro studies are at a societal or transnational dimension. Meso studies focus on organizations. Micro investigations center on the minutiae workings of workers. There is also an interdisciplinary dimension such as research from businesses,[202] economics,[203] education,[204] human resource management,[205] knowledge and organizational management,[206] sociology, psychology, knowledge economy-related sectors – especially software,[207] and advertising.[208]","title":"Organizational creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-201"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"}],"sub_title":"Team composition","text":"Diversity of team members' backgrounds and knowledge can increase team creativity by expanding the collection of unique information that is available to the team and by introducing different perspectives that can integrate in novel ways. However, under some conditions, diversity can also decrease team creativity by making it more difficult for team members to communicate about ideas and causing interpersonal conflicts between those with different perspectives.[209] Thus, the potential advantages of diversity must be supported by appropriate team processes and organizational cultures in order to enhance creativity.[198][199][200][201][210][211]","title":"Organizational creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(social)"},{"link_name":"negotiating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation"},{"link_name":"brainstorming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming"},{"link_name":"problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving"},{"link_name":"affect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-198"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-201"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-210"}],"sub_title":"Team processes","text":"Team communication norms, such as respecting others' expertise, paying attention to others' ideas, expecting information sharing, tolerating disagreements, negotiating, remaining open to others' ideas, learning from others, and building on each other's ideas, increase team creativity by facilitating the social processes involved with brainstorming and problem solving. Through these processes, team members can access their collective pool of knowledge, reach shared understandings, identify new ways of understanding problems or tasks, and make new connections between ideas. Engaging in these social processes also promotes positive team affect, which facilitates collective creativity.[198][200][201][210]","title":"Organizational creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_safety"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-201"},{"link_name":"help-seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help-seeking"},{"link_name":"help giving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helping_behavior"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"leadership styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_style"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-201"}],"sub_title":"Organizational culture","text":"Supportive and motivational environments that create psychological safety by encouraging risk taking and tolerating mistakes increase team creativity as well.[198][199][200][201] Organizations in which help-seeking, help giving, and collaboration are rewarded promote innovation by providing opportunities and contexts in which team processes that lead to collective creativity can occur.[212] Additionally, leadership styles that downplay status hierarchies or power differences within an organization and empower people to speak up about their ideas or opinions also help to create cultures that are conducive to creativity.[198][199][200][201]","title":"Organizational creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-213"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"contingency factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_factors"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-216"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-216"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-217"}],"sub_title":"Constraints","text":"There is a long-standing debate on how material constraints (e.g., lack of money, materials, or equipment) affect creativity. In psychological and managerial research, two competing views in this regard prevail. In one view, scholars propose a negative effect of material constraints on innovation and claim that material constraints starve creativity.[213] Proponents argue that adequate material resources are needed to engage in creative activities like experimenting with new solutions and idea exploration.[213] In an opposing view, scholars assert that people tend to stick to established routines or solutions as long as they are not forced to deviate from them by constraints.[214] For example, material constraints facilitated the development of jet engines in World War II.[215]To reconcile these competing views, contingency models were proposed.[216][217][218] The rationale behind these models is that certain contingency factors (e.g., creativity climate or creativity relevant skills) influence the relationship between constraints and creativity.[216] These contingency factors reflect the need for higher levels of motivation and skills when working on creative tasks under constraints.[216] Depending on these contingency factors, there is either a positive or negative relationship between constraints and creativity.[216][217]","title":"Organizational creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Faickney_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Parnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Parnes"},{"link_name":"Creative Problem Solving Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_problem-solving"},{"link_name":"Synectics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synectics"},{"link_name":"Edward de Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono"},{"link_name":"lateral thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking"},{"link_name":"TRIZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ"},{"link_name":"Genrich Altshuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrich_Altshuller"},{"link_name":"morphological analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-219"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-219"}],"text":"Several researchers have proposed methods of increasing a person's creativity. Such ideas range from the psychological-cognitive, such as the Osborn-Parnes Creative Problem Solving Process, Synectics, science-based creative thinking, Purdue Creative Thinking Program, and Edward de Bono's lateral thinking; to the highly structured, such as TRIZ (the Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving) and its variant Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (developed by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller), and Computer-Aided morphological analysis.[original research?]An empirical synthesis of which methods work best in enhancing creativity was published by Haase et al.[219] Summarising the results of 84 studies, the authors found that complex training courses, meditation, and cultural exposure were most effective in enhancing creativity, while the use of cognitive manipulation drugs was noneffective.[219]","title":"Fostering creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"need for closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"}],"sub_title":"Need for closure","text":"Experiments suggest the need for closure of task participants, whether as a reflection of personality or induced (through time pressure), negatively impacts creativity.[220] Accordingly, it has been suggested that reading fiction, which can reduce the cognitive need for closure, may help to encourage creativity.[221]","title":"Fostering creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cropley_Dark_side-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_dark_side_of_creativity-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Measure_Malevolent_Creativity_2016-224"}],"text":"So-called malevolent creativity is the \"dark side\" of creativity.[222][223] This type of creativity is not typically accepted within society and is defined by the intention to cause harm to others through original and innovative means. While it is often associated with criminal behavior, it can also be observed in ordinary day-to-day life as lying, cheating, and betrayal.[224]Malevolent creativity should be distinguished from negative creativity in that negative creativity may unintentionally cause harm to others, whereas malevolent creativity is explicitly malevolently motivated.","title":"Malevolent creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"Malevolent creativity is a key contributor to crime and in its most destructive form can even manifest as terrorism. As creativity requires deviating from the conventional, there is a permanent tension between being creative and going too far—in some cases to the point of breaking the law. Aggression is a key predictor of malevolent creativity, and increased levels of aggression correlate with a higher likelihood of committing crime.[225]","title":"Malevolent creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emotional intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_dark_side_of_creativity-223"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Measure_Malevolent_Creativity_2016-224"}],"sub_title":"Predictive factors","text":"Although everyone shows some levels of malevolent creativity under certain conditions, those that have a higher propensity towards it have increased tendencies to deceive and manipulate others to their own gain. While malevolent creativity appears to dramatically increase when an individual is placed under unfair conditions, personality, particularly aggressiveness, is also a key predictor in anticipating levels of malevolent thinking. Researchers Harris and Reiter-Palmon investigated the role of aggression in levels of malevolent creativity, in particular levels of implicit aggression and the tendency to employ aggressive actions in response to problem solving. The personality traits of physical aggression, conscientiousness, emotional intelligence, and implicit aggression all seem to be related[how?] with malevolent creativity.[223] Harris and Reiter-Palmon's research showed that when subjects were presented with a problem that designed to trigger malevolent creativity, participants high in implicit aggression and low in premeditation expressed the largest number of malevolently themed solutions. When presented with the more benign problem designed to trigger prosocial motives of helping others and cooperating, those high in implicit aggression, even if they were high in impulsiveness, were far less destructive in their imagined solutions. The researchers concluded premeditation, more than implicit aggression, controlled an individual's expression of malevolent creativity.[226]The current measure for malevolent creativity is the 13-item Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS).[224]","title":"Malevolent creativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creativity Research Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_Research_Journal"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Creative Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Creative_Computing"},{"link_name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Creative_Behavior"},{"link_name":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_Aesthetics,_Creativity,_and_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Thinking Skills and Creativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Skills_and_Creativity"}],"text":"Creativity Research Journal\nInternational Journal of Creative Computing\nJournal of Creative Behavior\nPsychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts\nThinking Skills and Creativity","title":"Academic journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0017-8012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012"},{"link_name":"\"Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding 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Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 9 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1037/a0038499.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-32414-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32414-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-084171-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084171-3"},{"link_name":"Hadamard, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-20107-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20107-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-890951-41-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890951-41-2"},{"link_name":"Jung, Carl 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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033833"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121937&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027286584"}],"text":"Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in Schools: tensions and dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32414-4.\nGielen, P. (2013). Creativity and other Fundamentalisms. Amsterdam: Mondriaan.\nGlăveanu, Vlad Petre, ed. (2019). The Creativity Reader. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-084171-3.\nHadamard, Jacques (1954). The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Dover. ISBN 0-486-20107-4.\nJeffery, Graham (2005). The Creative College: building a successful learning culture in the arts. Trentham Books.\nJohnson, D.M. (1972). Systematic introduction to the psychology of thinking. Harper & Row.\nJullien, F. (2004). In Praise of Blandness: Proceeding from Chinese Thought and Aesthetics. Translated by Varsano, Paula M. Zone Books, U.S. ISBN 1-890951-41-2.\nJung, Carl G. (1981). The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 8. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09774-7.\nKanigel, Robert (1992). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-75061-5.\nKraft, U. (2005). \"Unleashing Creativity\". Scientific American Mind. April: 16–23. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0405-16.\nKolp, P.; Lammé, A.; Regnard, Fr. (2009). Rens, J.M. (ed.). \"Musique et créativité\". Orphée Apprenti. NS (1): 9–119. D/2009/11848/5\nLehrer, Jonah (2012). Imagine: How Creativity Works.\nMcLaren, R.B. (1999). \"Dark Side of Creativity\". In Runco, M.A.; Pritzker, S.R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press.\nMcCrae, R.R. (1987). \"Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to Experience\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1258–1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258.\nMichalko, M. (1998). Cracking Creativity: The Secrets of Creative Genius. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-913-4.\nNational Academy of Engineering (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020: adapting engineering education to the new century. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09649-2.\nRunco, M.A. (2004). \"Creativity\". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 657–687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502. PMID 14744230.\nSabaneev, Leonid (July 1928). \"The Psychology of the Musico-Creative Process\". Psyche. 9: 37–54.\nSmith, S.M.; Blakenship, S.E. (1 April 1991). \"Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving\". American Journal of Psychology. 104 (1): 61–87. doi:10.2307/1422851. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1422851. PMID 2058758. S2CID 10359632.=\nTaylor, C.W. (1988). \"Various approaches to and definitions of creativity\". In Sternberg, R.J. (ed.). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.\nvon Franz, Marie-Louise (1992). Psyche and Matter. Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-902-1.Wikiquote has quotations related to Creativity.vteAestheticsAreas\nAncient\nAfrica\nIndia\nInternet\nJapanese\nMathematics\nMedieval\nMusic\nNature\nScience\nTheology\nSchools\nAestheticism\nClassicism\nFascism\nFeminism\nFormalism\nHistoricism\nMarxism\nModernism\nPostmodernism\nPsychoanalysis\nRealism\nRomanticism\nSymbolism\nTheosophy\nmore...\nPhilosophers\nAbhinavagupta\nAdorno\nAlberti\nAristotle\nAquinas\nBalázs\nBalthasar\nBaudelaire\nBaudrillard\nBaumgarten\nBell\nBenjamin\nBurke\nColeridge\nCollingwood\nCoomaraswamy\nDanto\nDeleuze\nDewey\nFry\nGoethe\nGoodman\nGreenberg\nHanslick\nHegel\nHeidegger\nHume\nHutcheson\nKant\nKierkegaard\nKlee\nLanger\nLipps\nLukács\nLyotard\nMan\nMaritain\nMerleau-Ponty\nNietzsche\nOrtega y Gasset\nPater\nPlato\nRancière\nRand\nRichards\nRuskin\nSantayana\nSchiller\nSchopenhauer\nScruton\nTagore\nTanizaki\nVasari\nWilde\nWinckelmann\nmore...\nConcepts\nAppropriation\nArt for art's sake\nArt manifesto\nArtistic merit\nAvant-garde\nBeauty\nFeminine\nMasculine\nCamp\nComedy\nCreativity\nCuteness\nDisgust\nEcstasy\nElegance\nEmotions\nEntertainment\nEroticism\nFashion\nFun\nGaze\nHarmony\nHumour\nInterpretation\nJudgment\nKama\nKitsch\nLife imitating art\nMagnificence\nMimesis\nPerception\nPicturesque\nQuality\nRasa\nRecreation\nReverence\nStyle\nSublime\nTaste\nTragedy\nWork of art\nWorks\nHippias Major (c. 390 BC)\nPoetics (c. 335 BC)\nThe Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (c. 100)\nOn the Sublime (c. 500)\nA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)\nLectures on Aesthetics (1835)\n\"The Critic as Artist\" (1891)\nIn Praise of Shadows (1933)\nArt as Experience (1934)\n\"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\" (1935)\n\"Avant-Garde and Kitsch\" (1939)\nCritical Essays (1946)\nThe Aesthetic Dimension (1977)\nWhy Beauty Matters (2009)\nRelated\nAestheticization of politics\nApplied aesthetics\nArts criticism\nAxiology\nEvolutionary aesthetics\nMathematical beauty\nNeuroesthetics\nPatterns in nature\nPhilosophy of design\nPhilosophy of film\nPhilosophy of music\nPsychology of art\nTheory of art\n\nIndex\nOutline\nCategory\n Philosophy portalvteHumanitiesDisciplines\nAnthropology\nArchaeology\nClassical studies\nHistory\nLanguage arts\nLiterature\nPoetry\nRhetoric\nLaw\nPerforming arts\nDance\nMusic\nTheatre\nPhilosophy\nReligious studies\nVisual arts\nFilmmaking\nPainting\nSculpture\nInterdisciplinary fields\nDigital\nEnvironmental\nHealth\nMedical\nPublic\n\nThemes\nAbductive reasoning\nAesthetics\nAntipositivism\nThe arts\nBeauty\nBelles-lettres\nBildung\nCreativity\nCritical theory\nCriticism\nCultural literacy\nCulture\nHigh\nGeneral knowledge\nHermeneutics\n Historicism\nHistorism\nHuman condition\nHumanitas\nLiberal arts education\nTrivium\nQuadrivium\nMetaphysics\nOntology\nMoral character\nSelf-realization\nSelf-reflection\nWisdom\nWork of art\nJournals\nAmerican Journal of Archaeology\nDaedalus\nHistory of Humanities\nHumanitas\nHumanities and Social Sciences Communications\nJournal of Controversial Ideas\nJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society\nLeonardo\nNova Religio\nRevue des Études Arméniennes\nTeaching Philosophy\nmore...\nAcademia\nArts and Humanities Research Council\nHuman science\nGeisteswissenschaft\nHumanities, arts, and social sciences\nMaster of Humanities\nMoscow University for the Humanities\nNational Endowment for the Humanities\nNational Humanities Medal\nRelated\nAntihumanism\nPhilistinism\nCriticism of mass culture\nEducational essentialism\nHumanities in the United States\nList of people considered a founder in a Humanities field\nOutline of the humanities\nRenaissance humanism\nStudia HumanitatisvteHuman intelligence topicsTypes\nCollective\nEmotional\nIntellectual\nLinguistic\nMultiple\nSocial\nSpatial (visuospatial)\nAbilities, traits,and constructs\nCognition\nCognitive liberty\nCommunication\nCreativity\nFluid and crystallized intelligence\ng factor\nIntelligence quotient\nKnowledge\nLearning\nMemory\nProblem solving\nReasoning\nThought (abstraction)\nUnderstanding\nVisual processing\nModels and theories\nCattell–Horn–Carroll theory\nFluid and crystallized intelligence\nMultiple-intelligences theory\nPASS theory\nThree-stratum theory\nTriarchic theory\nAreas of research\nEvolution of human intelligence\nHeritability of IQ\nPsychometrics\nIntelligence and environment / fertility / height / health / longevity / neuroscience / personality / race / sex\n\n Outline of human intelligence / thoughtAuthority control databases National\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A picture of an incandescent light bulb is associated with someone having an idea, an example of creativity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg/150px-Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Greek philosophers like Plato rejected the concept of creativity, preferring to see art as a form of discovery. Asked in The Republic, \"Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something?\", Plato answers, \"Certainly not, he merely imitates.\"[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/150px-Plato-raphael.jpg"},{"image_text":"Distributed functional brain network associated with divergent thinking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Distributed_network_of_voxel_clusters_associated_with_divergent_thinking.jpg/220px-Distributed_network_of_voxel_clusters_associated_with_divergent_thinking.jpg"},{"image_text":"Training meeting in an eco-design stainless steel company in Brazil. The leaders among other things wish to cheer and encourage the workers in order to achieve a higher level of creativity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg/220px-Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_steel_company_in_brazil.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Philosophy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy"},{"title":"Psychology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"title":"Adaptive performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_performance"},{"title":"Brainstorming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming"},{"title":"Computational creativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_creativity"},{"title":"Confabulation (neural networks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confabulation_(neural_networks)"},{"title":"Content creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_creation"},{"title":"Creative age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_age"},{"title":"Creativity techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_techniques"},{"title":"Daydreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydreaming"},{"title":"Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream"},{"title":"E-scape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-scape"},{"title":"Fantasy prone personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_prone_personality"},{"title":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"title":"Guided visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_visualization"},{"title":"Heroic theory of invention and scientific development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development"},{"title":"History of the concept of creativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_concept_of_creativity"},{"title":"Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination"},{"title":"Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"title":"Invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention"},{"title":"visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"title":"Lateral thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking"},{"title":"Learned industriousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_industriousness"},{"title":"Multiple discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_discovery#Mechanism"},{"title":"Music therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapy"},{"title":"Musical improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation"},{"title":"Openness to experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness_to_experience"},{"title":"Originality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality"},{"title":"Why Man Creates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Man_Creates"}]	[{"reference":"\"How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity\". Harvard Business Review. 2023-06-16. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2023-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity","url_text":"\"How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012","url_text":"0017-8012"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Neil; Potočnik, Kristina; Zhou, Jing (July 2014). \"Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework\". Journal of Management. 40 (5): 1297–1333. doi:10.1177/0149206314527128. hdl:10454/16825. ISSN 0149-2063. S2CID 44041503.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206314527128","url_text":"\"Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206314527128","url_text":"10.1177/0149206314527128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10454%2F16825","url_text":"10454/16825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-2063","url_text":"0149-2063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44041503","url_text":"44041503"}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Jing; Wang, Xiaoye May; Bavato, Davide; Tasselli, Stefano; Wu, Junfeng (July 2019). \"Understanding the Receiving Side of Creativity: A Multidisciplinary Review and Implications for Management Research\". Journal of Management. 45 (6): 2570–2595. doi:10.1177/0149206319827088. ISSN 0149-2063. S2CID 150033432.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206319827088","url_text":"\"Understanding the Receiving Side of Creativity: A Multidisciplinary Review and Implications for Management Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206319827088","url_text":"10.1177/0149206319827088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-2063","url_text":"0149-2063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150033432","url_text":"150033432"}]},{"reference":"\"The Importance of Creativity in Business \| HBS Online\". 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/importance-of-creativity-in-business","url_text":"\"The Importance of Creativity in Business \| HBS Online\""}]},{"reference":"Runco, Mark A.; Albert, Robert S. (2010). \"Creativity Research\". In Kaufman, James C.; Sternberg, Robert J. (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73025-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000unse_x7r7","url_text":"\"Creativity Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Kaufman","url_text":"Kaufman, James C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73025-9","url_text":"978-0-521-73025-9"}]},{"reference":"Mumford, M.D. (2003). \"Where have we been, where are we going? Taking stock in creativity research\". Creativity Research Journal. 15 (2–3): 110. doi:10.1080/10400419.2003.9651403. S2CID 218546467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_Research_Journal","url_text":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10400419.2003.9651403","url_text":"10.1080/10400419.2003.9651403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218546467","url_text":"218546467"}]},{"reference":"Sternberg, Robert J.; Sternberg, Karin (2011). \"Creativity\". Cognitive Psychology (6 ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 479–483. ISBN 978-1-133-38701-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cognitivepsychol00ster_511","url_text":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cognitivepsychol00ster_511/page/n510","url_text":"479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-38701-5","url_text":"978-1-133-38701-5"}]},{"reference":"Meusburger, Peter (2009). \"Milieus of Creativity: The Role of Places, Environments and Spatial Contexts\". In Meusburger, P.; Funke, J.; Wunder, E. (eds.). Milieus of Creativity: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatiality of Creativity. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9876-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9876-5","url_text":"978-1-4020-9876-5"}]},{"reference":"Torrance, E. Paul. \"Verbal Tests. Forms A and B-Figural Tests, Forms A and B.\". The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms-Technical Manual (Research ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Personnel Press. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Götz, Ignacio L. (1981). \"On Defining Creativity\". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 39 (3). JSTOR: 297–301. doi:10.2307/430164. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 430164. 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ISSN 2413-2764.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oslo-manual-2018_9789264304604-en","url_text":"Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation (Oslo Manual 2018)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1787%2F24132764","url_text":"10.1787/24132764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-30455-0","url_text":"978-92-64-30455-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2413-2764","url_text":"2413-2764"}]},{"reference":"Averill, James R. (February 1999). \"Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates\". Journal of Personality. 67 (2): 331–371. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00058. ISSN 0022-3506. 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ISBN 978-0-521-57285-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberg","url_text":"Sternberg, R.J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57285-9","url_text":"978-0-521-57285-9"}]},{"reference":"Kozbelt, Aaron; Beghetto, Ronald A.; Runco, Mark A. (2010). \"Theories of Creativity\". In Kaufman, James C.; Sternberg, Robert J. (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73025-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000unse_x7r7","url_text":"\"Theories of Creativity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Kaufman","url_text":"Kaufman, James C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73025-9","url_text":"978-0-521-73025-9"}]},{"reference":"Sternberg, R.J. (2006). \"Introduction\". In Kaufman, J.C.; Sternberg, R.J. (eds.). The International Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 0-521-54731-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54731-8","url_text":"0-521-54731-8"}]},{"reference":"Niu, W. (2006). \"Development of Creativity Research in Chinese Societies\". In Kaufman, J.C.; Sternberg, R.J. (eds.). The International Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 386–387. ISBN 0-521-54731-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54731-8","url_text":"0-521-54731-8"}]},{"reference":"Mpofu, E.; et al. (2006). \"African Perspectives on Creativity\". In Kaufman, J.C.; Sternberg, R.J. (eds.). The International Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54731-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54731-8","url_text":"0-521-54731-8"}]},{"reference":"Preiss, D.D.; Strasser, K. (2006). \"Creativity in Latin America\". In Kaufman, J.C.; Sternberg, R.J. (eds.). The International Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 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The Creative Mind: Myths And Mechanisms. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-297-82069-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82069-7","url_text":"978-0-297-82069-7"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Ken (1998). All our futures: Creativity, culture, education (PDF). National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016051449/http://sirkenrobinson.com/skr/pdf/allourfutures.pdf","url_text":"All our futures: Creativity, culture, education"},{"url":"http://sirkenrobinson.com/skr/pdf/allourfutures.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craft, Anna (2001). \"'Little C' creativity\". In Craft, A.; Jeffrey, B.; Leibling, M. (eds.). Creativity in education. Continuum International. 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(1998), \"Introducing the Knowledge Worker\", Rise of the Knowledge Worker, Elsevier, pp. xiii–xix, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7058-6.50004-1, ISBN 978-0-7506-7058-6, retrieved 2021-06-26","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750670586500041","url_text":"\"Introducing the Knowledge Worker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-7506-7058-6.50004-1","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-7506-7058-6.50004-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7058-6","url_text":"978-0-7506-7058-6"}]},{"reference":"Stenzl, Jürg (2001). \"Reich, Willi\". Oxford Music Online. 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(October 2008). \"On Being a Knowledge Worker\". Organizational Dynamics. 37 (4): 365–377. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2008.07.005. ISSN 0090-2616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orgdyn.2008.07.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.orgdyn.2008.07.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-2616","url_text":"0090-2616"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Kevin Martin; Nutley, Sandra M.; Russell, Shona; Bain, Rod; Hacking, Bonnie; Moran, Clare, eds. (22 March 2016). Knowledge and practice in business and organisations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-37792-4. OCLC 945552692.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldcat.org/title/945552692","url_text":"Knowledge and practice in business and organisations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-37792-4","url_text":"978-1-317-37792-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945552692","url_text":"945552692"}]},{"reference":"Ó Riain, Sean (2004). The Politics of High Tech Growth: Developmental Network States in the Global Economy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-49960-9. OCLC 776970799.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldcat.org/title/776970799","url_text":"The Politics of High Tech Growth: Developmental Network States in the Global Economy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49960-9","url_text":"978-0-511-49960-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776970799","url_text":"776970799"}]},{"reference":"Nerland, Monika (2007-12-28). \"Knowledge Cultures and the Shaping of Work-based Learning: The Case of Computer Engineering\". Vocations and Learning. 1 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1007/s12186-007-9002-x. ISSN 1874-785X. S2CID 61112900.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12186-007-9002-x","url_text":"\"Knowledge Cultures and the Shaping of Work-based Learning: The Case of Computer Engineering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12186-007-9002-x","url_text":"10.1007/s12186-007-9002-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-785X","url_text":"1874-785X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61112900","url_text":"61112900"}]},{"reference":"Grabher, Gernot (November 2004). \"Temporary Architectures of Learning: Knowledge Governance in Project Ecologies\". Organization Studies. 25 (9): 1491–1514. doi:10.1177/0170840604047996. ISSN 0170-8406. S2CID 145269032.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0170840604047996","url_text":"\"Temporary Architectures of Learning: Knowledge Governance in Project Ecologies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840604047996","url_text":"10.1177/0170840604047996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0170-8406","url_text":"0170-8406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145269032","url_text":"145269032"}]},{"reference":"Lury, Celia (2004-08-12). Brands. doi:10.4324/9780203495025. 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(2005). \"Designing the Solution: The Impact of Constraints on Consumers' Creativity\". Journal of Consumer Research. 32 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1086/429597. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 2152095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429597","url_text":"10.1086/429597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-5301","url_text":"0093-5301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2152095","url_text":"2152095"}]},{"reference":"Neren, Uri (2011-01-14). \"The Number One Key to Innovation: Scarcity\". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. 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Research Policy. 37 (8): 1382–1391. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respol.2008.04.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.018"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Matthias; Hoegl, Martin; Gibbert, Michael (2011). \"Making Virtue of Necessity: The Role of Team Climate for Innovation in Resource-Constrained Innovation Projects\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 28 (s1): 196–207. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00870.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5885.2011.00870.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00870.x"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Matthias; Hoegl, Martin; Gibbert, Michael (2017). \"How Does Material Resource Adequacy Affect Innovation Project Performance? A Meta-Analysis\". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 34 (6): 842–863. doi:10.1111/jpim.12368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpim.12368","url_text":"10.1111/jpim.12368"}]},{"reference":"Haase, Jennifer; Hanel, Paul H. P.; Gronau, Norbert (27 March 2023). \"Creativity enhancement methods for adults: A meta-analysis\". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. doi:10.1037/aca0000557. 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S2CID 143961189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10400419.2013.783735","url_text":"10.1080/10400419.2013.783735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143961189","url_text":"143961189"}]},{"reference":"Cropley, David H.; Cropley, Arthur J.; Kaufman, James C.; et al., eds. (2010). The Dark Side of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13960-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13960-1","url_text":"978-0-521-13960-1"}]},{"reference":"McLaren, R.B. (1993). \"The dark side of creativity\". Creat. Res. J. 6 (1–2): 137–144. doi:10.1080/10400419309534472.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10400419309534472","url_text":"10.1080/10400419309534472"}]},{"reference":"Hao, N.; Tang, M.; Yang, J.; Wang, Q.; Runco, M.A. (2016). \"A New Tool to Measure Malevolent Creativity: The Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale\". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 682. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00682. PMC 4870273. PMID 27242596.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870273","url_text":"\"A New Tool to Measure Malevolent Creativity: The Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00682","url_text":"10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870273","url_text":"4870273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242596","url_text":"27242596"}]},{"reference":"Berkowitz, Leonard (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, D.J.; Reiter-Palmon, R. (2015). \"Fast and furious: The influence of implicit aggression, premeditation, and provoking situations on malevolent creativity\". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 9 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1037/a0038499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0038499","url_text":"10.1037/a0038499"}]},{"reference":"Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in Schools: tensions and dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32414-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32414-4","url_text":"978-0-415-32414-4"}]},{"reference":"Gielen, P. (2013). Creativity and other Fundamentalisms. Amsterdam: Mondriaan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Glăveanu, Vlad Petre, ed. (2019). The Creativity Reader. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-084171-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084171-3","url_text":"978-0-19-084171-3"}]},{"reference":"Hadamard, Jacques (1954). The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Dover. ISBN 0-486-20107-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard","url_text":"Hadamard, Jacques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20107-4","url_text":"0-486-20107-4"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Graham (2005). The Creative College: building a successful learning culture in the arts. Trentham Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, D.M. (1972). Systematic introduction to the psychology of thinking. Harper & Row.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jullien, F. (2004). In Praise of Blandness: Proceeding from Chinese Thought and Aesthetics. Translated by Varsano, Paula M. Zone Books, U.S. ISBN 1-890951-41-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890951-41-2","url_text":"1-890951-41-2"}]},{"reference":"Jung, Carl G. (1981). The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 8. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09774-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung","url_text":"Jung, Carl G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09774-7","url_text":"0-691-09774-7"}]},{"reference":"Kanigel, Robert (1992). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-75061-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-75061-5","url_text":"0-671-75061-5"}]},{"reference":"Kraft, U. (2005). \"Unleashing Creativity\". Scientific American Mind. April: 16–23. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0405-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American_Mind","url_text":"Scientific American Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamericanmind0405-16","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamericanmind0405-16"}]},{"reference":"Kolp, P.; Lammé, A.; Regnard, Fr. (2009). Rens, J.M. (ed.). \"Musique et créativité\". Orphée Apprenti. NS (1): 9–119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kolp","url_text":"Kolp, P."}]},{"reference":"Lehrer, Jonah (2012). Imagine: How Creativity Works.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Lehrer","url_text":"Lehrer, Jonah"}]},{"reference":"McLaren, R.B. (1999). \"Dark Side of Creativity\". In Runco, M.A.; Pritzker, S.R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCrae, R.R. (1987). \"Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to Experience\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1258–1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231472","url_text":"\"Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to Experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.52.6.1258","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258"}]},{"reference":"Michalko, M. (1998). Cracking Creativity: The Secrets of Creative Genius. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-913-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89815-913-4","url_text":"978-0-89815-913-4"}]},{"reference":"National Academy of Engineering (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020: adapting engineering education to the new century. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09649-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering","url_text":"National Academy of Engineering"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/educatingenginee0000unse","url_text":"Educating the engineer of 2020: adapting engineering education to the new century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09649-2","url_text":"978-0-309-09649-2"}]},{"reference":"Runco, M.A. (2004). \"Creativity\". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 657–687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502. PMID 14744230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.55.090902.141502","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744230","url_text":"14744230"}]},{"reference":"Sabaneev, Leonid (July 1928). \"The Psychology of the Musico-Creative Process\". Psyche. 9: 37–54.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaneev,_Leonid","url_text":"Sabaneev, Leonid"}]},{"reference":"Smith, S.M.; Blakenship, S.E. (1 April 1991). \"Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving\". American Journal of Psychology. 104 (1): 61–87. doi:10.2307/1422851. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1422851. PMID 2058758. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrosassia	Austrosassia	["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]	Genus of gastropods Austrosassia Shell of Austrosassia parkinsonia Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Littorinimorpha Family: Cymatiidae Genus: AustrosassiaFinlay, 1931 Type species Septa parkinsoniaPerry, 1811 Austrosassia is a genus of sea snails, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cymatiidae. Species The genus contains the following species: Austrosassia parkinsonia (Perry, 1811) Austrosassia ponderi (Beu, 1987) Species brought into synonymy Austrosassia pahaoaensis Vella, 1954 †: synonym of Sassia pahaoaensis (Vella, 1954) † Austrosassia parkinsoniana : synonym of Austrosassia parkinsonia (Perry, 1811) (misspelling) Austrosassia procera Finlay, 1931 †: synonym of Sassia minima (Hutton, 1873) † (original combination) Austrosassia pusulosa Marwick, 1965 †: synonym of Sassia pusulosa (Marwick, 1965) † (original combination) Austrosassia zealta Laws, 1939 †: synonym of Sassia zealta (Laws, 1939) † (original combination) References ^ a b Austrosassia Finlay, 1931. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 5 December 2018. Finlay H.J. (1931). On Austrosassia, Austroharpa, and Austrolithes, new genera; with some remarks on the gastropod protoconch. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 62: 7-19. External links Strong E.E., Puillandre N., Beu A.G., Castelin M. & Bouchet P. (2019). Frogs and tuns and tritons – A molecular phylogeny and revised family classification of the predatory gastropod superfamily Tonnoidea (Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 18-34 Taxon identifiersAustrosassia Wikidata: Q60792075 CoL: 7NS5K GBIF: 4610764 IRMNG: 1017028 Open Tree of Life: 12784 WoRMS: 463532 This Cymatiidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cymatiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatiidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Austrosassia is a genus of sea snails, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cymatiidae.[1]","title":"Austrosassia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Austrosassia parkinsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrosassia_parkinsonia"},{"link_name":"Austrosassia ponderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrosassia_ponderi"},{"link_name":"Sassia pahaoaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassia_pahaoaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sassia minima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassia_minima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sassia pusulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassia_pusulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sassia zealta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassia_zealta&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The genus contains the following species:[1]Austrosassia parkinsonia (Perry, 1811)\nAustrosassia ponderi (Beu, 1987)Species brought into synonymyAustrosassia pahaoaensis Vella, 1954 †: synonym of Sassia pahaoaensis (Vella, 1954) †\nAustrosassia parkinsoniana [sic]: synonym of Austrosassia parkinsonia (Perry, 1811) (misspelling)\nAustrosassia procera Finlay, 1931 †: synonym of Sassia minima (Hutton, 1873) † (original combination)\nAustrosassia pusulosa Marwick, 1965 †: synonym of Sassia pusulosa (Marwick, 1965) † (original combination)\nAustrosassia zealta Laws, 1939 †: synonym of Sassia zealta (Laws, 1939) † (original combination)","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=463532","external_links_name":"Austrosassia Finlay, 1931"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.016","external_links_name":"Strong E.E., Puillandre N., Beu A.G., Castelin M. & Bouchet P. (2019). Frogs and tuns and tritons – A molecular phylogeny and revised family classification of the predatory gastropod superfamily Tonnoidea (Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 18-34"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NS5K","external_links_name":"7NS5K"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4610764","external_links_name":"4610764"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1017028","external_links_name":"1017028"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=12784","external_links_name":"12784"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=463532","external_links_name":"463532"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrosassia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Swing_Golf:_Season_2	Super Swing Golf: Season 2	["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]	2007 video gameSuper Swing Golf: Season 2North American version cover artDeveloper(s)TecmoPublisher(s)WW: TecmoKOR: Ntreev SoftEU: Rising Star GamesPlatform(s)WiiReleaseJP: November 29, 2007NA: December 11, 2007KOR: April 26, 2008EU: July 4, 2008Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single player, multiplayer Super Swing Golf: Season 2 (Super Swing Golf in Europe, and Swing Golf PangYa 2nd Shot!! in Japan) is a golf video game developed and published by Tecmo for the Wii. It was released in the North America on December 11, 2007. It is the sequel to Super Swing Golf, and both are based on the Korean free online multiplayer golf game, PangYa. Gameplay Super Swing Golf: Season 2 includes an improved story mode, with an overworld map that does not necessarily follow events in a set order. On top of the multiplayer Stroke Play, Match Play and Balloon Pop games that came with the first game, two new multiplayer games were added to the party mode. The game has largely remained the same beyond these changes, the addition of new courses, and various cosmetic tweaks. The game has two different control schemes; either using the Swing control scheme with the Wii Remote used as though it were a golf club, or using the Button control scheme which is similar to the Mario Golf-style of control scheme. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings71.69%Metacritic70/100Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comB−Game Informer8.5/10GameRevolutionBGameSpot7/10GameSpyGamesRadar+GameZone6.5/10IGN7.3/10Nintendo LifeNintendo Power6.5/10 The game was met with average reception upon release; GameRankings gave it a score of 71.69%, while Metacritic gave it 70 out of 100. GameSpy gave the game two-and-a-half stars out of five, criticizing the game for being more of an expansion pack over the first game than a true sequel. 1UP.com gave the game a B−, reporting that the game has surprising depth that can be off-putting to those just looking to have a good time. IGN handed out a score of 7.3 out of 10, and reported that despite just adding incremental improvements over the previous installments, "Super Swing Golf: Season 2 is still the best overall golf experience you can find on Wii." GameSpot gave the game seven out of ten, calling it a good golf game, despite the minimal improvements over its predecessor. References ^ a b "Super Swing Golf Season 2 Release Information for Wii - GameFAQs". Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-08. ^ a b c d e Bozon, Mark (January 8, 2008). "Super Swing Golf: Season 2". IGN. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b c d Joynt, Patrick (January 29, 2008). "GameSpy: Super Swing Golf Season 2". GameSpy. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b "Super Swing Golf Season 2 for Wii". GameRankings. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b "Super Swing Golf Season 2 for Wii Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b Walker, Torrey (January 9, 2008). "Super Swing Golf Season 2". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Kato, Matthew (February 2008). "Super Swing Golf: Season 2". Game Informer. No. 178. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Parker, Tom (January 25, 2008). "Super Swing Golf Season 2 Review". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Hayward, Andrew (December 14, 2007). "Super Swing Golf Season 2 review". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b Thomas, Aaron (February 6, 2008). "Super Swing Golf Season 2 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Woodward, Stephen (January 10, 2008). "Super Swing Golf Season 2 - WII - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Dickens, Anthony (August 28, 2008). "Super Swing Golf: Season 2 (Wii) Review". NintendoLife. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ "Super Swing Golf: Season 2". Nintendo Power. Vol. 224. January 2008. p. 88. External links Super Swing Golf: Season 2 at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Super Swing Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Swing_Golf"},{"link_name":"PangYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PangYa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"}],"text":"Super Swing Golf: Season 2 (Super Swing Golf in Europe, and Swing Golf PangYa 2nd Shot!! in Japan) is a golf video game developed and published by Tecmo for the Wii. It was released in the North America on December 11, 2007. It is the sequel to Super Swing Golf, and both are based on the Korean free online multiplayer golf game, PangYa.[2]","title":"Super Swing Golf: Season 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworld"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy-3"},{"link_name":"Mario Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Golf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy-3"}],"text":"Super Swing Golf: Season 2 includes an improved story mode, with an overworld map that does not necessarily follow events in a set order.[2] On top of the multiplayer Stroke Play, Match Play and Balloon Pop games that came with the first game, two new multiplayer games were added to the party mode.[2] The game has largely remained the same beyond these changes, the addition of new courses, and various cosmetic tweaks.The game has two different control schemes; either using the Swing control scheme with the Wii Remote used as though it were a golf club, or using the Button control scheme[3] which is similar to the Mario Golf-style of control scheme.[3]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-5"},{"link_name":"1Up.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Up.com"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-6"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy-3"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"expansion pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy-3"},{"link_name":"1UP.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-6"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-10"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings71.69%[4]Metacritic70/100[5]Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comB−[6]Game Informer8.5/10[7]GameRevolutionB[8]GameSpot7/10[10]GameSpy[3]GamesRadar+[9]GameZone6.5/10[11]IGN7.3/10[2]Nintendo Life[12]Nintendo Power6.5/10[13]The game was met with average reception upon release; GameRankings gave it a score of 71.69%,[4] while Metacritic gave it 70 out of 100.[5]GameSpy gave the game two-and-a-half stars out of five, criticizing the game for being more of an expansion pack over the first game than a true sequel.[3] 1UP.com gave the game a B−, reporting that the game has surprising depth that can be off-putting to those just looking to have a good time.[6] IGN handed out a score of 7.3 out of 10, and reported that despite just adding incremental improvements over the previous installments, \"Super Swing Golf: Season 2 is still the best overall golf experience you can find on Wii.\"[2] GameSpot gave the game seven out of ten, calling it a good golf game, despite the minimal improvements over its predecessor.[10]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Super Swing Golf Season 2 Release Information for Wii - GameFAQs\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Brul%C3%A9	Mont Brulé	["1 Toponym","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°57′18.8″N 7°32′18.1″E / 45.955222°N 7.538361°E / 45.955222; 7.538361Mountain in Switzerland Not to be confused with Mont Brûlé. A request that this article title be changed is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. Mont BruléMont BraouléThe west sideHighest pointElevation3,578 m (11,739 ft)Prominence365 m (1,198 ft)ListingAlpine mountains above 3000 mCoordinates45°57′18.8″N 7°32′18.1″E / 45.955222°N 7.538361°E / 45.955222; 7.538361GeographyMont BruléLocation in the Alps LocationValais, Switzerland/Aosta Valley, ItalyParent rangePennine AlpsClimbingFirst ascent7 August 1876 by Arthur Cust and guide. Mont Brulé (also known as Mont Brûlé or Mont Braoulé) is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, located on the Swiss-Italian border, east of the Col Collon. On its northern side it overlooks the upper Arolla Glacier. Toponym Though in French this name means "burnt mountain", this toponym comes from Valdôtain Francoprovençal patois. According to Aostan botanist and scientist Joseph-Marie Henry, the word Broillà means "made of breuils", Breuil meaning alpine marshy berm, as for Breuil in Valtournenche. References ^ "Mont Brulé - Skitour". skitour.fr. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ Swisstopo map ^ Eau, acqua, éve - entre littérature, science et histoire, éd. Duc, Saint-Christophe, p. 96. External links Mont Brulé on Hikr This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Aosta Valley is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mont Brûlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Pennine Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_Alps"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Col Collon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_Collon"},{"link_name":"Arolla Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arolla_Glacier"}],"text":"Mountain in SwitzerlandNot to be confused with Mont Brûlé.Mont Brulé (also known as Mont Brûlé or Mont Braoulé) is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, located on the Swiss-Italian border, east of the Col Collon. On its northern side it overlooks the upper Arolla Glacier.","title":"Mont Brulé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Valdôtain Francoprovençal patois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Marie Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Marie_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Breuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuil-Cervinia"},{"link_name":"Valtournenche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtournenche"}],"text":"Though in French this name means \"burnt mountain\", this toponym comes from Valdôtain Francoprovençal patois. According to Aostan botanist and scientist Joseph-Marie Henry,[3] the word Broillà means \"made of breuils\", Breuil meaning alpine marshy berm, as for Breuil in Valtournenche.","title":"Toponym"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mont Brulé - Skitour\". skitour.fr. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.skitour.fr/topos/topo.php?id=7045","url_text":"\"Mont Brulé - Skitour\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mont_Brul%C3%A9&params=45_57_18.8_N_7_32_18.1_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"45°57′18.8″N 7°32′18.1″E / 45.955222°N 7.538361°E / 45.955222; 7.538361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mont_Brul%C3%A9&params=45_57_18.8_N_7_32_18.1_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"45°57′18.8″N 7°32′18.1″E / 45.955222°N 7.538361°E / 45.955222; 7.538361"},{"Link":"http://m.skitour.fr/topos/topo.php?id=7045","external_links_name":"\"Mont Brulé - Skitour\""},{"Link":"http://www.hikr.org/dir/Mont_Brul%C3%A9_Braoul%C3%A8_609/","external_links_name":"Mont Brulé on Hikr"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Brul%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Brul%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic_Inc.	World Baseball Classic Inc.	["1 World Baseball Classic","2 Image gallery","3 References","4 External links"]	International baseball, softball, and Baseball5 governing body World Baseball Classic Inc.AbbreviationWBCILegal statusWorld Baseball ClassicHeadquartersNew York City, United StatesRegion served WorldwideOfficial language English, Spanish, JapanesePresidentPaul ArcheyMain organCongressParent organizationMajor League Baseball Major League Baseball Players Association WebsiteWBCI.com World Baseball Classic Inc. (WBCI) is an organizing committee that organizes the World Baseball Classic and consists of representatives from Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). World Baseball Classic Main article: World Baseball Classic WBCI It previously coexisted with Olympic baseball (until 2008) and the Baseball World Cup (until 2011) as International Baseball Federation (IBAF) sanctioned tournaments. The final men's Baseball World Cup was held in 2011. It was discontinued in 2013, after an MLB suggestion to reorganize the international baseball calendar. WBSC accepted the suggestion after an executive meeting, giving the "World Champion" title to the WBC winner on the condition that the Classic should have direct qualifications and follow international anti-doping rules. The tournament is the first of its kind to have the national teams of IBAF's member federations feature professional players from the major leagues around the world, including Major League Baseball. In addition to providing a format for the best baseball players in the world to compete against one another while representing their home countries, the World Baseball Classic was created in order to further promote the game around the globe. After a three-year gap between the first two installments of the tournament, plans were made for the World Baseball Classic to be repeated every four years following the 2009 event. The third installment of the Classic was held in 2013, and the fourth was held in 2017. The fifth and most recent Classic was scheduled for 2021, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After the pandemic-induced delay, the 2023 World Baseball Classic was held between March 8–21, with Japan defeating the United States 3–2 in the championship game. The sixth and next Classic is scheduled for 2026, with the scheduling frequency of future Classic editions being subject to the terms and conditions agreed at the next collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between MLB, MLBPA. Image gallery Baseball spoken here. March 17, 2006 WBC Media Routes. March 18, 2006 Chris Rose and Kevin Millar film a segment of Intentional Talk at the 2013 World Baseball Classic semifinal game 1 at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California, USA. References ^ "Ticket terms". mlb.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ "IBAF World Ranking Notes" (PDF). International Baseball Federation. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2009. ^ "Premier12 2019 Official Program - Page 6" (PDF). WBSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "World Baseball Classic". MLB.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023. ^ "World Baseball Classic returning in 2023". The Athletic. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ "World Baseball Classic to be held again in 2026, MLB commissioner announces". Yahoo Sports. 21 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023. External links vteWorld Baseball ClassicAdministrator World Baseball Classic Inc. World Baseball Softball Confederation Trophy World Baseball Classic Championship Trophy Tournaments 2006 2009 2013 2017 2023 2026 Qualification 2006 2009 2013 2017 2023 2026 Finals 2006 2009 2013 2017 2023 2026 Rosters 2006 2009 2013 2017 2023 2026 Records and statistics and Rules Team appearances World Baseball Classic Rules	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Baseball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"World Baseball Classic Inc. 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March 17, 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWBC Media Routes. March 18, 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChris Rose and Kevin Millar film a segment of Intentional Talk at the 2013 World Baseball Classic semifinal game 1 at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California, USA.","title":"Image gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"WBCI","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MLB_Store_%2851396508350%29.jpg/190px-MLB_Store_%2851396508350%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ticket terms\". mlb.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/world-baseball-classic/tickets/terms","url_text":"\"Ticket terms\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBAF World Ranking Notes\" (PDF). International Baseball Federation. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Valdostan_regional_election	1983 Valdostan regional election	["1 Results"]	Politics of Aosta Valley Statute Regional Government President: Renzo Testolin Vice President: Luigi Bertschy Council of the Valley President: Alberto Bertin Elections Political parties Delegation to the Italian Parliament: Deputy: Franco Manes Senator: Nicoletta Spelgatti Regions of Italy Politics of Italy Politics of the European Union Other countries vte The Valdostan regional election of 1983 took place on 26 June 1983. The Valdostan Unions and the Christian Democracy made a centrist agreement, but judiciary problems affected the administration. Results Party votes votes (%) seats Valdostan Union 20,495 27.1 9 Christian Democracy 15,973 21.1 7 Italian Communist Party 13,567 17.9 6 Popular Democrats–UVP 7,891 10.4 4 Italian Socialist Party 5,902 7.8 3 Italian Democratic Socialist Party 2,418 3.2 1 Italian Liberal Party 2,264 3.0 1 Italian Republican Party 1,905 2.5 1 New Left 1,661 2.2 1 Italian Social Movement 1,474 2.0 1 Valdostan Craftsmen and Traders 1,239 1.6 1 Free Zone List 852 1.1 - Total 75,641 100.0 35 Sources: Regional Council of Aosta Valley and Istituto Cattaneo vte Elections in Aosta ValleyRegional elections 1949 1954 1959 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2020 General elections 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 2018 2022 European Parliament elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valdostan Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdostan_Union"},{"link_name":"Christian 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Cattaneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722091126/http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/regioni/speciale.xls"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg"},{"link_name":"Elections in Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Valdostan_regional_election"},{"link_name":"General elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_delegations_from_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Aosta_Valley"}],"text":"Sources: Regional Council of Aosta Valley and Istituto Cattaneovte Elections in Aosta ValleyRegional elections\n1949\n1954\n1959\n1963\n1968\n1973\n1978\n1983\n1988\n1993\n1998\n2003\n2008\n2013\n2018\n2020\nGeneral elections\n1946\n1948\n1953\n1958\n1963\n1968\n1972\n1976\n1979\n1983\n1987\n1992\n1994\n1996\n2001\n2006\n2008\n2013\n2018\n2022\nEuropean Parliament elections\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110110042416/http://www.consiglio.regione.vda.it/storia/legislatura_8_i.asp","external_links_name":"Regional Council of Aosta Valley"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091126/http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/regioni/speciale.xls","external_links_name":"Istituto Cattaneo"}]

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