url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_India_(gem) | Star of India (gem) | ["1 History","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"] | 563.35-carat star sapphire
This article is about the gem known as "Star of India". For other items of the same name, see Star of India (disambiguation).
Star of India
The Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world. It is almost flawless and is unusual in that it has stars on both sides of the stone. The greyish-blue gem was mined in Sri Lanka and is housed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
The milky quality of the stone is caused by the traces of the mineral rutile, which is also responsible for the star effect, known as asterism. The tiny fibers of the mineral, aligned in a three-fold pattern within the gem, reflect incoming light into the star pattern.
History
Mineralogist and Tiffany gem expert George Kunz (1856–1932) was commissioned by wealthy financier J. P. Morgan (1837–1913) to acquire an impressive gem collection for an exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1900; the Star of India was among the stones Kunz procured. The Star of India is a huge blue star sapphire weighing 563.35 carats. It is cut en cabochon. A British Army officer brought it to London, where it was cut by Albert Ramsay around 1905. Morgan donated the Star of India along with the rest of the collection to the American Museum of Natural History. Apart from its Sri Lankan origin, the gem's history prior to its acquisition for this collection is unknown. Kunz wrote in 1913 that the Star of India "has a more or less indefinite historic record of some three centuries".
On October 29, 1964, the famous golf-ball-sized stone was stolen, along with several other gems of note, including the Midnight Star, the DeLong Star Ruby, and the Eagle Diamond. The thieves unlocked a bathroom window during museum open hours, climbed in that night, and found that the sapphire was the only gem in the collection protected by an alarm—and the battery for that was dead. The stones stolen were valued at more than $400,000. Within two days the culprits were arrested: Jack Roland Murphy (also known as "Murph the Surf"), Allan Kuhn and Roger Clark; however, the gems had already been handed off. In January 1965, in a bid for leniency, Kuhn led authorities to a bus locker in Miami where the uninsured Star of India and some of the other stolen stones were recovered.
See also
List of individual gemstones
List of sapphires by size
Notes
^ The Star of Adam is believed to be the largest star sapphire at 1,404.49 carats.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star of India (gem).
^ a b "Star of India". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
^ Sivaramakrishnan, P. (4 January 2016). "World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka'". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
^ a b c d Preston, Douglas J. (2014). Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press. pp. 210–220. ISBN 978-1-4668-7187-8.
^ Wallace, Joseph (10 June 2000). A Gathering of Wonders. St. Martin's Press. pp. 101, 104. ISBN 978-0-312-27156-5.
^ Kunz, George Frederick (1913). The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 107.
^ Sofianides, Anna S.; George E. Harlow (1990). Gems and Crystals from the American Museum of Natural History. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68704-2.
^ Sosin, Milt (January 8, 1965). "Star of India Found in Miami Bus Depot". The Miami News. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
vteNamed sapphires
Bismarck Sapphire Necklace
Black Star of Queensland
Hall Sapphire and Diamond Necklace
James J. Hill Sapphire
Logan Sapphire
Millennium Sapphire
Queen of Asia
Queen Marie of Romania Sapphire
Ruspoli Sapphire
St Edward's Sapphire
Serendipity Sapphire
The Star of Adam
Star of Artaban
Star of Asia
Star of Bombay
Star of India
Stuart Sapphire
Related topics
List of sapphires by size
List of individual gemstones | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star of India (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_India_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_India_Gem.JPG"},{"link_name":"carat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)"},{"link_name":"sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-4"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"rutile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile"},{"link_name":"asterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemmology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-1"}],"text":"This article is about the gem known as \"Star of India\". For other items of the same name, see Star of India (disambiguation).Star of IndiaThe Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world.[1][a] It is almost flawless and is unusual in that it has stars on both sides of the stone. The greyish-blue gem was mined in Sri Lanka[3] and is housed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.The milky quality of the stone is caused by the traces of the mineral rutile, which is also responsible for the star effect, known as asterism. The tiny fibers of the mineral, aligned in a three-fold pattern within the gem, reflect incoming light into the star pattern.[1]","title":"Star of India (gem)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"George Kunz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz"},{"link_name":"J. P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Paris Exposition of 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Exposition_of_1900"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2000-5"},{"link_name":"cabochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabochon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunz1913-6"},{"link_name":"DeLong Star Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLong_Star_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Eagle Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sofianides-7"},{"link_name":"Jack Roland Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Roland_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sosin-8"}],"text":"Mineralogist and Tiffany gem expert George Kunz (1856–1932) was commissioned by wealthy financier J. P. Morgan (1837–1913) to acquire an impressive gem collection for an exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1900; the Star of India was among the stones Kunz procured.[4] The Star of India is a huge blue star sapphire weighing 563.35 carats. It is cut en cabochon. A British Army officer brought it to London, where it was cut by Albert Ramsay around 1905. Morgan donated the Star of India along with the rest of the collection to the American Museum of Natural History. Apart from its Sri Lankan origin, the gem's history prior to its acquisition for this collection is unknown.[3] Kunz wrote in 1913 that the Star of India \"has a more or less indefinite historic record of some three centuries\".[5]On October 29, 1964, the famous golf-ball-sized stone was stolen, along with several other gems of note, including the Midnight Star, the DeLong Star Ruby, and the Eagle Diamond.[3] The thieves unlocked a bathroom window during museum open hours, climbed in that night, and found that the sapphire was the only gem in the collection protected by an alarm—and the battery for that was dead.[6] The stones stolen were valued at more than $400,000. Within two days the culprits were arrested: Jack Roland Murphy (also known as \"Murph the Surf\"), Allan Kuhn and Roger Clark; however, the gems had already been handed off.[3] In January 1965, in a bid for leniency, Kuhn led authorities to a bus locker in Miami where the uninsured Star of India and some of the other stolen stones were recovered.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Star of Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_of_Adam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"}],"text":"^ The Star of Adam is believed to be the largest star sapphire at 1,404.49 carats.[2]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Star of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Star_of_India_Gem.JPG/220px-Star_of_India_Gem.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of individual gemstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones"},{"title":"List of sapphires by size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size"}] | [{"reference":"\"Star of India\". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/earth-and-planetary-sciences-halls/morgan-memorial-hall-of-gems/star-of-india","url_text":"\"Star of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History","url_text":"American Museum of Natural History"}]},{"reference":"Sivaramakrishnan, P. (4 January 2016). \"World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka'\". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35226276","url_text":"\"World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Douglas J. (2014). Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press. pp. 210–220. ISBN 978-1-4668-7187-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ogqjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211","url_text":"Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-7187-8","url_text":"978-1-4668-7187-8"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Joseph (10 June 2000). A Gathering of Wonders. St. Martin's Press. pp. 101, 104. ISBN 978-0-312-27156-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gatheringofwonde00jose","url_text":"A Gathering of Wonders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27156-5","url_text":"978-0-312-27156-5"}]},{"reference":"Kunz, George Frederick (1913). The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 107.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog","url_text":"The Curious Lore of Precious Stones"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog/page/n159","url_text":"107"}]},{"reference":"Sofianides, Anna S.; George E. Harlow (1990). Gems and Crystals from the American Museum of Natural History. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68704-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster","url_text":"Simon and Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68704-2","url_text":"0-671-68704-2"}]},{"reference":"Sosin, Milt (January 8, 1965). \"Star of India Found in Miami Bus Depot\". The Miami News. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ebQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=auoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2470,2260128&hl=en","url_text":"\"Star of India Found in Miami Bus Depot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_News","url_text":"The Miami News"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/earth-and-planetary-sciences-halls/morgan-memorial-hall-of-gems/star-of-india","external_links_name":"\"Star of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35226276","external_links_name":"\"World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ogqjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211","external_links_name":"Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gatheringofwonde00jose","external_links_name":"A Gathering of Wonders"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog","external_links_name":"The Curious Lore of Precious Stones"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog/page/n159","external_links_name":"107"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ebQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=auoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2470,2260128&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Star of India Found in Miami Bus Depot\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberedw_Castle | Aberedw Castle | ["1 History","2 Description","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°07′01″N 3°20′41″W / 52.11706°N 3.34474°W / 52.11706; -3.34474
Aberedw CastlePowys, Wales The best preserved part of Aberedw CastleTypeCastleSite informationConditionRuinedSite historyBuilt1093DemolishedPartially demolished in the 19th century
The remains of Aberedw Castle, also known as 'Castle in Elfael Uwch Mynydd', are located at the small village of Aberedw in the county of Powys, Mid-Wales. It was built in the late twelfth century and probably replaced the motte and bailey castle a few hundred metres away.
History
The castle was signed to Walter Heckelutel, as a Licence of the Crenellate, by King Edward I of England on 24 November 1284. This licence to crenellate was thought of as a way for central authority to exert power over the lords, although this is not confirmed. It is also suggested however, that the castle dates back to 1093 when the Normans invaded South Wales.
Aberedw is more famously known to be the residence of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd. This man is very well known as the last native Prince of Wales. Aberedw was the last retreat Llewelyn made before he was killed and beheaded by Adam Francton, who then had his head sent to the King of England, in 1282.
Description
It was a rectangular stone castle with circular towers 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter at the angles, surrounded by a moat approximately 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) wide. It stands to the east of the River Wye floodplain and remains of the moat are visible on the other three sides. It was entered via a causeway across the ditch on the east side and there are some signs of internal buildings. The eastern towers show some signs of latrine chutes. Today it is a ruin, as most of the west side was destroyed by railway construction in the 19th century. Many stones from the castle were used in the construction of the foundations of the track. The ruins are in poor shape and there is active erosion that is damaging the site.
References
^ "Fforest Fields". Fforestfields.Co.Uk. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
^ Melesina Bowen (2003). "British Women Romantic Poets Project". University of California. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
^ a b Philip Davis (20 January 2007). "Aberedw Castle". The Gatehouse. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ Marvin Hull. "Castle Preservation: Vanished Castles". Castles Unlimited. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
External links
52°07′01″N 3°20′41″W / 52.11706°N 3.34474°W / 52.11706; -3.34474
vtePowysPrincipal settlements
Brecon
Builth Wells
Crickhowell
Hay-on-Wye
Knighton
Llandrindod Wells
Llanfair Caereinion
Llanfyllin
Llanidloes
Llanwrtyd Wells
Machynlleth
Montgomery
Newtown
Presteigne
Rhayader
Talgarth
Welshpool
Ystradgynlais
Communities
Abbey Cwmhir
Aberedw
Aberhafesp
Abermule with Llandyssil
Banwy
Bausley with Criggion
Beguildy
Berriew
Bettws
Brecon
Bronllys
Builth
Cadfarch
Caersws
Carno
Carreghofa
Castle Caereinion
Churchstoke
Cilmery
Clyro
Cray
Crickhowell
Cwmdu and District
Disserth and Trecoed
Duhonw
Dwyriw
Erwood
Felin-fach
Forden with Leighton and Trelystan
Gladestry
Glantwymyn
Glasbury
Glascwm
Glyn Tarell
Guilsfield
Gwernyfed
Hay
Honddu Isaf
Kerry
Knighton
Llanafan Fawr
Llanbadarn Fawr
Llanbadarn Fynydd
Llanbister
Llanbrynmair
Llanddew
Llanddewi Ystradenny
Llandinam
Llandrindod Wells
Llandrinio
Llandysilio
Llanelwedd
Llanerfyl
Llanfair Caereinion
Llanfechain
Llanfihangel
Llanfihangel Rhydithon
Llanfrynach
Llanfyllin
Llangamarch
Llangattock
Llangedwyn
Llangors
Llangunllo
Llangurig
Llangynidr
Llangyniew
Llangynog
Llanidloes
Llanidloes Without
Llanigon
Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant
Llansantffraid
Llansilin
Llanwddyn
Llanwrthwl
Llanwrtyd Wells
Llanyre
Llywel
Machynlleth
Maescar
Manafon
Meifod
Merthyr Cynog
Mochdre with Penstrowed
Montgomery
Nantmel
New Radnor
Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn
Old Radnor
Painscastle
Pen-y-bont-fawr
Penybont
Presteigne
Rhayader
St Harmon
Talgarth
Talybont-on-Usk
Tawe-Uchaf
Trallong
Trefeglwys
Treflys
Tregynon
Trewern
Vale of Grwyney
Welshpool
Whitton
Yscir
Ystradfellte
Ystradgynlais
Towns and villages
Abbeycwmhir
Aber Clydach
Aberbechan
Aberbran
Abercegir
Abercraf
Abercynllaith
Aberedw
Abergwesyn
Abergwydol
Aberhafesp
Aberhosan
Abermule
Abernant
Abertridwr
Aberyscir
Adfa
Aithnen
Arddlin
Bacheldre
Beguildy
Berriew
Bettws Cedewain
Beulah
Bont Dolgadfan
Boughrood
Bronllys
Builth Wells
Burgedin
Buttington
Bwlch
Caehopkin
Caersws
Capel-y-ffin
Carno
Cathedine
Cefnllys
Cemmaes Road
Church Stoke
Cilmery
Clatter
Clyro
Coelbren
Commins Coch
Crickhowell
Criggion
Crossgates
Cwmdauddwr
Cwmdu
Cwmtwrch
Cwmwysg
Cwrt-y-Gollen
Derwenlas
Dolanog
Dolfach
Dolyhir
Dylife
Erwood
Esgairgeiliog
Forge
Four Crosses, Montgomeryshire
Four Crosses, Llanfair Caereinion
Gladestry
Glasbury
Hay-on-Wye
Heartsease (Knighton)
Heartsease (Llanddewi Ystradenni)
Heol Senni
Kerry
Knucklas
Libanus
Llan
Llanafan Fawr
Llanbrynmair
Llanddew
Llandinam
Llandrinio
Llandysilio
Llanelwedd
Llanfair Caereinion
Llanfechain
Llanfihangel Nant Bran
Llanfihangel Talyllyn
Llanfyllin
Llangadfan
Llangammarch Wells
Llangedwyn
Llangors
Llangurig
Llangynidr
Llangynog
Llangynyw
Llanllwchaiarn
Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant
Llansantffraed
Llansanffraid-ym-Mechain
Llansilin
Llanwchaiarn
Llanwrin
Llanwrthwl
Llanwrtyd Wells
Llanwrtyd
Llanymynech
Llanyre
Llawryglyn
Llyswen
Llywel
Meifod
Milebrook
Morben
Nant Glas
New Radnor
Newbridge-on-Wye
Newchurch
Old Church Stoke
Painscastle
Pandy
Pant-y-Dwr
Partrishow
Penegoes
Pennant
Penwyllt
Penybont
Pilleth
Plas Esgair
Pont Crugnant
Pontdolgoch
Pontrobert
Sarn
Sennybridge
Soar
St Harmon
Staylittle
Sycharth
Talerddig
Talgarth
Talybont-on-Usk
Three Cocks
Tirabad
Trecastle
Trefeglwys
Tregynon
Trewern
Tylwch
Van, Llanidloes
Ystradfellte
Castles
Aberysgir Castle
Aberedw Castle
Castell Dinas
Castell Du
Cefnllys Castle
Colwyn Castle
Dolforwyn Castle
Llangoed Hall
Mediomanum
Montgomery Castle
Painscastle
Powis Castle
Tretower Castle
Reservoirs and lakes
Beacons Reservoir
Cantref Reservoir
Clywedog Reservoir
Elan Valley Reservoirs
Llangorse Lake
Lake Vyrnwy
Talybont Reservoir
Topics
Parliamentary constituencies
Electoral wards
Places
Schools
SSSIs
Scheduled Monuments
Country houses
Listed buildings
Grade I
Grade II*
Registered parks and gardens
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
Museums
Public art
Geography
Wales | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberedw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberedw"},{"link_name":"Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powys"},{"link_name":"Mid-Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Wales"},{"link_name":"motte and bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte_and_bailey"}],"text":"The remains of Aberedw Castle, also known as 'Castle in Elfael Uwch Mynydd', are located at the small village of Aberedw in the county of Powys, Mid-Wales. It was built in the late twelfth century and probably replaced the motte and bailey castle a few hundred metres away.","title":"Aberedw Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"crenellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenellate"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Llewelyn ap Gruffydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewelyn_ap_Gruffydd"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The castle was signed to Walter Heckelutel, as a Licence of the Crenellate, by King Edward I of England on 24 November 1284. This licence to crenellate was thought of as a way for central authority to exert power over the lords, although this is not confirmed. It is also suggested however, that the castle dates back to 1093 when the Normans invaded South Wales.[1]Aberedw is more famously known to be the residence of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd. This man is very well known as the last native Prince of Wales. Aberedw was the last retreat Llewelyn made before he was killed and beheaded by Adam Francton, who then had his head sent to the King of England, in 1282.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gatehouse_aberedw_castle-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gatehouse_aberedw_castle-3"}],"text":"It was a rectangular stone castle with circular towers 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter at the angles, surrounded by a moat approximately 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) wide. It stands to the east of the River Wye floodplain and remains of the moat are visible on the other three sides. It was entered via a causeway across the ditch on the east side and there are some signs of internal buildings. The eastern towers show some signs of latrine chutes.[3] Today it is a ruin, as most of the west side was destroyed by railway construction in the 19th century. Many stones from the castle were used in the construction of the foundations of the track.[4] The ruins are in poor shape and there is active erosion that is damaging the site.[3]","title":"Description"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fforest Fields\". Fforestfields.Co.Uk. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208214643/http://fforestfields.co.uk/information/about_us.htm","url_text":"\"Fforest Fields\""},{"url":"http://www.fforestfields.co.uk/information/about_us.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melesina Bowen (2003). \"British Women Romantic Poets Project\". University of California. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100346/http://digital.lib.ucdavis.edu/projects/bwrp/Works/BoweMYstra.htm","url_text":"\"British Women Romantic Poets Project\""},{"url":"http://digital.lib.ucdavis.edu/projects/bwrp/Works/BoweMYstra.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philip Davis (20 January 2007). \"Aberedw Castle\". The Gatehouse. Retrieved 28 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/827.html","url_text":"\"Aberedw Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Marvin Hull. \"Castle Preservation: Vanished Castles\". Castles Unlimited. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616121730/http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castlepu.htm","url_text":"\"Castle Preservation: Vanished Castles\""},{"url":"http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castlepu.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aberedw_Castle¶ms=52.11706_N_3.34474_W_","external_links_name":"52°07′01″N 3°20′41″W / 52.11706°N 3.34474°W / 52.11706; -3.34474"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208214643/http://fforestfields.co.uk/information/about_us.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fforest Fields\""},{"Link":"http://www.fforestfields.co.uk/information/about_us.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100346/http://digital.lib.ucdavis.edu/projects/bwrp/Works/BoweMYstra.htm","external_links_name":"\"British Women Romantic Poets Project\""},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.ucdavis.edu/projects/bwrp/Works/BoweMYstra.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/827.html","external_links_name":"\"Aberedw Castle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616121730/http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castlepu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Castle Preservation: Vanished Castles\""},{"Link":"http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castlepu.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aberedw_Castle¶ms=52.11706_N_3.34474_W_","external_links_name":"52°07′01″N 3°20′41″W / 52.11706°N 3.34474°W / 52.11706; -3.34474"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Hehir | Michael O'Hehir | ["1 Early life","2 Broadcasting career","2.1 Early career","2.2 The Polo Grounds Final","2.3 Horse racing","2.4 Head of Sport","2.5 Current affairs broadcasting","2.6 Later career","2.7 Illness and later life","3 Death","4 Quotes","5 See also","6 References"] | For the Australian footballer, see Mike O'Hehir.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Michael O'Hehir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Michael James O'HehirBornMichael James Hehir(1920-06-02)2 June 1920Glasnevin, Dublin, IrelandDied24 November 1996(1996-11-24) (aged 76)Dublin, IrelandNationalityIrishOther namesMícheál Ó hEithirEducationSt. Patrick's National School, O'Connell CBSAlma materUniversity College DublinOccupation(s)Sports commentator, journalistYears active1938-1985EmployerRaidió Teilifís ÉireannSpouseMolly Owens (1948–1996)ChildrenTony O'Hehir, Mary O'Hehir, Mike O'Hehir, Peter O'Hehir, Ann O'Hehir
Michael James Hehir (also known as Michael O'Hehir and Irish: Mícheál Ó hEithir; 2 June 1920 – 24 November 1996) was an Irish hurling, football and horse racing commentator and journalist. Between 1938 and 1985 his enthusiasm and memorable turn of phrase endeared him to many. He is still regarded as the original 'voice of Gaelic games'.
Early life
O'Hehir was born in Glasnevin, Dublin to parents who had moved from County Clare. His father, Jim O'Hehir, was active in Gaelic games, having trained his native county to win the 1914 All-Ireland title in hurling. He subsequently trained the Leitrim football team that secured the Connacht title in 1927 and he also served as an official with the Dublin Junior Board.
O'Hehir was educated at St Patrick's National School in Drumcondra before later attending the O'Connell School. He later studied electrical engineering at University College Dublin, but he abandoned his studies after just one year to pursue a full-time career in broadcasting.
O'Hehir never played football, but he enjoyed a distinguished hurling career with the St Vincents GAA club in Raheny.
Broadcasting career
Early career
O'Hehir became fascinated with the radio when he received a present of one as a child. He had just turned eighteen and was still a schoolboy when he wrote to Radio Éireann asking to do a test commentary. O'Hehir was accepted and was asked, along with five others, to do a five-minute microphone test for a National Football League game between Wexford and Louth. His microphone test impressed the director of broadcasting so much that he was invited to commentate on the whole of the second half of the match.
Two months later in August 1938, O'Hehir made his first broadcast - the All-Ireland football semi-final between Monaghan and Galway. He went on to commentate on the second semi-final and that year's final between Galway and Kerry. The following year he covered his first hurling final - the famous "thunder and lightning final" between Cork and Kilkenny.
Sports broadcasting in Ireland was still in its infancy at this stage, however, O'Hehir's Sunday afternoon commentaries quickly became a way of life for many rural listeners.
The Polo Grounds Final
By the mid-1940s, O'Hehir was recognised as one of Ireland's leading sports broadcasters. In 1947, he faced his most challenging broadcast to date when he had to commentate on the All-Ireland Football Final from the Polo Grounds in New York City. More than a million people were listening to the broadcast back in Ireland and O'Hehir was the one link between the game in New York and the fans in Ireland. The broadcast had to be finished by five o'clock local time, but the match ran late. The last few minutes of O'Hehir's commentary included him pleading with the broadcast technicians not to take him off the air. His pleas were successful and the Irish people could listen to the game in full.
Horse racing
In 1944, O'Hehir joined the staff of Independent Newspapers as a sports sub-editor, before beginning a seventeen-year career as a racing correspondent in 1947. His racing expertise was not just limited to print journalism as he became a racing commentator with Radio Éireann in 1945.
Even though O'Hehir's star was on the rise with the national broadcaster in Ireland, he applied to the BBC for a position as racing commentator. His application was accepted and he provided commentary for the Cheltenham Gold Cup. The BBC bosses were sufficiently impressed with O'Hehir to offer him further commentaries.
Rutherfords has been hampered, and so has Castle Falls; Rondetto has fallen, Princeful has fallen, Norther has fallen, Kirtle Lad has fallen, The Fossa has fallen, there's a right pile-up... Leedsy has climbed over the fence and left his jockey there. And now, with all this mayhem, Foinavon has gone off on his own! He's about 50, 100 yards in front of everything else!
O'Hehir describes the chaotic scene at the 23rd fence in the 1967 Grand National
O'Hehir subsequently became a staple of the BBC's coverage of the famous annual Grand National steeplechase. He would invariably pick up the commentary at the Becher's Brook fence and take the race to Valentine's Brook, a vital section of the race where many a favourite fell. Foinavon's famous victory in 1967 will be remembered as one of O'Hehir's finest moments in racing commentaries and won him great respect for the speed and smoothness with which he picked out the unconsidered outsider. O'Hehir later confessed in an interview that it had been his inability to identify the colours on his card when inspecting the riders' silks in the weighing room prior to the race that had led him to question rider John Buckingham who his mount was. Buckingham advised O'Hehir that Foinavon's silks had been changed at the last minute as his regular green colours were considered unlucky. It was because of this chance meeting that he was able to identify the 100/1 outsider and carry the commentary.
However, in the 1969 Grand National, O'Hehir made a horrendous error stating that eventual winner Highland Wedding had fallen at Bechers Brook (2nd circuit) when a horse called Kilburn fell. He only covered three TV Grand Nationals (1967, 1968 and 1969), afterwards he would continue to cover the race for BBC Radio until 1981.
In addition to horseracing, O'Hehir also covered showjumping, including the Dublin Horse Show at the RDS in Ballsbridge.
Head of Sport
In 1961 Ireland's first national television station, Telefís Éireann, was founded and O'Hehir was appointed head of sports programmes. As a result of his influence, O'Hehir secured the broadcasting rights to the closing stages of the All-Ireland hurling and football championships for the new station. As well as his new role O'Hehir continued to keep up a hectic schedule of commentaries.
Current affairs broadcasting
O'Hehir's skills did not just confine him to sports broadcasting, in November 1963, he faced his toughest broadcast. By coincidence, he was on holiday with his wife Molly in New York City when US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. O'Hehir was asked by Telefís Éireann to provide the commentary for the funeral. The live five-hour broadcast proved a huge challenge for him, as he had had no association with political or current affairs broadcasting up to that point and lacked the resources available to more established television stations. O'Hehir's commentary, however, won widespread acclaim in Ireland and showed a different side of his nature. He later described it as the most moving and most demanding commentary of his career. O'Hehir was known in the United States prior to this as he had worked with ABC as a racing commentator. His presentation of the Kennedy funeral brought offers from American broadcasters, however, he preferred to remain in Ireland.
O'Hehir later provided commentaries for other non-sporting events such as the reburial of Roger Casement (who had been executed in 1916) in 1965 and the celebrations marking the golden jubilee of the Easter Rising in 1966.
Later career
In the early 1970s, the initial challenge of being head of sport had faded as Telefís Éireann was now an established broadcaster. In 1972, he became manager of the newly designed Leopardstown Racecourse but left the following year to continue writing and broadcasting as a freelance journalist. This work took him to America where he commentated for NBC in races such as the Arlington Million. This association with the American broadcaster lasted well into the eighties.
In 1975 O'Hehir was honoured by The Late Late Show with a special tribute show. In the 1984 People of the Year Awards he was one of the winners.
In his commentary O'Hehir aimed at impartiality but admitted that he was always blamed for being "against the losers". Similarly, he was also blamed for making a game out of nothing. Shortly after Dublin defeated Galway in 1983 in a tense All-Ireland final about thirty Dublin supporters attacked him in the commentary box when he was commentating at another match in Navan. Only the presence of an armed detective - there to protect the microphone - saved him from serious injury.
Illness and later life
In August 1985 O'Hehir was preparing to commentate on the All-Ireland hurling final between Offaly and Galway. It would be a special occasion as it would mark his 100th commentary on an All-Ireland final. Two weeks before the game he suffered a stroke which left him using a wheelchair and with some speaking difficulties. This illness denied him the chance to reach the century milestone.
O'Hehir was subsequently replaced by Ger Canning on television, and on radio by Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh. He had hoped to return to broadcasting one day to complete his 100th final; however, this never happened.
In 1987 the centenary All-Ireland football final took place and a special series of events were planned on the day at Croke Park. There was a parade of the 1947 Polo Grounds finalists; however, the biggest cheer of the day was reserved for O'Hehir who was pushed onto the field in a wheelchair by his son Peter. Nobody expected the standing ovation and the massive outpouring of emotion from the thousands of fans present and from O'Hehir himself.
Over the next few years, O'Hehir withdrew from public life. He returned briefly in 1996 when his autobiography, My Life and Times, was published.
Death
Michael O'Hehir died in Dublin on 24 November 1996.
Quotes
"And if there's anybody along the way there listening in, just give us five minutes more" - O'Hehir saving the 1947 Polo Grounds Final for all the Irish listeners
"Ring in front of the goal is going through. He steadies himself, he takes a shot. It's blocked by Art Foley and it's cleared out by Art Foley. Oh, what a magnificent save there by Art Foley" - O'Hehir's description of Art Foley's famous save in the final moments of the 1956 hurling final
"And Tom Cheasty breaks through with Kilkenny defenders falling around him like dying wasps" - during one of the Kilkenny - Waterford games of the late 1950s or early 1960s
"And it looks like there’s a bit of a schemozzle in the parallelogram" - O'Hehir's ubiquitous euphemism for a fight
"The greatest freak of all time" - after Mikey Sheehy lobs the ball into the goal while Dublin goalkeeper, Paddy Cullen is arguing with the referee
"And it looks as if they were winning the way the Offaly men are just dithering and dawdling there...and here they come. This is Liam Connor the full-back...a high, lobbing, dropping ball in towards the goalmouth...a shot and a GOAL, a GOAL, a GOAL FOR OFFALY! There was a goal in the game! A goal. Oh, what a goal!" - O'Hehir's reaction as Séamus Darby scores the winning goal for Offaly in the 1982 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, denying Kerry a famous fifth consecutive All-Ireland title.
"And the bare-footed wonder with the ball now" - O'Hehir's description of Babs Keating who played some of the 1971 All-Ireland Hurling Final in his bare feet
"And there he is, Alan Lotty. He may be bootless, he may be sockless, he may be stickless, but he is certainly not ball-less." - O'Hehir's unusual description of Cork's Alan Lotty after he discarded his boots and socks and lost his hurley in a collision with another player
"And it is a penalty. And Paddy Cullen, heaven help him, in there in the goal" - during the 1974 all-Ireland football final.
"And the Jacks are back alright and the way they're playing right now the Galway backs are jacked!"
See also
List of people on stamps of Ireland
References
O'Hehir, Michael (1996). My Life And Times. Blackwater Press. ISBN 0-86121-604-0.
^ Dunne, Jim (28 November 1996). "Funeral of man "who held nation spellbound" takes place in Dublin". Irish Times.
^ Noone, Cliff (26 November 1996). "Obituary: Michael O'Hehir". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
vteThoroughbred Racing on NBCRelated programs
Arlington Million
Jockey Club Gold Cup
Sportsworld
NBCSN's races
Black-Eyed Susan Stakes
Brooklyn Invitational Stakes
Kentucky Oaks
Related articles
United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing on television
Sponsorship and broadcasting
Broadcasting contracts
Triple Crown Productions
Commentators
Belmont Stakes
Breeders' Cup
Kentucky Derby
Preakness Stakes
Key figuresRace callers
Larry Collmus
Trevor Denman
Tom Durkin
Hosts
Marv Albert
Bob Costas
Dick Enberg
Tom Hammond
Dave Johnson
Rebecca Lowe
Mike Tirico
Analysts
Pete Axthelm
Jerry Bailey
Chris McCarron
Randy Moss
Bob Neumeier
Michael O'Hehir
Eddie Olczyk
Brough Scott
Mike E. Smith
Gary Stevens
Jack Van Berg
Reporters
Mike Battaglia
Michelle Beadle
Donna Barton Brothers
Charlsie Cantey
Jim Cantore
Jac Collinsworth
Dylan Dreyer
Josh Elliott
Ahmed Fareed
Gayle Gardner
Terry Leibel
Tara Lipinski
Nick Luck
Maria Menounos
Natalie Morales
Jay Randolph
Kenny Rice
Coco Rocha
Catt Sadler
Elfi Schlegel
Melissa Stark
John M. Veitch
Krista Voda
Johnny Weir
Jenna Wolfe
Rutledge Wood
Belmont Stakes
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Breeders' Cup
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Kentucky Derby
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Preakness Stakes
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Music
David Arkenstone
vteGrand NationalRaces by year
(1836)
(1837)
(1838)
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
(1916)
(1917)
(1918)
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Course
Aintree Racecourse
Becher's Brook
Canal Turn
The Chair
Valentine's Brook
Famous horses
Aldaniti
Battleship
Corbiere
Crisp
Devon Loch
The Duke
E.S.B.
Foinavon
Golden Miller
L'Escargot
Lord Gyllene
Lottery
Mr Frisk
Party Politics
Peter Simple
Red Rum
Tiger Roll
West Tip
Famous jockeys
Duke of Alburquerque
Jack Anthony
Martin Becher
Rachael Blackmore
Tommy Carberry
Bob Champion
Richard Dunwoody
Brian Fletcher
Dick Francis
Josh Gifford
Bruce Hobbs
Count Karl Kinsky
Jem Mason
Tony McCoy
Tom Olliver
Ernest Piggott
Richard Pitman
Davy Russell
Ruby Walsh
Fred Winter
Other people
Peter Bromley
Ginger McCain
Vincent O'Brien
Michael O'Hehir
Peter O'Sullevan
Jenny Pitman
Fred Rimell
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Lord Oaksey
Lord Sefton
Lists
List of Grand National winners
List of Grand National first four placings
List of equine fatalities in the Grand National
List of female Grand National jockeys
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
Ireland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike O'Hehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_O%27Hehir"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"hurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Australian footballer, see Mike O'Hehir.Michael James Hehir (also known as Michael O'Hehir and Irish: Mícheál Ó hEithir; 2 June 1920 – 24 November 1996) was an Irish hurling, football and horse racing commentator and journalist. Between 1938 and 1985 his enthusiasm and memorable turn of phrase endeared him to many. He is still regarded as the original 'voice of Gaelic games'.[1]","title":"Michael O'Hehir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasnevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Hehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Hehir"},{"link_name":"Gaelic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_games"},{"link_name":"native county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_GAA"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_GAA"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Drumcondra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcondra,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"O'Connell School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell_School"},{"link_name":"University College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"St Vincents GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vincents_GAA"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny"}],"text":"O'Hehir was born in Glasnevin, Dublin to parents who had moved from County Clare. His father, Jim O'Hehir, was active in Gaelic games, having trained his native county to win the 1914 All-Ireland title in hurling. He subsequently trained the Leitrim football team that secured the Connacht title in 1927 and he also served as an official with the Dublin Junior Board.O'Hehir was educated at St Patrick's National School in Drumcondra before later attending the O'Connell School. He later studied electrical engineering at University College Dublin, but he abandoned his studies after just one year to pursue a full-time career in broadcasting.O'Hehir never played football, but he enjoyed a distinguished hurling career with the St Vincents GAA club in Raheny.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_GAA"},{"link_name":"Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_GAA"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaghan_GAA"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_GAA"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA"},{"link_name":"thunder and lightning final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_GAA"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"O'Hehir became fascinated with the radio when he received a present of one as a child. He had just turned eighteen and was still a schoolboy when he wrote to Radio Éireann asking to do a test commentary. O'Hehir was accepted and was asked, along with five others, to do a five-minute microphone test for a National Football League game between Wexford and Louth. His microphone test impressed the director of broadcasting so much that he was invited to commentate on the whole of the second half of the match.Two months later in August 1938, O'Hehir made his first broadcast - the All-Ireland football semi-final between Monaghan and Galway. He went on to commentate on the second semi-final and that year's final between Galway and Kerry. The following year he covered his first hurling final - the famous \"thunder and lightning final\" between Cork and Kilkenny.Sports broadcasting in Ireland was still in its infancy at this stage, however, O'Hehir's Sunday afternoon commentaries quickly became a way of life for many rural listeners.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Ireland Football Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Polo Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"sub_title":"The Polo Grounds Final","text":"By the mid-1940s, O'Hehir was recognised as one of Ireland's leading sports broadcasters. In 1947, he faced his most challenging broadcast to date when he had to commentate on the All-Ireland Football Final from the Polo Grounds in New York City. More than a million people were listening to the broadcast back in Ireland and O'Hehir was the one link between the game in New York and the fans in Ireland. The broadcast had to be finished by five o'clock local time, but the match ran late. The last few minutes of O'Hehir's commentary included him pleading with the broadcast technicians not to take him off the air. His pleas were successful and the Irish people could listen to the game in full.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_News_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National"},{"link_name":"Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National"},{"link_name":"Becher's Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becher%27s_Brook"},{"link_name":"Foinavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foinavon"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"showjumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showjumping"},{"link_name":"Dublin Horse Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"RDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society"},{"link_name":"Ballsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballsbridge"}],"sub_title":"Horse racing","text":"In 1944, O'Hehir joined the staff of Independent Newspapers as a sports sub-editor, before beginning a seventeen-year career as a racing correspondent in 1947. His racing expertise was not just limited to print journalism as he became a racing commentator with Radio Éireann in 1945.Even though O'Hehir's star was on the rise with the national broadcaster in Ireland, he applied to the BBC for a position as racing commentator. His application was accepted and he provided commentary for the Cheltenham Gold Cup. The BBC bosses were sufficiently impressed with O'Hehir to offer him further commentaries.Rutherfords has been hampered, and so has Castle Falls; Rondetto has fallen, Princeful has fallen, Norther has fallen, Kirtle Lad has fallen, The Fossa has fallen, there's a right pile-up... Leedsy has climbed over the fence and left his jockey there. And now, with all this mayhem, Foinavon has gone off on his own! He's about 50, 100 yards in front of everything else!\n\n\nO'Hehir describes the chaotic scene at the 23rd fence in the 1967 Grand NationalO'Hehir subsequently became a staple of the BBC's coverage of the famous annual Grand National steeplechase. He would invariably pick up the commentary at the Becher's Brook fence and take the race to Valentine's Brook, a vital section of the race where many a favourite fell. Foinavon's famous victory in 1967 will be remembered[by whom?] as one of O'Hehir's finest moments in racing commentaries and won him great respect for the speed and smoothness with which he picked out the unconsidered outsider. O'Hehir later confessed in an interview that it had been his inability to identify the colours on his card when inspecting the riders' silks in the weighing room prior to the race that had led him to question rider John Buckingham who his mount was.[citation needed] Buckingham advised O'Hehir that Foinavon's silks had been changed at the last minute as his regular green colours were considered unlucky. It was because of this chance meeting that he was able to identify the 100/1 outsider and carry the commentary.However, in the 1969 Grand National, O'Hehir made a horrendous error stating that eventual winner Highland Wedding had fallen at Bechers Brook (2nd circuit) when a horse called Kilburn fell. He only covered three TV Grand Nationals (1967, 1968 and 1969), afterwards he would continue to cover the race for BBC Radio until 1981.In addition to horseracing, O'Hehir also covered showjumping, including the Dublin Horse Show at the RDS in Ballsbridge.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telefís Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"}],"sub_title":"Head of Sport","text":"In 1961 Ireland's first national television station, Telefís Éireann, was founded and O'Hehir was appointed head of sports programmes. As a result of his influence, O'Hehir secured the broadcasting rights to the closing stages of the All-Ireland hurling and football championships for the new station. As well as his new role O'Hehir continued to keep up a hectic schedule of commentaries.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Roger Casement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"}],"sub_title":"Current affairs broadcasting","text":"O'Hehir's skills did not just confine him to sports broadcasting, in November 1963, he faced his toughest broadcast. By coincidence, he was on holiday with his wife Molly in New York City when US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. O'Hehir was asked by Telefís Éireann to provide the commentary for the funeral. The live five-hour broadcast proved a huge challenge for him, as he had had no association with political or current affairs broadcasting up to that point and lacked the resources available to more established television stations. O'Hehir's commentary, however, won widespread acclaim in Ireland and showed a different side of his nature. He later described it as the most moving and most demanding commentary of his career. O'Hehir was known in the United States prior to this as he had worked with ABC as a racing commentator. His presentation of the Kennedy funeral brought offers from American broadcasters, however, he preferred to remain in Ireland.O'Hehir later provided commentaries for other non-sporting events such as the reburial of Roger Casement (who had been executed in 1916) in 1965 and the celebrations marking the golden jubilee of the Easter Rising in 1966.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopardstown Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Arlington Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Million"},{"link_name":"The Late Late Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"People of the Year Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Year_Awards"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_GAA"},{"link_name":"Navan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"In the early 1970s, the initial challenge of being head of sport had faded as Telefís Éireann was now an established broadcaster. In 1972, he became manager of the newly designed Leopardstown Racecourse but left the following year to continue writing and broadcasting as a freelance journalist. This work took him to America where he commentated for NBC in races such as the Arlington Million. This association with the American broadcaster lasted well into the eighties.In 1975 O'Hehir was honoured by The Late Late Show with a special tribute show. In the 1984 People of the Year Awards he was one of the winners.In his commentary O'Hehir aimed at impartiality but admitted that he was always blamed for being \"against the losers\". Similarly, he was also blamed for making a game out of nothing. Shortly after Dublin defeated Galway in 1983 in a tense All-Ireland final about thirty Dublin supporters attacked him in the commentary box when he was commentating at another match in Navan. Only the presence of an armed detective - there to protect the microphone - saved him from serious injury.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_GAA"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Ger Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger_Canning"},{"link_name":"Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Muircheartaigh"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"}],"sub_title":"Illness and later life","text":"In August 1985 O'Hehir was preparing to commentate on the All-Ireland hurling final between Offaly and Galway. It would be a special occasion as it would mark his 100th commentary on an All-Ireland final. Two weeks before the game he suffered a stroke which left him using a wheelchair and with some speaking difficulties. This illness denied him the chance to reach the century milestone.O'Hehir was subsequently replaced by Ger Canning on television, and on radio by Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh. He had hoped to return to broadcasting one day to complete his 100th final; however, this never happened.In 1987 the centenary All-Ireland football final took place and a special series of events were planned on the day at Croke Park. There was a parade of the 1947 Polo Grounds finalists; however, the biggest cheer of the day was reserved for O'Hehir who was pushed onto the field in a wheelchair by his son Peter. Nobody expected the standing ovation and the massive outpouring of emotion from the thousands of fans present and from O'Hehir himself.Over the next few years, O'Hehir withdrew from public life. He returned briefly in 1996 when his autobiography, My Life and Times, was published.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michael O'Hehir died in Dublin on 24 November 1996.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polo Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Ring"},{"link_name":"Art Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Foley"},{"link_name":"1956 hurling final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Tom Cheasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cheasty"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA"},{"link_name":"Mikey Sheehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Sheehy"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_GAA"},{"link_name":"Paddy Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_GAA"},{"link_name":"Liam Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Connor"},{"link_name":"Séamus Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Darby"},{"link_name":"1982 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final"},{"link_name":"Babs Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babs_Keating"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland Hurling Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Hurling_Final"},{"link_name":"Alan Lotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lotty"},{"link_name":"Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_GAA"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_GAA"}],"text":"\"And if there's anybody along the way there listening in, just give us five minutes more\" - O'Hehir saving the 1947 Polo Grounds Final for all the Irish listeners\"Ring in front of the goal is going through. He steadies himself, he takes a shot. It's blocked by Art Foley and it's cleared out by Art Foley. Oh, what a magnificent save there by Art Foley\" - O'Hehir's description of Art Foley's famous save in the final moments of the 1956 hurling final\"And Tom Cheasty breaks through with Kilkenny defenders falling around him like dying wasps\" - during one of the Kilkenny - Waterford games of the late 1950s or early 1960s\"And it looks like there’s a bit of a schemozzle in the parallelogram\" - O'Hehir's ubiquitous euphemism for a fight\"The greatest freak of all time\" - after Mikey Sheehy lobs the ball into the goal while Dublin goalkeeper, Paddy Cullen is arguing with the referee\"And it looks as if they were winning the way the Offaly men are just dithering and dawdling there...and here they come. This is Liam Connor the full-back...a high, lobbing, dropping ball in towards the goalmouth...a shot and a GOAL, a GOAL, a GOAL FOR OFFALY! There was a goal in the game! A goal. Oh, what a goal!\" - O'Hehir's reaction as Séamus Darby scores the winning goal for Offaly in the 1982 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, denying Kerry a famous fifth consecutive All-Ireland title.\"And the bare-footed wonder with the ball now\" - O'Hehir's description of Babs Keating who played some of the 1971 All-Ireland Hurling Final in his bare feet\"And there he is, Alan Lotty. He may be bootless, he may be sockless, he may be stickless, but he is certainly not ball-less.\" - O'Hehir's unusual description of Cork's Alan Lotty after he discarded his boots and socks and lost his hurley in a collision with another player\"And it is a penalty. And Paddy Cullen, heaven help him, in there in the goal\" - during the 1974 all-Ireland football final.\"And the Jacks are back alright and the way they're playing right now the Galway backs are jacked!\"","title":"Quotes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of people on stamps of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"O'Hehir, Michael (1996). My Life And Times. Blackwater Press. ISBN 0-86121-604-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mylifetimes00oheh","url_text":"My Life And Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86121-604-0","url_text":"0-86121-604-0"}]},{"reference":"Dunne, Jim (28 November 1996). \"Funeral of man \"who held nation spellbound\" takes place in Dublin\". Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/funeral-of-man-who-held-nation-spellbound-takes-place-in-dublin-1.110671","url_text":"\"Funeral of man \"who held nation spellbound\" takes place in Dublin\""}]},{"reference":"Noone, Cliff (26 November 1996). \"Obituary: Michael O'Hehir\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-michael-ohehir-1354308.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Michael O'Hehir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-michael-ohehir-1354308.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22","external_links_name":"\"Michael O'Hehir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+O%27Hehir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mylifetimes00oheh","external_links_name":"My Life And Times"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/funeral-of-man-who-held-nation-spellbound-takes-place-in-dublin-1.110671","external_links_name":"\"Funeral of man \"who held nation spellbound\" takes place in Dublin\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-michael-ohehir-1354308.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Michael O'Hehir\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-michael-ohehir-1354308.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/152937/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029019072","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45730172","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth8YTYHtbm8tGygVhJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85095114","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006803.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meares_Glacier | Meares Glacier | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 61°14′23″N 147°25′03″W / 61.23972°N 147.41750°W / 61.23972; -147.41750Glacier in Alaska
Meares GlacierMeares GlacierTypeTidewater glacierLocationValdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska, U.S.Coordinates61°14′23″N 147°25′03″W / 61.23972°N 147.41750°W / 61.23972; -147.41750Area142 km2 (1990s)Length6 miles (10 km)TerminusOcean (Unakwik Inlet)StatusAdvancing
The Meares Glacier is a large and only tidewater glacier at the head of Unakwik Inlet in Chugach National Forest, Alaska. The front is a wall of white ice with blue shadows (see image, right). It was first observed in 1905, and was named after an early explorer of the area, Captain John Meares. Writing in 1913, the U.S. Geographical Survey described the glacier as "one of the most beautiful ice streams of Prince William Sound." It is currently advancing into old-growth forest, slowly pushing down trees. Between 1996 and 2002, it advanced an average of 15 m per year. Its height at its front is estimated at 200 ft, and its width at about 1.2 km. In the early 1990s, the glacier had an estimated area of 142 km2.
See also
List of glaciers
References
^ "Meares Glacier | Discover Valdez". www.valdezalaska.org. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
^ "Glaciers of Prince William Sound and the southern part of Kenai peninsula, Alaska", Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 42, American Geographical Society of New York, 1910
^ Grant, U. S.; Higgins, D. F. (1913). "Coastal Glaciers of Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula, Alaska". Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey. p. 25(This source was published before 1 January 1928 and is thus in the public domain in the United States){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Trabant, D. C.; March, R. S.; Molnia, B. F. (2002-12-01). "Growing and Advancing Calving Glaciers in Alaska". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002. 2002: C62A–0913. Bibcode:2002AGUFM.C62A0913T.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1984.
This article about a glacier in Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tidewater glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier"},{"link_name":"Unakwik Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unakwik_Inlet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chugach National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugach_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Meares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meares"},{"link_name":"ice streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_stream"},{"link_name":"Prince William Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"advancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_motion"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Glacier in AlaskaThe Meares Glacier is a large and only tidewater glacier at the head of Unakwik Inlet in Chugach National Forest, Alaska.[1] The front is a wall of white ice with blue shadows (see image, right).[2] It was first observed in 1905, and was named after an early explorer of the area, Captain John Meares. Writing in 1913, the U.S. Geographical Survey described the glacier as \"one of the most beautiful ice streams of Prince William Sound.\"[3] It is currently advancing into old-growth forest, slowly pushing down trees.[4][5] Between 1996 and 2002, it advanced an average of 15 m per year. Its height at its front is estimated at 200 ft, and its width at about 1.2 km. In the early 1990s, the glacier had an estimated area of 142 km2.[5]","title":"Meares Glacier"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Meares Glacier | Discover Valdez\". www.valdezalaska.org. Retrieved 2023-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valdezalaska.org/discover/glaciers/meares-glacier/","url_text":"\"Meares Glacier | Discover Valdez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glaciers of Prince William Sound and the southern part of Kenai peninsula, Alaska\", Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 42, American Geographical Society of New York, 1910","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=33M9AAAAYAAJ&q=%22Two%20glaciers%20join%20about%20two%20miles%20back%20from%20the%20front%20to%20form%20the%20main%20body%20of%20the%20Meares%20Glacier,%20and%20a%20small%20medial%20moraine%20extends%20seaward%20from%20the%20point%20of%20%22","url_text":"\"Glaciers of Prince William Sound and the southern part of Kenai peninsula, Alaska\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, U. S.; Higgins, D. F. (1913). \"Coastal Glaciers of Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula, Alaska\". Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey. p. 25(This source was published before 1 January 1928 and is thus in the public domain in the United States)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kU0MAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Trabant, D. C.; March, R. S.; Molnia, B. F. (2002-12-01). \"Growing and Advancing Calving Glaciers in Alaska\". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002. 2002: C62A–0913. Bibcode:2002AGUFM.C62A0913T.","urls":[{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.C62A0913T","url_text":"\"Growing and Advancing Calving Glaciers in Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.C62A0913T","url_text":"2002AGUFM.C62A0913T"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pPLSFUEI8C&dq=Meares+Glacier&pg=SL11-PA272","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meares_Glacier¶ms=61_14_23_N_147_25_03_W_type:glacier_scale:250000","external_links_name":"61°14′23″N 147°25′03″W / 61.23972°N 147.41750°W / 61.23972; -147.41750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meares_Glacier¶ms=61_14_23_N_147_25_03_W_type:glacier_scale:250000","external_links_name":"61°14′23″N 147°25′03″W / 61.23972°N 147.41750°W / 61.23972; -147.41750"},{"Link":"https://www.valdezalaska.org/discover/glaciers/meares-glacier/","external_links_name":"\"Meares Glacier | Discover Valdez\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=33M9AAAAYAAJ&q=%22Two%20glaciers%20join%20about%20two%20miles%20back%20from%20the%20front%20to%20form%20the%20main%20body%20of%20the%20Meares%20Glacier,%20and%20a%20small%20medial%20moraine%20extends%20seaward%20from%20the%20point%20of%20%22","external_links_name":"\"Glaciers of Prince William Sound and the southern part of Kenai peninsula, Alaska\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kU0MAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.C62A0913T","external_links_name":"\"Growing and Advancing Calving Glaciers in Alaska\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.C62A0913T","external_links_name":"2002AGUFM.C62A0913T"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pPLSFUEI8C&dq=Meares+Glacier&pg=SL11-PA272","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meares_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Cup | Tatra Cup | ["1 Tatra Cup winners","2 Performances","2.1 By club (international tournaments)","2.2 By club (national tournaments)","2.3 By country (international tournaments)","3 References","4 External links"] | Tatra CupSportIce HockeyFounded1929First season1929No. of teams6 (group stage)CountriesSlovakia (usually HK Poprad), Czech Republic, various other European countriesVenue(s)Poprad Ice Stadium (Poprad, Slovakia)Most recentchampion(s) HK Poprad (14th title)Most titles HK Poprad (14 titles)QualificationInvitation onlyOfficial websitehkpoprad.sk/tatransky-pohar
The Tatra Cup (Slovak: Tatranský pohár) is an annual ice hockey tournament held in Poprad, Slovakia. It is the second oldest club tournament in Europe, after the Spengler Cup.
The first installment of the Tatra Cup took place in 1929 in Starý Smokovec. Between the years 1932 and 1935 there were two different tournaments held, a national one and an international one. There were only two installments held from 1952 to 1968 because of problems with organization of the tournament. In later years international teams started to participate as well, e.g. Kölner EC in 1969. One year later for the first time a Swedish team played at the Tatra Cup – Surahammars IF, together with German SC Riessersee.
When a new ice hockey stadium was built in Poprad in 1973, conditions for the organization of the tournament improved considerably. In the anniversary year of the tournament 1979 a hockey club from East Germany Dynamo Weißwasser was invited.
Nowadays, the Tatra Cup is taking place every year in late August as a preparatory tournament for the upcoming season, at which mostly Czech and Slovak teams take part.
Tatra Cup winners
Season/Year
Type
Winner
1929/1930
international
Slavia Praha
1930/1931
international
LTC Praha
1931/1932
international
LTC Praha
1932/1933
international
SK Prostějov
1932/1933
national
Skiklub Bratislava
1933/1934
international
Slavia Praha
1933/1934
national
AC Nitra
1934/1935
international
EKE Wien
1934/1935
national
ŠK Vysoké Tatry
1935/1936
national
Unfinished due to adverse weather conditions and ineligible ice
1935/1936
international
AC Sparta Praha
1936/1937
national
HC Tatry
1937/1938
national
HC Tatry
1938/1939
national
HC Tatry
1940/1941
international
ŠK Slávia Prešov
1941/1942
national
HC Tatry
1942/1943
Tournament not held
1945/1946
national
SK Prostějov
1946/1947
national
HC Tatry
1949/1950
national
LTC Praha
1950/1951
national
Sparta Praha Sokolovo
1951/1952
national
SK Prostějov
1958/1959
international
Sparta Praha Sokolovo
1959/1960
international
Sparta Praha Sokolovo
1968/1969
international
VŽKG Ostrava
1969/1970
international
Slovak National Team
1974
international
Slovan CHZJD Bratislava
1975
national
Slovan CHZJD Bratislava
1976
international
Czechoslovak National Team
1977
international
Czechoslovak National Team
1978
international
VSŽ Košice
1979
international
VSŽ Košice
1980
international
Sparta Praha
1981
international
Slezan STS Opava
1982
international
VSŽ Košice
1983
international
Dinamo Riga
1984
international
Tesla Pardubice
1985
international
HC Dukla Trenčín
1986
international
VSŽ Košice
1987
international
VSŽ Košice
1988
international
VSŽ Košice
1989
international
HK Sokol Kiev
1990
international
ŠK Slovan Bratislava
1991
international
Czechoslovakia U-20
1992
international
HC Košice
1993
international
HC Košice
1994
international
Slovakia U-20
1995
international
HC ŠKP PS Poprad
1996
international
HC Dukla Trenčín
1997
international
HC Slovan Bratislava
1998
international
HC Slovan Bratislava
1999
international
Slovak Olympic Team
2000
international
HC ŠKP Poprad
2001
international
HC ŠKP Poprad
2002
international
HC Vítkovice
2003
international
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
2004
international
Slovakia U-23
2005
international
HK Tatravagónka ŠKP Poprad
2006
international
HC Vítkovice
2007
international
HC Vítkovice
2008
international
HC Košice
2009
international
HC Vítkovice Steel
2010
international
HC Oceláři Třinec
2011
international
Kölner Haie
2012
national
HK Poprad
2013
international
Graz 99ers
2014
international
HK Poprad
2015
international
Graz 99ers
2016
international
Lahti Pelicans
2017
international
HC Košice
2018
international
HK Poprad
2019
international
DVTK Jegesmedvék
2020
national
HK Poprad
2021
international
HC Pustertal
2022
international
HC '05 Banská Bystrica
2023
international
HK Poprad
Performances
By club (international tournaments)
Club
Won
Years won
HC Košice
10
1978, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993, 2008, 2017
HK Poprad
7
1995, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2014, 2018, 2023
HC Vítkovice
5
1968/1969, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2009
Slovak National Team
4
1969/1970, 1994, 1999, 2004
HC Slovan Bratislava
4
1974, 1990, 1997, 1998
HC Sparta Praha
4
1935/1936, 1958/1959, 1959/1960, 1980
Czechoslovak National Team
3
1976, 1977, 1991
HC Slavia Praha
2
1929/1930, 1933/1934
LTC Praha
2
1930/1931, 1931/1932
HK Dukla Trenčín
2
1985, 1996
Graz 99ers
2
2013, 2015
SK Prostějov
1
1932/1933
EKE Wien
1
1934/1935
ŠK Slávia Prešov
1
1940/1941
Slezan STS Opava
1
1981
Dinamo Riga
1
1983
Tesla Pardubice
1
1984
HC Sokol Kiev
1
1989
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
1
2003
HC Oceláři Třinec
1
2010
Kölner Haie
1
2011
Lahti Pelicans
1
2016
DVTK Jegesmedvék
1
2019
HC Pustertal
1
2021
HC '05 Banská Bystrica
1
2022
By club (national tournaments)
Club
Won
Years won
HC Tatry
5
1936/1937, 1937/1938, 1938/1939, 1941/1942, 1946/1947
HK Poprad
3
2012, 2020, 2023
SK Prostějov
2
1945/46, 1951/1952
Skiklub Bratislava
1
1932/1933
AC Nitra
1
1933/1934
ŠK Vysoké Tatry
1
1934/1935
LTC Praha
1
1949/1950
HC Sparta Praha
1
1950/1951
Slovan CHZJD Bratislava
1
1975
By country (international tournaments)
Nation
Winners
Czechoslovakia
27
Slovakia
17
Czech Republic
5
Austria
3
Soviet Union
2
Russia
1
Germany
1
Finland
1
Hungary
1
Italy
1
References
^ "History of Tatra Cup". tatranskypohar.estranky.sk (in Slovak).
^ "Tatra cup in 1942/1943" (in Slovak). www.tatranskypohar.estranky.sk.
External links
Tatra Cup (in Slovak)
History
Seasons of Tatra Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Spengler Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spengler_Cup"},{"link_name":"Starý Smokovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Smokovec"},{"link_name":"Kölner EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Haie"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Surahammars IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surahammars_IF"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"SC Riessersee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Riessersee"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Weißwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausitzer_F%C3%BCchse"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Tatra Cup (Slovak: Tatranský pohár) is an annual ice hockey tournament held in Poprad, Slovakia. It is the second oldest club tournament in Europe, after the Spengler Cup.The first installment of the Tatra Cup took place in 1929 in Starý Smokovec. Between the years 1932 and 1935 there were two different tournaments held, a national one and an international one. There were only two installments held from 1952 to 1968 because of problems with organization of the tournament. In later years international teams started to participate as well, e.g. Kölner EC in 1969. One year later for the first time a Swedish team played at the Tatra Cup – Surahammars IF, together with German SC Riessersee.When a new ice hockey stadium was built in Poprad in 1973, conditions for the organization of the tournament improved considerably. In the anniversary year of the tournament 1979 a hockey club from East Germany Dynamo Weißwasser was invited.Nowadays, the Tatra Cup is taking place every year in late August as a preparatory tournament for the upcoming season, at which mostly Czech and Slovak teams take part.[1]","title":"Tatra Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tatra Cup winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By club (international tournaments)","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By club (national tournaments)","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By country (international tournaments)","title":"Performances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of Tatra Cup\". tatranskypohar.estranky.sk (in Slovak).","urls":[{"url":"https://tatranskypohar.estranky.sk/","url_text":"\"History of Tatra Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tatra cup in 1942/1943\" (in Slovak). www.tatranskypohar.estranky.sk.","urls":[{"url":"https://tatranskypohar.estranky.sk/clanky/tatransky-pohar/1942-1943/","url_text":"\"Tatra cup in 1942/1943\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hkpoprad.sk/tatransky-pohar/aktuality/","external_links_name":"hkpoprad.sk/tatransky-pohar"},{"Link":"https://tatranskypohar.estranky.sk/","external_links_name":"\"History of Tatra Cup\""},{"Link":"https://tatranskypohar.estranky.sk/clanky/tatransky-pohar/1942-1943/","external_links_name":"\"Tatra cup in 1942/1943\""},{"Link":"http://hkpoprad.sk/tatransky-pohar/aktuality/","external_links_name":"Tatra Cup"},{"Link":"http://hkpoprad.sk/tatransky-pohar/historia/","external_links_name":"History"},{"Link":"http://www.hokejpoprad.sk/tatransky_pohar/index.html","external_links_name":"Seasons of Tatra Cup"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Combat_Service_Support_Battalion_(Australia) | 9th Combat Service Support Battalion (Australia) | ["1 Role","2 External links","3 References"] | Australian Army unit
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "9th Combat Service Support Battalion" Australia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
9th Combat Service Support BattalionCountryAustraliaBranchArmyTypeLogistics and Health SupportSizeHeadquarters and four sub-unitsPart of9th BrigadeGarrison/HQHQ at Warradale Barracks, AdelaideMascot(s)Deeds not wordsMilitary unit
9th Combat Service Support Battalion (9 CSSB) is a unit of the 9th Brigade of the Australian Army.
Originally formed as 9th Brigade Administrative Support Battalion (9 BASB), 9 CSSB is a part-time Army (Reserve) unit. The unit is based at Warradale Barracks Adelaide as well as a small sub-unit in Tasmania.
Role
The role of 9 CSSB is to provide first and limited second line support to its customer units within the 9th Brigade.
External links
Australian Army - 9 CSSB Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
References
vte Australian Defence ForceAustralian Defence Organisation (Headquarters: Russell Offices)Services
Royal Australian Navy
Australian Army
Royal Australian Air Force
Leadership
Governor-General
Prime Minister
Minister for Defence
Minister for Defence Personnel
Minister for Defence Industry
National Security Committee of Cabinet
Secretary of Defence
Chief of the Defence Force
Vice Chief of the Defence Force
Chief of Army
Chief of Navy
Chief of Air Force
Chief of Joint Operations
Senior Positions
Senior Personnel
Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force
Structure
Australian Defence Organisation
Australia's Federation Guard
Force Element Group
Special Forces
Vice Chief of the Defence Force Group
Joint Operations Command (Headquarters Joint Operations Command, Northern Command, Maritime Border Command)
Joint Capabilities Group (Joint Logistics Command, Joint Health Command, Australian Defence College, Australian Defence Force Academy, Joint Military Police Unit)
Judge Advocate General
Fleet Command
Forces Command
Air Command
Aviation Command
Defence Space Command
Special Operations Command
1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters)
Navy Strategic Command
Personnel and training
Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia
Australian Defence Force Reserves (Royal Australian Naval Reserve, Australian Army Reserve, Royal Australian Air Force Reserve)
Australian Defence Force Cadets (Australian Navy Cadets, Australian Army Cadets, Australian Air Force Cadets, National Cadet Advisory Council)
Women in the Australian military
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military
Conscription
Defence Force Discipline Act 1982
Australian Defence Force Basic Flying Training School
Military Uniforms (Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform)
Department of Veterans' Affairs
Veterans' Review Board
Intelligence
Defence Intelligence Organisation
Australian Signals Directorate
Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation
Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap
Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group
Strategy
Australian–US Alliance
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
Five Power Defence Arrangements
Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group
Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century White Paper
Defence of Australia policy
Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities Report
Australian Strategic Policy Institute
Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
Equipment
Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group
Army equipment
Army artillery
Naval ships
Air Force Weaponry
Air Force aircraft
Installations
Military Installations
Naval Installations
Army Installations
Air Force Installations
Culture
Australian War Memorial
Anzac spirit
Weary Dunlop
Simpson and his Donkey
Anzac Day
Australian military slang
Beating Retreat military ceremony
Australian Defence Force Ensign
Australian Defence Force colours, standards and guidons
Flags of the Australian Defence Force
History
History of the Royal Australian Navy
History of the Australian Army
History of the Royal Australian Air Force
Frontier Wars
Boer War
World War I
Russian Civil War
World War II
Korean War
Malayan Emergency
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Vietnam War
Rwandan Civil War
Somalian Civil War
Timor-Leste
Gulf War
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
War in Afghanistan
Brereton Report
Iraq War
Peace Operations
Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Official Histories (Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Australia in the Korean War 1950–53, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations)
Australian military involvement in peacekeeping
Australian Defence Force Military history of Australia
This article about the military of Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Warradale Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warradale_Barracks&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Military unit9th Combat Service Support Battalion (9 CSSB) is a unit of the 9th Brigade of the Australian Army.\nOriginally formed as 9th Brigade Administrative Support Battalion (9 BASB), 9 CSSB is a part-time Army (Reserve) unit. The unit is based at Warradale Barracks Adelaide as well as a small sub-unit in Tasmania.","title":"9th Combat Service Support Battalion (Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The role of 9 CSSB is to provide first and limited second line support to its customer units within the 9th Brigade.","title":"Role"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia","external_links_name":"\"9th Combat Service Support Battalion\" Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%229th+Combat+Service+Support+Battalion%22+Australia&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/2nd-division/9th-brigade/9th-combat-service-support-battalion","external_links_name":"Australian Army - 9 CSSB"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142429/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/2nd-division/9th-brigade/9th-combat-service-support-battalion","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Combat_Service_Support_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art | Baltimore Museum of Art | ["1 History","1.1 20th century","1.2 21st century","2 Collections","2.1 African art","2.2 American art","2.3 Antioch mosaics","2.4 Art of the ancient Americas","2.5 Art of the Pacific Islands","2.6 Asian art","2.7 European art","2.8 Cone Collection","2.9 Contemporary art","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°19′34″N 76°37′9″W / 39.32611°N 76.61917°W / 39.32611; -76.61917Art museum in Baltimore, Maryland, US
Baltimore Museum of ArtBaltimore Museum of ArtBaltimore Museum of Art in March 2018Interactive fullscreen mapEstablished1914Location10 Art Museum Drive Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, U.S.Coordinates39°19′34″N 76°37′9″W / 39.32611°N 76.61917°W / 39.32611; -76.61917DirectorAsma NaeemChairpersonJames ThorntonPublic transit accessBaltimoreLink routes Silver, 21, 51, 94, 95 Charm City Circulator Purple RouteWebsitewww.artbma.org
Baltimore City LandmarkDesignated1987
The Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA) in Baltimore, Maryland, is an art museum that was founded in 1914. The BMA's collection of 95,000 objects encompasses more than 1,000 works by Henri Matisse anchored by the Cone Collection of modern art, as well as one of the nation's finest holdings of prints, drawings, and photographs. The galleries currently showcase collections of art from Africa; works by established and emerging contemporary artists; European and American paintings, sculpture, and decorative arts; ancient Antioch mosaics; art from Asia, and textiles from around the world.
The 210,000-square-foot (20,000 m2) museum is distinguished by a neoclassical building designed in the 1920s by American architect John Russell Pope and two landscaped gardens with 20th-century sculpture. The museum is located between Charles Village, to the east, Remington, to the south, Hampden, to the west; and south of the Roland Park neighborhoods, immediately adjacent to the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University, though the museum is an independent institution and not affiliated with the university.
The highlight of the museum is the Cone Collection, brought together by Baltimore sisters Claribel (1864–1929) and Etta Cone (1870–1949). Accomplished collectors, the sisters amassed a wealth of works by artists including Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, nearly all of which were donated to the museum. The museum is also home to 18,000 works of French mid-19th-century art from the George A. Lucas collection, which has been acclaimed by the museum as a cultural "treasure" and "among the greatest single holdings of French art in the country."
The BMA is currently led by Director Christopher Bedford, who was appointed in May 2016, after a year-long search. Prior to joining the BMA, Bedford led the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University in Massachusetts for four years. He helped the Rose Art Museum out of international controversy from 2009, when the university proposed selling off the museum's top-notch art collection to help with its struggling finances.
Since October 2006, The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum (formerly Walters Art Gallery), have offered free general admission year-round as a result of grants given by Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and several foundations. The museum is also the site of "Gertrude's Chesapeake Kitchen", a popular restaurant owned and operated by chef John Shields.
History
20th century
In February 1904, the Great Baltimore Fire destroyed much of the central part of the Baltimore's downtown business district. In response, the municipal government established a city-wide congress to develop a master plan for the city's recovery and future growth and development. The congress, headed by Dr. A. R. L. Dohme, decided that a major deficiency of the city was the lack of an art museum. This decision led to the formation of an 18-person Committee on the Art Museum, with art dealer and industrialist Henry H. Wiegand as chairman. Ten years later, on November 16, 1914, the museum was officially incorporated. Along with Minneapolis and Cleveland, Baltimore's museum was "modeled after two prominent 1870s predecessors, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston". According to a booklet published at the time of incorporation, it was stated that Baltimore lagged behind other cities “in regard to matters of aesthetic interest.”
Still without a permanent site, the fledgling museum was founded with but a single painting, William Sergeant Kendall's Mischief, which was donated by Dr. Dohme himself. As the museum's founders were confident that more art would eventually be acquired, the nearby Peabody Institute agreed to hold the collection for a time until a permanent home was established. The committee began planning a permanent home for the museum's holdings.
By 1915, the group had decided to permanently house the museum in the Wyman Park area, west of the Peabody Heights neighborhood, later renamed Charles Village. In 1916, a building was purchased on the southwest corner of North Charles and West Biddle Streets as a possible location for the museum. Although an architect was employed to remodel it, it was never occupied. By 1917, the group had received a promise from Johns Hopkins University for the land further south of the new Georgian Revival architecture-Federal styled campus they were in the process of moving to. This prospective plot was near the old Homewood Mansion of 1800 and the later Italianate style Wyman Villa mansion of William Wyman, a Johns Hopkins University donor and trustee. The group subsequently left the downtown site at North Howard Street and West Centre, which they had occupied since 1876.
Prior to moving to its permanent home in 1929, however, the museum was temporarily moved in July 1922 to the former home of their prime benefactor and foundress, Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1857–1915), at 101 West Monument Street, on the southwest corner with Cathedral Street facing West Mount Vernon Place and the Washington Monument. Garrett, a philanthropist who also further endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, was the only daughter of John Work Garrett (1820–1884), the Civil War-era President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad who supported then President Abraham Lincoln, and was a scion of the Robert Garrett banking firm in the city.
In 1923, the museum's inaugural exhibition opened there with attendance topping 6,775 during its first
week. The house was offered by Miss M. Cary as a home for the "collections" and a meeting place for the board of trustees. The old Garrett mansion was acquired in 1925 by the group of art enthusiasts who bought the property for the purpose of keeping the museum intact. Despite having limited space, the museum offered accommodations to art associations and a hall for meetings.
At Wyman Park, architect John Russell Pope (1874–1937) was engaged to design the museum's permanent home. With his years of study in Europe, Pope is considered to be the main examplar of the classical revival style that proved so popular with traditional American architects. He is credited with a number of major buildings along the American east coast and abroad, including the National Archives Building in Washington, New York's American Museum of Natural History, and the Tate Gallery Sculpture Hall in London. His distinct brand of classicism, both serene and monolithic, was perhaps the perfect choice for such an ambitious project.
The cornerstone was laid on October 20, 1927, facing the future Art Museum Drive running diagonally from North Charles Street. The systems engineering for the building's original design was completed by Henry Adams, noted local mechanical engineer. The building consists of three floors and includes several rooms that were reconstructed and/or replicated from six local Maryland historic houses before their loss or razing.
The building phase was marked by controversy over its location, cost, and the quality of workmanship, but on April 19, 1929, it opened on schedule without much fanfare. The first visitors were greeted by Rodin's The Thinker in the Sculpture Court, and most of the objects on display were lent by Baltimore and Maryland collectors. An average of 584 visitors attended the museum each day during its first two months.
By the 1930s, the public reception was such that director Roland McKinney, in a letter to board chairman Henry Treide, noted, "People seem to feel that the Museum belongs to them and show that they are sincerely proud of it and its activities." Unfortunately, these people were mostly upper-crust, privileged, and white, a fact noted in a 1937 Carnegie Corporation report. " cultural institutions (outside of the library and the schools) have appealed to, been intended for, and been supported by a pretty small minority... they need to be opened up, for the viewpoint of the entire community and its needs", it concluded. Local artists were feeling slighted, as well. “We, the living, resent being left to work in a vacuum of indifference and neglect while so much of the dead past is exhausted ,” the president of the Artists’ Union of Baltimore complained to The Evening Sun in 1937. The writer of the letter was Morris Louis, whose work, decades later, would be in the BMA's contemporary collection. Treide responded with an extensive community outreach survey and, in 1939, presented the city's first exhibition of African-American art. The show drew over 12,000 visitors in two weeks.
Many of the objects lent to the museum when it opened were eventually donated to it. Among the donors who have shaped the museum's collection are Blanche Adler, Dr. Claribel Cone and Etta Cone, Jacob Epstein, Edward J. Gallagher, Jr., John W. and Robert Garrett, Mary Frick Jacobs, Ryda H. and Robert H. Levi, Saidie Adler May, Dorothy McIlvain Scott, Elsie C. Woodward, and Alan and Janet Wurtzburger. The growing collection is reflected in the three major expansions: the Saidie A. May Wing in 1950, the Woodward Wing in 1956, and the Cone Wing in 1957. These additions were all designed by local architects Wrenn, Lewis and Jencks to harmonize with the original Pope Building.
The museum's collection includes more than 95,000 objects, making it the largest art museum in Maryland. It is governed by a private board of trustees and receives funding from the City of Baltimore, Baltimore, Carroll, and Howard counties; the state of Maryland, various corporations and foundations, federal agencies; individual trustees, and private citizens.
21st century
The BMA welcomes more than 200,000 visitors annually. In addition to its art collection, it organizes and hosts traveling exhibitions and serves as a major arts center for the region through its programs.
In June 2022, it was reported that AFSCME Council 67 would represent BMA workers, along with those at Walters Art Museum and Enoch Pratt Free Library if unionization efforts were successful at those institutions.
In 2018, the BMA announced its intention to sell seven works by artists already well-represented in the collection in order to acquire more contemporary works by women and artists of color. This initiative led to the addition of works by Mark Bradford, Isaac Julian, Wangechi Mutu, Amy Sherald, Carrie Mae Weems, Jack Whitten, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, and other notable contemporary artists. Many of these works will be on view in a major reinstallation of the Contemporary Wing that focuses on the creativity of 20th- and 21st-century black artists. In fall 2019, the museum transformed the East Lobby with a major new work by internationally acclaimed artist Mickalene Thomas as part of the Robert E. Meyerhoff and Rheda Becker Biennial Commission. This endowment gift is the first named public art commission in the U.S. and includes a curatorial fellowship to help strengthen the diversity of the museum.
In November 2019, it was announced that the Baltimore Museum of Art would only purchase works made by female artists in 2020. The decision was made in efforts to work towards “re-correcting the canon.” Marking the 100th anniversary of the 19th amendment, which gave women the right to vote, all twenty-two exhibitions in 2020 focused on women artists. A controversy arose in October, 2020, over the proposed sale of museum holdings to increase its endowment. Among the artworks slated for auction to raise an estimated $65 million was The Last Supper by Andy Warhol. The ensuing outcry resulted in cancellation of the sale. The Baltimore Sun said the museum was " ... battered by more negative publicity than it has endured in recent memory", which led to criticism of the museum's leadership.
Between 2012 and 2015, the BMA completed a $28 million renovation that improved galleries for contemporary, American, African, and Asian art collections; improved essential infrastructure, and created more visitor amenities.
The first phase of the BMA's renovation was completed in November 2012 with the reopening of the Contemporary Wing. In November 2014, after being closed for almost 30 years, the neoclassical Merrick Historic Entrance was reopened to the public to coincide with the museum's 100-year anniversary. The next phase encompassed the Dorothy McIlvain Scott American Wing, comprising the first and second floors of the BMA's original 1929 building designed by the acclaimed American architect John Russell Pope; the 1982 East Wing Lobby and Zamoiski East Entrance designed by Bower, Lewis & Thrower; and critically important upgrades to the museum's infrastructure. The architect for this phase of the renovation was the Baltimore-based architecture firm Ziger/Snead, with construction completed by The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company of Towson, Maryland. The project manager was Synthesis, Inc., of Columbia, Maryland. The BMA also greatly expanded galleries for its African and Asian art collections, which opened in April 2015. The culmination of the renovation was the opening of the new $4.5 million, 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) Patricia and Mark Joseph Education Center in October 2015.
The renovation was funded by the museum's philanthropic campaign, In a New Light: The Campaign for The Baltimore Museum of Art, which raised $80.7 million and added more than 4,000 artworks to the collection during the decade leading up to the BMA's 100th anniversary.
Collections
African art
The BMA was one of the first museums in the United States to obtain a collection of African art. A large part of the collection was donated by Janet and Alan Wurtzburger in 1954. It contains more than 2,000 objects whose sources range from ancient Egypt to contemporary Zimbabwe, and includes works from many other cultures, including Bamana, Yoruba, Kuba, Ndebele. The collection includes many different forms of art, including headdresses, masks, figures, royal staffs, textiles, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, and pottery. Several of the pieces are known for their use in royal courts, performances, and religious contexts, and many are internationally known.
Highlights of the collection include works by carvers Zlan and Sonzanlwon, and figures by the legendary brasscaster Ldamie. Also on display are a Lozi throne from c. 1900, most likely carved in the court of King Lewanika of western Zambia, a 20th-century Hausa Koranic prayer board, and a 2006 video work by Theo Eshetu. Several of the masks and figurative sculptures are recognized internationally as the best of their type.
American art
The BMA's American art collection includes paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts spanning from the colonial era to the late 20th century. The museum has several works of art from the Baltimore area, including portraiture by Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, and other members of the Peale family; silver from Baltimore's prominent silver manufacturing company Samuel Kirk & Son; Baltimore album quilts; and painted furniture by John Finlay and Hugh Finlay of Baltimore.
The American painting collection at the museum ranges from 18th-century portraits and 19th-century landscape painting to American Impressionism and modernism, with works by artists John Singleton Copley, Thomas Sully, Thomas Eakins, John Singer Sargent, Childe Hassam, and Thomas Hart Benton. Notable canvases include A Wild Scene (1831–1832) by Thomas Cole, La Vachère (1888) by Theodore Robinson, and Pink Tulip (1926) by Georgia O'Keeffe. These are complemented by holdings of prints and drawings, as well as modern photographs from the Gallagher/Dalsheimer Collection. Artists represented include Imogen Cunningham, Man Ray, Paul Strand, and Alfred Stieglitz.
The BMA has a long record of collecting works by African American artists that began in 1939 with one of the first exhibitions of African American art in the country. This collection has grown with the addition of works by 19th- and 20th-century African-American artists Joshua Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Horace Pippin, and Henry Ossawa Tanner, as well as numerous works by contemporary artists.
The BMA's holdings of American decorative arts include an extensive furniture collection that represents the major historic cabinetmaking centers of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. Many of these objects came from Dorothy McIlvain Scott, a generous Baltimore philanthropist and collector.
A gift in 1933 by Mrs. Miles White, Jr. of over 200 pieces of Maryland silver formed the nucleus of a silver collection that now encompasses objects by leading 18th- and early 19th-century silversmiths in Annapolis and Baltimore, as well as examples of early English silver owned by Maryland families during the Federal era. Among them is the Annapolis Subscription Plate, made by Annapolis silver smith John Inch and the oldest surviving silver object made in Maryland. Later masterworks by artists from Louis Comfort Tiffany to Georg Jensen are also on view.
Other notable aspects of the decorative arts collection include a rare set of five clerestory windows and two mosaic-clad architectural columns that represent Tiffany's contribution to 20th-century ornament. Period rooms from six historic Maryland houses, along with architectural elements from other historic buildings, illustrate town and country building styles from the 18th and 19th centuries, and miniature rooms made by Chicago miniaturist Eugene Kupjack that invite scrutiny of a variety of decorative styles at close range.
Antioch mosaics
The BMA exhibits a collection of Antioch mosaics, the result of its participation in excavations of this ancient city, known today as Antakya in southeastern Turkey, near the border of Syria.
With the support of BMA Trustee Robert Garrett, the Baltimore Museum of Art joined the Musées Nationaux de France, Worcester Art Museum, and Princeton University during the excavations of 1932 to 1939, discovering 300 mosaic pavements in and around the lost city. The BMA received some of the mosaics from the excavation, totaling 34 pavements, 28 of which are on display in the museum's sunlit atrium court.
Discovered in the affluent suburb of Daphne and the nearby port city of Seleucia Pieria, the mosaics date from the days of the emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century A.D. to the Christian empire of Justinian in the 6th century, bridging the Classical world and the early Middle Ages. The mosaics illustrate how the classical art of Greece and Rome evolved into the art of the early Christian era, and tell the story of how people lived in this ancient city prior to its destruction by catastrophic earthquakes in 526 and 528 A.D. The mosaics are notable for their grand scale and elaborately patterned borders, and the brilliance of their decorative and naturalistic effects.
Art of the ancient Americas
Ancient woman with child, art from the Maya or Jaina dating to the 7th-10th century, at the museum
This collection contains works from 59 distinct artistic traditions from Aztec and Maya of Mesoamerica, Chimú and Muisca of Andean South America, and Nicoya, and the Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica. The collection includes works from 2500 BC to AD 1521. The core collection of 120 objects was given to the museum by Alan Wurtzburger in 1958, which significantly expanded the scope of the existing collection and provided momentum for a traveling exhibition of Peruvian ceramics titled Myths of Ancient Peru (1969).
The collection is particularly admired for its West Mexico ceramics, including an important Nayarit house model and an enthroned chief. Also on display is a unique assemblage of 23 figures in dance regalia which celebrates ancient performance and highlights the diversity of Colima art.
Other notable pieces include a finely worked serpentine figure of Olmec mastery, elegant portrayals of Maya and Aztec noblewomen showcasing the integral roles women played in the social, political, economic, and spiritual realms of society, and miniature gold votives in the Muisca tradition.
Art of the Pacific Islands
An unidentified 20th century Abelam artist from Papua New Guinea at the museum
This exhibit includes artwork from several cultural traditions of the Pacific Islands, including Melanesia and Polynesia. Works in collection include jewelry, ornaments, and tapa cloths.
Of notable interest is a finely carved lizard of dark wood and shell from Easter Island, a battle pectoral created from hundreds of Nassa shells, which highlight Middi art of New Britain; and an 18th-century royal Hawaiian necklace.
Other highlights of the collection include a breast ornament embellished with small birds and stars that figured as insignia of prestige for the Tonga of the Fiji Islands. Featuring whale ivory and pearl shell design, it is recognized as one of the largest of its kind.
Asian art
The museum's Asian art collection includes works from China, Japan, India, Tibet, Southeast Asia, and the Near East. The collection is particularly known for its Chinese ceramics, with a particular depth in mortuary wares from the Tang dynasty (618–907) and utilitarian stoneware from the 11th through the 13th centuries. Although more than 1,000 objects are comprised in this collection, because of limited space, only a portion of the pieces are on display at one time. Works are on view in rotating installations in the museum's Julius Levy Memorial Gallery.
Some notable works in the collection include the life-sized early-15th-century bronze Guanyin, known widely as "Goddess of Mercy"; the robust figure of a horse from a Han dynasty tomb; a 39-piece mortuary retinue, a rare example of the quantities of clay figures that were placed in tombs during the early Tang dynasty; and an outstanding foliate-shaped brush washer that represents the mastery of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain. Asian art is also represented in other areas of the museum's collection, including 475 Japanese prints and 1,000 textiles from across Asia.
European art
Rinaldo and Armida, a 1629 work by Sir Anthony van Dyck, at the museum
Paysage Bords de Seine, an 1879 work by Pierre-Auguste Renoir that was stolen in 1951 and resurfaced in 2012, at the museum
The European art collection at the BMA contains works from the 15th through 19th centuries. Most of the collection was formed through donations made by private citizens of the city of Baltimore, notably Mary Frick Jacobs, George A. Lucas, and Jacob Epstein. The collection contains a large selection of 19th-century French art, including more than 140 bronze animal sculptures by Antoine-Louis Barye and several paintings by Barbizon artists such as Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and impressionist Camille Pissarro.
The collection includes a wide array of decorative arts, including jeweled snuff boxes, porcelain, and silver. The museum also exhibits a large collection of works on paper from the 15th through the 19th century.
Highlights of the European art exhibit include Sir Anthony van Dyck's Rinaldo and Armida (1629), which was commissioned by King Charles I of England. It is considered one of the artist's finest paintings. Other items of northern European and French art include Frans Hals' portrait Dorothea Berck (1644), Rembrandt van Rijn's painting of his son Titus (1660), Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin's portrayal of a lovely maiden tossing a ball in The Game of Knucklebones (c. 1734), and French court portraitist Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun's exotic Princess Anna Alexandrovna Galitzin (c. 1797). Medieval and Renaissance works include a 14th-century Burgundian Virgin and Child carved of limestone and Titian's Portrait of a Gentleman (1561). There are also late-medieval and Renaissance paintings by Giovanni dal Ponte, Biagio D'Antonio, Sandro Botticelli and Workshop, Bernardino Luini, Francesco Ubertini, and Master of View of Saint Gudule.
In 2012, Paysage Bords de Seine, a Renoir stolen from the museum, resurfaced after being lost for 63 years. The painting then became the subject of a dramatic legal dispute involving the FBI, the woman who said she found the painting, an insurance company's rights to the artwork, and the intentions of Saidie May, an art collector who bought the painting in Paris in 1925 and lent it to the Baltimore museum. In 2014, a judge deemed it to be the property of the BMA after reviewing related documentation from its archives. At the time of the theft, Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. paid the museum about $2,500 for the loss. The company considered whether to make a claim for the painting when it resurfaced, but decided it "belonged" at the museum.
Cone Collection
Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibémus Quarry a c. 1897 by Paul Cézanne, at the museum
Baltimore sisters Claribel and Etta Cone amassed one of the most important collections of modern art in the U.S. and gave it to the BMA in 1949. Etta Cone began the Cone Collection in 1898 with the purchase of five paintings by American Impressionist Theodore Robinson to decorate their Baltimore home. Soon after, the sisters began to make annual trips to Paris where they visited museums, salons, and the studios of emerging artists. In 1906, Etta purchased her first work by Henri Matisse during a visit with the artist arranged by Gertrude Stein's sister-in-law, Sarah Stein. The Cone sisters were among the artist's first patrons and Etta, in particular, collected works throughout his entire career. Their collection of approximately 3,000 objects included 500 works by Matisse, as well as masterworks by Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in their Baltimore apartments prior to coming to the museum.
Contemporary art
The BMA's Contemporary Wing was built and opened in 1994, closed in January 2011 for renovations, and reopened in November 2012 with new wall and floor finishes; a gallery dedicated to light, sound, and moving image-based art; a dedicated gallery for prints, drawings and photographs; and BMA Go Mobile, a mobile website guide.
The renovated wing houses a two-part architectural intervention that made the BMA the first museum in the United States to commission and acquire a site-specific installation by artist Sarah Oppenheimer. The collection features works by Olafur Eliasson, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Franz West, Yayoi Kusama, Donald Judd, and other eminent artists alongside new acquisitions from 21st-century artists such as Josephine Meckseper, Sarah Sze, and Rirkrit Tiravanija. The works of American artist Bruce Nauman, known for his work with neon lights, can be seen both in the contemporary collection and adorning the outside of the museum itself with his piece Violins, Violence, Silence. The BMA has the second largest collection of Andy Warhol's late work in the U.S.
The Contemporary Wing will be reinstalled again in summer 2019 with a new presentation of 20th- and 21st-century art that focuses on the creativity of black artists such as Roy DeCarava, David Driskell, Joyce J. Scott, Lorna Simpson, and Jack Whitten.
See also
Baltimore portal
References
^ McCauley, Mary Carole. "Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works from women next year: 'You have to do something radical'". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
^ "About the BMA".
^ Stanley Mazaroff, A Paris Life, A Baltimore Treasure, Chapter Fourteen, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.
^ a b c McCauley, Mary Carole. "Baltimore Museum of Art director Chris Bedford tries to change the world. So why does he make some people so angry?". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 21, 2020.(subscription required)
^ McCauley, Mary Carole. "Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as next director". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2016-05-02.(subscription required)
^ Brown, Anne (May 2, 2016). "The Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as its new director" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
^ "Free admission at Baltimore Museum of Art and Walters Art Museum begins October 1". Groundbreaking cooperation and financial support from Baltimore and Baltimore County provides greater public access to world-class art. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
^ Loudermilk, Suzanne. "Slow pace but spot-on Chesapeake fare at Gertrude's". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
^ Sun, Baltimore. "The BMA turns 100". Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ Levere, Jane L. (16 March 2015). "Four Museums Plan Their Centennials". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
^ a b magazine, Baltimore (20 October 2014). "Fall Arts Preview: BMA Turns 100". Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "John Russell Pope Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^
^ Kirkman, Rebekah (June 2, 2022). "Pratt Library Workers Intend to Form a Union". bmoreart. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
^ "Sun, Baltimore "BMA Sells Artworks"".
^ "Sun, Baltimore "Painting by Michelle Obama portraitist Amy Sherald among 23 BMA acquires after deaccession sale"".
^ "BMA Announces Second Round of Acquisitions" (PDF).
^ "Every Day Selections from the Collection" (PDF).
^ "Magazine, Baltimore "Meyerhoff-Becker Biennial Commission"". 30 November 2018.
^ Ludel, Wallace (2019-11-19). "Baltimore Museum of Art Will Only Collect Artworks by Women in 2020". Artsy. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
^ Schmidt, Samantha. "Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works by women in 2020". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
^ Wamsley, Laurel (19 November 2019). "Baltimore Museum Of Art Will Only Buy Works By Women Next Year". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
^ "Renovation page".
^ Text by Samuel Cochran (2012-10-31). "Baltimore Museum of Art Opens A New Contemporary-Art Wing". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
^ "Baltimore Museum of Art Reopens Main Entrance After Over 30 Years". 25 June 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ magazine, Baltimore (21 April 2015). "BMA showcases newly renovated African and Asian art galleries". Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "BMA RECEIVES $3 MILLION GIFT FROM PATRICIA AND MARK JOSEPH TO SUPPORT NEW EDUCATION CENTER" (PDF). July 24, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
^ "New Arrivals" (PDF).
^ McCauley, Mary Carole. "Baltimore Museum of Art opens renovated African and Asian galleries". Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ sftrajan (2007-08-31), Antioch Mosaics, retrieved 2022-05-25
^ "BMA Ancient American collection description".
^ "Rinaldo and Armida". Artble. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
^ Zongker, Brett (28 March 2014). "Long-lost Renoir piece returns to Baltimore museum". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
^ "Bruce Nauman - BMA Blog". blog.artbma.org. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Every Day exhibition press release" (PDF).
Further reading
Flam, Jack. Matisse in the Cone Collection, Baltimore Museum of Art, 2001 ISBN 0-912298-73-1
Dackerman, Susan. Painted Prints: The Revelation of Color in Northern Renaissance and Baroque Engravings, Etchings, and Woodcuts, Baltimore Museum of Art, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02235-3
External links
Baltimore Museum of Art
Baltimore Museum of Art: the Cone Collection Archived 2021-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
Virtual tour of the Baltimore Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture
Media related to Baltimore Museum of Art at Wikimedia Commons
vte City of BaltimoreTopics
Accent
Culture
Crime
Ethnicities
Events
Film
Flag
Seal
Markets
Media
Music
Neighborhoods
People
Attractions
Churches
Federal Hill
Fells Point
Fort McHenry
Harborplace
Inner Harbor
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Museums
Baltimore Museum of Art
Baltimore Streetcar Museum
B&O Railroad Museum
Public art
Maryland Center for History and Culture
Maryland Science Center
Mount Vernon
National Aquarium
Port Discovery
Ships
Skyscrapers
Walters Art Museum
Washington Monument
Zoo
Entertainment
Arch Social Club
Charm City Art Space
Hammerjack's
Hippodrome
Lithuanian Hall
MECU-Pier Six
Meyerhoff Symphony Hall
Modell Lyric
Ottobar
Power Plant Live!
Rams Head Live!
Education
Enoch Pratt Free Library
Baltimore City Public Schools
Private Schools
Colleges and Universities
City Community College
Government
Mayor (Brandon Scott)
City Council
City Hall
Delegates
Senators
Archives
Courts
Fire
Health
Police
Sheriff's Office
Transportation
State Agencies
History
National Register sites
Baltimore City Landmarks
Historical timeline
Baltimore riot of 1861
Baltimore Crew
Great Baltimore Fire
Fort Holabird
Baltimore riot of 1968
Howard Street Tunnel fire
2015 Baltimore protests
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
Industry
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Bethlehem Steel
Constellation
CoverGirl
DeBaufre Bakeries
Hecht's
Grace Chemicals
JoS. A. Bank Clothiers
Legg Mason
McCormick & Company
Schmidt Bakeries
T. Rowe Price
Royal Farms
Under Armour
Parks
Carroll
Clifton
Cylburn
Druid Hill
Gwynns Falls
Leakin
Herring Run
Patterson
Sherwood
Wyman
Sports
Orioles (Camden Yards)
Ravens (M&T Bank Stadium)
Blast (SECU Arena)
Marathon
Baltimore Grand Prix
Johns Hopkins Lacrosse (Homewood Field)
Kinetic Race
Maryland Cycling Classic
Preakness (Pimlico Race Course)
Transportation
Metro SubwayLink
Light RailLink
Buses
MARC Train
Penn Station
BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport
Martin State Airport
Port of Baltimore
Baltimore Belt Line
Misc.
Baltimore metropolitan area
Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area
Baltimore portal
Category
vteArts and entertainment in BaltimoreDistricts
Bromo Arts District
Highlandtown Arts District
Station North Arts and Entertainment District
West Baltimore Innovation District
Festivals
Artscape
Baltimore Flower Mart
Fell's Point Fun Festival
HonFest
Kinetic sculpture race
Maryland Film Festival
Institutions
Baltimore School for the Arts
Maryland Institute College of Art
Peabody Institute
Museums
American Visionary Art Museum
Baltimore Museum of Art
Charm City Art Space
Peale Museum
Walters Art Museum
Venues
Baltimore Theatre Project
Center Stage
The Charles
Copycat Building
Corner Theatre ETC
Everyman Theatre
Hippodrome Theatre
Holliday Street Theater
Meyerhoff Symphony Hall
Mayfair Theatre
The Lyric
Parkway Theatre
Royal Theatre
vteMuseums in MarylandArt
Academy Art
African Art Museum of Maryland
Albin O. Kuhn Gallery
American Visionary Art
Art Gallery at the University of Maryland
Baltimore Museum of Art
Brooke Whiting House of Art
Center for Art, Design and Visual Culture
Charm City Art Space
Contemporary
David C. Driskell Center
Glenstone
Havre de Grace Decoy Museum
Janus Museum
Maryland Art Place
Maryland Institute College of Art Galleries
Ratner Museum
School 33 Art Center
Strathmore
Walters Art Museum
Ward Museum of Wildfowl Art
Washington County Fine Arts
Aerospace and aviation
College Park Aviation Museum
Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum
Goddard Visitor Center
Hagerstown Aviation Museum
Massey Air Museum
Patuxent River Naval Air Museum
Entertainment
Chesapeake Children's Museum
Port Discovery
Radio & Television Museum
Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum
History and historic houses
Adkins Historical Museum
Baltimore Museum of Industry
Banneker-Douglass Museum
Barbara Fritchie House and Museum
Beall–Dawson House
Belair Mansion
Belair Stable Museum
Benson–Hammond House
Bowman House
Button Farm Living History Center
Clara Barton National Historic Site
Carroll County Farm Museum
Carroll Mansion
Costen House
Cray House
Darnall's Chance
Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum
Evergreen Museum & Library
Furnace Town
Girdletree Barnes Bank
Government House
Great Blacks in Wax Museum
Hager House
Hammond–Harwood House
Hampton National Historic Site
Hancock's Resolution
His Lordship's Kindness
Historic London Town
Historic St. Mary's City
Homewood Museum
J. Millard Tawes Historical Museum
Jerusalem Mill Village
Julia A. Purnell Museum
Kennedy Farm
Ladew Topiary Gardens
La Grange Plantation
Laurel Museum
Marietta House Museum
Maryland Center for History and Culture
Maryland State House
Miller House Museum
Montpelier Mansion
Mother Seton House
Mount Clare Museum House
Mount Harmon Plantation
Oxon Cove Park and Oxon Hill Farm
Pemberton Hall
National Colonial Farm
Poplar Hill Mansion
Riversdale
Rose Hill Manor Park & Children's Museum
Schifferstadt Architectural Museum
Smallwood State Park
Sotterley Plantation
Star Spangled Banner Flag House
Steppingstone Museum
Surratt House Museum
Susquehanna State Park
Taylor House
Teackle Mansion
Thomas Stone National Historic Site
Tudor Hall (Bel Air, Maryland)
Tudor Hall (Leonardtown, Maryland)
Union Mills Homestead
William Paca House & Garden
Maritime
Annapolis Maritime Museum
Calvert Marine Museum
Capt. Salem Avery House
Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum
Concord Point Lighthouse
Cove Point Light
Havre de Grace Maritime Museum
Historic Ships in Baltimore
Joppa Wharf Museum
Maryland Dove
Ocean City Life-Saving Station Museum
Point Lookout Light
Richardson Maritime Museum
Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse
Tilghman Watermen's Museum
Turkey Point Light Station
Upper Bay Museum
U.S. Naval Academy Museum
Waterman's Museum
Military
Airmen Memorial Museum
Antietam National Battlefield
Bainbridge Naval Training Center Museum
Fort Frederick State Park
Fort George G. Meade Museum
Fort McHenry
Fort Washington Park
Maryland Museum of Military History
Monocacy National Battlefield
National Cryptologic Museum
Point Lookout State Park
Railway
B&O Railroad Museum
Baltimore Streetcar Museum
Boonsboro Trolley Museum
Brunswick Heritage Museum
Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum
Hagerstown Roundhouse Museum
Huntington Railroad Museum
La Plata train station
Marion Station Railroad Museum
National Capital Trolley Museum
Perryville Railway Museum
Queponco railway station
Stevensville train depot
The Train Room and Museum
Walkersville Southern Railroad Museum
Western Maryland Railway Historical Society Museum
Science, natural history and medicine
Baltimore Public Works Museum
Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge
B. Olive Cole Pharmacy Museum
Cylburn Nature Museum
Deep Creek Lake Discovery Center
Discovery Station
Eden Mill Nature Center
Lamar Heritage and Culture Center
Maryland Science Center
National Electronics Museum
National Museum of Dentistry
National Museum of Civil War Medicine
National Museum of Health and Medicine
National Wildlife Visitor Center at Patuxent Research Refuge
Stonestreet Museum of 19th Century Medicine
University of Maryland School of Nursing Living History Museum
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Sports
Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum
National Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum
National Sailing Hall of Fame
Transportation
Bob's Vintage Museum
Canal Place
C&D Canal Museum
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
Queen City Transportation Museum
Thrasher Carriage Museum
Wheels of Yesterday
Heritage
Banneker-Douglass Museum
Jewish Museum of Maryland
Latvian Museum
National Slavic Museum
Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture
Miscellaneous
Anne Arundel County Free School
Christian Heritage Museum
George Alfred Townsend Museum
Mt. Zion One Room School
National Museum of Language
National Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton
St. Martin's Episcopal Church Museum
Phoenix Shot Tower
Sturgis One Room School
Wye Grist Mill
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Poland
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"John Russell Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_Pope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Village,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Remington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Roland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Park,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Homewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homewood_House"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Cone Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_sisters"},{"link_name":"Claribel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claribel_Cone"},{"link_name":"Etta Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Cone"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisse"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degas"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"George A. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Lucas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAbell-4"},{"link_name":"Rose Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shields_(chef)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Art museum in Baltimore, Maryland, USThe Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA) in Baltimore, Maryland, is an art museum that was founded in 1914. The BMA's collection of 95,000 objects[1] encompasses more than 1,000 works by Henri Matisse anchored by the Cone Collection of modern art, as well as one of the nation's finest holdings of prints, drawings, and photographs. The galleries currently showcase collections of art from Africa; works by established and emerging contemporary artists; European and American paintings, sculpture, and decorative arts; ancient Antioch mosaics; art from Asia, and textiles from around the world.The 210,000-square-foot (20,000 m2) museum is distinguished by a neoclassical building designed in the 1920s by American architect John Russell Pope and two landscaped gardens with 20th-century sculpture.[2] The museum is located between Charles Village, to the east, Remington, to the south, Hampden, to the west; and south of the Roland Park neighborhoods, immediately adjacent to the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University, though the museum is an independent institution and not affiliated with the university.The highlight of the museum is the Cone Collection, brought together by Baltimore sisters Claribel (1864–1929) and Etta Cone (1870–1949). Accomplished collectors, the sisters amassed a wealth of works by artists including Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, nearly all of which were donated to the museum. The museum is also home to 18,000 works of French mid-19th-century art from the George A. Lucas collection, which has been acclaimed by the museum as a cultural \"treasure\" and \"among the greatest single holdings of French art in the country.\"[3]The BMA is currently led by Director Christopher Bedford, who was appointed in May 2016, after a year-long search.[4] Prior to joining the BMA, Bedford led the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University in Massachusetts for four years. He helped the Rose Art Museum out of international controversy from 2009, when the university proposed selling off the museum's top-notch art collection to help with its struggling finances.[5][6]Since October 2006, The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum (formerly Walters Art Gallery), have offered free general admission year-round as a result of grants given by Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and several foundations.[7] The museum is also the site of \"Gertrude's Chesapeake Kitchen\", a popular restaurant owned and operated by chef John Shields.[8]","title":"Baltimore Museum of Art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Baltimore Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Baltimore_Fire"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"A. R. L. Dohme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._R._L._Dohme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William Sergeant Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sergeant_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Peabody Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Institute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimoremagazine.net-11"},{"link_name":"Wyman Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyman_Park"},{"link_name":"North Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Georgian Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Federal styled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italianate style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"North Howard Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Street_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"John Work Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Work_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Civil War-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Robert Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Garrett"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Henry Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Adams_(mechanical_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rodin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"The Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thinker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimoremagazine.net-11"},{"link_name":"Mary Frick Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Frick_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Saidie Adler May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidie_May"},{"link_name":"Alan and Janet Wurtzburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wurtzburger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAbell-4"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In February 1904, the Great Baltimore Fire destroyed much of the central part of the Baltimore's downtown business district. In response, the municipal government established a city-wide congress to develop a master plan for the city's recovery and future growth and development. The congress, headed by Dr. A. R. L. Dohme, decided that a major deficiency of the city was the lack of an art museum. This decision led to the formation of an 18-person Committee on the Art Museum, with art dealer and industrialist Henry H. Wiegand as chairman. Ten years later, on November 16, 1914, the museum was officially incorporated.[9] Along with Minneapolis and Cleveland, Baltimore's museum was \"modeled after two prominent 1870s predecessors, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\".[10] According to a booklet published at the time of incorporation, it was stated that Baltimore lagged behind other cities “in regard to matters of aesthetic interest.”Still without a permanent site, the fledgling museum was founded with but a single painting, William Sergeant Kendall's Mischief, which was donated by Dr. Dohme himself. As the museum's founders were confident that more art would eventually be acquired, the nearby Peabody Institute agreed to hold the collection for a time until a permanent home was established.[11] The committee began planning a permanent home for the museum's holdings.By 1915, the group had decided to permanently house the museum in the Wyman Park area, west of the Peabody Heights neighborhood, later renamed Charles Village. In 1916, a building was purchased on the southwest corner of North Charles and West Biddle Streets as a possible location for the museum. Although an architect was employed to remodel it, it was never occupied. By 1917, the group had received a promise from Johns Hopkins University for the land further south of the new Georgian Revival architecture-Federal styled campus they were in the process of moving to. This prospective plot was near the old Homewood Mansion of 1800 and the later Italianate style Wyman Villa mansion of William Wyman, a Johns Hopkins University donor and trustee. The group subsequently left the downtown site at North Howard Street and West Centre, which they had occupied since 1876.Prior to moving to its permanent home in 1929, however, the museum was temporarily moved in July 1922 to the former home of their prime benefactor and foundress, Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1857–1915), at 101 West Monument Street, on the southwest corner with Cathedral Street facing West Mount Vernon Place and the Washington Monument. Garrett, a philanthropist who also further endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, was the only daughter of John Work Garrett (1820–1884), the Civil War-era President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad who supported then President Abraham Lincoln, and was a scion of the Robert Garrett banking firm in the city.In 1923, the museum's inaugural exhibition opened there with attendance topping 6,775 during its first \nweek.[12] The house was offered by Miss M. Cary as a home for the \"collections\" and a meeting place for the board of trustees. The old Garrett mansion was acquired in 1925 by the group of art enthusiasts who bought the property for the purpose of keeping the museum intact. Despite having limited space, the museum offered accommodations to art associations and a hall for meetings.At Wyman Park, architect John Russell Pope (1874–1937) was engaged to design the museum's permanent home. With his years of study in Europe, Pope is considered to be the main examplar of the classical revival style that proved so popular with traditional American architects. He is credited with a number of major buildings along the American east coast and abroad, including the National Archives Building in Washington, New York's American Museum of Natural History, and the Tate Gallery Sculpture Hall in London.[13] His distinct brand of classicism, both serene and monolithic, was perhaps the perfect choice for such an ambitious project.The cornerstone was laid on October 20, 1927, facing the future Art Museum Drive running diagonally from North Charles Street. The systems engineering for the building's original design was completed by Henry Adams, noted local mechanical engineer. The building consists of three floors and includes several rooms that were reconstructed and/or replicated from six local Maryland historic houses before their loss or razing.[14]The building phase was marked by controversy over its location, cost, and the quality of workmanship, but on April 19, 1929, it opened on schedule without much fanfare. The first visitors were greeted by Rodin's The Thinker in the Sculpture Court, and most of the objects on display were lent by Baltimore and Maryland collectors. An average of 584 visitors attended the museum each day during its first two months.By the 1930s, the public reception was such that director Roland McKinney, in a letter to board chairman Henry Treide, noted, \"People seem to feel that the Museum belongs to them and show that they are sincerely proud of it and its activities.\" Unfortunately, these people were mostly upper-crust, privileged, and white, a fact noted in a 1937 Carnegie Corporation report. \"[Baltimore] cultural institutions (outside of the library and the schools) have appealed to, been intended for, and been supported by a pretty small minority... they need to be opened up, for the viewpoint of the entire community and its needs\", it concluded. Local artists were feeling slighted, as well. “We, the living, resent being left to work in a vacuum of indifference and neglect while so much of the dead past is exhausted [by the BMA],” the president of the Artists’ Union of Baltimore complained to The Evening Sun in 1937. The writer of the letter was Morris Louis, whose work, decades later, would be in the BMA's contemporary collection. Treide responded with an extensive community outreach survey and, in 1939, presented the city's first exhibition of African-American art. The show drew over 12,000 visitors in two weeks.[11]Many of the objects lent to the museum when it opened were eventually donated to it. Among the donors who have shaped the museum's collection are Blanche Adler, Dr. Claribel Cone and Etta Cone, Jacob Epstein, Edward J. Gallagher, Jr., John W. and Robert Garrett, Mary Frick Jacobs, Ryda H. and Robert H. Levi, Saidie Adler May, Dorothy McIlvain Scott, Elsie C. Woodward, and Alan and Janet Wurtzburger. The growing collection is reflected in the three major expansions: the Saidie A. May Wing in 1950, the Woodward Wing in 1956, and the Cone Wing in 1957. These additions were all designed by local architects Wrenn, Lewis and Jencks to harmonize with the original Pope Building.The museum's collection includes more than 95,000 objects,[4] making it the largest art museum in Maryland. It is governed by a private board of trustees and receives funding from the City of Baltimore, Baltimore, Carroll, and Howard counties; the state of Maryland, various corporations and foundations, federal agencies; individual trustees, and private citizens.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Enoch Pratt Free Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmoreart2022-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mark Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bradford"},{"link_name":"Isaac Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Julien"},{"link_name":"Wangechi Mutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangechi_Mutu"},{"link_name":"Amy Sherald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sherald"},{"link_name":"Carrie Mae Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems"},{"link_name":"Jack Whitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Whitten"},{"link_name":"Lynette Yiadom-Boakye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynette_Yiadom-Boakye"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mickalene Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickalene_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"19th amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"The Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAbell-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whiting-Turner_Contracting_Company"},{"link_name":"Towson, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Columbia, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"The BMA welcomes more than 200,000 visitors annually. In addition to its art collection, it organizes and hosts traveling exhibitions and serves as a major arts center for the region through its programs.In June 2022, it was reported that AFSCME Council 67 would represent BMA workers, along with those at Walters Art Museum and Enoch Pratt Free Library if unionization efforts were successful at those institutions.[15]In 2018, the BMA announced its intention to sell seven works by artists already well-represented in the collection in order to acquire more contemporary works by women and artists of color.[16] This initiative led to the addition of works by Mark Bradford, Isaac Julian, Wangechi Mutu, Amy Sherald, Carrie Mae Weems, Jack Whitten, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, and other notable contemporary artists.[17][18] Many of these works will be on view in a major reinstallation of the Contemporary Wing that focuses on the creativity of 20th- and 21st-century black artists.[19] In fall 2019, the museum transformed the East Lobby with a major new work by internationally acclaimed artist Mickalene Thomas as part of the Robert E. Meyerhoff and Rheda Becker Biennial Commission. This endowment gift is the first named public art commission in the U.S.[20] and includes a curatorial fellowship to help strengthen the diversity of the museum.In November 2019, it was announced that the Baltimore Museum of Art would only purchase works made by female artists in 2020.[21] The decision was made in efforts to work towards “re-correcting the canon.”[22] Marking the 100th anniversary of the 19th amendment, which gave women the right to vote, all twenty-two exhibitions in 2020 focused on women artists.[23] A controversy arose in October, 2020, over the proposed sale of museum holdings to increase its endowment. Among the artworks slated for auction to raise an estimated $65 million was The Last Supper by Andy Warhol. The ensuing outcry resulted in cancellation of the sale. The Baltimore Sun said the museum was \" ... battered by more negative publicity than it has endured in recent memory\", which led to criticism of the museum's leadership.[4]Between 2012 and 2015, the BMA completed a $28 million renovation that improved galleries for contemporary, American, African, and Asian art collections; improved essential infrastructure, and created more visitor amenities.[24]The first phase of the BMA's renovation was completed in November 2012 with the reopening of the Contemporary Wing.[25] In November 2014, after being closed for almost 30 years, the neoclassical Merrick Historic Entrance was reopened to the public to coincide with the museum's 100-year anniversary.[26] The next phase encompassed the Dorothy McIlvain Scott American Wing, comprising the first and second floors of the BMA's original 1929 building designed by the acclaimed American architect John Russell Pope; the 1982 East Wing Lobby and Zamoiski East Entrance designed by Bower, Lewis & Thrower; and critically important upgrades to the museum's infrastructure. The architect for this phase of the renovation was the Baltimore-based architecture firm Ziger/Snead, with construction completed by The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company of Towson, Maryland. The project manager was Synthesis, Inc., of Columbia, Maryland. The BMA also greatly expanded galleries for its African and Asian art collections, which opened in April 2015.[27] The culmination of the renovation was the opening of the new $4.5 million, 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) Patricia and Mark Joseph Education Center in October 2015.[28]The renovation was funded by the museum's philanthropic campaign, In a New Light: The Campaign for The Baltimore Museum of Art, which raised $80.7 million and added more than 4,000 artworks to the collection during the decade leading up to the BMA's 100th anniversary.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Bamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_culture"},{"link_name":"Kuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people"},{"link_name":"headdresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headdress"},{"link_name":"masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask"},{"link_name":"figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurine"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"ceremonial weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_weapons"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"Zlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlan"},{"link_name":"Lozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_people"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"African art","text":"The BMA was one of the first museums in the United States to obtain a collection of African art. A large part of the collection was donated by Janet and Alan Wurtzburger in 1954. It contains more than 2,000 objects whose sources range from ancient Egypt to contemporary Zimbabwe, and includes works from many other cultures, including Bamana, Yoruba, Kuba, Ndebele. The collection includes many different forms of art, including headdresses, masks, figures, royal staffs, textiles, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, and pottery. Several of the pieces are known for their use in royal courts, performances, and religious contexts, and many are internationally known.Highlights of the collection include works by carvers Zlan and Sonzanlwon, and figures by the legendary brasscaster Ldamie. Also on display are a Lozi throne from c. 1900, most likely carved in the court of King Lewanika of western Zambia, a 20th-century Hausa Koranic prayer board, and a 2006 video work by Theo Eshetu. Several of the masks and figurative sculptures are recognized internationally as the best of their type.[30]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Willson Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale"},{"link_name":"Samuel Kirk & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Kirk_%26_Son&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baltimore album quilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_album_quilts"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"John Singleton Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sully"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eakins"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Childe Hassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Hassam"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hart Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole"},{"link_name":"Theodore Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Georgia O'Keeffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe"},{"link_name":"Imogen Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Man Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Ray"},{"link_name":"Paul Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Strand"},{"link_name":"Alfred Stieglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Joshua Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Johnson_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Edmonia Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Horace Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Pippin"},{"link_name":"Henry Ossawa Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Subscription Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Subscription_Plate"},{"link_name":"Louis Comfort Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"Georg Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Eugene Kupjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Kupjack&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"American art","text":"The BMA's American art collection includes paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts spanning from the colonial era to the late 20th century. The museum has several works of art from the Baltimore area, including portraiture by Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, and other members of the Peale family; silver from Baltimore's prominent silver manufacturing company Samuel Kirk & Son; Baltimore album quilts; and painted furniture by John Finlay and Hugh Finlay of Baltimore.The American painting collection at the museum ranges from 18th-century portraits and 19th-century landscape painting to American Impressionism and modernism, with works by artists John Singleton Copley, Thomas Sully, Thomas Eakins, John Singer Sargent, Childe Hassam, and Thomas Hart Benton. Notable canvases include A Wild Scene (1831–1832) by Thomas Cole, La Vachère (1888) by Theodore Robinson, and Pink Tulip (1926) by Georgia O'Keeffe. These are complemented by holdings of prints and drawings, as well as modern photographs from the Gallagher/Dalsheimer Collection. Artists represented include Imogen Cunningham, Man Ray, Paul Strand, and Alfred Stieglitz.The BMA has a long record of collecting works by African American artists that began in 1939 with one of the first exhibitions of African American art in the country. This collection has grown with the addition of works by 19th- and 20th-century African-American artists Joshua Johnson, Jacob Lawrence, Edmonia Lewis, Horace Pippin, and Henry Ossawa Tanner, as well as numerous works by contemporary artists.The BMA's holdings of American decorative arts include an extensive furniture collection that represents the major historic cabinetmaking centers of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. Many of these objects came from Dorothy McIlvain Scott, a generous Baltimore philanthropist and collector.A gift in 1933 by Mrs. Miles White, Jr. of over 200 pieces of Maryland silver formed the nucleus of a silver collection that now encompasses objects by leading 18th- and early 19th-century silversmiths in Annapolis and Baltimore, as well as examples of early English silver owned by Maryland families during the Federal era. Among them is the Annapolis Subscription Plate, made by Annapolis silver smith John Inch and the oldest surviving silver object made in Maryland. Later masterworks by artists from Louis Comfort Tiffany to Georg Jensen are also on view.Other notable aspects of the decorative arts collection include a rare set of five clerestory windows and two mosaic-clad architectural columns that represent Tiffany's contribution to 20th-century ornament. Period rooms from six historic Maryland houses, along with architectural elements from other historic buildings, illustrate town and country building styles from the 18th and 19th centuries, and miniature rooms made by Chicago miniaturist Eugene Kupjack that invite scrutiny of a variety of decorative styles at close range.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antioch mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_mosaics"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Worcester Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne,_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Seleucia Pieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian"},{"link_name":"Classical world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_world"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Antioch mosaics","text":"The BMA exhibits a collection of Antioch mosaics, the result of its participation in excavations of this ancient city, known today as Antakya in southeastern Turkey, near the border of Syria.With the support of BMA Trustee Robert Garrett, the Baltimore Museum of Art joined the Musées Nationaux de France, Worcester Art Museum, and Princeton University during the excavations of 1932 to 1939, discovering 300 mosaic pavements in and around the lost city. The BMA received some of the mosaics from the excavation, totaling 34 pavements, 28 of which are on display in the museum's sunlit atrium court.Discovered in the affluent suburb of Daphne and the nearby port city of Seleucia Pieria, the mosaics date from the days of the emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century A.D. to the Christian empire of Justinian in the 6th century, bridging the Classical world and the early Middle Ages. The mosaics illustrate how the classical art of Greece and Rome evolved into the art of the early Christian era, and tell the story of how people lived in this ancient city prior to its destruction by catastrophic earthquakes in 526 and 528 A.D. The mosaics are notable for their grand scale and elaborately patterned borders, and the brilliance of their decorative and naturalistic effects.[31]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mayan_woman_with_child.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"Chimú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Nicoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoya"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Olmec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec"}],"sub_title":"Art of the ancient Americas","text":"Ancient woman with child, art from the Maya or Jaina dating to the 7th-10th century, at the museumThis collection contains works from 59 distinct artistic traditions from Aztec and Maya of Mesoamerica, Chimú and Muisca of Andean South America, and Nicoya, and the Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica. The collection includes works from 2500 BC to AD 1521. The core collection of 120 objects was given to the museum by Alan Wurtzburger in 1958, which significantly expanded the scope of the existing collection and provided momentum for a traveling exhibition of Peruvian ceramics titled Myths of Ancient Peru (1969).The collection is particularly admired for its West Mexico ceramics, including an important Nayarit house model and an enthroned chief. Also on display is a unique assemblage of 23 figures in dance regalia which celebrates ancient performance and highlights the diversity of Colima art.[32]Other notable pieces include a finely worked serpentine figure of Olmec mastery, elegant portrayals of Maya and Aztec noblewomen showcasing the integral roles women played in the social, political, economic, and spiritual realms of society, and miniature gold votives in the Muisca tradition.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Guinea_Helmet_Mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"tapa cloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_cloths"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"Middi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Fiji Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"}],"sub_title":"Art of the Pacific Islands","text":"An unidentified 20th century Abelam artist from Papua New Guinea at the museumThis exhibit includes artwork from several cultural traditions of the Pacific Islands, including Melanesia and Polynesia. Works in collection include jewelry, ornaments, and tapa cloths.Of notable interest is a finely carved lizard of dark wood and shell from Easter Island, a battle pectoral created from hundreds of Nassa shells, which highlight Middi art of New Britain; and an 18th-century royal Hawaiian necklace.Other highlights of the collection include a breast ornament embellished with small birds and stars that figured as insignia of prestige for the Tonga of the Fiji Islands. Featuring whale ivory and pearl shell design, it is recognized as one of the largest of its kind.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_art"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"Chinese ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ceramics"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"}],"sub_title":"Asian art","text":"The museum's Asian art collection includes works from China, Japan, India, Tibet, Southeast Asia, and the Near East. The collection is particularly known for its Chinese ceramics, with a particular depth in mortuary wares from the Tang dynasty (618–907) and utilitarian stoneware from the 11th through the 13th centuries. Although more than 1,000 objects are comprised in this collection, because of limited space, only a portion of the pieces are on display at one time. Works are on view in rotating installations in the museum's Julius Levy Memorial Gallery.Some notable works in the collection include the life-sized early-15th-century bronze Guanyin, known widely as \"Goddess of Mercy\"; the robust figure of a horse from a Han dynasty tomb; a 39-piece mortuary retinue, a rare example of the quantities of clay figures that were placed in tombs during the early Tang dynasty; and an outstanding foliate-shaped brush washer that represents the mastery of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain. Asian art is also represented in other areas of the museum's collection, including 475 Japanese prints and 1,000 textiles from across Asia.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck_Rinaldo_and_Armida.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%27s_%27Paysage_Bords_de_Seine%27,_The_Potomack_Company_auction_gallery_in_Alexandria,_VA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paysage Bords de Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysage_Bords_de_Seine"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye"},{"link_name":"Barbizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbizon"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Frans Hals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt van Rijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin"},{"link_name":"Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Paysage Bords de Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysage_Bords_de_Seine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"European art","text":"Rinaldo and Armida, a 1629 work by Sir Anthony van Dyck, at the museumPaysage Bords de Seine, an 1879 work by Pierre-Auguste Renoir that was stolen in 1951 and resurfaced in 2012, at the museumThe European art collection at the BMA contains works from the 15th through 19th centuries. Most of the collection was formed through donations made by private citizens of the city of Baltimore, notably Mary Frick Jacobs, George A. Lucas, and Jacob Epstein. The collection contains a large selection of 19th-century French art, including more than 140 bronze animal sculptures by Antoine-Louis Barye and several paintings by Barbizon artists such as Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and impressionist Camille Pissarro.The collection includes a wide array of decorative arts, including jeweled snuff boxes, porcelain, and silver. The museum also exhibits a large collection of works on paper from the 15th through the 19th century.Highlights of the European art exhibit include Sir Anthony van Dyck's Rinaldo and Armida (1629), which was commissioned by King Charles I of England. It is considered one of the artist's finest paintings.[33] Other items of northern European and French art include Frans Hals' portrait Dorothea Berck (1644), Rembrandt van Rijn's painting of his son Titus (1660), Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin's portrayal of a lovely maiden tossing a ball in The Game of Knucklebones (c. 1734), and French court portraitist Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun's exotic Princess Anna Alexandrovna Galitzin (c. 1797). Medieval and Renaissance works include a 14th-century Burgundian Virgin and Child carved of limestone and Titian's Portrait of a Gentleman (1561). There are also late-medieval and Renaissance paintings by Giovanni dal Ponte, Biagio D'Antonio, Sandro Botticelli and Workshop, Bernardino Luini, Francesco Ubertini, and Master of View of Saint Gudule.[clarification needed]In 2012, Paysage Bords de Seine, a Renoir stolen from the museum, resurfaced after being lost for 63 years. The painting then became the subject of a dramatic legal dispute involving the FBI, the woman who said she found the painting, an insurance company's rights to the artwork, and the intentions of Saidie May, an art collector who bought the painting in Paris in 1925 and lent it to the Baltimore museum. In 2014, a judge deemed it to be the property of the BMA after reviewing related documentation from its archives. At the time of the theft, Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. paid the museum about $2,500 for the loss. The company considered whether to make a claim for the painting when it resurfaced, but decided it \"belonged\" at the museum.[34]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Montagne_Sainte-Victoire_vue_de_la_carri%C3%A8re_Bib%C3%A9mus,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"link_name":"Sarah Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Stein"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"}],"sub_title":"Cone Collection","text":"Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibémus Quarry a c. 1897 by Paul Cézanne, at the museumBaltimore sisters Claribel and Etta Cone amassed one of the most important collections of modern art in the U.S. and gave it to the BMA in 1949. Etta Cone began the Cone Collection in 1898 with the purchase of five paintings by American Impressionist Theodore Robinson to decorate their Baltimore home. Soon after, the sisters began to make annual trips to Paris where they visited museums, salons, and the studios of emerging artists. In 1906, Etta purchased her first work by Henri Matisse during a visit with the artist arranged by Gertrude Stein's sister-in-law, Sarah Stein. The Cone sisters were among the artist's first patrons and Etta, in particular, collected works throughout his entire career. Their collection of approximately 3,000 objects included 500 works by Matisse, as well as masterworks by Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in their Baltimore apartments prior to coming to the museum.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"Olafur Eliasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson"},{"link_name":"Jasper Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Johns"},{"link_name":"Robert Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"Franz West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_West"},{"link_name":"Yayoi Kusama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_Kusama"},{"link_name":"Donald Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Judd"},{"link_name":"Josephine Meckseper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Meckseper"},{"link_name":"Sarah Sze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Sze"},{"link_name":"Rirkrit Tiravanija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rirkrit_Tiravanija"},{"link_name":"Bruce Nauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nauman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Roy DeCarava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_DeCarava"},{"link_name":"David Driskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Driskell"},{"link_name":"Joyce J. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_J._Scott"},{"link_name":"Lorna Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary art","text":"The BMA's Contemporary Wing was built and opened in 1994, closed in January 2011 for renovations, and reopened in November 2012 with new wall and floor finishes; a gallery dedicated to light, sound, and moving image-based art; a dedicated gallery for prints, drawings and photographs; and BMA Go Mobile, a mobile website guide.The renovated wing houses a two-part architectural intervention that made the BMA the first museum in the United States to commission and acquire a site-specific installation by artist Sarah Oppenheimer. The collection features works by Olafur Eliasson, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Franz West, Yayoi Kusama, Donald Judd, and other eminent artists alongside new acquisitions from 21st-century artists such as Josephine Meckseper, Sarah Sze, and Rirkrit Tiravanija. The works of American artist Bruce Nauman, known for his work with neon lights, can be seen both in the contemporary collection and adorning the outside of the museum itself with his piece Violins, Violence, Silence.[35] The BMA has the second largest collection of Andy Warhol's late work in the U.S.The Contemporary Wing will be reinstalled again in summer 2019 with a new presentation of 20th- and 21st-century art that focuses on the creativity of black artists such as Roy DeCarava, David Driskell, Joyce J. Scott, Lorna Simpson, and Jack Whitten.[36]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912298-73-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912298-73-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-271-02235-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02235-3"}],"text":"Flam, Jack. Matisse in the Cone Collection, Baltimore Museum of Art, 2001 ISBN 0-912298-73-1\nDackerman, Susan. Painted Prints: The Revelation of Color in Northern Renaissance and Baroque Engravings, Etchings, and Woodcuts, Baltimore Museum of Art, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02235-3","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ancient woman with child, art from the Maya or Jaina dating to the 7th-10th century, at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mayan_woman_with_child.jpg/220px-Mayan_woman_with_child.jpg"},{"image_text":"An unidentified 20th century Abelam artist from Papua New Guinea at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/New_Guinea_Helmet_Mask.jpg/220px-New_Guinea_Helmet_Mask.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rinaldo and Armida, a 1629 work by Sir Anthony van Dyck, at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anthony_van_Dyck_Rinaldo_and_Armida.jpg/220px-Anthony_van_Dyck_Rinaldo_and_Armida.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paysage Bords de Seine, an 1879 work by Pierre-Auguste Renoir that was stolen in 1951 and resurfaced in 2012, at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%27s_%27Paysage_Bords_de_Seine%27%2C_The_Potomack_Company_auction_gallery_in_Alexandria%2C_VA.jpg/220px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%27s_%27Paysage_Bords_de_Seine%27%2C_The_Potomack_Company_auction_gallery_in_Alexandria%2C_VA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibémus Quarry a c. 1897 by Paul Cézanne, at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/La_Montagne_Sainte-Victoire_vue_de_la_carri%C3%A8re_Bib%C3%A9mus%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/220px-La_Montagne_Sainte-Victoire_vue_de_la_carri%C3%A8re_Bib%C3%A9mus%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Baltimore portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baltimore"}] | [{"reference":"McCauley, Mary Carole. \"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works from women next year: 'You have to do something radical'\". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-fe-bma-female-artists-2020-20191115-33s5hjjnqfghzhmwkt7dqbargq-story.html","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works from women next year: 'You have to do something radical'\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the BMA\".","urls":[{"url":"http://artbma.org/about/index.html","url_text":"\"About the BMA\""}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Mary Carole. \"Baltimore Museum of Art director Chris Bedford tries to change the world. So why does he make some people so angry?\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-pr-fe-baltimore-museum-of-art-chris-bedford-20201120-zkltkjinr5f7vd4bidb4alvncy-story.html","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art director Chris Bedford tries to change the world. So why does he make some people so angry?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Mary Carole. \"Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as next director\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2016-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-bma-appoint-20160502-story.html","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as next director\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Anne (May 2, 2016). \"The Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as its new director\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602013438/https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMA-Director-5.2.16_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"The Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as its new director\""},{"url":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMA-Director-5.2.16_Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Free admission at Baltimore Museum of Art and Walters Art Museum begins October 1\". Groundbreaking cooperation and financial support from Baltimore and Baltimore County provides greater public access to world-class art. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002143744/http://www.thewalters.org/news_art_museum/pressdetail.aspx?e_id=23","url_text":"\"Free admission at Baltimore Museum of Art and Walters Art Museum begins October 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore","url_text":"Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County","url_text":"Baltimore County"},{"url":"http://www.thewalters.org/news_art_museum/pressdetail.aspx?e_id=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loudermilk, Suzanne. \"Slow pace but spot-on Chesapeake fare at Gertrude's\". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-ae-dining-gertrudes-review-20151009-story.html","url_text":"\"Slow pace but spot-on Chesapeake fare at Gertrude's\""}]},{"reference":"Sun, Baltimore. \"The BMA turns 100\". Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-bma-20141123-story.html","url_text":"\"The BMA turns 100\""}]},{"reference":"Levere, Jane L. (16 March 2015). \"Four Museums Plan Their Centennials\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/19/arts/artsspecial/four-museums-plan-their-centennials.html","url_text":"\"Four Museums Plan Their Centennials\""}]},{"reference":"magazine, Baltimore (20 October 2014). \"Fall Arts Preview: BMA Turns 100\". Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/2014/10/20/fall-arts-preview-bma-turns-100","url_text":"\"Fall Arts Preview: BMA Turns 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220235252/https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMAHistoryHighlights_1914-2014_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMAHistoryHighlights_1914-2014_final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Russell Pope Facts\". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biography.yourdictionary.com/john-russell-pope","url_text":"\"John Russell Pope Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkman, Rebekah (June 2, 2022). \"Pratt Library Workers Intend to Form a Union\". bmoreart. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bmoreart.com/2022/06/pratt-library-workers-intend-to-form-a-union.html","url_text":"\"Pratt Library Workers Intend to Form a Union\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220619031149/https://bmoreart.com/2022/06/pratt-library-workers-intend-to-form-a-union.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"BMA Sells Artworks\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-fe-bma-sells-artworks-20180413-story.html","url_text":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"BMA Sells Artworks\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"Painting by Michelle Obama portraitist Amy Sherald among 23 BMA acquires after deaccession sale\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bs-fe-bma-20180626-story.html","url_text":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"Painting by Michelle Obama portraitist Amy Sherald among 23 BMA acquires after deaccession sale\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMA Announces Second Round of Acquisitions\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://artbma.org/documents/press/New_Acquisitions_Release_final.pdf","url_text":"\"BMA Announces Second Round of Acquisitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every Day Selections from the Collection\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://artbma.org/documents/press/every_day.pdf","url_text":"\"Every Day Selections from the Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magazine, Baltimore \"Meyerhoff-Becker Biennial Commission\"\". 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2018/11/30/the-baltimore-museum-of-art-announces-a-new-public-art-commission","url_text":"\"Magazine, Baltimore \"Meyerhoff-Becker Biennial Commission\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ludel, Wallace (2019-11-19). \"Baltimore Museum of Art Will Only Collect Artworks by Women in 2020\". Artsy. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artsy.net/news/artsy-editorial-baltimore-museum-art-will-acquire-work-women-artists-2020","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Will Only Collect Artworks by Women in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Samantha. \"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works by women in 2020\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2019/11/15/baltimore-museum-art-will-only-acquire-works-by-women/","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works by women in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Wamsley, Laurel (19 November 2019). \"Baltimore Museum Of Art Will Only Buy Works By Women Next Year\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/11/19/780935457/baltimore-museum-of-art-will-only-buy-works-by-women-next-year","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum Of Art Will Only Buy Works By Women Next Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renovation page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://artbma.org/about/renovation.html","url_text":"\"Renovation page\""}]},{"reference":"Text by Samuel Cochran (2012-10-31). \"Baltimore Museum of Art Opens A New Contemporary-Art Wing\". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 2018-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/baltimore-museum-of-art-contemporary-wing","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Opens A New Contemporary-Art Wing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Reopens Main Entrance After Over 30 Years\". 25 June 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/in-brief/baltimore-museum-of-art-reopens-main-entrance-after-over-30-years-48027","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Reopens Main Entrance After Over 30 Years\""}]},{"reference":"magazine, Baltimore (21 April 2015). \"BMA showcases newly renovated African and Asian art galleries\". Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/2015/4/21/bma-showcases-newly-renovated-african-and-asian-art-galleries","url_text":"\"BMA showcases newly renovated African and Asian art galleries\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMA RECEIVES $3 MILLION GIFT FROM PATRICIA AND MARK JOSEPH TO SUPPORT NEW EDUCATION CENTER\" (PDF). July 24, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220165123/https://artbma.org/documents/press/JosephEducationCenter.pdf","url_text":"\"BMA RECEIVES $3 MILLION GIFT FROM PATRICIA AND MARK JOSEPH TO SUPPORT NEW EDUCATION CENTER\""},{"url":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/JosephEducationCenter.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Arrivals\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/artbma/documents/press/giftsofart.pdf","url_text":"\"New Arrivals\""}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Mary Carole. \"Baltimore Museum of Art opens renovated African and Asian galleries\". Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-bma-african-asian-20150425-story.html#page=1","url_text":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art opens renovated African and Asian galleries\""}]},{"reference":"sftrajan (2007-08-31), Antioch Mosaics, retrieved 2022-05-25","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sftrajan/1347662196/","url_text":"Antioch Mosaics"}]},{"reference":"\"BMA Ancient American collection description\".","urls":[{"url":"http://artbma.org/collections/ancient.html","url_text":"\"BMA Ancient American collection description\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rinaldo and Armida\". Artble. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artble.com/artists/anthony_van_dyck/paintings/rinaldo_and_armida","url_text":"\"Rinaldo and Armida\""}]},{"reference":"Zongker, Brett (28 March 2014). \"Long-lost Renoir piece returns to Baltimore museum\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2018-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175949/http://www.att.net/s/editorial.dll?fromspage=ch%2Fc.htm&categoryid=&only=y&pnum=42&bfromind=5099&eeid=10434353&_sitecat=3572&dcatid=1916&eetype=article&render=y&ac=7&ck=&ch=ne&_lid=575&_lnm=news.all.ap.articles","url_text":"\"Long-lost Renoir piece returns to Baltimore museum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.att.net/s/editorial.dll?fromspage=ch%2Fc.htm&categoryid=&only=y&pnum=42&bfromind=5099&eeid=10434353&_sitecat=3572&dcatid=1916&eetype=article&render=y&ac=7&ck=&ch=ne&_lid=575&_lnm=news.all.ap.articles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Nauman - BMA Blog\". blog.artbma.org. Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.artbma.org/tag/bruce-nauman/","url_text":"\"Bruce Nauman - BMA Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every Day exhibition press release\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/every_day.pdf","url_text":"\"Every Day exhibition press release\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baltimore_Museum_of_Art¶ms=39_19_34_N_76_37_9_W_type:landmark_scale:2000_region:US","external_links_name":"39°19′34″N 76°37′9″W / 39.32611°N 76.61917°W / 39.32611; -76.61917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baltimore_Museum_of_Art¶ms=39_19_34_N_76_37_9_W_type:landmark_scale:2000_region:US","external_links_name":"39°19′34″N 76°37′9″W / 39.32611°N 76.61917°W / 39.32611; -76.61917"},{"Link":"http://www.artbma.org/","external_links_name":"www.artbma.org"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-fe-bma-female-artists-2020-20191115-33s5hjjnqfghzhmwkt7dqbargq-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works from women next year: 'You have to do something radical'\""},{"Link":"http://artbma.org/about/index.html","external_links_name":"\"About the BMA\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-pr-fe-baltimore-museum-of-art-chris-bedford-20201120-zkltkjinr5f7vd4bidb4alvncy-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art director Chris Bedford tries to change the world. So why does he make some people so angry?\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-bma-appoint-20160502-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as next director\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602013438/https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMA-Director-5.2.16_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Baltimore Museum of Art appoints Christopher Bedford as its new director\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMA-Director-5.2.16_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002143744/http://www.thewalters.org/news_art_museum/pressdetail.aspx?e_id=23","external_links_name":"\"Free admission at Baltimore Museum of Art and Walters Art Museum begins October 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewalters.org/news_art_museum/pressdetail.aspx?e_id=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-ae-dining-gertrudes-review-20151009-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Slow pace but spot-on Chesapeake fare at Gertrude's\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-bma-20141123-story.html","external_links_name":"\"The BMA turns 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/19/arts/artsspecial/four-museums-plan-their-centennials.html","external_links_name":"\"Four Museums Plan Their Centennials\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/2014/10/20/fall-arts-preview-bma-turns-100","external_links_name":"\"Fall Arts Preview: BMA Turns 100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220235252/https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMAHistoryHighlights_1914-2014_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/BMAHistoryHighlights_1914-2014_final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://biography.yourdictionary.com/john-russell-pope","external_links_name":"\"John Russell Pope Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/59462,0,2882861.venue","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://bmoreart.com/2022/06/pratt-library-workers-intend-to-form-a-union.html","external_links_name":"\"Pratt Library Workers Intend to Form a Union\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220619031149/https://bmoreart.com/2022/06/pratt-library-workers-intend-to-form-a-union.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-fe-bma-sells-artworks-20180413-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"BMA Sells Artworks\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bs-fe-bma-20180626-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun, Baltimore \"Painting by Michelle Obama portraitist Amy Sherald among 23 BMA acquires after deaccession sale\"\""},{"Link":"http://artbma.org/documents/press/New_Acquisitions_Release_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BMA Announces Second Round of Acquisitions\""},{"Link":"http://artbma.org/documents/press/every_day.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Every Day Selections from the Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2018/11/30/the-baltimore-museum-of-art-announces-a-new-public-art-commission","external_links_name":"\"Magazine, Baltimore \"Meyerhoff-Becker Biennial Commission\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.artsy.net/news/artsy-editorial-baltimore-museum-art-will-acquire-work-women-artists-2020","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Will Only Collect Artworks by Women in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2019/11/15/baltimore-museum-art-will-only-acquire-works-by-women/","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art will only acquire works by women in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/11/19/780935457/baltimore-museum-of-art-will-only-buy-works-by-women-next-year","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum Of Art Will Only Buy Works By Women Next Year\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/about/renovation.html","external_links_name":"\"Renovation page\""},{"Link":"http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/baltimore-museum-of-art-contemporary-wing","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Opens A New Contemporary-Art Wing\""},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/in-brief/baltimore-museum-of-art-reopens-main-entrance-after-over-30-years-48027","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art Reopens Main Entrance After Over 30 Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/2015/4/21/bma-showcases-newly-renovated-african-and-asian-art-galleries","external_links_name":"\"BMA showcases newly renovated African and Asian art galleries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220165123/https://artbma.org/documents/press/JosephEducationCenter.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BMA RECEIVES $3 MILLION GIFT FROM PATRICIA AND MARK JOSEPH TO SUPPORT NEW EDUCATION CENTER\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/JosephEducationCenter.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/artbma/documents/press/giftsofart.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Arrivals\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-bma-african-asian-20150425-story.html#page=1","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Museum of Art opens renovated African and Asian galleries\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sftrajan/1347662196/","external_links_name":"Antioch Mosaics"},{"Link":"http://artbma.org/collections/ancient.html","external_links_name":"\"BMA Ancient American collection description\""},{"Link":"https://www.artble.com/artists/anthony_van_dyck/paintings/rinaldo_and_armida","external_links_name":"\"Rinaldo and Armida\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175949/http://www.att.net/s/editorial.dll?fromspage=ch%2Fc.htm&categoryid=&only=y&pnum=42&bfromind=5099&eeid=10434353&_sitecat=3572&dcatid=1916&eetype=article&render=y&ac=7&ck=&ch=ne&_lid=575&_lnm=news.all.ap.articles","external_links_name":"\"Long-lost Renoir piece returns to Baltimore museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.att.net/s/editorial.dll?fromspage=ch%2Fc.htm&categoryid=&only=y&pnum=42&bfromind=5099&eeid=10434353&_sitecat=3572&dcatid=1916&eetype=article&render=y&ac=7&ck=&ch=ne&_lid=575&_lnm=news.all.ap.articles","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.artbma.org/tag/bruce-nauman/","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Nauman - BMA Blog\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/documents/press/every_day.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Every Day exhibition press release\""},{"Link":"http://www.artbma.org/","external_links_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art"},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/collections/modern.html","external_links_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art: the Cone Collection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414232256/https://artbma.org/collections/modern.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/u/0/partner/baltimore-museum-of-art?hl=en","external_links_name":"Virtual tour of the Baltimore Museum"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/534857/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403735459","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139120204","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90067908","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871368t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871368t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1019202-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV295497","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297325905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079550","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000198750&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20070220001&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35012942","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689470605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/6163","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00820569?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/495904","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500306982","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/789713","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h176j4","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026471302","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_England | 2005 in England | ["1 Incumbent","2 Events","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","3 See also","4 References"] | List of events
←
2004
2003
2002
2005 in England
→
2006
2007
2008
Centuries:
19th
20th
21st
Decades:
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also:2004–05 in English football2005–06 in English football2005 in the United KingdomOther events of 2005
Events from 2005 in England
Incumbent
Further information: Politics of England
Events
January
5 January – Funeral of Angus Ogilvy, husband of Princess Alexandra, takes place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
8 January
After a night of stormy weather, extensive flooding has occurred in Carlisle as well as other locations and many homes are without power.
12 January – Britain's tallest self-supporting sculpture, the "B of the Bang", is unveiled in Manchester by Linford Christie.
15 January – Conservative Member of Parliament Robert Jackson, MP for Wantage, Oxfordshire, defects to the Labour Party.
26 January
Closure of Ellington Colliery at Ellington, Northumberland, the last remaining operational deep coal mine in North East England, and the last in the UK to extract coal from under the sea.
Rodney Marsh, the former England national football star, is dismissed from his position as a pundit on Sky Sports because of a joke he made live on air concerning the Asian tsunami.
29 January – Chris Smith, the former British Culture Secretary, reveals that he has been HIV positive for 17 years.
February
2 February
Two firefighters and a member of the public die in a fire on the 14th and 15th floors of a 17-storey tower block in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Seven other people are hospitalised, one in serious condition, and 70 people are evacuated from the block.
7 February – Englishwoman Ellen MacArthur sets a record for the quickest round-the-world solo sail. She completed the 27,354-mile (44,022 km) journey in 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes and 33 seconds, breaking the old record of 72 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes and 22 seconds, set by Francis Joyon in 2004, which itself took 20 days off the previous record.
10 February – Clarence House announces that the Prince of Wales (now Charles III) is to marry Camilla Parker Bowles on Friday 8 April in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle. She was styled HRH The Duchess of Cornwall from then until his accession in 2022, and it was announced that, when Charles would become king, she would become HRH The Princess Consort — in the event, she actually became Her Majesty The Queen.
14 February
Hare coursing: As the final Waterloo Cup event in England starts in Altcar, four anti-coursing protesters are arrested. The event is expected to attract up to 10,000 spectators over its 3 days.
London's mayor Ken Livingstone is censured by the London Assembly for comparing a Jewish journalist for the Evening Standard to a concentration camp guard. Livingstone refuses to withdraw his comments.
17 February – The BNFL nuclear plant at Sellafield, in the United Kingdom, reports that 30 kg (66 lb) of plutonium is "unaccounted for". This amount of missing plutonium would be sufficient to make seven atomic bombs. The UK Atomic Energy Authority states that the discrepancy in the record keeping is merely an auditing issue, and that there was no "real loss" of plutonium.
18 February – The Hunting Act, the ban on hunting with dogs in England and Wales, comes into force. Its opponents intend to challenge the law and hunt.
March
1 March – The New Forest in Hampshire becomes England's twelfth national park.
April
9 April – The wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles in a 20-minute ceremony at Windsor Guildhall, which is followed by a blessing at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
May
9 May – The Sellafield nuclear plant's Thorp reprocessing facility in Cumbria, is closed down due to the confirmation of a 20 tonne leak of highly radioactive uranium and plutonium fuel through a fractured pipe.
12 May – Malcolm Glazer gains control of Manchester United after securing a 70% share, ending more than 30 years of ownership by the Edwards family.
21 May – Arsenal become the first team to win the FA Cup on penalties after they defeat Manchester United in a shoot-out that follows a goalless draw.
27 May – Mark Hobson is sentenced to life imprisonment at Leeds Crown Court after admitting four charges of murder. On a killing spree in July last year, 35-year-old Hobson killed his girlfriend Claire Sanderson, Claire's sister Diane Sanderson, as well as pensioners James and Joan Britton. The trial judge recommends that Hobson is never released from prison.
June
17 June – The Ugandan-born bishop of Birmingham, John Sentamu is named the new Archbishop of York. He is the first ever black person to be appointed an Archbishop of the Church of England.
July
6 July – London is chosen as the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games, beating Paris in the final round of votes 54 to 50.
7 July – A series of co-ordinated terrorist bombings strike London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. Three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus at an hour later in Tavistock Square. More than 50 people are killed and hundreds more are injured.
14 July – A two-minute silence is held across Europe at 12:00 BST to remember the victims of the London bombings.
21 July – Four attempted bomb attacks in London disrupt part of the capital's public transport. Small explosions occur around midday at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval stations on London Underground, and on a bus in Bethnal Green. However, there are no injuries.
22 July
The Metropolitan Police shoot Jean Charles de Menezes dead, believed by them (mistakenly) to be one of the previous day's would-be suicide bombers.
Tower of St Edmundsbury Cathedral at Bury St Edmunds completed.
28 July – Birmingham tornado
29 July
Two of the suspects of the July 21 attempted bombings in London are arrested in North Kensington, the fourth is arrested in Rome.
Killing of Richard Whelan
30 July – Murder of Anthony Walker
August
11 August – British Airways grounds all flights as baggage handlers, loaders and bus drivers strike in support of 800 workers sacked by flight catering company Gate Gourmet. The strike is also affecting other airlines, causing chaos at London Heathrow Airport
21 August – Victory over Japan Day: A service is held at London's Cenotaph to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the end of World War II. The Prince of Wales is in attendance, as are survivors of the Far East campaign.
September
12 September – England cricket team wins The Ashes.
29 September – The High Court decides that Ian Huntley, serving life imprisonment for the double child murders at Soham three years ago, should serve at least 40 years in prison before being considered for parole. This ruling is set to keep Huntley behind bars until at least 2042 and the age of 68.
October
18 October – The landmark Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth opens. At 170 metres (560 ft) it is the tallest accessible structure in the UK outside London.
22–23 October – Birmingham race riots.
November
24 November – Pubs in England and Wales permitted to open for 24 hours for the first time.
30 November – Quadruple killer Mark Hobson loses a High Court appeal against his trial judge's recommendation that he should never be released from prison.
December
6 December- David Cameron, 39-year-old MP for Witney in Oxfordshire, is elected Leader of the Conservative Party, defeating David Davis.
10 December – Harold Pinter wins the Nobel Prize in Literature "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms".
11 December – Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire: explosions tear through Buncefield oil storage facility located near Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire.
See also
2005 in Northern Ireland
2005 in Scotland
2005 in Wales
References
^ "MacArthur sails into record books". BBC News. 2005-02-07. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "Charles and Camilla to be married". BBC News. 2005-02-10. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "Arrests as coursing event starts". BBC News. 2005-02-14. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
^ "Ban on hunting comes into force". BBC News. 2005-02-18. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "Prince Charles marries Camilla". BBC News. 2005-04-09. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "St Edmundsbury Marks End Of An Era". Skyscrapernews.com. 2005-07-23. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
^ "England win the Ashes". BBC News. 2005-09-12. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ Skyscraper News
^ Casciani, Dominic (2005-10-25). "Fear and rumours grip Birmingham". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
^ "Pubs open 24 hours". BBC News. 2005-11-24. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "David Cameron is new Tory leader". BBC News. 2005-12-06. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^ "Massive fire at Buncefield oil depot". BBC News. 2005-12-11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
vteYears in England (927–present)10th century
Pre-927
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
11th century
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
12th century
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
13th century
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
14th century
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
15th century
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
16th century
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
17th century
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
18th century
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
19th century
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
20th century
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
21st century
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Events from 2005 in England","title":"2005 in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politics of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_England"}],"text":"Further information: Politics of England","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"St. George's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"B of the Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_of_the_Bang"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Linford Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linford_Christie"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Robert Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Wantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantage"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ellington, Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"coal mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"Rodney Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Marsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"Asian tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"Chris Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury"},{"link_name":"Culture Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"5 January – Funeral of Angus Ogilvy, husband of Princess Alexandra, takes place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.\n8 January\nAfter a night of stormy weather, extensive flooding has occurred in Carlisle as well as other locations and many homes are without power.\n12 January – Britain's tallest self-supporting sculpture, the \"B of the Bang\", is unveiled in Manchester by Linford Christie.\n15 January – Conservative Member of Parliament Robert Jackson, MP for Wantage, Oxfordshire, defects to the Labour Party.\n26 January\nClosure of Ellington Colliery at Ellington, Northumberland, the last remaining operational deep coal mine in North East England, and the last in the UK to extract coal from under the sea.\nRodney Marsh, the former England national football star, is dismissed from his position as a pundit on Sky Sports because of a joke he made live on air concerning the Asian tsunami.\n29 January – Chris Smith, the former British Culture Secretary, reveals that he has been HIV positive for 17 years.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Englishwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ellen MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"Francis Joyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joyon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Clarence House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_House"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Camilla Parker Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Camilla"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hare coursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_coursing"},{"link_name":"Altcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Altcar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"BNFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNFL"},{"link_name":"nuclear plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_plant"},{"link_name":"Sellafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellafield"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"atomic bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Authority"},{"link_name":"auditing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit"},{"link_name":"Hunting Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"2 February\nTwo firefighters and a member of the public die in a fire on the 14th and 15th floors of a 17-storey tower block in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Seven other people are hospitalised, one in serious condition, and 70 people are evacuated from the block.\n7 February – Englishwoman Ellen MacArthur sets a record for the quickest round-the-world solo sail. She completed the 27,354-mile (44,022 km) journey in 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes and 33 seconds, breaking the old record of 72 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes and 22 seconds, set by Francis Joyon in 2004, which itself took 20 days off the previous record.[1]\n10 February – Clarence House announces that the Prince of Wales (now Charles III) is to marry Camilla Parker Bowles on Friday 8 April in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle. She was styled HRH The Duchess of Cornwall from then until his accession in 2022, and it was announced that, when Charles would become king, she would become HRH The Princess Consort[2] — in the event, she actually became Her Majesty The Queen.\n14 February\nHare coursing: As the final Waterloo Cup event in England starts in Altcar, four anti-coursing protesters are arrested. The event is expected to attract up to 10,000 spectators over its 3 days.[3]\nLondon's mayor Ken Livingstone is censured by the London Assembly for comparing a Jewish journalist for the Evening Standard to a concentration camp guard. Livingstone refuses to withdraw his comments.\n17 February – The BNFL nuclear plant at Sellafield, in the United Kingdom, reports that 30 kg (66 lb) of plutonium is \"unaccounted for\". This amount of missing plutonium would be sufficient to make seven atomic bombs. The UK Atomic Energy Authority states that the discrepancy in the record keeping is merely an auditing issue, and that there was no \"real loss\" of plutonium.\n18 February – The Hunting Act, the ban on hunting with dogs in England and Wales, comes into force. Its opponents intend to challenge the law and hunt.[4]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"1 March – The New Forest in Hampshire becomes England's twelfth national park.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Windsor Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Guildhall"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"9 April – The wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles in a 20-minute ceremony at Windsor Guildhall, which is followed by a blessing at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[5]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sellafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellafield"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Glazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Glazer"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mark Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hobson_(spree_killer)"},{"link_name":"Leeds Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"last year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"9 May – The Sellafield nuclear plant's Thorp reprocessing facility in Cumbria, is closed down due to the confirmation of a 20 tonne leak of highly radioactive uranium and plutonium fuel through a fractured pipe.\n12 May – Malcolm Glazer gains control of Manchester United after securing a 70% share, ending more than 30 years of ownership by the Edwards family.\n21 May – Arsenal become the first team to win the FA Cup on penalties after they defeat Manchester United in a shoot-out that follows a goalless draw.\n27 May – Mark Hobson is sentenced to life imprisonment at Leeds Crown Court after admitting four charges of murder. On a killing spree in July last year, 35-year-old Hobson killed his girlfriend Claire Sanderson, Claire's sister Diane Sanderson, as well as pensioners James and Joan Britton. The trial judge recommends that Hobson is never released from prison.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Sentamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sentamu"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"17 June – The Ugandan-born bishop of Birmingham, John Sentamu is named the new Archbishop of York. He is the first ever black person to be appointed an Archbishop of the Church of England.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"A series of co-ordinated terrorist bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"London's public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_London"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"link_name":"exploded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explode"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tavistock Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock_Square"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Four attempted bomb attacks in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_tube_station_(Hammersmith_and_City_Line)"},{"link_name":"Warren Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Street_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_tube_station"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Jean Charles de Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes"},{"link_name":"St Edmundsbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmundsbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Birmingham tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Birmingham_tornado"},{"link_name":"North Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kensington"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Killing of Richard Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Richard_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Murder of Anthony Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Anthony_Walker"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"6 July – London is chosen as the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games, beating Paris in the final round of votes 54 to 50.\n7 July – A series of co-ordinated terrorist bombings strike London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. Three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus at an hour later in Tavistock Square. More than 50 people are killed and hundreds more are injured.\n14 July – A two-minute silence is held across Europe at 12:00 BST to remember the victims of the London bombings.\n21 July – Four attempted bomb attacks in London disrupt part of the capital's public transport. Small explosions occur around midday at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval stations on London Underground, and on a bus in Bethnal Green. However, there are no injuries.\n22 July\nThe Metropolitan Police shoot Jean Charles de Menezes dead, believed by them (mistakenly) to be one of the previous day's would-be suicide bombers.\nTower of St Edmundsbury Cathedral at Bury St Edmunds completed.[6]\n28 July – Birmingham tornado\n29 July\nTwo of the suspects of the July 21 attempted bombings in London are arrested in North Kensington, the fourth is arrested in Rome.\nKilling of Richard Whelan\n30 July – Murder of Anthony Walker","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways"},{"link_name":"baggage handlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_handler"},{"link_name":"Gate Gourmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_Gourmet"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Victory over Japan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day"},{"link_name":"Cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"11 August – British Airways grounds all flights as baggage handlers, loaders and bus drivers strike in support of 800 workers sacked by flight catering company Gate Gourmet. The strike is also affecting other airlines, causing chaos at London Heathrow Airport\n21 August – Victory over Japan Day: A service is held at London's Cenotaph to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the end of World War II. The Prince of Wales is in attendance, as are survivors of the Far East campaign.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"The Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"double child murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_Murders"},{"link_name":"Soham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"12 September – England cricket team wins The Ashes.[7]\n29 September – The High Court decides that Ian Huntley, serving life imprisonment for the double child murders at Soham three years ago, should serve at least 40 years in prison before being considered for parole. This ruling is set to keep Huntley behind bars until at least 2042 and the age of 68.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spinnaker Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Birmingham race riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Birmingham_race_riots"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"18 October – The landmark Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth[8] opens. At 170 metres (560 ft) it is the tallest accessible structure in the UK outside London.\n22–23 October – Birmingham race riots.[9]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mark Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hobson_(spree_killer)"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"24 November – Pubs in England and Wales permitted to open for 24 hours for the first time.[10]\n30 November – Quadruple killer Mark Hobson loses a High Court appeal against his trial judge's recommendation that he should never be released from prison.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Witney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"David Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Hertfordshire_Oil_Storage_Terminal_fire"},{"link_name":"Hemel Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"6 December- David Cameron, 39-year-old MP for Witney in Oxfordshire, is elected Leader of the Conservative Party, defeating David Davis.[11]\n10 December – Harold Pinter wins the Nobel Prize in Literature \"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\".[12]\n11 December – Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire: explosions tear through Buncefield oil storage facility located near Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire.[13]","title":"Events"}] | [] | [{"title":"2005 in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"2005 in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Scotland"},{"title":"2005 in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Wales"}] | [{"reference":"\"MacArthur sails into record books\". BBC News. 2005-02-07. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4926000/4926718.stm","url_text":"\"MacArthur sails into record books\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213072418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4926000/4926718.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles and Camilla to be married\". BBC News. 2005-02-10. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_4929000/4929904.stm","url_text":"\"Charles and Camilla to be married\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080215062232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_4929000/4929904.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arrests as coursing event starts\". BBC News. 2005-02-14. Retrieved 2008-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/4262065.stm","url_text":"\"Arrests as coursing event starts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ban on hunting comes into force\". BBC News. 2005-02-18. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/18/newsid_4930000/4930896.stm","url_text":"\"Ban on hunting comes into force\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/18/newsid_4930000/4930896.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Charles marries Camilla\". BBC News. 2005-04-09. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_4872000/4872424.stm","url_text":"\"Prince Charles marries Camilla\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_4872000/4872424.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Edmundsbury Marks End Of An Era\". Skyscrapernews.com. 2005-07-23. Retrieved 2010-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=366","url_text":"\"St Edmundsbury Marks End Of An Era\""}]},{"reference":"\"England win the Ashes\". BBC News. 2005-09-12. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_4953000/4953962.stm","url_text":"\"England win the Ashes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080202230139/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_4953000/4953962.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Casciani, Dominic (2005-10-25). \"Fear and rumours grip Birmingham\". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4373040.stm","url_text":"\"Fear and rumours grip Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pubs open 24 hours\". BBC News. 2005-11-24. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4970000/4970040.stm","url_text":"\"Pubs open 24 hours\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4970000/4970040.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"David Cameron is new Tory leader\". BBC News. 2005-12-06. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_4753000/4753981.stm","url_text":"\"David Cameron is new Tory leader\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_4753000/4753981.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005\". Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/","url_text":"\"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massive fire at Buncefield oil depot\". BBC News. 2005-12-11. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_4972000/4972524.stm","url_text":"\"Massive fire at Buncefield oil depot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_4972000/4972524.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4926000/4926718.stm","external_links_name":"\"MacArthur sails into record books\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213072418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_4926000/4926718.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_4929000/4929904.stm","external_links_name":"\"Charles and Camilla to be married\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080215062232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_4929000/4929904.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/4262065.stm","external_links_name":"\"Arrests as coursing event starts\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/18/newsid_4930000/4930896.stm","external_links_name":"\"Ban on hunting comes into force\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/18/newsid_4930000/4930896.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_4872000/4872424.stm","external_links_name":"\"Prince Charles marries Camilla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_4872000/4872424.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=366","external_links_name":"\"St Edmundsbury Marks End Of An Era\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_4953000/4953962.stm","external_links_name":"\"England win the Ashes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080202230139/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_4953000/4953962.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=406","external_links_name":"Skyscraper News"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4373040.stm","external_links_name":"\"Fear and rumours grip Birmingham\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4970000/4970040.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pubs open 24 hours\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4970000/4970040.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_4753000/4753981.stm","external_links_name":"\"David Cameron is new Tory leader\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_4753000/4753981.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/","external_links_name":"\"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_4972000/4972524.stm","external_links_name":"\"Massive fire at Buncefield oil depot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_4972000/4972524.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Hapa_Family | One Big Hapa Family | ["1 Awards and nominations","1.1 Awards","1.2 Nominations","2 References","3 External links"] | 2010 Canadian filmOne Big Hapa FamilyDirected byJeff Chiba StearnsWritten byJeff Chiba StearnsProduced byRuth VincentCinematographyJason Woodford, Jeff Chiba StearnsEdited byJeff Chiba StearnsMusic byGenevieve VincentProductioncompanyMeditating Bunny StudioRelease date
October 2010 (2010-10) (Calgary Film Festival)
Running time85 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageEnglish
One Big Hapa Family is a 2010 live-action/animated documentary film directed by Canadian director Jeff Chiba Stearns. The documentary explores aspects that influence most Japanese-Canadians to marry inter-racially and how the mixed Japanese generation perceives its multiracial identity.
Awards and nominations
Awards
2010 NFB Best Canadian Film and Video Award: Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival
2010 Closing Night Film: Vancouver Asian Film Festival
2011 Opening Night Film: DisOrient Asian American Film Festival of Oregon
2011 Best Documentary Award: Trail Dance Film Festival
2011 Opening Night Film: AmérAsia International Film Festival
2011 Closing Film: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival
2011 Rising Star Award – Documentary Competition: Canada Film Festival
2011 Edith Lando Peace Prize: Reel 2 Real International Film Festival for Youth
2011 Special Jury Award, Documentary: Outstanding Cinematography: Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival
2011 Special Jury Award, Documentary: Outstanding Editing: Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival
2011 Best Film Featuring a Person with a Mixed Background: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival 2011
2011 Best Historically Accurate Depiction of the Mixed Experience: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival 2011
Nominations
2011 Nominated for Best Multicultural: Yorkton Film Festival
2011 Nominated for Best Short Documentary Program: Leo Awards 2011
2011 Nominated for Best Screenwriting in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011
2011 Nominated for Best Picture Editing in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011
2011 Nominated for Best Musical Score in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011
References
^ "2010 Festival Award Winners". Reel Asian International Film Festival. 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ "Closing Night: One Big Hapa Family". Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
^ "DisOrient Film Festival Press Release". 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ a b "AmérAsia Film Festival Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
^ Carolyn Kellogg (June 6, 2011). "This weekend: The Mixed Roots Film & Literary Festival". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
^ "2011 Rising Star Awards". Canada International Film Festival. 2012-04-25. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.
^ "Jeff Chiba Stearns Wins the Edith Lando Peace Prize at the Reel to Reel Film Fest". Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ "Film Festival 2011 Announces Award Winners". Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ "See the 'Best Of' choices here!". Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ "2011 Nominees by Name". Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
External links
One Big Hapa Family at IMDb
This article related to a Canadian documentary film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Chiba Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Chiba_Stearns"}],"text":"One Big Hapa Family is a 2010 live-action/animated documentary film directed by Canadian director Jeff Chiba Stearns. The documentary explores aspects that influence most Japanese-Canadians to marry inter-racially and how the mixed Japanese generation perceives its multiracial identity.","title":"One Big Hapa Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Asian Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Asian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"2010 NFB Best Canadian Film and Video Award: Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival[1]\n2010 Closing Night Film: Vancouver Asian Film Festival[2]\n2011 Opening Night Film: DisOrient Asian American Film Festival of Oregon[3][failed verification]\n2011 Best Documentary Award: Trail Dance Film Festival[4]\n2011 Opening Night Film: AmérAsia International Film Festival[4]\n2011 Closing Film: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival[5]\n2011 Rising Star Award – Documentary Competition: Canada Film Festival[6]\n2011 Edith Lando Peace Prize: Reel 2 Real International Film Festival for Youth[7]\n2011 Special Jury Award, Documentary: Outstanding Cinematography: Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival\n2011 Special Jury Award, Documentary: Outstanding Editing: Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival[8]\n2011 Best Film Featuring a Person with a Mixed Background: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival 2011\n2011 Best Historically Accurate Depiction of the Mixed Experience: Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival 2011[9]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Nominations","text":"2011 Nominated for Best Multicultural: Yorkton Film Festival\n2011 Nominated for Best Short Documentary Program: Leo Awards 2011\n2011 Nominated for Best Screenwriting in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011\n2011 Nominated for Best Picture Editing in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011\n2011 Nominated for Best Musical Score in a Documentary Program or Series: Leo Awards 2011[10]","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2010 Festival Award Winners\". Reel Asian International Film Festival. 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2018-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reelasian.com/reel-asian-news/2010-festival-award-winners/","url_text":"\"2010 Festival Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Closing Night: One Big Hapa Family\". Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422192543/http://www.vaff.org/fest10/closing-night-one-big-hapa-family","url_text":"\"Closing Night: One Big Hapa Family\""},{"url":"http://www.vaff.org/fest10/closing-night-one-big-hapa-family","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DisOrient Film Festival Press Release\". 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://disorientfilm.wordpress.com/208-2/","url_text":"\"DisOrient Film Festival Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"AmérAsia Film Festival Press Release\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424093052/http://www.amerasiafestival.com/press/pressrelease_amerasia_en.pdf","url_text":"\"AmérAsia Film Festival Press Release\""},{"url":"http://www.amerasiafestival.com/press/pressrelease_amerasia_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carolyn Kellogg (June 6, 2011). \"This weekend: The Mixed Roots Film & Literary Festival\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/06/this-weekend-the-mixed-roots-film-and-literary-festival.html","url_text":"\"This weekend: The Mixed Roots Film & Literary Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Rising Star Awards\". Canada International Film Festival. 2012-04-25. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232308/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/(X(1)S(ao34r4ufjnufz53yzi25tr55))/Default.aspx?TabId=430&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","url_text":"\"2011 Rising Star Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Canada International Film Festival"},{"url":"http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/(X(1)S(ao34r4ufjnufz53yzi25tr55))/Default.aspx?TabId=430&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Chiba Stearns Wins the Edith Lando Peace Prize at the Reel to Reel Film Fest\". Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecuad.ca/about/news/125763","url_text":"\"Jeff Chiba Stearns Wins the Edith Lando Peace Prize at the Reel to Reel Film Fest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film Festival 2011 Announces Award Winners\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110509031955/http://asianfilmfestla.org/2011/film-festival-2011-announces-award-winners/","url_text":"\"Film Festival 2011 Announces Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://asianfilmfestla.org/2011/film-festival-2011-announces-award-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"See the 'Best Of' choices here!\". Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mxroots.org/award-nominations","url_text":"\"See the 'Best Of' choices here!\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Nominees by Name\". Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090322061736/http://www.goldensheafawards.com/default.aspx?page=207&a=n","url_text":"\"2011 Nominees by Name\""},{"url":"http://www.goldensheafawards.com/default.aspx?page=207&a=n","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.reelasian.com/reel-asian-news/2010-festival-award-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Festival Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422192543/http://www.vaff.org/fest10/closing-night-one-big-hapa-family","external_links_name":"\"Closing Night: One Big Hapa Family\""},{"Link":"http://www.vaff.org/fest10/closing-night-one-big-hapa-family","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://disorientfilm.wordpress.com/208-2/","external_links_name":"\"DisOrient Film Festival Press Release\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424093052/http://www.amerasiafestival.com/press/pressrelease_amerasia_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AmérAsia Film Festival Press Release\""},{"Link":"http://www.amerasiafestival.com/press/pressrelease_amerasia_en.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/06/this-weekend-the-mixed-roots-film-and-literary-festival.html","external_links_name":"\"This weekend: The Mixed Roots Film & Literary Festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232308/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/(X(1)S(ao34r4ufjnufz53yzi25tr55))/Default.aspx?TabId=430&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","external_links_name":"\"2011 Rising Star Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/(X(1)S(ao34r4ufjnufz53yzi25tr55))/Default.aspx?TabId=430&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ecuad.ca/about/news/125763","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Chiba Stearns Wins the Edith Lando Peace Prize at the Reel to Reel Film Fest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110509031955/http://asianfilmfestla.org/2011/film-festival-2011-announces-award-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Film Festival 2011 Announces Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://asianfilmfestla.org/2011/film-festival-2011-announces-award-winners/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mxroots.org/award-nominations","external_links_name":"\"See the 'Best Of' choices here!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090322061736/http://www.goldensheafawards.com/default.aspx?page=207&a=n","external_links_name":"\"2011 Nominees by Name\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldensheafawards.com/default.aspx?page=207&a=n","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1588374/","external_links_name":"One Big Hapa Family"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Big_Hapa_Family&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Sudan | Islam in Sudan | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Most common religion in Sudan
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: The July 2011 partition of Sudan. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2014)
Islam by countryWorld percentage of Muslims by country
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Morocco
Western Sahara
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Réunion
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor
Georgia
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czechia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Tatarstan
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Oceania
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Islam portalvte
Part of a series on theCulture of Sudan
History
Economic history
more
People
more
Languages
Cuisine
Religion
Islam in Sudan
Christianity in Sudan
Literature
List of Sudanese writers
Music and performing arts
List of Sudanese singers
more
Media
Television
Cinema
Photography
Sport
Monuments
World Heritage Sites
more
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
National anthem
vte
Sufi ritual in Omdurman by Ola Alsheikh
Sufi ritual in Sudan
Islam is the most common religion in Sudan and Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in 1956. According to UNDP Sudan, the Muslim population is 97%, including numerous Arab and non-Arab groups. The remaining 3% ascribe to either Christianity or traditional animist religions. Muslims predominate in all but Nuba Mountains region. The vast majority of Muslims in Sudan adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence, deeply influenced with Sufism. There are also some Shia communities in Khartoum, the capital. The most significant divisions occur along the lines of the Sufi brotherhoods. Two popular brotherhoods, the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist Parties respectively. Only the Darfur region is traditionally lacking the presence of Sufi brotherhoods found in the rest of the country.
Shari'a law has been installed by various military regimes, and its application to non-Muslims in the capital was a contentious issue during the negotiations, but it and the other major issues underlying the north–south conflict have been largely resolved in the agreements. Shari'a is to continue to be the basis of the national legal system as it applies in the north; national legislation applicable to the south is to be based on "popular consensus, the values, and the customs of the people." In states or regions where a majority hold different religious or customary beliefs than those on which the legal system is based, the national laws may be amended to accord better with such beliefs. Throughout the country, the application of Shari'a to non-Muslims is to be limited, and courts may not exercise their discretion to impose the harsher physical forms of Shari'a penalties on non-Muslims. Sudan has had three democratic governments since 1956, all of which abolished Shari'a law.
In September 2020, Sudan constitutionally became a secular state after Sudan's transitional government agreed to separate religion from the state, ending 30 years of Islamic rule and Islam as the official state religion in the North African nation. This new legislation also ended the former apostasy law and public flogging.
History
Main article: Islamization of Sudan
Further information: History of Sudan and Islamism in Sudan
Simple village mosque in Upper Nubia, mid-19th century
There had been cultural contact between Nubians and Arabs long before the rise of Islam. Islam spread to Sudan from the north, after the Islamic conquest of Egypt under the government of Amr ibn al-Aas . Nubia had already been Christianized, also from Egypt, hence the old Nubian church followed Coptic Christianity. The Nubian Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia fell to the Islamic invasions in 650, 1312 and 1504, respectively. From 1504, northern Sudan was ruled by the Muslim Funj Sultanate.
Southern Sudan, i.e. South Kordofan and what is now South Sudan was neither Christianized nor Islamized until the 19th century. This region fell under Islamic rule under Muhammad Ali, and there has been religious and ethnic conflict ever since; the Mahdiyah uprisings (1881–1899) can even be seen as the origin of political Islamism and resulted in British control during 1899–1955. Racial and religious conflicts between the Arab Muslim north and the Black African Christian South re-erupted in the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005), the War in Darfur (2003–2010) and the ongoing conflict since 2011.
See also
Islam by country
Christianity in Sudan
References
^ "Sudan Overview". www.sd.undp.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
^ Kheir, Ala; Burns, John; Algrefwi, Ibrahim (2016-02-05). "The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
^ Nakhleh, Emile (29 December 2008). A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829989. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ Hamid Eltgani Ali, Darfur's Political Economy: A Quest for Development Archived 2020-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, pg. 9. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2014. ISBN 9781317964643
^ "Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state". 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
^ "Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule". Archived from the original on 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
^ "Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?". 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
^ "Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims". 12 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islam in Sudan.
vteSudan articlesHistory
Timeline
Pre-independence governors
Pre and early history
Medieval
Islamization
Turkish occupation
Mahdiyya
Anglo-Egyptian occupation
History
Independent Sudan
First Civil War
1958 coup
1969 coup
Nimeiry Era
Communist coup
National Reconciliation
Second Civil War
1985 coup
First Transitional Military Council
Coalitions/Bashir Era
1989 coup
RCCNS
War in Darfur
United Nations Mission
Nomadic conflicts
Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
2019 coup
Second Transitional Military Council
Transitional Sovereignty Council
2019–2021 transition to democracy
Peace process
October 2021 coup
2023 Civil war
Geography
Geology
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Volcanoes
Wildlife
Fauna
Mammals
Birds
Horses
Butterflies
Moths
Non-marine molluscs
Reptiles
Natural disasters
Climate change
Floods
States
Gezira
Al Qadarif
Blue Nile
Central Darfur
East Darfur
Kassala
Khartoum
North Darfur
North Kordofan
Northern
Red Sea
River Nile
Sennar
South Darfur
South Kordofan
West Darfur
West Kordofan
White Nile
Districts
Cities
Politics
Ambassadors
Cabinet
Constitution
Coups
Corruption
Elections
Foreign relations
Human rights (LGBT rights)
Islamism (September Laws)
Military
Native administration
Parliament
Prime Minister
President
Vice President
State Governors
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Central Bank
Companies
Dinar (former currency)
Energy
Pound (currency)
Taxation
Telecommunications
Transport
Society
Marriage
Polygamy
Child marriage
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
minorities
Health
Languages
LGBT
Refugees
Religion
Slavery
Squatting
Toilets
Public toilets
Women
Culture
Anthem
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Clothing
Emblem
Flag
History
Literature
Media
Music
Decorations
Photography
Sport
Outline
Category
vte Demographics of SudanReligions
Islam
Sunni
Shia
Christianity
Orthodox
Catholicism
Protestant
Jews
Ethnic groups
Amdang
Baygo
Beja
Bishari
Beni-Amer
Berta
Burun
Copts
Dar Fur Daju
Doms
Fur
Gula
Hedareb
Maba
Magyarab
Nubians
Sudanese Arabs
Ababda
Amri
Baggara Arabs
Bedouins
Rashaida
Foreign nationals
Greeks
Koreans
Pakistanis
vteIslam in Africa Sovereign states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States with limitedrecognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies andother territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Western Sahara | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sufis_in_omdurman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omdurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman"},{"link_name":"Ola Alsheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Alsheikh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_sufis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"independence in 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Nuba Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-3"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Ansar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)"},{"link_name":"Khatmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatmia"},{"link_name":"Umma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Umma_Party_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party_(Sudan)"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shari'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%27a"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Shari'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%27a"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sufi ritual in Omdurman by Ola AlsheikhSufi ritual in SudanIslam is the most common religion in Sudan and Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in 1956. According to UNDP Sudan, the Muslim population is 97%,[1] including numerous Arab and non-Arab groups. The remaining 3% ascribe to either Christianity or traditional animist religions. Muslims predominate in all but Nuba Mountains region. The vast majority of Muslims in Sudan adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence, deeply influenced with Sufism.[2] There are also some Shia communities in Khartoum, the capital.[3] The most significant divisions occur along the lines of the Sufi brotherhoods. Two popular brotherhoods, the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist Parties respectively. Only the Darfur region is traditionally lacking the presence of Sufi brotherhoods found in the rest of the country.[4]Shari'a law has been installed by various military regimes, and its application to non-Muslims in the capital was a contentious issue during the negotiations, but it and the other major issues underlying the north–south conflict have been largely resolved in the agreements.[citation needed] Shari'a is to continue to be the basis of the national legal system as it applies in the north; national legislation applicable to the south is to be based on \"popular consensus, the values, and the customs of the people.\" In states or regions where a majority hold different religious or customary beliefs than those on which the legal system is based, the national laws may be amended to accord better with such beliefs. Throughout the country, the application of Shari'a to non-Muslims is to be limited, and courts may not exercise their discretion to impose the harsher physical forms of Shari'a penalties on non-Muslims. Sudan has had three democratic governments since 1956, all of which abolished Shari'a law.In September 2020, Sudan constitutionally became a secular state after Sudan's transitional government agreed to separate religion from the state, ending 30 years of Islamic rule and Islam as the official state religion in the North African nation.[5][6][7] This new legislation also ended the former apostasy law and public flogging.[8]","title":"Islam in Sudan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Islamism in Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudanese_mosque,_mid-19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic conquest of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Christianized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianized"},{"link_name":"Coptic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Nobatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobatia"},{"link_name":"Makuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria"},{"link_name":"Alodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia"},{"link_name":"Funj Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar_(sultanate)"},{"link_name":"South Kordofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"under Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Mahdiyah uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War"},{"link_name":"Islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"British control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan"},{"link_name":"First Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"ongoing conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93present)"}],"text":"Further information: History of Sudan and Islamism in SudanSimple village mosque in Upper Nubia, mid-19th centuryThere had been cultural contact between Nubians and Arabs long before the rise of Islam. Islam spread to Sudan from the north, after the Islamic conquest of Egypt under the government of Amr ibn al-Aas . Nubia had already been Christianized, also from Egypt, hence the old Nubian church followed Coptic Christianity. The Nubian Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia fell to the Islamic invasions in 650, 1312 and 1504, respectively. From 1504, northern Sudan was ruled by the Muslim Funj Sultanate.Southern Sudan, i.e. South Kordofan and what is now South Sudan was neither Christianized nor Islamized until the 19th century. This region fell under Islamic rule under Muhammad Ali, and there has been religious and ethnic conflict ever since; the Mahdiyah uprisings (1881–1899) can even be seen as the origin of political Islamism and resulted in British control during 1899–1955. Racial and religious conflicts between the Arab Muslim north and the Black African Christian South re-erupted in the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005), the War in Darfur (2003–2010) and the ongoing conflict since 2011.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Sufi ritual in Omdurman by Ola Alsheikh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Sufis_in_omdurman.jpg/220px-The_Sufis_in_omdurman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sufi ritual in Sudan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sudan_sufis.jpg/220px-Sudan_sufis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simple village mosque in Upper Nubia, mid-19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sudanese_mosque%2C_mid-19th_century.jpg/220px-Sudanese_mosque%2C_mid-19th_century.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Islam by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country"},{"title":"Christianity in Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sudan Overview\". www.sd.undp.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2013-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605132439/http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm","url_text":"\"Sudan Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kheir, Ala; Burns, John; Algrefwi, Ibrahim (2016-02-05). \"The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2019-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures","url_text":"\"The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191110151150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nakhleh, Emile (29 December 2008). A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829989. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TktxvDN2QX4C&q=shia+sudan&pg=PA28","url_text":"A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400829989","url_text":"978-1400829989"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030440/https://books.google.com/books?id=TktxvDN2QX4C&q=shia+sudan&pg=PA28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state\". 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751","url_text":"\"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906183606/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/","url_text":"\"Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200907153349/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?\". 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html","url_text":"\"Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906201907/https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims\". 12 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733","url_text":"\"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507010830/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Country Studies. Federal Research Division.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/","url_text":"Country Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Federal Research Division"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605132439/http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sudan Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures","external_links_name":"\"The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191110151150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TktxvDN2QX4C&q=shia+sudan&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"A Necessary Engagement: Reinventing America's Relations with the Muslim World"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030440/https://books.google.com/books?id=TktxvDN2QX4C&q=shia+sudan&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4BNUBAAAQBAJ&q=warsh&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"Darfur's Political Economy: A Quest for Development"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200818180131/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BNUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=warsh+quran&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=warsh&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751","external_links_name":"\"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906183606/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/","external_links_name":"\"Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200907153349/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html","external_links_name":"\"Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906201907/https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733","external_links_name":"\"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507010830/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/","external_links_name":"Country Studies"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_scalar_product | Triple product | ["1 Scalar triple product","1.1 Geometric interpretation","1.2 Properties","1.3 Scalar or pseudoscalar","1.4 Scalar or scalar density","1.5 As an exterior product","1.6 As a trilinear function","2 Vector triple product","2.1 Proof","2.2 Using geometric algebra","3 Interpretations","3.1 Tensor calculus","3.2 Vector calculus","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Ternary operation on vectors
This article is about ternary operations on vectors. For other uses, see Triple product (disambiguation).
"Signed volume" redirects here. For autographed books, see Bibliophilia.
In geometry and algebra, the triple product is a product of three 3-dimensional vectors, usually Euclidean vectors. The name "triple product" is used for two different products, the scalar-valued scalar triple product and, less often, the vector-valued vector triple product.
Scalar triple product
Three vectors defining a parallelepiped
The scalar triple product (also called the mixed product, box product, or triple scalar product) is defined as the dot product of one of the vectors with the cross product of the other two.
Geometric interpretation
Geometrically, the scalar triple product
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )}
is the (signed) volume of the parallelepiped defined by the three vectors given.
Properties
The scalar triple product is unchanged under a circular shift of its three operands (a, b, c):
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
=
b
⋅
(
c
×
a
)
=
c
⋅
(
a
×
b
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )=\mathbf {b} \cdot (\mathbf {c} \times \mathbf {a} )=\mathbf {c} \cdot (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )}
Swapping the positions of the operators without re-ordering the operands leaves the triple product unchanged. This follows from the preceding property and the commutative property of the dot product:
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
=
(
a
×
b
)
⋅
c
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )=(\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )\cdot \mathbf {c} }
Swapping any two of the three operands negates the triple product. This follows from the circular-shift property and the anticommutativity of the cross product:
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
=
−
a
⋅
(
c
×
b
)
=
−
b
⋅
(
a
×
c
)
=
−
c
⋅
(
b
×
a
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )&=-\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {c} \times \mathbf {b} )\\&=-\mathbf {b} \cdot (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {c} )\\&=-\mathbf {c} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {a} )\end{aligned}}}
The scalar triple product can also be understood as the determinant of the 3×3 matrix that has the three vectors either as its rows or its columns (a matrix has the same determinant as its transpose):
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
=
det
[
a
1
a
2
a
3
b
1
b
2
b
3
c
1
c
2
c
3
]
=
det
[
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
3
b
3
c
3
]
=
det
[
a
b
c
]
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )=\det {\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}\\b_{1}&b_{2}&b_{3}\\c_{1}&c_{2}&c_{3}\\\end{bmatrix}}=\det {\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}&b_{1}&c_{1}\\a_{2}&b_{2}&c_{2}\\a_{3}&b_{3}&c_{3}\end{bmatrix}}=\det {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {a} &\mathbf {b} &\mathbf {c} \end{bmatrix}}.}
If the scalar triple product is equal to zero, then the three vectors a, b, and c are coplanar, since the parallelepiped defined by them would be flat and have no volume.
If any two vectors in the scalar triple product are equal, then its value is zero:
a
⋅
(
a
×
b
)
=
a
⋅
(
b
×
a
)
=
b
⋅
(
a
×
a
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )=\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {a} )=\mathbf {b} \cdot (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {a} )=0}
Also:
(
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
)
a
=
(
a
×
b
)
×
(
a
×
c
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} ))\,\mathbf {a} =(\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )\times (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {c} )}
The simple product of two triple products (or the square of a triple product), may be expanded in terms of dot products:
(
(
a
×
b
)
⋅
c
)
(
(
d
×
e
)
⋅
f
)
=
det
[
a
⋅
d
a
⋅
e
a
⋅
f
b
⋅
d
b
⋅
e
b
⋅
f
c
⋅
d
c
⋅
e
c
⋅
f
]
{\displaystyle ((\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )\cdot \mathbf {c} )\;((\mathbf {d} \times \mathbf {e} )\cdot \mathbf {f} )=\det {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {d} &\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {e} &\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {f} \\\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {d} &\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {e} &\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {f} \\\mathbf {c} \cdot \mathbf {d} &\mathbf {c} \cdot \mathbf {e} &\mathbf {c} \cdot \mathbf {f} \end{bmatrix}}}
This restates in vector notation that the product of the determinants of two 3×3 matrices equals the determinant of their matrix product. As a special case, the square of a triple product is a Gram determinant.
The ratio of the triple product and the product of the three vector norms is known as a polar sine:
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
‖
a
‖
‖
b
‖
‖
c
‖
=
psin
(
a
,
b
,
c
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )}{\|{\mathbf {a} }\|\|{\mathbf {b} }\|\|{\mathbf {c} }\|}}=\operatorname {psin} (\mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} ,\mathbf {c} )}
which ranges between −1 and 1.
Scalar or pseudoscalar
Although the scalar triple product gives the volume of the parallelepiped, it is the signed volume, the sign depending on the orientation of the frame or the parity of the permutation of the vectors. This means the product is negated if the orientation is reversed, for example by a parity transformation, and so is more properly described as a pseudoscalar if the orientation can change.
This also relates to the handedness of the cross product; the cross product transforms as a pseudovector under parity transformations and so is properly described as a pseudovector. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar but the dot product of a pseudovector and a vector is a pseudoscalar, so the scalar triple product (of vectors) must be pseudoscalar-valued.
If T is a proper rotation then
T
a
⋅
(
T
b
×
T
c
)
=
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Ta} \cdot (\mathbf {Tb} \times \mathbf {Tc} )=\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} ),}
but if T is an improper rotation then
T
a
⋅
(
T
b
×
T
c
)
=
−
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Ta} \cdot (\mathbf {Tb} \times \mathbf {Tc} )=-\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} ).}
Scalar or scalar density
Strictly speaking, a scalar does not change at all under a coordinate transformation. (For example, the factor of 2 used for doubling a vector does not change if the vector is in spherical vs. rectangular coordinates.) However, if each vector is transformed by a matrix then the triple product ends up being multiplied by the determinant of the transformation matrix, which could be quite arbitrary for a non-rotation. That is, the triple product is more properly described as a scalar density.
As an exterior product
The three vectors spanning a parallelepiped have triple product equal to its volume. (However, beware that the direction of the arrows in this diagram are incorrect.)
In exterior algebra and geometric algebra the exterior product of two vectors is a bivector, while the exterior product of three vectors is a trivector. A bivector is an oriented plane element and a trivector is an oriented volume element, in the same way that a vector is an oriented line element.
Given vectors a, b and c, the product
a
∧
b
∧
c
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \wedge \mathbf {b} \wedge \mathbf {c} }
is a trivector with magnitude equal to the scalar triple product, i.e.
|
a
∧
b
∧
c
|
=
|
a
⋅
(
b
×
c
)
|
{\displaystyle |\mathbf {a} \wedge \mathbf {b} \wedge \mathbf {c} |=|\mathbf {a} \cdot (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )|}
,
and is the Hodge dual of the scalar triple product. As the exterior product is associative brackets are not needed as it does not matter which of a ∧ b or b ∧ c is calculated first, though the order of the vectors in the product does matter. Geometrically the trivector a ∧ b ∧ c corresponds to the parallelepiped spanned by a, b, and c, with bivectors a ∧ b, b ∧ c and a ∧ c matching the parallelogram faces of the parallelepiped.
As a trilinear function
The triple product is identical to the volume form of the Euclidean 3-space applied to the vectors via interior product. It also can be expressed as a contraction of vectors with a rank-3 tensor equivalent to the form (or a pseudotensor equivalent to the volume pseudoform); see below.
Vector triple product
The vector triple product is defined as the cross product of one vector with the cross product of the other two. The following relationship holds:
a
×
(
b
×
c
)
=
(
a
⋅
c
)
b
−
(
a
⋅
b
)
c
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \times (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )=(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {c} )\mathbf {b} -(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )\mathbf {c} }
.
This is known as triple product expansion, or Lagrange's formula, although the latter name is also used for several other formulas. Its right hand side can be remembered by using the mnemonic "ACB − ABC", provided one keeps in mind which vectors are dotted together. A proof is provided below. Some textbooks write the identity as
a
×
(
b
×
c
)
=
b
(
a
⋅
c
)
−
c
(
a
⋅
b
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \times (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )=\mathbf {b} (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {c} )-\mathbf {c} (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )}
such that a more familiar mnemonic "BAC − CAB" is obtained, as in “back of the cab”.
Since the cross product is anticommutative, this formula may also be written (up to permutation of the letters) as:
(
a
×
b
)
×
c
=
−
c
×
(
a
×
b
)
=
−
(
c
⋅
b
)
a
+
(
c
⋅
a
)
b
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )\times \mathbf {c} =-\mathbf {c} \times (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )=-(\mathbf {c} \cdot \mathbf {b} )\mathbf {a} +(\mathbf {c} \cdot \mathbf {a} )\mathbf {b} }
From Lagrange's formula it follows that the vector triple product satisfies:
a
×
(
b
×
c
)
+
b
×
(
c
×
a
)
+
c
×
(
a
×
b
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \times (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )+\mathbf {b} \times (\mathbf {c} \times \mathbf {a} )+\mathbf {c} \times (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )=\mathbf {0} }
which is the Jacobi identity for the cross product. Another useful formula follows:
(
a
×
b
)
×
c
=
a
×
(
b
×
c
)
−
b
×
(
a
×
c
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )\times \mathbf {c} =\mathbf {a} \times (\mathbf {b} \times \mathbf {c} )-\mathbf {b} \times (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {c} )}
These formulas are very useful in simplifying vector calculations in physics. A related identity regarding gradients and useful in vector calculus is Lagrange's formula of vector cross-product identity:
∇
×
(
∇
×
A
)
=
∇
(
∇
⋅
A
)
−
(
∇
⋅
∇
)
A
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times ({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times \mathbf {A} )={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot \mathbf {A} )-({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }})\mathbf {A} }
This can be also regarded as a special case of the more general Laplace–de Rham operator
Δ
=
d
δ
+
δ
d
{\displaystyle \Delta =d\delta +\delta d}
.
Proof
The
x
{\displaystyle x}
component of
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} )}
is given by:
(
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
)
x
=
u
y
(
v
x
w
y
−
v
y
w
x
)
−
u
z
(
v
z
w
x
−
v
x
w
z
)
=
v
x
(
u
y
w
y
+
u
z
w
z
)
−
w
x
(
u
y
v
y
+
u
z
v
z
)
=
v
x
(
u
y
w
y
+
u
z
w
z
)
−
w
x
(
u
y
v
y
+
u
z
v
z
)
+
(
u
x
v
x
w
x
−
u
x
v
x
w
x
)
=
v
x
(
u
x
w
x
+
u
y
w
y
+
u
z
w
z
)
−
w
x
(
u
x
v
x
+
u
y
v
y
+
u
z
v
z
)
=
(
u
⋅
w
)
v
x
−
(
u
⋅
v
)
w
x
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(\mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} ))_{x}&=\mathbf {u} _{y}(\mathbf {v} _{x}\mathbf {w} _{y}-\mathbf {v} _{y}\mathbf {w} _{x})-\mathbf {u} _{z}(\mathbf {v} _{z}\mathbf {w} _{x}-\mathbf {v} _{x}\mathbf {w} _{z})\\&=\mathbf {v} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {w} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {w} _{z})-\mathbf {w} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {v} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {v} _{z})\\&=\mathbf {v} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {w} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {w} _{z})-\mathbf {w} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {v} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {v} _{z})+(\mathbf {u} _{x}\mathbf {v} _{x}\mathbf {w} _{x}-\mathbf {u} _{x}\mathbf {v} _{x}\mathbf {w} _{x})\\&=\mathbf {v} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{x}\mathbf {w} _{x}+\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {w} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {w} _{z})-\mathbf {w} _{x}(\mathbf {u} _{x}\mathbf {v} _{x}+\mathbf {u} _{y}\mathbf {v} _{y}+\mathbf {u} _{z}\mathbf {v} _{z})\\&=(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {w} )\mathbf {v} _{x}-(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {v} )\mathbf {w} _{x}\end{aligned}}}
Similarly, the
y
{\displaystyle y}
and
z
{\displaystyle z}
components of
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} )}
are given by:
(
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
)
y
=
(
u
⋅
w
)
v
y
−
(
u
⋅
v
)
w
y
(
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
)
z
=
(
u
⋅
w
)
v
z
−
(
u
⋅
v
)
w
z
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(\mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} ))_{y}&=(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {w} )\mathbf {v} _{y}-(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {v} )\mathbf {w} _{y}\\(\mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} ))_{z}&=(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {w} )\mathbf {v} _{z}-(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {v} )\mathbf {w} _{z}\end{aligned}}}
By combining these three components we obtain:
u
×
(
v
×
w
)
=
(
u
⋅
w
)
v
−
(
u
⋅
v
)
w
{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} \times (\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {w} )=(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {w} )\ \mathbf {v} -(\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {v} )\ \mathbf {w} }
Using geometric algebra
If geometric algebra is used the cross product b × c of vectors is expressed as their exterior product b∧c, a bivector. The second cross product cannot be expressed as an exterior product, otherwise the scalar triple product would result. Instead a left contraction can be used, so the formula becomes
−
a
⌟
(
b
∧
c
)
=
b
∧
(
a
⌟
c
)
−
(
a
⌟
b
)
∧
c
=
(
a
⋅
c
)
b
−
(
a
⋅
b
)
c
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-\mathbf {a} \;{\big \lrcorner }\;(\mathbf {b} \wedge \mathbf {c} )&=\mathbf {b} \wedge (\mathbf {a} \;{\big \lrcorner }\;\mathbf {c} )-(\mathbf {a} \;{\big \lrcorner }\;\mathbf {b} )\wedge \mathbf {c} \\&=(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {c} )\mathbf {b} -(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )\mathbf {c} \end{aligned}}}
The proof follows from the properties of the contraction. The result is the same vector as calculated using a × (b × c).
Interpretations
Tensor calculus
In tensor notation, the triple product is expressed using the Levi-Civita symbol:
a
⋅
[
b
×
c
]
=
ε
i
j
k
a
i
b
j
c
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot =\varepsilon _{ijk}a^{i}b^{j}c^{k}}
and
(
a
×
[
b
×
c
]
)
i
=
ε
i
j
k
a
j
ε
k
ℓ
m
b
ℓ
c
m
=
ε
i
j
k
ε
k
ℓ
m
a
j
b
ℓ
c
m
,
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \times )_{i}=\varepsilon _{ijk}a^{j}\varepsilon ^{k\ell m}b_{\ell }c_{m}=\varepsilon _{ijk}\varepsilon ^{k\ell m}a^{j}b_{\ell }c_{m},}
referring to the
i
{\displaystyle i}
-th component of the resulting vector. This can be simplified by performing a contraction on the Levi-Civita symbols,
ε
i
j
k
ε
k
ℓ
m
=
δ
i
j
ℓ
m
=
δ
i
ℓ
δ
j
m
−
δ
i
m
δ
j
ℓ
,
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ijk}\varepsilon ^{k\ell m}=\delta _{ij}^{\ell m}=\delta _{i}^{\ell }\delta _{j}^{m}-\delta _{i}^{m}\delta _{j}^{\ell }\,,}
where
δ
j
i
{\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}}
is the Kronecker delta function (
δ
j
i
=
0
{\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}=0}
when
i
≠
j
{\displaystyle i\neq j}
and
δ
j
i
=
1
{\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}=1}
when
i
=
j
{\displaystyle i=j}
) and
δ
i
j
ℓ
m
{\displaystyle \delta _{ij}^{\ell m}}
is the generalized Kronecker delta function. We can reason out this identity by recognizing that the index
k
{\displaystyle k}
will be summed out leaving only
i
{\displaystyle i}
and
j
{\displaystyle j}
. In the first term, we fix
i
=
l
{\displaystyle i=l}
and thus
j
=
m
{\displaystyle j=m}
. Likewise, in the second term, we fix
i
=
m
{\displaystyle i=m}
and thus
l
=
j
{\displaystyle l=j}
.
Returning to the triple cross product,
(
a
×
[
b
×
c
]
)
i
=
(
δ
i
ℓ
δ
j
m
−
δ
i
m
δ
j
ℓ
)
a
j
b
ℓ
c
m
=
a
j
b
i
c
j
−
a
j
b
j
c
i
=
b
i
(
a
⋅
c
)
−
c
i
(
a
⋅
b
)
.
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \times )_{i}=(\delta _{i}^{\ell }\delta _{j}^{m}-\delta _{i}^{m}\delta _{j}^{\ell })a^{j}b_{\ell }c_{m}=a^{j}b_{i}c_{j}-a^{j}b_{j}c_{i}=b_{i}(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {c} )-c_{i}(\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )\,.}
Vector calculus
Consider the flux integral of the vector field
F
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
across the parametrically-defined surface
S
=
r
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle S=\mathbf {r} (u,v)}
:
∬
S
F
⋅
n
^
d
S
{\textstyle \iint _{S}\mathbf {F} \cdot {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}\,dS}
. The unit normal vector
n
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}
to the surface is given by
r
u
×
r
v
|
r
u
×
r
v
|
{\textstyle {\frac {\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}}{|\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}|}}}
, so the integrand
F
⋅
(
r
u
×
r
v
)
|
r
u
×
r
v
|
{\textstyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\frac {(\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v})}{|\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}|}}}
is a scalar triple product.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)
See also
Quadruple product
Vector algebra relations
Notes
^ Wong, Chun Wa (2013). Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780199641390.
^ Joseph Louis Lagrange did not develop the cross product as an algebraic product on vectors, but did use an equivalent form of it in components: see Lagrange, J-L (1773). "Solutions analytiques de quelques problèmes sur les pyramides triangulaires". Oeuvres. Vol. 3. He may have written a formula similar to the triple product expansion in component form. See also Lagrange's identity and Kiyosi Itô (1987). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.
^
Kiyosi Itô (1993). "§C: Vector product". Encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.
^
Pengzhi Lin (2008). Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-41578-1.
^ J. Heading (1970). Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 262–263.
^ a b Pertti Lounesto (2001). Clifford algebras and spinors (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-00551-5.
^ Janne Pesonen. "Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables" (PDF). p. 37.
^ "Permutation Tensor". Wolfram. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
References
Lass, Harry (1950). Vector and Tensor Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 23–25.
External links
Khan Academy video of the proof of the triple product expansion
vteLinear algebra
Outline
Glossary
Basic concepts
Scalar
Vector
Vector space
Scalar multiplication
Vector projection
Linear span
Linear map
Linear projection
Linear independence
Linear combination
Basis
Change of basis
Row and column vectors
Row and column spaces
Kernel
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Transpose
Linear equations
Matrices
Block
Decomposition
Invertible
Minor
Multiplication
Rank
Transformation
Cramer's rule
Gaussian elimination
Bilinear
Orthogonality
Dot product
Hadamard product
Inner product space
Outer product
Kronecker product
Gram–Schmidt process
Multilinear algebra
Determinant
Cross product
Triple product
Seven-dimensional cross product
Geometric algebra
Exterior algebra
Bivector
Multivector
Tensor
Outermorphism
Vector space constructions
Dual
Direct sum
Function space
Quotient
Subspace
Tensor product
Numerical
Floating-point
Numerical stability
Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms
Sparse matrix
Comparison of linear algebra libraries
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triple product (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_product_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bibliophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliophilia"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vector"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"}],"text":"This article is about ternary operations on vectors. For other uses, see Triple product (disambiguation).\"Signed volume\" redirects here. For autographed books, see Bibliophilia.In geometry and algebra, the triple product is a product of three 3-dimensional vectors, usually Euclidean vectors. The name \"triple product\" is used for two different products, the scalar-valued scalar triple product and, less often, the vector-valued vector triple product.","title":"Triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallelepiped_volume.svg"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product"}],"text":"Three vectors defining a parallelepipedThe scalar triple product (also called the mixed product, box product, or triple scalar product) is defined as the dot product of one of the vectors with the cross product of the other two.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"parallelepiped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelepiped"}],"sub_title":"Geometric interpretation","text":"Geometrically, the scalar triple producta\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )}is the (signed) volume of the parallelepiped defined by the three vectors given.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circular shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_shift"},{"link_name":"negates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse"},{"link_name":"anticommutativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommutativity"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"},{"link_name":"transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose"},{"link_name":"coplanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanar"},{"link_name":"simple product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wong-1"},{"link_name":"Gram determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_determinant"},{"link_name":"polar sine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_sine"}],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"The scalar triple product is unchanged under a circular shift of its three operands (a, b, c):\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n =\n \n b\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n c\n \n ×\n \n a\n \n )\n =\n \n c\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )=\\mathbf {b} \\cdot (\\mathbf {c} \\times \\mathbf {a} )=\\mathbf {c} \\cdot (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )}\n \n\nSwapping the positions of the operators without re-ordering the operands leaves the triple product unchanged. This follows from the preceding property and the commutative property of the dot product:\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n =\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n ⋅\n \n c\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )=(\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\cdot \\mathbf {c} }\n \n\nSwapping any two of the three operands negates the triple product. This follows from the circular-shift property and the anticommutativity of the cross product:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n c\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n b\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n c\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n a\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )&=-\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {c} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\\\&=-\\mathbf {b} \\cdot (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {c} )\\\\&=-\\mathbf {c} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {a} )\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\nThe scalar triple product can also be understood as the determinant of the 3×3 matrix that has the three vectors either as its rows or its columns (a matrix has the same determinant as its transpose):\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}\\\\b_{1}&b_{2}&b_{3}\\\\c_{1}&c_{2}&c_{3}\\\\\\end{bmatrix}}=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}&b_{1}&c_{1}\\\\a_{2}&b_{2}&c_{2}\\\\a_{3}&b_{3}&c_{3}\\end{bmatrix}}=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {a} &\\mathbf {b} &\\mathbf {c} \\end{bmatrix}}.}\n \n\nIf the scalar triple product is equal to zero, then the three vectors a, b, and c are coplanar, since the parallelepiped defined by them would be flat and have no volume.\nIf any two vectors in the scalar triple product are equal, then its value is zero:\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n =\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n a\n \n )\n =\n \n b\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n a\n \n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )=\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {a} )=\\mathbf {b} \\cdot (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {a} )=0}\n \n\nAlso:\n\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n )\n \n \n a\n \n =\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n ×\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ))\\,\\mathbf {a} =(\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\times (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {c} )}\n \n\nThe simple product of two triple products (or the square of a triple product), may be expanded in terms of dot products:[1]\n \n \n \n (\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n ⋅\n \n c\n \n )\n \n (\n (\n \n d\n \n ×\n \n e\n \n )\n ⋅\n \n f\n \n )\n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ⋅\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ⋅\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ⋅\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n ⋅\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n ⋅\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n ⋅\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ((\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\cdot \\mathbf {c} )\\;((\\mathbf {d} \\times \\mathbf {e} )\\cdot \\mathbf {f} )=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {d} &\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {e} &\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {f} \\\\\\mathbf {b} \\cdot \\mathbf {d} &\\mathbf {b} \\cdot \\mathbf {e} &\\mathbf {b} \\cdot \\mathbf {f} \\\\\\mathbf {c} \\cdot \\mathbf {d} &\\mathbf {c} \\cdot \\mathbf {e} &\\mathbf {c} \\cdot \\mathbf {f} \\end{bmatrix}}}\n \nThis restates in vector notation that the product of the determinants of two 3×3 matrices equals the determinant of their matrix product. As a special case, the square of a triple product is a Gram determinant.\nThe ratio of the triple product and the product of the three vector norms is known as a polar sine:\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n ‖\n \n \n a\n \n \n ‖\n ‖\n \n \n b\n \n \n ‖\n ‖\n \n \n c\n \n \n ‖\n \n \n \n =\n psin\n \n (\n \n a\n \n ,\n \n b\n \n ,\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )}{\\|{\\mathbf {a} }\\|\\|{\\mathbf {b} }\\|\\|{\\mathbf {c} }\\|}}=\\operatorname {psin} (\\mathbf {a} ,\\mathbf {b} ,\\mathbf {c} )}\n \nwhich ranges between −1 and 1.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"parity of the permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_of_a_permutation"},{"link_name":"parity transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_transformation"},{"link_name":"pseudoscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar"},{"link_name":"handedness of the cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product#Handedness"},{"link_name":"pseudovector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector"},{"link_name":"proper rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_rotation"},{"link_name":"improper rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_rotation"}],"sub_title":"Scalar or pseudoscalar","text":"Although the scalar triple product gives the volume of the parallelepiped, it is the signed volume, the sign depending on the orientation of the frame or the parity of the permutation of the vectors. This means the product is negated if the orientation is reversed, for example by a parity transformation, and so is more properly described as a pseudoscalar if the orientation can change.This also relates to the handedness of the cross product; the cross product transforms as a pseudovector under parity transformations and so is properly described as a pseudovector. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar but the dot product of a pseudovector and a vector is a pseudoscalar, so the scalar triple product (of vectors) must be pseudoscalar-valued.If T is a proper rotation thenT\n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n T\n b\n \n ×\n \n T\n c\n \n )\n =\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Ta} \\cdot (\\mathbf {Tb} \\times \\mathbf {Tc} )=\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ),}but if T is an improper rotation thenT\n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n T\n b\n \n ×\n \n T\n c\n \n )\n =\n −\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Ta} \\cdot (\\mathbf {Tb} \\times \\mathbf {Tc} )=-\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ).}","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"scalar density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_density"}],"sub_title":"Scalar or scalar density","text":"Strictly speaking, a scalar does not change at all under a coordinate transformation. (For example, the factor of 2 used for doubling a vector does not change if the vector is in spherical vs. rectangular coordinates.) However, if each vector is transformed by a matrix then the triple product ends up being multiplied by the determinant of the transformation matrix, which could be quite arbitrary for a non-rotation. That is, the triple product is more properly described as a scalar density.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_calc_triple_product.svg"},{"link_name":"exterior algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra"},{"link_name":"geometric algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra"},{"link_name":"bivector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivector"},{"link_name":"trivector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivector"},{"link_name":"Hodge dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge_dual"},{"link_name":"parallelogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelogram"}],"sub_title":"As an exterior product","text":"The three vectors spanning a parallelepiped have triple product equal to its volume. (However, beware that the direction of the arrows in this diagram are incorrect.)In exterior algebra and geometric algebra the exterior product of two vectors is a bivector, while the exterior product of three vectors is a trivector. A bivector is an oriented plane element and a trivector is an oriented volume element, in the same way that a vector is an oriented line element.Given vectors a, b and c, the producta\n \n ∧\n \n b\n \n ∧\n \n c\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\wedge \\mathbf {b} \\wedge \\mathbf {c} }is a trivector with magnitude equal to the scalar triple product, i.e.|\n \n \n a\n \n ∧\n \n b\n \n ∧\n \n c\n \n \n |\n \n =\n \n |\n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\mathbf {a} \\wedge \\mathbf {b} \\wedge \\mathbf {c} |=|\\mathbf {a} \\cdot (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )|}\n \n,and is the Hodge dual of the scalar triple product. As the exterior product is associative brackets are not needed as it does not matter which of a ∧ b or b ∧ c is calculated first, though the order of the vectors in the product does matter. Geometrically the trivector a ∧ b ∧ c corresponds to the parallelepiped spanned by a, b, and c, with bivectors a ∧ b, b ∧ c and a ∧ c matching the parallelogram faces of the parallelepiped.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_form"},{"link_name":"interior product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_product"},{"link_name":"contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_contraction"},{"link_name":"pseudotensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotensor"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Interpretations"}],"sub_title":"As a trilinear function","text":"The triple product is identical to the volume form of the Euclidean 3-space applied to the vectors via interior product. It also can be expressed as a contraction of vectors with a rank-3 tensor equivalent to the form (or a pseudotensor equivalent to the volume pseudoform); see below.","title":"Scalar triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-It%C3%B4-3"},{"link_name":"several other formulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_formula_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Proof"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"Jacobi identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_identity"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"vector calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-4"},{"link_name":"Laplace–de Rham operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%E2%80%93Beltrami_operator"}],"text":"The vector triple product is defined as the cross product of one vector with the cross product of the other two. The following relationship holds:a\n \n ×\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n =\n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n c\n \n )\n \n b\n \n −\n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n )\n \n c\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\times (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )=(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {c} )\\mathbf {b} -(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} )\\mathbf {c} }\n \n.This is known as triple product expansion, or Lagrange's formula,[2][3] although the latter name is also used for several other formulas. Its right hand side can be remembered by using the mnemonic \"ACB − ABC\", provided one keeps in mind which vectors are dotted together. A proof is provided below. Some textbooks write the identity as \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ×\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n =\n \n b\n \n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n c\n \n )\n −\n \n c\n \n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\times (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )=\\mathbf {b} (\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {c} )-\\mathbf {c} (\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} )}\n \n such that a more familiar mnemonic \"BAC − CAB\" is obtained, as in “back of the cab”.Since the cross product is anticommutative, this formula may also be written (up to permutation of the letters) as:(\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n ×\n \n c\n \n =\n −\n \n c\n \n ×\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n =\n −\n (\n \n c\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n )\n \n a\n \n +\n (\n \n c\n \n ⋅\n \n a\n \n )\n \n b\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\times \\mathbf {c} =-\\mathbf {c} \\times (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )=-(\\mathbf {c} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} )\\mathbf {a} +(\\mathbf {c} \\cdot \\mathbf {a} )\\mathbf {b} }From Lagrange's formula it follows that the vector triple product satisfies:a\n \n ×\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n +\n \n b\n \n ×\n (\n \n c\n \n ×\n \n a\n \n )\n +\n \n c\n \n ×\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n =\n \n 0\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\times (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )+\\mathbf {b} \\times (\\mathbf {c} \\times \\mathbf {a} )+\\mathbf {c} \\times (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )=\\mathbf {0} }which is the Jacobi identity for the cross product. Another useful formula follows:(\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n b\n \n )\n ×\n \n c\n \n =\n \n a\n \n ×\n (\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n −\n \n b\n \n ×\n (\n \n a\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {b} )\\times \\mathbf {c} =\\mathbf {a} \\times (\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} )-\\mathbf {b} \\times (\\mathbf {a} \\times \\mathbf {c} )}These formulas are very useful in simplifying vector calculations in physics. A related identity regarding gradients and useful in vector calculus is Lagrange's formula of vector cross-product identity:[4]∇\n \n ×\n (\n \n ∇\n \n ×\n \n A\n \n )\n =\n \n ∇\n \n (\n \n ∇\n \n ⋅\n \n A\n \n )\n −\n (\n \n ∇\n \n ⋅\n \n ∇\n \n )\n \n A\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }}\\times ({\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }}\\times \\mathbf {A} )={\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }}({\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }}\\cdot \\mathbf {A} )-({\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }}\\cdot {\\boldsymbol {\\nabla }})\\mathbf {A} }This can be also regarded as a special case of the more general Laplace–de Rham operator \n \n \n \n Δ\n =\n d\n δ\n +\n δ\n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta =d\\delta +\\delta d}\n \n.","title":"Vector triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Proof","text":"The \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n component of \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} )}\n \n is given by:(\n \n u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n \n )\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n (\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n y\n \n \n −\n \n \n v\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n (\n \n \n v\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n −\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n +\n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n −\n \n \n u\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n −\n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n u\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n v\n \n \n x\n \n \n −\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n v\n \n )\n \n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(\\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} ))_{x}&=\\mathbf {u} _{y}(\\mathbf {v} _{x}\\mathbf {w} _{y}-\\mathbf {v} _{y}\\mathbf {w} _{x})-\\mathbf {u} _{z}(\\mathbf {v} _{z}\\mathbf {w} _{x}-\\mathbf {v} _{x}\\mathbf {w} _{z})\\\\&=\\mathbf {v} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {w} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {w} _{z})-\\mathbf {w} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {v} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {v} _{z})\\\\&=\\mathbf {v} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {w} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {w} _{z})-\\mathbf {w} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {v} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {v} _{z})+(\\mathbf {u} _{x}\\mathbf {v} _{x}\\mathbf {w} _{x}-\\mathbf {u} _{x}\\mathbf {v} _{x}\\mathbf {w} _{x})\\\\&=\\mathbf {v} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{x}\\mathbf {w} _{x}+\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {w} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {w} _{z})-\\mathbf {w} _{x}(\\mathbf {u} _{x}\\mathbf {v} _{x}+\\mathbf {u} _{y}\\mathbf {v} _{y}+\\mathbf {u} _{z}\\mathbf {v} _{z})\\\\&=(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {w} )\\mathbf {v} _{x}-(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {v} )\\mathbf {w} _{x}\\end{aligned}}}Similarly, the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n and \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n components of \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} )}\n \n are given by:(\n \n u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n \n )\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n v\n \n \n y\n \n \n −\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n v\n \n )\n \n \n w\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n \n )\n \n z\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n v\n \n \n z\n \n \n −\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n v\n \n )\n \n \n w\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(\\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} ))_{y}&=(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {w} )\\mathbf {v} _{y}-(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {v} )\\mathbf {w} _{y}\\\\(\\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} ))_{z}&=(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {w} )\\mathbf {v} _{z}-(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {v} )\\mathbf {w} _{z}\\end{aligned}}}By combining these three components we obtain:u\n \n ×\n (\n \n v\n \n ×\n \n w\n \n )\n =\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n v\n \n −\n (\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n \n v\n \n )\n \n \n w\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {u} \\times (\\mathbf {v} \\times \\mathbf {w} )=(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {w} )\\ \\mathbf {v} -(\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\mathbf {v} )\\ \\mathbf {w} }\n \n[5]","title":"Vector triple product"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bivector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivector"},{"link_name":"left contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra#Extensions_of_the_inner_and_exterior_products"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lounesto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pesonen-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lounesto-6"}],"sub_title":"Using geometric algebra","text":"If geometric algebra is used the cross product b × c of vectors is expressed as their exterior product b∧c, a bivector. The second cross product cannot be expressed as an exterior product, otherwise the scalar triple product would result. Instead a left contraction[6] can be used, so the formula becomes[7]−\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n ⌟\n \n \n \n (\n \n b\n \n ∧\n \n c\n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n b\n \n ∧\n (\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n ⌟\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n )\n −\n (\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n ⌟\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n )\n ∧\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n c\n \n )\n \n b\n \n −\n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n )\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}-\\mathbf {a} \\;{\\big \\lrcorner }\\;(\\mathbf {b} \\wedge \\mathbf {c} )&=\\mathbf {b} \\wedge (\\mathbf {a} \\;{\\big \\lrcorner }\\;\\mathbf {c} )-(\\mathbf {a} \\;{\\big \\lrcorner }\\;\\mathbf {b} )\\wedge \\mathbf {c} \\\\&=(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {c} )\\mathbf {b} -(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} )\\mathbf {c} \\end{aligned}}}The proof follows from the properties of the contraction.[6] The result is the same vector as calculated using a × (b × c).","title":"Vector triple product"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tensor notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_calculus"},{"link_name":"Levi-Civita symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Tensor calculus","text":"In tensor notation, the triple product is expressed using the Levi-Civita symbol:[8]a\n \n ⋅\n [\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n ]\n =\n \n ε\n \n i\n j\n k\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n b\n \n j\n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\cdot [\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ]=\\varepsilon _{ijk}a^{i}b^{j}c^{k}}(\n \n a\n \n ×\n [\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n ]\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n ε\n \n i\n j\n k\n \n \n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n ε\n \n k\n ℓ\n m\n \n \n \n b\n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n c\n \n m\n \n \n =\n \n ε\n \n i\n j\n k\n \n \n \n ε\n \n k\n ℓ\n m\n \n \n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n b\n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n c\n \n m\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {a} \\times [\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ])_{i}=\\varepsilon _{ijk}a^{j}\\varepsilon ^{k\\ell m}b_{\\ell }c_{m}=\\varepsilon _{ijk}\\varepsilon ^{k\\ell m}a^{j}b_{\\ell }c_{m},}i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}contractionLevi-Civita symbolsε\n \n i\n j\n k\n \n \n \n ε\n \n k\n ℓ\n m\n \n \n =\n \n δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n ℓ\n m\n \n \n =\n \n δ\n \n i\n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n δ\n \n j\n \n \n m\n \n \n −\n \n δ\n \n i\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n δ\n \n j\n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{ijk}\\varepsilon ^{k\\ell m}=\\delta _{ij}^{\\ell m}=\\delta _{i}^{\\ell }\\delta _{j}^{m}-\\delta _{i}^{m}\\delta _{j}^{\\ell }\\,,}δ\n \n j\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{j}^{i}}Kronecker delta functionδ\n \n j\n \n \n i\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{j}^{i}=0}i\n ≠\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\neq j}δ\n \n j\n \n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{j}^{i}=1}i\n =\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=j}δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n ℓ\n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{ij}^{\\ell m}}generalized Kronecker delta functionk\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}i\n =\n l\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=l}j\n =\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j=m}i\n =\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=m}l\n =\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle l=j}Returning to the triple cross product,(\n \n a\n \n ×\n [\n \n b\n \n ×\n \n c\n \n ]\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n =\n (\n \n δ\n \n i\n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n δ\n \n j\n \n \n m\n \n \n −\n \n δ\n \n i\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n δ\n \n j\n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n )\n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n b\n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n c\n \n m\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n c\n \n j\n \n \n −\n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n b\n \n j\n \n \n \n c\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n c\n \n )\n −\n \n c\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {a} \\times [\\mathbf {b} \\times \\mathbf {c} ])_{i}=(\\delta _{i}^{\\ell }\\delta _{j}^{m}-\\delta _{i}^{m}\\delta _{j}^{\\ell })a^{j}b_{\\ell }c_{m}=a^{j}b_{i}c_{j}-a^{j}b_{j}c_{i}=b_{i}(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {c} )-c_{i}(\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} )\\,.}","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flux integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_integral#Surface_integrals_of_vector_fields"}],"sub_title":"Vector calculus","text":"Consider the flux integral of the vector field \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {F} }\n \n across the parametrically-defined surface \n \n \n \n S\n =\n \n r\n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=\\mathbf {r} (u,v)}\n \n: \n \n \n \n \n ∬\n \n S\n \n \n \n F\n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n d\n S\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\iint _{S}\\mathbf {F} \\cdot {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }}\\,dS}\n \n. The unit normal vector \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }}}\n \n to the surface is given by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\frac {\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}}{|\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}|}}}\n \n, so the integrand \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\mathbf {F} \\cdot {\\frac {(\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v})}{|\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}|}}}\n \n is a scalar triple product.","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wong_1-0"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JePI32FCqBYC&pg=PA215"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199641390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199641390"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph Louis Lagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange"},{"link_name":"Lagrange's identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_identity"},{"link_name":"Kiyosi Itô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-59020-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-59020-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-It%C3%B4_3-0"},{"link_name":"Kiyosi Itô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"\"§C: Vector product\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=azS2ktxrz3EC&pg=PA1679"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-59020-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-59020-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lin_4-0"},{"link_name":"Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=x6ALwaliu5YC&pg=PA13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-41578-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41578-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lounesto_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lounesto_6-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-00551-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00551-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pesonen_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.helsinki.fi/%7Ejmpesone/index_files/GA_files/Chapter_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Permutation Tensor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mathworld.wolfram.com/PermutationTensor.html"}],"text":"^ Wong, Chun Wa (2013). Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780199641390.\n\n^ Joseph Louis Lagrange did not develop the cross product as an algebraic product on vectors, but did use an equivalent form of it in components: see Lagrange, J-L (1773). \"Solutions analytiques de quelques problèmes sur les pyramides triangulaires\". Oeuvres. Vol. 3. He may have written a formula similar to the triple product expansion in component form. See also Lagrange's identity and Kiyosi Itô (1987). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.\n\n^ \nKiyosi Itô (1993). \"§C: Vector product\". Encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.\n\n^ \nPengzhi Lin (2008). Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-41578-1.\n\n^ J. Heading (1970). Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 262–263.\n\n^ a b Pertti Lounesto (2001). Clifford algebras and spinors (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-00551-5.\n\n^ Janne Pesonen. \"Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables\" (PDF). p. 37.\n\n^ \"Permutation Tensor\". Wolfram. Retrieved 21 May 2014.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Three vectors defining a parallelepiped","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Parallelepiped_volume.svg/240px-Parallelepiped_volume.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The three vectors spanning a parallelepiped have triple product equal to its volume. (However, beware that the direction of the arrows in this diagram are incorrect.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Exterior_calc_triple_product.svg/220px-Exterior_calc_triple_product.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Quadruple product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple_product"},{"title":"Vector algebra relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_algebra_relations"}] | [{"reference":"Wong, Chun Wa (2013). Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780199641390.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JePI32FCqBYC&pg=PA215","url_text":"Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199641390","url_text":"9780199641390"}]},{"reference":"Lagrange, J-L (1773). \"Solutions analytiques de quelques problèmes sur les pyramides triangulaires\". Oeuvres. Vol. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kiyosi Itô (1987). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4","url_text":"Kiyosi Itô"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-59020-4","url_text":"0-262-59020-4"}]},{"reference":"Kiyosi Itô (1993). \"§C: Vector product\". Encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 1679. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4","url_text":"Kiyosi Itô"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=azS2ktxrz3EC&pg=PA1679","url_text":"\"§C: Vector product\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-59020-4","url_text":"0-262-59020-4"}]},{"reference":"Pengzhi Lin (2008). Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-41578-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x6ALwaliu5YC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41578-1","url_text":"978-0-415-41578-1"}]},{"reference":"J. Heading (1970). Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 262–263.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pertti Lounesto (2001). Clifford algebras and spinors (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-00551-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00551-5","url_text":"0-521-00551-5"}]},{"reference":"Janne Pesonen. \"Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables\" (PDF). p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/%7Ejmpesone/index_files/GA_files/Chapter_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Permutation Tensor\". Wolfram. Retrieved 21 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PermutationTensor.html","url_text":"\"Permutation Tensor\""}]},{"reference":"Lass, Harry (1950). Vector and Tensor Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 23–25.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_product&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JePI32FCqBYC&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"Introduction to Mathematical Physics: Methods & Concepts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=azS2ktxrz3EC&pg=PA1679","external_links_name":"\"§C: Vector product\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x6ALwaliu5YC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Numerical Modelling of Water Waves: An Introduction to Engineers and Scientists"},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/%7Ejmpesone/index_files/GA_files/Chapter_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Geometric Algebra of One and Many Multivector Variables\""},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PermutationTensor.html","external_links_name":"\"Permutation Tensor\""},{"Link":"https://www.khanacademy.org/math/linear-algebra/vectors_and_spaces/dot_cross_products/v/vector-triple-product-expansion-very-optional","external_links_name":"Khan Academy video of the proof of the triple product expansion"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_de_Vos | Cornelis de Vos | ["1 Life","2 Work","2.1 General","2.2 Portraits","2.3 History paintings","2.4 Genre paintings","2.5 Collaborations","3 References","4 External links"] | 17th-century Flemish painter
Cornelis de VosCornelis de Vos (17th-century engraving)Born1584Hulst, near Antwerp, Southern NetherlandsDied9 May 1651Antwerp, Southern NetherlandsNationalityFlemishKnown forPainting, draughtsman, art dealer
Self-portrait of the artist and his family
This article is about the 17th-century painter. For the 16th-century miner, see Cornelius de Vos.
Cornelis de Vos (1584 - 9 May 1651) was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and art dealer. He was one of the leading portrait painters in Antwerp and is best known for his sensitive portraits, in particular of children and families. He was also successful in other genres including history, religious and genre painting. He was a regular collaborator with Rubens.
Life
He was born in Hulst near Antwerp, now in the Dutch province of Zeeland. Little is known of his childhood. His father moved with his family to Antwerp in 1596. Cornelis and his younger brothers Paul and Jan (or Hans) studied under the little-known painter David Remeeus (1559–1626). In 1599 de Vos is mentioned as Remeeus' pupil while on 8 May 1604 he is referred to as the chief assistant of Remeeus. On 29 April 1604, de Vos petitioned the Antwerp City Council for a pass that would allow him to travel. This was a necessary procedure for artists who wished to be trained abroad. It is not known whether the young artist actually left the city to study abroad. De Vos joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1608 at the age of 24. When he became a citizen of Antwerp in 1616 he listed his occupation as an art dealer.
The anointing of Solomon
Cornelis de Vos married the landscape painter Jan Wildens's half-sister Susanna Cock on 27 May 1617. The couple had 6 children. His sister Margaretha married the prominent animal painter Frans Snyders. These marriages confirmed and solidified de Vos' role in Antwerp's artistic life.
In 1619 de Vos served as the dean of the Guild of Saint Luke in Antwerp. The same year he petitioned the Antwerp city council for permission to frequent the Saint-Germain market in Paris as an art dealer. In 1620 de Vos was elected high dean of the Guild of Saint Luke in recognition of his status in the city.
Portrait of Abraham Grapheus
De Vos developed a busy practice as a painter, particularly of portraits. In 1620 he painted the portrait of the painter Abraham Grapheus (Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp). He donated the work to the painters' chamber of the Guild of Saint Luke. De Vos received multiple commissions for family portraits from local patrons such as the wealthy merchant Joris Vekemans who ordered a portrait cycle of his family members (including his son Jan) in 1624. In 1627 he enjoyed royal patronage when 6 royal portraits were commissioned by respectively Philip IV of Spain, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, Henri III of France, Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. He also worked on commissions from religious institutions. In 1628 he painted his only known landscape, a View of Hulst, which he donated to his home town where it is still displayed in the city hall.
During this period of busy activity as a painter de Vos continued to operate an art dealership. He also created works specifically for export, primarily to Spain.
Cornelis de Vos was one of the artists working on the decorations for the Joyous Entry into Antwerp of the new governor of the Habsburg Netherlands Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. Rubens was in overall charge of this project. De Vos made decorative paintings after designs by Rubens. One of the hewn-out images that crowned the triumphal arch on the Meir, above the Huidevettersstraat, has been preserved and is attributed to the studio of de Vos (Jupiter and Juno, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp).
In the period 1636-1638 Rubens' workshop received a large commission to make mythological decorations for the hunting pavilion Torre de la Parada of the Spanish king Philip IV near Madrid. For this project de Vos, together with a number of painters from Rubens' circle, painted decorations after oil sketches by Rubens.
Portrait of a young woman
De Vos died in Antwerp, where he was buried in the Cathedral of Our Lady.
His pupils included Jan Cossiers, Alexander Daemps and Simon de Vos (to whom he was not related).
Work
General
Cornelis de Vos painted in various genres. He initially painted mainly portraits and mythological, biblical and history scenes. He also created in the late 1620s, some monumental genre paintings. He used the monogram CDVF.
His early work shows a clear influence by Rubens in terms of subject matter, motifs and Carravagesque influences. His work is notable for a warm palette and refined rendering of fabrics and gleaming jewelry with an eye for detail. Important features of his personal style were the lucid plasticity of painted flesh and the bright tactility of highlights. He used a fluid and transparent technique and applied fine brushstrokes.
While in his later work from the thirties he painted with a looser, more painterly technique and was less precise in rendering the details as shown in the Portrait of a young woman (mid 1630s, Metropolitan Museum of Art), his overall technique remained soft and gentle.
Portraits
Portrait of Susanna de Vos
De Vos was most successful as a painter of individual and group portraits, a genre in which he developed his own style. After the departure of Anthony van Dyck for England in 1621 and Rubens' absences from Antwerp on diplomatic and artistic missions, de Vos became the leading portraitist of the Antwerp haute-bourgeois and patrician society. His portraits show the influence of van Dyck. He placed his subjects set within restrained but rich interiors. He was able to achieve a sensitive portrayal of the characters of his sitters and the varied textures of their clothes through the use of an even, bright light as well as soft chiaroscuro effects. He only commenced painting full-length portraits after van Dyck's return to Antwerp in 1627. In these portraits the figure is typically placed in front of architecture and an open landscape.
He was particularly skilled in painting group portraits as well as portraits of children. While de Vos' portraits exhibit a new fluency of painting style and spontaneity in the depiction of children, this was combined with a simplicity free from rhetoric that harked back to the earlier Flemish masters. De Vos' portraits are able to communicate a relaxed and warm human affection. In his depiction of children he was a master at expressing their assertive personalities and playful energy. This earned him the recognition of patrons commissioned numerous portraits of children or family portraits featuring children.
Magdalena and Jan-Baptist de Vos
He produced some striking and intimate portraits of his own children. In a Portrait of his daughter Susanna (1617, Städel) he painted his daughter Susanna in a very informal manner. At first sight the picture seems to be a genre painting rather than a portrait of a particular child. It is clear that the painting was intended for personal use in that he depicted his daughter in a very intimate setting munching sweets. In the portrait of his two eldest children Magdalena and Jan-Baptist, de Vos portrays them not from a distance but brought forward close to the viewer's space. Magdalena looks back at the viewer over her shoulder and seems to invite the viewer in while Jan-Baptist leans forward with tilted head and is also staring at the viewer. He has his feet stretched out and the soles of his shoes are visible. In many of his portraits, de Vos included fruit as symbolic attributes for his sitters. In the portrait of his two eldest children Magdalena holds cherries in her right hand and a peach in her left hand. Peaches and cherries are symbols of youth as well as fertility.
His family portraits emphasize the notion of family happiness, with marriage and the immediate family as the core values. As de Vos' patrons were mainly from the Antwerp bourgeoisie rather than the aristocracy, he was less pressured to magnify his sitters through rhetorical gestures and courtly graces as is commonly seen in van Dyck's portraits. He represents the relationships among the sitters through sensitive hand gestures often deployed in a complex counterpoint: giving, receiving, touching, reassuring. The achievements of his sitters are displayed through their lavish dress and the expensively decorated interiors while the sitters themselves exude solid, amiable and quiet confidence.
History paintings
The finding of Moses
While Cornelis de Vos was one of Antwerp's leading portrait painters in the first half of the 17th century, he was also a sought-after painter of history pieces. In particular after circa 1635, de Vos, a successful art dealer, likely realized the growing demand for history paintings in the local and international market. From that date onwards he realized history paintings of a greater diversity in subject matter while his portrait production declined.
De Vos' history paintings relied on compositions of Rubens as their initial inspiration. An example of his can be seen in The Finding of Moses (c. 1631–1635, auctioned by Christie's on 6 May 2008, Amsterdam, lot 82). This painting goes back on a lost painting by Rubens with the same composition and subject matter, which is only known through a copy in a private collection in Geneva.
From 1624 onwards, Cornelis de Vos abandoned his thickly produced brush strokes for a lighter painting style and placed landscapes in the background. This change likely happened under the influence of Rubens. Starting from circa 1630, his compositions became less relief-like and his figures were placed more realistically in the space. The landscape also gradually got more attention while facial expressions became more intensive and the architecture in the background more developed. These changes followed contemporary developments in the Baroque style.
Genre paintings
Players and courtesans under a tent
Less well-known are the genre paintings of Cornelis de Vos. These resemble the Caravaggio-influenced compositions of his contemporaries and pupils like Jan Cossiers, Simon de Vos and Theodoor Rombouts. An example is The card game (Nationalmuseum, Stockholm), which depicts players at a card game, a theme which was very popular with the Flemish followers of Caravaggio. The composition is also known through an engraving made by Alexander Voet in the 1630s (Royal Collection), which clearly identifies Cornelis de Vos as the author of the original painting.
Another variation on the theme of players, Players and courtesans under a tent (Musée de Picardie), has been attributed to de Vos based on its similarity with the work in Stockholm. Previously it was attributed to the French follower of Caravaggio, Valentin de Boulogne.
Another genre composition involving backgammon players referred to as The game of backgammon (c. 1630, Musée Boucher-de-Perthes) is attributed to Cornelis de Vos.
Collaborations
Allegory of Earth, a collaboration with Paul de Vos
Cornelis de Vos often collaborated with fellow artists as was common in Antwerp at the time. He painted the staffage in still lifes by his brother-in-law Frans Snyders and in return his brother Paul and Frans Snyders painted the fruit, animals, silver plate and armour in his own work. Jan Wildens, another brother-in-law, assisted with the landscapes in many of his works.
De Vos was a frequent collaborator of Rubens. Around 1617 he painted two panels, the Adoration of the shepherds and the Presentation in the Temple, that were part of a series of paintings on the theme of the "Mystery of the Rosary Cycle" in which other local painters, including Rubens (who oversaw the project), van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens participated. De Vos' two paintings joined the 13 paintings made by these other painters in Antwerp's St. Paul's Church. Here they flanked Caravaggio's Madonna of the Rosary, which was placed in the church in 1620. While Caravaggio's masterwork was later stolen by the Austrian masters of the Southern Netherlands, de Vos' works are still in the St. Paul's Church.
The triumph of Bacchus
De Vos assisted Rubens with the large commissions of the Rubens workshop in the 1630s. He worked for Rubens on the Joyous Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, a project for which he painted twelve royal portraits after Rubens' designs. Between 1636 and 1638 he, along with his brother Paul and many other Antwerp artists, assisted Rubens in decorating the Torre de la Parada, a hunting lodge of Philip IV of Spain near Madrid. Cornelis contributed four paintings on mythological themes to the series made for the Torre de la Parada: The triumph of Bacchus, The birth of Venus, Apollo and the Python and Daphne chased by Apollo. These works are now in the collection of the Prado Museum. They were based on designs by Rubens which have also been preserved. This makes it possible to compare the designs by Rubens with the works completed by Cornelis de Vos. In The triumph of Bacchus de Vos' brush stroke is less energetic and free than that displayed in the Rubens sketch. De Vos' treatment of the faces also differs in that they are less expressive and dramatic than in the sketch.
Portrait of a lady with her daughter
While de Vos' collaborations with Rubens on projects in the 1630s appear not to have influenced his style, they did influence his technique.
References
^ Some sources give the name as: 'Cornelius de Vos'
^ a b c d e f g h i "Vivien Gaston, A Powerful Appearance of Life: Cornelis de Vos's Mother and child". Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ a b c Cornelis de Vos Archived 20 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (in Dutch)
^ a b Frans Jozef Peter Van den Branden, Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche schilderschool, Antwerpen, 1883, pp. 639–654 (in Dutch)
^ a b c d Katlijne Van der Stighelen and Arnout Balis. "Vos, de (i)." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 20 February 2015
^ a b c d e f g h i Matthias Depoorter, Cornelis de Vos Archived 28 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine at barokinvlaanderen
^ Schilderij "Gezicht op Hulst" terug in Hulst Archived 28 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
^ a b Marjorie E. Wieseman, Cornelis de Vos, in: Peter C. Sutton (ed.), 'The Age of Rubens', exhibition catalogue, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1993, p. 374
^ Magdalena Łanuszka, A Suggested New Attribution of Seventeenth-Century Flemish Portrait of a Lady in York Art Gallery to Jan Cossiers Archived 28 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Biuletyn Historii Sztuki 1/2017, pp. 87-107
^ a b c Ford-Wille, Clare. "Vos, Cornelis de." The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 20 February 2015.
^ Mirjam Neumeister, Changing Images of Childhood: The Children’s Portrait in Netherlandish Art and Its Influence, in: 'Images of Familial Intimacy in Eastern and Western Art', BRILL, 20 Feb 2014, p. 117
^ Cornelis de Vos, The Finding of Moses Archived 26 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine at Christie's
^ Alexander Voet, The card Players Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine at the Royal Trust Collection
^ Jeu de cartes aux armées Archived 28 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine at the Musée de Picardie (in French)
^ Sirjacobs, Raymond. Antwerpen Sint-Pauluskerk Rubens en de mysteries van de rozenkrans. Antwerp: Sint-Paulusvrienden, 2004 (in Dutch)
^ Cornelis de Vos, El triunfo de Baco Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the Prado (in Spanish)
External links
Media related to Cornelis de Vos at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
KulturNav
2
Victoria
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Netherlands
2
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Self-Portrait_of_the_Artist_with_his_Wife_Suzanne_Cock_and_their_Children_-_WGA25310.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelius de Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_de_Vos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter"},{"link_name":"draughtsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"},{"link_name":"art dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_dealer"},{"link_name":"portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_art"}],"text":"Self-portrait of the artist and his familyThis article is about the 17th-century painter. For the 16th-century miner, see Cornelius de Vos.Cornelis de Vos[1] (1584 - 9 May 1651) was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and art dealer. He was one of the leading portrait painters in Antwerp and is best known for his sensitive portraits, in particular of children and families. He was also successful in other genres including history, religious and genre painting. He was a regular collaborator with Rubens.","title":"Cornelis de Vos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulst"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Vos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-3"},{"link_name":"Guild of Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bran-4"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Wildens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wildens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"Frans Snyders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Snyders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Grapheus,_by_Cornelis_de_Vos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Abraham Grapheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Abraham_Grapheus"},{"link_name":"portrait of the painter Abraham Grapheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Grapheus_-_Cornelis_de_Vos_1620-Antwerpen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"his son Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Jan_Vekemans"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Henri III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"View of Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_View_of_Hulst.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bran-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joyous Entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyous_Entry"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Jupiter and Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Jupiter_and_Juno.jpg"},{"link_name":"Torre de la Parada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_la_Parada"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DT200588.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-3"},{"link_name":"Jan Cossiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Cossiers"},{"link_name":"Simon de Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Vos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-5"}],"text":"He was born in Hulst near Antwerp, now in the Dutch province of Zeeland. Little is known of his childhood. His father moved with his family to Antwerp in 1596.[2] Cornelis and his younger brothers Paul and Jan (or Hans) studied under the little-known painter David Remeeus (1559–1626). In 1599 de Vos is mentioned as Remeeus' pupil while on 8 May 1604 he is referred to as the chief assistant of Remeeus.[3] On 29 April 1604, de Vos petitioned the Antwerp City Council for a pass that would allow him to travel. This was a necessary procedure for artists who wished to be trained abroad. It is not known whether the young artist actually left the city to study abroad. De Vos joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1608 at the age of 24.[4] When he became a citizen of Antwerp in 1616 he listed his occupation as an art dealer.[5]The anointing of SolomonCornelis de Vos married the landscape painter Jan Wildens's half-sister Susanna Cock on 27 May 1617. The couple had 6 children.[6] His sister Margaretha married the prominent animal painter Frans Snyders. These marriages confirmed and solidified de Vos' role in Antwerp's artistic life.[2]In 1619 de Vos served as the dean of the Guild of Saint Luke in Antwerp. The same year he petitioned the Antwerp city council for permission to frequent the Saint-Germain market in Paris as an art dealer.[6] In 1620 de Vos was elected high dean of the Guild of Saint Luke in recognition of his status in the city.[2]Portrait of Abraham GrapheusDe Vos developed a busy practice as a painter, particularly of portraits. In 1620 he painted the portrait of the painter Abraham Grapheus (Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp). He donated the work to the painters' chamber of the Guild of Saint Luke. De Vos received multiple commissions for family portraits from local patrons such as the wealthy merchant Joris Vekemans who ordered a portrait cycle of his family members (including his son Jan) in 1624. In 1627 he enjoyed royal patronage when 6 royal portraits were commissioned by respectively Philip IV of Spain, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, Henri III of France, Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. He also worked on commissions from religious institutions.[6] In 1628 he painted his only known landscape, a View of Hulst, which he donated to his home town where it is still displayed in the city hall.[4][7]During this period of busy activity as a painter de Vos continued to operate an art dealership. He also created works specifically for export, primarily to Spain.Cornelis de Vos was one of the artists working on the decorations for the Joyous Entry into Antwerp of the new governor of the Habsburg Netherlands Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. Rubens was in overall charge of this project. De Vos made decorative paintings after designs by Rubens. One of the hewn-out images that crowned the triumphal arch on the Meir, above the Huidevettersstraat, has been preserved and is attributed to the studio of de Vos (Jupiter and Juno, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp).In the period 1636-1638 Rubens' workshop received a large commission to make mythological decorations for the hunting pavilion Torre de la Parada of the Spanish king Philip IV near Madrid. For this project de Vos, together with a number of painters from Rubens' circle, painted decorations after oil sketches by Rubens.[6]Portrait of a young womanDe Vos died in Antwerp, where he was buried in the Cathedral of Our Lady.[3]His pupils included Jan Cossiers, Alexander Daemps and Simon de Vos (to whom he was not related).[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genre paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-3"},{"link_name":"Carravagesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wie-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a young woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DT200588.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-9"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Cornelis de Vos painted in various genres. He initially painted mainly portraits and mythological, biblical and history scenes. He also created in the late 1620s, some monumental genre paintings. He used the monogram CDVF.[3]His early work shows a clear influence by Rubens in terms of subject matter, motifs and Carravagesque influences. His work is notable for a warm palette and refined rendering of fabrics and gleaming jewelry with an eye for detail.[6][8] Important features of his personal style were the lucid plasticity of painted flesh and the bright tactility of highlights.[2] He used a fluid and transparent technique and applied fine brushstrokes.While in his later work from the thirties he painted with a looser, more painterly technique and was less precise in rendering the details as shown in the Portrait of a young woman (mid 1630s, Metropolitan Museum of Art), his overall technique remained soft and gentle.[9]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_Susanna_de_Vos.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-10"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wie-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Magdalena_and_Jan-Baptist_de_Vos_-_WGA25305.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"Portrait of his daughter Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_Susanna_de_Vos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Städel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4del"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"portrait of his two eldest children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Magdalena_and_Jan-Baptist_de_Vos_-_WGA25305.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viv-2"}],"sub_title":"Portraits","text":"Portrait of Susanna de VosDe Vos was most successful as a painter of individual and group portraits, a genre in which he developed his own style.[10] After the departure of Anthony van Dyck for England in 1621 and Rubens' absences from Antwerp on diplomatic and artistic missions, de Vos became the leading portraitist of the Antwerp haute-bourgeois and patrician society.[2] His portraits show the influence of van Dyck.[6] He placed his subjects set within restrained but rich interiors. He was able to achieve a sensitive portrayal of the characters of his sitters and the varied textures of their clothes through the use of an even, bright light as well as soft chiaroscuro effects.[10][8] He only commenced painting full-length portraits after van Dyck's return to Antwerp in 1627. In these portraits the figure is typically placed in front of architecture and an open landscape.[10]He was particularly skilled in painting group portraits as well as portraits of children.[6] While de Vos' portraits exhibit a new fluency of painting style and spontaneity in the depiction of children, this was combined with a simplicity free from rhetoric that harked back to the earlier Flemish masters. De Vos' portraits are able to communicate a relaxed and warm human affection. In his depiction of children he was a master at expressing their assertive personalities and playful energy. This earned him the recognition of patrons commissioned numerous portraits of children or family portraits featuring children.[2]Magdalena and Jan-Baptist de VosHe produced some striking and intimate portraits of his own children.[2] In a Portrait of his daughter Susanna (1617, Städel) he painted his daughter Susanna in a very informal manner. At first sight the picture seems to be a genre painting rather than a portrait of a particular child. It is clear that the painting was intended for personal use in that he depicted his daughter in a very intimate setting munching sweets.[11] In the portrait of his two eldest children Magdalena and Jan-Baptist, de Vos portrays them not from a distance but brought forward close to the viewer's space. Magdalena looks back at the viewer over her shoulder and seems to invite the viewer in while Jan-Baptist leans forward with tilted head and is also staring at the viewer. He has his feet stretched out and the soles of his shoes are visible. In many of his portraits, de Vos included fruit as symbolic attributes for his sitters. In the portrait of his two eldest children Magdalena holds cherries in her right hand and a peach in her left hand. Peaches and cherries are symbols of youth as well as fertility.[2]His family portraits emphasize the notion of family happiness, with marriage and the immediate family as the core values.[6] As de Vos' patrons were mainly from the Antwerp bourgeoisie rather than the aristocracy, he was less pressured to magnify his sitters through rhetorical gestures and courtly graces as is commonly seen in van Dyck's portraits. He represents the relationships among the sitters through sensitive hand gestures often deployed in a complex counterpoint: giving, receiving, touching, reassuring. The achievements of his sitters are displayed through their lavish dress and the expensively decorated interiors while the sitters themselves exude solid, amiable and quiet confidence.[2]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Finding_of_Moses.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Finding of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Finding_of_Moses.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-6"}],"sub_title":"History paintings","text":"The finding of MosesWhile Cornelis de Vos was one of Antwerp's leading portrait painters in the first half of the 17th century, he was also a sought-after painter of history pieces. In particular after circa 1635, de Vos, a successful art dealer, likely realized the growing demand for history paintings in the local and international market. From that date onwards he realized history paintings of a greater diversity in subject matter while his portrait production declined.De Vos' history paintings relied on compositions of Rubens as their initial inspiration. An example of his can be seen in The Finding of Moses (c. 1631–1635, auctioned by Christie's on 6 May 2008, Amsterdam, lot 82). This painting goes back on a lost painting by Rubens with the same composition and subject matter, which is only known through a copy in a private collection in Geneva.[12]From 1624 onwards, Cornelis de Vos abandoned his thickly produced brush strokes for a lighter painting style and placed landscapes in the background. This change likely happened under the influence of Rubens. Starting from circa 1630, his compositions became less relief-like and his figures were placed more realistically in the space. The landscape also gradually got more attention while facial expressions became more intensive and the architecture in the background more developed. These changes followed contemporary developments in the Baroque style.[6]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Players_and_courtesans_under_a_tent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theodoor Rombouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoor_Rombouts"},{"link_name":"The card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_card_game.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Nationalmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalmuseum"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Voet_I,_Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Card_Players.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Voet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Voet_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Players and courtesans under a tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Players_and_courtesans_under_a_tent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Musée de Picardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Picardie"},{"link_name":"Valentin de Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The game of backgammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_(attr.)_-_The_game_of_backgammon.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Genre paintings","text":"Players and courtesans under a tentLess well-known are the genre paintings of Cornelis de Vos. These resemble the Caravaggio-influenced compositions of his contemporaries and pupils like Jan Cossiers, Simon de Vos and Theodoor Rombouts. An example is The card game (Nationalmuseum, Stockholm), which depicts players at a card game, a theme which was very popular with the Flemish followers of Caravaggio. The composition is also known through an engraving made by Alexander Voet in the 1630s (Royal Collection), which clearly identifies Cornelis de Vos as the author of the original painting.[13]Another variation on the theme of players, Players and courtesans under a tent (Musée de Picardie), has been attributed to de Vos based on its similarity with the work in Stockholm. Previously it was attributed to the French follower of Caravaggio, Valentin de Boulogne.[14]Another genre composition involving backgammon players referred to as The game of backgammon (c. 1630, Musée Boucher-de-Perthes) is attributed to Cornelis de Vos.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_%26_Paul_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_Earth.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-5"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Mysteries_of_the_Rosary,_Adoration_of_the_shepherds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presentation in the Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Mysteries_of_the_Rosary,_Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacob Jordaens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Madonna of the Rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rosary_(Caravaggio)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Torre de la Parada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_la_Parada"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"The triumph of Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg"},{"link_name":"The birth of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Nacimiento_de_Venus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollo and the Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Apollo_and_the_Python,_1636-1638.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daphne chased by Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Apollo_chasing_Daphne,_1630.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prado Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prado_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_with_Her_Daughter.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-5"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations","text":"Allegory of Earth, a collaboration with Paul de VosCornelis de Vos often collaborated with fellow artists as was common in Antwerp at the time. He painted the staffage in still lifes by his brother-in-law Frans Snyders and in return his brother Paul and Frans Snyders painted the fruit, animals, silver plate and armour in his own work. Jan Wildens, another brother-in-law, assisted with the landscapes in many of his works.[5]De Vos was a frequent collaborator of Rubens. Around 1617 he painted two panels, the Adoration of the shepherds and the Presentation in the Temple, that were part of a series of paintings on the theme of the \"Mystery of the Rosary Cycle\" in which other local painters, including Rubens (who oversaw the project), van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens participated. De Vos' two paintings joined the 13 paintings made by these other painters in Antwerp's St. Paul's Church. Here they flanked Caravaggio's Madonna of the Rosary, which was placed in the church in 1620. While Caravaggio's masterwork was later stolen by the Austrian masters of the Southern Netherlands, de Vos' works are still in the St. Paul's Church.[15]The triumph of BacchusDe Vos assisted Rubens with the large commissions of the Rubens workshop in the 1630s. He worked for Rubens on the Joyous Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, a project for which he painted twelve royal portraits after Rubens' designs. Between 1636 and 1638 he, along with his brother Paul and many other Antwerp artists, assisted Rubens in decorating the Torre de la Parada, a hunting lodge of Philip IV of Spain near Madrid. Cornelis contributed four paintings on mythological themes to the series made for the Torre de la Parada: The triumph of Bacchus, The birth of Venus, Apollo and the Python and Daphne chased by Apollo. These works are now in the collection of the Prado Museum. They were based on designs by Rubens which have also been preserved. This makes it possible to compare the designs by Rubens with the works completed by Cornelis de Vos. In The triumph of Bacchus de Vos' brush stroke is less energetic and free than that displayed in the Rubens sketch. De Vos' treatment of the faces also differs in that they are less expressive and dramatic than in the sketch.[16]Portrait of a lady with her daughterWhile de Vos' collaborations with Rubens on projects in the 1630s appear not to have influenced his style, they did influence his technique.[5]","title":"Work"}] | [{"image_text":"Self-portrait of the artist and his family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Self-Portrait_of_the_Artist_with_his_Wife_Suzanne_Cock_and_their_Children_-_WGA25310.jpg/310px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Self-Portrait_of_the_Artist_with_his_Wife_Suzanne_Cock_and_their_Children_-_WGA25310.jpg"},{"image_text":"The anointing of Solomon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg/290px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Abraham Grapheus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abraham_Grapheus%2C_by_Cornelis_de_Vos.jpg/240px-Abraham_Grapheus%2C_by_Cornelis_de_Vos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of a young woman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DT200588.jpg/230px-Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DT200588.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Susanna de Vos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_Susanna_de_Vos.jpg/240px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_Susanna_de_Vos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magdalena and Jan-Baptist de Vos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Magdalena_and_Jan-Baptist_de_Vos_-_WGA25305.jpg/290px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Magdalena_and_Jan-Baptist_de_Vos_-_WGA25305.jpg"},{"image_text":"The finding of Moses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Finding_of_Moses.jpg/287px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Finding_of_Moses.jpg"},{"image_text":"Players and courtesans under a tent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Players_and_courtesans_under_a_tent.jpg/280px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Players_and_courtesans_under_a_tent.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allegory of Earth, a collaboration with Paul de Vos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cornelis_de_Vos_%26_Paul_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_Earth.jpg/220px-Cornelis_de_Vos_%26_Paul_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_Earth.jpg"},{"image_text":"The triumph of Bacchus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg/330px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of a lady with her daughter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_with_Her_Daughter.jpg/220px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_with_Her_Daughter.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Vivien Gaston, A Powerful Appearance of Life: Cornelis de Vos's Mother and child\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/a-powerful-appearance-of-life-cornelis-de-voss-mother-and-child/","url_text":"\"Vivien Gaston, A Powerful Appearance of Life: Cornelis de Vos's Mother and child\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205093231/https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/a-powerful-appearance-of-life-cornelis-de-voss-mother-and-child/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/a-powerful-appearance-of-life-cornelis-de-voss-mother-and-child/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien Gaston, A Powerful Appearance of Life: Cornelis de Vos's Mother and child\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205093231/https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/a-powerful-appearance-of-life-cornelis-de-voss-mother-and-child/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81876","external_links_name":"Cornelis de Vos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220094012/https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81876","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://barokinvlaanderen.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/en/biography/cornelis-de-vos","external_links_name":"Matthias Depoorter, Cornelis de Vos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150828145530/http://barokinvlaanderen.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/en/biography/cornelis-de-vos","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mnmzeeland.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/schilderij-gezicht-op-hulst-terug-in-hulst/","external_links_name":"Schilderij \"Gezicht op Hulst\" terug in Hulst"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228105729/https://mnmzeeland.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/schilderij-gezicht-op-hulst-terug-in-hulst/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/36495538/A_Suggested_New_Attribution_of_Seventeenth-Century_Flemish_Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_York_Art_Gallery_to_Jan_Cossiers_Biuletyn_Historii_Sztuki_1_2017_s._87-107_","external_links_name":"Magdalena Łanuszka, A Suggested New Attribution of Seventeenth-Century Flemish Portrait of a Lady in York Art Gallery to Jan Cossiers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228164713/https://www.academia.edu/36495538/A_Suggested_New_Attribution_of_Seventeenth-Century_Flemish_Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_York_Art_Gallery_to_Jan_Cossiers_Biuletyn_Historii_Sztuki_1_2017_s._87-107_","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5070196","external_links_name":"Cornelis de Vos, The Finding of Moses"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170009/https://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5070196","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/601933/the-card-players","external_links_name":"Alexander Voet, The card Players"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160407055324/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/601933/the-card-players","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://expositions.bnf.fr/jeux/grand/119.htm","external_links_name":"Jeu de cartes aux armées"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228132828/http://expositions.bnf.fr/jeux/grand/119.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/obra/el-triunfo-de-baco-1/","external_links_name":"Cornelis de Vos, El triunfo de Baco"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514173147/http://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/obra/el-triunfo-de-baco-1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88862647","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12273750f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12273750f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119055252","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92021137","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/1ea2e28d-ed3b-4bb1-8c8c-f4d10175cea3","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/93fce791-3766-4e3c-959c-f41f5f1838e3","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/18453/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81876","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500022702","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/40636487","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/32385302","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119055252.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f76xg0","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhadra_Devi | Subhadra Devi | ["1 Personal life","2 References"] | Indian artist
Subhadra Devi is a Mithilia artist from Bihar and known for Madhubani Painting and patron of Mithila Kala Vikas Samiti. She is awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the Padma Shri in 2023.
Personal life
She was born in 1941 in Madhubani, Bihar. Her exact date of birth is unknown. a resident of Salempur village in Madhubani district, learnt artwork of papier-mâché in her childhood by watching others.
She remained active in artwork from 1970 to till now. Her art work "Kṛṣṇa and Radha in a banana grove" is displayed in the British museum.
References
^ "Padma Awards 2023: Meet awardees honoured in the field of art". The Indian Express. 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
^ Sheezan Nezami (Jan 26, 2023). "Anand, Subhadra, Kapil Selected For Padma Shri | Patna News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
^ News8Plus (2023-01-26). "Madhubani's 82-year-old Subhadra gets Padma Shri, in childhood she learned papier-mâché art by watching others, now famous abroad - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines". Retrieved 2023-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
^ "drawing | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Art1950s
Omkarnath Thakur (1955)
Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956)
Sudhir Khastgir (1957)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957)
Debaki Bose (1958)
Shambhu Maharaj (1958)
Nargis (1958)
Satyajit Ray (1958)
Devika Rani (1958)
1960s
K. K. Hebbar (1961)
Bismillah Khan (1961)
Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961)
Ashok Kumar (1962)
Mehboob Khan (1963)
Melville de Mellow (1963)
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964)
Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964)
P. C. Sorcar (1964)
Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965)
V. Nagayya (1965)
Ravishankar Raval (1965)
Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965)
Sivaji Ganesan (1966)
M. F. Husain (1966)
Sumitra Charat Ram (1966)
P. Bhanumathi (1966)
Daji Bhatawadekar (1967)
Vasant Desai (1967)
Siddheshwari Devi (1967)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967)
Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967)
M. R. Acharekar (1968)
Begum Akhtar (1968)
Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968)
Nikhil Banerjee (1968)
Sunil Dutt (1968)
Durga Khote (1968)
Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1968)
Ayodhya Prasad (1968)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968)
N. T. Rama Rao (1968)
Devi Lal Samar (1968)
Vyjayanthimala (1968)
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969)
David Abraham Cheulkar (1969)
N. S. Bendre (1969)
S. D. Burman (1969)
B. Saroja Devi (1969)
Indrani Rahman (1969)
Balraj Sahni (1969)
S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969)
1970s
Sukumar Bose (1970)
Prem Dhawan (1970)
Ratna Fabri (1970)
Gemini Ganesan (1970)
Ritwik Ghatak (1970)
Damayanti Joshi (1970)
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970)
Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970)
Madhaviah Krishnan (1970)
Rajendra Kumar (1970)
Pankaj Mullick (1970)
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970)
Relangi (1970)
Gummadi (1970)
Vijay Raghav Rao (1970)
V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970)
Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970)
K. B. Sundarambal (1970)
Avinash Vyas (1970)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1971)
Sankho Chaudhuri (1971)
Manna Dey (1971)
Tripti Mitra (1971)
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971)
Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971)
K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971)
Shanta Rao (1971)
Ravi (1971)
Sahir Ludhianvi (1971)
Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971)
Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972)
Girija Devi (1972)
Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972)
Sunil Janah (1972)
Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972)
Bhimsen Joshi (1972)
Mahendra Kapoor (1972)
Ram Kumar (artist) (1972)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972)
Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972)
Samta Prasad (1972)
M. K. Radha (1972)
Raghu Rai (1972)
Krishna Reddy (1972)
Waheeda Rehman (1972)
Juthika Roy (1972)
Suchitra Sen (1972)
Gubbi Veeranna (1972)
Sitara Devi (1973)
T. N. Krishnan (1973)
Kishan Maharaj (1973)
Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973)
Uma Sharma (1973)
S. G. Thakur Singh (1973)
Kaifi Azmi (1974)
Pushkar Bhan (1974)
Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974)
Bindhyabasini Devi (1974)
Naina Devi (1974)
Girish Karnad (1974)
Shriram Lagoo (1974)
Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974)
Nutan (1974)
M. D. Ramanathan (1974)
Som Nath Sadhu (1974)
Emani Sankara Sastry (1974)
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974)
Manik Varma (1974)
M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975)
Jasraj (1975)
Amjad Ali Khan (1975)
Gopi Krishna (1975)
Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975)
Basavaraj Rajguru (1975)
Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975)
M. S. Sathyu (1975)
K. G. Subramanyan (1975)
Gitchandra Tongbra (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1975)
Shyam Benegal (1976)
Raghunath Mohapatra (1976)
Ram Narayan (1976)
K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976)
R. Nagendra Rao (1976)
S. Somasundaram (1976)
Parveen Sultana (1976)
Dhanraj Bhagat (1977)
Bhupen Hazarika (1977)
Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977)
Alla Rakha (1977)
Jehangir Sabavala (1977)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977)
1980s
B. V. Karanth (1981)
Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981)
Gambhir Singh Mura (1981)
Dashrath Patel (1981)
S. H. Raza (1981)
Padma Subrahmanyam (1981)
Allah Jilai Bai (1982)
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982)
Jabbar Patel (1982)
Virendra Prabhakar (1982)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983)
Nepal Mahata (1983)
Handel Manuel (1983)
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Sobha Singh (1983)
Habib Tanvir (1983)
Ganga Devi (1984)
Amitabh Bachchan (1984)
Purushottam Das (1984)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Bhupen Khakhar (1984)
Ben Kingsley (1984)
Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984)
Roshan Kumari (1984)
Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984)
N. Rajam (1984)
Raja and Radha Reddy (1984)
Nek Chand (1984)
Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984)
Shanti Dave (1985)
Asa Singh Mastana (1985)
Laxman Pai (1985)
Smita Patil (1985)
Palghat R. Raghu (1985)
Naseeruddin Shah (1985)
Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986)
Kanika Banerjee (1986)
Subrata Mitra (1986)
Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986)
Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986)
K. Balachander (1987)
Kumudini Lakhia (1987)
Vijaya Mehta (1987)
N. Ramani (1987)
Aparna Sen (1987)
Naresh Sohal (1987)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Shabana Azmi (1988)
Teejan Bai (1988)
Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988)
Zakir Hussain (1988)
Chindodi Leela (1988)
Sudharani Raghupathy (1988)
Sudarshan Sahoo (1988)
Kudrat Singh (1988)
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Adyar K. Lakshman (1989)
Haku Shah (1989)
L. Subramaniam (1989)
Ratan Thiyam (1989)
Upendra Trivedi (1989)
1990s
Mohan Agashe (1990)
G. Aravindan (1990)
Prabha Atre (1990)
Asgari Bai (1990)
Gulab Bai (1990)
Balwantrai Bhatt (1990)
Diwaliben Bhil (1990)
Raj Bisaria (1990)
S. M. Ganapathy (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1990)
Bishamber Khanna (1990)
Krishen Khanna (1990)
Allu Ramalingaiah (1990)
Tarun Majumdar (1990)
Madhavi Mudgal (1990)
Om Puri (1990)
Kanak Rele (1990)
Leela Samson (1990)
Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990)
Kapila Vatsyayan (1990)
Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991)
Bharat Gopy (1991)
Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991)
Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991)
Shanno Khurana (1991)
Pratima Barua Pandey (1991)
Manu Parekh (1991)
Shivkumar Sharma (1991)
Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991)
Sharda Sinha (1991)
Alarmel Valli (1991)
Jaya Bachchan (1992)
Pankaj Charan Das (1992)
Biren De (1992)
Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992)
Sabri Khan (1992)
Sunita Kohli (1992)
Madurai N. Krishnan (1992)
Manoj Kumar (1992)
Meera Mukherjee (1992)
Asha Parekh (1992)
Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992)
Bhagaban Sahu (1992)
Anandji Virji Shah (1992)
Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji) (1992)
Sundari K. Shridharani (1992)
Tapan Sinha (1992)
Muthiah Sthapati (1992)
K. Viswanath (1992)
Chitra Visweswaran (1992)
Dipali Barthakur (1998)
Mammootty (1998)
Kunja Bihari Meher (1998)
Krishnarao Sable (1998)
Zohra Sehgal (1998)
K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998)
U. Srinivas (1998)
Javed Akhtar (1999)
Saryu Doshi (1999)
Sulochana Latkar (1999)
Sumati Mutatkar (1999)
Shobha Deepak Singh (1999)
Jagmohan Sursagar (1999)
Ram V. Sutar (1999)
2000s
Kanhai Chitrakar (2000)
Shekhar Kapur (2000)
Hema Malini (2000)
Anjolie Ela Menon (2000)
Shubha Mudgal (2000)
Alyque Padamsee (2000)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
Ramanand Sagar (2000)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001)
Aamir Raza Husain (2001)
Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001)
Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001)
Sunil Kothari (2001)
Nerella Venu Madhav (2001)
Mohanlal (2001)
Shobha Naidu (2001)
D. V. S. Raju (2001)
Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001)
Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001)
Thota Tharani (2001)
W. D. Amaradeva (2002)
Raj Begum (2002)
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002)
Pushpa Bhuyan (2002)
Rajan Devadas (2002)
Darshana Jhaveri (2002)
Abdul Latif Khan (2002)
Mani Krishnaswami (2002)
Fazal Mohammad (2002)
Manorama (2002)
Govind Nihalani (2002)
Mani Ratnam (2002)
Kiran Segal (2002)
Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002)
Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002)
T. H. Vinayakram (2002)
Jahnu Barua (2003)
Danny Denzongpa (2003)
Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003)
Rita Ganguly (2003)
Ranjana Gauhar (2003)
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003)
Rakhee Gulzar (2003)
Nemi Chandra Jain (2003)
O. P. Jain (2003)
Aamir Khan (2003)
Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003)
T. M. Soundararajan (2003)
Sukumari (2003)
Satish Vyas (2003)
Bharathiraja (2004)
Maguni Charan Das (2004)
Manoranjan Das (2004)
D. K. Datar (2004)
Kadri Gopalnath (2004)
Hariharan (singer) (2004)
Purshottam Das Jalota (2004)
Krishn Kanhai (2004)
Heisnam Kanhailal (2004)
Anupam Kher (2004)
Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004)
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004)
Sudha Ragunathan (2004)
Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004)
Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004)
Bharati Shivaji (2004)
Singh Bandhu (2004)
Bhajan Sopori (2004)
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004)
Muzaffar Ali (2005)
Shameem Dev Azad (2005)
M. Boyer (2005)
K. S. Chithra (2005)
Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005)
Shah Rukh Khan (2005)
Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005)
Kavita Krishnamurti (2005)
Chaturbhuj Meher (2005)
Kumkum Mohanty (2005)
Punaram Nishad (2005)
Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005)
Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005)
Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005)
Komala Varadan (2005)
Wadali Brothers (2005)
Ileana Citaristi (2006)
Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006)
Shree Lal Joshi (2006)
Surinder Kaur (2006)
Rashid Khan (musician) (2006)
Vasundhara Komkali (2006)
Yashodhar Mathpal (2006)
Madhup Mudgal (2006)
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006)
Shyama Charan Pati (2006)
Gayatri Sankaran (2006)
Prasad Sawkar (2006)
Aribam Syam Sharma (2006)
Shobana (2006)
Kanaka Srinivasan (2006)
Pankaj Udhas (2006)
Mohan Babu (2007)
Geeta Chandran (2007)
Astad Deboo (2007)
Neelamani Devi (2007)
Remo Fernandes (2007)
P. Gopinathan (2007)
Pushpa Hans (2007)
Shanti Hiranand (2007)
Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007)
Govardhan Kumari (2007)
Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007)
Balachandra Menon (2007)
Shashikala (2007)
Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007)
Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007)
Pannuru Sripathy (2007)
Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007)
Waman Thakre (2007)
P. R. Thilagam (2007)
Tom Alter (2008)
Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008)
Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008)
Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008)
Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008)
Kekoo Gandhy (2008)
Helen Giri Syiem (2008)
Jatin Goswami (2008)
Hans Raj Hans (2008)
Sabitri Heisnam (2008)
Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008)
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008)
Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008)
Gangadhar Pradhan (2008)
M. Night Shyamalan (2008)
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008)
Jawahar Wattal (2008)
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009)
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009)
Hemi Bawa (2009)
Brahmanandam (2009)
Devayani (dancer) (2009)
Suresh Dutta (2009)
Kalamandalam Gopi (2009)
Niranjan Goswami (2009)
Geeta Kapur (2009)
Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009)
Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009)
Helen (2009)
S. Krishnaswamy (2009)
Akshay Kumar (2009)
Iravatham Mahadevan (2009)
Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009)
Penaz Masani (2009)
Shaoli Mitra (2009)
Udit Narayan (2009)
Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009)
Leela Omchery (2009)
Pratapaditya Pal (2009)
Aruna Sairam (2009)
Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009)
Kumar Sanu (2009)
Kiran Seth (2009)
Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009)
Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009)
Thilakan (2009)
K. P. Udayabhanu (2009)
Vivek (actor) (2009)
2010s
Gul Bardhan (2010)
Carmel Berkson (2010)
Wasifuddin Dagar (2010)
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010)
Nemai Ghosh (2010)
Sumitra Guha (2010)
Ulhas Kashalkar (2010)
Saif Ali Khan (2010)
Mukund Lath (2010)
Ram Dayal Munda (2010)
Arundathi Nag (2010)
Raghunath Panigrahi (2010)
Resul Pookutty (2010)
Arjun Prajapati (2010)
Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010)
Shobha Raju (2010)
Mayadhar Raut (2010)
Rekha (2010)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011)
Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011)
Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011)
Mahasundari Devi (2011)
Gajam Govardhana (2011)
Sunayana Hazarilal (2011)
S. R. Janakiraman (2011)
Jayaram (2011)
Kajol (2011)
Shaji N. Karun (2011)
Girish Kasaravalli (2011)
Irrfan Khan (2011)
Tabu (2011)
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011)
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011)
Jivya Soma Mashe (2011)
Dadi Pudumjee (2011)
M. K. Saroja (2011)
Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011)
Prahlad Tipanya (2011)
Usha Uthup (2011)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Vanraj Bhatia (2012)
Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012)
Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012)
Gundecha Brothers (2012)
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012)
Anup Jalota (2012)
Moti Lal Kemmu (2012)
Shahid Parvez (2012)
Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012)
Sakar Khan (2012)
Joy Michael (2012)
Minati Mishra (2012)
Na Muthuswamy (2012)
R. Nagarathnamma (2012)
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Vijay Sharma (2012)
Laila Tyabji (2012)
Yamunabai Waikar (2012)
S. Shakir Ali (2013)
Gajam Anjaiah (2013)
Bapu (2013)
Pablo Bartholomew (2013)
Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013)
G. C. D. Bharti (2013)
Apurba Kishore Bir (2013)
Ghanakanta Bora (2013)
B. Jayashree (2013)
Hildamit Lepcha (2013)
Madhu (actor) (2013)
Sudha Malhotra (2013)
Kailash Chandra Meher (2013)
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013)
Nana Patekar (2013)
Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013)
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013)
Jaymala Shiledar (2013)
Ramesh Sippy (2013)
Sridevi (2013)
Suresh Talwalkar (2013)
Mahrukh Tarapor (2013)
Balwant Thakur (2013)
Rajendra Tiku (2013)
Mohammad Ali Baig (2014)
Vidya Balan (2014)
Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014)
Sabitri Chatterjee (2014)
Biman Bihari Das (2014)
Sunil Das (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Rani Karnaa (2014)
Bansi Kaul (2014)
Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014)
Geeta Mahalik (2014)
Paresh Maity (2014)
Ram Mohan (2014)
Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014)
Paresh Rawal (2014)
Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014)
Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014)
Santosh Sivan (2014)
Sooni Taraporevala (2014)
Naresh Bedi (2015)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rahul Jain (2015)
Ravindra Jain (2015)
Prasoon Joshi (2015)
A. Kanyakumari (2015)
Prafulla Kar (2015)
Tripti Mukherjee (2015)
Neil Nongkynrih (2015)
Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015)
Shekhar Sen (2015)
Pran Kumar Sharma (2015)
Mahesh Raj Soni (2015)
Malini Awasthi (2016)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2016)
Tulsidas Borkar (2016)
Mamta Chandrakar (2016)
Priyanka Chopra (2016)
Ajay Devgn (2016)
Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016)
Laxma Goud (2016)
Saeed Jaffrey (2016)
Venkatesh Kumar (2016)
Naresh Chander Lal (2016)
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016)
Nila Madhab Panda (2016)
Michael Postel (2016)
Pratibha Prahlad (2016)
Gulabo Sapera (2016)
Prakash Chand Surana (2016)
Basanti Bisht (2017)
Baua Devi (2017)
Jitendra Haripal (2017)
Kailash Kher (2017)
Sadhu Meher (2017)
Aruna Mohanty (2017)
T. K. Murthy (2017)
Mukund Nayak (2017)
Anuradha Paudwal (2017)
Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017)
Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017)
Doddarangegowda (2018)
Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018)
Pran Kishore Kaul (2018)
Vijay Kichlu (2018)
Prabhakar Maharana (2018)
Sisir Mishra (2018)
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018)
Gobardhan Panika (2018)
R. Sathyanarayana (2018)
Bhajju Shyam (2018)
Ibrahim Sutar (2018)
Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018)
Baba Yogendra (2018)
Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019)
Manoj Bajpayee (2019)
Pritam Bhartwan (2019)
Jyoti Bhatt (2019)
Swapan Chaudhuri (2019)
Dinyar Contractor (2019)
Thanga Darlong (2019)
Prabhu Deva (2019)
Godawari Dutta (2019)
Joravarsinh Jadav (2019)
Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019)
K. G. Jayan (2019)
Waman Kendre (2019)
Kader Khan (2019)
Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019)
Shankar Mahadevan (2019)
Narthaki Nataraj (2019)
Milena Salvini (2019)
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019)
Rajeev Taranath (2019)
Hiralal Yadav (2019)
Rajeshwar Acharya (2019)
2020s
Shashadhar Acharya (2020)
Indira P. P. Bora (2020)
Bombay Sisters (2020)
Vajira Chitrasena (2020)
Puru Dadheech (2020)
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020)
Sarita Joshi (2020)
Kangana Ranaut (2020)
Ramzan Khan (2020)
Manilal Nag (2020)
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020)
Adnan Sami (2020)
Suresh Wadkar (2020)
V. K. Munusamy (2020)
Yadla Gopalarao (2020)
Dulari Devi (2021)
Bombay Jayashri (2021)
KC Sivasankaran (2021)
Rewben Mashangva (2021)
Sanjida Khatun (2021)
Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021)
Nidumolu Sumathi (2021)
Biren Kumar Basak (2021)
Narayan Debnath (2021)
Bhuri Bai (2021)
Manjamma Jogathi (2021)
Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022)
Lalita Vakil (2022)
H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022)
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022)
Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022)
Ram Sahay Panday (2022)
Durga Bai Vyam (2022)
Sulochana Chavan (2022)
Sonu Nigam (2022)
Lourembam Bino Devi (2022)
Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022)
Shyamamani Devi (2022)
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022)
Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022)
Ram Dayal Sharma (2022)
Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022)
S. Ballesh (2022)
Sowcar Janaki (2022)
R Muthukannammal (2022)
A. K. C. Natarajan (2022)
Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022)
Sakini Ramachandraih (2022)
Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022)
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022)
Shivnath Mishra (2022)
Sheesh Ram (2022)
Ajita Srivastava (2022)
Madhuri Barthwal (2022)
Kaajee Singh (2022)
Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023)
Premjit Baria (2023)
Usha Barle (2023)
Hemant Chauhan (2023)
Bhanubhai Chitara (2023)
Hemoprova Chutia (2023)
Subhadra Devi (2023)
Hem Chandra Goswami (2023)
Pritikana Goswami (2023)
Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023)
Dilshad Hussain (2023)
Mahipat Kavi (2023)
M. M. Keeravani (2023)
Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023)
Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023)
Domar Singh Kunvar (2023)
Risingbor Kurkalang (2023)
Rani Machaiah (2023)
Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023)
Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023)
Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023)
Krishna Patel (2023)
K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023)
Kapil Dev Prasad (2023)
Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023)
C. V. Raju (2023)
Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023)
Mangala Kanti Roy (2023)
K C Runremsangi (2023)
Ritwik Sanyal (2023)
Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023)
Neihunuo Sorhie (2023)
Moa Subong (2023)
Raveena Tandon (2023)
Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023)
Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023)
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (January 2023)
This Indian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madhubani Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhubani_Painting"},{"link_name":"Mithila Kala Vikas Samiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithila_Kala_Vikas_Samiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Subhadra Devi is a Mithilia artist from Bihar and known for Madhubani Painting and patron of Mithila Kala Vikas Samiti. She is awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the Padma Shri in 2023.[1][2]","title":"Subhadra Devi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madhubani, Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhubani,_Bihar"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She was born in 1941 in Madhubani, Bihar. Her exact date of birth is unknown. a resident of Salempur village in Madhubani district, learnt artwork of papier-mâché in her childhood by watching others.[3]She remained active in artwork from 1970 to till now.[4] Her art work \"Kṛṣṇa and Radha in a banana grove\" is displayed in the British museum.[5]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Padma Awards 2023: Meet awardees honoured in the field of art\". The Indian Express. 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2023-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/padma-awards-2023-art-culture-zakir-hussain-keeravaani-vani-jairam-8405477/","url_text":"\"Padma Awards 2023: Meet awardees honoured in the field of art\""}]},{"reference":"Sheezan Nezami (Jan 26, 2023). \"Anand, Subhadra, Kapil Selected For Padma Shri | Patna News - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 2023-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/anand-subhadra-kapil-selected-for-padma-shri/articleshow/97336983.cms","url_text":"\"Anand, Subhadra, Kapil Selected For Padma Shri | Patna News - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"News8Plus (2023-01-26). \"Madhubani's 82-year-old Subhadra gets Padma Shri, in childhood she learned papier-mâché art by watching others, now famous abroad - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines\". Retrieved 2023-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://news8plus.com/madhubanis-82-year-old-subhadra-gets-padma-shri-in-childhood-she-learned-papier-mache-art-by-watching-others-now-famous-abroad/","url_text":"\"Madhubani's 82-year-old Subhadra gets Padma Shri, in childhood she learned papier-mâché art by watching others, now famous abroad - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections Online | British Museum\". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG63874","url_text":"\"Collections Online | British Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"drawing | British Museum\". The British Museum. Retrieved 2023-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2000-1012-0-18","url_text":"\"drawing | British Museum\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/padma-awards-2023-art-culture-zakir-hussain-keeravaani-vani-jairam-8405477/","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards 2023: Meet awardees honoured in the field of art\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/anand-subhadra-kapil-selected-for-padma-shri/articleshow/97336983.cms","external_links_name":"\"Anand, Subhadra, Kapil Selected For Padma Shri | Patna News - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://news8plus.com/madhubanis-82-year-old-subhadra-gets-padma-shri-in-childhood-she-learned-papier-mache-art-by-watching-others-now-famous-abroad/","external_links_name":"\"Madhubani's 82-year-old Subhadra gets Padma Shri, in childhood she learned papier-mâché art by watching others, now famous abroad - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG63874","external_links_name":"\"Collections Online | British Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2000-1012-0-18","external_links_name":"\"drawing | British Museum\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subhadra_Devi&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subhadra_Devi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Society_for_Ethical_Culture | Ethical movement | ["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 In the United States","1.3 In Britain","2 Ethical perspective","3 Organizational model","4 Key ideas","5 Locations","6 Structure and events","7 Legal challenges","8 Advocates","9 See also","10 References","11 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Ethical, educational, and religious movement
Ethical movementThe logotype of the Ethical Humanist movementScriptureNoneHeadquartersNew York CityFounderFelix AdlerOrigin1877Congregationsabout 30Number of followersLess than 10,000 (2014)Official websitewww.aeu.org
Part of a series onHumanismLeonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490)
History
Renaissance humanism
in Northern Europe
in France
Humanist Manifesto
Forms
Buddhist
Christian
Existential
Integral
Jewish
Marxist
Neo-
Pan-
Personism
Rationalist
Religious
Secular
Super-
Theistic
Trans-
Transcendental
Universal
Organizations
Humanist International
Humanists International
American Humanist Association
Humanists UK
Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands
Humanist Society Scotland
Norwegian Humanist Association
Humanists Sweden
Center for Inquiry
See also
Antihumanism
Posthumanism
Confucianism
Religion of Humanity
Ethical movement
Humanistic psychology
Humanistic capitalism
Humanistic economics
Outline
Category
Philosophy portalvte
The Ethical movement (also the Ethical Culture movement, Ethical Humanism, and Ethical Culture) is an ethical, educational, and religious movement established in 1877 by the academic Felix Adler (1851–1933). In an effort to develop humanist codes of behavior, the Ethical movement emerged from the moral traditions of the secular societies of Europe and the secular society of the 19th-century United States. In practice, the Ethical movement organized themselves as two types of organization: (i) a secular humanist movement and (ii) a predominantly moral movement with a religious approach.
In the U.S., Ethical movements became organizations for the advancement of education (e.g., the American Humanist Association and the American Ethical Union), whereas in the U.K., the Ethical movements became the South Place Ethical Society and the British Ethical Union—organizations which consciously transcended the congregational model of organization as the Conway Hall Ethical Society, the Humanists UK, and the Sunday Assembly.
Internationally, Ethical Culture and secular humanist organizations organized jointly; the American Ethical Union and the British Ethical Union were the founders of Humanists International, whose original name, the "International Humanist and Ethical Union", reflected the philosophical unity of the Ethical Culture movement. The premise of Ethical Culture is that honoring and living in accordance with a code of ethics is required to live a meaningful life and for making the world a better place for all people.
History
Background
The Ethical movement was an outgrowth of the general loss of faith among the intellectuals of the Victorian era. A precursor to the doctrines of the Ethical movement can be found in the South Place Ethical Society, founded in 1793 as the South Place Chapel on Finsbury Square, on the edge of the City of London.
The Fabian Society was an outgrowth from the Fellowship of the New Life.
In the early nineteenth century, the chapel became known as "a radical gathering-place". At that point, it was a Unitarian chapel; like Quakers, the Unitarian movement supported female equality. Under the leadership of Reverend William Johnson Fox (who became minister of the congregation in 1817), it lent its pulpit to activists such as Anna Wheeler, one of the first women to campaign for feminism at public meetings in England, who spoke in 1829 on the "Rights of Women." In later decades, the chapel moved away from Unitarianism and changed its name first to the South Place Religious Society. It again changed its name to the South Place Ethical Society (a name it held formally, but it was better known as Conway Hall from 1929); its current name is Conway Hall Ethical Society.
The Fellowship of the New Life was established in 1883 by the Scottish intellectual Thomas Davidson. Fellowship members included poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, animal rights activist Henry Stephens Salt, sexologist Havelock Ellis, feminist Edith Lees (who later married Ellis), novelist Olive Schreiner and Edward R. Pease.
Its objective was "The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all." They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Davidson was a major proponent of a structured philosophy about religion, ethics, and social reform.
At a meeting on 16 November 1883, a summary of the society's goals was drawn up by Maurice Adams:
We, recognizing the evils and wrongs that must beset men so long as our social life is based upon selfishness, rivalry, and ignorance, and desiring above all things to supplant it by a life based upon unselfishness, love, and wisdom, unite, for the purpose of realizing the higher life among ourselves, and of inducing and enabling others to do the same.
And we now form ourselves into a Society, to be called the Guild of the New Life, to carry out this purpose.
Although the Fellowship was a short-lived organization, it spawned the Fabian Society, which split in 1884 from the Fellowship of the New Life.
In the United States
Felix Adler, founder of the Ethical movement.
In his youth, Felix Adler was being trained to be a rabbi like his father, Samuel Adler, the rabbi of the Reform Jewish Temple Emanu-El in New York. As part of his education, he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg, where he was influenced by neo-Kantian philosophy. He was especially drawn to the Kantian ideas that one could not prove the existence or non-existence of deities or immortality and that morality could be established independently of theology.
During this time he was also exposed to the moral problems caused by the exploitation of women and labor. These experiences laid the intellectual groundwork for the Ethical movement. Upon his return from Germany, in 1873, he shared his ethical vision with his father's congregation in the form of a sermon. Due to the negative reaction he elicited it became his first and last sermon as a rabbi in training. Instead he took up a professorship at Cornell University and in 1876 gave a follow-up sermon that led to the 1877 founding of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, which was the first of its kind. By 1886, similar societies had sprouted up in Philadelphia, Chicago and St. Louis.
These societies all adopted the same statement of principles:
The belief that morality is independent of theology;
The affirmation that new moral problems have arisen in modern industrial society which have not been adequately dealt with by the world's religions;
The duty to engage in philanthropy in the advancement of morality;
The belief that self-reform should go in lock step with social reform;
The establishment of republican rather than monarchical governance of Ethical societies
The agreement that educating the young is the most important aim.
In effect, the movement responded to the religious crisis of the time by replacing theology with unadulterated morality. It aimed to "disentangle moral ideas from religious doctrines, metaphysical systems, and ethical theories, and to make them an independent force in personal life and social relations." Adler was also particularly critical of the religious emphasis on creed, believing it to be the source of sectarian bigotry. He therefore attempted to provide a universal fellowship devoid of ritual and ceremony, for those who would otherwise be divided by creeds. For the same reasons the movement also adopted a neutral position on religious beliefs, advocating neither atheism nor theism, agnosticism nor deism.
Ethical Culture School (red) and Ethical Culture Society (white) buildings.
The Adlerian emphasis on "deed not creed" translated into several public service projects. The year after it was founded, the New York society started a kindergarten, a district nursing service and a tenement-house building company. Later they opened the Ethical Culture School, then called the "Workingman's School," a Sunday school and a summer home for children, and other Ethical societies soon followed suit with similar projects. Unlike the philanthropic efforts of the established religious institutions of the time, the Ethical societies did not attempt to proselytize those they helped. In fact, they rarely attempted to convert anyone. New members had to be sponsored by existing members, and women were not allowed to join at all until 1893. They also resisted formalization, though nevertheless slowly adopted certain traditional practices, like Sunday meetings and life cycle ceremonies, yet did so in a modern humanistic context. In 1893, the four existing societies unified under the umbrella organization, the American Ethical Union (AEU).
After some initial success the movement stagnated until after World War II. In 1946 efforts were made to revitalize and societies were created in New Jersey and Washington D.C., along with the inauguration of the Encampment for Citizenship. By 1968 there were thirty societies with a total national membership of over 5,500. However, the resuscitated movement differed from its predecessor in a few ways. The newer groups were being created in suburban locales and often to provide alternative Sunday schools for children, with adult activities as an afterthought.
There was also a greater focus on organization and bureaucracy, along with an inward turn emphasizing the needs of the group members over the more general social issues that had originally concerned Adler. The result was a transformation of American ethical societies into something much more akin to small Christian congregations in which the minister's most pressing concern is to tend to his or her flock.
In the 21st century, the movement attempted to revitalize itself through social media and involvement with other Humanist organizations, with mixed success. As of 2014, there were fewer than 10,000 official members of the Ethical movement.
In Britain
Stanton Coit led the Ethical movement in Britain.
In 1885, the ten-year-old American Ethical Culture movement helped to stimulate similar social activity in Great Britain, when American sociologist John Graham Brooks distributed pamphlets by Chicago ethical society leader William Salter to a group of British philosophers, including Bernard Bosanquet, John Henry Muirhead, and John Stuart MacKenzie.
One of Felix Adler's colleagues, Stanton Coit, visited them in London to discuss the "aims and principles" of their American counterparts. In 1886 the first British ethical society was founded. Coit took over the leadership of South Place for a few years. Ethical societies flourished in Britain. By 1896 the four London societies formed the Union of Ethical Societies, and between 1905 and 1910 there were over fifty societies in Great Britain, seventeen of which were affiliated with the Union. Part of this rapid growth was due to Coit, who left his role as leader of South Place in 1892 after being denied the power and authority he was vying for.
Because he was firmly entrenched in British ethicism, Coit remained in London and formed the West London Ethical Society, which was almost completely under his control. Coit worked quickly to shape the West London society not only around Ethical Culture but also the trappings of religious practice, renaming the society in 1914 to the Ethical Church; he did this because he subscribed to a personal theory of using "theological terms in a humanistic sense" in order to make the Ethical movement appealing to irreligious people with otherwise strong cultural attachments to religion, such as cultural Christians. Coit transformed his meetings into "services", and their space into something akin to a church. In a series of books Coit also began to argue for the transformation of the Anglican Church into an Ethical Church, while holding up the virtue of ethical ritual. He felt that the Anglican Church was in the unique position to harness the natural moral impulse that stemmed from society itself, as long as the Church replaced theology with science, abandoned supernatural beliefs, expanded its bible to include a cross-cultural selection of ethical literature and reinterpreted its creeds and liturgy in light of modern ethics and psychology. His attempt to reform the Anglican church failed, and ten years after his death in 1944, the Ethical Church building was sold to the Roman Catholic Church.
During Stanton Coit's lifetime, the Ethical Church never officially affiliated with the Union of Ethical Societies, nor did South Place. In 1920 the Union of Ethical Societies changed its name to the Ethical Union. Harold Blackham, who had taken over leadership of the London Ethical Church, consciously sought to remove the church-like trappings of the Ethical movement, and advocated a simple creed of humanism that was not akin to a religion. He promoted the merger of the Ethical Union with the Rationalist Press Association and the South Place Ethical Society, and, in 1957, a Humanist Council was set up to explore amalgamation. Although issues over charitable status prevented a full amalgamation, the Ethical Union under Blackham changed its name in 1967 to become the British Humanist Association – establishing humanism as the principle organizing force for non-religious morals and secularist advocacy in Britain. The BHA was the legal successor body to the Union of Ethical Societies.
Between 1886 and 1927, seventy-four ethical societies were started in Great Britain, although this rapid growth did not last long. The numbers declined steadily throughout the 1920s and early 30s, until there were only ten societies left in 1934. By 1954, there were only four. The situation became such that, in 1971, sociologist Colin Campbell even suggested that one could say, "that when the South Place Ethical Society discussed changing its name to the South Place Humanist society in 1969, the English Ethical movement ceased to exist."
The organizations spawned by the 19th century Ethical movement would later live on as the British humanist movement. The South Place Ethical Society eventually changed its name Conway Hall Ethical Society, after Moncure D. Conway, and is typically known as simply "Conway Hall". In 2017, the British Humanist Association again changed its name, becoming Humanists UK. Both organizations are part of Humanists International, which had been founded by Harold Blackham in 1952 as the International Humanist and Ethical Union.
Ethical perspective
Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture building on Prospect Park West, originally designed by architect William Tubby as a home for William H. Childs (inventor of Bon Ami Cleaning Powder)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Ethical movement" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
While Ethical Culturists generally share common beliefs about what constitutes ethical behavior and the good, individuals are encouraged to develop their own personal understanding of these ideas. This does not mean that Ethical Culturists condone moral relativism, which would relegate ethics to mere preferences or social conventions. Ethical principles are viewed as being related to deep truths about the way the world works, and hence not arbitrary. However, it is recognized that complexities render the understanding of ethical nuances subject to continued dialogue, exploration, and learning.
While the founder of Ethical Culture, Felix Adler, was a transcendentalist, Ethical Culturists may have a variety of understandings as to the theoretical origins of ethics. Key to the founding of Ethical Culture was the observation that too often disputes over religious or philosophical doctrines have distracted people from actually living ethically and doing good. Consequently, "Deed before creed" has long been a motto of the movement.
Organizational model
Pews and stained glass
Functionally, the Ethical Societies are organized in a similar manner to churches or synagogues and are headed by "leaders" as clergy. Their founders had suspected this would be a successful model for spreading secular morality. As a result, an Ethical Society typically would have Sunday morning meetings, offer moral instruction for children and teens, and do charitable work and social action. They may offer a variety of educational and other programs. They conduct weddings, commitment ceremonies, baby namings, and memorial services.
Individual Ethical Society members may or may not believe in a deity or regard Ethical Culture as their religion. Felix Adler said "Ethical Culture is religious to those who are religiously minded, and merely ethical to those who are not so minded." The movement does consider itself a religion in the sense that
Religion is that set of beliefs and/or institutions, behaviors and emotions which bind human beings to something beyond their individual selves and foster in its adherents a sense of humility and gratitude that, in turn, sets the tone of one’s world-view and requires certain behavioral dispositions relative to that which transcends personal interests.
The Ethical Culture 2003 ethical identity statement states:
It is a chief belief of Ethical religion that if we relate to others in a way that brings out their best, we will at the same time elicit the best in ourselves. By the "best" in each person, we refer to his or her unique talents and abilities that affirm and nurture life. We use the term "spirit" to refer to a person’s unique personality and to the love, hope, and empathy that exists in human beings. When we act to elicit the best in others, we encourage the growing edge of their ethical development, their perhaps as-yet untapped but inexhaustible worth.
Since around 1950, the Ethical Culture movement has been increasingly identified as part of the modern Humanist movement. Specifically, in 1952, the American Ethical Union, the national umbrella organization for Ethical Culture societies in the United States, became one of the founding member organizations of the International Humanist and Ethical Union.
In the United Kingdom, the ethical societies consciously rejected the "church model" in the mid-20th century, while still providing services like weddings, funerals, and namings on a secular basis.
Key ideas
While Ethical Culture does not regard its founder's views as necessarily the final word, Adler identified focal ideas that remain important within Ethical Culture. These ideas include:
Human Worth and Uniqueness – All people are taken to have inherent worth, not dependent on the value of what they do. They are deserving of respect and dignity, and their unique gifts are to be encouraged and celebrated.
Eliciting the Best – "Always act so as to Elicit the best in others, and thereby yourself" is as close as Ethical Culture comes to having a Golden Rule.
Inter-relatedness – Adler used the term The Ethical Manifold to refer to his conception of the universe as made up of myriad unique and indispensable moral agents (individual human beings), each of whom has an inestimable influence on all the others. In other words, we are all interrelated, with each person playing a role in the whole and the whole affecting each person. Our Inter-relatedness is at the heart of ethics.
Many Ethical Societies prominently display a sign that says "The Place Where People Meet to Seek the Highest is Holy Ground".
Locations
New York City metropolitan area
The largest concentration of Ethical Societies is in the New York metropolitan area, including Societies in New York, Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture, Brooklyn, Queens, Westchester and Nassau County; and New Jersey, such as Bergen and Essex Counties, New Jersey.
U.S. cities
Ethical Societies exist in several U.S. cities and counties, including Austin, Texas; Baltimore; Chapel Hill; Asheville, North Carolina; Chicago; San Jose, California; Philadelphia; St. Louis; St. Peters, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and Vienna, Virginia.
London
Ethical Societies also exist outside the U.S.: Conway Hall in London is home to the South Place Ethical Society, which was founded in 1787.
Structure and events
Ethical societies are typically led by "Leaders". Leaders are trained and certified (the equivalent of ordination) by the American Ethical Union. Societies engage Leaders, in much the same way that Protestant congregations "call" a minister. Not all Ethical societies have a professional Leader. (In typical usage, the Ethical movement uses upper case to distinguish certified professional Leaders from other leaders.) A board of executives handles day-to-day affairs, and committees of members focus on specific activities and involvements of the society.
Ethical societies usually hold weekly meetings on Sundays, with the main event of each meeting being the "Platform", which involves a half-hour speech by the Leader of the Ethical Society, a member of the society or by guests. Sunday school for minors is also held at most ethical societies concurrent with the Platform.
The American Ethical Union holds an annual AEU Assembly bringing together Ethical societies from across the US.
Legal challenges
The tax status of Ethical Societies as religious organizations has been upheld in court cases in Washington, D.C. (1957), and in Austin, Texas (2003). In challenge to a denial of tax-exempt status, the Texas State Appeals Court decided that "the Comptroller's test was unconstitutionally underinclusive and that the Ethical Society should have qualified for the requested tax exemptions... Because the Comptroller's test fails to include the whole range of belief systems that may, in our diverse and pluralistic society, merit the First Amendment's protection..."
Advocates
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald was a strong supporter of the British Ethical movement, having been a Christian earlier in his life. He was a member of the Ethical Church and the Union of Ethical Societies (now Humanists UK), a regular attender at South Place Ethical Society. During his time involved with the Ethical movement, he chaired the annual meeting of the Ethical Union on multiple occasions and wrote for Stanton Coit's Ethical World journal.
The British critic and mountaineer Leslie Stephen was a prominent supporter of Ethical Culture in the UK, serving multiple terms as President of the West London Ethical Society, and was involved in the creation of the Union of Ethical Societies.
Albert Einstein was a supporter of Ethical Culture. On the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, in 1951, he noted that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. Humanity requires such a belief to survive, Einstein argued. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity."
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was a regular attendee at the New York Society for Ethical Culture at a time when humanism was beginning to coalesce in its modern-day form, and it was there that she developed friendships with the leading humanists and Ethical Culturists of her day. She collaborated with Al Black, Ethical Society leader, in the creation of her nationwide Encampment of Citizenship. She maintained her involvement with the movement as figures on both sides of the Atlantic began to advocate for organizing under the banner of secular humanism. She provided a cover endorsement for the first edition of Humanism as the Next Step (1954) by Lloyd and Mary Morain, saying simply that it was "A significant book."
See also
Arthur E. Briggs, Los Angeles City Council member, 1939–41, Ethical Society leader
British Humanist Association, which inherited many British ethical societies
International Moral Education Congress
Religious humanism
Unitarian Universalism
Washington Ethical Society v. District of Columbia
References
^ "The original 'atheist church': Why don't more atheists know about Ethical Culture?". October 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^ From Reform Judaism to Ethical Culture: The Religious Evolution of Felix Adler Benny Kraut, Hebrew Union College Press, 1979
^ a b c Brown, Stuart C; Collinson, Diané (1996), "Adler", Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophers, Books, p. 7, ISBN 9780415060431
^ a b The conservator, Volumes 3-4, Horace Traubel, Volume 3, page 31
^ City of London page on Finsbury Circus Conservation Area Character Summary Archived 8 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Sexual Contract by Carole Patema, 1988, p. 160
^ Rendall, Jane. "Women's Politics in Britain 1780-1870: Claiming Citizenship". Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Especially "72. The religious backgrounds of feminist activists".
^ "Ethical Society history page". Ethicalsoc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^ Good, James A. "The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought".
^ George Hendrick, Henry Salt: Humanitarian Reformer and Man of Letters, University of Illinois Press, pg. 47 (1977).
^ Jeffrey Weeks, Making Sexual History, Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 20, (2000).
^ Knight, William. Memorials of Thomas Davidson.(Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 18
^ Knight, William. Memorials of Thomas Davidson.(Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 19
^ William A. Knight, Memorials of Thomas Davidson: The Wandering Scholar (Boston and London: Ginn and Co, 1907). p. 16, 19, 46.
^ Pease, Edward R. (1916). The History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co.
^ a b Howard B. Radest. 1969. Toward Common Ground: The Story of the Ethical Societies in the United States. New York: Fredrick Unger Publishing Co.
^ a b c d e f g h Colin Campbell. 1971. Towards a Sociology of Irreligion. London: MacMillan Press.
^ Stedman, Chris (1 October 2014). "The original 'atheist church': Why don’t more atheists know about Ethical Culture?" Religion World News. Retrieved from https://religionnews.com/2014/10/01/original-atheist-church-dont-atheists-know-ethical-culture/
^ "Ethical Church". Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ I.D. MacKillop. 1986. The British Ethical Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ British Humanist Association: Our History since 1896 Archived 1 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ethics as a Religion, David Saville Muzzey, 273 pages, 1951, 1967, 1986
^ Arthur Dobrin, quoted in "Ethical Culture as Religion" Archived 12 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Jone Johnson Lewis, 2003, American Ethical Union Library
^ Goldberger, Paul (12 August 2010), Architecture, Sacred Space, and the Challenge of the Modern, Chautauqua Institution, archived from the original on 15 July 2011, retrieved 3 March 2011
^ "Riverdale Yonkers Society for Ethical Culture". Rysec.org. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^ "About BSEC". Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ Ethical Societies aeu.org.
^ ethicalfocus.org - Bergen, NJ Society
^ South Place Ethical Society, About the Society Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Meet Our Leaders". American Ethical Union. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Carole Keeton Strayhorn, in her Official Capacity as Comptroller of Public Accounts, Appellant v. Ethical Society of Austin, f/k/a Ethical Culture Fellowship of Austin, Appellee, justia.com, 2003
^ Lord Godfrey Elton (1939). The Life of James Ramsay Macdonald (1866-1919). Collins. p. 94.
^ Turner, Jacqueline (2018). The Labour Church: Religion and Politics in Britain 1890-1914. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
^ Hunt, James D. (2005). An American Looks at Gandhi: Essays in Satyagraha, Civil Rights, and Peace. Promilla & Co Publishers Ltd.
^ Marquand, David; Ramsay MacDonald; London, 1977; p. 24
^ Fenwick, Gillian (1993). Leslie Stephen's life in letters: a bibliographical study. p. 125.
^ Sir Leslie Stephen (2002). Social Rights And Duties: Addresses to Ethical Societies (Complete). Library of Alexandria.
^ Ericson, Edward L (1988). The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion. The American Ethical Union. ISBN 9780804421768. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Edward William Bennett (1901–1906). "Ethical Culture, Society for". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Further reading
Ericson, Edward L. The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion. A Frederick Ungar book, The Continuum Publishing Company. 205 pages, 1988.
Muzzey, David Saville. Ethics as a Religion, 273 pages, 1951, 1967, 1986.
Radest, Howard. Toward Common Ground: The Story of the Ethical Societies in the United States. Ungar, 1969
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ethical movement.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethical Culture.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:Ethical Culture
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Comptroller of Public Accounts v. Ethical Society of Austin
Official website
vteEthicsNormative
Consequentialism
Deontology
Care
Particularism
Pragmatic
Role
Suffering-focused
Utilitarianism
Virtue
Applied
Animal
Artificial intelligence
Bio
Business
Discourse
Engineering
Environmental
Legal
Machine
Meat eating
Media
Medical
Nursing
Professional
Sexual
Technology
Terraforming
Uncertain sentience
Meta
Absolutism
Axiology
Cognitivism
Realism
Naturalism
Non-naturalism
Subjectivism
Ideal observer theory
Divine command theory
Constructivism
Euthyphro dilemma
Intuitionism
Nihilism
Non-cognitivism
Emotivism
Expressivism
Quasi-realism
Universal prescriptivism
Rationalism
Relativism
Skepticism
Universalism
Value monism – Value pluralism
Schools
Buddhist
Christian
Confucian
Epicurean
Existentialist
Feminist
Islamic
Jewish
Kantian
Rousseauian
Stoic
Tao
Concepts
Authority
Autonomy
Common sense
Compassion
Conscience
Consent
Culture of life
Dignity
Double standard
Duty
Equality
Etiquette
Eudaimonia
Family values
Fidelity
Free will
Good and evil
Good
Evil
Problem of evil
Happiness
Honour
Ideal
Immorality
Justice
Liberty
Loyalty
Moral courage
Moral hierarchy
Moral imperative
Morality
Norm
Political freedom
Precept
Rights
Self-discipline
Suffering
Stewardship
Sympathy
Theodicy
Trust
Value
Intrinsic
Japan
Western
Vice
Virtue
Vow
Wrong
Ethicists
Laozi
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Diogenes
Valluvar
Cicero
Confucius
Augustine
Mencius
Mozi
Xunzi
Aquinas
Spinoza
Hume
Kant
Hegel
Schopenhauer
Bentham
Mill
Kierkegaard
Sidgwick
Nietzsche
Moore
Barth
Tillich
Bonhoeffer
Foot
Rawls
Dewey
Williams
Mackie
Anscombe
Frankena
MacIntyre
Hare
Singer
Parfit
Nagel
Adams
Taylor
Azurmendi
Korsgaard
Nussbaum
Works
Nicomachean Ethics (c. 322 BC)
Ethics (Spinoza) (1677)
Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726)
A Treatise of Human Nature (1740)
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780)
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)
Critique of Practical Reason (1788)
Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
Either/Or (1843)
Utilitarianism (1861)
The Methods of Ethics (1784)
On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)
Principia Ethica (1903)
A Theory of Justice (1971)
Animal Liberation (1975)
Practical Ethics (1979)
After Virtue (1981)
Reasons and Persons (1984)
Related
Axiology
Casuistry
Descriptive ethics
Ethics in religion
Evolutionary ethics
History of ethics
Ideology
Moral psychology
Philosophy of law
Political philosophy
Population ethics
Secular ethics
Social philosophy
Index
Category
vteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism
Orthodox
Haredi
Hasidic
Modern
Zionist
Conservative
Reform
Karaite
Haymanot
Reconstructionist
Renewal
Humanistic
list
Christianity
Catholicism
Latin
Eastern
Eastern Orthodoxy
Church
Oriental Orthodoxy
Nestorianism
Ancient
Assyrian
Proto-Protestantism
Hussites/Moravians
Waldensians
Protestantism
Adventism
Anabaptism
Amish
Brethren
Hutterites
Mennonites
Schwenkfelder Church
Anglicanism
Baptists
Calvinism
Congregationalism
Presbyterianism
Reformed
Charismatic Christianity
Pentecostal
Charismatic
Neo-charismatic
Evangelicalism
Irvingism
Lutheran
Methodist
Holiness
Nondenominational
Plymouth Brethren
Quakerism
Restorationism
Esoteric
Independent Catholicism
Old Catholic
Judaizers
Nontrinitarianism
Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses
British Israelism
Christadelphians
Mormonism
Oneness Pentecostalism
Spiritual
Swedenborgianism
Tolstoyan
Unitarianism
list
Islam
Sunni
Ash'arism
Maturidism
Atharism
Salafism
Wahhabism
Modernist Salafism
Shia
Twelver Shi'ism
Zaydism
Isma'ilism
Alawis
Sufism
Khawarij
Ibadism
Alevism
Ahmadi
Mahdawi movement
Quranism
Milah Abraham
Non-denominational
list
Other
Ali-Illahism
Bábism
Baháʼí
Druze
Mandaeism
Rastafari
Samaritanism
IranianZoroastrian
Ilm-e-Khshnoom
Mazdaznan
Zurvanism
Yazdânism
Ishikism
Shabakism
Yarsanism
Yazidism
Other
Assianism/Uatsdin
Roshani
Chinese Manichaeism
EasternEast AsianChinese
Chinese folk religion
Confucianism
Luoism
Nuo
Salvationist
Xiantiandao
Yiguandao
Taoism
Folk Taoism
Yao Taoism
Japanese
Shinto
list
Shugendō
Tenrikyo
Ryukyuan
Korean
Korean shamanism
Cheondoism
Jeungsanism
Vietnamese
Vietnamese folk religion
Đạo Mẫu
Caodaism
Hoahaoism
Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
IndianHinduism
Vaishnavism
Krishnaism
Sri Vaishnavism
Brahma Sampradaya
Nimbarka Sampradaya
Pushtimarg
Mahanubhava
Ramanandi
Warkari
Swaminarayan
Shaivism
Shaiva Siddhanta
Ganapatya
Kashmiri
Kapalika
Kaumaram
Lingayatism
Nath
Balinese
Shaktism
Smartism
Sauraism
Śrauta
Sant Mat
Neo-Hinduism
list
Buddhism
Theravada
Mahayana
Chan/Zen/Thiền
Amidism
Nichiren
Vajrayana
Tibetan
Neo-Buddhism
list
Other
Ayyavazhi
Kalash
Jainism
Digambara
Śvetāmbara
Sarnaism
Kirat Mundhum
Srilankan Vedda
Ravidassia
Sikhism
Khalsa
Sects
EthnicAltaic
Turko-Mongolic
Burkhanism
Tengrism
Vattisen Yaly
Tungusic
Evenki
Manchu
Austroasiatic
Sarnaism
Austronesian
Batak Parmalim
Dayak
Kaharingan
Traditional Sabahan religions
Indonesian
Aliran Kepercayaan
Kejawèn
Kapitayan
Karo Pemena
Malaysian
Philippine Dayawism
Tagalog
Polynesian
Hawaiian
Māori
Sumbese Marapu
Sundanese Wiwitan
NativeAmerican
Abenaki
Anishinaabe
Blackfoot
Californian
Miwok
Ohlone
Pomo
Cherokee
Chilote
Choctaw
Creek
Guarani
Haida
Ho-Chunk
Hopi
Iroquois
Longhouse
Seneca
Wyandot
Jivaroan
Kwakwakaʼwakw
Lakota
Lenape
Mapuche
Mesoamerican
Aztec
Maya
Olmec
Purépecha
Midewiwin
Muisca
Native American Church
Navajo
Nuu-chah-nulth
Pawnee
Tsimshian
Ute
Zuni
Tai and Miao
Ahom
Hmongism
Mo
Satsana Phi
Tibeto-Burmese
Bon
Burmese
Benzhuism
Bimoism
Bathouism
Bongthingism
Dongba
Donyi-Polo
Heraka
Kiratism
Qiang
Sanamahism
Traditional AfricanNorth African
Berber
Guanche church
Sub-SaharanAfrican
Akamba
Akan
Baluba
Bantu
Kongo
Zulu
Bushongo
Dinka
Dogon
Efik
Fon and Ewe
Ik
Lotuko
Lozi
Lugbara
Maasai
Mbuti
Odinala
San
Serer
Tumbuka
Urhobo
Waaqeffanna
Yoruba
Ifá
Diasporic:
Candomblé
Bantu
Jejé
Ketu
Comfa
Convince
Espiritismo
Kumina
Obeah
Palo
Quimbanda
Santería
Tambor de Mina
Trinidad Orisha
Umbanda
Vodou
Voodoo
Winti
Other ethnic
Aboriginal Australian
Inuit
Papuan
Siberian
New religious movementsSyncretic
Brahmoism
Falun Gong
Japanese
Meivazhi
Modekngei
New Acropolis
New Age
New Thought
Rajneesh
Rastafari
Sant Mat
Radha Soami
Spiritualism
Subud
Tensegrity
Thelema
Theosophy
Neo-Theosophy
Agni Yoga
Transcendental Meditation
Unitarian Universalism
White Brotherhood
Modernpaganism
African
Godianism
Armenian
Baltic
Dievturība
Romuva
Caucasian
Abkhaz
Circassian
Celtic
Druidry
Germanic
Hellenism (modern religion)
Italo-Roman
Neoshamanism
Ossetian
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Romanian
Slavic
Uralic
Estonian
Modern Finnish paganism
Hungarian
Mari religion
Erzyan native religion
Sámi
Udmurt
Wicca
Zalmoxianism
list
De novo
Anthroposophy
Discordianism
Eckankar
Fourth Way
Goddess
Jediism
Satanism
Scientology
UFO religion
Raëlism
Historical religions
Prehistoric
Paleolithic
Ainu
Arabian
Armenian
Baltic
Latvian
Lithuanian
Old Prussian
Basque
Celtic
Druidism
Irish
Cook Islands
Dravidian
Egyptian
Atenism
Etruscan
Finnish
Fuegian
Selk'nam
Georgian
Germanic
Anglo-Saxon
Continental
Frankish paganism
Norse
Greek
Gnosticism
Greco-Buddhism
Hermeticism
Mysteries
Orphism
Guanche
Harappan
Hittite
Hungarian
Hurrian
Inca
Jamaican Maroon
Manichaeism
Mazdakism
Melanesian
Mesopotamian
Babylonian
Sumerian
Micronesian
Nauruan Indigenous religion
Olmec
Paleo-Balkan
Albanian
Dacian
Illyrian
Thracian
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Vedic
Rapa Nui
Roman
Cult of Magna Mater
Gallo-Roman
Imperial cult
Mithraism
Mysteries of Isis
Semitic
Canaanite
Punic
Yahwism
Scythian
Slavic
Somali
Tongan
Urartu
Vainakh
Zapotec
TopicsAspects
Apostasy / Disaffiliation
Behaviour
Beliefs
Call to prayer
Clergy
Covenant
Conversion
Deities
Denomination
Entheogens
Ethnic
Faith
Fire
Folk religion
God
Goddess
Indigenous
Meditation
Monasticism
Monk
Novice
Nun
Mysticism
Mythology
Ordination
Orthodoxy
Orthopraxy
Paganism
Prayer
Prophecy
Religious experience
Ritual
Liturgy
Purification
Sacrifice
Sacred space
Bodies of water
Groves
Mountains
Trees
Soul
Spirituality
Supernatural
Symbols
Text
Truth
Water
Worship
Astral
Nature
Place
Theism
Animism
Deism
Dualism
Henotheism
Monotheism
Nontheism
Panentheism
Pantheism
Polytheism
Transtheism
Religiousstudies
Anthropology
Cognitive science
Comparative
Evolutionary origin of religion
Evolutionary psychology
History
Neurotheology
Philosophy
Psychology
Sociology
Soteriology
Salvation
Theology
Theories about religion
Women
Religion and society
Agriculture
Business
Clergy / Laity
Monasticism
Ordination
Priest
Conversion
Assimilation
Missionary
Proselytism
Disability
Education
Fanaticism
Freedom
Pluralism
Syncretism
Toleration
Universalism
Fundamentalism
Growth
Happiness
Homosexuality
Minorities
National church
National religiosity levels
Politics
Populations
Religiocentrism
Schism
Science
State
Theocracy
Vegetarianism
Video games
Violence
Persecution
Terrorism
War
Wealth
Secularism and irreligion
Agnosticism
Antireligion
Atheism
Criticism
Deconstruction
Objectivism
Secular humanism
Secular theology
Secularization
Separation of church and state
Unaffiliated
Overviewsand lists
Abrahamic prophets
Deification
Deities
Founders
Index
Mass gatherings
Names of God
New religious movements
Organizations
Outline
Religions and spiritual traditions
Scholars
Timeline
Religion by countryAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor
Georgia
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czechia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
North America
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Category
Portal
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical"},{"link_name":"educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational"},{"link_name":"Felix Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Adler_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BK-2"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"secular humanist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"American Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"American Ethical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ethical_Union"},{"link_name":"South Place Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Place_Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"Conway Hall Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Hall_Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"Humanists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK"},{"link_name":"Sunday Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Humanists International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_International"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deed-4"}],"text":"The Ethical movement (also the Ethical Culture movement, Ethical Humanism, and Ethical Culture) is an ethical, educational, and religious movement established in 1877 by the academic Felix Adler (1851–1933).[2] In an effort to develop humanist codes of behavior, the Ethical movement emerged from the moral traditions of the secular societies of Europe and the secular society of the 19th-century United States. In practice, the Ethical movement organized themselves as two types of organization: (i) a secular humanist movement and (ii) a predominantly moral movement with a religious approach.In the U.S., Ethical movements became organizations for the advancement of education (e.g., the American Humanist Association and the American Ethical Union), whereas in the U.K., the Ethical movements became the South Place Ethical Society and the British Ethical Union—organizations which consciously transcended the congregational model of organization as the Conway Hall Ethical Society, the Humanists UK, and the Sunday Assembly.Internationally, Ethical Culture and secular humanist organizations organized jointly; the American Ethical Union and the British Ethical Union were the founders of Humanists International, whose original name, the \"International Humanist and Ethical Union\", reflected the philosophical unity of the Ethical Culture movement. The premise of Ethical Culture is that honoring and living in accordance with a code of ethics is required to live a meaningful life and for making the world a better place for all people.[3][4]","title":"Ethical movement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"South Place Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Place_Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"South Place Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Place_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Square"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fabian_society_1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of the New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_New_Life"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"female equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Johnson Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Johnson_Fox"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anna Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wheeler_(author)"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Conway Hall Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Hall_Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of the New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Thomas Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edward Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"John Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Henry Stephens Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Havelock Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Edith Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Olive Schreiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Schreiner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Pease"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"social reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_reform"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knight-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pease-15"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The Ethical movement was an outgrowth of the general loss of faith among the intellectuals of the Victorian era. A precursor to the doctrines of the Ethical movement can be found in the South Place Ethical Society, founded in 1793 as the South Place Chapel on Finsbury Square, on the edge of the City of London.[5]The Fabian Society was an outgrowth from the Fellowship of the New Life.In the early nineteenth century, the chapel became known as \"a radical gathering-place\".[6] At that point, it was a Unitarian chapel; like Quakers, the Unitarian movement supported female equality.[7] Under the leadership of Reverend William Johnson Fox (who became minister of the congregation in 1817),[8] it lent its pulpit to activists such as Anna Wheeler, one of the first women to campaign for feminism at public meetings in England, who spoke in 1829 on the \"Rights of Women.\" In later decades, the chapel moved away from Unitarianism and changed its name first to the South Place Religious Society. It again changed its name to the South Place Ethical Society (a name it held formally, but it was better known as Conway Hall from 1929); its current name is Conway Hall Ethical Society.The Fellowship of the New Life was established in 1883 by the Scottish intellectual Thomas Davidson.[9] Fellowship members included poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, animal rights activist Henry Stephens Salt,[10] sexologist Havelock Ellis, feminist Edith Lees (who later married Ellis), novelist Olive Schreiner[11] and Edward R. Pease.Its objective was \"The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all.\" They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Davidson was a major proponent of a structured philosophy about religion, ethics, and social reform.[12]At a meeting on 16 November 1883, a summary of the society's goals was drawn up by Maurice Adams:We, recognizing the evils and wrongs that must beset men so long as our social life is based upon selfishness, rivalry, and ignorance, and desiring above all things to supplant it by a life based upon unselfishness, love, and wisdom, unite, for the purpose of realizing the higher life among ourselves, and of inducing and enabling others to do the same.\nAnd we now form ourselves into a Society, to be called the Guild [Fellowship] of the New Life, to carry out this purpose.[13]Although the Fellowship was a short-lived organization, it spawned the Fabian Society, which split in 1884 from the Fellowship of the New Life.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Felix Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Adler_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(rabbi)"},{"link_name":"Reform Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Temple Emanu-El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"neo-Kantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Kantian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radest-16"},{"link_name":"exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radest-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"religious doctrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_doctrines"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed"},{"link_name":"sectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian"},{"link_name":"bigotry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotry"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"agnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"deism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethical_Culture_Society_%26_school_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethical Culture School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Culture_School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Encampment for Citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encampment_for_Citizenship"},{"link_name":"Sunday schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_schools"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stedman-18"}],"sub_title":"In the United States","text":"Felix Adler, founder of the Ethical movement.In his youth, Felix Adler was being trained to be a rabbi like his father, Samuel Adler, the rabbi of the Reform Jewish Temple Emanu-El in New York. As part of his education, he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg, where he was influenced by neo-Kantian philosophy. He was especially drawn to the Kantian ideas that one could not prove the existence or non-existence of deities or immortality and that morality could be established independently of theology.[16]During this time he was also exposed to the moral problems caused by the exploitation of women and labor. These experiences laid the intellectual groundwork for the Ethical movement. Upon his return from Germany, in 1873, he shared his ethical vision with his father's congregation in the form of a sermon. Due to the negative reaction he elicited it became his first and last sermon as a rabbi in training.[17] Instead he took up a professorship at Cornell University and in 1876 gave a follow-up sermon that led to the 1877 founding of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, which was the first of its kind.[16] By 1886, similar societies had sprouted up in Philadelphia, Chicago and St. Louis.[17]These societies all adopted the same statement of principles:The belief that morality is independent of theology;\nThe affirmation that new moral problems have arisen in modern industrial society which have not been adequately dealt with by the world's religions;\nThe duty to engage in philanthropy in the advancement of morality;\nThe belief that self-reform should go in lock step with social reform;\nThe establishment of republican rather than monarchical governance of Ethical societies\nThe agreement that educating the young is the most important aim.In effect, the movement responded to the religious crisis of the time by replacing theology with unadulterated morality. It aimed to \"disentangle moral ideas from religious doctrines, metaphysical systems, and ethical theories, and to make them an independent force in personal life and social relations.\"[17] Adler was also particularly critical of the religious emphasis on creed, believing it to be the source of sectarian bigotry. He therefore attempted to provide a universal fellowship devoid of ritual and ceremony, for those who would otherwise be divided by creeds. For the same reasons the movement also adopted a neutral position on religious beliefs, advocating neither atheism nor theism, agnosticism nor deism.[17]Ethical Culture School (red) and Ethical Culture Society (white) buildings.The Adlerian emphasis on \"deed not creed\" translated into several public service projects. The year after it was founded, the New York society started a kindergarten, a district nursing service and a tenement-house building company. Later they opened the Ethical Culture School, then called the \"Workingman's School,\" a Sunday school and a summer home for children, and other Ethical societies soon followed suit with similar projects. Unlike the philanthropic efforts of the established religious institutions of the time, the Ethical societies did not attempt to proselytize those they helped. In fact, they rarely attempted to convert anyone. New members had to be sponsored by existing members, and women were not allowed to join at all until 1893. They also resisted formalization, though nevertheless slowly adopted certain traditional practices, like Sunday meetings and life cycle ceremonies, yet did so in a modern humanistic context. In 1893, the four existing societies unified under the umbrella organization, the American Ethical Union (AEU).[17]After some initial success the movement stagnated until after World War II. In 1946 efforts were made to revitalize and societies were created in New Jersey and Washington D.C., along with the inauguration of the Encampment for Citizenship. By 1968 there were thirty societies with a total national membership of over 5,500. However, the resuscitated movement differed from its predecessor in a few ways. The newer groups were being created in suburban locales and often to provide alternative Sunday schools for children, with adult activities as an afterthought.There was also a greater focus on organization and bureaucracy, along with an inward turn emphasizing the needs of the group members over the more general social issues that had originally concerned Adler. The result was a transformation of American ethical societies into something much more akin to small Christian congregations in which the minister's most pressing concern is to tend to his or her flock.[17]In the 21st century, the movement attempted to revitalize itself through social media and involvement with other Humanist organizations, with mixed success. As of 2014, there were fewer than 10,000 official members of the Ethical movement.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanton_Coit_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanton Coit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Coit"},{"link_name":"John Graham Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_Brooks"},{"link_name":"pamphlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet"},{"link_name":"William Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mackintire_Salter"},{"link_name":"Bernard Bosanquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"John Henry Muirhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Muirhead"},{"link_name":"Stanton Coit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Coit"},{"link_name":"cultural Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Christians"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH_EC-19"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKillip-20"},{"link_name":"Harold Blackham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Blackham"},{"link_name":"Rationalist Press Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalist_Press_Association"},{"link_name":"British Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bha-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-17"},{"link_name":"Moncure D. Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncure_D._Conway"},{"link_name":"Humanists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK"},{"link_name":"Humanists International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_International"}],"sub_title":"In Britain","text":"Stanton Coit led the Ethical movement in Britain.In 1885, the ten-year-old American Ethical Culture movement helped to stimulate similar social activity in Great Britain, when American sociologist John Graham Brooks distributed pamphlets by Chicago ethical society leader William Salter to a group of British philosophers, including Bernard Bosanquet, John Henry Muirhead, and John Stuart MacKenzie.One of Felix Adler's colleagues, Stanton Coit, visited them in London to discuss the \"aims and principles\" of their American counterparts. In 1886 the first British ethical society was founded. Coit took over the leadership of South Place for a few years. Ethical societies flourished in Britain. By 1896 the four London societies formed the Union of Ethical Societies, and between 1905 and 1910 there were over fifty societies in Great Britain, seventeen of which were affiliated with the Union. Part of this rapid growth was due to Coit, who left his role as leader of South Place in 1892 after being denied the power and authority he was vying for.Because he was firmly entrenched in British ethicism, Coit remained in London and formed the West London Ethical Society, which was almost completely under his control. Coit worked quickly to shape the West London society not only around Ethical Culture but also the trappings of religious practice, renaming the society in 1914 to the Ethical Church; he did this because he subscribed to a personal theory of using \"theological terms in a humanistic sense\" in order to make the Ethical movement appealing to irreligious people with otherwise strong cultural attachments to religion, such as cultural Christians.[19] Coit transformed his meetings into \"services\", and their space into something akin to a church. In a series of books Coit also began to argue for the transformation of the Anglican Church into an Ethical Church, while holding up the virtue of ethical ritual. He felt that the Anglican Church was in the unique position to harness the natural moral impulse that stemmed from society itself, as long as the Church replaced theology with science, abandoned supernatural beliefs, expanded its bible to include a cross-cultural selection of ethical literature and reinterpreted its creeds and liturgy in light of modern ethics and psychology. His attempt to reform the Anglican church failed, and ten years after his death in 1944, the Ethical Church building was sold to the Roman Catholic Church.[17]During Stanton Coit's lifetime, the Ethical Church never officially affiliated with the Union of Ethical Societies, nor did South Place. In 1920 the Union of Ethical Societies changed its name to the Ethical Union.[20] Harold Blackham, who had taken over leadership of the London Ethical Church, consciously sought to remove the church-like trappings of the Ethical movement, and advocated a simple creed of humanism that was not akin to a religion. He promoted the merger of the Ethical Union with the Rationalist Press Association and the South Place Ethical Society, and, in 1957, a Humanist Council was set up to explore amalgamation. Although issues over charitable status prevented a full amalgamation, the Ethical Union under Blackham changed its name in 1967 to become the British Humanist Association – establishing humanism as the principle organizing force for non-religious morals and secularist advocacy in Britain. The BHA was the legal successor body to the Union of Ethical Societies.[21]Between 1886 and 1927, seventy-four ethical societies were started in Great Britain, although this rapid growth did not last long. The numbers declined steadily throughout the 1920s and early 30s, until there were only ten societies left in 1934. By 1954, there were only four. The situation became such that, in 1971, sociologist Colin Campbell even suggested that one could say, \"that when the South Place Ethical Society discussed changing its name to the South Place Humanist society in 1969, the English Ethical movement ceased to exist.\"[17]The organizations spawned by the 19th century Ethical movement would later live on as the British humanist movement. The South Place Ethical Society eventually changed its name Conway Hall Ethical Society, after Moncure D. Conway, and is typically known as simply \"Conway Hall\". In 2017, the British Humanist Association again changed its name, becoming Humanists UK. Both organizations are part of Humanists International, which had been founded by Harold Blackham in 1952 as the International Humanist and Ethical Union.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_H_Childs_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Locations"},{"link_name":"William Tubby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tubby"},{"link_name":"Bon Ami Cleaning Powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Ami"},{"link_name":"good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory"},{"link_name":"moral relativism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_relativism"},{"link_name":"dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue"},{"link_name":"transcendentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist"},{"link_name":"doctrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deed-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture building on Prospect Park West, originally designed by architect William Tubby as a home for William H. Childs (inventor of Bon Ami Cleaning Powder)While Ethical Culturists generally share common beliefs about what constitutes ethical behavior and the good, individuals are encouraged to develop their own personal understanding of these ideas. This does not mean that Ethical Culturists condone moral relativism, which would relegate ethics to mere preferences or social conventions. Ethical principles are viewed as being related to deep truths about the way the world works, and hence not arbitrary. However, it is recognized that complexities render the understanding of ethical nuances subject to continued dialogue, exploration, and learning.While the founder of Ethical Culture, Felix Adler, was a transcendentalist, Ethical Culturists may have a variety of understandings as to the theoretical origins of ethics. Key to the founding of Ethical Culture was the observation that too often disputes over religious or philosophical doctrines have distracted people from actually living ethically and doing good. Consequently, \"Deed before creed\" has long been a motto of the movement.[4][22]","title":"Ethical perspective"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_pews_%26_stained_glass_NYSEC_Concert_hall_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"weddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"},{"link_name":"commitment ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"memorial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"},{"link_name":"deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"American Ethical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ethical_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Humanist and Ethical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union"}],"text":"Pews and stained glassFunctionally, the Ethical Societies are organized in a similar manner to churches or synagogues and are headed by \"leaders\" as clergy. Their founders had suspected this would be a successful model for spreading secular morality. As a result, an Ethical Society typically would have Sunday morning meetings, offer moral instruction for children and teens, and do charitable work and social action. They may offer a variety of educational and other programs. They conduct weddings, commitment ceremonies, baby namings, and memorial services.Individual Ethical Society members may or may not believe in a deity or regard Ethical Culture as their religion. Felix Adler said \"Ethical Culture is religious to those who are religiously minded, and merely ethical to those who are not so minded.\" The movement does consider itself a religion in the sense thatReligion is that set of beliefs and/or institutions, behaviors and emotions which bind human beings to something beyond their individual selves and foster in its adherents a sense of humility and gratitude that, in turn, sets the tone of one’s world-view and requires certain behavioral dispositions relative to that which transcends personal interests.[23]The Ethical Culture 2003 ethical identity statement states:It is a chief belief of Ethical religion that if we relate to others in a way that brings out their best, we will at the same time elicit the best in ourselves. By the \"best\" in each person, we refer to his or her unique talents and abilities that affirm and nurture life. We use the term \"spirit\" to refer to a person’s unique personality and to the love, hope, and empathy that exists in human beings. When we act to elicit the best in others, we encourage the growing edge of their ethical development, their perhaps as-yet untapped but inexhaustible worth.Since around 1950, the Ethical Culture movement has been increasingly identified as part of the modern Humanist movement. Specifically, in 1952, the American Ethical Union, the national umbrella organization for Ethical Culture societies in the United States, became one of the founding member organizations of the International Humanist and Ethical Union.In the United Kingdom, the ethical societies consciously rejected the \"church model\" in the mid-20th century, while still providing services like weddings, funerals, and namings on a secular basis.","title":"Organizational model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Adler_(Society_for_Ethical_Culture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BD-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BD-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"While Ethical Culture does not regard its founder's views as necessarily the final word, Adler identified focal ideas that remain important within Ethical Culture. These ideas include:Human Worth and Uniqueness – All people are taken to have inherent worth, not dependent on the value of what they do. They are deserving of respect and dignity, and their unique gifts are to be encouraged and celebrated.[3]\nEliciting the Best – \"Always act so as to Elicit the best in others, and thereby yourself\" is as close as Ethical Culture comes to having a Golden Rule.[3]\nInter-relatedness – Adler used the term The Ethical Manifold to refer to his conception of the universe as made up of myriad unique and indispensable moral agents (individual human beings), each of whom has an inestimable influence on all the others. In other words, we are all interrelated, with each person playing a role in the whole and the whole affecting each person. Our Inter-relatedness is at the heart of ethics.Many Ethical Societies prominently display a sign that says \"The Place Where People Meet to Seek the Highest is Holy Ground\".[24]","title":"Key ideas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsec/about-26"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Peters, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Lewisburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Vienna, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"South Place Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Place_Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"New York City metropolitan areaThe largest concentration of Ethical Societies is in the New York metropolitan area, including Societies in New York, Manhattan, the Bronx,[25] Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture,[26] Brooklyn, Queens, Westchester and Nassau County; and New Jersey, such as Bergen and Essex Counties, New Jersey.[27][28]U.S. citiesEthical Societies exist in several U.S. cities and counties, including Austin, Texas; Baltimore; Chapel Hill; Asheville, North Carolina; Chicago; San Jose, California; Philadelphia; St. Louis; St. Peters, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and Vienna, Virginia.LondonEthical Societies also exist outside the U.S.: Conway Hall in London is home to the South Place Ethical Society, which was founded in 1787.[29]","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"}],"text":"Ethical societies are typically led by \"Leaders\". Leaders are trained and certified (the equivalent of ordination) by the American Ethical Union. Societies engage Leaders, in much the same way that Protestant congregations \"call\" a minister. Not all Ethical societies have a professional Leader. (In typical usage, the Ethical movement uses upper case to distinguish certified professional Leaders from other leaders.)[30] A board of executives handles day-to-day affairs, and committees of members focus on specific activities and involvements of the society.Ethical societies usually hold weekly meetings on Sundays, with the main event of each meeting being the \"Platform\", which involves a half-hour speech by the Leader of the Ethical Society, a member of the society or by guests. Sunday school for minors is also held at most ethical societies concurrent with the Platform.The American Ethical Union holds an annual AEU Assembly bringing together Ethical societies from across the US.","title":"Structure and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas State Appeals Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"First Amendment's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The tax status of Ethical Societies as religious organizations has been upheld in court cases in Washington, D.C. (1957), and in Austin, Texas (2003). In challenge to a denial of tax-exempt status, the Texas State Appeals Court decided that \"the Comptroller's test was unconstitutionally underinclusive and that the Ethical Society should have qualified for the requested tax exemptions... Because the Comptroller's test fails to include the whole range of belief systems that may, in our diverse and pluralistic society, merit the First Amendment's protection...\"[31]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Humanists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK"},{"link_name":"South Place Ethical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Hall"},{"link_name":"Stanton Coit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Coit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Leslie Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"secular humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"}],"text":"British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald was a strong supporter of the British Ethical movement, having been a Christian earlier in his life. He was a member of the Ethical Church and the Union of Ethical Societies (now Humanists UK), a regular attender at South Place Ethical Society. During his time involved with the Ethical movement, he chaired the annual meeting of the Ethical Union on multiple occasions and wrote for Stanton Coit's Ethical World journal.[32][33][34][35]The British critic and mountaineer Leslie Stephen was a prominent supporter of Ethical Culture in the UK, serving multiple terms as President of the West London Ethical Society, and was involved in the creation of the Union of Ethical Societies.[36][37]Albert Einstein was a supporter of Ethical Culture. On the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, in 1951, he noted that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. Humanity requires such a belief to survive, Einstein argued. He observed, \"Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity.\"[38]First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was a regular attendee at the New York Society for Ethical Culture at a time when humanism was beginning to coalesce in its modern-day form, and it was there that she developed friendships with the leading humanists and Ethical Culturists of her day. She collaborated with Al Black, Ethical Society leader, in the creation of her nationwide Encampment of Citizenship. She maintained her involvement with the movement as figures on both sides of the Atlantic began to advocate for organizing under the banner of secular humanism. She provided a cover endorsement for the first edition of Humanism as the Next Step (1954) by Lloyd and Mary Morain, saying simply that it was \"A significant book.\"","title":"Advocates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Ethical Culture, Society for\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=498"},{"link_name":"Singer, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Edward William Bennett (1901–1906). \"Ethical Culture, Society for\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/humanistwayintro00eric"},{"link_name":"Muzzey, David Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Saville_Muzzey"},{"link_name":"Ethics as a Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ethicsasreligion0000muzz"},{"link_name":"Toward Common Ground: The Story of the Ethical Societies in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/towardcommongrou00rade"},{"link_name":"Ungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ungar_Publishing_Company"}],"text":"Ericson, Edward L. The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion. A Frederick Ungar book, The Continuum Publishing Company. 205 pages, 1988.\nMuzzey, David Saville. Ethics as a Religion, 273 pages, 1951, 1967, 1986.\nRadest, Howard. Toward Common Ground: The Story of the Ethical Societies in the United States. Ungar, 1969","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Fabian Society was an outgrowth from the Fellowship of the New Life.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Fabian_society_1886.jpg/220px-Fabian_society_1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Felix Adler, founder of the Ethical movement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg/220px-Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Ethical Culture School (red) and Ethical Culture Society (white) buildings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ethical_Culture_Society_%26_school_jeh.jpg/220px-Ethical_Culture_Society_%26_school_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanton Coit led the Ethical movement in Britain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stanton_Coit_001.jpg/220px-Stanton_Coit_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture building on Prospect Park West, originally designed by architect William Tubby as a home for William H. Childs (inventor of Bon Ami Cleaning Powder)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/William_H_Childs_house.jpg/220px-William_H_Childs_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pews and stained glass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Back_pews_%26_stained_glass_NYSEC_Concert_hall_jeh.jpg/220px-Back_pews_%26_stained_glass_NYSEC_Concert_hall_jeh.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Arthur E. Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Briggs"},{"title":"British Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Humanist_Association"},{"title":"International Moral Education Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moral_Education_Congress"},{"title":"Religious humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_humanism"},{"title":"Unitarian Universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"title":"Washington Ethical Society v. District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Ethical_Society_v._District_of_Columbia"}] | [{"reference":"\"The original 'atheist church': Why don't more atheists know about Ethical Culture?\". October 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://religionnews.com/2014/10/01/original-atheist-church-dont-atheists-know-ethical-culture/","url_text":"\"The original 'atheist church': Why don't more atheists know about Ethical Culture?\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Stuart C; Collinson, Diané (1996), \"Adler\", Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophers, Books, p. 7, ISBN 9780415060431","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415060431","url_text":"9780415060431"}]},{"reference":"Rendall, Jane. \"Women's Politics in Britain 1780-1870: Claiming Citizenship\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311202844/http://www.keele.ac.uk/history/currentundergraduates/tltp/WOMEN/RENDELL/CORE1.HTM#Title","url_text":"\"Women's Politics in Britain 1780-1870: Claiming Citizenship\""},{"url":"http://www.keele.ac.uk/history/currentundergraduates/tltp/WOMEN/RENDELL/CORE1.HTM#Title","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethical Society history page\". Ethicalsoc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000118230842/http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"Ethical Society history page\""},{"url":"http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Good, James A. \"The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autodidactproject.org/other/TD.html","url_text":"\"The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought\""}]},{"reference":"Pease, Edward R. (1916). The History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13715","url_text":"The History of the Fabian Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethical Church\". Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://heritage.humanists.uk/the-ethical-church/","url_text":"\"Ethical Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK","url_text":"Humanists UK"}]},{"reference":"Goldberger, Paul (12 August 2010), Architecture, Sacred Space, and the Challenge of the Modern, Chautauqua Institution, archived from the original on 15 July 2011, retrieved 3 March 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053316/http://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/46","url_text":"Architecture, Sacred Space, and the Challenge of the Modern"},{"url":"http://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riverdale Yonkers Society for Ethical Culture\". Rysec.org. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rysec.org/","url_text":"\"Riverdale Yonkers Society for Ethical Culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"About BSEC\". Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture. Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bsec.org/about-bsec/","url_text":"\"About BSEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Our Leaders\". American Ethical Union. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://aeu.org/meet-our-leaders/","url_text":"\"Meet Our Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Lord Godfrey Elton (1939). The Life of James Ramsay Macdonald (1866-1919). Collins. p. 94.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turner, Jacqueline (2018). The Labour Church: Religion and Politics in Britain 1890-1914. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hunt, James D. (2005). An American Looks at Gandhi: Essays in Satyagraha, Civil Rights, and Peace. Promilla & Co Publishers Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fenwick, Gillian (1993). Leslie Stephen's life in letters: a bibliographical study. p. 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sir Leslie Stephen (2002). Social Rights And Duties: Addresses to Ethical Societies (Complete). Library of Alexandria.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ericson, Edward L (1988). The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion. The American Ethical Union. ISBN 9780804421768. Retrieved 23 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WQYtAAAAMAAJ&q=salvation+for+humanity","url_text":"The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804421768","url_text":"9780804421768"}]},{"reference":"Edward William Bennett (1901–1906). \"Ethical Culture, Society for\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=498","url_text":"\"Ethical Culture, Society for\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.aeu.org/","external_links_name":"www.aeu.org"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ethical+movement%22","external_links_name":"\"Ethical movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ethical+movement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ethical+movement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ethical+movement%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ethical+movement%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ethical+movement%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://religionnews.com/2014/10/01/original-atheist-church-dont-atheists-know-ethical-culture/","external_links_name":"\"The original 'atheist church': Why don't more atheists know about Ethical Culture?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x2nYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"From Reform Judaism to Ethical Culture: The Religious Evolution of Felix Adler"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_j0rAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The conservator, Volumes 3-4"},{"Link":"http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C693561-BCDF-4A35-9EF9-2591DC0C064A/0/DP_PL_FinsburyCircusAppendixA.pdf","external_links_name":"City of London page on Finsbury Circus Conservation Area Character Summary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061008174243/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C693561-BCDF-4A35-9EF9-2591DC0C064A/0/DP_PL_FinsburyCircusAppendixA.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311202844/http://www.keele.ac.uk/history/currentundergraduates/tltp/WOMEN/RENDELL/CORE1.HTM#Title","external_links_name":"\"Women's Politics in Britain 1780-1870: Claiming Citizenship\""},{"Link":"http://www.keele.ac.uk/history/currentundergraduates/tltp/WOMEN/RENDELL/CORE1.HTM#Title","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000118230842/http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ethical Society history page\""},{"Link":"http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.autodidactproject.org/other/TD.html","external_links_name":"\"The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought\""},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13715","external_links_name":"The History of the Fabian Society"},{"Link":"https://religionnews.com/2014/10/01/original-atheist-church-dont-atheists-know-ethical-culture/","external_links_name":"https://religionnews.com/2014/10/01/original-atheist-church-dont-atheists-know-ethical-culture/"},{"Link":"https://heritage.humanists.uk/the-ethical-church/","external_links_name":"\"Ethical Church\""},{"Link":"https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-history-since-1896/","external_links_name":"British Humanist Association: Our History since 1896"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130801043832/https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-history-since-1896/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eCFIAAAAMAAJ&q=deed+not+creed","external_links_name":"Ethics as a Religion"},{"Link":"http://aeu.org/library/display_article.php?article_id=5","external_links_name":"\"Ethical Culture as Religion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112161255/http://aeu.org/library/display_article.php?article_id=5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053316/http://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/46","external_links_name":"Architecture, Sacred Space, and the Challenge of the Modern"},{"Link":"http://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/46","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rysec.org/","external_links_name":"\"Riverdale Yonkers Society for Ethical Culture\""},{"Link":"https://bsec.org/about-bsec/","external_links_name":"\"About BSEC\""},{"Link":"http://aeu.org/index.php?case=members","external_links_name":"Ethical Societies"},{"Link":"http://www.ethicalfocus.org/","external_links_name":"ethicalfocus.org - Bergen, NJ Society"},{"Link":"http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/spes/about","external_links_name":"About the Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129003230/http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/spes/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://aeu.org/meet-our-leaders/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Our Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/texas/third-court-of-appeals/03-02-00066-cv.pdf","external_links_name":"Carole Keeton Strayhorn, in her Official Capacity as Comptroller of Public Accounts, Appellant v. Ethical Society of Austin, f/k/a Ethical Culture Fellowship of Austin, Appellee"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WQYtAAAAMAAJ&q=salvation+for+humanity","external_links_name":"The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=498","external_links_name":"\"Ethical Culture, Society for\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/humanistwayintro00eric","external_links_name":"The Humanist Way: An Introduction to Ethical Humanist Religion"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ethicsasreligion0000muzz","external_links_name":"Ethics as a Religion"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/towardcommongrou00rade","external_links_name":"Toward Common Ground: The Story of the Ethical Societies in the United States"},{"Link":"http://www.aeu.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4203068-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555681605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045090","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patito_Feo | Patito Feo | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Las Populares","2.3 Las Divinas","3 Background","4 Legal problems","5 International release","6 References","7 External links"] | Argentine telenovela (2007–08)
For other uses, see The Ugly Duckling (disambiguation).
Patito FeoGenreSoap operaCreated by
Alejandro Stoessel
Mario Schajris
Written byEsteban Mejia and Marcela CitterioDirected byJorge MonteroTheme music composer
Carlos Nilson
Mario Schajris
Opening themeUn Rincón del CorazónEnding themeAmigos Del CorazónComposers
Laura Esquivel
Brenda Asnicar
Country of originArgentinaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes304 (Original) 265 (Censored)ProductionExecutive producerLeonardo BlancoProduction companiesIdeas del Sur Pol-ka ProduccionesOriginal releaseNetworkCanal 13Release10 April 2007 (2007-04-10) –3 November 2008 (2008-11-03)
Patito Feo (in English, Ugly Duckling) is an Argentine telenovela produced by Ideas del Sur that aired in first run on Canal 13 from 2007 to 2008. After the show's success in Argentina, Disney Channel bought its broadcast rights and began broadcasting it internationally; the show subsequently became a global phenomenon.
Patito Feo is set in the Pretty Land School of Arts, a prestigious private music school on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, with a major plot line revolving around two teen girl groups – Las Populares, led by Patito Castro (Laura Esquivel) and Las Divinas, led by Antonella Lamas Bernardi (Brenda Asnicar) – who will compete to win the talent show and sign a record label.
Plot
Patricia, lovingly known as Patito, has to leave her humble life in Bariloche with her mother, Carmen, to move to the big city of Buenos Aires. For health reasons, both travel so Patito can receive the medical treatment that she needs. To Carmen's surprise, the doctor of the hospital will be her unforgettable old love, Leandro, the unknown father that Patito has been waiting to find for years.
Due to her passion for music, Patito joins the Pretty Land School of Arts, where she will meet Antonella, the queen bee of the prestigious private school. Antonella is the daughter of Blanca, who is engaged to Leandro for financial reasons. Antonella is unaware that her family is made up of a group of swindlers, which is why her presumed deceased father is actually in prison in Spain.
Patito and Antonella will become best frenemies. Despite their differences, both share the same dreams: reunite with their respective fathers and became music stars. Two decisive groups will be formed at the Pretty Land School of Arts: Las Divinas, led by Antonella, and Las Populares, led by Patito, who will compete to win the talent show and sign a record label.
Cast
Main characters
Laura Esquivel as Patricia "Patito" Díaz-Rivarola Castro
Brenda Asnicar as Antonella Lamas Bernardi
Juan Darthés as Leandro Díaz Rivarola
Griselda Siciliani as Carmen Castro
Gloria Carrá as Blanca Bernardi
Las Populares
Thelma Fardin as Josefina Beltrán
Eva De Dominici as Tamara Valiente
María Sol Berecoechea as Sol Démini
Gastón Soffritti as Matías Beltrán
Juan Manuel Guilera as Gonzalo Molina
Rodrigo Velilla as Felipe Sánchez
Nicolás Zuviria as Alan Luna
Nicolás Torcanowsky as Santiago Peep
Las Divinas
Camila Outon as Pía Zanetti
Camila Salazar as Caterina Artina
Nicole Luis as Luciana Menditegüi
Andrés Gil as Bruno Molina
Santiago Talledo as Guido Leinez
Brian Vainberg as Facundo Lamas Bernardi
Background
The stars of Patito Feo: Brenda Asnicar (l.) played antagonist Antonella Lamas Bernardi, while Laura Natalia Esquivel (r.) played the title role of Patricia "Patito" Díaz-Rivarola Castro (2006)
The series started filming in 2006 in Buenos Aires. With a huge marketing push, the show started its run in April 2007 in Canal 13. In September of that year, the show started airing in the entire Spanish-speaking Latin America market on the Disney Channel and soon, the program became a sensation among kids and teens in the entire continent.
When it debuted, Patito Feo performed exceptionally not only on TV but also on merchandising sales. The soundtrack album was the best-selling album of 2008 in the country and over 100 licensed products were released. An official magazine exceeded sales expectations and had its initial print sold out within a week and a stamp album also had record sales for Panini in Argentina. The song Las Divinas was the best-selling ringtone ever in the country.
In Argentina, 400.000 tickets were sold for the first national live tour, over 150.000 in Buenos Aires and 90.000 in the litoral city of Mar Del Plata during the summer. Afterwards, the complete cast toured Latin America with over 700.000 tickets sold for shows in Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Panama, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, El Salvador, Bolivia and Paraguay.
In 2008, Patito Feo won the Martin Fierro Award and received a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young Adults program.
The show became a huge success soon after its debut. The soundtrack was the best-selling album of 2007 according to CAPIF, over 70 licensed products were released and the cast toured Argentina (with stops in Buenos Aires, where over 160,000 people saw the live concert, Mendoza, Córdoba, Mar del Plata, Rosario, Salta, Tucuman and Santa Fe) and, subsequently, the rest of South America, North America and Central America with stops in Mexico, Chile, Uruguay, Panama, Dominican Republic, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, El Salvador, Bolivia and Turkey, selling out arenas and stadiums.
In 2008, Patito Feo won the Martin Fierro Award and received a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young Adults program.
Although the show was incredibly well received by the audience, Patito Feo attracted huge criticism due to the fact it glamorized the villains, a group of mean and beautiful girls that called themselves Las Divinas (The Divines). Besides being superficial, Las Divinas were also mean and bullied Patito. The fact the villains were much more popular among young girls than the main character caused concern over some groups and the issue was even on the cover Noticias, Argentina's most important current affairs magazine, under the headline "The Triumph of Discrimination".
In early 2008, under the name De Tout Mon Coeur, Patito Feo started airing on children channel Gulli in France. It soon became a huge success, being the most-watched show on the channel. A few months later, Elastic Rights bought the rights to distribute the show in Italy, Portugal and Spain.
In Italy, Il Mondo di Patty and debuted on the Disney Channel and soon became a gigantic hit. Due to the big popularity, a huge merchandising line was unveiled and Laura Esquivel visited the country to promote the show. The rights were bought by terrestrial Mediaset-owned Italia 1 which started airing the show in the Summer of 2009. Il Mondo di Patty became an even bigger success in the country, being one of the most-watched shows on the channel.
Also in 2008, Patito Feo debuted on Cartoon Network in Spain. It was very well received and became one of the top shows among young girls on cable. In 2009, it debuted on the Disney Channel and became one of the highest-rated shows on cable in Spain, topping Hannah Montana.
In Italy and Spain, the show spawned over 200 merchandising including toys, apparel, cosmetics, food items and a video game for PlayStation and a special Singstar game. The soundtrack album was certified over 5× Platinum in both countries. It was also a huge rating hit in Portugal, Greece and Turkey. In Greece, the album was certified for 11× Platinum.
With the success of the show, Laura Esquivel launched a successful Italian acting career in Italy, where she stars in movies and TV shows. Legal problems between the executive producers of the show and the production company made hard for the cast to tour in those countries. However, a new musical with local actors was licensed and, even though none of the original cast members were part of the production (with the exception of Laura Esquivel for a few special presentations), over 250.000 tickets were sold in Italy and Spain. Over 30.000 tickets were sold for concerts in Athens.
Legal problems
In late 2008, Alejandro Stoessel, creator of Patito, was fired. Disagreements between him and the production company started after two shows he was in charge of, the second season of Patito Feo and the teen-oriented show Atraccion x 4, failed to reach expectations and ended up being canceled. After parting ways with the company, he started a lawsuit against Ideas del Sur asking for a part of Patito Feo profits because he claims he was responsible for creating the entire concept. The lawsuit not only was the reason a new leg of a Latin American tour was canceled but also a European tour, where the show was also enjoying huge popularity.
After his dismissal, Alejandro Stoessel was hired by Dori Media to develop a new show targeted to kids and teenagers.
At the same time, Ideas del Sur started to develop a new youth-oriented show, Malcriados (now titled Consentidos), and chose Brenda Asnicar, who had enjoyed high popularity in her role as Antonella, as one of the lead actresses. At the same time, Dori Media and Stoessel wanted her to star in their new show, Ñeka.
Brenda finally decided to do the Dori Media project and, not satisfied with being turned down, Ideas de Sur started a lawsuit against Brenda's management since her contract stipulated she should prioritize Ideas del Sur projects over other production companies.
Finally, Ñeka was renamed Mia, mi Amiga Invisible and will debut at Mipcom in Cannes starring Brenda. But the show is also facing various lawsuits: besides Ideas del Sur, Valeria Britos, the creator of the original script (when it was titled Ñeka), is also suing Dori Media.
The lawsuit prevented the cast, especially Brenda Asnicar, of touring across Europe in 2010 to promote the show.
International release
Country
Language
Channel
Title
Argentina
Spanish
Canal 13, Disney Channel, Magazine
Albania
Albanian
Junior TV
Bota e Patit: Historia më e bukur (Patty's World: The most beautiful story)
India
Hindi
Disney Channel India
Patito Feo (Patito Feo: The most beautiful story)
Turkey
Turkish
D Çocuk, ATV, Nickelodeon Turkey, Kidz TV
Patito Feo: En güzel hikaye (Patito Feo: The most beautiful story)
Italy
Italian
Disney Channel Italy, Italia 1, La5, Boing Italia
Il Mondo di Patty (Patty's World)
San Marino
Italian
Disney Channel Italy
Greece
Greek
Mega Channel
Patty: Η πιο όμορφη ιστορία (Patty: The most beautiful story)
Cyprus
Greek
ANT1 Cyprus
France
French
Gulli / Cartoon Network / Boing (France) / IDF1
De tout mon Coeur (With all my Heart) / Le Monde de Patricia (Patricia's world)
Portugal
Portuguese
SIC, Panda Biggs
O Mundo de Patty
Spain
Spanish
Cartoon Network Spain, Disney Channel Spain, Telecinco
Patito Feo
Belgium
French
MTV Belgium
Le Monde de Patricia
Switzerland
French
MTV Switzerland
Chile
Spanish
TVN
Patito Feo
Colombia
Spanish
Caracol TV, Disney Channel
Mexico
Spanish
Televisa, Disney Channel
Dominican Republic
Spanish
Disney Channel, Antena Latina
Costa Rica
Spanish
Teletica
Honduras
Spanish
Televicentro
El Salvador
Spanish
Disney Channel
Panama
Spanish
Telemetro
Peru
Spanish
Disney Channel
Paraguay
Spanish
Telefuturo
Uruguay
Spanish
Teledoce
Venezuela
Spanish
Televen, Disney Channel
Ecuador
Spanish
Ecuavisa
Guatemala
Spanish
Disney Channel
Nicaragua
Spanish
Disney Channel
Ecuador
Spanish
Disney Channel
Bolivia
Spanish
PAT
United States
Spanish
Univision
Czech Republic
Czech
Disney Channel Czech Republic
Slovakia
Czech
Disney Channel Czech Republic
Hungary
Hungarian
FEM3, Disney Channel Hungary
Romania
Romanian
Disney Channel Romania
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
Disney Channel Bulgaria
Israel
Hebrew
ערוץ הילדים
פטיטו
Serbia
Serbian
Ultra
Ružno pače / Ружно паче (Ugly Duckling)
Montenegro
Serbian
Ultra
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian
Ultra
North Macedonia
Serbian
Ultra
References
^ a b c A planet without the Cris's Galaxy, note of Pablo Sirvén for La Nación Daily, April 12, 2007, (in Spanish)
^ "FreezePage". www.freezepage.com.
^ "Un éxito que parece no tener techo". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). July 22, 2007.
^ "Noticias: - la discordia de Patito Feo en el aula" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
^ "ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España". ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España (in Spanish).
^ A success that seems to don´t have ceiling, Clarín, July 22, 2007, (in Spanish)
^ "Revista Noticias | Patito feo - El triunfo de la discriminación" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
^ "El canal de TDT Disney Channel, líder entre la audiencia infantil" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ a b "Por Marca - Patito Feo" . elasticrights.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
^ "Exclusivo, casualidad o causalidad? Juan Darthes trabajará con Brenda Asnicar y Alejandro Stoessel" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
External links
Official site (archived 2007, in Spanish)
Patito Feo at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ugly Duckling (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Ideas del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"Canal 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Trece"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"girl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Laura Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Natalia_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"Brenda Asnicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Asnicar"}],"text":"For other uses, see The Ugly Duckling (disambiguation).Patito Feo (in English, Ugly Duckling) is an Argentine telenovela produced by Ideas del Sur that aired in first run on Canal 13 from 2007 to 2008. After the show's success in Argentina, Disney Channel bought its broadcast rights and began broadcasting it internationally; the show subsequently became a global phenomenon.Patito Feo is set in the Pretty Land School of Arts, a prestigious private music school on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, with a major plot line revolving around two teen girl groups – Las Populares, led by Patito Castro (Laura Esquivel) and Las Divinas, led by Antonella Lamas Bernardi (Brenda Asnicar) – who will compete to win the talent show and sign a record label.","title":"Patito Feo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Patricia, lovingly known as Patito, has to leave her humble life in Bariloche with her mother, Carmen, to move to the big city of Buenos Aires. For health reasons, both travel so Patito can receive the medical treatment that she needs. To Carmen's surprise, the doctor of the hospital will be her unforgettable old love, Leandro, the unknown father that Patito has been waiting to find for years.Due to her passion for music, Patito joins the Pretty Land School of Arts, where she will meet Antonella, the queen bee of the prestigious private school. Antonella is the daughter of Blanca, who is engaged to Leandro for financial reasons. Antonella is unaware that her family is made up of a group of swindlers, which is why her presumed deceased father is actually in prison in Spain.Patito and Antonella will become best frenemies. Despite their differences, both share the same dreams: reunite with their respective fathers and became music stars. Two decisive groups will be formed at the Pretty Land School of Arts: Las Divinas, led by Antonella, and Las Populares, led by Patito, who will compete to win the talent show and sign a record label.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Natalia_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"Brenda Asnicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Asnicar"},{"link_name":"Juan Darthés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Darth%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Griselda Siciliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselda_Siciliani"},{"link_name":"Gloria Carrá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Carr%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Laura Esquivel as Patricia \"Patito\" Díaz-Rivarola Castro\nBrenda Asnicar as Antonella Lamas Bernardi\nJuan Darthés as Leandro Díaz Rivarola\nGriselda Siciliani as Carmen Castro\nGloria Carrá as Blanca Bernardi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thelma Fardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Fardin"},{"link_name":"Eva De Dominici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_De_Dominici"},{"link_name":"Gastón Soffritti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti"}],"sub_title":"Las Populares","text":"Thelma Fardin as Josefina Beltrán\nEva De Dominici as Tamara Valiente\nMaría Sol Berecoechea as Sol Démini\nGastón Soffritti as Matías Beltrán\nJuan Manuel Guilera as Gonzalo Molina\nRodrigo Velilla as Felipe Sánchez\nNicolás Zuviria as Alan Luna\nNicolás Torcanowsky as Santiago Peep","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrés Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Gil"}],"sub_title":"Las Divinas","text":"Camila Outon as Pía Zanetti\nCamila Salazar as Caterina Artina\nNicole Luis as Luciana Menditegüi\nAndrés Gil as Bruno Molina\nSantiago Talledo as Guido Leinez\nBrian Vainberg as Facundo Lamas Bernardi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_y_Brenda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brenda Asnicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Asnicar"},{"link_name":"Laura Natalia Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Natalia_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"Canal 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_13_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Panini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(stickers)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ringtone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Mar Del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Martin Fierro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fierro_Awards"},{"link_name":"International Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario"},{"link_name":"Salta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salta"},{"link_name":"Tucuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Martin Fierro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fierro_Awards"},{"link_name":"International Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"bullied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullied"},{"link_name":"current affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_affairs_(news_format)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Laura Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"Mediaset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaset"},{"link_name":"Italia 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_1"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Hannah Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Montana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Singstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singstar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elasticrights.com-9"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Laura Esquivel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Esquivel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elasticrights.com-9"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"}],"text":"The stars of Patito Feo: Brenda Asnicar (l.) played antagonist Antonella Lamas Bernardi, while Laura Natalia Esquivel (r.) played the title role of Patricia \"Patito\" Díaz-Rivarola Castro (2006)The series started filming in 2006 in Buenos Aires. With a huge marketing push, the show started its run in April 2007 in Canal 13. In September of that year, the show started airing in the entire Spanish-speaking Latin America market on the Disney Channel and soon, the program became a sensation among kids and teens in the entire continent.When it debuted, Patito Feo performed exceptionally not only on TV but also on merchandising sales. The soundtrack album was the best-selling album of 2008 in the country[2] and over 100 licensed products were released. An official magazine exceeded sales expectations and had its initial print sold out within a week[3] and a stamp album also had record sales for Panini in Argentina.[4] The song Las Divinas was the best-selling ringtone ever in the country.In Argentina, 400.000 tickets were sold for the first national live tour,[5] over 150.000 in Buenos Aires and 90.000 in the litoral city of Mar Del Plata during the summer. Afterwards, the complete cast toured Latin America with over 700.000 tickets sold for shows in Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Panama, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, El Salvador, Bolivia and Paraguay.In 2008, Patito Feo won the Martin Fierro Award and received a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young Adults program.The show became a huge success soon after its debut. The soundtrack was the best-selling album of 2007 according to CAPIF, over 70 licensed products were released and the cast toured Argentina (with stops in Buenos Aires, where over 160,000 people saw the live concert, Mendoza, Córdoba, Mar del Plata, Rosario, Salta, Tucuman and Santa Fe) and, subsequently, the rest of South America, North America and Central America with stops in Mexico, Chile, Uruguay, Panama, Dominican Republic, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, El Salvador, Bolivia and Turkey, selling out arenas and stadiums.[6]In 2008, Patito Feo won the Martin Fierro Award and received a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Children & Young Adults program.Although the show was incredibly well received by the audience, Patito Feo attracted huge criticism due to the fact it glamorized the villains, a group of mean and beautiful girls that called themselves Las Divinas (The Divines). Besides being superficial, Las Divinas were also mean and bullied Patito. The fact the villains were much more popular among young girls than the main character caused concern over some groups and the issue was even on the cover Noticias, Argentina's most important current affairs magazine, under the headline \"The Triumph of Discrimination\".[7]In early 2008, under the name De Tout Mon Coeur, Patito Feo started airing on children channel Gulli in France. It soon became a huge success, being the most-watched show on the channel. A few months later, Elastic Rights bought the rights to distribute the show in Italy, Portugal and Spain.In Italy, Il Mondo di Patty and debuted on the Disney Channel and soon became a gigantic hit. Due to the big popularity, a huge merchandising line was unveiled and Laura Esquivel visited the country to promote the show. The rights were bought by terrestrial Mediaset-owned Italia 1 which started airing the show in the Summer of 2009. Il Mondo di Patty became an even bigger success in the country, being one of the most-watched shows on the channel.Also in 2008, Patito Feo debuted on Cartoon Network in Spain. It was very well received and became one of the top shows among young girls on cable. In 2009, it debuted on the Disney Channel and became one of the highest-rated shows on cable in Spain, topping Hannah Montana.[8]In Italy and Spain, the show spawned over 200 merchandising including toys, apparel, cosmetics, food items and a video game for PlayStation and a special Singstar game.[9] The soundtrack album was certified over 5× Platinum in both countries. It was also a huge rating hit in Portugal, Greece and Turkey. In Greece, the album was certified for 11× Platinum.With the success of the show, Laura Esquivel launched a successful Italian acting career in Italy, where she stars in movies and TV shows. Legal problems between the executive producers of the show and the production company made hard for the cast to tour in those countries. However, a new musical with local actors was licensed and, even though none of the original cast members were part of the production (with the exception of Laura Esquivel for a few special presentations), over 250.000 tickets were sold in Italy and Spain.[9] Over 30.000 tickets were sold for concerts in Athens.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dori Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair_Dori_International"},{"link_name":"Ideas del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"Consentidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentidos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mipcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipcom"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"text":"In late 2008, Alejandro Stoessel, creator of Patito, was fired. Disagreements between him and the production company started after two shows he was in charge of, the second season of Patito Feo and the teen-oriented show Atraccion x 4, failed to reach expectations and ended up being canceled. After parting ways with the company, he started a lawsuit against Ideas del Sur asking for a part of Patito Feo profits because he claims he was responsible for creating the entire concept. The lawsuit not only was the reason a new leg of a Latin American tour was canceled but also a European tour, where the show was also enjoying huge popularity.After his dismissal, Alejandro Stoessel was hired by Dori Media to develop a new show targeted to kids and teenagers.At the same time, Ideas del Sur started to develop a new youth-oriented show, Malcriados (now titled Consentidos), and chose Brenda Asnicar, who had enjoyed high popularity in her role as Antonella, as one of the lead actresses. At the same time, Dori Media and Stoessel wanted her to star in their new show, Ñeka.Brenda finally decided to do the Dori Media project and, not satisfied with being turned down, Ideas de Sur started a lawsuit against Brenda's management since her contract stipulated she should prioritize Ideas del Sur projects over other production companies.[10]Finally, Ñeka was renamed Mia, mi Amiga Invisible and will debut at Mipcom in Cannes starring Brenda. But the show is also facing various lawsuits: besides Ideas del Sur, Valeria Britos, the creator of the original script (when it was titled Ñeka), is also suing Dori Media.The lawsuit prevented the cast, especially Brenda Asnicar, of touring across Europe in 2010 to promote the show.","title":"Legal problems"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International release"}] | [{"image_text":"The stars of Patito Feo: Brenda Asnicar (l.) played antagonist Antonella Lamas Bernardi, while Laura Natalia Esquivel (r.) played the title role of Patricia \"Patito\" Díaz-Rivarola Castro (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Laura_y_Brenda.jpg/250px-Laura_y_Brenda.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"FreezePage\". www.freezepage.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freezepage.com/1362534990ASXNVRPAZQ","url_text":"\"FreezePage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un éxito que parece no tener techo\". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). July 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/exito-parece-tener-techo_0_HyXrrgk0tl.html","url_text":"\"Un éxito que parece no tener techo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noticias: - la discordia de Patito Feo en el aula\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130410011642/http://weblog.mendoza.edu.ar/noticias/archives/017328.html","url_text":"\"Noticias: - la discordia de Patito Feo en el aula\""},{"url":"http://weblog.mendoza.edu.ar/noticias/archives/017328.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España\". ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn-mundo.com/","url_text":"\"ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revista Noticias | Patito feo - El triunfo de la discriminación\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2021-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307080627/www.revista-noticias.com.ar/comun/nota.php?art=1340&ed=1636","url_text":"\"Revista Noticias | Patito feo - El triunfo de la discriminación\""},{"url":"http://www.revista-noticias.com.ar/comun/nota.php?art=1340&ed=1636","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El canal de TDT Disney Channel, líder entre la audiencia infantil\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004135446/http://www.tvmusicayvideo.com/noticias/display.php?ID=7090","url_text":"\"El canal de TDT Disney Channel, líder entre la audiencia infantil\""},{"url":"http://www.tvmusicayvideo.com/noticias/display.php?ID=7090","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Por Marca - Patito Feo\" [By Brand - Ugly Duckling]. elasticrights.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000807/http://www.elasticrights.com/licenses_item.php?lan=es&marca=13","url_text":"\"Por Marca - Patito Feo\""},{"url":"http://www.elasticrights.com/licenses_item.php?lan=es&marca=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusivo, casualidad o causalidad? Juan Darthes trabajará con Brenda Asnicar y Alejandro Stoessel\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. Retrieved 2009-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801143448/http://www.laubfal.com/exclusivo-casualidad-o-causalidad-juan-darthes-trabajara-con-brenda-y-alejandro-stoessel","url_text":"\"Exclusivo, casualidad o causalidad? Juan Darthes trabajará con Brenda Asnicar y Alejandro Stoessel\""},{"url":"http://www.laubfal.com/exclusivo-casualidad-o-causalidad-juan-darthes-trabajara-con-brenda-y-alejandro-stoessel","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/entretenimientos/nota.asp?nota_id=899188","external_links_name":"A planet without the Cris's Galaxy"},{"Link":"http://www.freezepage.com/1362534990ASXNVRPAZQ","external_links_name":"\"FreezePage\""},{"Link":"https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/exito-parece-tener-techo_0_HyXrrgk0tl.html","external_links_name":"\"Un éxito que parece no tener techo\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130410011642/http://weblog.mendoza.edu.ar/noticias/archives/017328.html","external_links_name":"\"Noticias: - la discordia de Patito Feo en el aula\""},{"Link":"http://weblog.mendoza.edu.ar/noticias/archives/017328.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.adn-mundo.com/","external_links_name":"\"ADNMundo.com | Diario de Actualidad de España\""},{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/09/15/espectaculos/c-01011.htm","external_links_name":"A success that seems to don´t have ceiling"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307080627/www.revista-noticias.com.ar/comun/nota.php?art=1340&ed=1636","external_links_name":"\"Revista Noticias | Patito feo - El triunfo de la discriminación\""},{"Link":"http://www.revista-noticias.com.ar/comun/nota.php?art=1340&ed=1636","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004135446/http://www.tvmusicayvideo.com/noticias/display.php?ID=7090","external_links_name":"\"El canal de TDT Disney Channel, líder entre la audiencia infantil\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvmusicayvideo.com/noticias/display.php?ID=7090","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000807/http://www.elasticrights.com/licenses_item.php?lan=es&marca=13","external_links_name":"\"Por Marca - Patito Feo\""},{"Link":"http://www.elasticrights.com/licenses_item.php?lan=es&marca=13","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090801143448/http://www.laubfal.com/exclusivo-casualidad-o-causalidad-juan-darthes-trabajara-con-brenda-y-alejandro-stoessel","external_links_name":"\"Exclusivo, casualidad o causalidad? Juan Darthes trabajará con Brenda Asnicar y Alejandro Stoessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.laubfal.com/exclusivo-casualidad-o-causalidad-juan-darthes-trabajara-con-brenda-y-alejandro-stoessel","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028105023/http://www.patitofeo.tv/v2/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217518/","external_links_name":"Patito Feo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Curtis_Cup | 1962 Curtis Cup | ["1 Format","2 Teams","3 Friday's foursomes matches","4 Saturday's singles matches","5 References"] | Coordinates: 38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850
12th Curtis Cup MatchDatesAugust 17–18, 1962VenueBroadmoor Golf ClubLocationColorado Springs, ColoradoCaptainsPolly Riley (USA)Frances Stephens (British Isles)
8
1
United States wins the Curtis Cup← 19601964 →
The 12th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 17 and 18, 1962 at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The United States won by 8 matches to 1, to retain the trophy.
The United States won all three foursomes matches and five of the six singles matches to win the contest. This was the last Curtis Cup in which 36-hole matches were played.
Format
The contest was played over two days, with three foursomes on the first day and six singles matches on the second day, a total of 9 points. Matches were over 36 holes.
Each of the 9 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned 1⁄2 a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 5 points won the competition.
Teams
United States
Name
Notes
Polly Riley
non-playing captain
Jean Ashley
Judy Bell
played in 1960
Clifford Ann Creed
Anne Decker
played in 1958 and 1960
JoAnne Gunderson
played in 1958 and 1960
Ann Casey Johnstone
played in 1958 and 1960
Barbara McIntire
played in 1958 and 1960
Phyllis Preuss
& British Isles
Name
Notes
Frances Stephens
playing captain
Angela Bonallack
played in 1956, 1958 and 1960
Sally Bonallack
Diane Robb Frearson
Ann Irvin
Ruth Porter
played in 1960
Jean Roberts
Marley Spearman
played in 1960
Sheila Vaughan
Friday's foursomes matches
&
Results
A. Bonallack/Spearman
7 & 5
Decker/McIntyre
Irvin/Vaughan
4 & 3
Creed/Gunderson
Frearson/Porter
8 & 7
Ashley/Johnstone
0
Session
3
0
Overall
3
18-hole scores: Decker/McIntyre 6 up, Creed/Gunderson 1 up, Ashley/Johnstone 4 up
Saturday's singles matches
Jean Roberts was a late replacement for Ann Irvin who was due to play in the fourth singles match.
&
Results
Marley Spearman
5 & 4
Anne Decker
Angela Bonallack
2 & 1
JoAnne Gunderson
Diane Robb Frearson
8 & 7
Judy Bell
Jean Roberts
1 up
Phyllis Preuss
Sally Bonallack
6 & 5
Clifford Ann Creed
Sheila Vaughan
5 & 4
Barbara McIntire
1
Session
5
1
Overall
8
18-hole scores: Decker 3 up, Gunderson 5 up, Frearson 7 up, Preuss 5 up, Creed 6 up, McIntire 5 up
References
^ a b "United States retain Curtis Cup". The Glasgow Herald. August 20, 1962. p. 4.
^ "United States' clean sweep in foursomes". The Glasgow Herald. August 18, 1962. p. 5.
^ "American team brilliant in the Curtis Cup match" (PDF). USGA Journal and Turf Management: 16. September 1962.
^ "British Isles seek to regain Curtis Cup" (PDF). USGA Journal and Turf Management: 11. July 1962.
vteCurtis Cup
1932
1934
1936
1938
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2021
2022
38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Broadmoor Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh2-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 12th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 17 and 18, 1962 at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The United States won by 8 matches to 1, to retain the trophy.[1]The United States won all three foursomes matches and five of the six singles matches to win the contest.[2][1][3] This was the last Curtis Cup in which 36-hole matches were played.","title":"1962 Curtis Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The contest was played over two days, with three foursomes on the first day and six singles matches on the second day, a total of 9 points. Matches were over 36 holes.Each of the 9 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned 1⁄2 a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 5 points won the competition.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[4]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"18-hole scores: Decker/McIntyre 6 up, Creed/Gunderson 1 up, Ashley/Johnstone 4 up","title":"Friday's foursomes matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jean Roberts was a late replacement for Ann Irvin who was due to play in the fourth singles match.18-hole scores: Decker 3 up, Gunderson 5 up, Frearson 7 up, Preuss 5 up, Creed 6 up, McIntire 5 up","title":"Saturday's singles matches"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"United States retain Curtis Cup\". The Glasgow Herald. August 20, 1962. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8ZtAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2869%2C6377409","url_text":"\"United States retain Curtis Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald","url_text":"The Glasgow Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"United States' clean sweep in foursomes\". The Glasgow Herald. August 18, 1962. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8JtAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958%2C6249792","url_text":"\"United States' clean sweep in foursomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald","url_text":"The Glasgow Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"American team brilliant in the Curtis Cup match\" (PDF). USGA Journal and Turf Management: 16. September 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/?file=/1960s/1962/620916.pdf","url_text":"\"American team brilliant in the Curtis Cup match\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Isles seek to regain Curtis Cup\" (PDF). USGA Journal and Turf Management: 11. July 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/?file=/1960s/1962/620711.pdf","url_text":"\"British Isles seek to regain Curtis Cup\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Curtis_Cup¶ms=38.789_N_104.850_W_type:event","external_links_name":"38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8ZtAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2869%2C6377409","external_links_name":"\"United States retain Curtis Cup\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8JtAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958%2C6249792","external_links_name":"\"United States' clean sweep in foursomes\""},{"Link":"https://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/?file=/1960s/1962/620916.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American team brilliant in the Curtis Cup match\""},{"Link":"https://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/?file=/1960s/1962/620711.pdf","external_links_name":"\"British Isles seek to regain Curtis Cup\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Curtis_Cup¶ms=38.789_N_104.850_W_type:event","external_links_name":"38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Alfred_Broaddus | J. Alfred Broaddus | ["1 Education","2 Bibliography","3 Civic service and corporate boards","4 Biography","5 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "J. Alfred Broaddus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Alfred BroaddusPresident of the Federal Reserve Bank of RichmondIn officeJanuary 1, 1993 – July 31, 2004Preceded byRobert P. BlackSucceeded byJeffrey M. Lacker
Personal detailsBorn (1939-07-08) July 8, 1939 (age 84)Richmond, Virginia, U.S.EducationWashington and Lee University (BA)University of Strasbourg (DEA)Indiana University, Bloomington (MA, PhD)
Former FRB Richmond Presidents (Left to Right: J. Alfred Broaddus Jr.; Robert P. Black; Jeffrey M. Lacker)
John Alfred Broaddus Jr. (born July 8, 1939, in Richmond, Virginia) was the sixth president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve System serving the District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and most of West Virginia with the exception of the Northern Panhandle.
Broaddus succeeded Robert P. Black and served as the Richmond Fed's president from January 1, 1993, until his retirement on July 31, 2004. He was succeeded as president by Jeffrey M. Lacker.
Education
Broaddus attended Thomas Jefferson High School (Richmond, Virginia), and in 2012 he was honored by Richmond Public Schools as an outstanding alumnus of the city's school system.
Broaddus received a bachelor's degree in political science from Washington and Lee University in 1961. At W & L he was elected to Omicron Delta Kappa and Phi Beta Kappa. He studied abroad in France with a Fulbright Fellowship and received a graduate degree from the Center for Advanced European Studies at the University of Strasbourg before earning a master's degree and doctorate in economics from Indiana University Bloomington. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Washington and Lee in 1993 and a Distinguished Alumnus Award from Indiana University in 1996.
Bibliography
In 2000, he spoke about the European Monetary Union (EMU) at Davidson College, and his speech was reprinted for the University of Richmond's Journal of Law and Business.
He co-authored "Sustaining Price Stability" with Marvin Goodfriend in 2004. Also in 2004 for the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond's Economic Quarterly, he wrote "Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy". Other FRB Richmond publications include in 2003 "Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment" and in 2001 "Transparency in the Practice of Monetary Policy." Many of his speeches and articles may be read and downloaded from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond website.
Civic service and corporate boards
He was the 2004 commencement speaker at Hampden-Sydney College.
He served as a trustee for Virginia Commonwealth University and was a member of the advisory board for VCU Massey Cancer Center at VCU Medical Center. He is a board member for Albemarle Corp., Faison Enterprises, Inc., Markel Corporation, Owens & Minor and T. Rowe Price. He is a member of the Economic Advisory Panel for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
He held civic leadership posts for the Richmond Renaissance executive committee and the Virginia Historical Society’s board of directors. He was formerly chairman of United Way in Richmond and a member of the World Affairs Council of Greater Richmond, the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar, the Virginia Council on Economic Education, and Venture Richmond. He was a founding board member of Richmond Memorial Health Foundation (RMHF). He has served on the board of St. Christopher's School and currently serves on the board of the Tredegar National Civil War Center Foundation and the boards of associates of Gallaudet University and the University of Richmond.
Biography
Broaddus is a native of Richmond, Virginia. He served in the United States Army from 1962 to 1964. He was a US Official Researcher at the Defense Intelligence Agency from 1964 to 1966. He returned to Richmond to join the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond's Research Department as a staff economist in 1970. He became assistant vice president from 1972 to 1975 and vice president between 1975 and 1985. He was promoted to research director and senior vice president in 1985. During his tenure at the Richmond Fed he participated in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. He was known to be a "hawk on inflation." On March 10, 1993, he spoke before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs at the United States Senate.
Both during his presidency and after, Broaddus was interviewed about the economy and the role of the Fed on Bloomberg Television and Bloomberg Radio. He has spoken at groups including the American Furniture Manufacturers Association and Levy Economic Institute of Bard College.
He and his wife, Margaret Lemley Broaddus have two sons and live in Richmond.
References
^ "J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr". www.nndb.com. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. - Biography of a person who figures prominently in the Federal Reserve's history". www.federalreservehistory.org. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Jeffrey M. Lacker, J. Alfred Broaddus Jr. and Robert P. Black". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Campbell, Julie. "Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ Campbell, Julie. "Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ Broaddus, J. Alfred. "EMU and the Role of the National Central Banks in the Eurosystem". scholarship.richmond.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ Broaddus, J. Alfred; Goodfriend, Marvin (1 January 2004). "Sustaining Price Stability". SSRN 2184980.
^ Broaddus, Jr., J. Alfred. "Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy". Economic Quarterly - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Winter 2004. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
^ "Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment - Economic Quarterly, Spring 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Hampden-Sydney College Commencement - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, May 9, 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Founding Members". rmhfoundation.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Steelman, Aaron. "Fed in Print". fedinprint.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "Full Interview, Al Broaddus and Tom Humphrey, Region Focus, Fall 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Broaddus bids adieu; hopes public now gives Fed credit due - Aug. 8, 2004". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ "Statement by J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, March 10, 1993. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ "Broaddus: We May See Low Fed Rates for Some Time to Come". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Broaddus, Siegel See Fed Signaling Rate Hikes in Advance: Video". YouTube. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ ""Richmond Fed President Foresees Sustainable Growth" by Adam Levy Bloomberg Business News - THE JOURNAL RECORD, December 12, 1996". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ "Remarks at the 13th Annual Hyman P. Minsky Conference on the State of the U.S. and World Economies - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, April 15, 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
Other offices
Preceded byRobert P. Black
President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 1993–2004
Succeeded byJeffrey M. Lacker | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRS_RICH_cent_grp_121613_0556_02838_(14079997691).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System"},{"link_name":"Northern Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert P. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Black"},{"link_name":"Richmond Fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey M. Lacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Lacker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Former FRB Richmond Presidents (Left to Right: J. Alfred Broaddus Jr.; Robert P. Black; Jeffrey M. Lacker)John Alfred Broaddus Jr. (born July 8, 1939, in Richmond, Virginia)[1] was the sixth president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve System serving the District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and most of West Virginia with the exception of the Northern Panhandle.Broaddus succeeded Robert P. Black and served as the Richmond Fed's president from January 1, 1993, until his retirement on July 31, 2004. He was succeeded as president by Jeffrey M. Lacker.[2][3]","title":"J. Alfred Broaddus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson High School (Richmond, Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Richmond Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"W & L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%26_L"},{"link_name":"Omicron Delta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron_Delta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"University of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington"}],"text":"Broaddus attended Thomas Jefferson High School (Richmond, Virginia), and in 2012 he was honored by Richmond Public Schools as an outstanding alumnus of the city's school system.[4]\nBroaddus received a bachelor's degree in political science from Washington and Lee University in 1961.[5] At W & L he was elected to Omicron Delta Kappa and Phi Beta Kappa. He studied abroad in France with a Fulbright Fellowship and received a graduate degree from the Center for Advanced European Studies at the University of Strasbourg before earning a master's degree and doctorate in economics from Indiana University Bloomington. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Washington and Lee in 1993 and a Distinguished Alumnus Award from Indiana University in 1996.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Monetary Union (EMU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"Davidson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College"},{"link_name":"University of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marvin Goodfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Goodfriend"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2000, he spoke about the European Monetary Union (EMU) at Davidson College, and his speech was reprinted for the University of Richmond's Journal of Law and Business.[6]\nHe co-authored \"Sustaining Price Stability\" with Marvin Goodfriend in 2004.[7] Also in 2004 for the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond's Economic Quarterly, he wrote \"Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy\".[8] Other FRB Richmond publications include in 2003 \"Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment\"[9] and in 2001 \"Transparency in the Practice of Monetary Policy.\" Many of his speeches and articles may be read and downloaded from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond website.[10]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampden-Sydney College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden-Sydney_College"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University"},{"link_name":"VCU Massey Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_Massey_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"VCU Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Corp."},{"link_name":"Markel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Owens & Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_%26_Minor"},{"link_name":"T. Rowe Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Virginia Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"United Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Way"},{"link_name":"Historic Tredegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredegar_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"St. Christopher's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_School_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Gallaudet University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaudet_University"},{"link_name":"University of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"He was the 2004 commencement speaker at Hampden-Sydney College.[11]\nHe served as a trustee for Virginia Commonwealth University and was a member of the advisory board for VCU Massey Cancer Center at VCU Medical Center. He is a board member for Albemarle Corp., Faison Enterprises, Inc., Markel Corporation, Owens & Minor and T. Rowe Price. He is a member of the Economic Advisory Panel for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.He held civic leadership posts for the Richmond Renaissance executive committee and the Virginia Historical Society’s board of directors. He was formerly chairman of United Way in Richmond and a member of the World Affairs Council of Greater Richmond, the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar, the Virginia Council on Economic Education, and Venture Richmond. He was a founding board member of Richmond Memorial Health Foundation (RMHF).[12][13] He has served on the board of St. Christopher's School and currently serves on the board of the Tredegar National Civil War Center Foundation and the boards of associates of Gallaudet University and the University of Richmond.[14]","title":"Civic service and corporate boards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"the Fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fed"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"American Furniture Manufacturers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Furniture_Manufacturers_Association"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Levy Economic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levy_Economics_Institute"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Broaddus is a native of Richmond, Virginia. He served in the United States Army from 1962 to 1964. He was a US Official Researcher at the Defense Intelligence Agency from 1964 to 1966. He returned to Richmond to join the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond's Research Department as a staff economist in 1970.[15] He became assistant vice president from 1972 to 1975 and vice president between 1975 and 1985.[16] He was promoted to research director and senior vice president in 1985. During his tenure at the Richmond Fed he participated in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. He was known to be a \"hawk on inflation.\"[17] On March 10, 1993, he spoke before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs at the United States Senate.[18]Both during his presidency and after, Broaddus was interviewed about the economy and the role of the Fed on Bloomberg Television[19] and Bloomberg Radio.[20] He has spoken at groups including the American Furniture Manufacturers Association[21] and Levy Economic Institute of Bard College.[22]He and his wife, Margaret Lemley Broaddus have two sons and live in Richmond.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Former FRB Richmond Presidents (Left to Right: J. Alfred Broaddus Jr.; Robert P. Black; Jeffrey M. Lacker)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FRS_RICH_cent_grp_121613_0556_02838_%2814079997691%29.jpg/220px-FRS_RICH_cent_grp_121613_0556_02838_%2814079997691%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr\". www.nndb.com. Retrieved 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/687/000171174/","url_text":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. - Biography of a person who figures prominently in the Federal Reserve's history\". www.federalreservehistory.org. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/134","url_text":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. - Biography of a person who figures prominently in the Federal Reserve's history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey M. Lacker, J. Alfred Broaddus Jr. and Robert P. Black\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/business/local/article_6fa3c534-eaff-5c40-a795-25b570e9a5e5.html","url_text":"\"Jeffrey M. Lacker, J. Alfred Broaddus Jr. and Robert P. Black\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Julie. \"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\". Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.blogs.wlu.edu/2012/05/10/al-broaddus-61-honored-by-richmond-public-schools/","url_text":"\"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Julie. \"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\". Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.blogs.wlu.edu/2012/05/10/al-broaddus-61-honored-by-richmond-public-schools/","url_text":"\"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\""}]},{"reference":"Broaddus, J. Alfred. \"EMU and the Role of the National Central Banks in the Eurosystem\". scholarship.richmond.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=global","url_text":"\"EMU and the Role of the National Central Banks in the Eurosystem\""}]},{"reference":"Broaddus, J. Alfred; Goodfriend, Marvin (1 January 2004). \"Sustaining Price Stability\". SSRN 2184980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2184980","url_text":"2184980"}]},{"reference":"Broaddus, Jr., J. Alfred. \"Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy\". Economic Quarterly - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Winter 2004. Retrieved March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2004/winter/broaddus","url_text":"\"Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment - Economic Quarterly, Spring 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2003/spring/broaddus","url_text":"\"Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment - Economic Quarterly, Spring 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/","url_text":"\"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hampden-Sydney College Commencement - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, May 9, 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/past_presidents/j_alfred_broaddus/2004/broaddus_speech_20040509","url_text":"\"Hampden-Sydney College Commencement - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, May 9, 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Founding Members\". rmhfoundation.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rmhfoundation.org/who-we-are/our-people/founding-members.aspx","url_text":"\"Founding Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/about_us/history/presidents/broaddus","url_text":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/about_us/history/presidents/broaddus","url_text":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"Steelman, Aaron. \"Fed in Print\". fedinprint.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074346/https://fedinprint.org/items/fedrrf/y2004ifallp30-34nv.8no.4.html","url_text":"\"Fed in Print\""},{"url":"https://fedinprint.org/items/fedrrf/y2004ifallp30-34nv.8no.4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Interview, Al Broaddus and Tom Humphrey, Region Focus, Fall 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/region_focus/2004/fall/full_interview","url_text":"\"Full Interview, Al Broaddus and Tom Humphrey, Region Focus, Fall 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broaddus bids adieu; hopes public now gives Fed credit due - Aug. 8, 2004\". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2004/08/06/commentary/column_hays/hays/index.htm","url_text":"\"Broaddus bids adieu; hopes public now gives Fed credit due - Aug. 8, 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, March 10, 1993. - Free Online Library\". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Statement+by+J.+Alfred+Broaddus%2c+Jr.%2c+President%2c+Federal+Reserve+Bank...-a013917938","url_text":"\"Statement by J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, March 10, 1993. - Free Online Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broaddus: We May See Low Fed Rates for Some Time to Come\". Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/video/broaddus-may-see-low-fed-191947065.html","url_text":"\"Broaddus: We May See Low Fed Rates for Some Time to Come\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broaddus, Siegel See Fed Signaling Rate Hikes in Advance: Video\". YouTube. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcbixnlIH3c","url_text":"\"Broaddus, Siegel See Fed Signaling Rate Hikes in Advance: Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Richmond Fed President Foresees Sustainable Growth\" by Adam Levy Bloomberg Business News - THE JOURNAL RECORD, December 12, 1996\". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090232/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-5698947/richmond-fed-president-foresees-sustainable-growth","url_text":"\"\"Richmond Fed President Foresees Sustainable Growth\" by Adam Levy Bloomberg Business News - THE JOURNAL RECORD, December 12, 1996\""},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-5698947/richmond-fed-president-foresees-sustainable-growth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks at the 13th Annual Hyman P. Minsky Conference on the State of the U.S. and World Economies - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, April 15, 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\". www.richmondfed.org. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/past_presidents/j_alfred_broaddus/2003/broaddus_speech_20030415","url_text":"\"Remarks at the 13th Annual Hyman P. Minsky Conference on the State of the U.S. and World Economies - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, April 15, 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22","external_links_name":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22J.+Alfred+Broaddus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nndb.com/people/687/000171174/","external_links_name":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr\""},{"Link":"http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/134","external_links_name":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. - Biography of a person who figures prominently in the Federal Reserve's history\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmond.com/business/local/article_6fa3c534-eaff-5c40-a795-25b570e9a5e5.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeffrey M. Lacker, J. Alfred Broaddus Jr. and Robert P. Black\""},{"Link":"https://news.blogs.wlu.edu/2012/05/10/al-broaddus-61-honored-by-richmond-public-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\""},{"Link":"https://news.blogs.wlu.edu/2012/05/10/al-broaddus-61-honored-by-richmond-public-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Al Broaddus '61 Honored by Richmond Public Schools :: News :: Washington and Lee University\""},{"Link":"http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=global","external_links_name":"\"EMU and the Role of the National Central Banks in the Eurosystem\""},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2184980","external_links_name":"2184980"},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2004/winter/broaddus","external_links_name":"\"Macroeconomic Principles and Monetary Policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2003/spring/broaddus","external_links_name":"\"Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment - Economic Quarterly, Spring 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/","external_links_name":"\"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/past_presidents/j_alfred_broaddus/2004/broaddus_speech_20040509","external_links_name":"\"Hampden-Sydney College Commencement - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, May 9, 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"http://rmhfoundation.org/who-we-are/our-people/founding-members.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Founding Members\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/about_us/history/presidents/broaddus","external_links_name":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/about_us/history/presidents/broaddus","external_links_name":"\"J. Alfred Broaddus (1993-2004) - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074346/https://fedinprint.org/items/fedrrf/y2004ifallp30-34nv.8no.4.html","external_links_name":"\"Fed in Print\""},{"Link":"https://fedinprint.org/items/fedrrf/y2004ifallp30-34nv.8no.4.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/region_focus/2004/fall/full_interview","external_links_name":"\"Full Interview, Al Broaddus and Tom Humphrey, Region Focus, Fall 2004 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2004/08/06/commentary/column_hays/hays/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Broaddus bids adieu; hopes public now gives Fed credit due - Aug. 8, 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Statement+by+J.+Alfred+Broaddus%2c+Jr.%2c+President%2c+Federal+Reserve+Bank...-a013917938","external_links_name":"\"Statement by J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, March 10, 1993. - Free Online Library\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/video/broaddus-may-see-low-fed-191947065.html","external_links_name":"\"Broaddus: We May See Low Fed Rates for Some Time to Come\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcbixnlIH3c","external_links_name":"\"Broaddus, Siegel See Fed Signaling Rate Hikes in Advance: Video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090232/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-5698947/richmond-fed-president-foresees-sustainable-growth","external_links_name":"\"\"Richmond Fed President Foresees Sustainable Growth\" by Adam Levy Bloomberg Business News - THE JOURNAL RECORD, December 12, 1996\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-5698947/richmond-fed-president-foresees-sustainable-growth","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/past_presidents/j_alfred_broaddus/2003/broaddus_speech_20030415","external_links_name":"\"Remarks at the 13th Annual Hyman P. Minsky Conference on the State of the U.S. and World Economies - Speech, J. Alfred Broaddus, April 15, 2003 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E2%80%93H_activation | Carbon–hydrogen bond activation | ["1 Classification","2 Historic overview","3 Mechanistic understanding","4 Directed C-H activation","4.1 Borylation","5 Natural gas","6 Asymmetric C-H activations","7 See also","8 Older reviews","9 Additional sources","10 References"] | Organic reactions in which the H in a C–H bond is substituted
This article is about Organometallic pathways involving metal-carbon bonds. For other uses, see Hydrocarbon.
In organic chemistry and organometallic chemistry, carbon–hydrogen bond activation (C−H activation) is a type of organic reaction in which a carbon–hydrogen bond is cleaved and replaced with a C−X bond (X ≠ H is typically a main group element, like carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen). Some authors further restrict the term C–H activation to reactions in which a C–H bond, one that is typically considered to be "unreactive", interacts with a transition metal center M, resulting in its cleavage and the generation of an organometallic species with an M–C bond. The intermediate of this step (sometimes known as the C−H activation step) could then undergo subsequent reactions with other reagents, either in situ or in a separate step, to produce the functionalized product.
The alternative term C−H functionalization is used to describe any reaction that converts a relatively inert C−H bond into a C−X bond, irrespective of the reaction mechanism (or with an agnostic attitude towards it). In particular, this definition does not require the cleaved C–H bond to initially interact with the transition metal in the reaction mechanism. This broader definition encompasses all reactions that would fall under the restricted definition of C–H activation given above. However, it also includes iron-catalyzed alkane C–H hydroxylation reactions that proceed through the oxygen rebound mechanism (e.g. cytochrome P450 enzymes and their synthetic analogues), in which a metal–carbon bond is not believed to be involved. Likewise, the ligand-based reactivity of many metal carbene species with hydrocarbons in which the carbene carbon inserts into a C–H bond, again without interaction of the hydrocarbon C–H bond with the metal, also falls under this category. Often, when authors make the distinction between C–H functionalization and C−H activation, they will restrict the latter to the narrow sense.
Classification
Mechanisms for C-H activations by metal centers can be classified into three general categories:
(i) Oxidative addition, in which a low-valent metal center inserts into a carbon-hydrogen bond, which cleaves the bond and oxidizes the metal:
LnM + RH → LnMR(H)
(ii) Electrophilic activation in which an electrophilic metal attacks the hydrocarbon, displacing a proton:
LnM+ + RH → LnMR + H+
(iii) Sigma-bond metathesis, which proceeds through a "four-centered" transition state in which bonds break and form in a single step:
LnMX + RH → LnMR + XH
Historic overview
The first C–H activation reaction is often attributed to Otto Dimroth, who in 1902, reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury). Many electrophilic metal centers undergo this Friedel-Crafts-like reaction. Joseph Chatt observed the addition of C-H bonds of naphthalene by Ru(0) complexes.
Chelation-assisted C-H activations are prevalent. Shunsuke Murahashi reported a cobalt-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H functionalization of 2-phenylisoindolin-1-one from (E)-N,1-diphenylmethanimine.
Cobalt-catalyzed C-H activation
In 1969, A.E. Shilov reported that potassium tetrachloroplatinate induced isotope scrambling between methane and heavy water. The pathway was proposed to involve binding of methane to Pt(II). In 1972, the Shilov group was able to produce methanol and methyl chloride in a similar reaction involving a stoichiometric amount of potassium tetrachloroplatinate, catalytic potassium hexachloroplatinate, methane and water. Due to the fact that Shilov worked and published in the Soviet Union during the Cold War era, his work was largely ignored by Western scientists. This so-called Shilov system is today one of the few true catalytic systems for alkane functionalizations.
In some cases, discoveries in C-H activation were being made in conjunction with those of cross coupling. In 1969, Yuzo Fujiwara reported the synthesis of (E)-1,2-diphenylethene from benzene and styrene with Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2, a procedure very similar to that of cross coupling. On the category of oxidative addition, M. L. H. Green in 1970 reported on the photochemical insertion of tungsten (as a Cp2WH2 complex) in a benzene C–H bond and George M. Whitesides in 1979 was the first to carry out an intramolecular aliphatic C–H activation
Fujiwara's palladium- and copper-catalyzed C-H functionalization
The next breakthrough was reported independently by two research groups in 1982. R. G. Bergman reported the first transition metal-mediated intermolecular C–H activation of unactivated and completely saturated hydrocarbons by oxidative addition. Using a photochemical approach, photolysis of Cp*Ir(PMe3)H2, where Cp* is a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, led to the coordinatively unsaturated species Cp*Ir(PMe3) which reacted via oxidative addition with cyclohexane and neopentane to form the corresponding hydridoalkyl complexes, Cp*Ir(PMe3)HR, where R = cyclohexyl and neopentyl, respectively. W.A.G. Graham found that the same hydrocarbons react with Cp*Ir(CO)2 upon irradiation to afford the related alkylhydrido complexes Cp*Ir(CO)HR, where R = cyclohexyl and neopentyl, respectively. In the latter example, the reaction is presumed to proceed via the oxidative addition of alkane to a 16-electron iridium(I) intermediate, Cp*Ir(CO), formed by irradiation of Cp*Ir(CO)2.
C–H activation by Bergman et al. (left) and Graham et al.
The selective activation and functionalization of alkane C–H bonds was reported using a tungsten complex outfitted with pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, nitrosyl, allyl and neopentyl ligands, Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3).
C–H activation of pentane, as seen in Ledgzdins et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129, 5372–3.
In one example involving this system, the alkane pentane is selectively converted to the halocarbon 1-iodopentane. This transformation was achieved via the thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3) in pentane at room temperature, resulting in elimination of neopentane by a pseudo-first-order process, generating an undetectable electronically and sterically unsaturated 16-electron intermediate that is coordinated by an η2-butadiene ligand. Subsequent intermolecular activation of a pentane solvent molecule then yields an 18-electron complex possessing an n-pentyl ligand. In a separate step, reaction with iodine at −60 °C liberates 1-iodopentane from the complex.
Mechanistic understanding
An important aspect of improving chemical reactions is the understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism. To answer this question for C-H activation, time-resolved spectroscopic techniques can be used to follow the dynamics of the chemical reaction. This technique requires a trigger for initiating the process, which is in most cases illumination of the compound. Photoinitiated reactions of transition metal complexes with alkanes serve as a powerful model systems for understanding the cleavage of the strong C-H bond.
Scheme for photoinduced C-H activation using a transition metal complex.
In such systems, the sample is illuminated with UV-light which excites an electron from the metal center to an unoccupied, antibonding ligand orbitals (MLCT), leading to ligand dissociation. This creates a highly reactive, electron deficient 16-electron intermediate, with a vacant coordination site. This species then binds to an alkane molecule, forming a σ-complex coordinating to a C-H bond. In a third step, the metal atom inserts into the C-H bond, cleaving it and yielding the C-H bond activated product.
The intermediates and their kinetics can be observed using different time-resolved spectroscopic techniques (e.g. TR-IR, TR-XAS, TR-RIXS). Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TR-IR) is a rather convenient method to observe these intermediates. However, it is only limited to complexes which have IR-active ligands and is prone to correct assignments on the femtosecond timescale due to underlying vibrational cooling. To answer the question of difference in reactivity for distinct complexes, the electronic structure of those needs to be investigated. This can be achieved by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) or resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). These methods have been successfully used to follow the steps of C-H activation with orbital resolution and provide detailed insights into the responsible interactions for the C-H bond breaking.
Full characterization of the structure of methane bound to a metal center was reported by Girolami in 2023: isotopic perturbation of equilibrium (IPE) studies involving deuterated isotopologs showed that methane binds to the metal center through a single M···H-C bridge; changes in the 1JCH coupling constants indicate clearly that the structure of the methane ligand is significantly perturbed relative to the free molecule.
Directed C-H activation
Directed-, chelation-assisted-, or "guided" C-H activation involves directing groups that influence regio- and stereochemistry. This is the most useful style of C-H activation in organic synthesis. N,N-dimethylbenzylamine undergoes cyclometalation readily by many transition metals. A semi-practical implementations involve weakly coordinating directing groups, as illustrated by the Murai reaction.
Murai reaction; X = directing group.
The mechanism for the Pd-catalyzed C-H activation reactions of 2-phenylpyridine involves a metallacycle intermediate. The intermediate is oxidized to form a PdIV species, followed by reductive elimination to form the C-O bond and release the product.
Mechanism for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation
Borylation
Transforming C-H bonds into C-B bonds through borylation has been thoroughly investigated due to their utility in synthesis (i.e. for cross-coupling reactions). John F. Hartwig reported a highly regioselective arene and alkane borylation catalyzed by a rhodium complex. In the case of alkanes, exclusive terminal functionalization was observed.
Hartwig borylation
Later, ruthenium catalysts were discovered to have higher activity and functional group compatibility.
Ru catalyst based borylation
Other borylation catalysts have also been developed, including iridium-based catalysts, which successfully activate C-H bonds with high compatibility.
For more information, consult borylation.
Natural gas
Main article: Methane functionalization
Naturally occurring methane is not utilized as a chemical feedstock, despite its abundance and low cost. Current technology makes prodigious use of methane by steam reforming to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This syngas is then used in Fischer-Tropsch reactions to make longer carbon chain products or methanol, one of the most important industrial chemical feedstocks. An intriguing method to convert these hydrocarbons involves C-H activation. Roy A. Periana, for example, reported that complexes containing late transition metals, such as Pt, Pd, Au, and Hg, react with methane (CH4) in H2SO4 to yield methyl bisulfate. The process has not however been implemented commercially.
C–H Bond activation Periana 1998
Asymmetric C-H activations
Methyl phenyldiazoacetate is the precursor for asymmetric C-H activation viadonor-acceptor carbene using a chiral dirhodium catalyst.
The total synthesis of lithospermic acid employs guided C-H functionalization late stage to a highly functionalized system. The directing group, a chiral nonracemic imine, is capable of performing an intramolecular alkylation, which allows for the rhodium-catalyzed conversion of imine to the dihydrobenzofuran.
Key step in synthesis of lithospermic acid
The total synthesis of calothrixin A and B features an intramolecular Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reaction via C-H activation, an example of a guided C-H activation. Cross coupling occurs between aryl C-I and C-H bonds to form a C-C bond. The synthesis of a mescaline analogue employs the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of an aryl imine via a C-H activation.
See also
Carbon-carbon bond activation
Oxidative coupling of methane
Cross dehydrogenative coupling
Shilov system
Meta-selective C-H functionalization
Older reviews
Pre-2004
Arndtsen, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H. (1995). "Selective Intermolecular Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Activation by Synthetic Metal Complexes in Homogeneous Solution". Accounts of Chemical Research. 28 (3): 154–162. doi:10.1021/ar00051a009.
Crabtree, R. H. (2001). "Alkane C–H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 17 (17): 2437–2450. doi:10.1039/B103147N.
2004-7
Crabtree, R. H. (2004). "Organometallic alkane CH activation". J. Organomet. Chem. 689 (24): 4083–4091. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034. S2CID 95482372.
Organometallic C–H Bond Activation: An Introduction Alan S. Goldman and Karen I. Goldberg ACS Symposium Series 885, Activation and Functionalization of C–H Bonds, 2004, 1–43
Periana, R. A.; Bhalla, G.; Tenn, W. J.; III; Young, K. J. H.; Liu, X. Y.; Mironov, O.; Jones, C.; Ziatdinov, V. R. (2004). "Perspectives on some challenges and approaches for developing the next generation of selective, low temperature, oxidation catalysts for alkane hydroxylation based on the C–H activation reaction". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 220 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036.
Lersch, M.Tilset (2005). "Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes". Chem. Rev. 105 (6): 2471–2526. doi:10.1021/cr030710y. PMID 15941220., Vedernikov, A. N. (2007). "Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization". Curr. Org. Chem. 11 (16): 1401–1416. doi:10.2174/138527207782418708.
2008-2011
Davies, H. M. L.; Manning, J. R. (2008). "Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion". Nature. 451 (7177): 417–424. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..417D. doi:10.1038/nature06485. PMC 3033428. PMID 18216847.
Boutadla, Y.; Davies, D. L.; Macgregor, S. A.; Poblador-Bahamonde, A. I. (2009). "Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment". Dalton Trans. 2009 (30): 5820–5831. doi:10.1039/B904967C. PMID 19623381.
Wencel-Delord, J.; Dröge, T.; Liu, F.; Glorius, F. (2011). "Towards Mild Metal-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation". Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 (9): 4740–4761. doi:10.1039/C1CS15083A. PMID 21666903.
Shulpin, G. B. (2010). "Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C–H bonds: A review". Org. Biomol. Chem. 8 (19): 4217–4228. doi:10.1039/c004223d. PMID 20593075.
Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. (2010). "Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 1147–1169. doi:10.1021/cr900184e. PMC 2836499. PMID 20078038.*Balcells, D.; Clot, E.; Eisenstein, O. (2010). "C–H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 749–823. doi:10.1021/cr900315k. PMID 20067255.
2012-2015
Hashiguchi, B. G.; Bischof, S. M.; Konnick, M. M.; Periana, R. A. (2012). "Designing Catalysts for Functionalization of Unactivated C–H Bonds Based on the CH Activation Reaction". Acc. Chem. Res. 45 (6): 885–898. doi:10.1021/ar200250r. PMID 22482496.
Kuhl, N.; Hopkinson, M. N.; Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2012). "Beyond Directing Groups: Transition Metal-Catalyzed C H Activation of Simple Arenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (41): 10236–10254. doi:10.1002/anie.201203269. PMID 22996679.
Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2013). "C–H bond activation enables the rapid construction and late-stage diversification of functional molecules". Nature Chemistry. 5 (5): 369–375. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..369W. doi:10.1038/nchem.1607. PMID 23609086.
Additional sources
Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)
Literature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation
Powerpoint on John Bercaw's work
Center for Selective C-H Functionalization
References
^ a b Gandeepan, Parthasarathy; Müller, Thomas; Zell, Daniel; Cera, Gianpiero; Warratz, Svenja; Ackermann, Lutz (2019). "3d Transition Metals for C–H Activation". Chemical Reviews. 119 (4): 2192–2452. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507. PMID 30480438. S2CID 53726772.
^ Chatt, J.; Davidson, J. M. (1965). "The tautomerism of arene and ditertiary phosphine complexes of ruthenium(0), and the preparation of new types of hydrido-complexes of ruthenium(II)". J. Chem. Soc. 1965: 843. doi:10.1039/JR9650000843.
^ Murahashi, Shunsuke (1955-12-01). "Synthesis of Phthalimidines from Schiff Bases and Carbon Monoxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (23): 6403–6404. doi:10.1021/ja01628a120. ISSN 0002-7863.
^ Fekl, U.; Goldberg, K. I. (2003). Homogeneous Hydrocarbon C-H Bond Activation and Functionalization with Platinum. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 54. pp. 259–320. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(03)54005-3. ISBN 9780120236541.
^ Fujiwara, Yuzo; Noritani, Ichiro; Danno, Sadao; Asano, Ryuzo; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1969-12-01). "Aromatic substitution of olefins. VI. Arylation of olefins with palladium(II) acetate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91 (25): 7166–7169. doi:10.1021/ja01053a047. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 27462934.
^ Green, M. L.; Knowles, P. J. (1970). "Formation of a tungsten phenyl hydride derivatives from benzene". J. Chem. Soc. D. 24 (24): 1677. doi:10.1039/C29700001677.
^ Foley, Paul; Whitesides, George M. (1979). "Thermal generation of bis(triethylphosphine)-3,3-dimethylplatinacyclobutane from dineopentylbis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 (10): 2732–2733. doi:10.1021/ja00504a041.
^ a b Janowicz, Andrew H.; Bergman, Robert G. (1982). "Carbon–hydrogen activation in saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R−H → M(R)(H)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (1): 352–354. doi:10.1021/ja00365a091.
^ a b Hoyano, James K.; Graham, William A. G. (1982). "Oxidative addition of the carbon–hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (13): 3723–3725. doi:10.1021/ja00377a032.
^ Baillie, Rhett A.; Legzdins, Peter (2013). "Distinctive Activation and Functionalization of Hydrocarbon C–H Bonds Initiated by Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3) Complexes". Acc. Chem. Res. 47 (2): 330–340. doi:10.1021/ar400108p. PMID 24047442.
^ Jay, Raphael M.; Banerjee, Ambar; Leitner, Torsten; Wang, Ru-Pan; Harich, Jessica; Stefanuik, Robert; Wikmark, Hampus; Coates, Michael R.; Beale, Emma V.; Kabanova, Victoria; Kahraman, Abdullah; Wach, Anna; Ozerov, Dmitry; Arrell, Christopher; Johnson, Philip J. M. (2023-06-02). "Tracking C–H activation with orbital resolution". Science. 380 (6648): 955–960. doi:10.1126/science.adf8042. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37262165. S2CID 259002884.
^ Banerjee, Ambar; Jay, Raphael M.; Leitner, Torsten; Wang, Ru-Pan; Harich, Jessica; Stefanuik, Robert; Coates, Michael R.; Beale, Emma V.; Kabanova, Victoria (2023-07-26). Accessing Metal-Specific Orbital Interactions in C-H Activation using Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (Report). Chemistry. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-fm49h.
^ Sempsrott, Peter J.; Trinh, Brian B.; Flener Lovitt, Charity; Capra, Nicolas E.; Girolami, Gregory S. (2023-06-09). "An Osmium(II) Methane Complex: Elucidation of the Methane Coordination Mode". Science Advances. 9 (23). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg8130. PMC 10256148.
^ Brückl, T.; Baxter, R. D.; Ishihara, Y.; Baran, P. S. (2012). "Innate and Guided C-H Functionalization Logic". Accounts of Chemical Research. 45 (6): 826–839. doi:10.1021/ar200194b. PMC 3288638. PMID 22017496.
^ Chetcuti, Michael J.; Ritleng, Vincent (2007). "Formation of a Ruthenium–Arene Complex, Cyclometallation with a Substituted Benzylamine, and Insertion of an Alkyne". J. Chem. Educ. 84 (6): 1014. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1014C. doi:10.1021/ed084p1014.
^ Murai, Shinji; Kakiuchi, Fumitoshi; Sekine, Shinya; Tanaka, Yasuo; Kamatani, Asayuki; Sonoda, Motohiro; Chatani, Naoto (1993). "Efficient catalytic addition of aromatic carbon–hydrogen bonds to olefins". Nature. 366 (6455): 529–531. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..529M. doi:10.1038/366529a0. S2CID 5627826.
^ Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. (2010). "Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 1147–1169. doi:10.1021/cr900184e. PMC 2836499. PMID 20078038.
^ Chen, Huiyuan; Schlecht, Sabine; Semple, Thomas C.; Hartwig, John F. (2000). "Thermal, Catalytic, Regiospecific Functionalization of Alkanes". Science. 287 (5460): 1995–1997. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.1995C. doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.1995. PMID 10720320.
^ Murphy, J. M.; Lawrence, J. D.; Kawamura, K.; Incarvito, C.; Hartwig, J. F. (2006). "Ruthenium-Catalyzed Regiospecific Borylation of Methyl C-H bonds". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (42): 13684–13685. doi:10.1021/ja064092p. PMID 17044685.
^ Ishiyama, T.; Takagi, J.; Ishida, K.; Miyaura, N.; Anastasi, N. R.; Hartwig, J. F. (2002). "Mild Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Arenes. High Turnover Numbers, Room Temperature Reactions, and Isolation of a Potential Intermediate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (3): 390–391. doi:10.1021/ja0173019. PMID 11792205.
^ Ishiyama, T.; Takagi, J.; Hartwig, J. F.; Miyaura, N. (2002). "A Stoichiometric Aromatic C-H Borylation Catalyzed by Iridium(I)/2,2′-Bipyridine Complexes at Room Temperature". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 41 (16): 3056–3058. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020816)41:16<3056::aid-anie3056>3.0.co;2-#. PMID 12203457.
^ Press, L. P.; Kosanovich, A. J.; McCulloch, B. J.; Ozerov, O. V. (2016). "High-Turnover Aromatic C–H Borylation Catalyzed by POCOP-Type Pincer Complexes of Iridium". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (30): 9487–9497. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b03656. PMID 27327895.
^ Sen, A. (1999). "Catalytic Activation of Methane and Ethane by Metal Compounds". In Murai, S. (ed.). Activation of Unreactive Bonds and Organic Synthesis. Vol. 3. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 81–95. ISBN 978-3-540-64862-8.
^ "Methanol". www.essentialchemicalindustry.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ Periana, R. A.; Taube, D. J.; Evitt, E. R.; Loffler, D. G.; Wentrcek, P. R.; Voss, G.; Masuda, T. (1993). "A Mercury-Catalyzed, High-Yield System for the Oxidation of Methane to Methanol". Science. 259 (5093): 340–343. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..340P. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.340. PMID 17832346. S2CID 21140403.
^ Periana, R. A.; Taube, D. J.; Gamble, S.; Taube, H.; Satoh, T.; Fujii, H. (1998). "Platinum Catalysts for the High-Yield Oxidation of Methane to a Methanol Derivative". Science. 280 (5363): 560–564. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..560P. doi:10.1126/science.280.5363.560. PMID 9554841.
^ Davies, H. M. L.; Morton, D. (2011). "Guiding Principles for Site Selective and Stereoselective Intermolecular C–H Functionalization by Donor/Acceptor Rhodium Carbenes". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (4): 1857–69. doi:10.1039/C0CS00217H. PMID 21359404.
^ O'Malley, S. J.; Tan, K. L.; Watzke, A.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. A. (2005). "Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid by Asymmetric Intramolecular Alkylation via Catalytic C-H Bond Activation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (39): 13496–13497. doi:10.1021/ja052680h. PMID 16190703.
^ Ramkumar, N.; Nagarajan, R. (2013). "b. Total Synthesis of Calothrixin A and B via C-H Activation". J. Org. Chem. 78 (6): 2802–2807. doi:10.1021/jo302821v. PMID 23421392.
^ Ahrendt, Kateri A.; Bergman, Robert G.; Ellman, Jonathan A. (2003-04-01). "Synthesis of a Tricyclic Mescaline Analogue by Catalytic C−H Bond Activation". Organic Letters. 5 (8): 1301–1303. doi:10.1021/ol034228d. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 12688744. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"organometallic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"organic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reaction"},{"link_name":"carbon–hydrogen bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"cleaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_cleavage"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"transition metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal"},{"link_name":"organometallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic"},{"link_name":"functionalized product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-stage_functionalization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldman-1"},{"link_name":"reaction mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"oxygen rebound mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_rebound_mechanism"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"carbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbene"}],"text":"This article is about Organometallic pathways involving metal-carbon bonds. For other uses, see Hydrocarbon.In organic chemistry and organometallic chemistry, carbon–hydrogen bond activation (C−H activation) is a type of organic reaction in which a carbon–hydrogen bond is cleaved and replaced with a C−X bond (X ≠ H is typically a main group element, like carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen). Some authors further restrict the term C–H activation to reactions in which a C–H bond, one that is typically considered to be \"unreactive\", interacts with a transition metal center M, resulting in its cleavage and the generation of an organometallic species with an M–C bond. The intermediate of this step (sometimes known as the C−H activation step) could then undergo subsequent reactions with other reagents, either in situ or in a separate step, to produce the functionalized product.[1]The alternative term C−H functionalization is used to describe any reaction that converts a relatively inert C−H bond into a C−X bond, irrespective of the reaction mechanism (or with an agnostic attitude towards it). In particular, this definition does not require the cleaved C–H bond to initially interact with the transition metal in the reaction mechanism. This broader definition encompasses all reactions that would fall under the restricted definition of C–H activation given above. However, it also includes iron-catalyzed alkane C–H hydroxylation reactions that proceed through the oxygen rebound mechanism (e.g. cytochrome P450 enzymes and their synthetic analogues), in which a metal–carbon bond is not believed to be involved. Likewise, the ligand-based reactivity of many metal carbene species with hydrocarbons in which the carbene carbon inserts into a C–H bond, again without interaction of the hydrocarbon C–H bond with the metal, also falls under this category. Often, when authors make the distinction between C–H functionalization and C−H activation, they will restrict the latter to the narrow sense.","title":"Carbon–hydrogen bond activation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxidative addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_addition"},{"link_name":"oxidizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"Sigma-bond metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-bond_metathesis"}],"text":"Mechanisms for C-H activations by metal centers can be classified into three general categories:(i) Oxidative addition, in which a low-valent metal center inserts into a carbon-hydrogen bond, which cleaves the bond and oxidizes the metal:LnM + RH → LnMR(H)(ii) Electrophilic activation in which an electrophilic metal attacks the hydrocarbon, displacing a proton:LnM+ + RH → LnMR + H+(iii) Sigma-bond metathesis, which proceeds through a \"four-centered\" transition state in which bonds break and form in a single step:LnMX + RH → LnMR + XH","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Dimroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dimroth"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"mercury(II) acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_acetate"},{"link_name":"organomercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organomercury"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chatt"},{"link_name":"naphthalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"chelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobalt_C-H_activation.png"},{"link_name":"A.E. Shilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_E._Shilov"},{"link_name":"isotope scrambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_scrambling"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"heavy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"methyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric"},{"link_name":"potassium tetrachloroplatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_tetrachloroplatinate"},{"link_name":"potassium hexachloroplatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hexachloroplatinate"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Shilov system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilov_system"},{"link_name":"alkane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldman-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cross coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_reaction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"M. L. H. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Green_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"photochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George M. Whitesides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Whitesides"},{"link_name":"intramolecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction"},{"link_name":"aliphatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwarachfunctionalization.png"},{"link_name":"R. G. Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Bergman"},{"link_name":"photochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical"},{"link_name":"pentamethylcyclopentadienyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl"},{"link_name":"cyclohexane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane"},{"link_name":"neopentane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopentane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHactRGB%2BWAGimproved.png"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"pentamethylcyclopentadienyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl"},{"link_name":"nitrosyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl"},{"link_name":"allyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PentaneActivation.png"},{"link_name":"pentane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentane"},{"link_name":"halocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbon"},{"link_name":"thermolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_decomposition"},{"link_name":"room temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"neopentane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopentane"},{"link_name":"16-electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting"},{"link_name":"η2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticity"},{"link_name":"butadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butadiene"},{"link_name":"18-electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"}],"text":"The first C–H activation reaction is often attributed to Otto Dimroth, who in 1902, reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury). Many electrophilic metal centers undergo this Friedel-Crafts-like reaction. Joseph Chatt observed the addition of C-H bonds of naphthalene by Ru(0) complexes.[2]Chelation-assisted C-H activations are prevalent. Shunsuke Murahashi reported a cobalt-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H functionalization of 2-phenylisoindolin-1-one from (E)-N,1-diphenylmethanimine.[3]Cobalt-catalyzed C-H activationIn 1969, A.E. Shilov reported that potassium tetrachloroplatinate induced isotope scrambling between methane and heavy water. The pathway was proposed to involve binding of methane to Pt(II). In 1972, the Shilov group was able to produce methanol and methyl chloride in a similar reaction involving a stoichiometric amount of potassium tetrachloroplatinate, catalytic potassium hexachloroplatinate, methane and water. Due to the fact that Shilov worked and published in the Soviet Union during the Cold War era, his work was largely ignored by Western scientists. This so-called Shilov system is today one of the few true catalytic systems for alkane functionalizations.[1][4]In some cases, discoveries in C-H activation were being made in conjunction with those of cross coupling. In 1969,[5] Yuzo Fujiwara reported the synthesis of (E)-1,2-diphenylethene from benzene and styrene with Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2, a procedure very similar to that of cross coupling. On the category of oxidative addition, M. L. H. Green in 1970 reported on the photochemical insertion of tungsten (as a Cp2WH2 complex) in a benzene C–H bond[6] and George M. Whitesides in 1979 was the first to carry out an intramolecular aliphatic C–H activation[7]Fujiwara's palladium- and copper-catalyzed C-H functionalizationThe next breakthrough was reported independently by two research groups in 1982. R. G. Bergman reported the first transition metal-mediated intermolecular C–H activation of unactivated and completely saturated hydrocarbons by oxidative addition. Using a photochemical approach, photolysis of Cp*Ir(PMe3)H2, where Cp* is a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, led to the coordinatively unsaturated species Cp*Ir(PMe3) which reacted via oxidative addition with cyclohexane and neopentane to form the corresponding hydridoalkyl complexes, Cp*Ir(PMe3)HR, where R = cyclohexyl and neopentyl, respectively.[8] W.A.G. Graham found that the same hydrocarbons react with Cp*Ir(CO)2 upon irradiation to afford the related alkylhydrido complexes Cp*Ir(CO)HR, where R = cyclohexyl and neopentyl, respectively.[9] In the latter example, the reaction is presumed to proceed via the oxidative addition of alkane to a 16-electron iridium(I) intermediate, Cp*Ir(CO), formed by irradiation of Cp*Ir(CO)2.C–H activation by Bergman et al. (left) and Graham et al.The selective activation and functionalization of alkane C–H bonds was reported using a tungsten complex outfitted with pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, nitrosyl, allyl and neopentyl ligands, Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3).[10]C–H activation of pentane, as seen in Ledgzdins et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129, 5372–3.In one example involving this system, the alkane pentane is selectively converted to the halocarbon 1-iodopentane. This transformation was achieved via the thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3) in pentane at room temperature, resulting in elimination of neopentane by a pseudo-first-order process, generating an undetectable electronically and sterically unsaturated 16-electron intermediate that is coordinated by an η2-butadiene ligand. Subsequent intermolecular activation of a pentane solvent molecule then yields an 18-electron complex possessing an n-pentyl ligand. In a separate step, reaction with iodine at −60 °C liberates 1-iodopentane from the complex.","title":"Historic overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reaction mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"time-resolved spectroscopic techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"alkanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transition_Metal_Catalysis.png"},{"link_name":"MLCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer_band"},{"link_name":"16-electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-Electron_complex"},{"link_name":"time-resolved spectroscopic techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"XAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"RIXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering"},{"link_name":"IR-active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_rule"},{"link_name":"X-ray absorption spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"An important aspect of improving chemical reactions is the understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism. To answer this question for C-H activation, time-resolved spectroscopic techniques can be used to follow the dynamics of the chemical reaction. This technique requires a trigger for initiating the process, which is in most cases illumination of the compound. Photoinitiated reactions of transition metal complexes with alkanes serve as a powerful model systems for understanding the cleavage of the strong C-H bond.[8][9]Scheme for photoinduced C-H activation using a transition metal complex.In such systems, the sample is illuminated with UV-light which excites an electron from the metal center to an unoccupied, antibonding ligand orbitals (MLCT), leading to ligand dissociation. This creates a highly reactive, electron deficient 16-electron intermediate, with a vacant coordination site. This species then binds to an alkane molecule, forming a σ-complex coordinating to a C-H bond. In a third step, the metal atom inserts into the C-H bond, cleaving it and yielding the C-H bond activated product.The intermediates and their kinetics can be observed using different time-resolved spectroscopic techniques (e.g. TR-IR, TR-XAS, TR-RIXS). Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TR-IR) is a rather convenient method to observe these intermediates. However, it is only limited to complexes which have IR-active ligands and is prone to correct assignments on the femtosecond timescale due to underlying vibrational cooling. To answer the question of difference in reactivity for distinct complexes, the electronic structure of those needs to be investigated. This can be achieved by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) or resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). These methods have been successfully used to follow the steps of C-H activation with orbital resolution and provide detailed insights into the responsible interactions for the C-H bond breaking.[11][12]Full characterization of the structure of methane bound to a metal center was reported by Girolami in 2023: isotopic perturbation of equilibrium (IPE) studies involving deuterated isotopologs showed that methane binds to the metal center through a single M···H-C bridge; changes in the 1JCH coupling constants indicate clearly that the structure of the methane ligand is significantly perturbed relative to the free molecule.[13]","title":"Mechanistic understanding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directing groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directing_group"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"N,N-dimethylbenzylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-dimethylbenzylamine"},{"link_name":"cyclometalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclometalation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Murai reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murai_reaction"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_1._General_scheme_of_a_Murai_reaction.png"},{"link_name":"directing group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directing_group"},{"link_name":"2-phenylpyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-phenylpyridine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanford_Figure_2_mechanism.png"}],"text":"Directed-, chelation-assisted-, or \"guided\" C-H activation involves directing groups that influence regio- and stereochemistry.[14] This is the most useful style of C-H activation in organic synthesis. N,N-dimethylbenzylamine undergoes cyclometalation readily by many transition metals.[15] A semi-practical implementations involve weakly coordinating directing groups, as illustrated by the Murai reaction.[16]Murai reaction; X = directing group.The mechanism for the Pd-catalyzed C-H activation reactions of 2-phenylpyridine involves a metallacycle intermediate. The intermediate is oxidized to form a PdIV species, followed by reductive elimination to form the C-O bond and release the product.[17]Mechanism for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation","title":"Directed C-H activation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borylation"},{"link_name":"John F. Hartwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Hartwig"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hartwig_figure_1_borylation.png"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ru_cat._borylation.png"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"borylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borylation"}],"sub_title":"Borylation","text":"Transforming C-H bonds into C-B bonds through borylation has been thoroughly investigated due to their utility in synthesis (i.e. for cross-coupling reactions). John F. Hartwig reported a highly regioselective arene and alkane borylation catalyzed by a rhodium complex. In the case of alkanes, exclusive terminal functionalization was observed.[18]Hartwig borylationLater, ruthenium catalysts were discovered to have higher activity and functional group compatibility.[19]Ru catalyst based borylationOther borylation catalysts have also been developed, including iridium-based catalysts, which successfully activate C-H bonds with high compatibility.[20][21][22]For more information, consult borylation.","title":"Directed C-H activation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naturally occurring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"steam reforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_reforming"},{"link_name":"syngas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Roy A. Periana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_A._Periana"},{"link_name":"Pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum"},{"link_name":"Pd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"},{"link_name":"Au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Hg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"methyl bisulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_bisulfate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MethaneOxidationinH2SO4.png"}],"text":"Naturally occurring methane is not utilized as a chemical feedstock, despite its abundance and low cost. Current technology makes prodigious use of methane by steam reforming to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This syngas is then used in Fischer-Tropsch reactions to make longer carbon chain products or methanol, one of the most important industrial chemical feedstocks.[23][24] An intriguing method to convert these hydrocarbons involves C-H activation. Roy A. Periana, for example, reported that complexes containing late transition metals, such as Pt, Pd, Au, and Hg, react with methane (CH4) in H2SO4 to yield methyl bisulfate.[25][26] The process has not however been implemented commercially.C–H Bond activation Periana 1998","title":"Natural gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AsymRh2DAcarbInsn.png"},{"link_name":"Methyl phenyldiazoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_phenyldiazoacetate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_Product_Synth_Ellman_Figure_1.png"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"rhodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mescalineprep.jpg"}],"text":"Methyl phenyldiazoacetate is the precursor for asymmetric C-H activation viadonor-acceptor carbene using a chiral dirhodium catalyst.[27]The total synthesis of lithospermic acid employs guided C-H functionalization late stage to a highly functionalized system. The directing group, a chiral nonracemic imine, is capable of performing an intramolecular alkylation, which allows for the rhodium-catalyzed conversion of imine to the dihydrobenzofuran.[28]Key step in synthesis of lithospermic acidThe total synthesis of calothrixin A and B features an intramolecular Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reaction via C-H activation, an example of a guided C-H activation. Cross coupling occurs between aryl C-I and C-H bonds to form a C-C bond.[29] The synthesis of a mescaline analogue employs the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of an aryl imine via a C-H activation.[30]","title":"Asymmetric C-H activations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounts of Chemical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_of_Chemical_Research"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ar00051a009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Far00051a009"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/B103147N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2FB103147N"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.034"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"95482372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95482372"},{"link_name":"Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Molecular_Catalysis_A:_Chemical&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2004.05.036"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/cr030710y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030710y"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15941220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15941220"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2174/138527207782418708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2174%2F138527207782418708"},{"link_name":"\"Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008Natur.451..417D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..417D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature06485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06485"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3033428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18216847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18216847"},{"link_name":"\"Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:25967"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/B904967C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2FB904967C"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19623381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19623381"},{"link_name":"Chem. Soc. Rev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chem._Soc._Rev."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/C1CS15083A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2FC1CS15083A"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21666903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21666903"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/c004223d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2Fc004223d"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20593075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20593075"},{"link_name":"\"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/cr900184e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900184e"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2836499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20078038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078038"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/cr900315k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900315k"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20067255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20067255"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ar200250r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Far200250r"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22482496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22482496"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/anie.201203269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201203269"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22996679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22996679"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2013NatCh...5..369W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCh...5..369W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nchem.1607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1607"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23609086","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609086"}],"text":"Pre-2004Arndtsen, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H. (1995). \"Selective Intermolecular Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Activation by Synthetic Metal Complexes in Homogeneous Solution\". Accounts of Chemical Research. 28 (3): 154–162. doi:10.1021/ar00051a009.\nCrabtree, R. H. (2001). \"Alkane C–H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect\". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 17 (17): 2437–2450. doi:10.1039/B103147N.2004-7Crabtree, R. H. (2004). \"Organometallic alkane CH activation\". J. Organomet. Chem. 689 (24): 4083–4091. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034. S2CID 95482372.\nOrganometallic C–H Bond Activation: An Introduction Alan S. Goldman and Karen I. Goldberg ACS Symposium Series 885, Activation and Functionalization of C–H Bonds, 2004, 1–43\nPeriana, R. A.; Bhalla, G.; Tenn, W. J.; III; Young, K. J. H.; Liu, X. Y.; Mironov, O.; Jones, C.; Ziatdinov, V. R. (2004). \"Perspectives on some challenges and approaches for developing the next generation of selective, low temperature, oxidation catalysts for alkane hydroxylation based on the C–H activation reaction\". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 220 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036.\nLersch, M.Tilset (2005). \"Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes\". Chem. Rev. 105 (6): 2471–2526. doi:10.1021/cr030710y. PMID 15941220., Vedernikov, A. N. (2007). \"Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization\". Curr. Org. Chem. 11 (16): 1401–1416. doi:10.2174/138527207782418708.2008-2011Davies, H. M. L.; Manning, J. R. (2008). \"Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion\". Nature. 451 (7177): 417–424. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..417D. doi:10.1038/nature06485. PMC 3033428. PMID 18216847.\nBoutadla, Y.; Davies, D. L.; Macgregor, S. A.; Poblador-Bahamonde, A. I. (2009). \"Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment\". Dalton Trans. 2009 (30): 5820–5831. doi:10.1039/B904967C. PMID 19623381.\nWencel-Delord, J.; Dröge, T.; Liu, F.; Glorius, F. (2011). \"Towards Mild Metal-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation\". Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 (9): 4740–4761. doi:10.1039/C1CS15083A. PMID 21666903.\nShulpin, G. B. (2010). \"Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C–H bonds: A review\". Org. Biomol. Chem. 8 (19): 4217–4228. doi:10.1039/c004223d. PMID 20593075.\nLyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. (2010). \"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 1147–1169. doi:10.1021/cr900184e. PMC 2836499. PMID 20078038.*Balcells, D.; Clot, E.; Eisenstein, O. (2010). \"C–H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective\". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 749–823. doi:10.1021/cr900315k. PMID 20067255.2012-2015Hashiguchi, B. G.; Bischof, S. M.; Konnick, M. M.; Periana, R. A. (2012). \"Designing Catalysts for Functionalization of Unactivated C–H Bonds Based on the CH Activation Reaction\". Acc. Chem. Res. 45 (6): 885–898. doi:10.1021/ar200250r. PMID 22482496.\nKuhl, N.; Hopkinson, M. N.; Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2012). \"Beyond Directing Groups: Transition Metal-Catalyzed C H Activation of Simple Arenes\". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (41): 10236–10254. doi:10.1002/anie.201203269. PMID 22996679.\nWencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2013). \"C–H bond activation enables the rapid construction and late-stage diversification of functional molecules\". Nature Chemistry. 5 (5): 369–375. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..369W. doi:10.1038/nchem.1607. PMID 23609086.","title":"Older reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7134/full/446391a.html"},{"link_name":"Literature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303224214/http://stoltz.caltech.edu/seminars/2004_Ramtohul.pdf"},{"link_name":"Powerpoint on John Bercaw's work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/marcetta/chem636/Presentations/C-H%20Activation=Sam.pdf"},{"link_name":"Center for Selective C-H Functionalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nsf-cchf.com/index.html"}],"text":"Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)\nLiterature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation\nPowerpoint on John Bercaw's work\nCenter for Selective C-H Functionalization","title":"Additional sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Cobalt-catalyzed C-H activation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cobalt_C-H_activation.png/387px-Cobalt_C-H_activation.png"},{"image_text":"Fujiwara's palladium- and copper-catalyzed C-H functionalization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fujiwarachfunctionalization.png/388px-Fujiwarachfunctionalization.png"},{"image_text":"C–H activation by Bergman et al. (left) and Graham et al.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CHactRGB%2BWAGimproved.png/340px-CHactRGB%2BWAGimproved.png"},{"image_text":"C–H activation of pentane, as seen in Ledgzdins et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129, 5372–3.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PentaneActivation.png/400px-PentaneActivation.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme for photoinduced C-H activation using a transition metal complex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Transition_Metal_Catalysis.png/476px-Transition_Metal_Catalysis.png"},{"image_text":"Murai reaction; X = directing group.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Figure_1._General_scheme_of_a_Murai_reaction.png/504px-Figure_1._General_scheme_of_a_Murai_reaction.png"},{"image_text":"Mechanism for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sanford_Figure_2_mechanism.png/350px-Sanford_Figure_2_mechanism.png"},{"image_text":"Hartwig borylation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hartwig_figure_1_borylation.png/500px-Hartwig_figure_1_borylation.png"},{"image_text":"Ru catalyst based borylation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ru_cat._borylation.png/300px-Ru_cat._borylation.png"},{"image_text":"C–H Bond activation Periana 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MethaneOxidationinH2SO4.png/275px-MethaneOxidationinH2SO4.png"},{"image_text":"Methyl phenyldiazoacetate is the precursor for asymmetric C-H activation viadonor-acceptor carbene using a chiral dirhodium catalyst.[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/AsymRh2DAcarbInsn.png/320px-AsymRh2DAcarbInsn.png"},{"image_text":"Key step in synthesis of lithospermic acid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Natural_Product_Synth_Ellman_Figure_1.png/750px-Natural_Product_Synth_Ellman_Figure_1.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mescalineprep.jpg/482px-Mescalineprep.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Carbon-carbon bond activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-carbon_bond_activation"},{"title":"Oxidative coupling of methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_coupling_of_methane"},{"title":"Cross dehydrogenative coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_dehydrogenative_coupling"},{"title":"Shilov system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilov_system"},{"title":"Meta-selective C-H functionalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-selective_C-H_functionalization"}] | [{"reference":"Arndtsen, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H. (1995). \"Selective Intermolecular Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Activation by Synthetic Metal Complexes in Homogeneous Solution\". Accounts of Chemical Research. 28 (3): 154–162. doi:10.1021/ar00051a009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_of_Chemical_Research","url_text":"Accounts of Chemical Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far00051a009","url_text":"10.1021/ar00051a009"}]},{"reference":"Crabtree, R. H. (2001). \"Alkane C–H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect\". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 17 (17): 2437–2450. doi:10.1039/B103147N.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB103147N","url_text":"10.1039/B103147N"}]},{"reference":"Crabtree, R. H. (2004). \"Organometallic alkane CH activation\". J. Organomet. Chem. 689 (24): 4083–4091. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034. S2CID 95482372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95482372","url_text":"95482372"}]},{"reference":"Periana, R. A.; Bhalla, G.; Tenn, W. J.; III; Young, K. J. H.; Liu, X. Y.; Mironov, O.; Jones, C.; Ziatdinov, V. R. (2004). \"Perspectives on some challenges and approaches for developing the next generation of selective, low temperature, oxidation catalysts for alkane hydroxylation based on the C–H activation reaction\". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 220 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Molecular_Catalysis_A:_Chemical&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2004.05.036","url_text":"10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036"}]},{"reference":"Lersch, M.Tilset (2005). \"Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes\". Chem. Rev. 105 (6): 2471–2526. doi:10.1021/cr030710y. PMID 15941220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030710y","url_text":"10.1021/cr030710y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15941220","url_text":"15941220"}]},{"reference":"Vedernikov, A. N. (2007). \"Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization\". Curr. Org. Chem. 11 (16): 1401–1416. doi:10.2174/138527207782418708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138527207782418708","url_text":"10.2174/138527207782418708"}]},{"reference":"Davies, H. M. L.; Manning, J. R. (2008). \"Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion\". Nature. 451 (7177): 417–424. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..417D. doi:10.1038/nature06485. PMC 3033428. PMID 18216847.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428","url_text":"\"Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..417D","url_text":"2008Natur.451..417D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06485","url_text":"10.1038/nature06485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428","url_text":"3033428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18216847","url_text":"18216847"}]},{"reference":"Boutadla, Y.; Davies, D. L.; Macgregor, S. A.; Poblador-Bahamonde, A. I. (2009). \"Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment\". Dalton Trans. 2009 (30): 5820–5831. doi:10.1039/B904967C. PMID 19623381.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:25967","url_text":"\"Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB904967C","url_text":"10.1039/B904967C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19623381","url_text":"19623381"}]},{"reference":"Wencel-Delord, J.; Dröge, T.; Liu, F.; Glorius, F. (2011). \"Towards Mild Metal-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation\". Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 (9): 4740–4761. doi:10.1039/C1CS15083A. PMID 21666903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chem._Soc._Rev.","url_text":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC1CS15083A","url_text":"10.1039/C1CS15083A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21666903","url_text":"21666903"}]},{"reference":"Shulpin, G. B. (2010). \"Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C–H bonds: A review\". Org. Biomol. Chem. 8 (19): 4217–4228. doi:10.1039/c004223d. PMID 20593075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc004223d","url_text":"10.1039/c004223d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20593075","url_text":"20593075"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. (2010). \"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 1147–1169. doi:10.1021/cr900184e. PMC 2836499. PMID 20078038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","url_text":"\"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900184e","url_text":"10.1021/cr900184e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","url_text":"2836499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078038","url_text":"20078038"}]},{"reference":"Balcells, D.; Clot, E.; Eisenstein, O. (2010). \"C–H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective\". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 749–823. doi:10.1021/cr900315k. PMID 20067255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900315k","url_text":"10.1021/cr900315k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20067255","url_text":"20067255"}]},{"reference":"Hashiguchi, B. G.; Bischof, S. M.; Konnick, M. M.; Periana, R. A. (2012). \"Designing Catalysts for Functionalization of Unactivated C–H Bonds Based on the CH Activation Reaction\". Acc. Chem. Res. 45 (6): 885–898. doi:10.1021/ar200250r. PMID 22482496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far200250r","url_text":"10.1021/ar200250r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22482496","url_text":"22482496"}]},{"reference":"Kuhl, N.; Hopkinson, M. N.; Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2012). \"Beyond Directing Groups: Transition Metal-Catalyzed C H Activation of Simple Arenes\". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (41): 10236–10254. doi:10.1002/anie.201203269. PMID 22996679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201203269","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201203269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22996679","url_text":"22996679"}]},{"reference":"Wencel-Delord, J.; Glorius, F. (2013). \"C–H bond activation enables the rapid construction and late-stage diversification of functional molecules\". Nature Chemistry. 5 (5): 369–375. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..369W. doi:10.1038/nchem.1607. PMID 23609086.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCh...5..369W","url_text":"2013NatCh...5..369W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1607","url_text":"10.1038/nchem.1607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609086","url_text":"23609086"}]},{"reference":"Gandeepan, Parthasarathy; Müller, Thomas; Zell, Daniel; Cera, Gianpiero; Warratz, Svenja; Ackermann, Lutz (2019). \"3d Transition Metals for C–H Activation\". Chemical Reviews. 119 (4): 2192–2452. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507. PMID 30480438. S2CID 53726772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00507","url_text":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30480438","url_text":"30480438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53726772","url_text":"53726772"}]},{"reference":"Chatt, J.; Davidson, J. M. (1965). \"The tautomerism of arene and ditertiary phosphine complexes of ruthenium(0), and the preparation of new types of hydrido-complexes of ruthenium(II)\". J. Chem. Soc. 1965: 843. doi:10.1039/JR9650000843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Chem._Soc.","url_text":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9650000843","url_text":"10.1039/JR9650000843"}]},{"reference":"Murahashi, Shunsuke (1955-12-01). \"Synthesis of Phthalimidines from Schiff Bases and Carbon Monoxide\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (23): 6403–6404. doi:10.1021/ja01628a120. ISSN 0002-7863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01628a120","url_text":"10.1021/ja01628a120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"}]},{"reference":"Fekl, U.; Goldberg, K. I. (2003). Homogeneous Hydrocarbon C-H Bond Activation and Functionalization with Platinum. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 54. pp. 259–320. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(03)54005-3. ISBN 9780120236541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2803%2954005-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0898-8838(03)54005-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120236541","url_text":"9780120236541"}]},{"reference":"Fujiwara, Yuzo; Noritani, Ichiro; Danno, Sadao; Asano, Ryuzo; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1969-12-01). \"Aromatic substitution of olefins. VI. Arylation of olefins with palladium(II) acetate\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91 (25): 7166–7169. doi:10.1021/ja01053a047. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 27462934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01053a047","url_text":"10.1021/ja01053a047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462934","url_text":"27462934"}]},{"reference":"Green, M. L.; Knowles, P. J. (1970). \"Formation of a tungsten phenyl hydride derivatives from benzene\". J. Chem. Soc. D. 24 (24): 1677. doi:10.1039/C29700001677.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC29700001677","url_text":"10.1039/C29700001677"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Paul; Whitesides, George M. (1979). \"Thermal generation of bis(triethylphosphine)-3,3-dimethylplatinacyclobutane from dineopentylbis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II)\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 (10): 2732–2733. doi:10.1021/ja00504a041.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc.","url_text":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00504a041","url_text":"10.1021/ja00504a041"}]},{"reference":"Janowicz, Andrew H.; Bergman, Robert G. (1982). \"Carbon–hydrogen activation in saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R−H → M(R)(H)\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (1): 352–354. doi:10.1021/ja00365a091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc.","url_text":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00365a091","url_text":"10.1021/ja00365a091"}]},{"reference":"Hoyano, James K.; Graham, William A. G. (1982). \"Oxidative addition of the carbon–hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (13): 3723–3725. doi:10.1021/ja00377a032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc.","url_text":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00377a032","url_text":"10.1021/ja00377a032"}]},{"reference":"Baillie, Rhett A.; Legzdins, Peter (2013). \"Distinctive Activation and Functionalization of Hydrocarbon C–H Bonds Initiated by Cp*W(NO)(η3-allyl)(CH2CMe3) Complexes\". Acc. Chem. Res. 47 (2): 330–340. doi:10.1021/ar400108p. PMID 24047442.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far400108p","url_text":"10.1021/ar400108p"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24047442","url_text":"24047442"}]},{"reference":"Jay, Raphael M.; Banerjee, Ambar; Leitner, Torsten; Wang, Ru-Pan; Harich, Jessica; Stefanuik, Robert; Wikmark, Hampus; Coates, Michael R.; Beale, Emma V.; Kabanova, Victoria; Kahraman, Abdullah; Wach, Anna; Ozerov, Dmitry; Arrell, Christopher; Johnson, Philip J. M. (2023-06-02). \"Tracking C–H activation with orbital resolution\". Science. 380 (6648): 955–960. doi:10.1126/science.adf8042. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37262165. S2CID 259002884.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf8042","url_text":"\"Tracking C–H activation with orbital resolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adf8042","url_text":"10.1126/science.adf8042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37262165","url_text":"37262165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259002884","url_text":"259002884"}]},{"reference":"Banerjee, Ambar; Jay, Raphael M.; Leitner, Torsten; Wang, Ru-Pan; Harich, Jessica; Stefanuik, Robert; Coates, Michael R.; Beale, Emma V.; Kabanova, Victoria (2023-07-26). Accessing Metal-Specific Orbital Interactions in C-H Activation using Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (Report). Chemistry. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-fm49h.","urls":[{"url":"https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/64bf98f8b053dad33ad8c002","url_text":"Accessing Metal-Specific Orbital Interactions in C-H Activation using Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26434%2Fchemrxiv-2023-fm49h","url_text":"10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-fm49h"}]},{"reference":"Sempsrott, Peter J.; Trinh, Brian B.; Flener Lovitt, Charity; Capra, Nicolas E.; Girolami, Gregory S. (2023-06-09). \"An Osmium(II) Methane Complex: Elucidation of the Methane Coordination Mode\". Science Advances. 9 (23). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg8130. PMC 10256148.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg8130","url_text":"\"An Osmium(II) Methane Complex: Elucidation of the Methane Coordination Mode\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg8130","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.adg8130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10256148","url_text":"10256148"}]},{"reference":"Brückl, T.; Baxter, R. D.; Ishihara, Y.; Baran, P. S. (2012). \"Innate and Guided C-H Functionalization Logic\". Accounts of Chemical Research. 45 (6): 826–839. doi:10.1021/ar200194b. PMC 3288638. PMID 22017496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_S._Baran","url_text":"Baran, P. S."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288638","url_text":"\"Innate and Guided C-H Functionalization Logic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far200194b","url_text":"10.1021/ar200194b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288638","url_text":"3288638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22017496","url_text":"22017496"}]},{"reference":"Chetcuti, Michael J.; Ritleng, Vincent (2007). \"Formation of a Ruthenium–Arene Complex, Cyclometallation with a Substituted Benzylamine, and Insertion of an Alkyne\". J. Chem. Educ. 84 (6): 1014. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1014C. doi:10.1021/ed084p1014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1014C","url_text":"2007JChEd..84.1014C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed084p1014","url_text":"10.1021/ed084p1014"}]},{"reference":"Murai, Shinji; Kakiuchi, Fumitoshi; Sekine, Shinya; Tanaka, Yasuo; Kamatani, Asayuki; Sonoda, Motohiro; Chatani, Naoto (1993). \"Efficient catalytic addition of aromatic carbon–hydrogen bonds to olefins\". Nature. 366 (6455): 529–531. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..529M. doi:10.1038/366529a0. S2CID 5627826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..529M","url_text":"1993Natur.366..529M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F366529a0","url_text":"10.1038/366529a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5627826","url_text":"5627826"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. (2010). \"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\". Chem. Rev. 110 (2): 1147–1169. doi:10.1021/cr900184e. PMC 2836499. PMID 20078038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","url_text":"\"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900184e","url_text":"10.1021/cr900184e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","url_text":"2836499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078038","url_text":"20078038"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Huiyuan; Schlecht, Sabine; Semple, Thomas C.; Hartwig, John F. (2000). \"Thermal, Catalytic, Regiospecific Functionalization of Alkanes\". Science. 287 (5460): 1995–1997. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.1995C. doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.1995. PMID 10720320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287.1995C","url_text":"2000Sci...287.1995C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5460.1995","url_text":"10.1126/science.287.5460.1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10720320","url_text":"10720320"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, J. M.; Lawrence, J. D.; Kawamura, K.; Incarvito, C.; Hartwig, J. F. (2006). \"Ruthenium-Catalyzed Regiospecific Borylation of Methyl C-H bonds\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (42): 13684–13685. doi:10.1021/ja064092p. PMID 17044685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja064092p","url_text":"10.1021/ja064092p"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044685","url_text":"17044685"}]},{"reference":"Ishiyama, T.; Takagi, J.; Ishida, K.; Miyaura, N.; Anastasi, N. R.; Hartwig, J. F. (2002). \"Mild Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Arenes. High Turnover Numbers, Room Temperature Reactions, and Isolation of a Potential Intermediate\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (3): 390–391. doi:10.1021/ja0173019. PMID 11792205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Miyaura","url_text":"Miyaura, N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0173019","url_text":"10.1021/ja0173019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792205","url_text":"11792205"}]},{"reference":"Ishiyama, T.; Takagi, J.; Hartwig, J. F.; Miyaura, N. (2002). \"A Stoichiometric Aromatic C-H Borylation Catalyzed by Iridium(I)/2,2′-Bipyridine Complexes at Room Temperature\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 41 (16): 3056–3058. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020816)41:16<3056::aid-anie3056>3.0.co;2-#. PMID 12203457.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820020816%2941%3A16%3C3056%3A%3Aaid-anie3056%3E3.0.co%3B2-%23","url_text":"10.1002/1521-3773(20020816)41:16<3056::aid-anie3056>3.0.co;2-#"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12203457","url_text":"12203457"}]},{"reference":"Press, L. P.; Kosanovich, A. J.; McCulloch, B. J.; Ozerov, O. V. (2016). \"High-Turnover Aromatic C–H Borylation Catalyzed by POCOP-Type Pincer Complexes of Iridium\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (30): 9487–9497. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b03656. PMID 27327895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.6b03656","url_text":"10.1021/jacs.6b03656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27327895","url_text":"27327895"}]},{"reference":"Sen, A. (1999). \"Catalytic Activation of Methane and Ethane by Metal Compounds\". In Murai, S. (ed.). Activation of Unreactive Bonds and Organic Synthesis. Vol. 3. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 81–95. ISBN 978-3-540-64862-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64862-8","url_text":"978-3-540-64862-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Methanol\". www.essentialchemicalindustry.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/methanol.html","url_text":"\"Methanol\""}]},{"reference":"Periana, R. A.; Taube, D. J.; Evitt, E. R.; Loffler, D. G.; Wentrcek, P. R.; Voss, G.; Masuda, T. (1993). \"A Mercury-Catalyzed, High-Yield System for the Oxidation of Methane to Methanol\". Science. 259 (5093): 340–343. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..340P. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.340. PMID 17832346. S2CID 21140403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...259..340P","url_text":"1993Sci...259..340P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.259.5093.340","url_text":"10.1126/science.259.5093.340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17832346","url_text":"17832346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21140403","url_text":"21140403"}]},{"reference":"Periana, R. A.; Taube, D. J.; Gamble, S.; Taube, H.; Satoh, T.; Fujii, H. (1998). \"Platinum Catalysts for the High-Yield Oxidation of Methane to a Methanol Derivative\". Science. 280 (5363): 560–564. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..560P. doi:10.1126/science.280.5363.560. PMID 9554841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...280..560P","url_text":"1998Sci...280..560P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.280.5363.560","url_text":"10.1126/science.280.5363.560"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554841","url_text":"9554841"}]},{"reference":"Davies, H. M. L.; Morton, D. (2011). \"Guiding Principles for Site Selective and Stereoselective Intermolecular C–H Functionalization by Donor/Acceptor Rhodium Carbenes\". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (4): 1857–69. doi:10.1039/C0CS00217H. PMID 21359404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC0CS00217H","url_text":"10.1039/C0CS00217H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21359404","url_text":"21359404"}]},{"reference":"O'Malley, S. J.; Tan, K. L.; Watzke, A.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. A. (2005). \"Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid by Asymmetric Intramolecular Alkylation via Catalytic C-H Bond Activation\". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (39): 13496–13497. doi:10.1021/ja052680h. PMID 16190703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja052680h","url_text":"10.1021/ja052680h"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16190703","url_text":"16190703"}]},{"reference":"Ramkumar, N.; Nagarajan, R. (2013). \"b. Total Synthesis of Calothrixin A and B via C-H Activation\". J. Org. Chem. 78 (6): 2802–2807. doi:10.1021/jo302821v. PMID 23421392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo302821v","url_text":"10.1021/jo302821v"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23421392","url_text":"23421392"}]},{"reference":"Ahrendt, Kateri A.; Bergman, Robert G.; Ellman, Jonathan A. (2003-04-01). \"Synthesis of a Tricyclic Mescaline Analogue by Catalytic C−H Bond Activation\". Organic Letters. 5 (8): 1301–1303. doi:10.1021/ol034228d. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 12688744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol034228d","url_text":"10.1021/ol034228d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-7060","url_text":"1523-7060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12688744","url_text":"12688744"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far00051a009","external_links_name":"10.1021/ar00051a009"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB103147N","external_links_name":"10.1039/B103147N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.034","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.034"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95482372","external_links_name":"95482372"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2004.05.036","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.036"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030710y","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr030710y"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15941220","external_links_name":"15941220"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138527207782418708","external_links_name":"10.2174/138527207782418708"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428","external_links_name":"\"Catalytic C–H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..417D","external_links_name":"2008Natur.451..417D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06485","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature06485"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033428","external_links_name":"3033428"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18216847","external_links_name":"18216847"},{"Link":"http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:25967","external_links_name":"\"Mechanisms of C–H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB904967C","external_links_name":"10.1039/B904967C"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19623381","external_links_name":"19623381"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC1CS15083A","external_links_name":"10.1039/C1CS15083A"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21666903","external_links_name":"21666903"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc004223d","external_links_name":"10.1039/c004223d"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20593075","external_links_name":"20593075"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","external_links_name":"\"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900184e","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr900184e"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","external_links_name":"2836499"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078038","external_links_name":"20078038"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900315k","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr900315k"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20067255","external_links_name":"20067255"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far200250r","external_links_name":"10.1021/ar200250r"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22482496","external_links_name":"22482496"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201203269","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201203269"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22996679","external_links_name":"22996679"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCh...5..369W","external_links_name":"2013NatCh...5..369W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1607","external_links_name":"10.1038/nchem.1607"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609086","external_links_name":"23609086"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7134/full/446391a.html","external_links_name":"Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224214/http://stoltz.caltech.edu/seminars/2004_Ramtohul.pdf","external_links_name":"Literature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation"},{"Link":"http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/marcetta/chem636/Presentations/C-H%20Activation=Sam.pdf","external_links_name":"Powerpoint on John Bercaw's work"},{"Link":"http://www.nsf-cchf.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Center for Selective C-H Functionalization"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00507","external_links_name":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30480438","external_links_name":"30480438"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53726772","external_links_name":"53726772"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9650000843","external_links_name":"10.1039/JR9650000843"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01628a120","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja01628a120"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","external_links_name":"0002-7863"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2803%2954005-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0898-8838(03)54005-3"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01053a047","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja01053a047"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","external_links_name":"0002-7863"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462934","external_links_name":"27462934"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC29700001677","external_links_name":"10.1039/C29700001677"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00504a041","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00504a041"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00365a091","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00365a091"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00377a032","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00377a032"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far400108p","external_links_name":"10.1021/ar400108p"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24047442","external_links_name":"24047442"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf8042","external_links_name":"\"Tracking C–H activation with orbital resolution\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adf8042","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.adf8042"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37262165","external_links_name":"37262165"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259002884","external_links_name":"259002884"},{"Link":"https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/64bf98f8b053dad33ad8c002","external_links_name":"Accessing Metal-Specific Orbital Interactions in C-H Activation using Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26434%2Fchemrxiv-2023-fm49h","external_links_name":"10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-fm49h"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg8130","external_links_name":"\"An Osmium(II) Methane Complex: Elucidation of the Methane Coordination Mode\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg8130","external_links_name":"10.1126/sciadv.adg8130"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10256148","external_links_name":"10256148"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288638","external_links_name":"\"Innate and Guided C-H Functionalization Logic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far200194b","external_links_name":"10.1021/ar200194b"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288638","external_links_name":"3288638"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22017496","external_links_name":"22017496"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1014C","external_links_name":"2007JChEd..84.1014C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed084p1014","external_links_name":"10.1021/ed084p1014"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..529M","external_links_name":"1993Natur.366..529M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F366529a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/366529a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5627826","external_links_name":"5627826"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","external_links_name":"\"Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr900184e","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr900184e"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836499","external_links_name":"2836499"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078038","external_links_name":"20078038"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287.1995C","external_links_name":"2000Sci...287.1995C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5460.1995","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.287.5460.1995"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10720320","external_links_name":"10720320"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja064092p","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja064092p"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044685","external_links_name":"17044685"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0173019","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja0173019"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792205","external_links_name":"11792205"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820020816%2941%3A16%3C3056%3A%3Aaid-anie3056%3E3.0.co%3B2-%23","external_links_name":"10.1002/1521-3773(20020816)41:16<3056::aid-anie3056>3.0.co;2-#"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12203457","external_links_name":"12203457"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.6b03656","external_links_name":"10.1021/jacs.6b03656"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27327895","external_links_name":"27327895"},{"Link":"http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/methanol.html","external_links_name":"\"Methanol\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...259..340P","external_links_name":"1993Sci...259..340P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.259.5093.340","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.259.5093.340"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17832346","external_links_name":"17832346"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21140403","external_links_name":"21140403"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...280..560P","external_links_name":"1998Sci...280..560P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.280.5363.560","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.280.5363.560"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554841","external_links_name":"9554841"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC0CS00217H","external_links_name":"10.1039/C0CS00217H"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21359404","external_links_name":"21359404"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja052680h","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja052680h"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16190703","external_links_name":"16190703"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo302821v","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo302821v"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23421392","external_links_name":"23421392"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol034228d","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol034228d"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-7060","external_links_name":"1523-7060"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12688744","external_links_name":"12688744"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durston_House | Durston House | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 References"] | Coordinates: 51°31′00″N 0°18′24″W / 51.516644°N 0.306670°W / 51.516644; -0.306670
Private preparatory day school in Ealing, London, EnglandDurston House SchoolAddress12–14 Castlebar RoadEaling, London, W5 2DREnglandCoordinates51°31′00″N 0°18′24″W / 51.516644°N 0.306670°W / 51.516644; -0.306670InformationTypePrivate Preparatory day schoolReligious affiliation(s)ChristianEstablished1886FounderB C and R M PearceDepartment for Education URN101944 TablesHeadmasterMr G EntwisleYears offeredPre-School - Year 8GenderGirls & BoysAge3 to 13Enrolment~390Average class size15 pupils per classHousesArundel, Conway, Warwick, WindsorColour(s)Green and Black
School fees£4,750-£6,180 per term.Former pupilsOld DurstoniansWebsitehttp://www.durstonhouse.org
Durston House School is a leading independent day prep school for girls and boys aged 3 –13, located in Ealing, West London. It is a noted feeder school of Merchant Taylors’ School, John Lyon School, Hampton School, St Paul's School and Westminster School. Fees range from £4,750 to £6,180 per term.
History
Durston House was founded by the brothers Ben and Robert Pearce in 1886 as a Christian foundation and was essentially proprietary for its first hundred years of existence. The educational charity that runs the school was launched in 1986, the school's centenary year and the school has since trebled its size, with a pupil threshold of approximately 400. Its current Headmaster is Giles Entwisle, who succeeded Ian Kendrick in September 2020.
In April 2022, the school announced that Durston House and Harvington Preparatory School were to merge.
In September 2023, Durston House became co-educational welcoming girls, and opened a new Pre-School for children aged 3+.
Facilities
The school is located across five different sites on Castlebar Road. The school owns two large playing fields both equipped with large pavilions, offering floodlit tennis and basketball courts. In addition, there are specialist art rooms and science laboratories to facilitate specialist study.
An annual Carol Service and Spring Concert are held in the nearby St Peter's Church.
References
^ "Traditional values - Default Site".
^ a b "Durston House". Independent Schools Inspectorate. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ Russell, Michael (7 July 2011). "Durston House pupils follow in founder's footsteps". Ealing Gazette. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ "Durston House and Harvington Prep School to merge in 2023". Durston House. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ "Durston House - Facilities - Default Site". Default Site. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ "Castlebar Sports Field - Default Site". Default Site. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ "St Peter's Church - Default Site". Default Site. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
vteSchools and colleges in EalingPrimary schools
Alec Reed Academy
North Ealing Primary School
Secondary schools
Alec Reed Academy
Ark Acton Academy
Brentside High School
Cardinal Wiseman School
Dormers Wells High School
Drayton Manor High School
Ellen Wilkinson School for Girls
Elthorne Park High School
Featherstone High School
Greenford High School
Northolt High School
Twyford CE High School
Villiers High School
William Perkin CE High School
Independent schools
Ayesha Siddiqa Girls School
Durston House
Ealing Independent College
Harvington School
Japanese School in London
LF Charles de Gaulle André Malraux Primary
London Welsh School
Notting Hill and Ealing High School
St Augustine's Priory
St Benedict's School
Further education colleges
West London College
Defunct schools
Barbara Speake Stage School
Cuckoo Schools
Ealing Grove School
Great Ealing School
King Fahad Academy
Nuffield Speech and Language Unit
This London school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isi-2"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors’ School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"John Lyon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyon_School"},{"link_name":"Hampton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isi-2"}],"text":"Private preparatory day school in Ealing, London, EnglandDurston House School is a leading independent day prep school for girls and boys aged 3 –13, located in Ealing, West London.[2] It is a noted feeder school of Merchant Taylors’ School, John Lyon School, Hampton School, St Paul's School and Westminster School. Fees range from £4,750 to £6,180 per term.[2]","title":"Durston House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"centenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Durston House was founded by the brothers Ben and Robert Pearce in 1886 as a Christian foundation and was essentially proprietary for its first hundred years of existence.[3] The educational charity that runs the school was launched in 1986, the school's centenary year and the school has since trebled its size, with a pupil threshold of approximately 400. Its current Headmaster is Giles Entwisle, who succeeded Ian Kendrick in September 2020.In April 2022, the school announced that Durston House and Harvington Preparatory School were to merge.[4]In September 2023, Durston House became co-educational welcoming girls, and opened a new Pre-School for children aged 3+.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"floodlit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlight"},{"link_name":"laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Ealing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The school is located across five different sites on Castlebar Road. The school owns two large playing fields both equipped with large pavilions, offering floodlit tennis and basketball courts. In addition, there are specialist art rooms and science laboratories to facilitate specialist study.[5][6]An annual Carol Service and Spring Concert are held in the nearby St Peter's Church.[7]","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Traditional values - Default Site\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.durstonhouse.org/for-prospective-parents/about-durston-house/traditional-values","url_text":"\"Traditional values - Default Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Durston House\". Independent Schools Inspectorate. Retrieved 7 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/inspection-reports/","url_text":"\"Durston House\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Michael (7 July 2011). \"Durston House pupils follow in founder's footsteps\". Ealing Gazette. Retrieved 7 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ealinggazette.co.uk/ealing-news/local-ealing-news/2011/07/07/durston-house-pupils-follow-in-founder-s-footsteps-64767-29011168/","url_text":"\"Durston House pupils follow in founder's footsteps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Durston House and Harvington Prep School to merge in 2023\". Durston House. Retrieved 17 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/history-future/co-ed-2023/","url_text":"\"Durston House and Harvington Prep School to merge in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Durston House - Facilities - Default Site\". Default Site. Retrieved 17 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/facilities/","url_text":"\"Durston House - Facilities - Default Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Castlebar Sports Field - Default Site\". Default Site. Retrieved 17 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/facilities/","url_text":"\"Castlebar Sports Field - Default Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Peter's Church - Default Site\". Default Site. Retrieved 9 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.durstonhouse.org/virtual-open-day/see-our-facilities/st-peters-church","url_text":"\"St Peter's Church - Default Site\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Durston_House¶ms=51.516644_N_0.30667_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°31′00″N 0°18′24″W / 51.516644°N 0.306670°W / 51.516644; -0.306670"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Durston_House¶ms=51.516644_N_0.30667_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°31′00″N 0°18′24″W / 51.516644°N 0.306670°W / 51.516644; -0.306670"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/101944","external_links_name":"101944"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/101944","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"http://www.durstonhouse.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.durstonhouse.org"},{"Link":"http://www.durstonhouse.org/for-prospective-parents/about-durston-house/traditional-values","external_links_name":"\"Traditional values - Default Site\""},{"Link":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/inspection-reports/","external_links_name":"\"Durston House\""},{"Link":"http://www.ealinggazette.co.uk/ealing-news/local-ealing-news/2011/07/07/durston-house-pupils-follow-in-founder-s-footsteps-64767-29011168/","external_links_name":"\"Durston House pupils follow in founder's footsteps\""},{"Link":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/history-future/co-ed-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Durston House and Harvington Prep School to merge in 2023\""},{"Link":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/facilities/","external_links_name":"\"Durston House - Facilities - Default Site\""},{"Link":"https://durstonhouse.org/about-us/facilities/","external_links_name":"\"Castlebar Sports Field - Default Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.durstonhouse.org/virtual-open-day/see-our-facilities/st-peters-church","external_links_name":"\"St Peter's Church - Default Site\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durston_House&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Misch | List of Playboy Playmates of the Month | ["1 1954–1959","2 1960–1969","3 1970–1979","4 1980–1989","5 1990–1999","6 2000–2009","7 2010–2020","8 2021–","9 See also","10 References"] | For the composer Sharon Rogers, see Sharon Elery Rogers.
The following women have appeared in the American or international edition of Playboy magazine as Playmate of the Month. Those who were also named Playmate of the Year are highlighted in green.
A common misconception is that Marilyn Monroe was a Playmate of the Month. She appeared in the first issue of Playboy as the "Sweetheart of the Month". The term "Playmate" was introduced in the second issue, but that term was applied to Monroe in several later issues.
1954–1959
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1954
Margie Harrison
Margaret Scott (a.k.a. Marilyn Waltz)
Dolores Del Monte
Marilyn Waltz
Joanne Arnold
Margie Harrison
Neva Gilbert
Arline Hunter
Jackie Rainbow
Madeline Castle
Diane Hunter
Terry Ryan
1955
Bettie Page
Jayne Mansfield
magazine was not published
Marilyn Waltz
Marguerite Empey
Eve Meyer
Janet Pilgrim
Pat Lawler
Anne Fleming
Jean Moorehead
Barbara Cameron
Janet Pilgrim
1956
Lynn Turner
Marguerite Empey
Marian Stafford
Rusty Fisher
Marion Scott
Gloria Walker
Alice Denham
Jonnie Nicely
Elsa Sorensen
Janet Pilgrim
Betty Blue
Lisa Winters
1957
June Blair
Sally Todd
Sandra Edwards
Gloria Windsor
Dawn Richard
Carrie Radison
Jean Jani
Dolores Donlon
Jacquelyn Prescott
Colleen Farrington
Marlene Callahan
Linda Vargas
1958
Elizabeth Ann Roberts
Cheryl Kubert
Zahra Norbo
Felicia Atkins
Lari Laine
Judy Lee Tomerlin
Linné Ahlstrand
Myrna Weber
Teri Hope
Mara Corday and Pat Sheehan
Joan Staley
Joyce Nizzari
1959
Virginia Gordon
Eleanor Bradley
Audrey Daston
Nancy Crawford
Cindy Fuller
Marilyn Hanold
Yvette Vickers
Clayre Peters
Marianne Gaba
Elaine Reynolds
Donna Lynn
Ellen Stratton
Note: Ellen Stratton was the first official Playmate of the Year.
1960–1969
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1960
Stella Stevens
Susie Scott
Sally Sarell
Linda Gamble
Ginger Young
Delores Wells
Teddi Smith
Elaine Paul
Ann Davis
Kathy Douglas
Joni Mattis
Carol Eden
1961
Connie Cooper
Barbara Ann Lawford
Tonya Crews
Nancy Nielsen
Susan Kelly
Heidi Becker
Sheralee Conners
Karen Thompson
Christa Speck
Jean Cannon
Dianne Danford
Lynn Karrol
1962
Merle Pertile
Kari Knudsen
Pamela Anne Gordon
Roberta Lane
Marya Carter
Merissa Mathes
Unne Terjesen
Jan Roberts
Mickey Winters
Laura Young
Avis Kimble
June Cochran
1963
Judi Monterey
Toni Ann Thomas
Adrienne Moreau
Sandra Settani
Sharon Cintron
Connie Mason
Carrie Enwright
Phyllis Sherwood
Victoria Valentino
Christine Williams
Terre Tucker
Donna Michelle
1964
Sharon Rogers
Nancy Jo Hooper
Nancy Scott
Ashlyn Martin
Terri Kimball
Lori Winston
Melba Ogle
China Lee
Astrid Schulz
Rosemarie Hillcrest
Kai Brendlinger
Jo Collins
1965
Sally Duberson
Jessica St. George
Jennifer Jackson
Sue Williams
Maria McBane
Hedy Scott
Gay Collier
Lannie Balcom
Patti Reynolds
Allison Parks
Pat Russo
Dinah Willis
1966
Judy Tyler
Melinda Windsor
Priscilla Wright
Karla Conway
Dolly Read
Kelly Burke
Tish Howard
Susan Denberg
Dianne Chandler
Linda Moon
Lisa Baker
Susan Bernard
1967
Surrey Marshe
Kim Farber
Fran Gerard
Gwen Wong
Anne Randall
Joey Gibson
Heather Ryan
DeDe Lind
Angela Dorian (a.k.a. Victoria Vetri)
Reagan Wilson
Kaya Christian
Lynn Winchell
1968
Connie Kreski
Nancy Harwood
Michelle Hamilton
Gaye Rennie
Elizabeth Jordan
Britt Fredriksen
Melodye Prentiss
Gale Olson
Dru Hart
Majken Haugedal
Paige Young
Cynthia Myers
1969
Leslie Bianchini
Lorrie Menconi
Kathy MacDonald
Lorna Hopper
Sally Sheffield
Helena Antonaccio
Nancy McNeil
Debbie Hooper
Shay Knuth
Jean Bell
Claudia Jennings
Gloria Root
1970–1979
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1970
Jill Taylor
Linda Forsythe
Chris Koren
Barbara Hillary
Jennifer Liano
Elaine Morton
Carol Willis
Sharon Clark
Debbie Ellison
Madeleine Collinson & Mary Collinson
Avis Miller
Carol Imhof
1971
Liv Lindeland
Willy Rey
Cynthia Hall
Chris Cranston
Janice Pennington
Lieko English
Heather Van Every
Cathy Rowland
Crystal Smith
Claire Rambeau
Danielle de Vabre
Karen Christy
1972
Marilyn Cole
P. J. Lansing
Ellen Michaels
Vicki Peters
Deanna Baker
Debbie Davis
Carol O'Neal
Linda Summers
Susan Miller
Sharon Johansen
Lenna Sjooblom
Mercy Rooney
1973
Miki Garcia
Cyndi Wood
Bonnie Large
Julie Woodson
Anulka Dziubinska
Ruthy Ross
Martha Smith
Phyllis Coleman
Geri Glass
Valerie Lane
Monica Tidwell
Christine Maddox
1974
Nancy Cameron
Francine Parks
Pamela Zinszer
Marlene Morrow
Marilyn Lange
Sandy Johnson
Carol Vitale
Jeane Manson
Kristine Hanson
Ester Cordet
Bebe Buell
Janice Raymond
1975
Lynnda Kimball
Laura Misch
Ingeborg Sorensen
Victoria Cunningham
Bridgett Rollins
Azizi Johari
Lynn Schiller
Lillian Müller
Mesina Miller
Jill De Vries
Janet Lupo
Nancie Li Brandi
1976
Daina House
Laura Lyons
Ann Pennington
Denise Michele
Patricia Margot McClain
Debra Peterson
Deborah Borkman
Linda Beatty
Whitney Kaine
Hope Olson
Patti McGuire
Karen Hafter
1977
Susan Lynn Kiger
Star Stowe
Nicki Thomas
Lisa Sohm
Sheila Mullen
Virve Reid
Sondra Theodore
Julia Lyndon
Debra Jo Fondren
Kristine Winder
Rita Lee
Ashley Cox
1978
Debra Jensen
Janis Schmitt
Christina Smith
Pamela Jean Bryant
Kathryn Morrison
Gail Stanton
Karen Morton
Vicki Witt
Rosanne Katon
Marcy Hanson
Monique St. Pierre
Janet Quist
1979
Candy Loving
Lee Ann Michelle
Denise McConnell
Missy Cleveland
Michele Drake
Louann Fernald
Dorothy Mays
Dorothy Stratten
Vicki McCarty
Ursula Buchfellner
Sylvie Garant
Candace Collins
1980–1989
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1980
Gig Gangel
Sandy Cagle
Henriette Allais
Liz Glazowski
Martha Thomsen
Ola Ray
Teri Peterson
Victoria Cooke
Lisa Welch
Mardi Jacquet
Jeana Tomasino
Terri Welles
1981
Karen Price
Vicki Lynn Lasseter
Kymberly Herrin
Lorraine Michaels
Gina Goldberg
Cathy Larmouth
Heidi Sorenson
Debbie Boostrom
Susan Smith
Kelly Tough
Shannon Tweed
Patricia Farinelli
1982
Kimberly McArthur
Anne-Marie Fox
Karen Witter
Linda Rhys Vaughn
Kym Malin
Lourdes Estores
Lynda Wiesmeier
Cathy St. George
Connie Brighton
Marianne Gravatte
Marlene Janssen
Charlotte Kemp
1983
Lonny Chin
Melinda Mays
Alana Soares
Christina Ferguson
Susie Scott Krabacher
Jolanda Egger
Ruth Guerri
Carina Persson
Barbara Edwards
Tracy Vaccaro
Veronica Gamba
Terry Nihen
1984
Penny Baker
Justine Greiner
Dona Speir
Lesa Ann Pedriana
Patty Duffek
Tricia Lange
Liz Stewart
Suzi Schott
Kimberly Evenson
Debi Johnson
Roberta Vasquez
Karen Velez
1985
Joan Bennett
Cherie Witter
Donna Smith
Cindy Brooks
Kathy Shower
Devin DeVasquez
Hope Marie Carlton
Cher Butler
Venice Kong
Cynthia Brimhall
Pamela Saunders
Carol Ficatier
1986
Sherry Arnett
Julie McCullough
Kim Morris
Teri Weigel
Christine Richters
Rebecca Ferratti
Lynne Austin
Ava Fabian
Rebekka Armstrong
Katherine Hushaw
Donna Edmondson
Laurie Carr
1987
Luann Lee
Julie Peterson
Marina Baker
Anna Clark
Kymberly Paige
Sandy Greenberg
Carmen Berg
Sharry Konopski
Gwen Hajek
Brandi Brandt
Pamela Stein
India Allen
1988
Kimberley Conrad
Kari Kennell
Susie Owens
Eloise Broady
Diana Lee
Emily Arth
Terri Lynn Doss
Helle Michaelsen
Laura Richmond
Shannon Long
Pia Reyes
Kata Kärkkäinen
1989
Fawna MacLaren
Simone Eden
Laurie Wood
Jennifer Jackson
Monique Noel
Tawnni Cable
Erika Eleniak
Gianna Amore
Karin van Breeschooten & Mirjam van Breeschooten
Karen Foster
Renee Tenison
Petra Verkaik
1990–1999
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1990
Peggy McIntaggart
Pamela Anderson
Deborah Driggs
Lisa Matthews
Tina Bockrath
Bonnie Marino
Jacqueline Sheen
Melissa Evridge
Kerri Kendall
Brittany York
Lorraine Olivia
Morgan Fox
1991
Stacy Leigh Arthur
Cristy Thom
Julie Clarke
Christina Leardini
Carrie Jean Yazel
Saskia Linssen
Wendy Kaye
Corinna Harney
Samantha Dorman
Cheryl Bachman
Tonja Christensen
Wendy Hamilton
1992
Suzi Simpson
Tanya Beyer
Tylyn John
Cady Cantrell
Anna Nicole Smith
Angela Melini
Amanda Hope
Ashley Allen
Morena Corwin
Tiffany Sloan
Stephanie Adams
Barbara Moore
1993
Echo Johnson
Jennifer LeRoy
Kimberly Donley
Nicole Wood
Elke Jeinsen
Alesha Oreskovich
Leisa Sheridan
Jennifer Lavoie
Carrie Westcott
Jenny McCarthy
Julianna Young
Arlene Baxter
1994
Anna-Marie Goddard
Julie Lynn Cialini
Neriah Davis
Becky DelosSantos
Shae Marks
Elan Carter
Traci Adell
Maria Checa
Kelly Gallagher
Victoria Zdrok
Donna Perry
Elisa Bridges
1995
Melissa Holliday
Lisa Marie Scott
Stacy Sanches
Danelle Folta
Cynthia Brown
Rhonda Adams
Heidi Mark
Rachel Jean Marteen
Donna D'Errico
Alicia Rickter
Holly Witt
Samantha Torres
1996
Victoria Fuller
Kona Carmack
Priscilla Taylor
Gillian Bonner
Shauna Sand
Karin Taylor
Angel Boris
Jessica Lee
Jennifer Allan
Nadine Chanz
Ulrika Ericsson
Victoria Silvstedt
1997
Jami Ferrell
Kimber West
Jennifer Miriam
Kelly Monaco
Lynn Thomas
Carrie Stevens
Daphnée Lynn Duplaix
Kalin Olson
Nikki Schieler
Layla Roberts
Inga Drozdova
Karen McDougal
1998
Heather Kozar
Julia Schultz
Marliece Andrada
Holly Joan Hart
Deanna Brooks
Maria Luisa Gil
Lisa Dergan
Angela Little
Vanessa Gleason
Laura Cover
Tiffany Taylor
Nicole, Erica and Jaclyn Dahm
1999
Jaime Bergman
Stacy Marie Fuson
Alexandria Karlsen
Natalia Sokolova
Tishara Cousino
Kimberly Spicer
Jennifer Rovero
Rebecca Scott
Kristi Cline
Jodi Ann Paterson
Cara Wakelin
Brooke Richards
2000–2009
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2000
Carol Bernaola & Darlene Bernaola
Suzanne Stokes
Nicole Marie Lenz
Brande Roderick
Brooke Berry
Shannon Stewart
Neferteri Shepherd
Summer Altice
Kerissa Fare
Nichole Van Croft
Buffy Tyler
Cara Michelle
2001
Irina Voronina
Lauren Michelle Hill
Miriam Gonzalez
Katie Lohmann
Crista Nicole
Heather Spytek
Kimberley Stanfield
Jennifer Walcott
Dalene Kurtis
Stephanie Heinrich
Lindsey Vuolo
Shanna Moakler
2002
Nicole Narain
Anka Romensky
Tina Jordan
Heather Carolin
Christi Shake
Michele Rogers
Lauren Anderson
Christina Santiago
Shallan Meiers
Teri Harrison
Serria Tawan
Lani Todd
2003
Rebecca Ramos
Charis Boyle
Pennelope Jimenez
Carmella DeCesare
Laurie Fetter
Tailor James
Marketa Janska
Colleen Marie
Luci Victoria
Audra Lynn
Divini Rae
Deisy Teles & Sarah Teles
2004
Colleen Shannon
Aliya Wolf
Sandra Hubby
Krista Kelly
Nicole Whitehead
Hiromi Oshima
Stephanie Glasson
Pilar Lastra
Scarlett Keegan
Kimberly Holland
Cara Zavaleta
Tiffany Fallon
2005
Destiny Davis
Amber Campisi
Jillian Grace
Courtney Rachel Culkin
Jamie Westenhiser
Kara Monaco
Qiana Chase
Tamara Witmer
Vanessa Hoelsher
Amanda Paige
Raquel Gibson
Christine Smith
2006
Athena Lundberg
Cassandra Lynn
Monica Leigh
Holley Ann Dorrough
Alison Waite
Stephanie Larimore
Sara Jean Underwood
Nicole Voss
Janine Habeck
Jordan Monroe
Sarah Elizabeth
Kia Drayton
2007
Jayde Nicole
Heather Rene Smith
Tyran Richard
Giuliana Marino
Shannon James
Brittany Binger
Tiffany Selby
Tamara Sky
Patrice Hollis
Spencer Scott
Lindsay Wagner
Sasckya Porto
2008
Sandra Nilsson
Michelle McLaughlin
Ida Ljungqvist
Regina Deutinger
AJ Alexander
Juliette Fretté
Laura Croft
Kayla Collins
Valerie Mason
Kelly Carrington
Grace Kim
Jennifer and Natalie Jo Campbell
2009
Dasha Astafieva
Jessica Burciaga
Jennifer Pershing
Hope Dworaczyk
Crystal McCahill
Candice Cassidy
Karissa Shannon
Kristina Shannon
Kimberly Phillips
Lindsey Evans
Kelley Thompson
Crystal Harris
2010–2020
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2010
Jaime Faith Edmondson
Heather Rae Young
Kyra Milan
Amy Leigh Andrews
Kassie Lyn Logsdon
Katie Vernola
Shanna McLaughlin
Francesca Frigo
Olivia Paige
Claire Sinclair
Shera Bechard
Ashley Hobbs
2011
Anna Sophia Berglund
Kylie Johnson
Ashley Mattingly
Jaclyn Swedberg
Sasha Bonilova
Mei-Ling Lam
Jessa Lynn Hinton
Iryna Ivanova
Tiffany Toth
Amanda Cerny
Ciara Price
Rainy Day Jordan
2012
Heather Knox
Leola Bell
Lisa Seiffert
Raquel Pomplun
Nikki Leigh
Amelia Talon
Shelby Chesnes
Beth Williams
Alana Campos
Pamela Horton
Britany Nola
Amanda Streich
2013
Karina Marie
Shawn Dillon
Ashley Doris
Jaslyn Ome
Kristen Nicole
Audrey Aleen Allen
Alyssa Arcè
Val Keil
Bryiana Noelle
Carly Lauren
Gemma Lee Farrell
Kennedy Summers
2014
Roos van Montfort
Amanda Booth
Britt Linn
Shanice Jordyn
Dani Mathers
Jessica Ashley
Emily Agnes
Maggie May
Stephanie Branton
Roxanna June
Gia Marie
Elizabeth Ostrander
2015
Brittny Ward
Kayslee Collins
Chelsie Aryn
Alexandra Tyler
Brittany Brousseau
Kaylia Cassandra
Kayla Rae Reid
Dominique Jane
Monica Sims
Ana Cheri
Rachel Harris
Eugena Washington
2016
Amberleigh West
Kristy Garett
Dree Hemingway
Camille Rowe
Brook Power
Josie Canseco
Ali Michael
Valerie van der Graaf
Kelly Gale
Allie Silva
Ashley Smith
Enikő Mihalik
2017
Bridget Malcolm
Joy Corrigan
Elizabeth Elam
Nina Daniele
Lada Kravchenko
Elsie Hewitt
Dana Taylor
Liza Kei
Jessica Wall
Milan Dixon
Ines Rau
Allie Leggett
2018
Kayla Garvin
Megan Samperi
Jenny Watwood
Nereyda Bird
Shauna Sexton
Cassandra Dawn
Valeria Lakhina
Lorena Medina
Kirby Griffin
Olga de Mar
Shelby Rose
Jordan Emanuel
2019
Vendela Lindblom
Megan Moore
Miki Hamano
Fo Porter
Abigail O'Neill
Yoli Lara
Teela LaRoux
Geena Rocero
Sophie O’Neil
Hilda Dias Pimentel
Gillian Chan
Jordy Murray
2020
Riley Ticotin
Chasity Samone
Anita Pathammavong
Marsha Elle
Savannah Smith
Alicia Olivas
Priscilla Huggins
Ali Chanel
Danielle Alcaraz
Carolina Ballesteros
Khrystyana
Tanerélle
2021–
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
2021
Izabela Guedes
Hailee Lautenbach
–
–
See also
List of Playboy models, including all models who have appeared in Playboy
List of Playboy Playmates of the Year
References
^ "Playmates of the Year 2020". Playboy.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
^ "November Playmate 2020". Playboy.com.
^ "Izabela Guedes - Winter 2021 Playmate". playboy.com.
^ "Hailee Lautenbach - Spring 2021 Playmate". playboy.com. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharon Elery Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Elery_Rogers"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy#International_editions"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Playmate of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmate_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"Playmate of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"}],"text":"For the composer Sharon Rogers, see Sharon Elery Rogers.The following women have appeared in the American or international edition of Playboy magazine as Playmate of the Month. Those who were also named Playmate of the Year are highlighted in green.A common misconception is that Marilyn Monroe was a Playmate of the Month. She appeared in the first issue of Playboy as the \"Sweetheart of the Month\". The term \"Playmate\" was introduced in the second issue, but that term was applied to Monroe in several later issues.","title":"List of Playboy Playmates of the Month"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Ellen Stratton was the first official Playmate of the Year.","title":"1954–1959"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1960–1969"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1970–1979"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980–1989"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000–2009"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2010–2020"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2021–"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Playboy models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_models"},{"title":"List of Playboy Playmates of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_the_Year"}] | [{"reference":"\"Playmates of the Year 2020\". Playboy.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playboy.com/read/2020-playmates-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Playmates of the Year 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"November Playmate 2020\". Playboy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/khrystyana","url_text":"\"November Playmate 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Izabela Guedes - Winter 2021 Playmate\". playboy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/izabela-guedes","url_text":"\"Izabela Guedes - Winter 2021 Playmate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hailee Lautenbach - Spring 2021 Playmate\". playboy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/hailee-lautenbach","url_text":"\"Hailee Lautenbach - Spring 2021 Playmate\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.playboy.com/read/2020-playmates-of-the-year","external_links_name":"\"Playmates of the Year 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/khrystyana","external_links_name":"\"November Playmate 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/izabela-guedes","external_links_name":"\"Izabela Guedes - Winter 2021 Playmate\""},{"Link":"https://www.playboy.com/profile/hailee-lautenbach","external_links_name":"\"Hailee Lautenbach - Spring 2021 Playmate\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthotiro | Anthotyros | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Traditional Greek whey cheese
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anthotyros" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
AnthotyrosA block of anthotyros, lying on top of its protective paper coveringCountry of originGreeceSource of milkGoats, EwesPasteurizedNot traditionally, but commercially yesTextureHard (Dry) / Soft (Fresh)Fat content16.6% 65.9%Protein content9.6%DimensionsvariousWeightvarious, usually 1/2 or 1 kiloAging time10 Days
Anthotyros (Greek: Ανθότυρος) (Anthotyro in modern Greek, "flowery cheese") is a traditional fresh cheese. There are dry Anthotyros and fresh Anthotyros. Dry Anthotyros is a matured cheese similar to Mizithra. Anthotyros is made with milk and whey from sheep or goats, sometimes in combination. The ratio of milk to whey usually is 9-to-1. It is commonly a truncated cone, but when shipped in containers may be crumbled, as it is removed. It may be unpasteurized, where law allows.
Milk is boiled at moderate temperature for ten minutes and then rennet and salt is added, while ruffling. The mix is left in large shallow tanks resulting in a part skim mixture. The following day, salt is added to the mix which is then poured into a basket with tulle and is left to drain. Salt is added every day for another three to four days. At this stage, the cheese is still fresh but less soft. If left to mature, thick salt is often added to cover the exterior.
The fresh variant is dry, white, soft or medium hardness, with a sweet, creamy taste, with no rind and no salt. It might be eaten for breakfast with honey and fruit, or in savory dishes with oil, tomato and wild herbs. The dry variant is hard, dry, white and salty; it can have a powerful smell similar to sherry. It might be eaten on spaghetti or salads.
Anthotyros is produced in Greece, commonly in Thrace, Macedonia, the Ionian Islands and Crete.
See also
List of cheeses
Cuisine of Greece
References
^ a b Tsiotsias, A.; Savvaidis, I.; Vassila, A.; Kontominas, M.; Kotzekidou, P. (2002). "Control of Listeria monocytogenes by low-dose irradiation in combination with refrigeration in the soft whey cheese 'Anthotyros'". Food Microbiology. 19 (1–3). Elsevier: 117–126. doi:10.1006/fmic.2001.0469.
^ a b Papageorgiou, Demetrios M.; Bori, Mina; Mantis, Antonios (1996). "Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the Whey Cheeses Myzithra, Anthotyros, and Manouri during Storage at 5, 12, and 22°C". Journal of Food Protection. 59 (11). International Association for Food Protection: 1193–1199. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-59.11.1193. PMID 31195443.
^ Arvanitoyannis, I. (2012). Modified Atmosphere and Active Packaging Technologies. Contemporary Food Engineering. Taylor & Francis. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4398-0044-7.
^ Anthotyros Cheese.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
vteWhey cheeses
Anari
Anthotyros
Brunost
Manouri
Mizithra
Ricotta
Schabziger
Urdă
Xynomizithra
Ziger/Sérac
vteGreek cheesesList of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheesesPDO
Anevato
Arseniko Naxou
Batzos
Feta
Formaela
Graviera
Galotyri
Kalathaki Limnou
Katiki Domokou
Kasseri
Kefalotyri
Kefalograviera
Krasotyri
Kopanisti Mykonou
Ladotyri Mytilinis
Metsovone
Manouri
Pichtogalo
San Michali
Sfela
Xynomizithra
Xygalo
Other
Anthotyros
Armogalo
Armexia
Boukovela
Chloro
Corfú
Eriki
Florinela
Foumarino
Froumaela
Kariki
Komos Naxou
Malaxia
Manoura Sifnou
Melichloro
Mastelo
Metsovela
Melanotyri
Melitiro
Mizithra
Petroto
Prentza
Skotyri
Synoro
Talagani
Tyrogliata
Tyrovolia
Touloumotyri
Vasilotyri
Volaki
Xerotyri
Xynotyro
Related
Tirokafteri
See also
Greek dairy products companies
Cuisine of Greece | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"Mizithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizithra"},{"link_name":"whey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_milk"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfp-2"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Anthotyros (Greek: Ανθότυρος) (Anthotyro in modern Greek, \"flowery cheese\") is a traditional fresh cheese. There are dry Anthotyros and fresh Anthotyros. Dry Anthotyros is a matured cheese similar to Mizithra. Anthotyros is made with milk and whey from sheep or goats, sometimes in combination.[3] The ratio of milk to whey usually is 9-to-1. It is commonly a truncated cone, but when shipped in containers may be crumbled, as it is removed. It may be unpasteurized, where law allows.Milk is boiled at moderate temperature for ten minutes and then rennet and salt is added, while ruffling. The mix is left in large shallow tanks resulting in a part skim mixture. The following day, salt is added to the mix which is then poured into a basket with tulle and is left to drain. Salt is added every day for another three to four days. At this stage, the cheese is still fresh but less soft. If left to mature, thick salt is often added to cover the exterior.The fresh variant is dry, white, soft or medium hardness, with a sweet, creamy taste, with no rind and no salt.[2] It might be eaten for breakfast with honey and fruit, or in savory dishes with oil, tomato and wild herbs. The dry variant is hard, dry, white and salty; it can have a powerful smell similar to sherry. It might be eaten on spaghetti or salads.Anthotyros is produced in Greece, commonly in Thrace, Macedonia, the Ionian Islands and Crete.[4]","title":"Anthotyros"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses"},{"title":"Cuisine of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Greece"}] | [{"reference":"Tsiotsias, A.; Savvaidis, I.; Vassila, A.; Kontominas, M.; Kotzekidou, P. (2002). \"Control of Listeria monocytogenes by low-dose irradiation in combination with refrigeration in the soft whey cheese 'Anthotyros'\". Food Microbiology. 19 (1–3). Elsevier: 117–126. doi:10.1006/fmic.2001.0469.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ffmic.2001.0469","url_text":"10.1006/fmic.2001.0469"}]},{"reference":"Papageorgiou, Demetrios M.; Bori, Mina; Mantis, Antonios (1996). \"Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the Whey Cheeses Myzithra, Anthotyros, and Manouri during Storage at 5, 12, and 22°C\". Journal of Food Protection. 59 (11). International Association for Food Protection: 1193–1199. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-59.11.1193. PMID 31195443.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-59.11.1193","url_text":"\"Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the Whey Cheeses Myzithra, Anthotyros, and Manouri during Storage at 5, 12, and 22°C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Food_Protection","url_text":"International Association for Food Protection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-59.11.1193","url_text":"10.4315/0362-028X-59.11.1193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31195443","url_text":"31195443"}]},{"reference":"Arvanitoyannis, I. (2012). Modified Atmosphere and Active Packaging Technologies. Contemporary Food Engineering. Taylor & Francis. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4398-0044-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0044-7","url_text":"978-1-4398-0044-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anthotyros%22","external_links_name":"\"Anthotyros\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anthotyros%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anthotyros%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anthotyros%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anthotyros%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anthotyros%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ffmic.2001.0469","external_links_name":"10.1006/fmic.2001.0469"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-59.11.1193","external_links_name":"\"Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the Whey Cheeses Myzithra, Anthotyros, and Manouri during Storage at 5, 12, and 22°C\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-59.11.1193","external_links_name":"10.4315/0362-028X-59.11.1193"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31195443","external_links_name":"31195443"},{"Link":"https://www.cheese.com/anthotyro/","external_links_name":"Anthotyros"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochia_didyma | Aristolochia didyma | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of vine
Aristolochia didyma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Magnoliids
Order:
Piperales
Family:
Aristolochiaceae
Genus:
Aristolochia
Species:
A. didyma
Binomial name
Aristolochia didymaS.Moore
Aristolochia didyma, or yawar panga is a plant found in South America (French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Panama, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador) of the genus Aristolochia. It is a powerful purgative, sometimes used in traditional rites to purify the body a few days before an Ayahuasca session.
Caution is required; injuries are linked to aristolochic acid contained in some species of this family, as in Belgium incorrect identification and misuse of Aristolochia species have resulted in severe consequences. Some cases of kidney failure were related after taking a slimming product in which Guang Fang Ji (Aristolochia) had been used instead of Han Fang Ji (Stephania).
References
^ Labate, B. Yawarpanga (Aristolochia dydima) Bia Labate Ap. 2012
^ Ayahuasca. The use of ayahuasca and other medicinal plants in the treatment of drug addicts Enjoy Peru (travel tours information) Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine Ap. 2012
^ Aristolochic Acid, FDA Recall of Herbs and Herbal Products. January 2001 Mayway Sotore Herbal Archived February 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Ap. 2012
External links
Neotropical Aristolochia Ap. 2012
Taxon identifiersAristolochia didyma
Wikidata: Q4791035
Wikispecies: Aristolochia didyma
CoL: GPS9
EoL: 5103310
GBIF: 3588619
iNaturalist: 634915
IPNI: 19457-2
Open Tree of Life: 6028748
Plant List: kew-2651353
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:19457-2
Tropicos: 2500186
WFO: wfo-0000547741
This Piperales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Aristolochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochia"},{"link_name":"Ayahuasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"aristolochic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochic_acid"},{"link_name":"kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aristolochia didyma, or yawar panga is a plant found in South America (French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Panama, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador) of the genus Aristolochia. It is a powerful purgative, sometimes used in traditional rites to purify the body a few days before an Ayahuasca session.[1][2]Caution is required; injuries are linked to aristolochic acid contained in some species of this family, as in Belgium incorrect identification and misuse of Aristolochia species have resulted in severe consequences. Some cases of kidney failure were related after taking a slimming product in which Guang Fang Ji (Aristolochia) had been used instead of Han Fang Ji (Stephania).[3]","title":"Aristolochia didyma"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.bialabate.net/news/foto-de-yawarpanga-aristolochia-dydima","external_links_name":"Bia Labate"},{"Link":"http://www.enjoyperu.com/peru_travel_tours_information/ayahuasca/use_of_ayahuasca.html","external_links_name":"Enjoy Peru (travel tours information)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020710/http://www.enjoyperu.com/peru_travel_tours_information/ayahuasca/use_of_ayahuasca.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mayway.com/store/herbal_news_acids.jsp","external_links_name":"Mayway Sotore Herbal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224012344/https://www.mayway.com/store/herbal_news_acids.jsp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/imagedatabase/thumbs127/cat_thumbs127-1.htm","external_links_name":"Neotropical Aristolochia"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/GPS9","external_links_name":"GPS9"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5103310","external_links_name":"5103310"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3588619","external_links_name":"3588619"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/634915","external_links_name":"634915"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/19457-2","external_links_name":"19457-2"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6028748","external_links_name":"6028748"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2651353","external_links_name":"kew-2651353"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A19457-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:19457-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2500186","external_links_name":"2500186"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000547741","external_links_name":"wfo-0000547741"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristolochia_didyma&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Zhuzhou_Locomotive | CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive | ["1 History","1.1 Predecessor","1.2 CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd.","2 Subsidiaries","3 Joint ventures","4 Products","4.1 Electric locomotives","4.2 Inter City commuter","4.3 Metro","4.4 LRV","4.5 Maglev","5 References","6 External links"] | Company in China
For other CRRC subsidiaries based in Zhuzhou, see CRRC Zhuzhou.
Not to be confused with CRRC Zhuzhou Electric, sister company.
CRRC Zhuzhou LocomotiveThe factory of CRRC Zhuzhou at Batu Gajah, Perak under the joint venture between China and MalaysiaFormerlyCSR Zhuzhou Electric LocomotiveCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryLocomotive and rolling stock manufacturingPredecessorZhuzhou Electric Lomocomotive WorksFounded1936 (predecessor)31 August 2005; 18 years ago (2005-08-31)HeadquartersZhuzhou, Hunan, ChinaOwnerCRRCParentCRRCSubsidiariesin Zhejiang, Luoyang, Wuhan, Nanning, UrumqiWebsitecrrcgc.cc/zj
CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd.Simplified Chinese中车株洲电力机车有限公司Traditional Chinese中車株洲電力機車有限公司Hanyu PinyinZhōngchē Zhūzhōu Diànlì Jīchē Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Literal meaningCRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd.TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngchē Zhūzhōu Diànlì Jīchē Yǒuxiàn GōngsīCRRC Zhuzhou LocomotiveSimplified Chinese中车株机Traditional Chinese中車株機Hanyu PinyinZhōngchē Zhūjī
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngchē Zhūjī
CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd. is one of the electric locomotive manufacturers in China. It is one of the subsidiaries of CRRC.
History
Predecessor
6Y1-0001 rolled out in 1958 as the first mainline electric locomotive of China
Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works was founded in 1936.
CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd.
On 31 August 2005, CSR Group Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. was spin-off from the locomotive works; the original legal entity of the locomotive works became an intermediate holding company for CSR Group only. After the formation of the listed company CSR Corporation Limited, the limited company "CSR Group Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive" became part of the listed portion of the group, and the intermediate holding company remained unlisted. The limited company also renamed to CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd.,
In 2015 the company was renamed into CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车株洲电力机车有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co.', 'Ltd.').
Subsidiaries
CRRC Kuala Lumpur Maintenance Sdn Bhd (Formerly known as CSR Kuala Lumpur Maintenance Sdn Bhd)
Vossloh Rolling Stock GmbH
Joint ventures
Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd. (STEZ), is a joint venture between Siemens (50%), Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric (30%) and CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive (20%). It produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components.
In September 2012, CSR Zhuzhou Locomotive agreed to build a factory at Batu Gajah in Malaysia.
It also has different joint ventures established with Siemens to build metro cars for the Guangzhou Metro Line 3, and to deliver 180 new HXD1 BoBo+BoBo EuroSprinter-based freight locomotives.
Products
HXD1D-1898, the Zhuzhou-built locomotive named after Zhou Enlai, entered service in May 2015
CJ6-0601, the Zhuzhou-built intercity rail speed up to 160km/h.
The MŽ 411 electric multiple unit built for Macedonian Railways
KTM Class 93 for KTM ETS
Shanghai Metro AC05 is the first Zhuzhou-built metro car model
CRRC Zhuzhou LRV for Rapid KL
Wuhan Auto City T1 tram car
Electric locomotives
Shaoshan series electric locomotives
SS1 inspired from USSR (archived) and French locomotive 6Y2
SS3 inspired from Japanese locomotive
SS4
SS5
SS6 - SS6B
SS8
SS9
VVVF control electric locomotives
DJ "Gofront"
DJ1
DJ2 "Olympic Stars"
HXD1 licensed from Siemens
HXD1B
HXD1C
HXD1D
HXD1G
Export products
TM1 (Iran)
TM2 (Iran)
TM3 (Iran)
O’ Z-Y type electric locomotive (Uzbekistan)
KZ4A (Kazakhstan)
Inter City commuter
DJJ1 "Blue Arrow" (archived)
DJJ2 "China Star" (archived)
CJ6
Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway
KTM Class 92 (Malaysia)
KTM Class 93 (Malaysia)
KTM Class 61 (Malaysia)
MŽ 411 for Macedonian Railways
TFR Class 20E AC/DC electric locomotives (South Africa)
Leo Express
East Coast Rail Line (Malaysia)
Metro
Shanghai Metro (Line 1 (1st Generation), Line 2, Line 4, Line 11, Line 16, Line 18)
Guangzhou Metro (Line 2, Line 3, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 14, Line 21)
Shenzhen Metro (Line 1, Line 2, Line 5, Line 8, Line 11, Line 16 )
Wuhan Metro Type B cars(Line 1, Line 2, Line 4); Type A cars (Line 6, Line 7, Line 8 and Line 11) at Jiangxia District near Wuhan. Yangluo line will use the same Type A cars.
Ningbo Rail Transit lines 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Kunming Rail Transit lines 1, 2, 3 and 6
Zhengzhou Metro lines 1, 2 and 5
Rapid Metro Gurgaon
Changsha Metro lines 1, 2, 3 and 4
Wuxi Metro line 1
Lahore Metro Orange Line, trains are each composed of five wagons and are automated and driverless. A standard Chinese "Type B" train-set consisting of 5 cars with 4 doors each used, that has a stainless steel body and illuminated by LED lighting. Each car has a nominal capacity of 200 seated and standing passengers at an average density of 5 persons per square metre with 20% of passengers seated and 80% standing. A total of 27 trains with 135 cars have been ordered for the system, at a cost of $1 billion. A total of 54 trains are expected to be in service by 2025. The trains powered by a 750-volt third rail.
Nanning Rail Transit lines 1 & 2
Ürümqi Metro line 1
Istanbul Metro Line M11
Ankara Metro lines M1 & M4
Navi Mumbai Metro Line 1
Metrorrey MM-20 series mixed-use trains, for lines 1, 2 and 3, sharing the same railways with previous Concarril/Bombardier MM-90X series, CAF's MM-93, Bombardier's MM-05 and SIEMENS-Duewag MM-80 (refurbished SIEMENS-Duewag U3 series trains from Frankfurt Metro).
Mexico City Metro future line 1 trains model NM-22, part of a contract involving the construction of 30 trains (with 29 being built at a new facility in the state of Querétaro), also including the complete overhaul of line 1 with the aid of COMSA and Siemens which will provide the CBTC system, signalling equipment and new railroad tracks. Going to be inaugurated at the end of May 2024.
LRV
Izmir Metro Line 1
Kuala Lumpur LRT Line 3, Line 4 and Line 11
Johor Baru - Singapore RTS
Huai'an tram, China
Shenzhen tram, China
Auto City tram T1 LRV in Wuhan - 21 cars with Siemens
Maglev
Changsha Maglev
References
^ "Rail firm on fast track to success". english.www.gov.cn/. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works (Gofront), www.chinadaily.com.cn
^ CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Company Limited - Introduction Archived March 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine www.gofront.com
^ CSR Prospectus, 8 August 2008 Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, CHINA SOUTH LOCOMOTIVE & ROLLING STOCK CORPORATION LIMITED (A joint stock limited company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China with limited liability), 8 August 2008, p.91, www.csrgc.com.cn
^ "Company Brochure: Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd., Zhuzhou" (PDF). siemens.com. Siemens. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
^ "CSR to open Malaysian rolling stock plant - Railway Gazette". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
^ Class 20E Locos Arrive Railways Africa 6.2014 page 20
^ "Short Cuts". The Ec was onomist. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.
^ "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ a b c "27 trains to be acquired for Metro project". Pakistan Today. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ "Orange train to run on 750 volts". Dawn. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Press Releases | Press | Siemens China".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Corporation Limited.
Official website (in English and Chinese)
vteCRRC GroupCRRC
CRRC Changchun
CRRC Chengdu
CRRC Dalian
CRRC Datong
CRRC Luoyang
CRRC Nanjing Puzhen
CRRC Qingdao Sifang
CRRC Qishuyan
CRRC Shandong
CRRC Tangshan
CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive
CRRC Ziyang
Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric
Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology
CRRC Massachusetts
Predecessors
China CNR
CNR Group
CSR Corporation
CSR Group
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRRC Zhuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Zhuzhou_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"CRRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC"}],"text":"For other CRRC subsidiaries based in Zhuzhou, see CRRC Zhuzhou.Not to be confused with CRRC Zhuzhou Electric, sister company.CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd. is one of the electric locomotive manufacturers in China. It is one of the subsidiaries of CRRC.","title":"CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6Y1-0001_roll_out.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Predecessor","text":"6Y1-0001 rolled out in 1958 as the first mainline electric locomotive of ChinaZhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works was founded in 1936.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_Group"},{"link_name":"CSR Corporation Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_Corporation_Limited"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"}],"sub_title":"CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd.","text":"On 31 August 2005, CSR Group Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. was spin-off from the locomotive works; the original legal entity of the locomotive works became an intermediate holding company for CSR Group only. After the formation of the listed company CSR Corporation Limited, the limited company \"CSR Group Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive\" became part of the listed portion of the group, and the intermediate holding company remained unlisted. The limited company also renamed to CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd.,[4]In 2015 the company was renamed into CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车株洲电力机车有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co.', 'Ltd.').","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CRRC Kuala Lumpur Maintenance Sdn Bhd (Formerly known as CSR Kuala Lumpur Maintenance Sdn Bhd)\nVossloh Rolling Stock GmbH","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Mobility"},{"link_name":"Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuzhou_CRRC_Times_Electric"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Batu Gajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Gajah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"EuroSprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroSprinter"}],"text":"Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd. (STEZ), is a joint venture between Siemens (50%), Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric (30%) and CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive (20%). It produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components.[5]In September 2012, CSR Zhuzhou Locomotive agreed to build a factory at Batu Gajah in Malaysia.[6]It also has different joint ventures established with Siemens to build metro cars for the Guangzhou Metro Line 3, and to deliver 180 new HXD1 BoBo+BoBo EuroSprinter-based freight locomotives.","title":"Joint ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HXD1D-1898_drives_T7605_at_Suzhou_Railway_Station.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CJ6-0601@BCR_(20170328163934).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C5%BD_411-103@BCR_(20160106155835).jpg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonski_%C5%BDeleznici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_93-2_Kampar,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg"},{"link_name":"KTM Class 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Class_93"},{"link_name":"KTM ETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_metro_line4_AC05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro AC05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Metro_AC05&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ampang_LRT_train_for_Ampang_Line_%26_Sri_Petaling_Line.png"},{"link_name":"Rapid KL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_KL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auto-city_T1_Line_(1).jpg"}],"text":"HXD1D-1898, the Zhuzhou-built locomotive named after Zhou Enlai, entered service in May 2015CJ6-0601, the Zhuzhou-built intercity rail speed up to 160km/h.The MŽ 411 electric multiple unit built for Macedonian RailwaysKTM Class 93 for KTM ETSShanghai Metro AC05 is the first Zhuzhou-built metro car modelCRRC Zhuzhou LRV for Rapid KLWuhan Auto City T1 tram car","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS1"},{"link_name":"SS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS3"},{"link_name":"SS4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS4"},{"link_name":"SS5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_SS5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS6"},{"link_name":"SS6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_SS6B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS8"},{"link_name":"SS9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SS9"},{"link_name":"VVVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVVF"},{"link_name":"DJ1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_DJ1"},{"link_name":"HXD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"HXD1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_HXD1B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HXD1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1C"},{"link_name":"HXD1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1D"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"}],"sub_title":"Electric locomotives","text":"Shaoshan series electric locomotives\nSS1 inspired from USSR (archived) and French locomotive 6Y2\nSS3 inspired from Japanese locomotive\nSS4\nSS5\nSS6 - SS6B\nSS8\nSS9\nVVVF control electric locomotives\nDJ \"Gofront\"\nDJ1\nDJ2 \"Olympic Stars\"\nHXD1 licensed from Siemens\nHXD1B\nHXD1C\nHXD1D\nHXD1G\nExport products\nTM1 (Iran)\nTM2 (Iran)\nTM3 (Iran)\nO’ Z-Y type electric locomotive (Uzbekistan)\nKZ4A (Kazakhstan)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJJ1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_Class_DJJ1"},{"link_name":"DJJ2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJJ2"},{"link_name":"CJ6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_Class_CJ6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha%E2%80%93Zhuzhou%E2%80%93Xiangtan_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"KTM Class 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Class_92"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"KTM Class 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Class_93"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"KTM Class 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Class_61"},{"link_name":"MŽ 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%BD_series_411"},{"link_name":"Class 20E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Class_20E"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leo Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Express"},{"link_name":"East Coast Rail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"}],"sub_title":"Inter City commuter","text":"DJJ1 \"Blue Arrow\" (archived)\nDJJ2 \"China Star\" (archived)\nCJ6\nChangsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway\nKTM Class 92 (Malaysia)\nKTM Class 93 (Malaysia)\nKTM Class 61 (Malaysia)\nMŽ 411 for Macedonian Railways\nTFR Class 20E AC/DC electric locomotives (South Africa)[7]\nLeo Express\nEast Coast Rail Line (Malaysia)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_11_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_16_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_18_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_7_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_9_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_14_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_21_(Guangzhou_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_5_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_11_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_16_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Wuhan Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_6_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_7_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_11_(Wuhan_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Yangluo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangluo_line"},{"link_name":"Ningbo Rail Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo_Rail_Transit"},{"link_name":"Kunming Rail Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming_Rail_Transit"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou_Metro"},{"link_name":"Rapid Metro Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Metro_Gurgaon"},{"link_name":"Changsha Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_Metro"},{"link_name":"Wuxi Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi_Metro"},{"link_name":"Lahore Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Metro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Short_Cuts-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews.com.pk-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday.com.pk-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday.com.pk-14"},{"link_name":"third rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday.com.pk-14"},{"link_name":"Nanning Rail Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning_Rail_Transit"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Metro"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line M11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Ankara Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Metro"},{"link_name":"Navi Mumbai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Navi_Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Metrorrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrorrey"},{"link_name":"CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles"},{"link_name":"Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Metro"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro"},{"link_name":"COMSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSA"}],"sub_title":"Metro","text":"Shanghai Metro (Line 1 (1st Generation), Line 2, Line 4, Line 11, Line 16, Line 18)\nGuangzhou Metro (Line 2, Line 3, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 14, Line 21)\nShenzhen Metro (Line 1, Line 2, Line 5, Line 8, Line 11, Line 16 )\nWuhan Metro Type B cars(Line 1, Line 2, Line 4); Type A cars (Line 6, Line 7, Line 8 and Line 11) at Jiangxia District near Wuhan. Yangluo line will use the same Type A cars.\nNingbo Rail Transit lines 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\nKunming Rail Transit lines 1, 2, 3 and 6\nZhengzhou Metro lines 1, 2 and 5\nRapid Metro Gurgaon\nChangsha Metro lines 1, 2, 3 and 4\nWuxi Metro line 1\nLahore Metro Orange Line, trains are each composed of five wagons[8] and are automated and driverless.[9] A standard Chinese \"Type B\" train-set consisting of 5 cars with 4 doors each used,[10] that has a stainless steel body and illuminated by LED lighting.[11] Each car has a nominal capacity of 200 seated and standing passengers at an average density of 5 persons per square metre with 20% of passengers seated and 80% standing.[12] A total of 27 trains with 135 cars have been ordered for the system,[13] at a cost of $1 billion.[14] A total of 54 trains are expected to be in service by 2025.[14] The trains powered by a 750-volt third rail.[15][14]\nNanning Rail Transit lines 1 & 2\nÜrümqi Metro line 1\nIstanbul Metro Line M11\nAnkara Metro lines M1 & M4\nNavi Mumbai Metro Line 1\nMetrorrey MM-20 series mixed-use trains, for lines 1, 2 and 3, sharing the same railways with previous Concarril/Bombardier MM-90X series, CAF's MM-93, Bombardier's MM-05 and SIEMENS-Duewag MM-80 (refurbished SIEMENS-Duewag U3 series trains from Frankfurt Metro).\nMexico City Metro future line 1 trains model NM-22, part of a contract involving the construction of 30 trains (with 29 being built at a new facility in the state of Querétaro), also including the complete overhaul of line 1 with the aid of COMSA and Siemens which will provide the CBTC system, signalling equipment and new railroad tracks. Going to be inaugurated at the end of May 2024.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izmir Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_(%C4%B0zmir_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_KL"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampang_Line"},{"link_name":"Line 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Petaling_Line"},{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Utama-Klang_Line"},{"link_name":"Huai'an tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Huai%27an"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tram"},{"link_name":"Auto City tram T1 LRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Wuhan#Auto-city_trams"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"LRV","text":"Izmir Metro Line 1\nKuala Lumpur LRT Line 3, Line 4 and Line 11\nJohor Baru - Singapore RTS\nHuai'an tram, China\nShenzhen tram, China\nAuto City tram T1 LRV in Wuhan - 21 cars with Siemens[16]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changsha Maglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_Maglev"}],"sub_title":"Maglev","text":"Changsha Maglev","title":"Products"}] | [{"image_text":"6Y1-0001 rolled out in 1958 as the first mainline electric locomotive of China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6Y1-0001_roll_out.jpg/220px-6Y1-0001_roll_out.jpg"},{"image_text":"HXD1D-1898, the Zhuzhou-built locomotive named after Zhou Enlai, entered service in May 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HXD1D-1898_drives_T7605_at_Suzhou_Railway_Station.JPG/220px-HXD1D-1898_drives_T7605_at_Suzhou_Railway_Station.JPG"},{"image_text":"CJ6-0601, the Zhuzhou-built intercity rail speed up to 160km/h.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CJ6-0601%40BCR_%2820170328163934%29.jpg/220px-CJ6-0601%40BCR_%2820170328163934%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The MŽ 411 electric multiple unit built for Macedonian Railways","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/M%C5%BD_411-103%40BCR_%2820160106155835%29.jpg/220px-M%C5%BD_411-103%40BCR_%2820160106155835%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"KTM Class 93 for KTM ETS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Class_93-2_Kampar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Class_93-2_Kampar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shanghai Metro AC05 is the first Zhuzhou-built metro car model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shanghai_metro_line4_AC05.jpg/220px-Shanghai_metro_line4_AC05.jpg"},{"image_text":"CRRC Zhuzhou LRV for Rapid KL","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ampang_LRT_train_for_Ampang_Line_%26_Sri_Petaling_Line.png/220px-Ampang_LRT_train_for_Ampang_Line_%26_Sri_Petaling_Line.png"},{"image_text":"Wuhan Auto City T1 tram car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Auto-city_T1_Line_%281%29.jpg/220px-Auto-city_T1_Line_%281%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rail firm on fast track to success\". english.www.gov.cn/. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/11/16/content_281475235889711.htm","url_text":"\"Rail firm on fast track to success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Brochure: Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd., Zhuzhou\" (PDF). siemens.com. Siemens. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055512/http://cn.siemens.com/cms/cn/Chinese/TS/Mobility/media/Media%20pool%20content/Documents/090903_Company%20Brochure_STEZ.pdf","url_text":"\"Company Brochure: Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd., Zhuzhou\""},{"url":"https://cn.siemens.com/cms/cn/Chinese/TS/Mobility/media/Media%20pool%20content/Documents/090903_Company%20Brochure_STEZ.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CSR to open Malaysian rolling stock plant - Railway Gazette\". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 30 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/industry-technology/single-view/view/csr-to-open-malaysian-rolling-stock-plant.html","url_text":"\"CSR to open Malaysian rolling stock plant - Railway Gazette\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"\"Short Cuts\". The Ec was onomist. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts","url_text":"\"Short Cuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan","url_text":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\""}]},{"reference":"\"SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT\" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf","url_text":"\"SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\" (PDF). January 2016. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","url_text":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\""},{"url":"http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\" (PDF). January 2016. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","url_text":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\""},{"url":"http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan","url_text":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\""}]},{"reference":"\"27 trains to be acquired for Metro project\". Pakistan Today. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/","url_text":"\"27 trains to be acquired for Metro project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange train to run on 750 volts\". Dawn. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1233719","url_text":"\"Orange train to run on 750 volts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases | Press | Siemens China\".","urls":[{"url":"http://w1.siemens.com.cn/news_en/news_articles_en/3489.aspx","url_text":"\"Press Releases | Press | Siemens China\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.crrcgc.cc/zj","external_links_name":"crrcgc.cc/zj"},{"Link":"http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/11/16/content_281475235889711.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rail firm on fast track to success\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/02/content_465580.htm","external_links_name":"CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works (Gofront)"},{"Link":"https://www.gofront.com/english/qyjs/qyjs.htm","external_links_name":"CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Company Limited - Introduction"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303233647/http://www.gofront.com/english/qyjs/qyjs.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csrgc.com.cn/ens/uploadfiles/tzzgx/zgsms/20080808021421160.pdf","external_links_name":"CSR Prospectus, 8 August 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014729/http://www.csrgc.com.cn/ens/uploadfiles/tzzgx/zgsms/20080808021421160.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055512/http://cn.siemens.com/cms/cn/Chinese/TS/Mobility/media/Media%20pool%20content/Documents/090903_Company%20Brochure_STEZ.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Company Brochure: Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd., Zhuzhou\""},{"Link":"https://cn.siemens.com/cms/cn/Chinese/TS/Mobility/media/Media%20pool%20content/Documents/090903_Company%20Brochure_STEZ.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/industry-technology/single-view/view/csr-to-open-malaysian-rolling-stock-plant.html","external_links_name":"\"CSR to open Malaysian rolling stock plant - Railway Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts","external_links_name":"\"Short Cuts\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan","external_links_name":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\""},{"Link":"http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\""},{"Link":"http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Norinco Technical Proposal\""},{"Link":"http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan","external_links_name":"\"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan\""},{"Link":"http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/","external_links_name":"\"27 trains to be acquired for Metro project\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1233719","external_links_name":"\"Orange train to run on 750 volts\""},{"Link":"http://w1.siemens.com.cn/news_en/news_articles_en/3489.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases | Press | Siemens China\""},{"Link":"https://www.crrcgc.cc/zjen","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniya_(TV_series) | Iniya (TV series) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","2.3 Special appearances","3 Production","3.1 Casting","4 Reception","5 Soundtrack","6 References","7 External links"] | Indian television series
IniyaGenreDramaWritten byDialogue MarimuthuScreenplay byRajarshri SekkizharDirected by
Narayana Moorthy (1–271)
Stalin (272– present)
Starring
Alya Manasa
Rishi
Opening theme"Paattu Paadava" Nithyashree (Vocals) Kannadasan (Lyrics)ComposerDharan Kumar (open theme Music)Country of originIndiaOriginal languageTamilNo. of seasons1No. of episodes460+ProductionProducerSaregama IndiaEditorK.ShankarCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning timeapprox.20-22 minutes per episodeProduction companySaregamaOriginal releaseNetworkSun TVRelease5 December 2022 (2022-12-05) –present
Iniya is a 2022 Indian-Tamil language television series starring Alya Manasa and Rishi in lead roles and directed by Narayana Moorthy. It premiered on 5 December 2022 airing on Monday to Sunday on Sun TV. It is also available on the digital platform Sun NXT.
Synopsis
The show revolves around the Nallasivam family, who just welcomed two daughters-in-law, yazhini and Iniya. Male-chauvinistic cop Inspector Vikraman alias Vikram marries an open-minded and confident Iniya to teach her a hard lesson, while Iniya's forced to tie the knot out of love for her sister yazhini and their mother Lakshmi's dying wish. What's waiting for Iniya in the new chapter of her life?
Cast
Main
Alya Manasa as Iniya Vikraman: Vikram's wife; Yazhini's younger sister (2022–present)
Rishi as Inspector Vikraman Nallasivam alias (Vikram): Iniya's husband; Nallasivam's elder son (2022–present)
Recurring
Sravan Rajesh as Suryakumar Shankarasubramaniam: Iniya's best friend and Akshaya's husband (2023–present)
Unknown as Maya: Iniya's arch enemy (2024-present)
L. Raja as Nallasivam: Retired Police officer Vikraman, Elangovan and Akshaya's father
Mansi Joshi as Yazhini Elangovan: Elango's wife; Iniya's elder sister (2022–present)
Deepak Kumar as Elangovan Nallasivam alias (Elango): Yazhini's husband; Nallasivam's younger son (2022–present)
Praveena as Gowri Nallasivam: Nallasivam's wife; Vikraman, Elangovan and Akshaya's mother (2022–present)
Sai Madhavi as Amudhavalli Parandhaman alias Amudha: Parandhaman's Wife; Nallasivam's second younger sister; Swetha's mother & Iniya's arch enemy (2023–present)
Sriranjini / Gayathri Priya as Rajalakshmi: Suryakumar's Mother (2023–present)
Guhan Shanmugam as Muthu
Vishwanathan as Parandhaman: Amudha's husband; Swetha's father (2023–present)
Ramya Srinivasan as Swetha: Elango's cousin (2023–present)
Preetha Reddy as Akshaya Nallasivam / (now Akshaya Surya kumar): Nallasivam's younger daughter; Vikraman and Elangovan sister;Surya Kumar's wife (2022–present)
Jagadeesh as Commissioner Jegadeesan
Afsal Hameed as Raghunandan "Raghu" Kannayiram: Vikram's arch enemy (2023)
Riyaz Khan as Inspector Deenadayalan: Vikram's arch enemy (2024–present)
Baboos as Sivanandi: Maya's henchman (2024-present)
Delhi Kumar as Maya's deceased-father (2024)
Santhana Bharathi as Thiruvasagam: Lakshmi's widower; Iniya and Yazhini's father (2022–present)
Mahesh Prabha as Sub-Inspector Subhash: Vikram's best friend (2022–present)
Unknown as Iniya and Elango's office boss
VJ Dhanusek Vijayakumar as Keerthi: Iniya's friend (2023)
Kavitha Solairaja as Dhanalakshmi alias Dhanam: Nallasivam's first younger sister; Meena's mother (2023)
Jayashri Jue as Meena: Vikram's cousin (2023)
Anuradha Krishnamoorthi as Judge Sivagami (2023)
Ashok Pandian as Sivagami's husband (2023)
Lailla as Sonalli: Iniya's friend; Rajesh's wife (2022 - 2023)
Ricchaire as Rajesh: Sonali's husband (2022 - 2023)
Udumalai Ravi as Constable Chidambaram (2022 - 2023)
Sidharth Kapilavayi as Nallasivam's henchmen (2023)
Uma Padmanabhan as Lakshmi Thiruvasagam: Iniya and Yazhini's mother; Thiruvasgam's wife (2022–2023) (Dead)
Mithun Raj as Arjun (2023–present)
Andrew Jesudoss as Arjun's father (2023–present)
Special appearances
Vadivukkarasi as Periya Aachi (2023)
Jangiri Madhumitha as Herself (2023)
Kaajal Pasupathi as Bullet Pushpa (2023)
Srilekha Rajendran as Mangamma (2023)
Production
Casting
Actor Rishi was cast in the male lead role as Vikraman Vikram makes his comeback after 6 years. Raja Rani fame Alya Manasa was cast as the female lead role as Iniya. Newcomer Mansi Joshi was cast as Yazhini (Iniya's sister) and Endrendrum Punnagai fame Deepak was cast as Elango in the Parallel lead. Actress Praveena was cast as Gowri. Actor L. Raja was selected as the Negative lead. Santhana Bharathi, Preetha Reddy, Uma Padmanabhan, Sai Madhavi, Kavitha, Mahesh Prabha and Lailla were also selected for supporting roles.
In November 2023, Actor Sravan Rajesh was cast as Suriya, marking his return after Chandralekha. In middle of December 2023, Mithun Raj joins cast of as Arjun.
Reception
Week
Year
BARC Viewership
TRP
Rank
18
2024
5.52
11
Soundtrack
Track listNo.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Paattu Paadava பாட்டு பாடவா"KannadasanDharan KumarNityashree2:10
References
^ "Popular TV show 'Iniya' completes 200 episodes". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 26 July 2023.
^ "TV show 'Iniya' completes 100 episodes; here's what actors Alya Manasa and Rishi have to say". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 30 March 2023.
^ "Siragadikka Aasai out of top 5 list; newly launched Iniya scores well on TRP charts". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 23 June 2023.
^ "Madhumitha: புதிய தொடரில் கமிட்டான ஜாங்கிரி மதுமிதா.. எந்த சீரியல் தெரியுமா?". tamil.filmibeat.com (in Tamil). 15 June 2023.
^ "Bigg Boss Tamil fame actress Madhumitha joins TV show 'Iniya here's what the actress has to say". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 June 2023.
^ ""எனக்கும் ஆல்யா மானஸாவுக்கும் 10 வயசு வித்தியாசம்; அதை விட்டுட்டு கதைக்குள்ள வரணும்!"- 'இனியா' ரிஷி". cinema.vikatan.com (in Tamil). 15 January 2023.
^ "சீரியலில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஆல்யா மானசா.. "ப்ரோமோவே சும்மா களை கட்டுதே"..!!". tamil.behindwoods.com (in Tamil). 26 November 2022.
^ "இனியா சீரியல் நடிகர் இத்தனை திரைப்படங்களை இயக்கி இருக்கிறாரா? அதுவும் காலா பட நடிகையின் கணவராம்!". tamil.oneindia.com (in Tamil). 28 March 2023.
^ "Iniya is back in the TRP race; bags the numero uno spot". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8 September 2023.
^ "Chandralekha actor Siddarth joins the cast of 'Iniya'". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 1 November 2023.
^ "Television actor Mitun Raj joins the cast of 'Iniya'". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 December 2023.
External links
Iniya at Sun NXT
Iniya at IMDb
vtePrograms broadcast by Sun TVSoap opera serials
Anamika
Anandha Raagam
Ethirneechal
Ilakkiya
Iniya
Kayal
Lakshmi
Malar
Malli
Meena
Mr. Manaivi
Poova Thalaya
Pudhu Vasantham
Sevvanthi
Singapennae
Sundari
Vaanathai Pola
vteWorks by Saregama TamilKey people
B. R. Vijayalakshmi
Current TV series
Ilakkiya (2022–present)
Iniya (2022–present)
Malli (2024-present)
Past TV series
Soolam (2001–2002)
Velan (2002–2003)
Sigaram (2002–2003)
My Dear Bhootham (2004–2007)
Raja Rajeswari (2005–2007)
Mugangal (2005–2007)
Veppalaikaari (2007–2008)
Athipookal (2007–2012)
Bhuvaneshwari (2008–2010)
Pondatti Thevai (2010–2012)
Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval (2012–2017)
Pillai Nila (2012–2014)
Valli (2012–2019)
Roja (2018–2022)
Anbe Vaa (2020–2024)
Past TV shows
Mastana Mastana
Chellam Chellam
Kutties Choice | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_television_drama"},{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"Sun TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)"},{"link_name":"Sun NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_NXT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Iniya is a 2022 Indian-Tamil language television series starring Alya Manasa and Rishi in lead roles and directed by Narayana Moorthy. It premiered on 5 December 2022 airing on Monday to Sunday on Sun TV. It is also available on the digital platform Sun NXT.[2][3]","title":"Iniya (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The show revolves around the Nallasivam family, who just welcomed two daughters-in-law, yazhini and Iniya. Male-chauvinistic cop Inspector Vikraman alias Vikram marries an open-minded and confident Iniya to teach her a hard lesson, while Iniya's forced to tie the knot out of love for her sister yazhini and their mother Lakshmi's dying wish. What's waiting for Iniya in the new chapter of her life?","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_(Tamil_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Alya Manasa as Iniya Vikraman: Vikram's wife; Yazhini's younger sister (2022–present)\nRishi as Inspector Vikraman Nallasivam alias (Vikram): Iniya's husband; Nallasivam's elder son (2022–present)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L. Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Raja"},{"link_name":"Praveena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveena"},{"link_name":"Sriranjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriranjini_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"Riyaz Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaz_Khan"},{"link_name":"Santhana Bharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhana_Bharathi"},{"link_name":"Uma Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Padmanabhan"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Sravan Rajesh as Suryakumar Shankarasubramaniam: Iniya's best friend and Akshaya's husband (2023–present)\nUnknown as Maya: Iniya's arch enemy (2024-present)\nL. Raja as Nallasivam: Retired Police officer Vikraman, Elangovan and Akshaya's father\nMansi Joshi as Yazhini Elangovan: Elango's wife; Iniya's elder sister (2022–present)\nDeepak Kumar as Elangovan Nallasivam alias (Elango): Yazhini's husband; Nallasivam's younger son (2022–present)\nPraveena as Gowri Nallasivam: Nallasivam's wife; Vikraman, Elangovan and Akshaya's mother (2022–present)\nSai Madhavi as Amudhavalli Parandhaman alias Amudha: Parandhaman's Wife; Nallasivam's second younger sister; Swetha's mother & Iniya's arch enemy (2023–present)\nSriranjini / Gayathri Priya as Rajalakshmi: Suryakumar's Mother (2023–present)\nGuhan Shanmugam as Muthu\nVishwanathan as Parandhaman: Amudha's husband; Swetha's father (2023–present)\nRamya Srinivasan as Swetha: Elango's cousin (2023–present)\nPreetha Reddy as Akshaya Nallasivam / (now Akshaya Surya kumar): Nallasivam's younger daughter; Vikraman and Elangovan sister;Surya Kumar's wife (2022–present)\nJagadeesh as Commissioner Jegadeesan\nAfsal Hameed as Raghunandan \"Raghu\" Kannayiram: Vikram's arch enemy (2023)\nRiyaz Khan as Inspector Deenadayalan: Vikram's arch enemy (2024–present)\nBaboos as Sivanandi: Maya's henchman (2024-present)\nDelhi Kumar as Maya's deceased-father (2024)\nSanthana Bharathi as Thiruvasagam: Lakshmi's widower; Iniya and Yazhini's father (2022–present)\nMahesh Prabha as Sub-Inspector Subhash: Vikram's best friend (2022–present)\nUnknown as Iniya and Elango's office boss\nVJ Dhanusek Vijayakumar as Keerthi: Iniya's friend (2023)\nKavitha Solairaja as Dhanalakshmi alias Dhanam: Nallasivam's first younger sister; Meena's mother (2023)\nJayashri Jue as Meena: Vikram's cousin (2023)\nAnuradha Krishnamoorthi as Judge Sivagami (2023)\nAshok Pandian as Sivagami's husband (2023)\nLailla as Sonalli: Iniya's friend; Rajesh's wife (2022 - 2023)\nRicchaire as Rajesh: Sonali's husband (2022 - 2023)\nUdumalai Ravi as Constable Chidambaram (2022 - 2023)\nSidharth Kapilavayi as Nallasivam's henchmen (2023)\nUma Padmanabhan as Lakshmi Thiruvasagam: Iniya and Yazhini's mother; Thiruvasgam's wife (2022–2023) (Dead)\nMithun Raj as Arjun (2023–present)\nAndrew Jesudoss as Arjun's father (2023–present)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vadivukkarasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadivukkarasi"},{"link_name":"Jangiri Madhumitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangiri_Madhumitha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kaajal Pasupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaajal_Pasupathi"}],"sub_title":"Special appearances","text":"Vadivukkarasi as Periya Aachi (2023)\nJangiri Madhumitha as Herself (2023)[4][5]\nKaajal Pasupathi as Bullet Pushpa (2023)\nSrilekha Rajendran as Mangamma (2023)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raja Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Rani_(Tamil_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Endrendrum Punnagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endrendrum_Punnagai_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Praveena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveena"},{"link_name":"L. Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Raja"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Santhana Bharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhana_Bharathi"},{"link_name":"Uma Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Padmanabhan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Actor Rishi[6] was cast in the male lead role as Vikraman Vikram makes his comeback after 6 years. Raja Rani fame Alya Manasa[7] was cast as the female lead role as Iniya. Newcomer Mansi Joshi was cast as Yazhini (Iniya's sister) and Endrendrum Punnagai fame Deepak was cast as Elango in the Parallel lead. Actress Praveena was cast as Gowri. Actor L. Raja[8] was selected as the Negative lead. Santhana Bharathi, Preetha Reddy, Uma Padmanabhan, Sai Madhavi, Kavitha, Mahesh Prabha and Lailla were also selected for supporting roles.[9]In November 2023, Actor Sravan Rajesh was cast as Suriya, marking his return after Chandralekha.[10] In middle of December 2023, Mithun Raj joins cast of as Arjun.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannadasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadasan"},{"link_name":"Dharan Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharan_Kumar"}],"text":"Track listNo.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1.\"Paattu Paadava பாட்டு பாடவா\"KannadasanDharan KumarNityashree2:10","title":"Soundtrack"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Popular TV show 'Iniya' completes 200 episodes\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-iniya-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/102134095.cms","url_text":"\"Popular TV show 'Iniya' completes 200 episodes\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV show 'Iniya' completes 100 episodes; here's what actors Alya Manasa and Rishi have to say\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-iniya-completes-100-episodes-heres-what-actors-alya-manasa-and-rishi-have-to-say/articleshow/99115879.cms","url_text":"\"TV show 'Iniya' completes 100 episodes; here's what actors Alya Manasa and Rishi have to say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siragadikka Aasai out of top 5 list; newly launched Iniya scores well on TRP charts\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siragadikka-aasai-out-of-top-5-list-newly-launched-iniya-scores-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/101207668.cms","url_text":"\"Siragadikka Aasai out of top 5 list; newly launched Iniya scores well on TRP charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madhumitha: புதிய தொடரில் கமிட்டான ஜாங்கிரி மதுமிதா.. எந்த சீரியல் தெரியுமா?\". tamil.filmibeat.com (in Tamil). 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/actress-madhumitha-going-to-join-sun-tv-s-iniya-serial-109541.html","url_text":"\"Madhumitha: புதிய தொடரில் கமிட்டான ஜாங்கிரி மதுமிதா.. எந்த சீரியல் தெரியுமா?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bigg Boss Tamil fame actress Madhumitha joins TV show 'Iniya here's what the actress has to say\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-actress-madhumitha-joins-tv-show-iniya-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/100985164.cms","url_text":"\"Bigg Boss Tamil fame actress Madhumitha joins TV show 'Iniya here's what the actress has to say\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"எனக்கும் ஆல்யா மானஸாவுக்கும் 10 வயசு வித்தியாசம்; அதை விட்டுட்டு கதைக்குள்ள வரணும்!\"- 'இனியா' ரிஷி\". cinema.vikatan.com (in Tamil). 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-rishi-talks-about-iniya-serial-experience","url_text":"\"\"எனக்கும் ஆல்யா மானஸாவுக்கும் 10 வயசு வித்தியாசம்; அதை விட்டுட்டு கதைக்குள்ள வரணும்!\"- 'இனியா' ரிஷி\""}]},{"reference":"\"சீரியலில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஆல்யா மானசா.. \"ப்ரோமோவே சும்மா களை கட்டுதே\"..!!\". tamil.behindwoods.com (in Tamil). 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/alya-manasa-new-serial-in-sun-tv-named-iniya-promo-released.html","url_text":"\"சீரியலில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஆல்யா மானசா.. \"ப்ரோமோவே சும்மா களை கட்டுதே\"..!!\""}]},{"reference":"\"இனியா சீரியல் நடிகர் இத்தனை திரைப்படங்களை இயக்கி இருக்கிறாரா? அதுவும் காலா பட நடிகையின் கணவராம்!\". tamil.oneindia.com (in Tamil). 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/iniya-serial-actor-l-raja-has-directed-many-movies-504802.html","url_text":"\"இனியா சீரியல் நடிகர் இத்தனை திரைப்படங்களை இயக்கி இருக்கிறாரா? அதுவும் காலா பட நடிகையின் கணவராம்!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iniya is back in the TRP race; bags the numero uno spot\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/iniya-is-back-in-the-trp-race-bags-the-numero-uno-spot/articleshow/103496500.cms","url_text":"\"Iniya is back in the TRP race; bags the numero uno spot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chandralekha actor Siddarth joins the cast of 'Iniya'\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chandralekha-actor-siddarth-joins-the-cast-of-iniya/articleshow/104889154.cms","url_text":"\"Chandralekha actor Siddarth joins the cast of 'Iniya'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television actor Mitun Raj joins the cast of 'Iniya'\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-mitun-raj-joins-the-cast-of-iniya/articleshow/105987468.cms","url_text":"\"Television actor Mitun Raj joins the cast of 'Iniya'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-iniya-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/102134095.cms","external_links_name":"\"Popular TV show 'Iniya' completes 200 episodes\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-iniya-completes-100-episodes-heres-what-actors-alya-manasa-and-rishi-have-to-say/articleshow/99115879.cms","external_links_name":"\"TV show 'Iniya' completes 100 episodes; here's what actors Alya Manasa and Rishi have to say\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siragadikka-aasai-out-of-top-5-list-newly-launched-iniya-scores-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/101207668.cms","external_links_name":"\"Siragadikka Aasai out of top 5 list; newly launched Iniya scores well on TRP charts\""},{"Link":"https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/actress-madhumitha-going-to-join-sun-tv-s-iniya-serial-109541.html","external_links_name":"\"Madhumitha: புதிய தொடரில் கமிட்டான ஜாங்கிரி மதுமிதா.. எந்த சீரியல் தெரியுமா?\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-actress-madhumitha-joins-tv-show-iniya-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/100985164.cms","external_links_name":"\"Bigg Boss Tamil fame actress Madhumitha joins TV show 'Iniya here's what the actress has to say\""},{"Link":"https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-rishi-talks-about-iniya-serial-experience","external_links_name":"\"\"எனக்கும் ஆல்யா மானஸாவுக்கும் 10 வயசு வித்தியாசம்; அதை விட்டுட்டு கதைக்குள்ள வரணும்!\"- 'இனியா' ரிஷி\""},{"Link":"https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/alya-manasa-new-serial-in-sun-tv-named-iniya-promo-released.html","external_links_name":"\"சீரியலில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஆல்யா மானசா.. \"ப்ரோமோவே சும்மா களை கட்டுதே\"..!!\""},{"Link":"https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/iniya-serial-actor-l-raja-has-directed-many-movies-504802.html","external_links_name":"\"இனியா சீரியல் நடிகர் இத்தனை திரைப்படங்களை இயக்கி இருக்கிறாரா? அதுவும் காலா பட நடிகையின் கணவராம்!\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/iniya-is-back-in-the-trp-race-bags-the-numero-uno-spot/articleshow/103496500.cms","external_links_name":"\"Iniya is back in the TRP race; bags the numero uno spot\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chandralekha-actor-siddarth-joins-the-cast-of-iniya/articleshow/104889154.cms","external_links_name":"\"Chandralekha actor Siddarth joins the cast of 'Iniya'\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-mitun-raj-joins-the-cast-of-iniya/articleshow/105987468.cms","external_links_name":"\"Television actor Mitun Raj joins the cast of 'Iniya'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-iniya-episodeno-Dec05-2022/detail/153465/0","external_links_name":"Iniya"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29705901/","external_links_name":"Iniya"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing | 22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing | ["1 Attack","2 Reaction","3 References"] | Coordinates: 02°02′N 45°20′E / 2.033°N 45.333°E / 2.033; 45.33322 July 2019 Mogadishu bombingPart of the Somali Civil War (2009–present)MogadishuMogadishu (Somalia)LocationMogadishu, SomaliaCoordinates02°02′N 45°20′E / 2.033°N 45.333°E / 2.033; 45.333Date22 July 2019 (2019-07-22)Attack typeSuicide car bombingWeaponsCar bombDeaths17 (+1 suicide bomber)Injured28PerpetratorAl-Shabaab
On 22 July 2019, at least 18 people were killed after a car bomb exploded on the road of Aden Adde International Airport and near the Afrin Hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia. Dozens others were injured, 17 critically. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack.
Attack
On 22 July 2019, a vehicle laden with explosives detonated at a checkpoint on the same road as the city's airport, killing 17 and injuring 28 others including some who were in critical condition. Witnessed stated that the explosion knocked them off their feet and damaged many buildings.
Reaction
This attack and the attack two days later that killed the Mayor of Mogadishu and six others shocked and were strongly condemned by many countries.
vteSomali Civil War(2009–present)
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Operations and battles
2009
S Mogadishu
Mogadishu
C Somalia
Wabho
Kismayo
2010
Beledweyne
Ayn
Kenyan border
Mogadishu
2011
Lower Juba
Gedo
Elwaq
Linda Nchi
Deynile
Beledweyne
2012
Yurkud
Kismayo
2013
Bulo Marer
2014
Operation Indian Ocean
Galgala
2015
Baure
Leego
Janale
2016
El Adde
Qandala
2017
Kulbiyow
Barii
Af Urur
Golweyn
November 2017
2018
Bulo Marer
Gandarshe
2020
Camp Simba
Shabeelow
2021
Mogadishu
Golweyn
Galmudug
2022
Ethiopia
Bal'ad
Runirgod
2023
Hilowle Gaab
Hawadley
Bulo Marer
2024
Dhanaane Busley base
El Dher
Major attacks
2009
AU base
Beledweyne
Hotel Shamo
2010
Mogadishu
Kampala
Muna Hotel
2011
Mogadishu
2013
Mogadishu UN
Mogadishu embassy
Westgate
Beledweyne
2014
Villa Somalia
Hotel Amalo
2015
Central Hotel
Makka al-Mukarama
Garissa
Ministry of Education
Garowe
Jazeera Palace Hotel
Sahafi Hotel
2016
Mogadishu (Jan)
Daallo Airlines Flight 159
Mogadishu (Feb)
Baidoa
Mogadishu (Jun)
Awdiinle
Galkayo
Mogadishu (Aug)
Mogadishu (Nov)
Mogadishu (Dec)
2017
Mogadishu (2 Jan)
Dayah Hotel
Mogadishu (Feb)
Mogadishu (14 Oct)
Mogadishu (28 Oct)
2018
Mogadishu (Feb)
Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Jul)
Baidoa
Mogadishu (2 Sep)
Sahafi Hotel
Mogadishu (Dec)
2019
Nairobi DusitD2
Nairobi Latema Rd
Mogadishu (4 Feb)
Mogadishu (28 Feb)
Mogadishu (Mar)
Kismayo
Mogadishu (22 Jul)
Mogadishu (24 Jul)
Kenya bus
Mogadishu (Dec)
2020
Afgooye
Baidoa Eid
Mogadishu (8 Aug)
Mogadishu (16 Aug)
Galkayo
2021
Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Jun)
Mogadishu (Nov)
2022
Mandera
Beledweyne (Feb)
Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Apr)
Mogadishu (Aug)
Beledweyne (Sep)
Beledweyne (Oct)
Kismayo
Mogadishu (Oct)
Mogadishu (Nov)
2023
Mahas
Buloburde and Jalalaqsi
Mogadishu (Jun)
Mogadishu (Jul)
Beledweyne
Mogadishu (Sep)
2024
Mogadishu market (Mar)
Mogadishu hotel (Mar)
Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)
References
^ "UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy". UN News. 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ "Somalia: More than a dozen killed in Mogadishu car bomb explosion". The Defense Post. 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ "Somalia Car Bombing Kills at Least 17". Voice of America. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ "At least 17 killed in bomb attack in Somalia capital". Reuters. 2019-07-22. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ "UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy". UN News. 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
This Somalia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This terrorism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
vteSomali Civil War (2009–present)
Part of the Somali Civil War
War on terror
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Background
History of Somalia (1991–2006)
Greater Somalia
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
Somali Civil War
Factions
Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
Propaganda
Disarmament
2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
Battle of Mogadishu (2006)
Ethiopian–Somali conflict
Insurgency in Ogaden
Somali Reconciliation Conferences
1993
2002
2007
Operationsand battles
Battle of South Mogadishu
Battle of Mogadishu (2009)
Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
Battle of Wabho
Battle of Kismayo (2009)
Battle of Beledweyne (2010)
2010 Ayn clashes
2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash
Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)
Battle of Jubbada Hoose
Battle of Gedo
Battle of Elwaq
Operation Linda Nchi
Battle of Deynile
Battle of Beledweyne (2011)
Battle of Yurkud (2012)
Battle of Kismayo (2012)
Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
Operation Indian Ocean
Galgala campaign
Battle of Baure
Battle of Leego (2015)
Battle of Janale (2015)
Battle of El Adde
Qandala campaign
Battle of Kulbiyow
2017 raid on Barii
Battle of Af Urur
2017 Golweyn ambush
November 2017 Somalia airstrike
2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer
December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe
Camp Simba attack
2021 Mogadishu mutiny
2021 Golweyn ambush
2021 Galmudug clashes
2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
Battle of Bal'ad
Battle of Runirgod
Battle of Buulo Mareer
Attacks
2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
2009 Beledweyne bombing
2009 Hotel Shamo bombing
May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
2010 Kampala bombings
Muna Hotel attack
2011 Mogadishu bombing
June 2013 Mogadishu attack
2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack
Westgate shopping mall attack
2013 Beledweyne attacks
2014 Villa Somalia attack
2014 Hotel Amalo attack
Central Hotel attack
Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack
Garissa University College attack
2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack
Garowe attack
Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing
Sahafi Hotel attacks
January 2016 Mogadishu attack
Daallo Airlines Flight 159
February 2016 Mogadishu attack
Baidoa suicide bombing
June 2016 Mogadishu attacks
2016 Galkayo bombings
November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing
December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing
2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings
Dayah Hotel attack
February 2017 Mogadishu bombing
14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings
28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks
February 2018 Mogadishu attacks
March 2018 Mogadishu bombing
July 2018 Mogadishu bombings
2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing
Sahafi Hotel attacks
December 2018 Mogadishu bombing
Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
Nairobi Latema Road blast
4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing
28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings
Asasey Hotel attack
22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
2019 Kenya bus shooting
December 2019 Mogadishu bombing
2020 Afgooye bombing
2020 Mogadishu army base bombing
2020 Mogadishu hotel attack
2020 Galkayo bombing
March 2021 Mogadishu bombing
June 2021 Mogadishu bombing
November 2021 Mogadishu bombing
2022 Mandera attack
February 2022 Beledweyne bombing
March 2022 Somalia attacks
April 2022 Mogadishu bombing
August 2022 Mogadishu attack
September 2022 Beledweyne attack
October 2022 Beledweyne bombings
2022 Kismayo hotel attack
October 2022 Mogadishu bombings
Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel
Mahas bombings
2023 Mogadishu hotel attack
Mogadishu military academy bombing
2023 Beledweyne bombing
Mogadishu tea shop bombing
OEF–HOA
2009 Baraawe raid
Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
2013 raid on Barawe
2017 raid on Barii
Other events
Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor
London Somalia Conference
Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy
Daallo Airlines Flight 159
Awdiinle massacre
Key players
Al-Shabaab
Mukhtar Robow
Ali Dhere
Fuad Qalaf
Hizbul Islam
Hassan Dahir Aweys
Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
Federal Government of Somalia
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Omar Sharmarke
Mohamed Sheikh Hassan
Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
Galmudug
Abdi Hasan Awale
Puntland
Abdiweli Gaas
AMISOM
United States AFRICOM
Islamic State in Somalia
Previous phase: War in Somalia (2006–2009) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"car bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"Aden Adde International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Al-Shabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On 22 July 2019, at least 18 people were killed after a car bomb exploded on the road of Aden Adde International Airport and near the Afrin Hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia.[1] Dozens others were injured, 17 critically. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack.[2][3]","title":"22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives"},{"link_name":"detonated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonate"},{"link_name":"checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 22 July 2019, a vehicle laden with explosives detonated at a checkpoint on the same road as the city's airport, killing 17 and injuring 28 others including some who were in critical condition.[4] Witnessed stated that the explosion knocked them off their feet and damaged many buildings.","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attack two days later that killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Somali Civil War(2009–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"S Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2009)"},{"link_name":"C Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Central_Somalia_(2009)"},{"link_name":"Wabho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wabho"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2009)"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2010)"},{"link_name":"Ayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ayn_clashes"},{"link_name":"Kenyan border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kenya%E2%80%93Al-Shabaab_border_clash"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Lower Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jubbada_Hoose"},{"link_name":"Gedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gedo"},{"link_name":"Elwaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elwaq"},{"link_name":"Linda Nchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi"},{"link_name":"Deynile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Deynile"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2011)"},{"link_name":"Yurkud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yurkud_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Bulo Marer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt"},{"link_name":"Operation Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Galgala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galgala_campaign"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baure"},{"link_name":"Leego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leego_(2015)"},{"link_name":"Janale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Janale_(2015)"},{"link_name":"El Adde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde"},{"link_name":"Qandala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandala_campaign"},{"link_name":"Kulbiyow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulbiyow"},{"link_name":"Barii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii"},{"link_name":"Af Urur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Af_Urur"},{"link_name":"Golweyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Golweyn_ambush"},{"link_name":"November 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2017_Somalia_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Bulo Marer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_African_Union_base_attack_in_Bulo_Marer"},{"link_name":"Gandarshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2018_airstrikes_in_Gandarshe"},{"link_name":"Camp Simba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack"},{"link_name":"Shabeelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shabeelow"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mogadishu_mutiny"},{"link_name":"Golweyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Golweyn_ambush"},{"link_name":"Galmudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Galmudug_clashes"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Bal'ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bal%27ad"},{"link_name":"Runirgod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Runirgod"},{"link_name":"Hilowle Gaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilowle_Gaab_attack"},{"link_name":"Hawadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hawadley"},{"link_name":"Bulo Marer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer"},{"link_name":"Dhanaane Busley base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Busley_army_base_attack"},{"link_name":"El Dher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_El_Dher_attack"},{"link_name":"AU base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_African_Union_base_bombings_in_Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Beledweyne_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hotel Shamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Hotel_Shamo_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings"},{"link_name":"Muna Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Mogadishu_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mogadishu_Turkish_embassy_attack"},{"link_name":"Westgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Beledweyne_attacks"},{"link_name":"Villa Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Villa_Somalia_attack"},{"link_name":"Hotel Amalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hotel_Amalo_attack"},{"link_name":"Central Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Makka al-Mukarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Garissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_attack"},{"link_name":"Garowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garowe_attack"},{"link_name":"Jazeera Palace Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazeera_Palace_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sahafi Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_Mogadishu_attack"},{"link_name":"Daallo Airlines Flight 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Mogadishu_attack"},{"link_name":"Baidoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidoa_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2016_Mogadishu_attacks"},{"link_name":"Awdiinle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdiinle_massacre"},{"link_name":"Galkayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Galkayo_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_August_2016"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Nov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2016_Mogadishu_car_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Dec)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2016_Mogadishu_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (2 Jan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_January_2017_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Dayah Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayah_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2017_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (14 Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (28 Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_October_2017_Mogadishu_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2018_Mogadishu_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2018_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2018_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Baidoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Baidoa_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (2 Sep)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_September_2018_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sahafi Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Dec)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2018_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Nairobi DusitD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack"},{"link_name":"Nairobi Latema Rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_Latema_Road_blast"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (4 Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (28 Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_2019_Mogadishu_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asasey_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (22 Jul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (24 Jul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Kenya bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kenya_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Dec)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Afgooye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Afgooye_bombing"},{"link_name":"Baidoa Eid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidoa_Eid_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (8 Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_army_base_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (16 Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Galkayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Galkayo_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Nov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2021_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Mandera_attack"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne (Feb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Apr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2022_Mogadishu_attack"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne (Sep)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2022_Beledweyne_attack"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne (Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2022_Beledweyne_bombings"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kismayo_hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2022_Mogadishu_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Nov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Villa_Rossa_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Mahas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahas_bombings"},{"link_name":"Buloburde and Jalalaqsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buloburde_and_Jalalaqsi_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Jul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_military_academy_bombing"},{"link_name":"Beledweyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Beledweyne_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu (Sep)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu market (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_market_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu hotel (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_SYL_Hotel_attack_and_siege"},{"link_name":"Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Busley_army_base_attack"}],"text":"This attack and the attack two days later that killed the Mayor of Mogadishu and six others shocked and were strongly condemned by many countries.[5]vteSomali Civil War(2009–present)\nTimeline\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n\nOperations and battles\n2009\nS Mogadishu\nMogadishu\nC Somalia\nWabho\nKismayo\n2010\nBeledweyne\nAyn\nKenyan border\nMogadishu\n2011\nLower Juba\nGedo\nElwaq\nLinda Nchi\nDeynile\nBeledweyne\n2012\nYurkud\nKismayo\n2013\nBulo Marer\n2014\nOperation Indian Ocean\nGalgala\n2015\nBaure\nLeego\nJanale\n2016\nEl Adde\nQandala\n2017\nKulbiyow\nBarii\nAf Urur\nGolweyn\nNovember 2017\n2018\nBulo Marer\nGandarshe\n2020\nCamp Simba\nShabeelow\n2021\nMogadishu\nGolweyn\nGalmudug\n2022\nEthiopia\nBal'ad\nRunirgod\n2023\nHilowle Gaab\nHawadley\nBulo Marer\n2024\nDhanaane Busley base\nEl Dher\n\n\n\nMajor attacks\n2009\nAU base\nBeledweyne\nHotel Shamo\n2010\nMogadishu\nKampala\nMuna Hotel\n2011\nMogadishu\n2013\nMogadishu UN\nMogadishu embassy\nWestgate\nBeledweyne\n2014\nVilla Somalia\nHotel Amalo\n2015\nCentral Hotel\nMakka al-Mukarama\nGarissa\nMinistry of Education\nGarowe\nJazeera Palace Hotel\nSahafi Hotel\n2016\nMogadishu (Jan)\nDaallo Airlines Flight 159\nMogadishu (Feb)\nBaidoa\nMogadishu (Jun)\nAwdiinle\nGalkayo\nMogadishu (Aug)\nMogadishu (Nov)\nMogadishu (Dec)\n2017\nMogadishu (2 Jan)\nDayah Hotel\nMogadishu (Feb)\nMogadishu (14 Oct)\nMogadishu (28 Oct)\n2018\nMogadishu (Feb)\nMogadishu (Mar)\nMogadishu (Jul)\nBaidoa\nMogadishu (2 Sep)\nSahafi Hotel\nMogadishu (Dec)\n2019\nNairobi DusitD2\nNairobi Latema Rd\nMogadishu (4 Feb)\nMogadishu (28 Feb)\nMogadishu (Mar)\nKismayo\nMogadishu (22 Jul)\nMogadishu (24 Jul)\nKenya bus\nMogadishu (Dec)\n2020\nAfgooye\nBaidoa Eid\nMogadishu (8 Aug)\nMogadishu (16 Aug)\nGalkayo\n2021\nMogadishu (Mar)\nMogadishu (Jun)\nMogadishu (Nov)\n2022\nMandera\nBeledweyne (Feb)\nBeledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)\nMogadishu (Apr)\nMogadishu (Aug)\nBeledweyne (Sep)\nBeledweyne (Oct)\nKismayo\nMogadishu (Oct)\nMogadishu (Nov)\n2023\nMahas\nBuloburde and Jalalaqsi\nMogadishu (Jun)\nMogadishu (Jul)\nBeledweyne\nMogadishu (Sep)\n2024\nMogadishu market (Mar)\nMogadishu hotel (Mar)\nDhanaane Busley base (Mar)","title":"Reaction"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\". UN News. 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043221","url_text":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia: More than a dozen killed in Mogadishu car bomb explosion\". The Defense Post. 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedefensepost.com/2019/07/22/somalia-mogadishu-car-bomb/","url_text":"\"Somalia: More than a dozen killed in Mogadishu car bomb explosion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somalia Car Bombing Kills at Least 17\". Voice of America. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/africa/somalia-car-bombing-kills-least-17","url_text":"\"Somalia Car Bombing Kills at Least 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"At least 17 killed in bomb attack in Somalia capital\". Reuters. 2019-07-22. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190722144716/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1UH15W-OZATP","url_text":"\"At least 17 killed in bomb attack in Somalia capital\""},{"url":"https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1UH15W-OZATP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\". UN News. 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043221","url_text":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing¶ms=02_02_N_45_20_E_region:SO-BN","external_links_name":"02°02′N 45°20′E / 2.033°N 45.333°E / 2.033; 45.333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing¶ms=02_02_N_45_20_E_region:SO-BN","external_links_name":"02°02′N 45°20′E / 2.033°N 45.333°E / 2.033; 45.333"},{"Link":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043221","external_links_name":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\""},{"Link":"https://thedefensepost.com/2019/07/22/somalia-mogadishu-car-bomb/","external_links_name":"\"Somalia: More than a dozen killed in Mogadishu car bomb explosion\""},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/africa/somalia-car-bombing-kills-least-17","external_links_name":"\"Somalia Car Bombing Kills at Least 17\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190722144716/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1UH15W-OZATP","external_links_name":"\"At least 17 killed in bomb attack in Somalia capital\""},{"Link":"https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1UH15W-OZATP","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043221","external_links_name":"\"UN chief condemns deadly Somalia attacks on offices visited earlier by UN envoy\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Service_Medal_Iraq_and_Syria | Operational Service Medal Iraq and Syria | ["1 Operational Service Medal","2 Medal","3 Criteria","4 References","5 External links"] | AwardOperational Service Medal Iraq and SyriaOperational Service Medal, obverse and reverseTypeMilitary Campaign MedalAwarded forCampaign serviceDescriptionSilver disk, 36 mm diameter.Presented byUnited KingdomEligibilityMembers of the United Kingdom armed forces and civiliansCampaign(s)Operation ShaderClasps Iraq & SyriaFirst awarded2018Service ribbon of the medal
The Operational Service Medal Iraq and Syria or Operation Shader Medal is a British armed forces campaign medal, awarded mostly to military personnel who served in the operational area of, or in support of Operation Shader. The medal was first announced by then Defence Secretary, Sir Michael Fallon on 19 September 2017. It was first awarded, to service personnel, on 18 July 2018 in London by Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson. This Operational Service Medal is the first medal of the contemporary era to be awarded to individuals who served outside of the operational area, reflecting the changing nature of warfare.
Operational Service Medal
The Operational Service Medal (OSM) was established in 1999 to replace the General Service Medal (1962) for all new operations. A separate medal of the same design is awarded for each campaign, differentiated by a distinct ribbon. Prior to its most recent version, the medal has been awarded for three separate campaigns:
Afghanistan (from 11 September 2001)
Sierra Leone (May 2000 – July 2002)
Democratic Republic of Congo (June – September 2003)
Medal
The Operational Service Medal for Iraq and Syria is silver and circular in shape.
Obverse: the crowned effigy of Queen Elizabeth II with the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FID. DEF.
Reverse: the Union Flag, surrounded by the inscription FOR OPERATIONAL SERVICE and the four major points of the compass with, between the points, four Coronets: Royal (top left), Naval (top right), Mural-Army (bottom left), and Astral-Royal Air Force (bottom right).
Ribbon: a broad central red stripe, flanked each side by a stripe of navy blue and one of light blue, to represent the three services, with an outer stripe of grey.
Clasp: Iraq & Syria clasp awarded to those recipients who served in the operational area. A silver rosette denotes the clasp when worn on the ribbon bar.
Criteria
The Queen approved eligibility criteria for the medal to include those personnel who have made a significant contribution to efforts in Iraq and Syria, including civilians, even if those efforts were outside the operational area. Those personnel awarded the medal who served outside the operational area will receive the medal without the clasp.
With a clasp
The medal is awarded with the clasp ‘Iraq and Syria’ to British service and attached personnel who:
30 days continuous or 45 days cumulative operational service in the international boundaries of Iraq and Syria
10 operational sorties over Iraq and/or 6 operational sorties over Syria with the RAF
Without a clasp
The criteria for the award of the medal without clasp is:
50 hours on Operation SHADER missions as an RPAS pilot, sensor operator or mission intelligence coordinator;
45 days continuous or 60 days cumulative service with significant support or direct contribution to Op SHADER with specific units and specified locations, which include Al Udeid, Crete, Cyprus, Jordan, Kuwait and Turkey.
References
^ "RAF Reaper Force receive Operational Service Medal for Op SHADER". 27 Aug 2019. Retrieved 18 Oct 2021.
^ John Mussell (ed). Medal Yearbook 2015. p. 198. Published by Token Publishing Ltd. Honiton, Devon.
^ a b "Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility". Ministry of Defence Medal Office. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
^ "New medal unveiled to recognise the fight against Daesh". Royal Navy. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "New operational service medal recognises fight against IS". BBC. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ a b "Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility". 30 Jul 2021. Retrieved 18 Oct 2021.
External links
vteBritish campaign medals18th century
Naval General Service Medal (1793–1840)
Naval Gold Medal (1793–1815)
Military General Service Medal (1793–1814)
19th century
Army of India Medal (1803–26)
Army Gold Cross/Army Gold Medal (1806–14)
Waterloo Medal (1815)
South Africa Medal (1834–6, 1846–7, 1850–3)
Ghuznee Medal (1839)
First China War Medal (1839–42)
Jellalabad Medals (1841–2)
Candahar, Ghuznee, Cabul Medal (1842)
Medal for the Defence of Kelat-I-Ghilzie (1842)
Scinde Medal (1843)
Gwalior Star (1843)
Sutlej Medal (1845–6)
New Zealand Medal (1845–7, 1860–6)
Punjab Medal (1848–9)
India General Service Medal (1852–95)
Baltic Medal (1854–5)
Crimean War Medal (1854–6)
Indian Mutiny Medal (1857–8)
Second China War Medal (1857–60)
Canada General Service Medal (1866–70)
Abyssinian War Medal (1867–8)
Ashantee Medal (1873–4)
South Africa Medal (1877–9)
Afghanistan Medal (1878–80)
Kabul to Kandahar Star (1880)
Cape of Good Hope General Service Medal (1880-1, 1896–7)
Egypt Medal (1882–9)
Royal Niger Company Medal (1886–97)
North West Canada Medal (1885)
East and West Africa Medal (1887–1900)
British South Africa Company Medal (1890–7)
Central Africa Medal (1891–8)
India Medal (1895–1902)
Ashanti Star (1895–6)
Queen's Sudan Medal (1896–8)
East and Central Africa Medal (1897–9)
Queen's South Africa Medal (1899–1902)
Queen's Mediterranean Medal (1899–1902)
Transport Medal (1899–1902)
China War Medal (1900)
Ashanti Medal (1900)
20th centurypre-First World War
King's South Africa Medal (1902)
Africa General Service Medal (1902–56)
Tibet Medal (1905)
Natal Native Rebellion Medal (1906)
India General Service Medal (1909)
First World War
1914 Star
1914–15 Star
British War Medal
Mercantile Marine War Medal
Victory Medal (United Kingdom)
Victory Medal (South Africa)
Territorial War Medal
Inter World War
Naval General Service Medal (1915)
General Service Medal (1918)
India General Service Medal (1936)
Second World War
1939–1945 Star
Atlantic Star
Arctic Star
Air Crew Europe Star
Africa Star
Pacific Star
Burma Star
Italy Star
France and Germany Star
Defence Medal
War Medal 1939–1945
Canadian Volunteer Service Medal
Africa Service Medal
India Service Medal
New Zealand War Service Medal
Australia Service Medal
Southern Rhodesia Service Medal
Post War
Korea Medal (1951)
Nuclear Test Medal (1952)
General Service Medal (1962)
Rhodesia Medal (1980)
South Atlantic Medal (1982)
Gulf Medal (1992)
21st century
OSM for Sierra Leone (2000)
OSM for Afghanistan (2002)
OSM for Democratic Republic of Congo (2003)
Iraq Medal (2004)
Iraq Reconstruction Service Medal (2004)
Civilian Service Medal (Afghanistan) (2011)
Ebola Medal (2015)
General Service Medal (2008) (2015)
OSM for Iraq & Syria (2017)
Humanitarian Medal (2023)
Wider Service Medal (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"campaign medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_campaign_medals"},{"link_name":"Operation Shader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shader"},{"link_name":"Defence Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Michael_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Gavin Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Operational Service Medal Iraq and Syria or Operation Shader Medal is a British armed forces campaign medal, awarded mostly to military personnel who served in the operational area of, or in support of Operation Shader. The medal was first announced by then Defence Secretary, Sir Michael Fallon on 19 September 2017. It was first awarded, to service personnel, on 18 July 2018 in London by Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson. This Operational Service Medal is the first medal of the contemporary era to be awarded to individuals who served outside of the operational area, reflecting the changing nature of warfare.[1]","title":"Operational Service Medal Iraq and Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operational Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Service_Medal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"General Service Medal (1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Service_Medal_(1962)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mussell-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medals-3"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan (from 11 September 2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Service_Medal_for_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone (May 2000 – July 2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Service_Medal_for_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo (June – September 2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Service_Medal_for_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"}],"text":"The Operational Service Medal (OSM) was established in 1999 to replace the General Service Medal (1962) for all new operations. A separate medal of the same design is awarded for each campaign, differentiated by a distinct ribbon.[2] Prior to its most recent version, the medal has been awarded for three separate campaigns:[3]Afghanistan (from 11 September 2001)\nSierra Leone (May 2000 – July 2002)\nDemocratic Republic of Congo (June – September 2003)","title":"Operational Service Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medals-3"},{"link_name":"Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ribbon bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_ribbon"}],"text":"The Operational Service Medal for Iraq and Syria is silver and circular in shape.[3]Obverse: the crowned effigy of Queen Elizabeth II with the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FID. DEF.\nReverse: the Union Flag, surrounded by the inscription FOR OPERATIONAL SERVICE and the four major points of the compass with, between the points, four Coronets: Royal (top left), Naval (top right), Mural-Army (bottom left), and Astral-Royal Air Force (bottom right).[4]\nRibbon: a broad central red stripe, flanked each side by a stripe of navy blue and one of light blue, to represent the three services, with an outer stripe of grey.\nClasp: Iraq & Syria clasp awarded to those recipients who served in the operational area. A silver rosette denotes the clasp when worn on the ribbon bar.","title":"Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"The Queen approved eligibility criteria for the medal to include those personnel who have made a significant contribution to efforts in Iraq and Syria, including civilians, even if those efforts were outside the operational area. Those personnel awarded the medal who served outside the operational area will receive the medal without the clasp.[5]With a claspThe medal is awarded with the clasp ‘Iraq and Syria’ to British service and attached personnel who:[6]30 days continuous or 45 days cumulative operational service in the international boundaries of Iraq and Syria\n10 operational sorties over Iraq and/or 6 operational sorties over Syria with the RAFWithout a claspThe criteria for the award of the medal without clasp is:[6]50 hours on Operation SHADER missions as an RPAS pilot, sensor operator or mission intelligence coordinator;\n45 days continuous or 60 days cumulative service with significant support or direct contribution to Op SHADER with specific units and specified locations, which include Al Udeid, Crete, Cyprus, Jordan, Kuwait and Turkey.","title":"Criteria"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"RAF Reaper Force receive Operational Service Medal for Op SHADER\". 27 Aug 2019. Retrieved 18 Oct 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/raf-reaper-force-receive-operational-service-medal-for-op-shader/?fbclid=IwAR0NC7mkSZCGiCBCVP_VLhRfNwBkcBTrpvKHsvUV2Y0Y6Vn-igHoDgPYNyA","url_text":"\"RAF Reaper Force receive Operational Service Medal for Op SHADER\""}]},{"reference":"John Mussell (ed). Medal Yearbook 2015. p. 198. Published by Token Publishing Ltd. Honiton, Devon.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\". Ministry of Defence Medal Office. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#operational-service-medal-for-the-democratic-republic-of-congo","url_text":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""}]},{"reference":"\"New medal unveiled to recognise the fight against Daesh\". Royal Navy. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2018/july/20/180720-new-medal-unveiled-to-recognise-the-fight-against-daesh","url_text":"\"New medal unveiled to recognise the fight against Daesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"New operational service medal recognises fight against IS\". BBC. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44880923","url_text":"\"New operational service medal recognises fight against IS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\". 30 Jul 2021. Retrieved 18 Oct 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility","url_text":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/raf-reaper-force-receive-operational-service-medal-for-op-shader/?fbclid=IwAR0NC7mkSZCGiCBCVP_VLhRfNwBkcBTrpvKHsvUV2Y0Y6Vn-igHoDgPYNyA","external_links_name":"\"RAF Reaper Force receive Operational Service Medal for Op SHADER\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#operational-service-medal-for-the-democratic-republic-of-congo","external_links_name":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2018/july/20/180720-new-medal-unveiled-to-recognise-the-fight-against-daesh","external_links_name":"\"New medal unveiled to recognise the fight against Daesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44880923","external_links_name":"\"New operational service medal recognises fight against IS\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility","external_links_name":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAC_Minerals | Lac Minerals | ["1 Corporate history","1.1 International Corona lawsuit","1.2 Friends of Santa Fe County lawsuit","2 References"] | Lac MineralsIndustryminingFoundedIncorporated in Quebec in 1981 as Long Lac Minerals Ltd; since 1995 known as Barrick Gold CorporationHeadquartersQuebec, CanadaArea servedmineral holdings in North America and South AmericaProductsmining precious metals, copper and lead-zinc mines
LAC Minerals was a Canadian mining company established in 1981 with extensive mineral holdings in North America and South America. They specialized in mining precious metals, but also had copper and lead-zinc mines. In 1994 they were purchased by Barrick Gold Corporation.
Corporate history
Originally incorporated in Quebec in 1981 as Long Lac Minerals Ltd., the company's name was changed to LAC Minerals Ltd. the following year when it acquired Les Terrains Aurifères Malartic (Québec) Ltée, Les Mines-Est Malartic Ltée, and Willroy Mines Ltd. In 1985, LAC Minerals Ltd. acquired Lake Shore Mines Limited, Little Long Lac Gold Mines Limited, and Wright-Hargreaves Mines Limited. In 1992, the company changed its name to Lac Minerals Ltd.. In 1994, Royal Oak Mines attempted a hostile takeover of the company, but a more attractive bid was made by Barrick Gold, and Lac Minerals was acquired by AB Acquisition Inc., which was a wholly owned subsidiary of American Barrick Resources Corporation, since 1995 known as Barrick Gold Corporation.
International Corona lawsuit
Main article: Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd.
In 1983 International Corona, a smaller mining corporation, sued LAC Minerals for breach of fiduciary duty after LAC had purchased a mining property out from under Corona, when Corona had done all of the exploratory work and had shared the information with LAC. The result in Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd. was a clear statement by the Supreme Court of Canada on the nature of fiduciary and confidential relationships that can be created in the course of business, together with appropriate remedies for restitution when such relationships are breached. The stock price of LAC Minerals dropped considerably on the Toronto Exchange upon the Ontario Supreme Court's ruling in March 1986.
Friends of Santa Fe County lawsuit
In 1990 the Friends of Santa Fe County sued LAC Minerals over a number of environmental issues based on LAC Minerals' exploratory work and initial mining in the gold fields of the Ortiz Mountains. Some of the claims were dismissed, but an eventual settlement was reached. Under the settlement, LAC Minerals was required to clean up a plume of groundwater contaminated by nitrates and cyanide that had resulted from the heap leaching of gold ore. Also under the settlement, 1,350 acres of the mine were donated to the Santa Fe Botanical Garden for the Ortiz Mountain Educational Preserve.
References
^ a b Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1994). "Lac Minerals Agrees to Friendly Takeover". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
^ "Company Detail: LAC Minerals Ltd". Canadian Corporate Reports, McGill Digital Archives.
^ Staff (26 July 1994). "A Big New Bidder for Lac Minerals". The New York Times.
^ Leitl, Steven H.; Perry, Chrysten E. "Confidential Information and Joint Ventures" (PDF). Macleod Dixon. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
^ Edward Fan. "Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information" (PDF). Torys LLP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
^ Staff (11 March 1986). "Lac Minerals Shares Tumble After Court Order To Give Up Rich Gold Claim". Ottawa Citizen.
^ Friends of Santa Fe County v. Lac Minerals, 892 F. Supp. 1333 (D.N.M. 1995)
^ "Ortiz Mountains gold mine reclamation". New Mexico Environmental Law Center. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrick Gold Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrick_Gold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnsworth-1"}],"text":"LAC Minerals was a Canadian mining company established in 1981 with extensive mineral holdings in North America and South America. They specialized in mining precious metals, but also had copper and lead-zinc mines. In 1994 they were purchased by Barrick Gold Corporation.[1]","title":"Lac Minerals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Oak Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak_Mines"},{"link_name":"hostile takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover#Hostile_takeovers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnsworth-1"}],"text":"Originally incorporated in Quebec in 1981 as Long Lac Minerals Ltd., the company's name was changed to LAC Minerals Ltd. the following year when it acquired Les Terrains Aurifères Malartic (Québec) Ltée, Les Mines-Est Malartic Ltée, and Willroy Mines Ltd. In 1985, LAC Minerals Ltd. acquired Lake Shore Mines Limited, Little Long Lac Gold Mines Limited, and Wright-Hargreaves Mines Limited. In 1992, the company changed its name to Lac Minerals Ltd..[2] In 1994, Royal Oak Mines attempted a hostile takeover of the company,[3] but a more attractive bid was made by Barrick Gold, and Lac Minerals was acquired by AB Acquisition Inc., which was a wholly owned subsidiary of American Barrick Resources Corporation, since 1995 known as Barrick Gold Corporation.[1]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Minerals_Ltd._v._International_Corona_Resources_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ontario Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"International Corona lawsuit","text":"In 1983 International Corona, a smaller mining corporation, sued LAC Minerals for breach of fiduciary duty after LAC had purchased a mining property out from under Corona, when Corona had done all of the exploratory work and had shared the information with LAC. The result in Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd. was a clear statement by the Supreme Court of Canada on the nature of fiduciary and confidential relationships that can be created in the course of business, together with appropriate remedies for restitution when such relationships are breached.[4][5] The stock price of LAC Minerals dropped considerably on the Toronto Exchange upon the Ontario Supreme Court's ruling in March 1986.[6]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ortiz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortiz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"heap leaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leaching"},{"link_name":"Ortiz Mountain Educational Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortiz_Mountain_Educational_Preserve"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Friends of Santa Fe County lawsuit","text":"In 1990 the Friends of Santa Fe County sued LAC Minerals over a number of environmental issues based on LAC Minerals' exploratory work and initial mining in the gold fields of the Ortiz Mountains. Some of the claims were dismissed,[7] but an eventual settlement was reached. Under the settlement, LAC Minerals was required to clean up a plume of groundwater contaminated by nitrates and cyanide that had resulted from the heap leaching of gold ore. Also under the settlement, 1,350 acres of the mine were donated to the Santa Fe Botanical Garden for the Ortiz Mountain Educational Preserve.[8]","title":"Corporate history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1994). \"Lac Minerals Agrees to Friendly Takeover\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/25/business/company-news-lac-minerals-agrees-to-friendly-takeover.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Lac Minerals Agrees to Friendly Takeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Detail: LAC Minerals Ltd\". Canadian Corporate Reports, McGill Digital Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/hrcorpreports/search/detail.php?company=LAC%20Minerals%20Ltd.&ID=1003","url_text":"\"Company Detail: LAC Minerals Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (26 July 1994). \"A Big New Bidder for Lac Minerals\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/26/business/company-news-a-big-new-bidder-for-lac-minerals.html","url_text":"\"A Big New Bidder for Lac Minerals\""}]},{"reference":"Leitl, Steven H.; Perry, Chrysten E. \"Confidential Information and Joint Ventures\" (PDF). Macleod Dixon. Retrieved 2011-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macleoddixon.com/documents/Confidential_Information_and_JVs.pdf","url_text":"\"Confidential Information and Joint Ventures\""}]},{"reference":"Edward Fan. \"Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information\" (PDF). Torys LLP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407012510/http://www.torys.com/Publications/Documents/Publication%20PDFs/AR2008-39.pdf","url_text":"\"Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torys_LLP","url_text":"Torys LLP"},{"url":"http://www.torys.com/Publications/Documents/Publication%20PDFs/AR2008-39.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (11 March 1986). \"Lac Minerals Shares Tumble After Court Order To Give Up Rich Gold Claim\". Ottawa Citizen.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19860311&id=VK8yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qu8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1171,389574","url_text":"\"Lac Minerals Shares Tumble After Court Order To Give Up Rich Gold Claim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ortiz Mountains gold mine reclamation\". New Mexico Environmental Law Center. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://nmenvirolaw.org/index.php/site/cases/ortiz_mountains_gold_mine_reclamation/","url_text":"\"Ortiz Mountains gold mine reclamation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004033651/http://nmenvirolaw.org/index.php/site/cases/ortiz_mountains_gold_mine_reclamation/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/25/business/company-news-lac-minerals-agrees-to-friendly-takeover.html?pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"\"Lac Minerals Agrees to Friendly Takeover\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/hrcorpreports/search/detail.php?company=LAC%20Minerals%20Ltd.&ID=1003","external_links_name":"\"Company Detail: LAC Minerals Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/26/business/company-news-a-big-new-bidder-for-lac-minerals.html","external_links_name":"\"A Big New Bidder for Lac Minerals\""},{"Link":"http://www.macleoddixon.com/documents/Confidential_Information_and_JVs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Confidential Information and Joint Ventures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407012510/http://www.torys.com/Publications/Documents/Publication%20PDFs/AR2008-39.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.torys.com/Publications/Documents/Publication%20PDFs/AR2008-39.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19860311&id=VK8yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qu8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1171,389574","external_links_name":"\"Lac Minerals Shares Tumble After Court Order To Give Up Rich Gold Claim\""},{"Link":"http://nmenvirolaw.org/index.php/site/cases/ortiz_mountains_gold_mine_reclamation/","external_links_name":"\"Ortiz Mountains gold mine reclamation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004033651/http://nmenvirolaw.org/index.php/site/cases/ortiz_mountains_gold_mine_reclamation/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Pynas | Jacob Pynas | ["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 Gallery","3.1 Paintings","3.2 Drawings","4 References","5 External links"] | Dutch artist (1592 or 1593 – after 1650)Saints Paul and Barnabas Worshipped as Gods by the People of Lystra (1628)Jacob Symonsz. Pynas (1592 or 1593 – after 1650) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and draughtsman. He is best known for having briefly taught the painter Rembrandt in 1625.
Biography
Pynas was born in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic in 1592 or 1593. He was one of nine children born to Symon Jansz. Brouwer (d. 1624), a wealthy Catholic merchant from Alkmaar, and Oude Neel Jacobsdr van Harencarspel. Symon Brouwer adopted the name Pynas (Dutch: pinas, 'pinnance') in 1594 after purchasing a property in the center of Amsterdam called 'At the Sign of the Pinnance'.
According to Arnold Houbraken, a contemporary engraver and biographer, Rembrandt studied with Pynas for a few months in 1625 following his apprenticeship with the painter Pieter Lastman before opening his own studio in Leiden.
According to the RKD he was the brother of Jan Pynas who travelled to Italy. Their sister Meynsge married the artist Jan Tengnagel in 1611. Though Jacob is known for scenes of Italy, these paintings could have been based on sketches brought back by his brother Jan and it is not certain that Jacob travelled to Italy. Pynas became a citizen of Delft in 1631 and joined the St. Luke's Guild the following year. He remained there until 1639 when he returned to Amsterdam. He became the teacher of Bartholomeus Breenberg.
The Pynas brothers were grouped within Dutch artists called the Pre-Rembrandtists. Their work is close in style to the painter Adam Elsheimer, and there has been a history of mis-attribution between the three, where the Pynas brothers are known to have signed their works "J. Pynas."
Pynas died sometime after 1650 in Amsterdam.
Selected works
1618 - Mercury and Herse, Oil on Copper, (Uffizi Gallery, Florence)
1618 - Landscape with Mercury and Battus, Oil on Canvas, (Wiener collection, New York)
1628 - Mountain Landscape with Narcissus, Oil on Wood, (National Gallery, London)
17th century - Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Oil on Wood, (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)
17th century - Sacrifice of Isaac, Pen, ink and watercolour on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
17th century - Sacrifice of Gideon, Watercolour and chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
17th century - Christ and the lawyer, Chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
17th century - Apollo and Daphne, Pen and Ink on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
17th century - The Good Samaritan, Oil on Copper, (Louvre, Paris) du Musée Jeanne d'Aboville de La Fère, dans l'Aisne.
17th century - The Flight into Egypt, Oil, (Louvre, Paris)
17th century - The Canaanite woman kissing the bottom of Jesus's robe, drawing, (Louvre, Paris)
17th century - Landscape with Juno, Minerva, Venus, Paris and Cupid, Ink drawing, (Louvre, Paris)
Gallery
Paintings
Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (1620s)
Jupiter and Io
Drawings
A Round Tower and Buildings (1616)
Heads of Orientals
References
^ Bredius, Abraham (1935). "Aanteekeningen omtrent de schilders Jan en Jacob Pynas" . Oud-Holland (in Dutch). 52: 252–258 – via JSTOR.
^ Schatborn, Peter (1997). "Tekeningen van de gebroeders Jan en Jacob Pynas: II. Jacob Pynas". Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum (in Dutch). 45 (1). Stichting het Rijksmuseum: 3–25 – via JSTOR.
^ a b Tümpel, Astrid (2003). "Pynas family". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T070173. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Liedtke, Walter (2007). Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. I. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 535–538. ISBN 9781588392732. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Houbraken, Arnold (1718–1721). "Rembrandt van Rijn". De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (in Dutch). Vol. I.
^ a b c Jacob Symonsz. Pynas in the RKD
^ Entry on Pynas Family in the Grove Dictionary of Art at www.artnet.com
^ de Witt, David (2008). The Bader Collection: Dutch and Flemish Paintings. Kingston, Ontario: Agnes Etherington Art Centre. pp. 255–260. ISBN 978-1-55339-094-7. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Kren and Marx, Comments on Landscape with Mercury and Battus at the Web Gallery of Art
External links
Works at WGA
Jacob Pynas at PubHist
Jacob Symonsz. Pynas on Artnet
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Symonsz. Pynas.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
Auckland
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paulus_en_Barnabas_te_Lystra_door_het_volk_als_goden_vereerd_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1586.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting"}],"text":"Saints Paul and Barnabas Worshipped as Gods by the People of Lystra (1628)Jacob Symonsz. Pynas (1592 or 1593 – after 1650) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and draughtsman. He is best known for having briefly taught the painter Rembrandt in 1625.","title":"Jacob Pynas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"pinnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arnold Houbraken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Pieter Lastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Lastman"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jan Pynas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pynas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-6"},{"link_name":"Jan Tengnagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tengnagel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-6"},{"link_name":"St. Luke's Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bartholomeus Breenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomeus_Breenberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-6"},{"link_name":"Adam Elsheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Pynas was born in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic in 1592 or 1593.[1][2] He was one of nine children born to Symon Jansz. Brouwer (d. 1624), a wealthy Catholic merchant from Alkmaar, and Oude Neel Jacobsdr van Harencarspel.[3] Symon Brouwer adopted the name Pynas (Dutch: pinas, 'pinnance') in 1594 after purchasing a property in the center of Amsterdam called 'At the Sign of the Pinnance'.[4]According to Arnold Houbraken, a contemporary engraver and biographer, Rembrandt studied with Pynas for a few months in 1625 following his apprenticeship with the painter Pieter Lastman before opening his own studio in Leiden.[5]According to the RKD he was the brother of Jan Pynas who travelled to Italy.[6] Their sister Meynsge married the artist Jan Tengnagel in 1611.[7] Though Jacob is known for scenes of Italy, these paintings could have been based on sketches brought back by his brother Jan and it is not certain that Jacob travelled to Italy.[6] Pynas became a citizen of Delft in 1631 and joined the St. Luke's Guild the following year.[3] He remained there until 1639 when he returned to Amsterdam.[8] He became the teacher of Bartholomeus Breenberg.[6]The Pynas brothers were grouped within Dutch artists called the Pre-Rembrandtists. Their work is close in style to the painter Adam Elsheimer, and there has been a history of mis-attribution between the three, where the Pynas brothers are known to have signed their works \"J. Pynas.\"[9]Pynas died sometime after 1650 in Amsterdam.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herse"},{"link_name":"Uffizi Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090508002556/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG6460&collectionPublisherSection=work"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOnezoom.asp?dep=11&zoomFlag=0&viewmode=1&item=1971%2E255"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/e9c6d3fc.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/e5908e0d.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/de839b32.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/8fe9f558.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Juno, Minerva, Venus, Paris and Cupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"1618 - Mercury and Herse, Oil on Copper, (Uffizi Gallery, Florence)\n1618 - Landscape with Mercury and Battus, Oil on Canvas, (Wiener collection, New York)\n1628 - Mountain Landscape with Narcissus, Oil on Wood, (National Gallery, London)[1]\n17th century - Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Oil on Wood, (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)[2]\n17th century - Sacrifice of Isaac, Pen, ink and watercolour on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)[3]\n17th century - Sacrifice of Gideon, Watercolour and chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)[4]\n17th century - Christ and the lawyer, Chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)[5]\n17th century - Apollo and Daphne, Pen and Ink on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)[6]\n17th century - The Good Samaritan, Oil on Copper, (Louvre, Paris) du Musée Jeanne d'Aboville de La Fère, dans l'Aisne.\n17th century - The Flight into Egypt, Oil, (Louvre, Paris)\n17th century - The Canaanite woman kissing the bottom of Jesus's robe, drawing, (Louvre, Paris)\n17th century - Landscape with Juno, Minerva, Venus, Paris and Cupid, Ink drawing, (Louvre, Paris)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_and_Barnabas_at_Lystra_MET_DP133560.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Symonsz._Pynas_-_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Paintings","text":"Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (1620s)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJupiter and Io","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronde_toren_en_gebouwen,_RP-T-1883-A-226.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Symonsz_Pynas_-_Heads_of_Orientals_-_NMH_114-1866_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_heilige_Paulus,_zittend_aan_een_tafel,_RP-T-1913-168.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Drawings","text":"A Round Tower and Buildings (1616)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeads of Orientals","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Saints Paul and Barnabas Worshipped as Gods by the People of Lystra (1628)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paulus_en_Barnabas_te_Lystra_door_het_volk_als_goden_vereerd_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1586.jpeg/357px-Paulus_en_Barnabas_te_Lystra_door_het_volk_als_goden_vereerd_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1586.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bredius, Abraham (1935). \"Aanteekeningen omtrent de schilders Jan en Jacob Pynas\" [Notes concerning the artists Jan and Jacob Pynas]. Oud-Holland (in Dutch). 52: 252–258 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Bredius","url_text":"Bredius, Abraham"}]},{"reference":"Schatborn, Peter (1997). \"Tekeningen van de gebroeders Jan en Jacob Pynas: II. Jacob Pynas\". Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum (in Dutch). 45 (1). Stichting het Rijksmuseum: 3–25 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tümpel, Astrid (2003). \"Pynas family\". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T070173. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000070173","url_text":"\"Pynas family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T070173","url_text":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T070173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4","url_text":"978-1-884446-05-4"}]},{"reference":"Liedtke, Walter (2007). Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. I. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 535–538. ISBN 9781588392732. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC","url_text":"Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Metropolitan Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588392732","url_text":"9781588392732"}]},{"reference":"Houbraken, Arnold (1718–1721). \"Rembrandt van Rijn\". De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen [The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters and Paintresses] (in Dutch). Vol. I.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0129.php","url_text":"\"Rembrandt van Rijn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Theatre_of_Dutch_Painters","url_text":"De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen"}]},{"reference":"de Witt, David (2008). The Bader Collection: Dutch and Flemish Paintings. Kingston, Ontario: Agnes Etherington Art Centre. pp. 255–260. ISBN 978-1-55339-094-7. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thebadercollection2008/mode/2up","url_text":"The Bader Collection: Dutch and Flemish Paintings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Etherington_Art_Centre","url_text":"Agnes Etherington Art Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55339-094-7","url_text":"978-1-55339-094-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090508002556/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG6460&collectionPublisherSection=work","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOnezoom.asp?dep=11&zoomFlag=0&viewmode=1&item=1971%2E255","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/e9c6d3fc.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/e5908e0d.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/de839b32.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/8fe9f558.html?ixsid=8Vbtpoz7flR","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000070173","external_links_name":"\"Pynas family\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T070173","external_links_name":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T070173"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC","external_links_name":"Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art"},{"Link":"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0129.php","external_links_name":"\"Rembrandt van Rijn\""},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/65169","external_links_name":"Jacob Symonsz. Pynas"},{"Link":"http://www.artnet.com/library/07/0701/T070173.asp","external_links_name":"Entry on Pynas Family in the Grove Dictionary of Art at www.artnet.com"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thebadercollection2008/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Bader Collection: Dutch and Flemish Paintings"},{"Link":"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/pynas/jacob/index.html","external_links_name":"Kren and Marx, Comments on Landscape with Mercury and Battus at the Web Gallery of Art"},{"Link":"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/pynas/","external_links_name":"Works at WGA"},{"Link":"http://www.pubhist.com/person/883/jacob-pynas","external_links_name":"Jacob Pynas"},{"Link":"http://www.artnet.com/artists/jacob-symonsz-pynas/past-auction-results","external_links_name":"Jacob Symonsz. Pynas"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95720360","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132522349","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/9101/","external_links_name":"Auckland"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/65169","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500006481","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/12639227","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132522349.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Galkin_(footballer) | Vladislav Galkin (footballer) | ["1 Club career","2 Career statistics","2.1 Club","3 References","4 External links"] | Russian football player
Vladislav GalkinPersonal informationFull name
Vladislav Ivanovich GalkinDate of birth
(2002-04-03) 3 April 2002 (age 22)Place of birth
Krasnogorsk, RussiaHeight
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
Right midfielderLeft midfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Torpedo MoscowYouth career2008–2016
Zorky Krasnogorsk2016–2020
Dynamo MoscowSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2020–2024
Dynamo Moscow
1
(0)2020–2021
→ Dynamo-2 Moscow
32
(12)2022
→ RFS (loan)
9
(2)2022
→ RFS-2 (loan)
6
(0)2022–2023
→ Dynamo-2 Moscow
20
(4)2023–2024
→ Akron Tolyatti (loan)
27
(2)2024–
Torpedo Moscow
0
(0)International career‡2017
Russia U-15
4
(0)2018
Russia U-17
2
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 June 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 August 2018
Vladislav Ivanovich Galkin (Russian: Владислав Иванович Галкин; born 3 April 2002) is a Russian football player who plays as a right midfielder or left midfielder for Torpedo Moscow.
Club career
He made his debut for the main team of Dynamo Moscow on 22 September 2021 in a Russian Cup game against Dynamo Stavropol. He made his Russian Premier League debut for Dynamo on 21 November 2021 in a game against Arsenal Tula.
On 15 February 2022, Galkin extended his contract with Dynamo until the end of the 2023–24 season and was loaned to RFS in Latvia until 30 November 2022.
On 6 June 2024, Galkin signed with Torpedo Moscow.
Career statistics
Club
As of 12 December 2021
Club
Season
League
Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
FC Dynamo-2 Moscow
2020–21
FNL 2
23
8
–
–
23
8
2021–22
9
4
–
–
9
4
Total
32
12
0
0
0
0
32
12
FC Dynamo Moscow
2021–22
RPL
1
0
1
0
–
2
0
Career total
33
12
1
0
0
0
34
12
References
^ "Dynamo Moscow v Dynamo Stavropol game report" (in Russian). Sportbox. 22 September 2021.
^ "Dynamo Moscow v Arsenal Tula game report". Russian Premier League. 21 November 2021.
^ "Владислав Галкин продлил контракт с "Динамо" и ушёл в аренду в РФШ" (Press release) (in Russian). FC Dynamo Moscow. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Владислав Галкин — новый игрок "Торпедо"!" (in Russian). FC Torpedo Moscow. 6 June 2024.
External links
Vladislav Galkin at Soccerway
Vladislav Galkin at Sportbox.ru (in Russian)
Vladislav Galkin at Russian Premier League
vteFC Torpedo Moscow – current squad
2 Borodin
3 Ivankov
9 Stefanovich
10 Lebedenko (c)
11 Shamkin
12 Baburin (g)
15 Orekhov
16 Reyna
17 Gorbunov
21 Gongadze
25 Kuzmichyov
31 Khudoklinov
32 Tokarev
51 Botnar (g)
52 Petrov
53 Vilgelm
54 Ilyev
65 Moskvichyov
69 Manelov
74 Volkov (g)
87 Kostin
88 Guz
89 Chervyakov
90 Roganović
97 Ćurić
99 Shevchenko
Gbamblé
Galkin
Baytukov
Konovalov
Maksimov
Danilkin
Manager: Kononov
This biographical article related to a Russian association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"right midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_midfielder"},{"link_name":"left midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"}],"text":"Vladislav Ivanovich Galkin (Russian: Владислав Иванович Галкин; born 3 April 2002) is a Russian football player who plays as a right midfielder or left midfielder for Torpedo Moscow.","title":"Vladislav Galkin (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Stavropol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Dynamo_Stavropol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Arsenal Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arsenal_Tula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"RFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_RFS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He made his debut for the main team of Dynamo Moscow on 22 September 2021 in a Russian Cup game against Dynamo Stavropol.[1] He made his Russian Premier League debut for Dynamo on 21 November 2021 in a game against Arsenal Tula.[2]On 15 February 2022, Galkin extended his contract with Dynamo until the end of the 2023–24 season and was loaned to RFS in Latvia until 30 November 2022.[3]On 6 June 2024, Galkin signed with Torpedo Moscow.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 12 December 2021","title":"Career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Dynamo Stavropol game report\" (in Russian). Sportbox. 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russian_Cup/stats/turnir_19038/game_1380820137","url_text":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Dynamo Stavropol game report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Arsenal Tula game report\". Russian Premier League. 21 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_14682.html","url_text":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Arsenal Tula game report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League","url_text":"Russian Premier League"}]},{"reference":"\"Владислав Галкин продлил контракт с \"Динамо\" и ушёл в аренду в РФШ\" (Press release) (in Russian). FC Dynamo Moscow. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcdm.ru/news/vladislav-galkin-prodlil-kontrakt-s-dynamo-i-usyol-v-arendu-v-rfs","url_text":"\"Владислав Галкин продлил контракт с \"Динамо\" и ушёл в аренду в РФШ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow","url_text":"FC Dynamo Moscow"}]},{"reference":"\"Владислав Галкин — новый игрок \"Торпедо\"!\" (in Russian). FC Torpedo Moscow. 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://vk.com/wall-64198898_236860","url_text":"\"Владислав Галкин — новый игрок \"Торпедо\"!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russian_Cup/stats/turnir_19038/game_1380820137","external_links_name":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Dynamo Stavropol game report\""},{"Link":"https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_14682.html","external_links_name":"\"Dynamo Moscow v Arsenal Tula game report\""},{"Link":"https://fcdm.ru/news/vladislav-galkin-prodlil-kontrakt-s-dynamo-i-usyol-v-arendu-v-rfs","external_links_name":"\"Владислав Галкин продлил контракт с \"Динамо\" и ушёл в аренду в РФШ\""},{"Link":"https://vk.com/wall-64198898_236860","external_links_name":"\"Владислав Галкин — новый игрок \"Торпедо\"!\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/vladislav-galkin/662448/","external_links_name":"Vladislav Galkin"},{"Link":"https://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Vladislav_Ivanovich_Galkin_Futbol_03042002","external_links_name":"Vladislav Galkin"},{"Link":"https://eng.premierliga.ru/about-rpl/players/Galkin-Vladislav","external_links_name":"Vladislav Galkin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladislav_Galkin_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Dalton | One Dalton | ["1 Complex","2 Amenities","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°20′44.7″N 71°05′02.2″W / 42.345750°N 71.083944°W / 42.345750; -71.083944Skyscraper containing residences and a hotel in Boston, MA
One DaltonOne Dalton's southern façadeGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeOffice, Hotel, RetailCoordinates42°20′44.7″N 71°05′02.2″W / 42.345750°N 71.083944°W / 42.345750; -71.083944Construction started2015Completed2019OpeningMay 28, 2019CostUS$700 millionHeightRoof742 ft (226 m)Technical detailsFloor count61Floor area706,000 sq ft (65,600 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Henry N. Cobb, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners and CambridgeSeven
DeveloperCarpenter & Company, Inc.
One Dalton is a 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the third tallest building in Boston, the tallest residential building in New England, and the tallest building constructed in the city since Hancock Place in 1976. It is located in the Back Bay neighborhood, not far from 200 Clarendon Street and the Prudential Tower, the two tallest skyscrapers in Boston. It contains the Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street.
Complex
One Dalton Street was built along with a 26-story building, 30 Dalton Street. Pritzker Realty Group is developing the smaller tower. Both projects are designed by collaborating architects Cambridge Seven Associates and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, who also designed Hancock Place.
Amenities
The building contains a ballroom, meeting rooms available for reservation, a gym with a spa, a private dining space, and other services. There will also be a five thousand square foot (0.1 acre) park outside the building. The residences have gas indoor fireplaces in each unit, Outdoor fireplaces on the balconies of select units, and 11-foot cove ceilings.
Gallery
One Dalton under construction in December 2018
December 2018 street level construction of One Dalton.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Boston
References
^ "Now Open - Four Seasons Hotel One Dalton Street Boston". www.hotelnewsresource.com. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ a b c Staff Writer (2018-09-20). "Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street, Boston". Architect Magazine. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
^ "Four Seasons Hotel and Private Residences One Dalton Street". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Four Seasons One Dalton Boston". Carpenter & Company, Inc. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
External links
Media related to One Dalton at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteSkyscrapers in BostonCurrent
75 State Street
100 Federal Street
100 Summer Street
111 Huntington Avenue
125 High Street
145 High Street
200 Clarendon Street (John Hancock Tower)
28 State Street
33 Arch Street
500 Boylston Street
60 State Street
Ames Building
Avalon North Station
Berkeley Building
Boston City Hall
Custom House Tower
Exchange Place
Federal Reserve Bank Building
Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street
Harbor Towers I
Harbor Towers II
Keystone Building
Landmark Center
Liberty Hotel (Charles Street Jail)
Liberty Mutual Tower
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
McCormack Building
Millennium Place Tower I
Millennium Place Tower II
Millennium Tower
National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories
Omni Parker House
One Beacon Street
One Boston Place
One Devonshire Place
One Federal Street
One Financial Center
One International Place
One Lincoln Street
One Post Office Square
Pierce Boston
Prudential Tower
Radian Boston
Rowes Wharf
Russia Wharf
Saltonstall Building
State Street Bank Building
Two International Place
United Shoe Machinery Corporation Building
Under construction
Bulfinch Crossing
South Station Tower
Proposed
111 Federal Street
Cancelled
101 Clarendon Street
Aquarium Development
Trans National Place
Demolished
North Station (original)
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
This article related to a building or structure in Boston is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sq ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot"},{"link_name":"m2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre"},{"link_name":"skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"third tallest building in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"Hancock Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_Clarendon_Street"},{"link_name":"Back Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay"},{"link_name":"200 Clarendon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower"},{"link_name":"Prudential Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Tower"}],"text":"Skyscraper containing residences and a hotel in Boston, MAOne Dalton is a 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts.[2][3] It is the third tallest building in Boston, the tallest residential building in New England, and the tallest building constructed in the city since Hancock Place in 1976. It is located in the Back Bay neighborhood, not far from 200 Clarendon Street and the Prudential Tower, the two tallest skyscrapers in Boston. It contains the Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street.","title":"One Dalton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Seven Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Seven_Associates"},{"link_name":"Pei Cobb Freed & Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Cobb_Freed_%26_Partners"},{"link_name":"Hancock Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_Place"}],"text":"One Dalton Street was built along with a 26-story building, 30 Dalton Street. Pritzker Realty Group is developing the smaller tower.[4] Both projects are designed by collaborating architects Cambridge Seven Associates and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, who also designed Hancock Place.","title":"Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect-2"}],"text":"The building contains a ballroom, meeting rooms available for reservation, a gym with a spa, a private dining space, and other services. There will also be a five thousand square foot (0.1 acre) park outside the building. The residences have gas indoor fireplaces in each unit, Outdoor fireplaces on the balconies of select units, and 11-foot cove ceilings.[2]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_Dalton_Construction,_December_2018_34.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Level_Construction_One_Dalton_Boston.jpg"}],"text":"One Dalton under construction in December 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecember 2018 street level construction of One Dalton.","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston"}] | [{"reference":"\"Now Open - Four Seasons Hotel One Dalton Street Boston\". www.hotelnewsresource.com. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article105516.html","url_text":"\"Now Open - Four Seasons Hotel One Dalton Street Boston\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Writer (2018-09-20). \"Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street, Boston\". Architect Magazine. Retrieved 2018-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/four-seasons-hotel-private-residences-one-dalton-street-boston_o","url_text":"\"Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street, Boston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four Seasons Hotel and Private Residences One Dalton Street\". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Retrieved 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcf-p.com/a/p/1214/s.html","url_text":"\"Four Seasons Hotel and Private Residences One Dalton Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four Seasons One Dalton Boston\". Carpenter & Company, Inc. Retrieved 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://carpenterandcompanyinc.com/projects/hotels/four-seasons-one-dalton-boston/","url_text":"\"Four Seasons One Dalton Boston\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=One_Dalton¶ms=42_20_44.7_N_71_05_02.2_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°20′44.7″N 71°05′02.2″W / 42.345750°N 71.083944°W / 42.345750; -71.083944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=One_Dalton¶ms=42_20_44.7_N_71_05_02.2_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°20′44.7″N 71°05′02.2″W / 42.345750°N 71.083944°W / 42.345750; -71.083944"},{"Link":"https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article105516.html","external_links_name":"\"Now Open - Four Seasons Hotel One Dalton Street Boston\""},{"Link":"https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/four-seasons-hotel-private-residences-one-dalton-street-boston_o","external_links_name":"\"Four Seasons Hotel & Private Residences, One Dalton Street, Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcf-p.com/a/p/1214/s.html","external_links_name":"\"Four Seasons Hotel and Private Residences One Dalton Street\""},{"Link":"http://carpenterandcompanyinc.com/projects/hotels/four-seasons-one-dalton-boston/","external_links_name":"\"Four Seasons One Dalton Boston\""},{"Link":"https://www.onedalton.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20076202","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Dalton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecale_Lower | Lecale Lower | ["1 List of settlements","1.1 Villages","1.2 Hamlets","2 List of civil parishes","3 References"] | Place in Northern Ireland, United KingdomLecale Lower
Leath Cathail Íochtarachl(Irish)Location of Lecale Lower, County Down, Northern Ireland.Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryNorthern IrelandCountyDown
Lecale Lower (named after the former barony of Lecale) is a barony in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies to the east of the county with Strangford Lough to its north and the Irish Sea to its right. It is bordered by five other baronies: Lecale Upper to the south; Ards Upper to the north-east just across the mouth of Strangford Lough; Dufferin to the north; Castlereagh Upper to the north-west; and Kinelarty to the west.
In medieval times the Ó Coltair (Coulter) sept is noted in the Lecale Lower area, of which the townland of Ballyculter gets its name.
The barony of Lecale Lower was created in 1851 when the barony of Lecale was split into two, the other part being Lecale Upper.
List of settlements
Below is a list of the villages and population centres in Lecale Lower:
Villages
Ardglass
Strangford
Hamlets
Annacloy
Ballyhornan
Coney Island
Saul
List of civil parishes
Below is a list of civil parishes in Lecale Lower:
Ardglass
Ballee (also partly in barony of Lecale Upper (one townland))
Ballyculter
Dunsfort
Inch
Kilclief (also partly in barony of Lecale Upper)
Rathmullan (one townland, rest in barony of Lecale Upper)
Saul
References
^ a b c Logainm - Lecale Lower
^ a b PRONI Baronies of Northern Ireland
^ Ireland's History in Maps - The Baronies of Ireland
^ Bell, Robert; The book of Ulster surnames, page 78-79. The Black Staff Press, 2003. ISBN 0-85640-602-3
^ Database of Irish Historical Statistics - Literacy Notes
^ a b "Lecale Lower". IreAtlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ PRONI Civil Parishes of County Down
vtePlaces in County DownList of places in County DownCities
Bangor
Belfast (part)
Lisburn (part)
Newry (part)
Towns
Ballynahinch
Banbridge
Carryduff
Comber
Donaghadee
Downpatrick
Dromore
Dundonald
Holywood
Kilkeel
Newcastle
Newtownards
Warrenpoint
Villagesand townlands
Annahilt
Annalong
Annsborough
Ardglass
Attical
Aughnacloy
Ballela
Balloo
Ballybannan
Ballydargan
Ballygowan
Ballyhalbert
Ballyhay
Ballyholme
Ballyhornan
Ballykinler
Ballylesson
Ballylough
Ballymacmaine
Ballymartin
Ballynagarrick
Ballynahatty
Ballynoe
Ballyskeagh
Ballywalter
Benraw
Blackskull
Bleary
Braniel
Bryansford
Burren
Cabra
Carnalea
Carrowdore
Castlewellan
Clandeboye
Cloghy
Clough
Conlig
Corbet
Crawfordsburn
Cregagh
Crossgar
Cultra
Derryneill
Dollingstown
Donaghcloney
Dromara
Drumaness
Drumbeg
Drumbo
Drumlough, Hillsborough
Drumlough, Rathfriland
Dundrum
Dunnaval
Edenderry
Gamblestown
Gilford
Gilnahirk
Gransha
Greencastle
Greyabbey
Groomsport
Helen's Bay
Hillhall
Hillsborough
Hilltown
Katesbridge
Kilcoo
Kilcooley
Killinchy
Killinure
Killough
Killowen
Killyleagh
Kinallen
Kircubbin
Lawrencetown
Legacurry
Legananny
Leitrim
Lenaderg
Loughbrickland
Loughinisland
Lurganare
Lurganville
Magheraconluce
Magheralin
Mayobridge
Maze
Millisle
Moira
Moneyreagh
Moneyslane
Monteith
Newtownbreda
Portaferry
Portavogie
Poyntzpass
Rathfriland
Ravernet
Ringhaddy
Rostrevor
Saintfield
Saul
Scarva
Seaforde
Seahill
Sheeptown
Shrigley
Spa
Strangford
Struell
Tievenadarragh
Tullylish
Tullynakill
Waringsford
Waringstown
Whiterock
Landforms
Ards Peninsula
Burr Point
Carlingford Lough
Cloughmore
Copeland Islands
Cranfield Point
Lecale peninsula
Lough Island Reavy
Mournes
St. John's Point
Slieve Croob
Strangford LoughIslands of County Down
Baronies
Ards Lower
Ards Upper
Castlereagh Lower
Castlereagh Upper
Dufferin
Iveagh Lower
Iveagh Upper
Kinelarty
Lecale Lower
Lecale Upper
Lordship of Newry
Mourne
WikiProject Northern Ireland
WikiProject Ireland
Northern Ireland Portal
United Kingdom Portal
Ireland Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lecale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecale"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRONI-2"},{"link_name":"Strangford Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangford_Lough"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lecale Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecale_Upper"},{"link_name":"Ards Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ards_Upper"},{"link_name":"Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufferin_(barony)"},{"link_name":"Castlereagh Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlereagh_Upper"},{"link_name":"Kinelarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinelarty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRONI-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roots-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surnames-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESDS-5"}],"text":"Place in Northern Ireland, United KingdomLecale Lower (named after the former barony of Lecale) is a barony in County Down, Northern Ireland.[2] It lies to the east of the county with Strangford Lough to its north and the Irish Sea to its right. It is bordered by five other baronies: Lecale Upper to the south; Ards Upper to the north-east just across the mouth of Strangford Lough; Dufferin to the north; Castlereagh Upper to the north-west; and Kinelarty to the west.[2]In medieval times the Ó Coltair (Coulter) sept is noted in the Lecale Lower area, of which the townland of Ballyculter gets its name.[3][4]The barony of Lecale Lower was created in 1851 when the barony of Lecale was split into two, the other part being Lecale Upper.[5]","title":"Lecale Lower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logainm-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ire-6"}],"text":"Below is a list of the villages and population centres in Lecale Lower:[1][6]","title":"List of settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardglass"},{"link_name":"Strangford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangford"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"Ardglass\nStrangford","title":"List of settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annacloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annacloy"},{"link_name":"Ballyhornan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyhornan"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul,_County_Down"}],"sub_title":"Hamlets","text":"Annacloy\nBallyhornan\nConey Island\nSaul","title":"List of settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logainm-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRONI_Parishes-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ire-6"},{"link_name":"Ardglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardglass"},{"link_name":"Ballee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballee,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Ballyculter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyculter"},{"link_name":"Dunsfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsfort,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Kilclief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilclief"},{"link_name":"Rathmullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathmullan,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul,_County_Down"}],"text":"Below is a list of civil parishes in Lecale Lower:[1][7][6]Ardglass\nBallee (also partly in barony of Lecale Upper (one townland))\nBallyculter\nDunsfort\nInch\nKilclief (also partly in barony of Lecale Upper)\nRathmullan (one townland, rest in barony of Lecale Upper)\nSaul","title":"List of civil parishes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Down_arms.png/100px-Down_arms.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lecale Lower\". IreAtlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","url_text":"\"Lecale Lower\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/65433.aspx","external_links_name":"Logainm - Lecale Lower"},{"Link":"http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/local_history/geographical_index/baronies_.htm","external_links_name":"PRONI Baronies of Northern Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/baronies.htm","external_links_name":"Ireland's History in Maps - The Baronies of Ireland"},{"Link":"http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/3582%5Cmrdoc%5Cpdf%5Cfields.pdf","external_links_name":"Database of Irish Historical Statistics - Literacy Notes"},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","external_links_name":"\"Lecale Lower\""},{"Link":"http://applications.proni.gov.uk/geogindx/down.htm","external_links_name":"PRONI Civil Parishes of County Down"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejdi_Traoui | Mejdi Traoui | ["1 Career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"] | Tunisian footballer (born 1983)
Mejdi Traoui
Traoui with Tunisia in 2008Personal informationFull name
Mejdi TraouiDate of birth
(1983-12-13) December 13, 1983 (age 40)Place of birth
Sousse, TunisiaHeight
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2002–2008
Étoile du Sahel
149
(28)2008–2010
Red Bull Salzburg
2
(0)2009
→ Al-Wehda Club (loan)
6
(0)2010–2014
Espérance de Tunis
99
(5)International career2004–2014
Tunisia
41
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Mejdi Traoui (born December 13, 1983, in Sousse) is a Tunisian footballer.
Career
On May 1, 2008, Traoui signed a contract at Red Bull Salzburg until summer 2011. He made two substitute appearances in the Austrian Bundesliga for Red Bull Salzburg during 2008. In January 2009 he was loaned to Al-Wehda for the remainder of the season.
International career
Traoui was part of the Tunisia 2004 Olympic football team, which exited in the first round, finishing third in group C, behind group and gold medal winners Argentina and runners-up Australia.
Traoui was picked by Tunisia for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. He scored a late equaliser, during Tunisia's 2-2 draw with Senegal during the first round of games in Tunisia's group D, on January 23.
References
^ "FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 presented by Toyota: List of Players" (PDF). FIFA. 11 December 2011. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2012.
^ "Stats Centre: Mejdi Traoui Facts". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
^ "Mejdi Traoui Biography and Statistics". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
External links
Mejdi Traoui at National-Football-Teams.com
Tunisia squads
vteTunisia men's football squad – 2004 Summer Olympics
1 Fadhel
2 Boussaïdi
3 Haggui
4 Yahia
5 Trabelsi
6 Ragued
7 Massaoud
8 Bhairi
9 Zitouni
10 Mouelhi (c)
11 Ltifi
12 Ayari
13 Ben Yahia
14 Traoui
15 Clayton
16 Merdassi
17 Jedidi
18 Khalloufi
Coach: Labidi
vteTunisia squad – 2008 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Kasraoui
2 Ghezal
3 Haggui
4 El Abdy
5 El Bekri
6 Felhi
7 Ben Saada
8 Nafti
9 Chikhaoui
10 Zaiem
11 Santos
12 Mnari
13 Ben Frej
14 Zouaghi
15 Jaïdi (c)
16 Mathlouthi
17 Jemâa
18 Mikari
19 Meriah
20 Ben Dhifallah
21 Traoui
22 Nefzi
23 Chermiti
Coach: Lemerre
vteTunisia squad – 2012 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Ben Cherifia
2 Ifa
3 Haggui
4 Chedli
5 Jemal
6 Ragued
7 Msakni
8 Korbi
9 Chikhaoui
10 Darragi
11 Allagui
12 Chemmam
13 Ben Yahia
14 Traoui
15 Dhaouadi
16 Mathlouthi
17 Jemâa
18 Boussaïdi
19 Khalifa
20 Abdennour
21 Saihi
22 Jridi
23 Chermiti
Coach: Trabelsi
vteTunisia squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Ben Mustapha
2 Ifa
3 Hichri
4 Baratli
5 C. Dhaouadi
6 Gharbi
7 Msakni
8 Hammami
9 Harbaoui
10 Darragi
11 Ben Youssef
12 Chemmam
13 Ben Yahia
14 Traoui
15 Z. Dhaouadi
16 Mathlouthi (c)
17 Jemâa
18 Boussaïdi
19 Khalifa
20 Abdennour
21 Mouelhi
22 Ben Cherifia
23 Khazri
Coach: Trabelsi
This biographical article related to Tunisian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"}],"text":"Mejdi Traoui (born December 13, 1983, in Sousse) is a Tunisian footballer.","title":"Mejdi Traoui"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Bull Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wehda_Club_(Mecca)"}],"text":"On May 1, 2008, Traoui signed a contract at Red Bull Salzburg until summer 2011. He made two substitute appearances in the Austrian Bundesliga for Red Bull Salzburg during 2008.[2] In January 2009 he was loaned to Al-Wehda for the remainder of the season.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2004 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2008 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"}],"text":"Traoui was part of the Tunisia 2004 Olympic football team, which exited in the first round, finishing third in group C, behind group and gold medal winners Argentina and runners-up Australia.[3]Traoui was picked by Tunisia for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. He scored a late equaliser, during Tunisia's 2-2 draw with Senegal during the first round of games in Tunisia's group D, on January 23.","title":"International career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 presented by Toyota: List of Players\" (PDF). FIFA. 11 December 2011. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119163204/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2011/pdf/FCWC_2011_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 presented by Toyota: List of Players\""},{"url":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2011/pdf/FCWC_2011_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stats Centre: Mejdi Traoui Facts\". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2009-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617065410/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=4&CPID=8&TEID=264&PLID=192390&pStr=Player","url_text":"\"Stats Centre: Mejdi Traoui Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian.co.uk","url_text":"Guardian.co.uk"},{"url":"http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=4&CPID=8&TEID=264&PLID=192390&pStr=Player","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mejdi Traoui Biography and Statistics\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2009-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418060909/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/mejdi-traoui-1.html","url_text":"\"Mejdi Traoui Biography and Statistics\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/mejdi-traoui-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119163204/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2011/pdf/FCWC_2011_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 presented by Toyota: List of Players\""},{"Link":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2011/pdf/FCWC_2011_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617065410/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=4&CPID=8&TEID=264&PLID=192390&pStr=Player","external_links_name":"\"Stats Centre: Mejdi Traoui Facts\""},{"Link":"http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=4&CPID=8&TEID=264&PLID=192390&pStr=Player","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418060909/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/mejdi-traoui-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Mejdi Traoui Biography and Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/mejdi-traoui-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/8400.html","external_links_name":"Mejdi Traoui"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mejdi_Traoui&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_PlusLiga | 2008–09 PlusLiga | ["1 Regular season","2 Playoffs","3 Final standings","4 External links"] | Sports season2008–09 PlusLigaLeaguePlusLigaSportVolleyballDuration10 October 2008 – 2 May 2009Number of teams10TV partner(s)Polsat SportLeague championsPGE Skra Bełchatów (5th title)Seasons← 2007–082009–10 →
The 2008–09 PlusLiga was the 73rd season of the Polish Volleyball Championship, the 9th season as a professional league, the first season under the name PlusLiga organized by the Professional Volleyball League SA (Polish: Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej SA) under the supervision of the Polish Volleyball Federation (Polish: Polski Związek Piłki Siatkowej).
PGE Skra Bełchatów won their 5th title of the Polish Champions.
Regular season
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SW
SL
SR
SPW
SPL
SPR
Qualification
1
PGE Skra Bełchatów
18
15
3
45
51
19
2.684
1633
1427
1.144
Playoffs
2
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
18
14
4
40
49
28
1.750
1751
1674
1.046
3
Asseco Resovia
18
13
5
39
43
23
1.870
1541
1389
1.109
4
Jastrzębski Węgiel
18
11
7
32
40
31
1.290
1658
1544
1.074
5
AZS UWM Olsztyn
18
9
9
27
34
34
1.000
1559
1540
1.012
6
Domex Tytan AZS Częstochowa
18
9
9
25
35
39
0.897
1587
1639
0.968
7
J.W. Construction Osram AZS Politechnika Warszawska
18
6
12
22
33
41
0.805
1602
1669
0.960
8
Delecta Bydgoszcz
18
6
12
18
29
45
0.644
1581
1698
0.931
9
Jadar Radom
18
5
13
15
20
43
0.465
1360
1470
0.925
10
Trefl Gdańsk
18
2
16
7
19
50
0.380
1436
1658
0.866
Source: PlusLiga
Playoffs
(to 3 victories)
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
1
PGE Skra Bełchatów
3
8
Delecta Bydgoszcz
0
1
PGE Skra Bełchatów
3
4
Jastrzębski Węgiel
0
5
AZS UWM Olsztyn
0
4
Jastrzębski Węgiel
3
1
PGE Skra Bełchatów
3
3
Asseco Resovia
0
3
Asseco Resovia
3
6
Domex Tytan AZS Częstochowa
0
3
Asseco Resovia
3
2
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
1
7
J.W. Construction Osram AZS Politechnika Warszawska
0
2
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
3
Final standings
Qualified for the 2009–10 CEV Champions League
Qualified for the 2009–10 CEV Cup
Playoffs with the 2nd team from the 1st league
Relegation to the 1st league
Rank
Team
PGE Skra Bełchatów
Asseco Resovia
Jastrzębski Węgiel
4
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
5
Domex Tytan AZS Częstochowa
6
AZS UWM Olsztyn
7
Delecta Bydgoszcz
8
J.W. Construction Osram AZS Politechnika Warszawska
9
Jadar Radom
10
Trefl Gdańsk
2009 Polish Champions
PGE Skra Bełchatów5th title
External links
Official website (in Polish)
vtePlusLiga2023–24 teams
Aluron CMC Warta Zawiercie
Asseco Resovia
Barkom-Kazhany Lviv
Bogdanka LUK Lublin
Enea Czarni Radom
Exact Systems Hemarpol Częstochowa
GKS Katowice
Grupa Azoty ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Indykpol AZS Olsztyn
Jastrzębski Węgiel
KGHM Cuprum Lubin
PGE GiEK Skra Bełchatów
Projekt Warsaw
PSG Stal Nysa
Ślepsk Malow Suwałki
Trefl Gdańsk
Seasons
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vtePolish Champions of men's volleyball
1929: YMCA Łódź
1930: AZS Warsaw
1931: ŁKS Łódź
1932: ŁKS Łódź
1933: Cracovia
1934: AZS Warsaw
1935: AZS Warsaw
1937: Polonia Warsaw
1938: AZS Wilno
1939: Sokół II Lwów
1946: Społem Warsaw
1947: AZS Warsaw
1948: AZS Wrocław
1949: AZS Warsaw
1950: AZS Wrocław
1952: AZS AWF Warsaw
1953: AZS AWF Warsaw
1954: AZS AWF Warsaw
1955: AZS AWF Warsaw
1956: AZS AWF Warsaw
1957: AZS AWF Warsaw
1958: AZS AWF Warsaw
1959: AZS AWF Warsaw
1960: AZS AWF Warsaw
1961: AZS AWF Warsaw
1962: Legia Warsaw
1963: AZS AWF Warsaw
1964: Legia Warsaw
1965: AZS AWF Warsaw
1966: AZS AWF Warsaw
1967: Legia Warsaw
1968: AZS AWF Warsaw
1969: Legia Warsaw
1970: Legia Warsaw
1971: Resovia
1972: Resovia
1973: AZS Olsztyn
1974: Resovia
1975: Resovia
1976: AZS Olsztyn
1977: Płomień Milowice
1978: AZS Olsztyn
1979: Płomień Milowice
1980: Gwardia Wrocław
1981: Gwardia Wrocław
1982: Gwardia Wrocław
1983: Legia Warsaw
1984: Legia Warsaw
1985: Stal Stocznia Szczecin
1986: Legia Warsaw
1987: Stal Stocznia Szczecin
1988: Hutnik Nowa Huta
1989: Hutnik Nowa Huta
1990: AZS Częstochowa
1991: AZS Olsztyn
1992: AZS Olsztyn
1993: AZS Częstochowa
1994: AZS Częstochowa
1995: AZS Częstochowa
1996: Płomień Sosnowiec
1997: AZS Częstochowa
1998: Mostostal ZA Kędzierzyn
1999: AZS Częstochowa
2000: Mostostal Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2001: Mostostal Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2002: Mostostal Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2003: Mostostal Azoty Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2004: Ivett Jastrzębie Borynia
2005: Skra Bełchatów
2006: BOT Skra Bełchatów
2007: BOT Skra Bełchatów
2008: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2009: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2010: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2011: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2012: Asseco Resovia
2013: Asseco Resovia
2014: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2015: Asseco Resovia
2016: ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2017: ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2018: PGE Skra Bełchatów
2019: ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2021: Jastrzębski Węgiel
2022: ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2023: Jastrzębski Węgiel
2024: Jastrzębski Węgiel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlusLiga"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"PGE Skra Bełchatów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Sports seasonThe 2008–09 PlusLiga was the 73rd season of the Polish Volleyball Championship, the 9th season as a professional league, the first season under the name PlusLiga organized by the Professional Volleyball League SA (Polish: Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej SA) under the supervision of the Polish Volleyball Federation (Polish: Polski Związek Piłki Siatkowej).PGE Skra Bełchatów won their 5th title of the Polish Champions.","title":"2008–09 PlusLiga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PlusLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.plusliga.pl/table/tour/2008.html"}],"text":"Source: PlusLiga","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(to 3 victories)","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PGE Skra Bełchatów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Asseco Resovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resovia_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Jastrzębski Węgiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bski_W%C4%99giel"},{"link_name":"ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAKSA_K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle"},{"link_name":"Domex Tytan AZS Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZS_Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"AZS UWM Olsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZS_Olsztyn_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Delecta Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemik_Bydgoszcz_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"J.W. Construction Osram AZS Politechnika Warszawska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZS_Politechnika_Warszawska"},{"link_name":"Jadar Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadar_Radom"},{"link_name":"Trefl Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefl_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"PGE Skra Bełchatów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skra_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Rank\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\nPGE Skra Bełchatów\n\n\n\n\nAsseco Resovia\n\n\n\n\nJastrzębski Węgiel\n\n\n4\n\nZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle\n\n\n5\n\nDomex Tytan AZS Częstochowa\n\n\n6\n\nAZS UWM Olsztyn\n\n\n7\n\nDelecta Bydgoszcz\n\n\n8\n\nJ.W. Construction Osram AZS Politechnika Warszawska\n\n\n9\n\nJadar Radom\n\n\n10\n\nTrefl Gdańsk\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 2009 Polish Champions \n\n\nPGE Skra Bełchatów5th title","title":"Final standings"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.plusliga.pl/table/tour/2008.html","external_links_name":"PlusLiga"},{"Link":"https://www.plusliga.pl/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May_Peninsula_AVA | Cape May Peninsula AVA | ["1 Boundary","2 Wineries","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American Viticultural Area in New Jersey
Cape May PeninsulaWine regionTypeAmerican Viticultural AreaYear established2018CountryUnited StatesPart ofNew Jersey, Outer Coastal Plain AVAClimate regionHumid subtropicalSoil conditionsDowner, Evesboro, Sassafras, Fort Mott , Hooksan, Swainton, AuraTotal area126,635 acres (51,247 ha)Size of planted vineyards115 acres (47 ha)Grapes producedAlbariño, Dolcetto, Tempranillo, Nebbiolo, Merlot, Barbera, Moscato, Malvasia, ViognierNo. of wineries7
The Cape May Peninsula AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in extreme southern New Jersey. The 126,635 acres (51,000 ha) wine appellation includes most of Cape May county and a small portion of Cumberland county. The region is characterized by well-drained sandy or sandy loam soils of low to moderate fertility, and a relatively long growing season. The climate is strongly moderated by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay. The region is in hardiness zones 6b, 7a, and 7b. The AVA is entirely contained within the larger Outer Coastal Plain AVA, but is distinguished from it primarily by a more moderate temperature, providing for a longer growing season.
Boundary
The Federal Register describes the Cape May Peninsula AVA as having the following boundaries:
(1) The beginning point is on the Ocean City quadrangle at the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour and the Garden State Parkway, on the southern shore of Great Egg Harbor, northwest of Golders Point. Proceed southeast, then generally southwest along the meandering 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Marmora quadrangle, then onto the Sea Isle City quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with an unnamed road known locally as Sea Isle Boulevard; then
(2) Proceed northwesterly along Sea Isle Boulevard to the intersection of the road with U.S. Highway 9; then
(3) Proceed southwesterly along U.S. Highway 9 to the intersection of the highway with the 10-foot elevation contour south of Magnolia Lake; then
(4) Proceed generally southwesterly along the meandering 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Woodbine quadrangle, then briefly back onto the Sea Isle City quadrangle, then back onto the Woodbine quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with the western span of the Garden State Parkway east of Clermont; then
(5) Proceed southwest along the Garden State Parkway to the intersection of the road with Uncle Aarons Creek; then
(6) Proceed westerly (upstream) along Uncle Aarons Creek to the intersection of the creek with the 10-foot elevation contour near the headwaters of the creek; then
(7) Proceed easterly, then southwesterly along the 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Stone Harbor quadrangle, then onto the northwesternmost corner of the Wildwood quadrangle, then onto Cape May quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with State Route 109 and Benchmark (BM) 8, east of Cold Spring; then
(8) Proceed southeast, then south, along State Route 109 to the intersection of the road with the north bank of the Cape May Canal; then
(9) Proceed northwest along the north bank of the Cape May Canal to the intersection of the canal with the railroad tracks (Pennsylvania Reading Seashore Lines); then
(10) Proceed south along the railroad tracks, crossing the canal, to the intersection of the railroad tracks with the south bank of the Cape May Canal; then
(11) Proceed east along the canal bank to the intersection of the canal with Cape Island Creek; then
(12) Proceed south, then northwest along the creek to the intersection of the creek with a tributary running north-south west of an unnamed road known locally as 1st Avenue; then
(13) Proceed north along the tributary to its intersection with Sunset Boulevard; then
(14) Proceed northwest along Sunset Boulevard to the intersection of the road with Benchmark (BM) 6; then
(15) Proceed south in a straight line to the shoreline; then
(16) Proceed west, then northwest, then northeast along the shoreline, rounding Cape May Point, and continuing northeasterly along the shoreline, crossing onto the Rio Grande quadrangle, then onto the Heislerville quadrangle, to the intersection of the shoreline with West Creek; then
(17) Proceed generally north along the meandering West Creek, passing through Pickle Factory Pond and Hands Millpond, and continuing along West Creek, crossing onto the Port Elizabeth quadrangle, and continuing along West Creek to the fork in the creek north of Wrights Crossway Road; then
(18) Proceed along the eastern fork of West Creek to the cranberry bog; then
(19) Proceed through the cranberry bog and continue northeasterly along the branch of West Creek that exits the cranberry bog to the creek's terminus south of an unnamed road known locally as Joe Mason Road; then
(20) Proceed northeast in a straight line to Tarkiln Brook Tributary; then
(21) Proceed easterly along Tarkiln Brook Tributary, passing through the cranberry bog, crossing onto the Tuckahoe quadrangle, and continuing along Tarkiln Brook tributary to its intersection with the Tuckahoe River and the Atlantic-Cape May County line; then
(22) Proceed easterly along the Atlantic-Cape May County line, crossing onto the Marmora and Cape May quadrangles, to the intersection of the Atlantic-Cape May County line with the Garden State Parkway on the Cape May quadrangle; then
(23) Proceed south along the Garden State Parkway, returning to the beginning point.
Wineries
As of 2019, there are 7 wineries in the Cape May Peninsula AVA. Most of the wineries in this AVA are also members of the Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association, an industry trade organization "dedicated to the establishment and promotion of sustainable and economically viable viticulture in the Outer Coastal Plain AVA of New Jersey."
Cape May Winery & Vineyard in North Cape May
G&W Winery in Rio Grande
Hawk Haven Vineyard & Winery in Rio Grande
Jessie Creek Winery in Dias Creek
Natali Vineyards in Goshen
Turdo Vineyards & Winery in North Cape May
Willow Creek Winery in West Cape May
See also
Alcohol laws of New Jersey
Central Delaware Valley AVA
Garden State Wine Growers Association
Judgment of Princeton
List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey
New Jersey Farm Winery Act
New Jersey wine
New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council
Outer Coastal Plain AVA
Warren Hills AVA
References
^ a b "Our Mission". Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ a b c d "Cape May Peninsula (AVA): Appellation Profile". Appellation America. 2007. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021.
^ a b "Cape May Wine Trail". Garden State Wine Growers Association. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ a b "Establishment of the Cape May Peninsula Viticultural Area". Federal Register. April 6, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
External links
Garden State Wine Growers Association
Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association
vteNew Jersey wineries, breweries, and distilleriesWineries
Alba Vineyard
Amalthea Cellars
Auburn Road Vineyards
Balic Winery
Bellview Winery
Beneduce Vineyards
Brook Hollow Winery
Cape May Winery & Vineyard
Cava Winery & Vineyard
Cedarvale Winery
Chestnut Run Farm
Coda Rossa Winery
Cream Ridge Winery
DeMastro Vineyards
DiBella Winery
DiMatteo Vineyards
Four JG's Orchards & Vineyards
Four Sisters Winery
Hawk Haven Vineyard & Winery
Heritage Vineyards
Hopewell Valley Vineyards
Jessie Creek Winery
Laurita Winery
Monroeville Vineyard & Winery
Mount Salem Vineyards
Natali Vineyards
Old York Cellars
Peppadew Fresh Vineyards
Plagido's Winery
Renault Winery
Sharrott Winery
Southwind Vineyard & Winery
Swansea Vineyards
Sylvin Farms Winery
Terhune Orchards
Tomasello Winery
Turdo Vineyards & Winery
Unionville Vineyards
Vacchiano Farm
Valenzano Winery
Ventimiglia Vineyard
Villa Milagro Vineyards
Wagonhouse Winery
Westfall Winery
Willow Creek Winery
Working Dog Winery
Breweries
Anheuser-Busch
Artisan's Brewery
Basil T's Brewery
Carton Brewing
Climax Brewing
Cricket Hill Brewery
Egan & Sons
Flounder Brewing
Flying Fish Brewing
Gaslight Brewery
Ghost Hawk Brewing Company
Harvest Moon Brewery
High Point Brewing
Iron Hill Brewery (Maple Shade)
Iron Hill Brewery (Voorhees)
J.J. Bitting Brewing
Kane Brewing
Krogh's Brewpub
Long Valley Brewery
New Jersey Beer Company
River Horse Brewery
Ship Inn
Trap Rock Brewery
Triumph Brewing
Tuckahoe Brewing
Tun Tavern Brewery
Turtle Stone Brewing
Distilleries
Laird & Company
Jersey Artisan Distilling
General articles
Alcohol laws of New Jersey
Beer in New Jersey
Cape May Peninsula AVA
Central Delaware Valley AVA
Christian William Feigenspan
Edward Antill
Garden State Wine Growers Association
Judgment of Princeton
List of dry towns in New Jersey
List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey
New Jersey distilled spirits
New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control
New Jersey Farm Winery Act
New Jersey wine
New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council
Outer Coastal Plain AVA
Warren Hills AVA
William Alexander | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Viticultural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"Cape May county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Cumberland county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"loam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"hardiness zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plant_Zone-5"},{"link_name":"Outer Coastal Plain AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Coastal_Plain_AVA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The Cape May Peninsula AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in extreme southern New Jersey. The 126,635 acres (51,000 ha) wine appellation includes most of Cape May county and a small portion of Cumberland county.[4] The region is characterized by well-drained sandy or sandy loam soils of low to moderate fertility, and a relatively long growing season. The climate is strongly moderated by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay. The region is in hardiness zones 6b, 7a, and 7b.[5] The AVA is entirely contained within the larger Outer Coastal Plain AVA, but is distinguished from it primarily by a more moderate temperature, providing for a longer growing season.[4]","title":"Cape May Peninsula AVA"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Federal Register describes the Cape May Peninsula AVA as having the following boundaries:(1) The beginning point is on the Ocean City quadrangle at the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour and the Garden State Parkway, on the southern shore of Great Egg Harbor, northwest of Golders Point. Proceed southeast, then generally southwest along the meandering 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Marmora quadrangle, then onto the Sea Isle City quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with an unnamed road known locally as Sea Isle Boulevard; then\n(2) Proceed northwesterly along Sea Isle Boulevard to the intersection of the road with U.S. Highway 9; then\n(3) Proceed southwesterly along U.S. Highway 9 to the intersection of the highway with the 10-foot elevation contour south of Magnolia Lake; then\n(4) Proceed generally southwesterly along the meandering 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Woodbine quadrangle, then briefly back onto the Sea Isle City quadrangle, then back onto the Woodbine quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with the western span of the Garden State Parkway east of Clermont; then\n(5) Proceed southwest along the Garden State Parkway to the intersection of the road with Uncle Aarons Creek; then\n(6) Proceed westerly (upstream) along Uncle Aarons Creek to the intersection of the creek with the 10-foot elevation contour near the headwaters of the creek; then\n(7) Proceed easterly, then southwesterly along the 10-foot elevation contour, crossing onto the Stone Harbor quadrangle, then onto the northwesternmost corner of the Wildwood quadrangle, then onto Cape May quadrangle, to the intersection of the 10-foot elevation contour with State Route 109 and Benchmark (BM) 8, east of Cold Spring; then\n(8) Proceed southeast, then south, along State Route 109 to the intersection of the road with the north bank of the Cape May Canal; then\n(9) Proceed northwest along the north bank of the Cape May Canal to the intersection of the canal with the railroad tracks (Pennsylvania Reading Seashore Lines); then\n(10) Proceed south along the railroad tracks, crossing the canal, to the intersection of the railroad tracks with the south bank of the Cape May Canal; then\n(11) Proceed east along the canal bank to the intersection of the canal with Cape Island Creek; then\n(12) Proceed south, then northwest along the creek to the intersection of the creek with a tributary running north-south west of an unnamed road known locally as 1st Avenue; then\n(13) Proceed north along the tributary to its intersection with Sunset Boulevard; then\n(14) Proceed northwest along Sunset Boulevard to the intersection of the road with Benchmark (BM) 6; then\n(15) Proceed south in a straight line to the shoreline; then\n(16) Proceed west, then northwest, then northeast along the shoreline, rounding Cape May Point, and continuing northeasterly along the shoreline, crossing onto the Rio Grande quadrangle, then onto the Heislerville quadrangle, to the intersection of the shoreline with West Creek; then\n(17) Proceed generally north along the meandering West Creek, passing through Pickle Factory Pond and Hands Millpond, and continuing along West Creek, crossing onto the Port Elizabeth quadrangle, and continuing along West Creek to the fork in the creek north of Wrights Crossway Road; then\n(18) Proceed along the eastern fork of West Creek to the cranberry bog; then\n(19) Proceed through the cranberry bog and continue northeasterly along the branch of West Creek that exits the cranberry bog to the creek's terminus south of an unnamed road known locally as Joe Mason Road; then\n(20) Proceed northeast in a straight line to Tarkiln Brook Tributary; then\n(21) Proceed easterly along Tarkiln Brook Tributary, passing through the cranberry bog, crossing onto the Tuckahoe quadrangle, and continuing along Tarkiln Brook tributary to its intersection with the Tuckahoe River and the Atlantic-Cape May County line; then\n(22) Proceed easterly along the Atlantic-Cape May County line, crossing onto the Marmora and Cape May quadrangles, to the intersection of the Atlantic-Cape May County line with the Garden State Parkway on the Cape May quadrangle; then\n\n(23) Proceed south along the Garden State Parkway, returning to the beginning point.","title":"Boundary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_May_Peninsula_AVA&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPVA-1"},{"link_name":"Cape May Winery & Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May_Winery_%26_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"North Cape May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cape_May,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hawk Haven Vineyard & Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_Haven_Vineyard_%26_Winery"},{"link_name":"Jessie Creek Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Creek_Winery"},{"link_name":"Dias Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dias_Creek,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Natali Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natali_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"Goshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Turdo Vineyards & Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdo_Vineyards_%26_Winery"},{"link_name":"Willow Creek Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Creek_Winery"},{"link_name":"West Cape May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cape_May,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"As of 2019[update], there are 7 wineries in the Cape May Peninsula AVA.[3] Most of the wineries in this AVA are also members of the Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association, an industry trade organization \"dedicated to the establishment and promotion of sustainable and economically viable viticulture in the Outer Coastal Plain AVA of New Jersey.\"[1]Cape May Winery & Vineyard in North Cape May\nG&W Winery in Rio Grande\nHawk Haven Vineyard & Winery in Rio Grande\nJessie Creek Winery in Dias Creek\nNatali Vineyards in Goshen\nTurdo Vineyards & Winery in North Cape May\nWillow Creek Winery in West Cape May","title":"Wineries"}] | [] | [{"title":"Alcohol laws of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_Jersey"},{"title":"Central Delaware Valley AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Delaware_Valley_AVA"},{"title":"Garden State Wine Growers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Wine_Growers_Association"},{"title":"Judgment of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_of_Princeton"},{"title":"List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wineries,_breweries,_and_distilleries_in_New_Jersey"},{"title":"New Jersey Farm Winery Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Farm_Winery_Act"},{"title":"New Jersey wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_wine"},{"title":"New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Wine_Industry_Advisory_Council"},{"title":"Outer Coastal Plain AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Coastal_Plain_AVA"},{"title":"Warren Hills AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hills_AVA"}] | [{"reference":"\"Our Mission\". Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association. Retrieved April 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://outercoastalplain.com/mission","url_text":"\"Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape May Peninsula (AVA): Appellation Profile\". Appellation America. 2007. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Cape-May-Peninsula.html","url_text":"\"Cape May Peninsula (AVA): Appellation Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222857/http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Cape-May-Peninsula.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cape May Wine Trail\". Garden State Wine Growers Association. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newjerseywines.com/cape-may-wine-trail/","url_text":"\"Cape May Wine Trail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Establishment of the Cape May Peninsula Viticultural Area\". Federal Register. April 6, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/06/2018-07094/establishment-of-the-cape-may-peninsula-viticultural-area","url_text":"\"Establishment of the Cape May Peninsula Viticultural Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map\". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/#","url_text":"\"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_May_Peninsula_AVA&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://outercoastalplain.com/mission","external_links_name":"\"Our Mission\""},{"Link":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Cape-May-Peninsula.html","external_links_name":"\"Cape May Peninsula (AVA): Appellation Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222857/http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-region/Cape-May-Peninsula.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newjerseywines.com/cape-may-wine-trail/","external_links_name":"\"Cape May Wine Trail\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/06/2018-07094/establishment-of-the-cape-may-peninsula-viticultural-area","external_links_name":"\"Establishment of the Cape May Peninsula Viticultural Area\""},{"Link":"https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/#","external_links_name":"\"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.newjerseywines.com/","external_links_name":"Garden State Wine Growers Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093844/http://www.outercoastalplain.com/","external_links_name":"Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_road_sensing_suspension | MagneRide | ["1 Background","2 History","3 Differentiating features","4 Improvements","4.1 Dual coils","5 Applications","6 References","7 External links"] | Adaptive suspension system
MagneRide is an automotive adaptive suspension with magnetorheological damper system developed by the Delphi Automotive corporation, that uses magnetically controlled dampers, or shock absorbers, for a highly adaptive ride. As opposed to traditional suspension systems, MagneRide has no mechanical valves or even small moving parts that can wear. This system consists of monotube dampers, one on each corner of the vehicle, a sensor set, and an ECU (electronic control unit) to maintain the system.
Background
The dampers are filled with magnetorheological fluid, a mixture of easily magnetized iron particles in a synthetic hydrocarbon oil. In each of the monotube dampers is a piston containing two electromagnetic coils and two small fluid passages through the piston. The electromagnets are able to create a variable magnetic field across the fluid passages. When the magnets are off, the fluid travels through the passages freely. When the magnets are turned on, the iron particles in the fluid create a fibrous structure through the passages in the same direction as the magnetic field. The strength of the bonds between the magnetized iron particles causes the effective viscosity of the fluid to increase resulting in a stiffer suspension. Altering the strength of the current results in an instantaneous change in force of the piston. If the sensors sense any body roll, they communicate the information to the ECU. The ECU will compensate for this by changing the strength of the current to the appropriate dampers.
History
The first generation was created by Delphi Corporation during a period when it was a subsidiary of General Motors (GM). Originally licensed only to General Motors vehicles, it debuted on the 2002.5 Cadillac Seville STS. The first sports car to use the technology was the 2003 C5 Corvette. Delphi would later license the technology to other manufacturers such as Ferrari and Audi. BeijingWest Industries, BWI, acquired MagneRide IP in 2009.
Differentiating features
Low-velocity damping control
Ability to "draw" force-velocity curve
Fast response
Improvements
Generation II MagneRide continued to use a single electromagnetic coil inside the damper piston. Changes from the previous generation include uprated seals and bearings to extend its application to heavier cars and SUV's. The most notable improvements in the new system are the ECU and coils.
A smaller, lighter, more capable ECU debuted with GenII
The legislative requirement for lead-free ECU's caused BWI to redesign their control unit for the third generation. Because they could not use lead, BWI designed their new ECU from scratch. The new and improved ECU has three times the computing capacity as the previous edition as well as ten times more memory. It also has greater tuneability.
Dual coils
The third generation introduced a second electromagnetic coil in the piston of each damper, improving turn-off response. With the single electromagnetic coil, there was a small delay from when the ECU turned off the current to when the damper lost its magnetic field. This was caused by a temporary electric current, or eddy current, in the electromagnet. BWI greatly reduced this delay with its dual coil system. The two coils are wound in opposite directions to each other, cancelling out the eddy currents. The dual coil system effectively eliminated the delay, causing a quicker responding suspension system.
Applications
MagneRide was first used by General Motors in the Cadillac Seville STS (2002.5) sedan, first used in a sports car in the 2003 C5 Corvette, and is now used as a standard suspension or an option in many models for Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet, and other GM vehicles. It can also be found on some Holden Special Vehicles, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Ford and Audi vehicles.
Specific Applications:
Buick Lucerne: CXS trim; Lucerne Super
Chevrolet Camaro: Standard equipment on ZL1 trim (2012–2024) and optional on SS trim (2016–2024)
Chevrolet Corvette C5: Standard equipment on 2003 50th anniversary model, optional on 2003-2004 model years
Chevrolet Corvette C6: optional in coupe trim starting in 2005 model year and in hardtop (Z06) trim starting in 2012 model year; standard equipment in ZR1.
Chevrolet Corvette C7: Optional with Z51 package, standard on Z06 and ZR1
Chevrolet Corvette C8: Optional with Z51 package, standard on Z06
Chevrolet SS (2015-2017)
Cadillac XLR and Cadillac XLR-V (2004–2009) standard on all models
Cadillac ATS and Cadillac ATS-V (2013–): standard with 3.6L or 2.0T option package
Cadillac Celestiq (2023-): standard along with air suspension and Active Roll Control
Cadillac CT4-V (2020–): standard on CT4-V
Cadillac CT5-V (2020–): fourth generation Magnetic Ride Control standard on CT5-V
Cadillac CTS and Cadillac CTS-V (2009–) (Magnetic Ride Control)
Cadillac CT6 (2016–): standard on Platinum, optional on other models except PHEV
Cadillac Escalade (2008-): standard
Cadillac SRX (2004–09): standard with Performance or Premium option package.
Cadillac DTS (2006–11): standard with Performance or Premium option package.
Cadillac STS (2005–11): standard with Northstar V8 and 1SG option package.
Cadillac Seville STS (2002–03): Debut application for MagneRide, replacing Continuously Variable Road-Sensing Suspension (CVRSS).
GMC Sierra (Denali Trim) (2015-)
GMC Yukon and Yukon XL (LTZ Trim) (2015-)
Ford Mustang Ecoboost (2018–): Optional in Performance Package (2018–2019); Standard in Handling Package, which requires High Performance Package (2020–)
Ford Mustang GT (2018–): Optional in Performance Package, Standard in Performance Package Level 2
Ford Mustang Bullitt (2019–2020): Optional
Ford Mustang Shelby GT350 (2015–2020) and GT500 (2020–2022): Standard
Ford Mustang Mach-E: GT Performance Edition
HSV Senator
HSV GTS
HSV W427
Acura MDX Sport Package
Acura ZDX
Acura NSX
Acura TLX (2021–)
Audi TT (magnetic ride)
Audi S3 (magnetic ride)
Audi R8 (magnetic ride)
Land Rover Discovery Sport
Land Rover Range Rover Evoque
Ferrari 599
Ferrari F12berlinetta
Ferrari California
Ferrari FF
Ferrari 458 Italia
Ferrari La Ferrari
Ferrari Roma
Lamborghini Aventador
Lamborghini Huracán
References
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Delphi-iss.com". www.delphi-iss.com.
^ Economist, Vol. 371 Issue 8379
^ a b "General Motors Magnetic Ride Control Technology". 14 January 2017.
^ "History of Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation – FundingUniverse".
^ "BWIGroup - Suspension - MAGNERIDE™ CONTROLLED SUSPENSION SYSTEM". Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
^ Rowe, Richard. "How Do Magnetic Shocks Work?". topspeed. Valnet Inc. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^ "Smooth Ride", Professional Engineering
^ "Core Technology", Automotive Engineer
^ "Third Generation of Bwi Magneride Ride Control Technology Debuts In New Range Rover Evoque", Electronic Specifier – Automotive
^ "For Cadillac and Corvette Fans: Exploring the History of GM's Magnetic Ride Control". 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
^ Aaron Bragman (April 6, 2020), "2020 Cadillac CT5-V Test Drive: Great Car, Awful Timing", Cars.com
^ "CTS Sport Sedan | Cadillac". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
^ a b c d "2019 Mustang Order Guide" (PDF). Ford. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ a b c d "2020 Mustang Order Guide" (PDF). Ford. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "2022 Mustang Mach E Product Brochure". Ford. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ a b "2013 Acura MDX undefined" Archived 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine (video)
^ "Audi R8 Magnetic Ride - Vidéo dailymotion". Dailymotion. 14 November 2008.
^ "Range Rover Evoque: driven" Archived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, review on the website of the BBC's Top Gear
External links
BWI Group
MagneRide Company
"BWI wraps up Delphi deal", China Daily
vteAutomotive handlingMain topics
Car handling
Center of mass
Downforce
Drifting
Electronic Stability Control
Fishtailing
Inboard brake
Oversteer
Steering
Suspension
Tire / Tyre
Transaxle
Understeer
Unsprung mass
Vehicle dynamics
Weight transfer
Spring types
Coil
Leaf
Pneumatic
Torsion
Suspension typesDependent
Beam axle
De Dion tube
Semi-independent
Twist beam
Independent
Double wishbone (Jaguar IRS)
Dubonnet
MacPherson strut (Chapman strut)
Multi-link
Sliding pillar
Swing axle
Trailing arm (Semi-trailing arm)
vteChassis control systemPart of the Automobile seriesSuspension
Anti-roll bar (sway bar)
Axle
Axle track
Beam axle
Camber angle
Car handling
Coil spring
De Dion tube
Double wishbone
Hydrolastic (Hydragas)
Hydropneumatic
Independent suspension
Leaf spring
Live axle
MacPherson strut
Multi-link suspension
Panhard rod
Shock absorber
Swing axle
Toe angle
Torsion bar
Trailing arm
Unsprung mass
Watt's linkage
Wheel alignment
Wheelbase
Steering
Ackermann steering geometry
Caster angle
Kingpin
Oversteer
Power steering
Rack and pinion
Torque steering
Understeer
Brakes
Automatic braking
Anti-lock braking system
Active rollover protection
Brake bleeding
Brake fade
Brake fluid
Brake lining
Combined braking system
Disc brake
Drum brake
Electric park brake
Electronic brakeforce distribution
Electronic stability control
Engine braking
Hydraulic brake
Hydraulic fluid
Inboard brake
Parking brake
Regenerative brake
Vacuum servo
RoadwheelsTires (Tyres)
Alloy wheel
Custom wheel
Drive wheel
Hubcap
Outline of tires
Rostyle wheel
Spinner
Whitewall tire
Wire wheels
Portal
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adaptive suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_suspension"},{"link_name":"magnetorheological damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_damper"},{"link_name":"Delphi Automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Automotive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"shock absorbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorbers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ECU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Control_Unit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"MagneRide is an automotive adaptive suspension with magnetorheological damper system developed by the Delphi Automotive corporation,[1][2] that uses magnetically controlled dampers, or shock absorbers, for a highly adaptive ride. As opposed to traditional suspension systems, MagneRide has no mechanical valves or even small moving parts that can wear.[3] This system consists of monotube dampers, one on each corner of the vehicle, a sensor set, and an ECU (electronic control unit) to maintain the system.[4][5]","title":"MagneRide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnetorheological fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_fluid"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"},{"link_name":"magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The dampers are filled with magnetorheological fluid, a mixture of easily magnetized iron particles in a synthetic hydrocarbon oil. In each of the monotube dampers is a piston containing two electromagnetic coils and two small fluid passages through the piston. The electromagnets are able to create a variable magnetic field across the fluid passages. When the magnets are off, the fluid travels through the passages freely. When the magnets are turned on, the iron particles in the fluid create a fibrous structure through the passages in the same direction as the magnetic field. The strength of the bonds between the magnetized iron particles causes the effective viscosity of the fluid to increase resulting in a stiffer suspension. Altering the strength of the current results in an instantaneous change in force of the piston.[6] If the sensors sense any body roll, they communicate the information to the ECU. The ECU will compensate for this by changing the strength of the current to the appropriate dampers.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delphi Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Corporation"},{"link_name":"General Motors (GM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Seville STS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Seville"},{"link_name":"C5 Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C5)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BeijingWest Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeijingWest_Industries"}],"text":"The first generation was created by Delphi Corporation during a period when it was a subsidiary of General Motors (GM). Originally licensed only to General Motors vehicles, it debuted on the 2002.5 Cadillac Seville STS. The first sports car to use the technology was the 2003 C5 Corvette. Delphi would later license the technology to other manufacturers such as Ferrari and Audi.[4][7] BeijingWest Industries, BWI, acquired MagneRide IP in 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Low-velocity damping control\nAbility to \"draw\" force-velocity curve\nFast response","title":"Differentiating features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Generation II MagneRide continued to use a single electromagnetic coil inside the damper piston. Changes from the previous generation include uprated seals and bearings to extend its application to heavier cars and SUV's.[8] The most notable improvements in the new system are the ECU and coils.\nA smaller, lighter, more capable ECU debuted with GenIIThe legislative requirement for lead-free ECU's caused BWI to redesign their control unit for the third generation. Because they could not use lead, BWI designed their new ECU from scratch. The new and improved ECU has three times the computing capacity as the previous edition as well as ten times more memory.[9] It also has greater tuneability.","title":"Improvements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eddy current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElectronicSpecifier-10"}],"sub_title":"Dual coils","text":"The third generation introduced a second electromagnetic coil in the piston of each damper, improving turn-off response. With the single electromagnetic coil, there was a small delay from when the ECU turned off the current to when the damper lost its magnetic field. This was caused by a temporary electric current, or eddy current, in the electromagnet. BWI greatly reduced this delay with its dual coil system. The two coils are wound in opposite directions to each other, cancelling out the eddy currents.[10] The dual coil system effectively eliminated the delay, causing a quicker responding suspension system.","title":"Improvements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Seville"},{"link_name":"C5 Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C5)"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac"},{"link_name":"Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Holden Special Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Buick Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette C5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette C6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C6"},{"link_name":"ZR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C6_ZR1"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette C7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C7"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette C8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C8"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VF)#Chevrolet_SS"},{"link_name":"Cadillac XLR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XLR"},{"link_name":"Cadillac XLR-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XLR-V"},{"link_name":"Cadillac ATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS"},{"link_name":"Cadillac ATS-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS-V"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Celestiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Celestiq"},{"link_name":"Cadillac CT4-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CT4#CT4-V"},{"link_name":"Cadillac CT5-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CT5#CT5-V"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cadillac CTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CTS"},{"link_name":"Cadillac CTS-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CTS-V"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cadillac CT6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CT6"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Escalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade"},{"link_name":"Cadillac SRX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_SRX"},{"link_name":"Cadillac DTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_DTS"},{"link_name":"Cadillac STS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_STS"},{"link_name":"Northstar V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_engine_series"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Seville STS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Seville"},{"link_name":"GMC Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Sierra"},{"link_name":"GMC Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang Ecoboost (2018–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_(sixth_generation)#Options"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder19-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder20-15"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang GT (2018–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_(sixth_generation)#Options"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder19-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder20-15"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang Bullitt (2019–2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_(sixth_generation)#Bullitt_Mustang_(2019)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder19-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder20-15"},{"link_name":"Shelby GT350 (2015–2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Mustang#Ford_Performance_3rd_generation_Shelby_GT350_(2015%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"GT500 (2020–2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Mustang#Ford_Performance_3rd_generation_Shelby_GT500_(2020%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder19-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangorder20-15"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang Mach-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_Mach-E"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mustangmache-16"},{"link_name":"HSV Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_Senator"},{"link_name":"HSV GTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_GTS"},{"link_name":"HSV W427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_W427"},{"link_name":"Acura MDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura_MDX#Second_generation_(YD2;_2007)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcuraVideo-17"},{"link_name":"Acura ZDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura_ZDX"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AcuraVideo-17"},{"link_name":"Acura NSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura_NSX"},{"link_name":"Acura TLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura_TLX"},{"link_name":"Audi TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_TT"},{"link_name":"magnetic ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_ride"},{"link_name":"Audi S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_S3"},{"link_name":"magnetic ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_ride"},{"link_name":"Audi R8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_R8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyMotion-18"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Discovery Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery_Sport"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Range Rover Evoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Evoque"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TopGear-19"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_599"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F12berlinetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F12berlinetta"},{"link_name":"Ferrari California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_California"},{"link_name":"Ferrari FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_FF"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 458 Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_458_Italia"},{"link_name":"Ferrari La Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Roma"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Aventador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Aventador"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Huracán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Hurac%C3%A1n"}],"text":"MagneRide was first used by General Motors in the Cadillac Seville STS (2002.5) sedan, first used in a sports car in the 2003 C5 Corvette, and is now used as a standard suspension or an option in many models for Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet, and other GM vehicles. It can also be found on some Holden Special Vehicles, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Ford and Audi vehicles.Specific Applications:Buick Lucerne: CXS trim; Lucerne Super\nChevrolet Camaro: Standard equipment on ZL1 trim (2012–2024) and optional on SS trim (2016–2024)\nChevrolet Corvette C5: Standard equipment on 2003 50th anniversary model, optional on 2003-2004 model years[11]\nChevrolet Corvette C6: optional in coupe trim starting in 2005 model year and in hardtop (Z06) trim starting in 2012 model year; standard equipment in ZR1.\nChevrolet Corvette C7: Optional with Z51 package, standard on Z06 and ZR1\nChevrolet Corvette C8: Optional with Z51 package, standard on Z06\nChevrolet SS (2015-2017)\nCadillac XLR and Cadillac XLR-V (2004–2009) standard on all models\nCadillac ATS and Cadillac ATS-V (2013–): standard with 3.6L or 2.0T option package\nCadillac Celestiq (2023-): standard along with air suspension and Active Roll Control\nCadillac CT4-V (2020–): standard on CT4-V\nCadillac CT5-V (2020–): fourth generation Magnetic Ride Control standard on CT5-V[12]\nCadillac CTS and Cadillac CTS-V (2009–) (Magnetic Ride Control)[13]\nCadillac CT6 (2016–): standard on Platinum, optional on other models except PHEV\nCadillac Escalade (2008-): standard\nCadillac SRX (2004–09): standard with Performance or Premium option package.\nCadillac DTS (2006–11): standard with Performance or Premium option package.\nCadillac STS (2005–11): standard with Northstar V8 and 1SG option package.\nCadillac Seville STS (2002–03): Debut application for MagneRide, replacing Continuously Variable Road-Sensing Suspension (CVRSS).\nGMC Sierra (Denali Trim) (2015-)\nGMC Yukon and Yukon XL (LTZ Trim) (2015-)\nFord Mustang Ecoboost (2018–): Optional in Performance Package (2018–2019); Standard in Handling Package, which requires High Performance Package (2020–)[14][15]\nFord Mustang GT (2018–): Optional in Performance Package, Standard in Performance Package Level 2[14][15]\nFord Mustang Bullitt (2019–2020): Optional[14][15]\nFord Mustang Shelby GT350 (2015–2020) and GT500 (2020–2022): Standard[14][15]\nFord Mustang Mach-E: GT Performance Edition[16]HSV Senator\nHSV GTS\nHSV W427\nAcura MDX[17] Sport Package\nAcura ZDX[17]\nAcura NSX\nAcura TLX (2021–)\nAudi TT (magnetic ride)\nAudi S3 (magnetic ride)\nAudi R8 (magnetic ride)[18]\nLand Rover Discovery Sport\nLand Rover Range Rover Evoque[19]\nFerrari 599\nFerrari F12berlinetta\nFerrari California\nFerrari FF\nFerrari 458 Italia\nFerrari La Ferrari\nFerrari Roma\nLamborghini Aventador\nLamborghini Huracán","title":"Applications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054243/http://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=488981","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=488981","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delphi-iss.com\". www.delphi-iss.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.delphi-iss.com/index.asp?pageID=20013","url_text":"\"Delphi-iss.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Motors Magnetic Ride Control Technology\". 14 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/general-motors-technology/gm-chassis-suspension-technology/gm-magnetic-ride-control-technology/","url_text":"\"General Motors Magnetic Ride Control Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation – FundingUniverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/delphi-automotive-systems-corporation-history/","url_text":"\"History of Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation – FundingUniverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWIGroup - Suspension - MAGNERIDE™ CONTROLLED SUSPENSION SYSTEM\". Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2015-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165457/http://www.bwigroup.com/en/pshow.php?pid=22","url_text":"\"BWIGroup - Suspension - MAGNERIDE™ CONTROLLED SUSPENSION SYSTEM\""},{"url":"http://www.bwigroup.com/en/pshow.php?pid=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowe, Richard. \"How Do Magnetic Shocks Work?\". topspeed. Valnet Inc. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/guides/how-do-magnetic-shocks-work/#basic-shock-function","url_text":"\"How Do Magnetic Shocks Work?\""}]},{"reference":"\"For Cadillac and Corvette Fans: Exploring the History of GM's Magnetic Ride Control\". 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2016-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motortrend.com/news/for-cadillac-and-corvette-fans-exploring-the-history-of-gm-magnetic-ride-control-318181/","url_text":"\"For Cadillac and Corvette Fans: Exploring the History of GM's Magnetic Ride Control\""}]},{"reference":"Aaron Bragman (April 6, 2020), \"2020 Cadillac CT5-V Test Drive: Great Car, Awful Timing\", Cars.com","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cars.com/articles/2020-cadillac-ct5-v-test-drive-great-car-awful-timing-419777/","url_text":"\"2020 Cadillac CT5-V Test Drive: Great Car, Awful Timing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars.com","url_text":"Cars.com"}]},{"reference":"\"CTS Sport Sedan | Cadillac\". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2014-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227135744/http://www.cadillac.com/2014-cts-sport-sedan.html","url_text":"\"CTS Sport Sedan | Cadillac\""},{"url":"http://www.cadillac.com/2014-cts-sport-sedan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Mustang Order Guide\" (PDF). Ford. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/product/2019/mustang/2019-Mustang-Order-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Mustang Order Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Mustang Order Guide\" (PDF). Ford. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/product/2020/mustang/2020-Mustang-Order-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Mustang Order Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Mustang Mach E Product Brochure\". Ford. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520021821/https://www.ford.com/aemservices/brand/api/nameplate/brochure?region=US&make=Ford&model=Mache&year=2022","url_text":"\"2022 Mustang Mach E Product Brochure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford"},{"url":"https://www.ford.com/aemservices/brand/api/nameplate/brochure?region=US&make=Ford&model=Mache&year=2022","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Audi R8 Magnetic Ride - Vidéo dailymotion\". Dailymotion. 14 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7epd9_audi-r8-magnetic-ride_auto","url_text":"\"Audi R8 Magnetic Ride - Vidéo dailymotion\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054243/http://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=488981","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=488981","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.delphi-iss.com/index.asp?pageID=20013","external_links_name":"\"Delphi-iss.com\""},{"Link":"https://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/general-motors-technology/gm-chassis-suspension-technology/gm-magnetic-ride-control-technology/","external_links_name":"\"General Motors Magnetic Ride Control Technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/delphi-automotive-systems-corporation-history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Delphi Automotive Systems Corporation – FundingUniverse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165457/http://www.bwigroup.com/en/pshow.php?pid=22","external_links_name":"\"BWIGroup - Suspension - MAGNERIDE™ CONTROLLED SUSPENSION SYSTEM\""},{"Link":"http://www.bwigroup.com/en/pshow.php?pid=22","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/guides/how-do-magnetic-shocks-work/#basic-shock-function","external_links_name":"\"How Do Magnetic Shocks Work?\""},{"Link":"http://www.automotive-electronicspecifier.com/Chassis-and-Steering/Third-Generation-Of-Bwi-Magneride-Ride-Control-Technology-Debuts-In-New-Range-Rover-Evoque.asp","external_links_name":"\"Third Generation of Bwi Magneride Ride Control Technology Debuts In New Range Rover Evoque\""},{"Link":"https://www.motortrend.com/news/for-cadillac-and-corvette-fans-exploring-the-history-of-gm-magnetic-ride-control-318181/","external_links_name":"\"For Cadillac and Corvette Fans: Exploring the History of GM's Magnetic Ride Control\""},{"Link":"https://www.cars.com/articles/2020-cadillac-ct5-v-test-drive-great-car-awful-timing-419777/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Cadillac CT5-V Test Drive: Great Car, Awful Timing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227135744/http://www.cadillac.com/2014-cts-sport-sedan.html","external_links_name":"\"CTS Sport Sedan | Cadillac\""},{"Link":"http://www.cadillac.com/2014-cts-sport-sedan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/product/2019/mustang/2019-Mustang-Order-Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2019 Mustang Order Guide\""},{"Link":"https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/product/2020/mustang/2020-Mustang-Order-Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 Mustang Order Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220520021821/https://www.ford.com/aemservices/brand/api/nameplate/brochure?region=US&make=Ford&model=Mache&year=2022","external_links_name":"\"2022 Mustang Mach E Product Brochure\""},{"Link":"https://www.ford.com/aemservices/brand/api/nameplate/brochure?region=US&make=Ford&model=Mache&year=2022","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.acura.com/VideoGallery.aspx?model=MDX&modelYear=2011&context=photos-videos#/video1","external_links_name":"\"2013 Acura MDX undefined\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901231604/http://www.acura.com/VideoGallery.aspx?model=MDX&modelYear=2011&context=photos-videos#/video1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7epd9_audi-r8-magnetic-ride_auto","external_links_name":"\"Audi R8 Magnetic Ride - Vidéo dailymotion\""},{"Link":"http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/land-rover-evoque-driven-2011-03","external_links_name":"\"Range Rover Evoque: driven\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110906072154/http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/land-rover-evoque-driven-2011-03","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bwigroup.com/","external_links_name":"BWI Group"},{"Link":"http://www.magneride.com/","external_links_name":"MagneRide Company"},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-11/03/content_8905275.htm","external_links_name":"\"BWI wraps up Delphi deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.n2003.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Rose | Rose d'Or | ["1 Format","2 History","3 Golden Rose winners","3.1 1961–2003","3.2 2004","3.3 2005","3.4 2006","3.5 2007","3.6 2008","3.7 2009","3.8 2010","3.9 2012","3.10 2013","3.11 2014","3.12 2015","3.13 2016","3.14 2017","3.15 2018","3.16 2019","3.17 2020","3.18 2021","3.19 2022","3.20 2023","4 References","5 External links"] | Award
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rose d'Or" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
AwardRose d'OrAwarded forExcellence in televisionSponsored byEuropean Broadcasting Union (EBU)First awarded27 May 1961; 63 years ago (1961-05-27)Websitewww.rosedor.com
The Rose d'Or ('Golden Rose') is an international awards festival in entertainment broadcasting and programming. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) first acquired the Rose d’Or in 1961, when it was created by Swiss Television in the lakeside city of Montreux. The awards stayed with the EBU for almost 40 years. The EBU re-acquired the awards in 2013 and successfully re-launched the event that year in Brussels, then relocated to Berlin from 2014 to 2018.
In 2014 the event took place on 17 September in Berlin, Germany. For the first time in its 53-year history, the competition categories were extended to include radio and online video programmes in addition to the traditional focus on television. Producers, executives from independent and public service broadcasters and heads of production companies from several countries took part.
In 2019 the EBU partnered with international publishing company and digital channels business C21Media to take over the organisation of the Rose d’Or Awards. The 60th Rose d’Or was held virtually in November 2021.
Format
Categories for the 2020 awards:
Comedy: scripted and non-scripted comedy shows including sketch shows, panel, improvisation, clips, comedy specials and stand-up. Series or single programmes.
Comedy Drama and Sitcom: scripted comedy series or one-off dramas, involving regular characters in various situations.
Drama: scripted series or one-off dramas involving characters in various situations. A main plot can be resolved within a single episode or over a series.
Soap or Telenovela: best multi-episode popular drama or melodrama, either on-going or limited run.
Reality and Factual Entertainment: programmes or series in which a situation or topic is treated or created through real people or which tell their story by following real-life characters.
Arts: programmes or series featuring performing arts and cultural programmes, stage recordings and television adaptations of performing arts or documentaries dedicated to art forms or artists.
Documentary: factual programme or series providing in-depth analysis of a specific subject or point of view supported by evidence and informed commentary, on any subject other than the Arts.
Studio Entertainment: studio-based game shows, variety shows, event series and specials.
Children and Youth: all genres produced for children and youth older than 6 years. Series or single programmes will be considered.
Social Media Video Series: original fiction or non-fiction short-form video series, (under a half an hour duration) that premiere on social, web, mobile and video platforms.
Audio Entertainment: scripted or unscripted original podcast, audio-first books and radio shows. Entries accepted from producers, platforms, distributors or talent.
Innovation in the time of Covid: Award for the programme or series, that, against all the odds, defined what television can achieve – and how television can be produced – in a time of unprecedented crisis.
In addition, the Rose d’Or recognises significant individual achievements by awarding one trophy each for:
Emerging Talent Award: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a new talent who has made a breakthrough performance in a programme or series in the past year.
Performance of the Year: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a personality who has made an outstanding performance in a programme or series in the past year.
Lifetime Achievement: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges will award the Lifetime Achievement to a personality who has made an outstanding and extensive contribution to the world of entertainment including, but not exclusively, their work in television, audio or online media.
The ultimate accolade for a programme or series, The Golden Rose, awarded to the programme, series or individual that, in the opinion of the judges, has made the outstanding contribution of 2020.
History
The festival was founded by Marcel Bezençon, who was inspired by the need of what was then a small group of international colleagues to find programmes to fill their summer schedules. He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme, which could then be swapped with programmes from other national broadcasters. The festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer, and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive. As the festival grew, programme swaps ceased to be viable and the concept of the Film Kiosk was born. The awards became an important part of European television culture, and Golden Rose winners usually receive publicity in their home countries.
Golden Rose winners
1961–2003
Year
Winner
Network
Country
1961
The Black and White Minstrel Show
BBC
United Kingdom
1962
Kaskad
SR
Sweden
1963
Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall
CBS
United States
1964
Happy End
SSR / TSR
Switzerland
1965
The Cold Old Days
YLE
Finland
1966
L'Arroseur arrosé
ORTF
France
1967
The Frost Report
BBC
United Kingdom
1968
Historia de la frivolidad
TVE
Spain
1969
Holiday in Switzerland
SRG / SF DRS
Switzerland
1970
Les six évadés
ČST
Czechoslovakia
1971
Lodynski's Flohmarkt Company
ORF
Austria
1972
The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine
UKIB / ATV
United Kingdom
1973
The N.S.V.I.P.'s
SR TV1
Sweden
1974
Don Juan
TVE
Spain
1975
Fatti e Fattacci
RAI
Italy
1976
The Nor-Way to Broadcasting
NRK
Norway
1977
The Muppet Show
UKIB / ATV
United Kingdom
1978
The Shirley MacLaine Special – Where Do We Go From Here?
CBS
United States
1979
Rich Little's Christmas Carol
CBC
Canada
1980
Dream Weaver
CBC
Canada
1981
Mikhail Baryshnikov on Broadway
ABC
United States
1982
Dizzy Feet
UKIB / Central
United Kingdom
1983
Al Paradise
RAI
Italy
1984
I am a Hotel
CBC
Canada
1985
The Paul Daniels Magic Easter Show
BBC
United Kingdom
1986
Penn and Teller Go Public
CPB
United States
1987
The Prize
SVT
Sweden
1988
The Comic Strip Presents... The Strike
Channel 4
United Kingdom
1989
Hale & Pace
UKIB / LWT
United Kingdom
1990
Mr. Bean
UKIB / Thames
United Kingdom
1991
A Night on Mount Edna
LWT
United Kingdom
1992
Brian Orser: Night Moves
CBC
Canada
1993
The Kids in the Hall
Broadway
Canada
1994
Sevillanas
Sogepaq
Spain
1995
Don't Forget Your Toothbrush
Ginger / Channel 4
United Kingdom
1996
Itzhak Perlman – In the Fiddler's House
CPB
United States
1997
Cold Feet
Granada Television
United Kingdom
1998
Yo-Yo Ma Inspired by Bach
Rhombus
Canada
1999
The League of Gentlemen
BBC
United Kingdom
2000
The Mole
VRT
Belgium
2001
Lenny Henry in Pieces
Tiger Aspect / BBC
United Kingdom
2002
Pop Idol
Thames TV / ITV
UK
2003
Faking It
RDF Media / Channel 4
United Kingdom
2004
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts & Specials
Amelia
Rhombus
Canada
Comedy
Creature Comforts
Aardman Animations / ITV
United Kingdom
Game Show
My New Best Friend
Tiger Aspect
United Kingdom
Music
One Bullet Left
SF DRS
Switzerland
Reality Show
Wife Swap
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Peep Show
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Soap
Saint Tropez (Sous le soleil)
Marathon
France
Variety
Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway
Granada Television
United Kingdom
Press Prize
Little Britain
BBC
United Kingdom
Paper format
From Rust to Riches
Team Gryttjom
Sweden
Pilot award
Fur TV
MTV
United Kingdom
Charity award
Peter Ustinov
United Kingdom
Honorary Rose
John de Mol
Netherlands
Best performances:
Comedy
F: Anke Engelke in Ladykracher
Brainpool / Sat.1
Germany
M: Harry Hill in Harry Hill's TV Burp
Avalon
United Kingdom
Sitcom
F: Felicitas Woll in Berlin, Berlin
Studio Hamburg
Germany
M: Martin Freeman in Hardware
Talkback Thames
United Kingdom
Soap
F: Bénédicte Delmas in Sous le soleil
Marathon
France
M: Shane Richie in EastEnders
BBC
United Kingdom
Game show
Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly in Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway
Granada Television
United Kingdom
2005
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts & Specials
The Cost Of Living
DV8 Films
Comedy
Little Britain
BBC
United Kingdom
Game Show
Test the Nation
Talent TV / BBC
United Kingdom
Music
Flashmob – The Opera
BBC
United Kingdom
Reality Show
Supernanny
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Nighty Night
BBC
United Kingdom
Soap
Verbotene Liebe
ARD
Germany
Variety
Strictly Come Dancing
BBC
United Kingdom
Press Prize
Schillerstraße
Hurricane Fernseh Productions
Germany
Paper format
Daycare Dilemma
SBS
Sweden
Pilot award
Dinner Dating
First Entertainment
Germany
Charity award
Bob Geldof
Ireland
Honorary Rose
Herbert Kloiber
Germany
Best performances:
Comedy
F: Pippa Haywood in Green Wing
Channel 4
United Kingdom
M: David Walliams and Matt Lucas in Little Britain
BBC
United Kingdom
Sitcom
M: Peter Kay in Max & Paddy's Road to Nowhere
Channel 4
United Kingdom
F: Zoë Wanamaker in My Family
BBC
United Kingdom
Soap
F: Lesley-Anne Down in The Bold and the Beautiful
CBS
United States
M: Pat Nolan in Fair City
RTÉ
Ireland
Game show
Thomas Gottschalk in Wetten, dass..?
Germany
2006
Category
Winner
Television network / Production Company
Country
Arts & Specials
Girl in a Mirror
ABC TV
Australia
Comedy
Look Around You
BBC
United Kingdom
Game Show
Deal or No Deal
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Music
Gospel in Paradiso
Netherlands
Reality Show
The Apprentice
BBC
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Extras
BBC
United Kingdom
Soap
Verliebt in Berlin
Sat.1
Germany
Variety
Friday Night Project: Billie Piper
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Press Prize
Pastewka
Sat.1
Germany
Paper format
Pilot award
Alex FM
Germany
Charity award
Fuji Television
Japan
Honorary Rose
Ricky Gervais
United Kingdom
Best performances:
Comedy
F: Jo Joyner in Swinging
Five
United Kingdom
M: Chris Lilley in The Nominees
ABC
Australia
Sitcom
M: Bastian Pastewka in Pastewka
Sat.1
Germany
F: Ashley Jensen in Extras
BBC
United Kingdom
Soap
F: Alexandra Neldel in Verliebt in Berlin
Sat.1
Germany
M: Jack Wagner in The Bold and the Beautiful
United States
Game show
Stephen Fry in QI
BBC
United Kingdom
FRAPA Awards:
Scripted Format Award
The Nanny
Sony Pictures Television
United States
Game Show Format Award
Deal or No Deal
Endemol
Netherlands
Reality Format Award
The Biggest Loser
Reveille Productions
United States
2007
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts Documentary
Young@Heart
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Comedy
The Vicar of Dibley
BBC
United Kingdom
Performing Arts
Peter and the Wolf
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Performing Arts: Special Mention
Car men
NPS
Netherlands
Reality
Secret Millionaire
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Reality: Special Mention
My Last Words
Palm Plus Productions
Netherlands
Show
The Pyramid
Castor Multimedia
Croatia
Sitcom
Not Going Out
BBC
United Kingdom
Soap
Con Passionate
S4C
United Kingdom
Soap: Special Mention
Home Affairs
SABC
South Africa
Best of 2007 Special Prize
Young@Heart
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Opera Special Prize
Man on the Moon
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Opera Special Prize: Special Mention
Mozart 22 - Le Nozze di Figaro
Unitel GmbH & Co KG
Germany
Honorary Rose
Ben Elton (Lifetime Achievement)
United Kingdom
2008
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts Documentary
Strictly Bolshoi
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Comedy
Kombat Opera Presents
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Drama
Skins
E4
United Kingdom
Drama: Special Mention
The Street II
BBC
United Kingdom
Entertainment
Hider in the House
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Game Show
Power of 10
CBS
United States
Performing Arts
Mozart's Magic Flute - Onstage and Backstage
Schweizer Fernsehen
Switzerland
Reality
The Phone
AVRO
Netherlands
Sitcom
The IT Crowd
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Best Entertainer
Peter Serafinowicz
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Best of 2008
Kombat Opera Presents
BBC Two
United Kingdom
2009
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts Documentary
The Mona Lisa Curse
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Comedy
Rick Mercer Report
CBC
Canada
Drama
Windfall & Misfortunes
Canada
Entertainment
El hormiguero
Cuatro
Spain
Game Show
Relentless
ITV
United Kingdom
Performing Arts
The Eternity Man
ABC Television
Australia
Performing Arts: Special Mention
La Traviata at Zurich Main Station
Switzerland
Reality
I Survived a Japanese Game Show
ABC
United States
Sitcom
My Family
BBC One
United Kingdom
Best of 2009
I Survived a Japanese Game Show
ABC
United States
2010
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts Documentary & Performing Arts
The Neighbour
NRK
Norway
Comedy
Benidorm Bastards
VMMa
Belgium
Sitcom
The Inbetweeners
E4
United Kingdom
Drama & Mini Series
Hopeville
South Africa
Soap & Telenovela
Date Blind
Argentina/Switzerland
Children & Youth
Krimi.de - Web Attack
Germany
Variety & Live Event Show
La Bohème at the Tower Block
Switzerland
Game Show
Bingo Banko
TV2
Denmark
Reality & Factual Entertainment
Blood, Sweat and Takeaways
BBC
United Kingdom
Multi-Platform
Águila Roja
RTVE
Spain
Social Awards
Desert Tears
Germany
Social Awards
Sofa Surfers
BBC
United Kingdom
2012
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Arts Documentary & Performing Arts
The Sound of Ole Bull
NRK
Norway
Comedy
Black Mirror: "The National Anthem"
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Friday Night Dinner
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Series
Pan Am
ABC
United States
TV movie
Homevideo
NDR
Germany
Children
Horrible Histories
BBC
United Kingdom
Youth
Dream High
KBS
South Korea
Live Event Show
Eurovision Song Contest 2011
ARD
Germany
Game Show
The Million Pound Drop Live
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Factual Entertainment
Go Back To Where You Came From
SBS
Australia
Lifestyle
The Great British Bake Off
BBC
United Kingdom
Multi-Platform
Plan B
Antena 3
Spain
Best of Rose 2012
Go Back To Where You Came From
SBS
Australia
2013
Category
Winner
Television network
Country
Comedy
What if?
VMMa
Belgium
Sitcom
Spy
BSkyB
United Kingdom
Game Show
Oh Sit!
The CW
United States
Arts
Freddie Mercury: The Great Pretender
BBC
United Kingdom
Reality & Factual Entertainment
Make Bradford British
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Entertainment
Gruen Sweat
ABC
Australia
2014
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Little Mom
Dori Media Group
Israel
Sitcom
Toast of London
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Game Show
Pointless
BBC
United Kingdom
Arts
Peter and the Wolf/Pierre et le Loup
Camera Lucida Productions
France
Reality & Factual Entertainment
Gogglebox
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Entertainment
Circus HalliGalli
ProSiebenSat.1 Media
Germany
2015
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Psychobitches
Sky Arts
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Catastrophe
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Radio Comedy
Newsjack
BBC Radio 4 Extra
United Kingdom
Game Show
Wild Things
Sky One
United Kingdom
Arts
Our Gay Wedding: The Musical
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Reality & Factual Entertainment
Street Jungle
Canal D
Canada
Entertainment
The Graham Norton Show
BBC
United Kingdom
2016
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Inside No. 9
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Raised by Wolves
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Game Show
Pick Me!
ITV
United Kingdom
Reality & Factual Entertainment
The Real Marigold Hotel
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Entertainment
Eurovision Song Contest 2016
SVT
Sweden
Drama
River
BBC One
United Kingdom
2017
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Fleabag
BBC One
United Kingdom
Sitcom
Henry IX
Gold
United Kingdom
Game Show
Bigheads
ITV
United Kingdom
Reality & Factual Entertainment
You Can't Ask That
ABC iview
Australia
Entertainment
Stasera casa Mika
Rai 2
Italy
Drama
Nobel
NRK
Norway
Children & Youth
Anti Bully Club
Skyhigh TV
Netherlands
Arts
Balletboyz
BBC Two
United Kingdom
TV movie
The Verdict
ARD
Germany
Entertainer of the Year
James Corden
—
United Kingdom
Lifetime Achievement Award
Angela Lansbury
—
United Kingdom
2018
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Grotesco’s Seven Masterpieces – The Refugee Crisis: a musical
SVT
Sweden
Sitcom
Detectorists
BBC Four
United Kingdom
Drama
The Crown
Netflix
United Kingdom
Limited Series and TV Movie
A Very English Scandal
BBC One
United Kingdom
Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality
Damming the Nile
BBC News
United Kingdom
Reality & Factual Entertainment
Down the Road
VRT
Belgium
Arts
Betroffenheit
BBC Four
United Kingdom
Game Show
Sorry voor alles
VRT
Belgium
Entertainment
Roberto Bolle – Danza con me
Rai 1
Italy
Children & Youth
The Highway Rat
BBC One
United Kingdom
Entertainer of the Year
Jan Böhmermann
—
Germany
Lifetime Achievement Award
Joanna Lumley
—
United Kingdom
2019
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Soap or Telenovela
Orphans of a Nation
Globo
Brazil
Children & Youth
ZombieLars
NRK
Norway
Arts
The Greenaway Alphabet
NTR
Netherlands
Audio Entertainment
13 Minutes to the Moon
BBC World Service
United Kingdom
Social Media Video Series
SWIPE
NPO 3
Netherlands
Studio Entertainment
Michael McIntyre's Big Show
BBC One
United Kingdom
Comedy
Baroness von Sketch Show
CBC
Canada
Reality and Factual Entertainment
The Repair Shop
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Comedy Drama and Sitcom
Arde Madrid
Movistar+
Spain
Drama
Chernobyl
Sky UK/HBO
United Kingdom/United States
Golden Rose
Performance of the Year
Ricky Gervais for After Life
Netflix
United Kingdom
Lifetime Achievement Award
Maren Kroymann
—
Germany
2020
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Comedy
Woke
Hulu
United States
Comedy Drama and Sitcom
Sex Education
Netflix
United Kingdom/United States
Drama
Babylon Berlin
Sky Deutschland
Germany
Soap or Telenovela
Victoria Small
Telefe
Argentina
Reality and Factual Entertainment
The School That Tried To End Racism
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Documentary
Once Upon a Time in Iraq
BBC Two
United Kingdom
Golden Rose
Arts
Wim Wenders, Desperado
ARD
Germany
Studio Entertainment
The Wonderbox
France 3
France
Children & Youth
First Day
ABC
Australia
Social Media Video Series
Content
ABC
Australia
Innovation in the Time of Covid
Homefest: James Corden’s Late Late Show Special
CBS
United States
Audio Entertainment
Tunnel 29
BBC Radio 4
United Kingdom
Lifetime Achievement Award
David Attenborough
—
United Kingdom
Emerging Talent Award
Daisy Edgar-Jones for Normal People
BBC Three
United Kingdom
2021
Category
Winner
Network
Country
Soap or Telenovela
Two Lives/Dos vidas
RTVE
Spain
Children & Youth
Horrible Histories Black History Special
CBBC
United Kingdom
Studio Entertainment
Strictly Come Dancing
BBC One
United Kingdom
Comedy
Bo Burnham: Inside
Netflix
United States
Audio Entertainment
I’m Not a Monster
BBC Sounds/BBC Radio 5 Live/BBC Panorama/Frontline PBS
United Kingdom
Arts
Firestarter – The Story of Bangarra
ABC
Australia
News and Current Affairs
Storming the Capitol: The Inside Story
Apple TV+/BBC One
United Kingdom
Golden Rose
Multiplatform Series
InterConnected: Fred Gets Feedback
BBC
United Kingdom
Comedy Drama and Sitcom
Call My Agent!
Netflix/France Télévisions
France
Reality and Factual Entertainment
Long Lost Family: Born Without Trace
ITV
United Kingdom
Documentary
9/11: Inside the President's War Room
Apple TV+/BBC One
United Kingdom
Drama
Help
Channel 4
United Kingdom
Lifetime Achievement Award
Brenda Blethyn
—
United Kingdom
Performance of the Year
Omar Sy for Lupin
Netflix
France
Emerging Talent Award
Nida Manzoor for We Are Lady Parts
Channel 4
United Kingdom
2022
The nominations were announced on 4 November 2022. The ceremony was held on 28 November 2022 and presented by Alex Horne.
The winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.
Soap or Telenovela
Children and Youth
Casualty (BBC One) (United Kingdom)‡
District 31 (Ici Radio-Canada Télé) (Canada)
EastEnders (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Life Is Life (TVI) (Portugal)
Pantanal (TV Globo) (Brazil)
Where It All Begins (TF1) (France)
Talking Heads (VPRO) (Netherlands)‡
Cop26: In Your Hands (Sky Kids) (United Kingdom)
Dodger (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Het Klokhuis – Your body belongs to you (NPO Zapp) (Netherlands)
Hi, I've Got Cancer (NPO 1) (Netherlands)
Malory Towers (CBBC) (Canada)
Multiplatform Series
Comedy
Stop It Now (NPO Zapp) (Netherlands)‡
The Big Proud Party Agency (BBC Three) (Ireland)
Corpse Talk (YouTube Originals) (United Kingdom)
Emma lügt (Play Suisse) (Switzerland)
Gassed Up (BBC Three) (United Kingdom)
War Stories II (NPO Zapp) (Netherlands)
Toast of Tinseltown (BBC Two) (United Kingdom)‡
As Seguidoras (Paramount+) (Brazil)
Bloods (Sky Comedy) (United Kingdom)
La Flamme (Canal+) (France)
Lust (HBO Max) (Sweden)
UFOs (Canal+) (France)
Documentary
News and Current Affairs
The Real Mo Farah (BBC One) (United Kingdom)‡
Dinosaurs: The Final Day with David Attenborough (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Jimmy Savile: A British Horror Story (Netflix) (United Kingdom)
My Childhood, My Country – 20 Years In Afghanistan (WDR/Arte) (Germany/France)
The Tinder Swindler (Netflix) (United States)
Ukraine: Life Under Attack (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Afghanistan: No Country for Women (ITV) (United Kingdom)‡
China: The Search for the Missing (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Myanmar: The Forgotten Revolution (Channel 4/Amazon Prime Video) (United Kingdom)
On the Frontline. Fleeing Irpin and The Defenders of Kharkiv (TVN24) (Poland)
Panorama: SAS Death Squads Exposed (BBC) (United Kingdom)
Rape: Who's on Trial? (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Audio Entertainment
Arts
Pillow Talk (Audible/Easy Tiger) (Australia)‡
Dear Daughter (BBC World Service) (United Kingdom)
The Greatest Menace: Inside the Gay Prison Experiment (Audible) (Australia)
Kuper Island (CBC Podcasts) (Canada)
SRF Podcast: Grauen: «The Night Train» (SRF) (Switzerland)
Who Killed Daphne? (Wondery) (United Kingdom)
Freddie Mercury: The Final Act (BBC Two) (United Kingdom)‡
The Boy Who Can't Stop Dancing (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
The Most Beautiful Boy in the World (SVT2) (Sweden)
My Life as a Rolling Stone (BBC Two) (United Kingdom)
My Name Is Gulpilil (ABC) (Australia)
Steps of Freedom (RTÉ) (Ireland)
Reality and Factual Entertainment
Studio Entertainment
De Verraders (RTL 4) (Netherlands)‡
The Dog House (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Freddie Flintoff's Field of Dreams (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Freeze the Fear with Wim Hof (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Life on the Outside (SBS) (Australia)
Old People's Home for Teenagers (ABC) (Australia)
The Musical for Your Life (Play4) (Belgium)‡
99 – Eine:r schlägt sie alle! (Sat.1) (Germany)
Holey Moley (ABC) (United States)
I Literally Just Told You (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Stealing the Show (ProSieben) (Germany)
That's My Jam (NBC) (United States)
Comedy Drama and Sitcom
Drama
The Great (Hulu) (United States)‡
Hacks (HBO Max) (United States)
Heartstopper (Netflix) (United Kingdom)
The Outlaws (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Sort Of (CBC Television) (Canada)
Walk-In (Ici TOU.TV) (Canada)
Succession (HBO) (United States)‡
Borgen – Power & Glory (DR/Netflix) (Denmark)
The Offer (Paramount+) (United States)
Pachinko (Apple TV+) (South Korea)
State of Happiness (NRK) (Norway)
This Is Going to Hurt (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Performance of the Year
Emerging Talent Award
Sidse Babett Knudsen as Birgitte Nyborg Christensen – Borgen – Power & Glory (DR/Netflix) (Denmark)‡
Yasmin Finney as Elle Argent – Heartstopper (Netflix) (United Kingdom)‡
Lifetime Achievement Award
Brian Cox
2023
The nominations were announced on 6 November 2023. The ceremony was held at the Kings Place in London and hosted by David Baddiel on 27 November 2023.
The winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.
Soap or Telenovela
Children and Youth
Another Love (Fox) (Turkey)
All the Flowers (Globoplay) (Brazil)
EastEnders (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
The Vow (TVE) (Spain)
The Crown of the Kings. The Jagiellonians (TVP1) (Poland)
Trentenaires (Tipik) (Belgium)
Dome 16 (NRK) (Norway)
A Kind of Spark (CBBC) (United Kingdom)
BooSnoo! (Sky Kids) (United Kingdom)
Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire (Disney+) (United States / South Africa / Nigeria)
Lovely Little Farm (Apple TV+) (United States)
The Smeds and The Smoos (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Multiplatform Series
Comedy Entertainment
Capture: Who's Looking After the Children? (United Kingdom)
Appetite (Australia)
GALWAD (United Kingdom)
Krystal Klairvoyant (Australia)
The New Vermeer (Netherlands)
Season of Sex (Belgium)
A Whole Lifetime with Jamie Demetriou (Netflix) (United Kingdom)
German Genius (WarnerTV Comedy) (Germany)
Gregg Wallace: The British Miracle Meat (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Hold the Front Page (Sky Max) (United Kingdom)
Prince Andrew: The Musical (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Taskmaster (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Documentary
News and Current Affairs
The Man Who Played with Fire (Sky Documentaries) (United Kingdom)
Evacuation (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Fledglings (TVP1) (Poland)
Once Upon a Time in Northern Ireland (BBC Two) (United Kingdom)
The Price of Truth (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Wild Isles (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Children of the Taliban (Channel 4) (Germany)
The Crossing (ITV) (United Kingdom)
Inside Russia: Putin's War at Home (ITV) (United Kingdom)
The Last Hospital: 30 Days in Myanmar (Sky Documentaries) (United Kingdom)
Ukraine's War Diaries (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Undercover: Sexual Harassment – The Truth (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Audio Entertainment
Arts
The Shamima Begum Story (BBC Sounds/BBC Radio 5 Live) (United Kingdom)
Acid Dream: The Great LSD Plot (BBC Sounds) (United Kingdom)
Love, Janessa (CBC Podcasts) (Canada)
The Prince (United Kingdom)
Shock and War: Iraq 20 Years On (BBC Radio 4) (United Kingdom)
The Sound: Mystery of Havana Syndrome (United Kingdom)
Nothing Compares (Sky Documentaries) (United Kingdom)
Andrea Bocelli: The Journey (Sky Arts) (United Kingdom)
Becoming Frida Kahlo (BBC Two) (United Kingdom)
Inside My Heart (NPO) (Netherlands)
Knowing the Score (ABC) (Australia)
Sergio Leone: The Italian Who Invented America (Sky Documentaries) (Italy)
Factual Entertainment and Reality
Studio Entertainment
Justice in Jail (Play4) (Belgium)
The Black Forest Deer – An Extraordinary Kitchen Crew and Tim Mälzer (VOX) (Germany)
The Gentle Art of Swedish Death Cleaning (Peacock) (United States)
Married at First Sight (E4) (United Kingdom)
My Mum, Your Dad (ITV1) (United Kingdom)
Wonders of the World I Can't See (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
The 1% Club (ITV1) (United Kingdom)
I Can See Your Voice (Mnet) (South Korea)
Late Night Lycett (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Raid the Cage Mexico (Azteca Uno) (Mexico)
RuPaul's Drag Race UK (BBC Three) (United Kingdom)
Michael McIntyre's The Wheel (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Comedy Drama and Sitcom
Drama
Parlement (Season 2) (France Télévisions) (France / Germany / Belgium)
About Antoine (TVA) (Canada)
Colin from Accounts (Binge/Foxtel) (Australia)
Heartstopper (Netflix) (United Kingdom)
The Orchestra (DR1) (Denmark)
Poker Face (Peacock) (United States)
The White Lotus (Season 2) (HBO) (United States)
The Good Mothers (Disney+) (Italy)
I Hate Suzie (Sky Atlantic) (United Kingdom)
The Last of Us (HBO) (United States)
Silo (Apple TV+) (United States)
Somewhere Boy (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Competition Reality
Performance of the Year
Destination X (VTM) (Belgium)
The Devil's Lot: So Help Me Cod! (Historia) (Canada)
Stars on Mars (Fox) (United States)
The Piano (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Tempting Fortune (Channel 4) (United Kingdom)
Wedding Fighters (tvN) (South Korea)
Sarah Lancashire as Sgt Catherine Cawood – Happy Valley (BBC One) (United Kingdom)
Emerging Talent
Lifetime Achievement
Ayo Edebiri as Sydney Adamu – The Bear (Hulu) (United States)
Josée Dayan (France)
References
^ "FRAPA". Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
^ "Channel 4 wins five Rose d'Or awards". the Guardian. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ "Rose d'Or 2022 Nominees Announced". Rose d'Or. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^ "Winners of 61st Rose d'Or awards announced". Rose d'Or. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^ "Rose d'Or 2023 Nominees Announced". Rose d'Or. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Winners of 62nd Rose d'Or awards announced". Rose d'Or. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
External links
Media related to Rose d'Or at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteEuropean Broadcasting Union (EBU)Technologies
AES/EBU
EBU colour bars
EBU R 128
Euroradio
Eurovision
Events
News Xchange
Rose d'Or
ProductionsAnimated series
The Adventures of Marco & Gina (2003)
The Animals of Farthing Wood (1993–1995)
Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth (2008)
Pitt & Kantrop (2005–2006)
Tom (2003)
Competitions
Eurovision Choir (2017–2019)
Eurovision Dance Contest (2007–2008)
Eurovision Song Contest (since 1956)
Eurovision Young Dancers (1985–2017)
Eurovision Young Musicians (since 1982)
Jeux sans frontières (1965–1999)
Junior Eurovision Song Contest (since 2003)
Let the Peoples Sing (since 1961)
Programs
Europe's Biggest Dance Show (since 2019)
Euroclassic Notturno (since 1998)
Eurovision Debate (2014, 2019, 2024)
Magic Circus Show (2010–2012)
Our World (1967) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"Swiss Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Suisse_Romande"},{"link_name":"Montreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux"}],"text":"AwardThe Rose d'Or ('Golden Rose') is an international awards festival in entertainment broadcasting and programming. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) first acquired the Rose d’Or in 1961, when it was created by Swiss Television in the lakeside city of Montreux. The awards stayed with the EBU for almost 40 years. The EBU re-acquired the awards in 2013 and successfully re-launched the event that year in Brussels, then relocated to Berlin from 2014 to 2018.In 2014 the event took place on 17 September in Berlin, Germany. For the first time in its 53-year history, the competition categories were extended to include radio and online video programmes in addition to the traditional focus on television. Producers, executives from independent and public service broadcasters and heads of production companies from several countries took part.In 2019 the EBU partnered with international publishing company and digital channels business C21Media to take over the organisation of the Rose d’Or Awards. The 60th Rose d’Or was held virtually in November 2021.","title":"Rose d'Or"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Categories for the 2020 awards:Comedy: scripted and non-scripted comedy shows including sketch shows, panel, improvisation, clips, comedy specials and stand-up. Series or single programmes.\nComedy Drama and Sitcom: scripted comedy series or one-off dramas, involving regular characters in various situations.\nDrama: scripted series or one-off dramas involving characters in various situations. A main plot can be resolved within a single episode or over a series.\nSoap or Telenovela: best multi-episode popular drama or melodrama, either on-going or limited run.\nReality and Factual Entertainment: programmes or series in which a situation or topic is treated or created through real people or which tell their story by following real-life characters.\nArts: programmes or series featuring performing arts and cultural programmes, stage recordings and television adaptations of performing arts or documentaries dedicated to art forms or artists.\nDocumentary: factual programme or series providing in-depth analysis of a specific subject or point of view supported by evidence and informed commentary, on any subject other than the Arts.\nStudio Entertainment: studio-based game shows, variety shows, event series and specials.\nChildren and Youth: all genres produced for children and youth older than 6 years. Series or single programmes will be considered.\nSocial Media Video Series: original fiction or non-fiction short-form video series, (under a half an hour duration) that premiere on social, web, mobile and video platforms.\nAudio Entertainment: scripted or unscripted original podcast, audio-first books and radio shows. Entries accepted from producers, platforms, distributors or talent.\nInnovation in the time of Covid: Award for the programme or series, that, against all the odds, defined what television can achieve – and how television can be produced – in a time of unprecedented crisis.In addition, the Rose d’Or recognises significant individual achievements by awarding one trophy each for:Emerging Talent Award: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a new talent who has made a breakthrough performance in a programme or series in the past year.\nPerformance of the Year: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a personality who has made an outstanding performance in a programme or series in the past year.\nLifetime Achievement: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges will award the Lifetime Achievement to a personality who has made an outstanding and extensive contribution to the world of entertainment including, but not exclusively, their work in television, audio or online media.The ultimate accolade for a programme or series, The Golden Rose, awarded to the programme, series or individual that, in the opinion of the judges, has made the outstanding contribution of 2020.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcel Bezençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bezen%C3%A7on"}],"text":"The festival was founded by Marcel Bezençon, who was inspired by the need of what was then a small group of international colleagues to find programmes to fill their summer schedules. He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme, which could then be swapped with programmes from other national broadcasters. The festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer, and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive. As the festival grew, programme swaps ceased to be viable and the concept of the Film Kiosk was born. The awards became an important part of European television culture, and Golden Rose winners usually receive publicity in their home countries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1961–2003","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2009","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alex Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Horne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"The nominations were announced on 4 November 2022.[3] The ceremony was held on 28 November 2022 and presented by Alex Horne.[4]The winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.","title":"Golden Rose winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kings Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Place"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"David Baddiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baddiel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"The nominations were announced on 6 November 2023.[5] The ceremony was held at the Kings Place in London and hosted by David Baddiel on 27 November 2023.[6]The winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.","title":"Golden Rose winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FRAPA\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609024718/https://www.frapa.org/about/awards/","url_text":"\"FRAPA\""},{"url":"https://www.frapa.org/about/awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 4 wins five Rose d'Or awards\". the Guardian. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/10/channel4.broadcasting","url_text":"\"Channel 4 wins five Rose d'Or awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rose d'Or 2022 Nominees Announced\". Rose d'Or. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rosedor.com/2022/11/04/rose-dor-2022-nominees-announced/","url_text":"\"Rose d'Or 2022 Nominees Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of 61st Rose d'Or awards announced\". Rose d'Or. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rosedor.com/2022/11/28/winners-of-61st-rose-dor-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"Winners of 61st Rose d'Or awards announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rose d'Or 2023 Nominees Announced\". Rose d'Or. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rosedor.com/2023/11/06/rose-dor-2023-nominees-announced/","url_text":"\"Rose d'Or 2023 Nominees Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of 62nd Rose d'Or awards announced\". Rose d'Or. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rosedor.com/2023/11/28/winners-of-62nd-rose-dor-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"Winners of 62nd Rose d'Or awards announced\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rose+d%27Or%22","external_links_name":"\"Rose d'Or\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rose+d%27Or%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rose+d%27Or%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rose+d%27Or%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rose+d%27Or%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rose+d%27Or%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rosedor.com/","external_links_name":"www.rosedor.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609024718/https://www.frapa.org/about/awards/","external_links_name":"\"FRAPA\""},{"Link":"https://www.frapa.org/about/awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/10/channel4.broadcasting","external_links_name":"\"Channel 4 wins five Rose d'Or awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.rosedor.com/2022/11/04/rose-dor-2022-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Rose d'Or 2022 Nominees Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.rosedor.com/2022/11/28/winners-of-61st-rose-dor-awards-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Winners of 61st Rose d'Or awards announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.rosedor.com/2023/11/06/rose-dor-2023-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Rose d'Or 2023 Nominees Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.rosedor.com/2023/11/28/winners-of-62nd-rose-dor-awards-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Winners of 62nd Rose d'Or awards announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.rosedor.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_M._Leeson | Susan M. Leeson | ["1 Early life","2 Judicial career","3 Later life","4 References"] | American judge
Susan M. Leeson94th Justice of the Oregon Supreme CourtIn office1998–2003Appointed byJohn KitzhaberPreceded byEdward N. FadeleySucceeded byRives KistlerJudge of the Oregon Court of AppealsIn office1993–1998Appointed byBarbara RobertsPreceded byJohn H. ButtlerSucceeded byRobert D. Wollheim
Personal detailsBorn (1946-08-16) August 16, 1946 (age 77)Salt Lake City, UtahSpouse(s)Richard S. Hall, Jr.
Susan M. Leeson (born August 16, 1946) is an American attorney and former judge in the state of Oregon. She was the 94th justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Prior to her appointment to the supreme court, the Utah native served on the Oregon Court of Appeals from 1993 to 1998.
Early life
Susan Leeson was born on August 16, 1946, in Salt Lake City, Utah. The family moved to Oregon in 1961 where she attended Sunset High School near Beaverton. There she was a delegate to the Girls' Nation conference before graduating in 1964. In 1968, Leeson graduated from Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, with a bachelor of arts in political science. She graduated magna cum laude and then earned a master's degree and PhD from Claremont Graduate University. Then at the age of 24 she returned to Willamette and began teaching political science. While teaching, she enrolled at Willamette's law school and earned her Juris Doctor in 1981. After law school she clerked for Judge Alfred T. Goodwin and was a judicial fellow for U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger's office.
Leeson was on the Willamette faculty for a total of more than 20 years at both the school's College of Liberal Arts and the law school. She helped to start the law school's alternative dispute resolution program in 1984. She also married fellow professor Richard S. Hall, Jr.
Judicial career
In December 1992, Leeson was appointed to the Oregon Court of Appeals. She then won election to a full term in 1994.
On February 26, 1998, Governor John Kitzhaber appointed Leeson to the Oregon Supreme Court to replace Edward N. Fadeley. Leeson won election to a full six-year term later in 1998. She resigned in 2003 to battle breast cancer.
Later life
After beating breast cancer, Leeson became a mediator and arbitrator. For several years, she has been listed in the "Best Lawyers in America" in the field of mediation and arbitration. Leeson received the Betty Roberts Award from Oregon Women Lawyers in 2003, and she was named Legal Citizen of the Year in 2006. She was an adjunct professor at the University of Oregon School of Law for two years, teaching mediation skills, and was the lead principal writer for the 2009 edition of "We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution" for the Center for Civic Education. Leeson frequently presents at teacher workshops around the country focused on civics and American history.
In 2009, Leeson became the staff mediator at the Oregon Federal District Court in Portland, Oregon. She received the Honorable James M. Burns Federal Practice Award that year. In 2012, she won the Robert F. Peckham Award for
Excellence in ADR from the Ninth Circuit, and in 2013 the Sid Lezak Award of excellence from the ADR section of the Oregon State Bar.
References
^ a b c d 1998 Oregon Voter’s Guide: Susan Leeson. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on January 20, 2008.
^ a b c d e f g h Blazing a Trail to the Supreme Court. Willamette Lawyer, Spring 2007.
^ a b Oregon Blue Book: Appeals Court Judges of Oregon. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on January 20, 2008.
^ Oregon State Archives: Governor's Records Guides. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on January 20, 2008.
^ a b Oregon Blue Book: Supreme Court Justices of Oregon. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on January 20, 2008.
^ We The People Conference: Grand Forks, ND from Susan Leeson | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Oregon Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Court_of_Appeals"}],"text":"Susan M. Leeson (born August 16, 1946) is an American attorney and former judge in the state of Oregon. She was the 94th justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Prior to her appointment to the supreme court, the Utah native served on the Oregon Court of Appeals from 1993 to 1998.","title":"Susan M. Leeson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vote-1"},{"link_name":"Sunset High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_High_School_(Beaverton,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Beaverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vote-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vote-1"},{"link_name":"Willamette University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_University"},{"link_name":"Salem, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"Claremont Graduate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"Willamette's law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_University_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred T. Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_T._Goodwin"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Warren E. Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vote-1"}],"text":"Susan Leeson was born on August 16, 1946, in Salt Lake City, Utah.[1] The family moved to Oregon in 1961 where she attended Sunset High School near Beaverton.[1] There she was a delegate to the Girls' Nation conference before graduating in 1964.[1] In 1968, Leeson graduated from Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, with a bachelor of arts in political science.[2] She graduated magna cum laude and then earned a master's degree and PhD from Claremont Graduate University.[2] Then at the age of 24 she returned to Willamette and began teaching political science.[2] While teaching, she enrolled at Willamette's law school and earned her Juris Doctor in 1981.[2] After law school she clerked for Judge Alfred T. Goodwin and was a judicial fellow for U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger's office.[2]Leeson was on the Willamette faculty for a total of more than 20 years at both the school's College of Liberal Arts and the law school.[2] She helped to start the law school's alternative dispute resolution program in 1984.[2] She also married fellow professor Richard S. Hall, Jr.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-3"},{"link_name":"John Kitzhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kitzhaber"},{"link_name":"Edward N. Fadeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Fadeley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-5"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-2"}],"text":"In December 1992, Leeson was appointed to the Oregon Court of Appeals.[3] She then won election to a full term in 1994.[3]On February 26, 1998, Governor John Kitzhaber appointed Leeson to the Oregon Supreme Court to replace Edward N. Fadeley.[4][5] Leeson won election to a full six-year term later in 1998.[5] She resigned in 2003 to battle breast cancer.[2]","title":"Judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oregon School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After beating breast cancer, Leeson became a mediator and arbitrator. For several years, she has been listed in the \"Best Lawyers in America\" in the field of mediation and arbitration. Leeson received the Betty Roberts Award from Oregon Women Lawyers in 2003, and she was named Legal Citizen of the Year in 2006. She was an adjunct professor at the University of Oregon School of Law for two years, teaching mediation skills, and was the lead principal writer for the 2009 edition of \"We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution\" for the Center for Civic Education. Leeson frequently presents at teacher workshops around the country focused on civics and American history.In 2009, Leeson became the staff mediator at the Oregon Federal District Court in Portland, Oregon. She received the Honorable James M. Burns Federal Practice Award that year. In 2012, she won the Robert F. Peckham Award for\nExcellence in ADR from the Ninth Circuit, and in 2013 the Sid Lezak Award of excellence from the ADR section of the Oregon State Bar.[6]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://oregonvotes.org/pages/history/archive/nov31998/guide/npart/leesos.htm","external_links_name":"1998 Oregon Voter’s Guide: Susan Leeson."},{"Link":"https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/judicial/appeals-description.aspx","external_links_name":"Oregon Blue Book: Appeals Court Judges of Oregon."},{"Link":"https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/governors_guides.aspx","external_links_name":"Oregon State Archives: Governor's Records Guides."},{"Link":"https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/judicial/supreme.aspx","external_links_name":"Oregon Blue Book: Supreme Court Justices of Oregon."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divvyshot | History of Facebook | ["1 TheFacebook","2 Facebook","3 Financials","3.1 Initial funding","3.2 First angel investment","3.3 Accel investment (Series A)","3.4 Greylock investment (Series B)","3.5 Sales negotiations","3.6 Microsoft investment (Series C)","3.7 DST investment","3.8 Switch to profitability","3.9 Acquisitions","4 Initial public offering","5 Timeline","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | History of the social networking service
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2019)
This article is part of a series aboutMeta Platforms
History
Instagram
WhatsApp
Acquisitions
Products and services
Facebook
2021 outage
Features
Dating
Feed
Like button
Other products
Instagram
Threads
Messenger
Kids
Meta AI
Meta Portal
Quest
Quest 2
Quest 3
Supernatural
Ray-Ban Stories
WhatsApp
People
Executives and board members
Mark Zuckerberg
Sheryl Sandberg
Notable employees
Adam Mosseri
Related organizations
Oversight Board
Business
Criticism
Privacy concerns
Content management
Censorship of
Censorship by
Cambridge Analytica data scandal
2020 ad boycotts
2021 company files leak
WhatsApp security and privacy features
WhatsApp snooping scandal
Litigation
Young v. Facebook, Inc. (2011)
Fraley v. Facebook, Inc. (2016)
Force v. Facebook, Inc. (2019)
FTC v. Meta Platforms (ongoing)
Related
Facebook, Inc. IPO
vte
Mark Zuckerberg in 2005
Facebook is a social networking service originally launched as TheFacebook on February 4, 2004, before changing its name to simply Facebook in August 2005. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada, corporations, and by September 2006, to everyone with a valid email address along with an age requirement of being 13 or older.
TheFacebook
A "facebook" is a student directory featuring photos and basic information. In 2003, there were no universal online facebooks at Harvard, with only paper sheets distributed and private online directories. Zuckerberg told the Crimson that "Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in a week." In January 2004, Zuckerberg began writing a code for a new website, known as "TheFacebook", with the inspiration coming from an editorial in the Crimson about Facemash, stating that "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard student Eduardo Saverin, and each of them agreed to invest $1,000 in the site. On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched it under the name of "TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.
Zuckerberg intended to create a website that could connect people around the university. Upon finishing the site, Zuckerberg told a couple of friends, one of whom suggested sharing it on the Kirkland House online mailing list, which included several hundred people. According to his roommate, Dustin Moskovitz, "By the end of the night, we were ... actively watching the registration process. Within twenty-four hours, we had somewhere between twelve hundred and fifteen hundred registrants."
Just six days after the launch of the site, three Harvard University seniors, Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com, but instead using their idea to build a competing product. The three complained to the Crimson, and the newspaper began an investigation. Zuckerberg knew about the investigation so he used TheFacebook.com to find members in the site who identified themselves as members of the Crimson. He examined a history of failed logins to see if any of the Crimson members had ever entered an incorrect password into TheFacebook.com. In the cases in which they had failed to log in, Zuckerberg tried to use them to access the Crimson members' Harvard email accounts, and he was successful in accessing two of them. In the end, three Crimson members filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg which was later settled.
Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard University. Within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service. Zuckerberg was joined in the promotion of the site by Saverin (business aspects), Dustin Moskovitz (programmer), Andrew McCollum (graphic artist), and Chris Hughes. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale. This expansion continued when it opened to all Ivy League and Boston-area schools. It gradually reached most universities in the United States and Canada. Facebook was incorporated in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president. In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California.
Facebook
The company dropped 'The' from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000. The following year, the platform was made available for high school students, and in 2006, it became accessible to the general public.
In December 2005, it was reported that Facebook had 6 million monthly active users.
In April 2023, Facebook had 2.989 billion monthly active users.
Total active usersDateUsers(in millions)±% p.m. 2004-02-04 0— 2004-04-04 0.07— 2004-07-04 0.1— 2004-10-04 1.5— 2008-08-26 100— 2009-04-08 200+9.83% 2009-09-15 300+8.02% 2010-01-05 400+8.13% 2010-07-21 500+3.51% 2011-01-05 600+3.36% 2011-05-30 700+3.29% 2011-09-22 800+3.60% 2012-04-24 900+1.68% 2012-09-14 1,000+2.27% 2013-03-31 1,110+1.62% 2013-12-31 1,230+1.14% 2014-12-31 1,390+1.02% 2015-12-31 1,590+1.13% 2016-12-31 1,860+1.31%
On October 1, 2005, Facebook expanded to twenty-one universities in the United Kingdom and others around the world. Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step. At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join. Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft. On December 11, 2005, universities in Australia and New Zealand were added to the Facebook network, bringing its size to 2,000+ colleges and 25,000+ high schools throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland. Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006, to everyone aged 13 and older with a valid email address.
Late in 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages, allowing companies to attract potential customers and tell about themselves. These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned.
In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.
In 2010, Facebook began to invite users to become beta testers after passing a question-and-answer-based selection process, and a set of Facebook Engineering Puzzles where users would solve computational problems which gave them an opportunity to be hired by Facebook.
As of February 2011, Facebook had become the largest online photo host, being cited by Facebook application and online photo aggregator Pixable as expecting to have 100 billion photos by summer 2011. As of October 2011, over 350 million users accessed Facebook through their mobile phones, accounting for 33% of all Facebook traffic.
On March 12, 2012, Yahoo! filed suit in a U.S. federal court against Facebook weeks before the scheduled Facebook initial public offering. In its court filing, Yahoo! said that Facebook had infringed on ten of its patents covering advertising, privacy controls and social networking. Yahoo! had threatened to sue Facebook a month before the filing, insisting that the social network license its patents. A spokesperson for Facebook issued a statement saying "We're disappointed that Yahoo, a long-time business partner of Facebook and a company that has substantially benefited from its association with Facebook, has decided to resort to litigation". The lawsuit claims that Yahoo!'s patents cover basic social networking ideas such as customizing website users' experiences to their needs, adding that the patents cover ways of targeting ads to individual users. In 2012, Facebook App Center, an online mobile store, was rolled out. The store initially had 500 Facebook apps which were mostly games.
On April 24, 2014, Facebook and Storyful announced a new feature called FB Newswire.
In addition to the Android and iOS mobile app, Facebook developed another Android and iOS app called Facebook Lite which uses less data. Another project from Facebook is called Facebook Zero, which allows users to use a mobile text-only version of Facebook for free, without paying for mobile data when using some mobile network operators.
In May 2018, the company announced their own dating service, called Facebook Dating.
Financials
Entrance to Facebook headquarters complex in Menlo Park, California
Facebook's former headquarters in downtown Palo Alto, California
Initial funding
Facebook was initially incorporated as a Florida LLC. For the first few months after its launch in February 2004, the costs for the website operations for thefacebook.com were paid for by Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin, who had taken equity stakes in the company. The website also ran a few advertisements to meet its operating costs.
First angel investment
In the summer of 2004, venture capitalist Peter Thiel made a $500,001 angel investment in the social network Facebook for 10.2% of the company and joined Facebook's board. This was the first outside investment in Facebook.
In his book The Facebook Effect, David Kirkpatrick outlines the story of how Thiel came to make his investment: former Napster and Plaxo employee Sean Parker, who at the time had assumed the title of "President" of Facebook, was seeking investors for Facebook. Parker approached Reid Hoffman, the CEO of work-based social network LinkedIn. Hoffman liked Facebook but declined to be the lead investor because of the potential for conflict of interest with his duties as LinkedIn CEO. He redirected Parker to Peter Thiel, whom he knew from their PayPal days (both Hoffman and Thiel are considered members of the PayPal Mafia). Thiel met Parker and Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard college student who had founded Facebook and controlled it. Thiel and Zuckerberg got along well and Thiel agreed to lead Facebook's seed round with $500,000 for 10.2% of the company. Hoffman and Mark Pincus also participated in the round, along with Maurice Werdegar who led the investment on behalf of Western Technology Investment. The investment was originally in the form of a convertible note, to be converted to equity if Facebook reached 1.5 million users by the end of 2004. Although Facebook narrowly missed the target, Thiel allowed the loan to be converted to equity anyway. Thiel said of his investment:
I was comfortable with them pursuing their original vision. And it was a very reasonable valuation. I thought it was going to be a pretty safe investment.
Accel investment (Series A)
In April 2005, Accel Partners agreed to make a $12.7 million venture capital investment in a deal that valued Facebook at $98 million. Accel joined Facebook's board, and the board was expanded to five seats, with Zuckerberg, Thiel, and Accel's Jim Breyer in three of the seats, and the other two seats currently being empty but with Zuckerberg free to nominate anybody to those seats.
Greylock investment (Series B)
In April 2006, Facebook closed its Series B funding round. This included $27.5 million from a number of venture capitalists, including Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital, plus additional investments from Peter Thiel and Accel Partners. The valuation for this round was about $500 million.
A leaked cash flow statement showed that during the 2005 fiscal year, Facebook had a net gain of $5.66 million.
Sales negotiations
With the sale of social networking website MySpace to News Corp on July 19, 2005, rumours surfaced about the possible sale of Facebook to a larger media company. Zuckerberg had already stated that he did not want to sell the company, and denied rumors to the contrary. On March 28, 2006, BusinessWeek reported that a potential acquisition of Facebook was under negotiation. Facebook reportedly declined an offer of $750 million from an unknown bidder, and it was rumored the asking price rose as high as $2 billion.
In September 2006, serious talks between Facebook and Yahoo! took place concerning acquisition of Facebook, with prices reaching as high as $1 billion. Thiel, by then a board member of Facebook, indicated that Facebook's internal valuation was around $8 billion based on their projected revenues of $1 billion by 2015, comparable to Viacom's MTV brand, a company with a shared target demographic audience.
On July 17, 2007, Zuckerberg said that selling Facebook was unlikely because he wanted to keep it independent, saying "We're not really looking to sell the company ... We're not looking to IPO anytime soon. It's just not the core focus of the company." In September 2007, Microsoft approached Facebook, proposing an investment in return for a 5% stake in the company, offering an estimated $300–500 million. That month, other companies, including Google, expressed interest in buying a portion of Facebook.
Microsoft investment (Series C)
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion. However, Microsoft bought preferred stock that carried special rights, such as "liquidation preferences" that meant Microsoft would get paid before common stockholders if the company were sold. Microsoft's purchase also included the right to place international ads on Facebook. In November 2007, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing invested $60 million in Facebook.
DST investment
In 2009, Yuri Milner's DST (which later split into DST Global and Mail.ru Group), alongside Uzbek Russian metals magnate Alisher Usmanov, invested $200 million in Facebook when it was valued at $10 billion. A separate stake was also acquired by Usmanov's USM Holdings on another occasion. According to the New York Times in 2013, "Mr. Usmanov and other Russian investors at one point owned nearly 10 percent of Facebook, though precise details of their ownership stakes are difficult to assess." It was later revealed in 2017 by the Paradise Papers that lending by Russian state-backed VTB Bank and Gazprom's investment vehicle partially financed these 2009 investments, although Milner was reportedly unaware at the time.Entrance to Facebook's former headquarters in the Stanford Research Park, Palo Alto, California. In January 2012 the company moved to a new campus in Menlo Park, California.
Switch to profitability
In August 2008, BusinessWeek reported that private sales by employees, as well as purchases by venture capital firms, were being done at share prices that put the company's total valuation at between $3.75 billion and $5 billion. In October 2008, Zuckerberg said "I don't think social networks can be monetized in the same way that search did ... In three years from now we have to figure out what the optimum model is. But that is not our primary focus today."
Facebook hired Sheryl Sandberg as its Chief Operating Officer in March 2008. Sandberg is reported to have held a number of brainstorming sessions with Facebook employees on their long-term monetization strategy, which led to the conclusion that advertising would be the main source of monetization. Under Sandberg's leadership, Facebook made a number of changes to its advertising model with the aim of achieving profitability. In September 2009, Facebook stated that it had turned cash flow positive for the first time.
In early 2012, Facebook disclosed that its profits had jumped 65% to $1 billion in the previous year when its revenue, which is mainly from advertising, had jumped almost 90% to $3.71 billion. Facebook also reported that 56% of its advertising revenue comes from the United States alone, and that 12% of its revenue comes from Zynga, the social network game development company. Payments and other fees were $557 million up from $106 million the previous year.
Acquisitions
In August 2009, Facebook acquired social media real-time news aggregator FriendFeed, a startup created by Gmail's first engineer Paul Buchheit.
In February 2010, Facebook acquired Malaysian contact-importing startup Octazen Solutions. On April 2, 2010, Facebook announced acquisition of a photo-sharing service called Divvyshot for an undisclosed amount. In June 2010, an online marketplace for trading private Facebook stock reflected a valuation of $11.5 billion.
On April 12, 2012, Facebook acquired photo sharing service Instagram for approximately $1 billion in cash and stock.
On March 8, 2013, Facebook announced that they acquired the team from Storylane, but not the product itself. On October 13, 2013, Facebook acquired Onavo, an Israeli analytics company, for approximately $120 million.
On February 19, 2014, Facebook announced its acquisition of WhatsApp, a smartphone instant messaging application for $19 billion in a mix of stock and cash. The acquisition is the most ever paid for a venture-capital backed startup.
On March 25, 2014, Facebook announced they had acquired virtual reality startup Oculus VR for $2 billion in cash and stock.
Initial public offering
Main article: Initial public offering of Facebook
Facebook filed for an initial public offering (IPO) on February 1, 2012. The preliminary prospectus stated that the company was seeking to raise $5 billion. The document announced that the company had 845 million active monthly users and its website featured 2.7 billion daily likes and comments. After the IPO, Zuckerberg retains a 22% ownership share in Facebook and owns 57% of the voting shares.
Underwriters valued the shares at $38 each, pricing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly public company. On May 16, one day before the IPO, Facebook announced that it would sell 25% more shares than originally planned due to high demand. The IPO raised $16 billion, making it the third largest in U.S. history (just ahead of AT&T Wireless and behind only General Motors and Visa Inc.). The stock price left the company with a higher market capitalization than all but a few U.S. corporations – surpassing heavyweights such as Amazon.com, McDonald's, Disney, and Kraft Foods – and made Zuckerberg's stock worth $19 billion. The New York Times stated that the offering overcame questions about Facebook's difficulties in attracting advertisers to transform the company into a "must-own stock". Jimmy Lee of JPMorgan Chase described it as "the next great blue-chip". Writers at TechCrunch, on the other hand, expressed skepticism, stating, "That's a big multiple to live up to, and will likely need to add bold new revenue streams to justify the mammoth valuation".
Trading in the stock, which began on May 18, was delayed that day due to technical problems with the NASDAQ exchange. The stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day, forcing underwriters to buy back shares to support the price. At closing bell, shares were valued at $38.23, only $0.23 above the IPO price and down $3.82 from the opening bell value. The opening was widely described by the financial press as a disappointment.
The stock nonetheless set a new record for trading volume of an IPO. On May 25, 2012, the stock ended its first full week of trading at $31.91, a 16.5% decline.
On 22 May, regulators from Wall Street's Financial Industry Regulatory Authority announced that they had begun to investigate whether banks underwriting Facebook had improperly shared information only with select clients, rather than the general public. Massachusetts Secretary of State William Galvin subpoenaed Morgan Stanley over the same issue. The allegations sparked "fury" among some investors and led to the immediate filing of several lawsuits, one of them a class action suit claiming more than $2.5 billion in losses due to the IPO. Bloomberg estimated that retail investors may have lost approximately $630 million on Facebook stock since its debut.
Timeline
"Facebook timeline" redirects here. For the Facebook feature unveiled in late 2011, see Facebook features § Timeline.
Year
Month and date (if available)
Event type
Event
2004
January
Creation
Mark Zuckerberg begins with his fellow co-founders writing Facebook.
2004
February 4
Creation
Zuckerberg launches Facebook as a Harvard-only social network.
2004
April 13
Financial/legal
Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, and Eduardo Saverin form Thefacebook.com LLC, a partnership.
2004
June
Funding
Facebook receives its first investment from Peter Thiel for US$500,000.
2004
July 29
Financial/legal
Facebook incorporates into a new company, and Sean Parker (early employee of Napster) becomes its president.
2004
August
Product
To compete with growing campus-only service i2hub, Zuckerberg launches Wirehog. It is a precursor to Facebook Platform applications.
2004
September
Financial/legal
ConnectU files a lawsuit against Zuckerberg and other Facebook founders.
2004
December 30
Userbase
Facebook achieves its one millionth registered user.
2005
March 10
Userbase
Facebook expands to UK universities. University of Surrey, Cambridge and Oxford are the first three UK universities on the platform.
2005
May 26
Funding
Accel Partners invests $13 million into Facebook.
2005
July 19
Acquisition talks
News Corp acquires MySpace, spurring rumors about the possible sale of Facebook to a larger media company.
2005
August 23
Product
Facebook acquires Facebook.com domain for $200,000.
2005
September
Product
Facebook launches a high school version of the website.
2005
October
Product
Facebook launches its photos feature with no restrictions on storage (but without the ability to tag friends).
2005
December
Product
Facebook introduces the ability to tag friends in photos.
2006
March 28
Acquisition talks
A potential acquisition of Facebook is reportedly under negotiations, for $750 million first, then later $2 billion.
2006
April
Userbase
Facebook expands its membership requirements to include corporate employees.
2006
August 22
Product
Facebook launches a blogging feature known as "Facebook Notes".
2006
September 26
Userbase
Membership is opened to anyone.
2006
September 6
Product (news feed)
Facebook launches News Feed. The original news feed is an algorithmically generated and constantly refreshing summary of updates about the activities of one's friends. The concept was relatively new at the time, with Twitter having launched only a few months in advance.
2006
September
Acquisition talks
Facebook discusses with Yahoo! about the latter possibly acquiring the former, for $1 billion.
2007
January 10
Product
Facebook launches m.facebook.com and officially announces mobile support.
2007
May 24
Product
Facebook announces Facebook Platform for developers to build applications on top of Facebook's social graph.
2007
October 24
Funding
Microsoft announces that it will purchase a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion. However, Microsoft also gained ad exclusivity in this deal, so the $15 billion valuation figure is disputed.
2007
November 6
Product (news feed)
Facebook launches Facebook Beacon with 44 partner sites at the time of launch. Beacon is part of Facebook's advertisement system that sends data from external websites to Facebook, for the purpose of allowing targeted advertisements and allowing users to share their activities with their friends. Certain activities on partner sites are published to a user's News Feed. On the same day, Facebook launched Facebook Pages.
2007
November 19
Product
Facebook removes "is" from status updates, allowing users to adopt a more free-form version of status updates.
2008
May
Team
Adam D'Angelo, an early employee and chief technology officer, leaves Facebook.
2008
June
Financial/legal
Facebook settles both lawsuits, ConnectU vs Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg et al. and intellectual property theft, Wayne Chang et al. over The Winklevoss Chang Group's Social Butterfly project. The settlement effectively had Facebook acquiring ConnectU for $20 million in cash and over $1.2 million in shares, valued at $45 million based on $15 billion company valuation.
2008
July 21
Product
Facebook launches a complete site redesign with options for tabbed redesign, and allows users to opt into it. By September 2008, it forces all users to opt-in.
2008
August
Financial/legal
Employees reportedly privately sell their shares to venture capital firms, at a company valuation of between $3.75 billion to $5 billion.
2008
October
Physical location
Facebook sets up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.
2008
November
Product
Facebook launches Facebook Credits in order to help users purchase Facebook gifts.
2009
February 9
Product
Facebook activates the Facebook like button.
2009
August
Acquisition
Facebook acquires FriendFeed.
2009
September
Financial/legal
Facebook claims that it has turned cash flow positive for the first time.
2009
September 10
Product
Facebook announces a feature whereby people can @-tag friends in their status updates and comments.
2009
September
Product
Facebook shuts down Beacon.
2010
February
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Malaysian contact-importing startup Octazen Solutions.
2010
April 2
Acquisition
Facebook announces the acquisition of photo-sharing service called Divvy-shot for an undisclosed amount.
2010
April 19
Product
Facebook introduces Community Pages, which are Pages that are populated with articles from Wikipedia.
2010
June
Financial/legal
Facebook employees sell shares of the company on SecondMarket at a company valuation of $11.5 billion.
2010
June
Product
Facebook introduces the option to Like individual comments.
2010
October 1
Popular culture
The Social Network, a film about the beginnings of Facebook directed by David Fincher & stars Jesse Eisenberg as Mark is released. The film is met with widespread critical acclaim as well as commercial success; however, Mark Zuckerberg says that the film is a largely inaccurate account of what happened.
2010
December
Product
Facebook launches a redesign that emphasizes the most important parts of someone's life, including one's biographic information, photos, education, work experience, and important relationships. It replaces the tabs at the top of each profile page with links on the left side of the page.
2011
January
Funding
$500 million is invested into Facebook for 1% of the company, placing its worth at $50 billion.
2011
February
Product
Facebook application and content aggregator Pixable estimates that Facebook will host 100 billion photos by summer 2011.
2011
June 28
Competition
Google launches Google+, widely perceived as a competitor to Facebook. Commentators believe that Facebook's subsequent rapid release of new features and improvements may have in part been hastened due to competition from Google+.
2011
July 6
Product
Facebook partners with Skype to add video chat and updates its website interface.
2011
August 9, then October 19
Product
Facebook Messenger is launched for Android and IOS. October 19, 2011 update makes the app available to Blackberry os.
2011
September, then November 30
Product
Facebook increases the character limit for status update posts from 500 to 5,000 in September and to 63,206 on November 30.
2011
September 14
Product
Facebook allows people to subscribe to non-friends and to set the extent to which they receive updates from their existing friends and people they are subscribing to.
2011
September 15
Product
Facebook partners with Heroku for Facebook application development using the Facebook Platform.
2011
September 22
Product
Facebook launches new UI Timeline in F8 Convention.
2011
October 6
Accessibility
Facebook for SIM, a client/server SIM application developed by international digital security company Gemalto that enables people to access Facebook using the SMS protocol on their mobile phones, without needing a data plan, is released in partnership with select carriers.
2011
October 10
Accessibility
Facebook launches iPad app.
2011
December 21
Product
Facebook login page changes due to Facebook Timeline addition.
2012
January 10
Product (news feed)
Facebook starts showing advertisements (called Featured Posts) in the news feed. The advertisements are generally for pages that one's Facebook friends have engaged with.
2012
April
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Instagram for $1 billion.
2012
May 18
Financial/legal
Facebook IPO: Facebook goes public, negotiating a share price of $38 apiece, valuing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company.
2012
June 13
Product
Facebook launches Facebook Exchange (FBX), a real-time bidding ad system where advertisers can bid on users based on third-party websites visited by the users (as tracked by a cookie on the third-party website).
2012
October
Userbase
Facebook reaches 1 billion active users.
2013
January 15
Product
Facebook announces and begins rolling out Facebook Graph Search.
2013
January 30, then April 9
Product
Facebook rolls out detailed and fine-grained emoticons to express different actions and emotional states in one's status updates (experimental launch January 30, official launch with universal availability April 9).
2013
March 7
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces major planned changes to the News Feed. However, it is later revealed that Facebook abandoned these changes after getting negative feedback from users.
2013
March 8
Acquisition
Facebook announces that they acquired the team from Storylane, but not the product itself.
2013
April 4, then April 12
Product (mobile-only)
Facebook launches Facebook Home, a user interface layer for Android-compatible phones that provides a replacement home screen that makes it easier for users to browse and post.
2013
April 15
Product
Facebook launches a new timeline with Video Autoplay.
2013
April–July
Product
Facebook launches Stickers, initially only for its iOS apps in April, but later expanding to its web version in July.
2013
June 12, then June 27
Product
Facebook announces support for hashtags, initially only for the web (June 12). Later (June 27), more functionality is added and hashtags are extended to the mobile site and apps.
2013
June 30
Political activism
Zuckerberg joins 700 Facebook employees for the June 2013 Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Pride Celebration march in San Francisco, U.S. The 2013 Pride celebration was especially significant, as it followed a Supreme Court of the United States ruling that deemed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional.
2013
August 20
Userbase/accessibility
Facebook launches Internet.org in collaboration with six cellphone companies (Samsung, Ericsson, MediaTek, Nokia, Opera Software, and Qualcomm). Internet.org aims to bring affordable Internet access to everybody by increasing affordability, increasing efficiency, and facilitating the development of new business models around the provision of Internet access.
2013
September 26
Product
Facebook begins letting people edit their posts and comments after publishing.
2013
September 29
Product
Facebook announces that it will begin rolling out Graph Search for posts and comments.
2013
October 13
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Onavo, an Israeli analytics company, for approximately $120 million.
2013
November 13
Acquisition talks
A number of news outlets reports that Facebook offered to buy Snapchat for US$3 billion but was spurned.
2013
December 18
Financial/legal
Facebook, Zuckerberg, & banks face IPO lawsuit.
2014
January 13
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Branch Media, and it is announced that the team working on the startup will join Facebook to work on conversations products for Facebook that builds on similar ideas as Branch Media's products, while Branch Media's existing products will continue to operate separately. Facebook confirms that the acquisition is a talent acquisition.
2014
January 16
Product
Facebook launches Trending Topics for its web version in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, India, and Australia. This is based on feedback to a pilot version tested both on the web and mobile starting August 2013.
2014
January 30, then February 3
Product (mobile-only)
On January 30, Facebook announces Facebook Paper, a separate iOS app that provides a newspaper-like or magazine-like experience for reading on the phone, scheduled for launch on February 3. Facebook also announces Facebook Creative Labs, an intra-company effort to have separate teams working on separate mobile apps that specialize in different facets related to the Facebook experience, rather than trying to make changes to Facebook's main web version, mobile version, or its iOS and Android apps, and says that Facebook Paper is the first product of Facebook Creative Labs. Facebook Paper receives mixed reviews, and some commentators note its similarity with Flipboard.
2014
February 4
Milestone
Facebook marks the ten-year anniversary of its launch (February 4, 2004), and Mark Zuckerberg writes a public post about why he is proud of Facebook so far. The Pew Research Center releases a report about increasing Facebook usage by adults to mark the occasion. Many other commentators write articles about Facebook to honor the occasion.
2014
February 4–7
Product
On February 4, on the occasion of its tenth anniversary, Facebook introduces its Look Back feature that creates an automated video for each person looking back on the person's life as recorded on Facebook. On February 7, Facebook adds the ability to edit the Look Back videos.
2014
February 13
Political activism
Facebook opens up many new LGBTQ-friendly gender identity and pronoun options.
2014
February 19
Acquisition
Facebook announces that it is acquiring the Sequoia Capital-backed multi-platform mobile messaging app WhatsApp for US$16 billion ($4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares) plus an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units to be granted to WhatsApp’s founders and employees that will vest over four years subsequent to closing. According to the announcement, WhatsApp will continue to operate independently, Facebook will continue developing Facebook Messenger, and WhatsApp CEO Jan Koum will join the Facebook Board of Directors. On February 24, in a keynote address to the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Zuckerberg says that the WhatsApp acquisition is part of the Internet.org vision.
2014
March 3
Acquisition
Rumors are circulated that Facebook is buying drone maker Titan Aerospace for $60 million. It is believed that the acquisition will help bolster Facebook's vision with Internet.org. Later, on April 14, 2014, the Wall Street Journal reports that Google is acquiring Titan Aerospace.
2014
March 6
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces that it will begin rollout of a somewhat modified news feed. The changes are along the same lines as those announced in the planned revamp announced March 7, 2013 (that was halted), but are more minor and focused.
2014
March 17
Product
Facebook's face recognition algorithm (DeepFace) reaches near-human accuracy in identifying faces.
2014
March 25
Acquisition
Facebook announces that it is acquiring Oculus VR, Inc., a leading virtual reality company. The amount is reported to be $2 billion in cash and stock.
2014
March 27
Accessibility
Facebook announces a Connectivity Lab as part of the Internet.org initiative, with the goal of bringing the Internet to everybody via drones, using acqhires from Ascenta.
2014
April 24
Product
Facebook announces FB Newswire to help journalists find news on its website.
2014
April 30
Product, accessibility
Facebook launches anonymous login so that people can use apps without giving them their data.
2014
June 18
Product (mobile-only)
Facebook releases Facebook Slingshot, an instant messaging software application for sharing photos and videos with friends, for Android and iOS devices.
2014
July 21
Product
Facebook launches Save, a read-it-later feature that allows users to save links, places, and media pages for later perusal.
2014
September 15 onward
Userbase/controversy
Facebook cracks down on the Facebook profiles of drag queens in San Francisco, asking them to switch to using their real names, and shutting down the accounts of those who refuse to comply. There is considerable pushback, including a planned protest at Facebook headquarters, that is delayed for a meeting with Facebook, but Facebook refuses to budge on its policy. Many people, particularly those in or sympathetic to the LGBTQ community, sign up for competing social network Ello, that does not enforce a real names policy, promises to remain "ad-free and porn-friendly", and aims to have a zero-tolerance policy for hate speech. On October 1, Facebook announced a clarification to its real name policy and said that drag queens could continue operating their accounts. The company clarified that people should use their authentic real-world names but need not use their legal names.
2014
October 6
Acquisition
Facebook officially completes the acquisition of WhatsApp, and WhatsApp CEO Jan Koum agrees to match Mark Zuckerberg's $1 salary.
2014
October 23
Product
Facebook launches pseudonymous app Rooms, where Facebook users can create and participate in forums on any topic and do not need to use their real names. The forthcoming launch of the app had been reported on October 7.
2014
October 31
Accessibility
Facebook creates a custom Tor link, making it easier for people to access Facebook anonymously in locations where it is censored.
2014
November 7
Product (news feed)
Facebook makes it easy for people to unfollow friends and pages they've liked, both while viewing pages in the feed and while reviewing summaries of the most prolific contributors to their feed.
2014
December 8
Product
Facebook rolls out keyword search for all posts, part of Facebook Graph Search, to all US English users on desktop and using iPhones. It is cited as a potential competitor to Yelp and other product recommendation engines and also as a potential way to surface old, embarrassing posts by people.
2014
December 11
Outreach
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg holds his second Q&A, open to the public, about Facebook, where he discusses the dislike button and Facebook's role in promoting viewpoint diversity, helping people share more, and facilitating social and political transparency.
2015
January 5
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Wit.ai, a Y Combinator startup founded 18 months ago to create an API for building voice-activated interfaces.
2015
January 8
Acquisition
Facebook acquires QuickFire Networks, a company that built a custom hardware and software platform for reducing video file sizes and upload times. The Wall Street Journal got the news on January 8, with confirmation later arriving on QuickFire’s site.
2015
January 16
Open sourcing
Facebook open sources the Torch library, containing some of its deep learning tools in machine learning, including new code that runs 23 times as fast for training convolutional neural networks as the fastest publicly available code until that time.
2015
January 20
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces that it will show fewer hoaxes in the news feed, and mark items it identifies as potential hoaxes so that readers can view them more critically.
2015
March 17
Product
Facebook introduces a free friend-to-friend payment service within its Messenger app. This is touted by some tech journalists as potential competition for PayPal's Venmo service.
2015
March 25
Product
At the first day of the 2015 F8 conference (a conference for Facebook to make announcements about major product and service changes), the company makes a bunch of announcements, with the unifying theme being that the company wants to be an integrated bunch of apps, each fulfilling a somewhat different role. Currently, the company's leading apps include its main app, Messenger, and externally built and acquired apps such as Instagram and WhatsApp. Specific announcements include making Facebook Messenger more of a platform, a new real-time comments system, embeddable videos, spherical video, Parse for the Internet of Things, updates to ad exchange LiveRail, and analytics for apps.
2015
March 26
Open sourcing
Facebook releases its React native framework for building native apps as open source. This is announced on the second day of the F8 conference.
2015
March 31
Userbase, product
Facebook launches a feature called Scrapbook that allows parents to give their kids an official presence on Facebook even when they are too young to have their own accounts on the network by tagging them in photos. A Scrapbook can be owned by two people who have indicated to Facebook that they are in a relationship. When the kids grow old enough and get their own accounts, they can take over ownership of the Scrapbook and change the privacy settings thereof.
2015
April 22
Product
Facebook launches an Android app called Hello to instantly matches phone numbers of incoming and outgoing calls to Facebook profiles to show information about the caller/callee, block calls from commonly blocked numbers, and search for businesses to call, with initial rollout in the United States, Brazil, and Nigeria. There is no corresponding iOS app, because iOS does not allow apps to interact with phone calls. Commentators compare Facebook Hello to the native Android dialer app and to TrueCaller, an app with crowdsourced data.
2015
April 28 (announcement), April 30 (closure)
Product, platform
Facebook announces that it is shutting down its friends data API, forcing developers to migrate to the Graph API. The company is also allowing for more granular control of data that users may share with apps.
2015
May 12
Product
Facebook launches "Instant Articles" for Publishers. Publishers who use Instant Articles can opt in to have some of their articles shown to mobile users inside Facebook's app itself, without users having to leave the app and visit the customer's website. Initial launch partners include BuzzFeed, the New York Times, National Geographic and six others. The article as displayed on Facebook mimics the article on the website in terms of layout, and Instant Articles allows for correct attribution and analytics with tools such as Google Analytics, Omniture, and Comscore, in addition to publishers benefiting from Facebook's own analytics. Publishers can choose to have only a subset of their content available as Instant Articles, and Facebook handles the porting of the article to the Instant Article format itself. BuzzFeed praised Facebook for complying with its requests for compatibility with analytics tracking, and said the process was very collaborative throughout. Load times are claimed to be ten times faster than the mobile web. Publishers can keep all the ad revenue if using their own ads, but Facebook gets a 30% cut if the ads are shown by Facebook.
2015
May 29
Product (news feed)
Facebook confirms official support for GIFs. Autoplay settings for GIFs would be the same as those for videos: users who have video autoplay set to on (the default setting) will have GIFs autoplay when they scroll to the GIF in their news feed. Others can play the GIF manually by clicking the GIF button on the feed item with the GIF.
2015
June–August
Product
Facebook adds more features for pages to make it easier for businesses to use them. These include: allowing pages to display how quickly they respond to messages, allowing pages to send saved replies to messages, allowing pages to use private messages for customer support, and adding buy button integration to pages.
2015
June–July
Product (news feed)
Facebook makes changes to its news feed algorithm in a few different directions. It relinquishes some control to users allowing them to dictate what they see first in the news feed. Also, it announces that it will start using information on how long people hover on a particular item in their news feed to gauge their level of interest in the item, in addition to the more explicit signals it currently uses (likes, comments, shares).
2015
August
Product
On August 5, Facebook launches live-streaming, initially restricted only to celebrities. Subsequently, on August 12, it announces that the feature will be made available to journalists and those with verified profiles.
2015
August 26
Product
Facebook begins rolling out a human- and AI-powered virtual assistant called "M". M is available through Facebook's Messenger app, and is capable of performing tasks on behalf of users, including placing restaurant reservations and booking travel. At launch, M is only available to a small group of testers, and in April 2016 Facebook would confirm that it could be years before M is broadly available.
2015
August 27
Userbase
Facebook announces that it has hit the milestone of 1 billion users accessing it on a single day.
2015
October 27
Accessibility
Facebook announces an initiative called 2G Tuesdays. With this initiative, Facebook engineers can opt in to access Facebook at 2G speeds for an hour every Tuesday (thus partly mimicking the experience of a nonnegligible fraction of Internet users in developing countries). The goal is to make Facebook engineers better understand the challenges of using Facebook with poor Internet speeds, and in turn help improve the Facebook experience for these users.
2015
December
Product
Facebook announces that it will add a feature for booking a ride through its messaging application. Users of Facebook Messenger in the U.S. will be able to summon an Uber car with a few taps.
2016
January – March
Product
Facebook Live that was originally launched in August 2015 and limited to celebrities, becomes available to all U.S. iPhone users on January 28. On February 18, the global rollout begins. It becomes available to U.S. Android users in the week following February 26. Starting March 1, Facebook starts pushing live content more compared to older content. Commentators describe Facebook Live as marking Facebook's entry into the live-streaming space, competing with Twitter-owned Periscope.
2016
February 24
Product
Facebook releases Facebook Reactions to the general public. The feature allows people to use five additional reactions beyond just the "like" action to convey their reaction to a post. The new reactions are "Love", "Haha", "Wow", "Sad", and "Angry" (another reaction, "Yay", that was used in initial testing of the feature, has been removed). Although the names differ across languages, the emoticons used are the same across languages. Each user can add at most one reaction to a post. An early version of Reactions was released in October 2015 in Ireland and Spain.
2016
March 18
Product
Facebook provide "Basketball Game" function in Messenger.
2016
April 12 and 13
Product
Facebook F8 for 2016 includes a number of announcements about the product roadmap. Key highlights include: Messenger chatbots and a new bot engine, open source virtual reality camera, more tools for Facebook apps and Facebook Live, allowing businesses to send sponsored messages to people who have messaged them in the past, more changes around improving rights management for videos, and increased support for React Native from Microsoft and Samsung.
2016
April 21
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces that it is updating its news feed algorithm to take into account the time that a person spends reading the article, off Facebook (using various techniques to control for load time and article length). In the previous set of updates rolled out in June and July 2015, Facebook had started taking into account the time people spend viewing the item in their news feed, but the new change takes into account the user's activity outside Facebook. The change is part of Facebook's Feed Quality Program, and is a result of research showing that people's activity on Facebook failed to fully capture the extent to which they were interested in particular items. Commentators believe that this is likely to lead to a significant reduction in the circulation of misleading clickbait on the social network.
2016
April 27 and 28
Financial/legal, userbase
Facebook releases its 2016 Q1 earnings report, showing an increase in earnings to 77 cents per share up from 42 cents per share a year ago. The earnings beat analyst expectations, and cause Facebook share prices to soar, leading its market cap to exceed that of Johnson & Johnson. Facebook also reports an increase of 57% in advertising revenue to $5.2 billion, with mobile advertising now accounting for 82% of advertising revenue. It also reports a year-over-year increase in daily active users by 16% to 1.09 billion and in monthly active users by 15% to 1.65 billion. Facebook also announces a proposal to create a new class of nonvoting stock.
2016
May
Product, controversy
Gizmodo publishes a series of articles about alleged problems with Facebook's Trending Topics section, including lack of integration of the Trending Topics team with Facebook's overall culture and workforce, discretion vested in that team to make decisions (including the ability to artificially inject content into Trending Topics even if it has not been trending so far), and potential for bias in the way the discretion is exercised, with a particular focus on bias against conservatism. The controversy is picked up by other news media, the United States Senate Committee, and many conservative outlets. Facebook defends itself against the allegations, but also invites leading conservatives, including United States Republican presidential primary frontrunner Donald Trump, libertarian-leaning conservative commentator Glenn Beck (who is very impressed with Facebook's actions), and CNN commentator S. E. Cupp, for a meeting to discuss and address concerns. On May 23, Facebook announces changes to its Trending Topics section, and releases a 28-page document on the subject.
2016
May 25
Product
Facebook announces that it is shutting down Facebook Exchange (FBX), its desktop ad exchange. The reasons cited include that FBX makes a very small share of Facebook's ad revenue, and that it is of limited utility because is purely desktop-based, and any successful ad campaign must include mobile, that people are increasingly using.
2016
June 15
Product
Facebook introduces the secret Messenger soccer game, similar to the basketball game.
2016
June 29
Product (news feed)
Facebook publishes its list of "News Feed Values" that will guide its decisions and algorithms for the news feed. A core value listed is that friends and family come first, and Facebook announces that it is increasing the circulation of content about friends and family relative to publisher content.
2016
August 4
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces algorithm changes that penalize "clickbait" titles, based on a score assigned by a machine-learned model. The model is trained based on cases where users like a link, click it, and then immediately bounce and unlike pages. The algorithm is applied both at the web domain level and at the Facebook page level.
2016
August 11
Product (advertising)
Facebook and AdBlock Plus enter into an escalating war. AdBlock Plus tries to block advertisements and sponsored content on Facebook's site, but Facebook releases a workaround, to which AdBlock Plus releases its own workaround. Facebook's argument is that ad blockers are a crude solution, and Facebook's approach of giving users more fine-grained control over the content they see in the feed is superior. AdBlock Plus disagrees with the assessment and says ad blockers should not be blamed for users' desire to have an ad-free experience. The ad blocking war continues into September and discussion continues into November, with Facebook reportedly having boosted its ad revenue owing to its blocking of ad blockers.
2016
October 3
Product
In the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, Facebook launches Marketplace, a way to buy and sell items through Facebook. Marketplace appears as a tab in the mobile app. The feature has been compared to Craigslist.
2016
November 30
Product
Facebook launches in select countries Instant Games on Messenger and Facebook News Feed, which allows users to play games without installing new apps. The games are provided via HTML5. At launch, Instant Games does not allow game developers to place ads or in-game payments in games, but Facebook commits to allowing eventual monetization. The platform initially has 17 games.
2016
December 15
Product (news feed)
Facebook announces a set of news feed updates to combat the problem of fake news and hoaxes. These include more streamlining for users reporting fake news, a partnership with signatory organizations to Poynter’s International Fact Checking Code of Principles to examine items reported as fake, learning from lower share rates for people who view the article that the item might be fake, and warnings to users when they share news that is disputed or possibly fake.
2017
January 11
Outreach
Facebook introduces the Facebook Journalism Project, an effort to bolster its relationship with media and news organizations and journalists.
2017
end of January
Product
Facebook begins integrating the Messenger interface into the messages inbox, replacing the old inbox interface. This change makes the Facebook messages inbox interface similar to that seen on messenger.com.
2017
February 15
Product
In the United States and Canada, Facebook launches a feature to search for jobs. The feature allows businesses to post job openings through the status update composer, and allows users to apply to those job postings.
2017
February 16
Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook's principal founder and CEO) pens a long note on his personal Facebook titled "Building Global Community" that talks about supportive, safe, informed, civically engaged, and inclusive community. The note receives widespread discussion, including comparisons with a political manifesto.
2017
March 23
Product (messaging)
Facebook adds reactions and mentions inside Messenger (both the app and the web experience).
2017
April 27
Accessibility
Facebook launches Messenger Lite in over 100 additional countries.
2017
May 3
Product
Facebook adds reactions to comments. Reactions were previously available on messages (sent via Messenger) and Facebook posts but not in comments.
2017
May 21
Controversy
The Guardian publishes The Facebook Files, leaked Facebook documents detailing Facebook's moderation policies for graphic depictions of sex and violence as well as racist, sexist, and hate speech. The revelations lead to public discussion of the specifics of Facebook's policies, as well as calls on Facebook to be more transparent.
2017
March 30, May 24
Product (fundraising)
Facebook Fundraising is launched. On March 30, the fundraising tools are introduced in beta. On May 24, the product exits beta and is available in the United States for all users over 18 years of age.
2017
June 27
Userbase
Facebook reaches 2 billion monthly active users.
2017
August 18
Product (messaging)
Facebook Messenger rolls out rich text formatting, with support for bold, italics, inline code, and strike-through. In addition, LaTeX math expressions are implemented through KaTeX.
2017
September 7
Userbase/controversy
Facebook blocks 470 fake accounts after claiming them to be linked to Russia’s Internet Research Agency, which is suspect to have bought thousands of ads during the United States presidential campaign. The company claims having discovered a Russian-funded campaign to promote divisive social and political messages on its network.
2017
September 27
Controversy
United States president Donald Trump declares on Twitter that Facebook was always "anti-Trump". However, the claim wouldn't have sequel in the stock market, with Facebook’s share price on the rise.
2017
October 11
Outage
Facebook and Instagram experience widespread outage impacting a large number of users' ability to access the services across the world, with the areas experiencing the most problems appearing to be the West and East Coasts of North America, and various parts of Europe, with parts of South America and Southeast Asia getting errors as well.
2017
October 31
Staff
Under intensifying pressure from legislators and consumers to clean up its site, Facebook pledges to double its 10,000-person safety and security staff by end of 2018.
2017
November 8
Program launch
In an effort to combat revenge porn, Facebook encourages users in Australia to submit their nude photos to a pilot project designed to prevent intimate images from being shared without consent. Adults who have shared nude or sexually explicit photos with someone online, and who are worried about unauthorised distribution, under the program can securely send the photos to themselves via Messenger, a process that allows Facebook to "hash" them, creating an identifier which would block any further distribution on Facebook, Instagram and Messenger as a pre-emptive strike against revenge porn, a common method of abuse and exploitation online.
2017
November 16
Product
In an effort to combat fake news and promote authentic, fact-based journalism, Facebook launches Trust Indicators, a tool to help users determine how each particular publication works. The measure is also taken by Google and Twitter.
2017
November 16
Product
After live videos having skyrocketed on Facebook in the last months, the social network launches Facebook Creator, an app for mobile video posts offering influencers Live Creative Kit for adding intros and outros to broadcasts, a unified inbox of Facebook and Instagram comments plus Messenger chats, cross-posting to Twitter and expansive analytics.
2017
December 3
Staff
Facebook opens new office in London, expecting to hire 800 new staff. Interiorly designed by Frank Gehry, the office would be Facebook's biggest engineering hub outside the United States.
2017
December 4
Product
Facebook launches Messenger Kids, a version of Messenger for children from ages six to 12. The app does not require a Facebook account (illegal for this range of age). Rather, parents are able to manage a child’s Messenger Kids app from their Facebook account, controlling which friends and family members the child is able to contact.
2017
December 19
Product
In an effort to prevent people from impersonating others, Facebook expands its use of facial recognition technology by introducing new tool that would alert people that a friend, or a friend of a friend, uploaded a photo of them, even if they haven't been tagged in the picture.
2018
January 11
Acquisition
Facebook acquires personalized image search engine Dreambit.
2018
January 23
Acquisition
Facebook acquires Boston-based biometric ID verification startup Confirm.io, which offers a system for verifying the authenticity of ID cards, biometrics and facial recognition.
2018
January 25
Controversy
Facebook admits to the United States Senate that its software, in some cases, recommended content produced by Russian propaganda operatives around the time of the 2016 presidential election; stating however that it has found insignificant overlap between Russian-produced content and pages created by the Trump's election campaign.
2018
January 30
Policy
In an intentionally broad policy aimed at stopping scammers, Facebook bans all ads promoting cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin and initial coin offerings.
2018
January 31
Userbase
Facebook reports losing daily users for the first time ever in the United States and Canada. However, globally, the number of people using Facebook daily rose 14% compared to the previous year, but falling by 700,000 people in the US and Canada for the first time.
2018
March 17–26
Controversy
A whistleblower reveals that British political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica harvested 50 million Facebook profiles and used personal information taken without authorisation in early 2014 to build a system that could profile individual voters in the United States, in order to target them with personalized political advertisements. On March 26, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announces it is investigating Facebook's privacy practices following the revelations. The scandal would affect deeply the image of Facebook, with a loss of nearly US$50 billion in market capitalization since the data scandal.
2018
April 10–11
Legal
Mark Zuckerberg attends his first congressional hearings at Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. testifying about controversies over Facebook data privacy, and being questioned for almost 10 hours in two days by senators and representatives over the company's privacy policies. On the first day, Zuckerberg repeatedly apologizes and promises privacy reforms on Facebook, but also pointedly defends his company against the threat of new legislation. Facing tougher questions on the second day regarding Facebook policies about user privacy, data collection, political bias and the social network's business model, Zuckerberg would reject suggestions from Congress members that Facebook users did not have enough control over their data. However, he would explain plans to tighten data policies, protect users from further leaks and become more transparent about who's advertising on his site.
2018
April 26
Legal
Facebook CTO Mike Schroepfer is grilled for five hours by the UK Parliament; he is a stand-in for CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Among other things, in the testimony he gives estimates of Facebook's numbers of "dark ads" on Facebook, in connection with consumer advocate Martin Lewis whose name was used by malicious advertisers on advertisements for spam and misleading products.
2023
November 7
Legal
A former Meta employee, Arturo Bejar, testified before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, alleging that Facebook executives, including CEO Mark Zuckerberg, had ignored warnings about the harmful effects of Instagram on teens for years.
See also
Timeline of Twitter
Timeline of Instagram
Timeline of Pinterest
Timeline of Snapchat
Timeline of LinkedIn
Timeline of social media
Metaverse
Notes
^ An "active user" is defined by Facebook as a user who has visited the website in the last 30 days.
^ This value is from an investment document. The date is from when the document was revealed to the public, not the actual date that the website reached this many users.
References
^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
^ Carlson, Nicholas (March 5, 2010). "At Last — The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded". Business Insider. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
^ a b c "Company Timeline" (Press release). Facebook. January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). "Open Facebook". Forbes. New York. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Nguyen, Lananh (April 12, 2004). "Online network created by Harvard students flourishes". The Tufts Daily. Medford, MA. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
^ Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). "Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider". BusinessWeek. New York. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
^ a b Abram, Carolyn (September 26, 2006). "Welcome to Fb, everyone". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
^ a b "Terms of Use". Facebook. November 15, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ McGirt, Ellen (May 1, 2007). "Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Kaplan, Katharine A. (November 19, 2003). "Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ a b Tabak, Alan T. (January 9, 2004). "Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Hoffman, Claire (September 15, 2010). "The Battle For Facebook". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ Rothman, Lily (January 4, 2015). "Happy Birthday, Facebook". Time. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Cassidy, John (May 13, 2006). "Me Media". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
^ a b Carlson, Nicolas (March 5, 2010). "In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account". Business Insider. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
^ Stone, Brad (June 28, 2008). "Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU". The New York Times.
^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
^ Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). "Open Facebook". Forbes. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Rotberg, Emily, "Thefacebook.com opens to Duke students", The Chronicle, Duke University, April 14, 2004 (archived 2005)
^ Metz, Rachel, "College Facebook Mugs Go Online", Wired, June 9, 2004.
^ a b Rosen, Ellen (May 26, 2005). "Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ a b Straburg, Jenny; Bunge, Jacob (May 18, 2012). "Trading Problems Persisted After Opening for Facebook's IPO". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Williams, Chris (October 1, 2007). "Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com". The Register. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (December 7, 2005). "CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg". Youtube. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
^ Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). "When Facebook was young: the early years, after 2 months 70k users across 20 schools". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). "At 5 months after launch: 100k users across 400 schools". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). "At 8 months after launch: 1.5M users". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (August 26, 2008). "Our First 100 Million". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (April 8, 2009). "200 Million Strong". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (September 15, 2009). "300 Million and On". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ "New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement". Facebook. January 4, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (July 21, 2010). "500 Million Stories". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
^ Carlson, Nicholas (January 5, 2011). "Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users". NBC News. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
^ Socialbakers employee (May 30, 2011). "Facebook is globally closing in to 700 million users!". Socialbakers.
^ Ostrow, Adam (September 22, 2011). "Facebook Now Has 800 Million Users". Mashable. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
^ Cohen, Noam (April 24, 2012). "The Breakfast Meeting: Grilling for James Murdoch, and Facebook Tops 900 Million Users". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
^ Fowler, Geoffrey A. (October 4, 2012). "Facebook: One Billion and Counting". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved February 7, 2014. ... reached the milestone of one billion monthly active members on Sept. 14.
^ "Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Results". Facebook. May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
^ "Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results". Facebook. January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ "Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2014 Results". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 28, 2015.
^ "Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 27, 2016.
^ "Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 27, 2016.
^ Dempsey, Laura (August 3, 2006). "Facebook is the go-to Web site for students looking to hook up". Dayton Daily News.
^ Lerer, Lisa (January 25, 2007). "Why MySpace Doesn't Card". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). "Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
^ Richmond, Riva (November 27, 2007). "Enterprise: Facebook, a Marketer's Friend; Site Offers Platform To Tout Products, Interact With Users". Wall Street Journal. p. B4.
^ "Press Releases". Facebook. November 30, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
^ Catacchio, Chad (June 14, 2010). "Facebook Inviting Beta Testers For New Questions Feature". TNW Social Media. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
^ Facebook Engineering Puzzles. Facebook.com. Retrieved on November 6, 2015.
^ Kessler, Sarah (January 14, 2011). "Facebook Photos By the Numbers". Mashable. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ MacManus, Richard (October 27, 2011). "Facebook Mobile Usage Set to Explode". ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Ortutay, Barbara (March 12, 2012). "Yahoo sues Facebook over patents". Yahoo News. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
^ Oreskovic, Alexei (March 13, 2012). "Yahoo sues Facebook over patents". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
^ Evolution of Facebook Spinfold.com
^ a b "Facebook and Storyful launch a newswire that helps media find news content on the social network". The Next Web. April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
^ "Facebook Lite APK for Android". www.facebook.com.
^ Kirkpatrick, David (June 8, 2010). The Facebook Effect. Simon & Schuster. pp. 37–38.
^ "Shareholder trading values Facebook at more than $33bn" The Guardian—August 25, 2010: This reference does not confirm Thiel's percentage stake, implied to be 5.2% i.e. 33 divided by 1.7. The 5.2% is also independently asserted in the Facebook section of this Wikipedia article, but without citation. The imputed valuation of Facebook has, also, moved up to, 0bn in an early-2011 transaction with Goldman Sachs (Craig, Susanne and Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook", The New York Times Dealbook, January 2, 2011, 11:31 pm ET.) A 5.2% share of, 0bn would be worth .58bn. For its part, by March 2010, Forbes had actually reduced its estimate of Thiel's net worth to $1.2bn (#828 on list of world's billionaires), though the higher Facebook valuation makes this even more undervalued. Footnote expanded January 11, 2011.
^ Caulfield, Brian; Perlroth, Nicole (February 14, 2011). "Life After Facebook". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ a b c "Why you should beware of Facebook". The Age. Australia. January 20, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ a b Kirkpatrick, David (June 8, 2010). The Facebook Effect (p. 87-88). Simon & Schuster.
^ Kirkpatrick, David (June 8, 2010). The Facebook Effect (p. 126). Simon & Schuster.
^ Kirkpatrick, David (June 8, 2010). The Facebook Effect (pp. 170–171). Simon & Schuster.
^ Teller, Sam (April 25, 2006). "Investors Add $25M to Facebook's Coffers". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
^ "Statement of Cash Flows" (in French). Neels Company. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ a b "News Corp in $580 m internet buy". BBC News. July 19, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (September 8, 2006). "Free Flow of Information on the Internet discussions". Facebook. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
^ a b c Rosenbush, Steve (March 28, 2012). "Facebook's on the Block". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006.
^ Delaney, Kevin (September 21, 2006). "Facebook, Riding a Web Trend, Flirts With a Big-Money Deal". Dow Jones & Company. p. 1.
^ Bahler, Kristen (February 17, 2017). "How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature". Money.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022.
^ Sullivan, Brian (December 15, 2006). "Facebook, Courted By Yahoo, Won't Sell, Director Says (Update3)". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ Locke, Laura (June 17, 2007). "The Future of Facebook". Time. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ Swartz, Jon (October 2, 2007). "Tech giants poke around Facebook". USA Today. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ Delaney, Kevin (September 25, 2007). "Microsoft Fires Volley At Google in Ad Battle". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ a b "Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance". Microsoft. October 24, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
^ a b c "Facebook Stock For Sale". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
^ "Li Ka-shing invests 60 million dollars in Facebook: report". Tehran Times. December 3, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ a b Garside, Juliette (September 5, 2013). "Russia's richest man cashes in on Facebook share recovery". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
^ "Facebook bet pays off for Russia's Usmanov". Reuters. May 17, 2012.
^ Kincaid, Jason (May 24, 2010). "DST's Yuri Milner: Facebook Is Going To Be The Social Graph That Unifies All Civilization". TechCrunch.
^ a b Kramer, Mark Scott and Andrew E. (September 5, 2013). "Russian Tech Giant Cashes In on Facebook's Recovery". DealBook.
^ Swaine, Jon; Harding, Luke (November 5, 2017). "Russia funded Facebook and Twitter investments through Kushner investor". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ Drucker, Jesse (November 5, 2017). "Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire's Twitter and Facebook Investments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Kafka, Peter (October 10, 2008). "Zuckerberg: Facebook Will Have A Business Plan In Three Years". Silicon Alley Insider.
^ "Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users". Canada: CBC. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
^ Jarzmensky, Matt (February 2, 2012). "Facebook's Financials Raise Renewed Valuation Questions". The Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
^ Johansmeyer, Tom (February 2, 2012). "Facebook's Financials Revealed ". business2community. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b Facebook Acquires FriendFeed Techcrunch
^ Paul Buchheit on Gmail, AdSense and More Google Blogoscoped
^ Don't Be Evil, a Trigger for Ethical Questions Google Operating System Blog
^ Katdare, Kaustubh (March 1, 2009). "Small Talk with Mr. Paul Buchheit – Creator of Gmail, Adsense & Friend". CrazyEngineers. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Arrington, Michael (February 19, 2010). "Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen". Techcrunch.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
^ "Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot". April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
^ Rebbapragada, Narasu (June 21, 2010). "What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?". PC World.
^ "Breaking: Facebook buying Instagram for $1 billion". Fortune. CNN. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ "Facebook to Acquire Instagram". Facebook. April 9, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ a b "Facebook acquires Storylane team, but does not get its product, stories or data". The Next Web. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
^ a b Lunden, Ingrid (October 13, 2013). "Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel". TechCrunch.
^ a b Constine, John (January 29, 2019). "Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
^ a b Rosen, Guy (November 7, 2013). "We are joining the Facebook team". Onavo Blog. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
^ "Getting_The_Messages". The Economist. February 22, 2014.
^ "Facebook Buys Oculus, Virtual Reality Gaming Startup, For $2 Billion". Forbes. March 25, 2014.
^ "Form S-1 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933". February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Erickson, Christine (February 3, 2012). "Facebook IPO: The Complete Guide". Mashable business. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
^ Helft, Miguel; Hempel, Jessi (March 19, 2012). "Inside Facebook". Fortune. 165 (4): 122. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
^ Tangel, Andrew; Hamilton, Walter (May 17, 2012). "Stakes are high on Facebook's first day of trading". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ "Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%". BBC News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ a b c Rusli, Evelyn M.; Eavis, Peter (May 17, 2012). "Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O." The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ a b Carter, Ethan (July 15, 2023). "Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO". TheRockie. Associated Press. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Gross, Doug (March 17, 2012). "Internet greets Facebook's IPO price with glee, skepticism". CNN. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Bunge, Jacob; Strasburg, Jenny; Dezember, Ryan (May 18, 2012). "Facebook Falls Back to IPO Price". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Michael J. De La Mercred (May 18, 2012). "Facebook Closes at $38.23, Nearly Flat on Day". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ O'Dell, Jolie (May 18, 2012). "Facebook disappoints on its opening day, closing down $4 from where it opened". Venture Beat. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ "Facebook Sets Record For IPO Trading Volume". The Wall Street Journal. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Womack, Brian; Thomson, Amy (May 21, 2012). "Facebook falls below $38 IPO price in second day of trading". The Washington Post. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
^ Evelyn M. Rusli and Michael J. De La Merced (May 22, 2012). "Facebook I.P.O. Raises Regulatory Concerns". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
^ Temple, James; Newton, Casey (May 23, 2012). "Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ Eichler, Alexander (May 24, 2012). "Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions". Huffington Post.
^ Kim-Mai Cutler (July 20, 2010). "Zuckerberg had a contract with man suing for 84% ownership of Facebook". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Seward, Zachary M. (July 25, 2007). "Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "Phillips Exeter Academy | Face-to-Face with Mark Zuckerberg '02". Exeter.edu. January 24, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ a b c d Thomas, Owen (July 20, 2007). "A brief history of Mark Zuckerberg's legal woes". ValleyWag. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010.
^ "Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant". www.sec.gov. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ Tabak, Alan J. (August 13, 2004). "Zuckerberg Programs New Website". Harvard Crimson.
^ "Facebook: 10 milestones on the way to social success". The Daily Telegraph. London. October 7, 2010. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 6412514. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ Facebook S1 document, page 43.
^ a b Kanalley, Craig (August 2, 2011). "A History Of Facebook Photos (INFOGRAPHIC)". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Conference Proceedings, 27th Annual Industrial Relations and Human Resource Conference. 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2018. In April 2006, the company decided to expand their membership base into the corporate sector (e.g., Accenture, Amazon.com, Apple, Microsoft, PepsiCo, and PriceWaterhouseCoopers)
^ "Facebook Notes - Facebook Adds Blogs". Mashable.com. August 22, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Sanghvi, Ruchi (September 5, 2006). "Facebook Gets a Facelift". Facebook (blog). Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ "Facebook Goes Mobile". Techcrunch.com. January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Arrington, Michael (May 24, 2007). "Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Cashmore, Pete (May 20, 2007). "Major Facebook Announcement Thursday: Facebook Platform". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ "Leading Websites Offer Facebook Beacon for Social Distribution". Facebook Press Room. November 6, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
^ "Facebook Declares New Era for Advertising". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. November 6, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Facebook Removing "is" from Status Updates". Mashable.com. November 20, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Facebook CTO Adam D'Angelo to leave the company". Venturebeat.com. May 12, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Levenson, Michael (June 27, 2008). "Facebook, ConnectU Settle Dispute". Boston Globe.
^ "Check out the new Facebook". Https. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Hands on: Facebook redesign tries to clear the social smog". Ars Technica. July 21, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Old Facebook Will be Gone Next Week; Better App Access Coming". Adweek.com. September 4, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Press Releases". Facebook. November 30, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
^ "Facebook Credits – Part I: The Story So Far". Adweek.com. January 25, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Facebook Activates "Like" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery". Techcrunch.com. February 10, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users". Cbc.ca. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
^ Rao, Leena (September 10, 2009). "Facebook Turns To Twitter For Inspiration Again, Brings @ Tagging To Status Updates". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ Smith, Justin (September 10, 2009). "@Facebook Launching Status Tagging for Friends, Pages, Events, and Groups Today". Inside Facebook. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ Arrington, Michael (February 19, 2010). "Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen". Tech crunch.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
^ "Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot". April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
^ "Facebook Introduces Community Pages, Hopes To Make Them "Best Collections Of Shared Knowledge"". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
^ Rebbapragada, Narasu (June 20, 2010). "What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?". PC World. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ "Facebook's Profile Redesign: A Tour". Pcworld.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Susanne Craig and Andrew Ross Sorkin (January 2, 2011). "Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook". NYTimes.
^ Sarah Kessler 122 (February 14, 2011). "Facebook Photos By the Numbers ". Mashable.com. Retrieved February 9, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Parr, Ben (June 28, 2011). "Google Launches Google+ To Battle Facebook ". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ a b Constine, Josh (November 30, 2011). "Facebook Ups Character Limit to 60,000, Google+'s Is Still Bigger". Retrieved January 2, 2014.
^ Ashford, Warwick (July 7, 2011). "Facebook partners with Skype to add video calling to social network infrastructure". Computerweekly.com. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ "A Faster Way to Message on Mobile". Facebook. October 19, 2011.
^ Rait, Zach (September 14, 2011). "Introducing the Subscribe Button". Facebook. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ "Facebook and Heroku". Heroku. September 15, 2011.
^ Tofel, Kevin (October 6, 2011). "Facebook for SIM uses SMS; no data plan required". GigaOm. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ "voor iPad". Facebook. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Protalinski, Emil (January 10, 2012). "Facebook starts displaying ads in the News Feed". ZDNet. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Darwell, Brittany (January 10, 2012). "Sponsored Stories begin to appear in News Feed". Inside Facebook. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ "Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion". TechCrunch. April 9, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
^ "Facebook goes public". Forbes. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
^ Constine, Josh (June 13, 2012). "Facebook Exchange: A New Way For Advertisers To Target Specific Users With Real-Time Bid Ads". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ MacMillan, Douglas; Erlichman, Jonathan (June 14, 2012). "Facebook to Debut Real-Time Bidding on Advertising Prices". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.
^ "Facebook: One Billion and Counting". The Wall Street Journal. October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
^ "Facebook Announces Its Third Pillar "Graph Search" That Gives You Answers, Not Links Like Google". TechCrunch. January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
^ Constine, Josh (January 30, 2013). "Facebook Tries Letting You Share Emoticons Of Exactly What You're Feeling, Reading Or Eating". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (April 9, 2013). "Facebook Asks You To Please Select Your Emotion". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ "Facebook Launches Feeds For Photos, Music, Friends-Only, And More". TechCrunch. March 7, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ a b c Stone, Brad; Frier, Sarah (January 30, 2014). "Facebook Turns 10: The Mark Zuckerberg Interview". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ "Facebook Home revamps any Android phone to make it about 'people, not apps'". The Verge. April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ "Facebook Home can be disabled on HTC First, stock Android sits beneath". TechRadar. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Iyer, Kumar; Sharon, Michael (April 16, 2013). "Messaging updates for iPhone and a new look for iPad". Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (April 16, 2013). "Chat Heads Coming To iOS Facebook App Via Update Pushing Out Anytime Now". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (July 2, 2013). "Facebook Brings Its Mobile Messaging Stickers To The Web As Their Designer Exits". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ "Public Conversations on Facebook". Facebook Newsroom. June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
^ "Facebook officially supports hastags". Inside Facebook. June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
^ Constine, Josh (June 27, 2013). "Facebook Launches Related Hashtags And #Mobile Site Support". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Gallagher, Billy (June 30, 2013). "Mark Zuckerberg 'Likes' SF LGBT Pride As Tech Companies Publicly Celebrate Equal Rights". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
^ Rusli, Evelyn M. (June 30, 2013). "Mark Zuckerberg Leads 700 Facebook Employees in SF Gay Pride". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
^ "Internet.org: About". Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (August 20, 2013). "Facebook And 6 Phone Companies Launch Internet.org To Bring Affordable Access To Everyone". Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Farr, Christina (August 20, 2013). "Mark Zuckerberg launches Internet.org to connect 'the next 5 billion'". VentureBeat. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Schroeder, Stan (August 21, 2013). "Zuckerberg Wants to Bring the Whole Planet Internet Access". Mashable. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Pachal, Peter (September 26, 2013). "Facebook Finally Lets You Edit Posts". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (September 26, 2013). "Facebook Lets You Edit Posts After Sharing On Android And Web Now, iOS Soon". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ "Graph Search Now Includes Posts and Status Updates". Facebook. September 20, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
^ "Facebook Starts Rollout Of Graph Search For Posts, Comments, Check-Ins To Reveal The Past And Present". September 30, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
^ Rusli, Evelyn; MacMillan, Douglas (November 13, 2013). "Snapchat Spurned $3 Billion Acquisition Offer from Facebook". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Bercovici, Jeff (November 13, 2013). "Facebook Tried To Buy Snapchat For $3B In Cash. Here's Why". Forbes. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ "Facebook, Zuckerberg, banks must face IPO lawsuit: judge". Reuters. December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ Ha, Anthony (January 13, 2014). "Facebook Acquires Branch Media Team To Lead New "Conversations" Group". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Hamburger, Ellis (January 13, 2014). "Facebook acquires link-sharing service Branch for around $15 million". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "Finding Popular Conversations on Facebook". Facebook Newsroom. January 16, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (January 16, 2014). "Facebook Launches Trending Topics On Web With Descriptions Of Why Each Is Popular". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (August 7, 2013). "Continuing The Twitter-Jacking, Facebook Begins Trending Topics Test For Some U.S. Mobile Web Users". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Ha, Anthony (August 30, 2013). "Following Mobile Test, Facebook Tries Out A 'Trending' Section On Its Desktop News Feed". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (January 30, 2014). "Facebook Announces Paper, A Curated Visual News Reader Launching Feb. 3 On iOS". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (January 30, 2014). "Facebook's New "Creative Labs" Lets The 6,000-Employee Giant Move Fast Like A Startup". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (January 29, 2014). "Facebook's Plot To Conquer Mobile: Shatter Itself Into Pieces". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Ambruzzese, Jason (January 30, 2014). "Facebook's Paper Doesn't Scare Other News Apps". Mashable. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Meltz, Rachel (January 30, 2014). "Facebook's Paper Looks Way Better Than Its Mobile App: Facebook's latest app may convince me to spend more time using Facebook on my iPhone". Technology Review. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (February 4, 2014). "Today is Facebook's tenth anniversary". Facebook. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (February 3, 2014). "Facebook "Paper" May Beat Trademark Complaint As Drawing App Is Registered As "Paper By FiftyThree"". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Crook, Jordan (February 4, 2014). "Facebook Turns 10". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Lomas, Natasha (February 4, 2014). "Pew: Facebook Aged 10 Is Seeing Adult Usage "Intensifying"; 57% Of Adults Are Users, 64% Visit Daily". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Oremus, Will (February 3, 2014). "Facebook Was Born 10 Years Ago. Here's What It Looked Like". Slate. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ McCracken, Harry (February 4, 2014). "Facebook Turns 10: What If It Had Never Been Invented?". Techland. Time. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Knoblauch, Max (February 3, 2014). "Facebook Turns 10: What Else Was Popular in 2004?". Mashable. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Kumparak, Greg (February 5, 2014). "Don't Like Your Facebook "Look Back"? You'll Be Able To Edit It Soon". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ Kumparak, Greg (February 7, 2014). "Facebook Now Lets You Edit Your "Look Back" Movie". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ "When you come to Facebook ..." Facebook Diversity. February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ Crook, Jordan; Constine, Josh (February 13, 2014). "Facebook Opens Up LGBTQ-Friendly Gender Identity And Pronoun Options". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ "Facebook Provides 56 New Gender Identity Options". ReadWrite. February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ Fitzpatrick, Alex (February 13, 2014). "Facebook Adds New Gender Identity Terms: Not just male or female anymore". Techland. Time. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ a b "Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp". Facebook Newsroom. February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Goetz, Jim (February 19, 2014). "Four Numbers That Explain Why Facebook Acquired WhatsApp". Sequoia Capital. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (February 19, 2014). "Why Facebook Dropped $19B On WhatsApp: Reach Into Europe, Emerging Markets". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Crook, Jordan; Wilhelm, Alex (February 19, 2014). "Facebook's $19 Billion WhatsApp Acquisition, Contextualized". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Van Grove, Jennifer (February 19, 2014). "Facebook to acquire WhatsApp for $16B. The social network is throwing down billions of dollars of cash and stock to buy its biggest rival". CNet. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Carlson, Nicholas (February 19, 2014). "Facebook Is Buying Huge Messenger App WhatsApp For $19 Billion!". Business Insider. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ Lunden, Ingrid (February 24, 2014). "WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^ Perez, Sarah (March 3, 2014). "Facebook Looking Into Buying Drone Maker Titan Aerospace". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Perez, Sarah (March 4, 2014). "Why Would Titan Aerospace Sell To Facebook? Because Investors Weren't Biting". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (April 14, 2014). "Google Acquires Titan Aerospace, The Drone Company Pursued By Facebook". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Lunden, Ingrid (March 6, 2014). "Facebook Rolls Out Simplified News Feed That Leaves Content And Ads Alone". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Hamburger, Ellis (March 6, 2014). "Facebook goes back to basics with latest News Feed redesign: After a year testing an aggressive update, Facebook finally settles on a look". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Wagner, Kurt (March 6, 2014). "Facebook Unveils News Feed Redesign, One Year Later". Mashable. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Simonite, Tom (March 17, 2014). "Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do: Facebook's new AI research group reports a major improvement in face-processing software". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (March 18, 2014). "Facebook's DeepFace Project Nears Human Accuracy In Identifying Faces". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (March 25, 2014). "I'm excited to announce that we've agreed to acquire Oculus VR". Facebook. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "Facebook to Acquire Oculus". Street Insider. March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Panzarino, Matthew (March 25, 2014). "Facebook To Buy Oculus VR, Maker Of The Rift Headset, For Around $2B In Cash And Stock". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (March 25, 2014). "Facebook's Oculus Buy Signals A Hardware Land Grab, And Company Fit Isn't A Concern". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (March 25, 2014). "Facebook Missed Mobile Gaming, So It Bought Oculus To Own Virtual Reality For Gaming And Beyond". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "Announcing the Connectivity Lab at Facebook". Internet.org. March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (March 27, 2014). "Facebook Will Deliver Internet Via Drones With "Connectivity Lab" Project Powered By Acqhires From Ascenta". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (March 27, 2014). "Facebook Joins Google In The Hunt For The Future". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ Metz, Cade (March 27, 2014). "Facebook Will Build Drones and Satellites to Beam Internet Around the World". Wired. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (April 30, 2014). "Facebook Launches Anonymous Login So You Can Try Apps Without Giving Up Your Data". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
^ Facebook's Slingshot: A Prettier, More Desperate Version of Snapchat. Mashable.com (November 18, 2011). Retrieved on June 18, 2014.
^ Facebook’s Slingshot Challenges Snapchat With ‘Reply To Unlock’. TechCrunch. Retrieved on June 18, 2014.
^ Facebook Launches Slingshot, its Latest Messaging App. Thenextweb.com. Retrieved on June 18, 2014.
^ Topolsky, Joshua. (September 30, 2013) Facebook Slingshot is much more than a Snapchat clone. The Verge. Retrieved on June 18, 2014.
^ Facebook's Slingshot is a Snapchat competitor that wants you to snap back. Engadget.com. Retrieved on June 18, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (July 21, 2014). "Facebook Launches Save, A Read-It-Later List For Links, Places, And Media Pages". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ Buhr, Sarah (September 15, 2014). "Why Facebook Is Deleting Drag Queen Profile Pages". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ Barmann, Jay (September 17, 2014). "Drag Queens, David Campos Meet With Facebook Over Real-Name Controversy ". sfist.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ Butcher, Mike (September 26, 2014). "Ello, Ello? New 'No Ads' Social Network Ello Is Blowing Up Right Now". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ Sullivan, Gail (September 25, 2014). "Social network Ello gets boost after Facebook boots drag queens". Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ "Facebook agrees to drop 'real name' policy which banned drag queens". Pink News. October 1, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (October 6, 2014). "Facebook Closes WhatsApp Acquisition, Jan Koum To Match Zuckerberg's $1 Annual Salary". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (October 23, 2014). "Facebook Launches Pseudonymous App "Rooms" That Lets You Create Forums About Any Topic". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ Isaac, Mike (October 7, 2014). "Facebook Developing App That Allows Anonymity". New York Times Bits Blog. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ Etherington, Darrell (October 7, 2014). "Facebook's Potential Anonymity Project Could Be A Tough Sell". TechCrunch.
^ Adam Clark Estes (October 31, 2014). "Facebook Just Created a Custom Tor Link and That's Awesome". Gizmodo. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
^ Nichols, Shaun (October 31, 2014). "Facebook lifts Tor ban, offers encrypted onion access point. Anonymized traffic now A-OK". The Register. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
^ "Facebook opens up to anonymous Tor users with .onion address. Warns of 'evolutionary and flaky nature' of experiment to ensure anonymous users aren't wrongly identified as botnets". The Guardian. October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (November 7, 2014). "Unfollow Your Most Annoying Facebook Friends And Pages With "News Feed Settings"". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
^ Feeney, Nolan (November 8, 2014). "Facebook Will Make it Easier to Unfollow Boring Friends". Time. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
^ Stocky, Tom (December 8, 2014). "Updates to Facebook Search". Facebook. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (December 8, 2014). "Facebook Brings Graph Search To Mobile And Lets You Find Feed Posts By Keyword". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Bonnington, Christina (December 11, 2014). "At Last: You Can Now Search Your Old Facebook Posts". Wired. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Constine, Josh (December 8, 2014). "Hands-On With Facebook Post Search: Strong Recommendations, Yelp Should Worry". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Newcomb, Alyssa (December 9, 2014). "Facebook: Improved Search Could Surface Embarrassing Old Posts". ABC News. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Cohen, David (December 11, 2014). "Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: Dislike Button, Ferguson, Graph Search, News Feed Study Controversy". AllFacebook. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Lynley, Matthew (December 11, 2014). "The 11 Most Interesting Things From Mark Zuckerberg's Q&A Session. Zuckerberg held another Q&A session today to talk about Facebook and his personal life". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Tadeo, Maria (December 12, 2014). "Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: What we learnt about the Facebook founder". The Independent. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
^ Feeney, Nolan (January 5, 2015). "Facebook Acquires Voice Recognition Startup Wit.ai". Time. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Lorenz, Taylor (January 5, 2015). "Facebook Bought A Company That Could Let It Take On Siri". Business Insider. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (January 5, 2015). "Facebook Acquires Wit.ai To Help Its Developers With Speech Recognition And Voice Interfaces". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Dignan, Larry (January 5, 2015). "Facebook buys Wit.ai, adds natural language knowhow". ZDNet. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Harris, Derrich (January 5, 2015). "Facebook acquires speech-recognition IoT startup Wit.AI". GigaOm. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Fiegerman, Seth (January 5, 2015). "Facebook buys Wit.ai, a speech recognition startup". Mashable. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Albergotti, Reed (January 8, 2015). "Facebook Acquires Video Compression Startup QuickFire". Wall Street Journal (Digits blog). Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "Facebook Acquires QuickFire Networks, A 'Pied Piper' For Video". TechCrunch. January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 8, 2015). "Facebook buys video infrastructure company QuickFire Networks". VentureBeat. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "We're excited to announce today that we are joining Facebook". Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Chintala, Soumith (January 20, 2015). "FAIR open sources deep-learning modules for Torch". Facebook. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Lardinois, Frederic (January 16, 2015). "Facebook Open-Sources Some Of Its Deep-Learning Tools". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "Facebook open sources its cutting-edge deep learning tools". VentureBeat. January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "News Feed FYI: Showing Fewer Hoaxes". Facebook. January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (January 20, 2015). "Facebook Banishes Hoaxes From The News Feed". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ McGarry, Caitlin (January 20, 2015). "Facebook cracks down on News Feed hoaxes". MacWorld. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "Send Money to Friends in Messenger". Facebook Newsroom. March 17, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Dredge, Stuart (March 18, 2015). "Facebook Messenger app will soon allow people to send money to friends". The Guardian. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (March 17, 2015). "Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (March 25, 2015). "Facebook Finds Strength As A Family, Not An App". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Kumparak, Greg (March 25, 2015). "Everything You Need To Know From Today's Facebook F8 Announcements". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ "Facebook Open-Sources React Native". TechCrunch. March 26, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ "Scrapbooks". Facebook Help Center. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (March 31, 2015). "Facebook's New Photo "Scrapbook" Lets Parents Give Kids An Official Presence". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Elliott, Matt (April 2, 2015). "How to create a Facebook Scrapbook of your kid". CNet. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
^ Vaccari, Andrea (April 22, 2015). "Introducing Hello". Facebook. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ ""Hello" Is Facebook's New Android-Only Social Caller ID App". TechCrunch. April 22, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Wong, Raymond (April 22, 2015). "Facebook 'Hello' app is a smarter way to make phone calls". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Newton, Casey (April 22, 2015). "Facebook introduces Hello, an app to replace the Android dialer". The Verge. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Patkar, Mihir (April 26, 2015). "Facebook Hello vs. TrueCaller: Which Is the Best Caller ID and Dialer App for Android?". Make Use Of. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (April 28, 2015). "Facebook Is Shutting Down Its API For Giving Your Friends' Data To Apps". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Dove, Jackie (April 29, 2015). "Facebook shuts down friends data API to generate more trust among users". The Next Web. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Finn, Greg (April 29, 2015). "The Facebook API That Provides Friend Data To Apps Will Shut Down Tomorrow. New API changes rolling out tomorrow will put a premium on user privacy and protection, limiting the access that marketers once had in the process". MarketingLand. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ a b Reckhow, Michael (May 12, 2015). "Introducing Instant Articles". Facebook. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (May 12, 2015). "Facebook Starts Hosting Publishers' "Instant Articles"". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (May 13, 2015). "Facebook's Quest To Absorb The Internet". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Abbruzzese, Jason; Ryan, Jenni (May 12, 2015). "The media reckoning is here: Facebook rolls out its 'Instant Articles' publisher platform". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Ulanoff, Lance (May 13, 2015). "The seamless experience of Facebook's new Instant Articles". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Perez, Sarah (May 29, 2015). "Facebook Confirms It Will Officially Support GIFs". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Perez, Sarah (June 15, 2015). "Facebook Pages Can Now Show How Quickly They Respond To Customers' Messages". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Perez, Sarah (June 2, 2015). "Facebook Tests 'Saved Replies,' A Tool That Lets Pages Respond To Customers With Canned Messages". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (August 5, 2015). "Facebook Empowers Pages To Provide Customer Support Over Private Messages". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Matney, Lucas (July 15, 2015). "Facebook Adds Buy Button Integration As It Continues To Reinvent Pages". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (June 18, 2015). "Facebook's News Feed Algorithm Relinquishes Control Of What We "See First"". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (July 9, 2015). "Facebook Empowers Us To Tell News Feed What We Want To See First". Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Kumparak, Greg (June 12, 2015). "Facebook Now Cares About How Long You Look At Stuff In Your News Feed". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (August 5, 2015). "Facebook Launches "Live" Streaming Video Feature, But Only For Celebrities". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (August 12, 2015). "Facebook Confirms Live Broadcasting Will Soon Open To Journalists And Verified Profiles". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ Constine, Josh (August 26, 2015). "Facebook Is Adding A Personal Assistant Called "M" To Your Messenger App". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Hempel, Jessi (August 26, 2015). "Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana". Wired. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Bell, Karissa (April 18, 2016). "Facebook Messenger chief: It will be years before everyone has M". Mashable. Retrieved February 17, 2017. Facebook began testing M in August; the service has been limited to a small group of early testers since then. Similar to products from startups like Magic and Operator, M is able to complete tasks like booking travel, ordering food and scheduling appointments.
^ Matney, Lucas (August 27, 2015). "Facebook Hits New Peak Of 1 Billion Users On A Single Day". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ McCormick, Rich (October 28, 2015). "Facebook's '2G Tuesdays' simulate super slow internet in the developing world". The Verge. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ Marra, Chris (October 27, 2015). "Building for emerging markets: The story behind 2G Tuesdays". Facebook. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ Newcomer, Eric (December 16, 2015). "Facebook Messenger Lets You Book an Uber". BloombergBusiness. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
^ a b Constine, Josh (January 28, 2016). "Facebook Takes On Periscope By Giving Live Streaming To All U.S. iPhoners". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Bell, Karissa (January 28, 2016). "Facebook is finally bringing live streaming to everyone". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Beck, Kellen (February 18, 2016). "Facebook Live video streaming is rolling out globally". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ "Facebook Is Bringing Live Video Broadcasting To Android Users". TechCrunch. February 26, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Russell, Jon (March 1, 2016). "Facebook fights Periscope by showing Live videos higher than saved streams". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Stephanie Dube Dwilson (February 24, 2016). "What Happened to the 'Yay' Facebook Reaction?". Heavy. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
^ Stinson, Liz (February 24, 2016). "Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here". Wired. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Beck, Kellen (February 24, 2016). "Here's how to get the new Facebook reactions if you don't see them yet". Mashable. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Bell, Karissa (October 8, 2015). "Everything we know so far about Facebook's new reactions". Mashable. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Gonzalez, Robbie (October 12, 2015). "The Surprisingly Complex Design of Facebook's New Emoji". Wired. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ "Facebook即時通app暗藏投籃機，考驗你滑手機滑得準不準！". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ Escher, Anna (April 13, 2016). "Everything announced at Facebook's F8 conference". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Hutchins, Bob (April 18, 2016). "7 Highlights from the Facebook F8 Conference". Business2Community. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Grasinger, Chris (April 12, 2016). "Facebook's F8 event in less than 90 seconds". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Blank, Moshe; Xu, Jie (April 21, 2016). "News Feed FYI: More Articles You Want to Spend Time Viewing". Facebook. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Kamps, Haje Jan; Constine, Josh (April 21, 2016). "Facebook's News Feed is changing again to prioritize sites you actually read". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Price, Rob (April 22, 2016). "Facebook is making a change that will cut down on the clickbait in your newsfeed". Business Insider. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
^ Graf, Rachel (April 27, 2016). "Facebook Stock Soars in After-Hours Trading on Q1 Earnings Beat. Facebook stock is higher in after-hours trading after the social network reported 2016 first-quarter earnings and revenue that topped analysts' estimates". The Street. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Imbert, Fred (April 28, 2016). "Facebook shares hit new all-time high as Street cheers earnings". CNBC. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ a b Setharaman, Deepa (April 28, 2016). "Facebook Revenue Soars on Ad Growth. Social network also announces proposal to create new class of nonvoting stock". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Isaac, Mike; Picker, Leslie (April 28, 2016). "Facebook Plans New Stock Class to Solidify Mark Zuckerberg's Control". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Nunez, Michael (May 3, 2016). "Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Nunez, Michael (May 9, 2016). "Former Facebook Workers: We Routinely Suppressed Conservative News". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Nunez, Michael (May 12, 2016). "Facebook Admits Its Trending Section Includes Topics Not Actually Trending on Facebook". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Abbruzzese, Jason (May 13, 2016). "Why Facebook's 'Trending Topics' controversy matters". Mashable. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Olivarez-Giles, Nathan (May 10, 2016). "Five Things to Know About Facebook's Trending Controversy. New questions arise about how the world's largest social network handles news". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Conger, Kate (May 10, 2016). "Senate committee asks Facebook to answer questions about its Trending Topics". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Setharaman, Deepa (May 10, 2016). "Facebook Rebuts Criticisms About a Bias Against Conservatives. Response follows report that site suppressed stories of interest to conservative readers". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Setharaman, Deepa (May 18, 2016). "Facebook Political Conclave Called Productive. Sixteen prominent conservatives meet with CEO Zuckerberg". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Beck, Glenn (May 19, 2016). "What disturbed me about the Facebook meeting". Medium. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Stretch, Colin (May 23, 2016). "Response to Chairman John Thune's letter on Trending Topics". Facebook. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Guynn, Jessica (May 24, 2016). "Facebook makes changes to 'Trending Topics' after bias investigation". USA Today. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Ha, Anthony (May 25, 2016). "Facebook will shut down FBX, its desktop ad exchange". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Swant, Marty (May 25, 2016). "Facebook Is Shutting Down Its Desktop-Based Ad Retargeting Exchange. Social platform redirecting advertisers to mobile". AdWeek. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Shields, Mike (May 25, 2016). "Facebook Planning to Shut Down its Ad Exchange. Social network focusing on its own ad network and mobile ad inventory". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Kumparak, Greg (June 15, 2016). "How to play Facebook Messenger's new super addictive (and hidden!) soccer game". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ Cipriani, Jason (June 15, 2016). "How to play Facebook Messenger's new secret soccer game". CNET. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ Mosseri, Adam (June 29, 2016). "Building a Better News Feed for You". Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Isaac, Mike; Ember, Sydney (June 29, 2016). "Facebook to Change News Feed to Focus on Friends and Family". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Constine, Josh (June 29, 2016). "Facebook puts friends above publishers in "News Feed Values" and ranking change". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Isaac, Mike; Ember, Sydney (August 4, 2016). "Shocker! Facebook Changes Its Algorithm to Avoid 'Clickbait'". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Constine, Josh (August 4, 2016). "Facebook's new anti-clickbait algorithm buries bogus headlines". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ LaFrance, Adrienne; Meyer, Robinson (August 4, 2016). "Famous Headlines, Rewritten For Facebook's New Clickbait Policy. You'll never guess what happened when we tried to game the social platform's algorithm. (What happened was we wrote a bunch of terrible headlines.)". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
^ Williams, Ben (August 11, 2016). "FB reblock: ad-blocking community finds workaround to Facebook". AdBlock Plus. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
^ Constine, Josh (August 11, 2016). "Facebook rolls out code to nullify Adblock Plus' workaround again". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
^ "Facebook's War on Ad Blockers Is Already Blowing Up. It only took Adblock Plus two days to figure out a work-around". Vanity Fair. August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
^ Rosenfeld, Roy (September 10, 2016). "Facebook isn't just fighting ad blockers, it's fighting the underlying causes of blocking". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (September 18, 2016). "Facebook ads still slipping past Adblock Plus via stripped-down code". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (November 2, 2016). "Blocking ad blockers boosted Facebook's desktop ad revenue 18%". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Ku, Mary (October 3, 2016). "Introducing Marketplace: Buy and Sell with Your Local Community". Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ Constine, Josh. "Facebook launches Marketplace, a friendlier Craigslist". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ Passary, Sumit (November 30, 2016). "Facebook Instant Games: Here's A Complete List Of Games You Can Play On Messenger And Your News Feed Now". Tech Times. Retrieved February 16, 2017. Facebook Instant Games will be initially available only in select countries including: Italy, Spain, Lithuania, Israel, Cyprus, Puerto Rico, Slovenia, Taiwan, Estonia, Russian Federation, Hong Kong, Finland, Singapore, France, New Zealand, Belgium, Ireland, Germany, Latvia, Austria, Australia, Netherlands, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway.
^ "Instant Games Now Available on Messenger and Facebook News Feed". Facebook for Developers. Facebook. November 30, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (November 29, 2016). "Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ Moon, Mariella (November 29, 2016). "Facebook's Instant Games work in Messenger and your News Feed". Engadget. Retrieved February 16, 2017. Today, the social network has launched its HTML5 cross-platform gaming experience called 'Instant Games,' along with 17 titles that include some familiar names like Pac-Man.
^ Mosseri, Adam (December 15, 2016). "News Feed FYI: Addressing Hoaxes and Fake News". Facebook. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
^ Tsukayama, Hayley (December 15, 2016). "Facebook will start telling you when a story may be fake". Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
^ Chappell, Bill (December 15, 2016). "Facebook Details Its New Plan To Combat Fake News Stories". NPR. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
^ Isaac, Mike (December 15, 2016). "Facebook Mounts Effort to Limit Tide of Fake News". New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
^ Simo, Fidji (January 11, 2017). "Introducing: The Facebook Journalism Project". Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Cohen, David (January 11, 2017). "Facebook Journalism Project: A Complete Guide. Facebook's efforts to bolster its relationships with media and news organizations and journalists continued with Wednesday's introduction of the Facebook Journalism Project". Adweek. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ "Facebook is integrating messenger platform to replace inbox on desktop". Tech2. January 19, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ "Take the Work Out of Hiring". Facebook for Business. February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
^ Bahler, Kristen (February 17, 2017). "How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature". Money.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Stampher, Jillian (February 16, 2017). "Facebook takes on LinkedIn with new job postings feature". GeekWire. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (February 15, 2017). "Facebook's new job opening posts poach business from LinkedIn". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
^ Zuckerberg, Mark (February 16, 2017). "Building Global Community". Facebook. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ "The Facebook manifesto: Mark Zuckerberg's letter to the world looks a lot like politics. The social media tycoon's 5,700-word post about the 'global community' stokes rumours that another billionaire businessman is planning to run for president". The Guardian. February 17, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Hern, Alex (February 17, 2017). "Mark Zuckerberg's letter annotated: what he said and what he didn't. Alex Hern analyses the Facebook founder's 5,700-word mission statement on the goals of Facebook and highlights what he really meant and what he left out". The Guardian. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Lopezz, Napier (March 23, 2017). "Facebook adds Mentions and Reactions to group chats on Messenger". The Next Web. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ Statt, Nick (April 27, 2017). "Facebook's Messenger Lite app launches in over 100 more countries today". Facebook. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (April 27, 2017). "Facebook sidesteps Snapchat by launching Messenger Lite in over 100 more countries". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ "Facebook launches Messenger Lite in 132 more countries, not in India, yet". The Economic Times. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Galperina, Marina (May 3, 2017). "Facebook Adds Reactions to Comments, Panic Attacks to Me". Gizmodo. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ Garun, Natt (May 3, 2017). "Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments". The Verge.
^ "Facebook Files". The Guardian. May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ "Facebook leaked documents show types of content it allows: Guardian". Reuters. May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Liptak, Andrew (May 21, 2017). "Leaked moderation guidelines reveal how Facebook approaches handling graphic content. As Facebook grows, it will need to continually scale up its efforts to address graphic content". The Verge. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Buxton, Madeline (May 22, 2017). "Leaked Facebook Documents Reveal Disturbing Inconsistencies In How The Site Handles Sensitive Issues". Refinery29. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Leetaru, Kalev (May 22, 2017). "What The Leaked Facebook Rulebook Tells Us About Why It Isn't Combatting Online Violence". Forbes. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ "After the 'Facebook Files', the social media giant must be more transparent". The Conversation. May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Perez, Sarah (March 30, 2017). "Facebook introduces personal fundraising tools, donate buttons in Facebook Live for Pages". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Petronzio, Matt (March 30, 2017). "Facebook's fundraisers now help you raise money for yourself and friends". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Balakrishnan, Anita (March 30, 2017). "Facebook moves into crowdfunding for emergencies". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Perez, Sarah (May 24, 2017). "Facebook's personal fundraisers exit beta, now support raising money for sports teams & communities". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Gleit, Naomi (May 24, 2017). "Expanding Facebook Fundraisers to More People and Causes". Facebook. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Nowak, Mike; Spiller, Guillermo (June 27, 2017). "Two Billion People Coming Together on Facebook". Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Constine, Josh (June 27, 2017). "Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Chaykowski, Kathleen (June 27, 2017). "Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility". Forbes. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Ingraham, Christopher (June 30, 2017). "If Facebook were a religion, it would be the second largest in the world". Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Trautwein, Catherine (June 27, 2017). "More Than 2 Billion People Now Use Facebook Each Month". Time. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Praveen Kumar Purushothaman (August 18, 2017). "Facebook's Messenger.com rolls out formatted messages slowwwwly!". My Adventures. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
^ "Facebook Messenger now renders basic LaTex • r/math". reddit. August 18, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
^ "Latex Memes For Well Typeset Teens - Posts". Facebook. August 21, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
^ "Facebook Blocks 470 Fake Accounts Linked to Russian 'Troll Factory'". themoscowtimes.com. September 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook uncovers 'Russian-funded' misinformation campaign". BBC News. September 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Trump calls Facebook 'anti-Trump' so it goes soft on him". techcrunch.com. September 27, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook and Instagram experience outages". money.cnn.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook and Instagram services restored after major global disruption". theguardian.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook and Instagram are down in parts of the US and Europe". theverge.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook pledges to double its 10,000-person safety and security staff by end of 2018". cnbc.com. October 31, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Facebook urges users to send nude pics to combat 'revenge porn'". channelnewsasia.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "How Facebook Plans to Use Your Nude Photos to Combat Revenge Porn". inc.com. November 9, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook explains how it'll review nude photos to stop revenge porn". theverge.com. November 9, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook adds trust indicators to news articles in an effort to identify real journalism". theverge.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook Trust Indicators tool hoists red flags to help you spot fake news". digitaltrends.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook, Google, Twitter to fight fake news with 'trust indicators'". money.cnn.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook, Google and others join The Trust Project, an effort to increase transparency around online news". techcrunch.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook made an app just for video creators". theverge.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook is trying to snare more YouTube posters with a new app for mobile video posts". cnbc.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Creators on Facebook Get Their Own Stand-Alone App and Website". adweek.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook launches Creator app for influencers to build video communities". techcrunch.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook creates 800 jobs as it opens new London office". BBC News. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook's new London office brings 800 jobs to the capital". theguardian.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook to Hire 800 New Workers in London". bloomberg.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Tiku, Nitasha. "Facebook for 6-Year-Olds? Welcome to Messenger Kids". Wired. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook launches a version of Messenger for young children". theverge.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook has a new app for kids that lets you control who they chat with — here's how it works". cnbc.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook Just Pushed Its Facial Recognition Into a Creepy New Future". sciencealert.com. December 20, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook will use facial recognition to tell you when people upload your picture". recode.net. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook's new facial recognition efforts help blind users know exactly who's in photos". mashable.com. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Simonite, Tom. "Facebook Can Now Find Your Face, Even When It's Not Tagged". Wired. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook acquires biometric ID verification startup Confirm.io". techcrunch.com. January 23, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Confirm for Community Safety Effort". bloomberg.com. January 23, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook buys ID verification startup Confirm.io". alphr.com. January 24, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook admits to the Senate that it recommended Russian propaganda to some users". cnbc.com. January 26, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook Says It Found an 'Insignificant' Overlap Between Russia Ads and President Trump's Campaign". fortune.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook: Russian trolls created 129 event posts during 2016 election". engadget.com. January 26, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook is banning all ads promoting cryptocurrencies — including bitcoin and ICOs". recode.net. January 30, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook bans all ads for Bitcoin, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency". theverge.com. January 30, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Facebook lost daily users for the first time ever in the U.S. and Canada". recode.net. January 31, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach". theguardian.com. March 17, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "The Cambridge Analytica and Facebook data scandal: what you need to know". techradar.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "Facebook has lost nearly $50 billion in market cap since the data scandal". recode.net. March 20, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "Zuckerberg Faces House in Second Day of Facebook Testimony—Live Analysis". WSJ. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Zuckerberg apologizes, promises reform as senators grill him over Facebook's failings". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Facebook's Zuckerberg grilled harder during second hearing". aljazeera.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Zuckerberg faces harder questions in second round of testimony". cnet.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Lomas, Natasha (April 26, 2018). "What we learned from Facebook's latest data misuse grilling". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Lomas, Natasha (April 28, 2018). "Facebook's dark ads problem is systemic". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Kerr, Dara (November 7, 2023). "Meta failed to address harm to teens, whistleblower testifies as senators vow action". NPR. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
vteMeta PlatformsProductsand servicesFacebook
Service
Features
Beacon
Bluetooth Beacon
Credits
Dating
EdgeRank
Feed
Gaming
Graph Search
Instant Articles
Like button
Live
Lookalike audience
Onion address
Platform
Connect
Safety Check
Stories
Watch
list of original programs
Zero
Instagram
Hyperlapse
IGTV
List of most-followed accounts
List of most-liked pictures
Threads
Hardware
Portal
Meta Quest
Quest 1
Quest 2
Quest 3
Pro
Touch
Ray-Ban Stories
Other
Express Wi-Fi
Free Basics
Messenger
Kids
Rooms
Mapillary
Meta AI
Meta Horizon OS
Supernatural
WhatsApp
Workplace
Former
Atlas Solutions
FriendFeed
Giphy
Home
HTC First
M
Oculus Go
Oculus Rift
CV1
S
Onavo
Paper
Slingshot
tbh
Wirehog
PeopleFounders
Mark Zuckerberg (28% equity)
Dustin Moskovitz (7%)
Eduardo Saverin (5%, formerly)
Chris Hughes (1%, formerly)
Andrew McCollum
BoardCurrent
Mark Zuckerberg
Sheryl Sandberg
Marc Andreessen
John D. Arnold
Drew Houston
Nancy Killefer
Robert M. Kimmitt
Hock Tan
Tony Xu
Former
Peter Thiel
ExecutiveofficersCurrent
Mark Zuckerberg (Chairman and CEO)
Javier Olivan (COO)
Andrew Bosworth (CTO)
Chris Cox (CPO)
Nick Clegg (President of Global Affairs)
Jennifer Newstead (Chief Legal Officer)
Former
Sean Parker (4%, formerly)
Owen Van Natta
Gideon Yu
Adam D'Angelo
Chris Kelly
Bret Taylor
Sheryl Sandberg
Mike Schroepfer
David Wehner
David Ebersman
Marne Levine
Alex Stamos
OversightBoardMembers
Catalina Botero Marino, Co-Chair (2020–)
Jamal Greene, Co-Chair (2020–)
Michael W. McConnell, Co-Chair (2020–)
Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Co-Chair (2020–)
Afia Asantewaa Asare-Kyei (2020–)
Evelyn Aswad (2020–)
Endy Bayuni (2020–)
Katherine Chen (2020–)
Nighat Dad (2020–)
Tawakkol Karman (2020–)
Maina Kiai (2020–)
Sudhir Krishnaswamy (2020–)
Ronaldo Lemos (2020–)
Julie Owono (2020–)
Emi Palmor (2020–)
Alan Rusbridger (2020–)
András Sajó (2020–)
John Samples (2020–)
Nicolas Suzor (2020–)
Suzanne Nossel (2021–)
Khaled Mansour (2022–)
Pamela San Martin (2022–)
Paolo Carozza (2022–)
Kenji Yoshino (2023–)
Board ofTrustees
Stephen Neal, Chair (2021–)
Kristina Arriaga (2020–)
Cherine Chalaby (2020–)
Wanda Felton (2020–)
Kate O'Regan (2020–)
Robert Post (2020–)
Formermembers
Pamela S. Karlan (Board Member, 2020–2021)
Paul G. Haaga Jr. (Board of Trustees Chair, 2020–2021)
NotableemployeesCurrent
Lars Rasmussen (Graph Search director)
Naomi Gleit (VP of social good)
Nicola Mendelsohn (head of Global Business Group)
Adam Mosseri (head of Instagram)
Thomas Reardon (Reality Labs director)
Former
Blake Ross (Director of Product)
Ted Ullyot (VP, General Counsel, and Secretary)
Hugo Barra (VP of Reality Labs)
John Carmack (CTO of Reality Labs)
Matt Cohler
Charlie Cheever
Randi Zuckerberg
Yishan Wong
George Hotz
Joe Lockhart
Andrei Alexandrescu (research scientist)
Chamath Palihapitiya (VP of User Growth)
Elliot Schrage (VP of Global Communications, Marketing and Public Policy)
Frances Haugen (Product Manager of Civic Integrity Team)
Open source
Apache Cassandra
Apache Hive
Apache Thrift
Buck
FQL
Hack
HHVM
HipHop for PHP
Infer
MyRocks
Open Compute Project
Phabricator
React
React Native
RocksDB
Scribe
Telecom Infra Project
Tornado
Mass media
The Facebook Effect
The Accidental Billionaires
The Social Network
Concepts
Activity stream
Social graph
Friending and following
Reblogging
Fan-gating
Facebook diplomacy
Facebook like button
Business
History of Facebook
Timeline of Instagram
Timeline of WhatsApp
Acquisitions
f8 conference
IPO
Censorship
Criticism
Cambridge Analytica data scandal
2020 ad boycotts
2021 company files leak
Privacy
Content management
Litigation
Young v. Facebook, Inc. (2011)
Fraley v. Facebook, Inc. (2016)
Force v. Facebook, Inc. (2019)
Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid (2021)
Federal Trade Commission v. Meta Platforms, Inc. (ongoing)
Lists
Most-followed Facebook pages
Related
Priscilla Chan (wife of Mark Zuckerberg)
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative
Aquila Internet relay drone
Willow Village
WaveGroup Sound
2021 Facebook outage
vteTechnology company timelines
Amazon Web Services
Dropbox
Facebook
LinkedIn
Lyft
Microsoft
Netflix
Nortel
PayPal
Pinterest
Reddit
Snapchat
Instagram
Intel
Twitter
Uber
WhatsApp
Xiaomi
Yahoo! | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkZuckerberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Zuckerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mark Zuckerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Saverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin"},{"link_name":"Andrew McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Dustin Moskovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz"},{"link_name":"Chris Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"email address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ankit-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ankit-8"}],"text":"Mark Zuckerberg in 2005Facebook is a social networking service originally launched as TheFacebook on February 4, 2004, before changing its name to simply Facebook in August 2005.[1] It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes.[2] The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League,[3] and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada,[4][5] corporations,[6] and by September 2006, to everyone with a valid email address along with an age requirement of being 13 or older.[7][8]","title":"History of Facebook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_book"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fast_Company_on_Zuckerberg-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_Crimson_on_Facemash-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_Crimson_on_ffchnocftgn._Bhooalxkck_namosi_no_Facebook-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_Crimson_on_ffchnocftgn._Bhooalxkck_namosi_no_Facebook-12"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Saverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_on_Facemash-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dustin Moskovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cameron Winklevoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss"},{"link_name":"Tyler Winklevoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Winklevoss"},{"link_name":"Divya Narendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Narendra"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerberghacked-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerberghacked-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytb-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dustin Moskovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz"},{"link_name":"Andrew McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Chris Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-3"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sean Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_260505-22"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-3"}],"text":"A \"facebook\" is a student directory featuring photos and basic information.[9] In 2003, there were no universal online facebooks at Harvard, with only paper sheets distributed[10] and private online directories.[11][12] Zuckerberg told the Crimson that \"Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in a week.\"[12] In January 2004, Zuckerberg began writing a code for a new website, known as \"TheFacebook\", with the inspiration coming from an editorial in the Crimson about Facemash, stating that \"It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many.\" Zuckerberg met with Harvard student Eduardo Saverin, and each of them agreed to invest $1,000 in the site.[13] On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched it under the name of \"TheFacebook\", originally located at thefacebook.com.[14]Zuckerberg intended to create a website that could connect people around the university. Upon finishing the site, Zuckerberg told a couple of friends, one of whom suggested sharing it on the Kirkland House online mailing list, which included several hundred people. According to his roommate, Dustin Moskovitz, \"By the end of the night, we were ... actively watching the registration process. Within twenty-four hours, we had somewhere between twelve hundred and fifteen hundred registrants.\"[15]Just six days after the launch of the site, three Harvard University seniors, Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com, but instead using their idea to build a competing product.[16] The three complained to the Crimson, and the newspaper began an investigation. Zuckerberg knew about the investigation so he used TheFacebook.com to find members in the site who identified themselves as members of the Crimson. He examined a history of failed logins to see if any of the Crimson members had ever entered an incorrect password into TheFacebook.com. In the cases in which they had failed to log in, Zuckerberg tried to use them to access the Crimson members' Harvard email accounts, and he was successful in accessing two of them. In the end, three Crimson members filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg which was later settled.[16][17]Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard University. Within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service.[18] Zuckerberg was joined in the promotion of the site by Saverin (business aspects), Dustin Moskovitz (programmer), Andrew McCollum (graphic artist), and Chris Hughes. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale.[3] This expansion continued when it opened to all Ivy League and Boston-area schools. It gradually reached most universities in the United States and Canada.[19][20][21] Facebook was incorporated in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president.[22] In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California.[3]","title":"TheFacebook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"email address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ankit-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ankit-8"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YN324-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Next_Web-58"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Facebook Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Zero"},{"link_name":"Facebook Dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Dating"}],"text":"The company dropped 'The' from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for [23]$200,000.[24] The following year, the platform was made available for high school students, and in 2006, it became accessible to the general public.In December 2005, it was reported that Facebook had 6 million monthly active users.[25]\nIn April 2023, Facebook had 2.989 billion monthly active users.On October 1, 2005, Facebook expanded to twenty-one universities in the United Kingdom and others around the world. Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step.[44] At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join.[45] Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft.[46] On December 11, 2005, universities in Australia and New Zealand were added to the Facebook network, bringing its size to 2,000+ colleges and 25,000+ high schools throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland. Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006, to everyone aged 13 and older with a valid email address.[7][8]Late in 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages, allowing companies to attract potential customers and tell about themselves. These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned.[47]In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.[48]In 2010, Facebook began to invite users to become beta testers after passing a question-and-answer-based selection process,[49] and a set of Facebook Engineering Puzzles where users would solve computational problems which gave them an opportunity to be hired by Facebook.[50]As of February 2011, Facebook had become the largest online photo host, being cited by Facebook application and online photo aggregator Pixable as expecting to have 100 billion photos by summer 2011.[51] As of October 2011, over 350 million users accessed Facebook through their mobile phones, accounting for 33% of all Facebook traffic.[52]On March 12, 2012, Yahoo! filed suit in a U.S. federal court against Facebook weeks before the scheduled Facebook initial public offering. In its court filing, Yahoo! said that Facebook had infringed on ten of its patents covering advertising, privacy controls and social networking. Yahoo! had threatened to sue Facebook a month before the filing, insisting that the social network license its patents. A spokesperson for Facebook issued a statement saying \"We're disappointed that Yahoo, a long-time business partner of Facebook and a company that has substantially benefited from its association with Facebook, has decided to resort to litigation\".[53] The lawsuit claims that Yahoo!'s patents cover basic social networking ideas such as customizing website users' experiences to their needs, adding that the patents cover ways of targeting ads to individual users.[54] In 2012, Facebook App Center, an online mobile store, was rolled out. The store initially had 500 Facebook apps which were mostly games.[55]On April 24, 2014, Facebook and Storyful announced a new feature called FB Newswire.[56]In addition to the Android and iOS mobile app, Facebook developed another Android and iOS app called Facebook Lite[57] which uses less data. Another project from Facebook is called Facebook Zero, which allows users to use a mobile text-only version of Facebook for free, without paying for mobile data when using some mobile network operators.In May 2018, the company announced their own dating service, called Facebook Dating.","title":"Facebook"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_Headquarters_Menlo_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menlo Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebookheadquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"}],"text":"Entrance to Facebook headquarters complex in Menlo Park, CaliforniaFacebook's former headquarters in downtown Palo Alto, California","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkpatrick-initial-funding-60"}],"sub_title":"Initial funding","text":"Facebook was initially incorporated as a Florida LLC. For the first few months after its launch in February 2004, the costs for the website operations for thefacebook.com were paid for by Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin, who had taken equity stakes in the company. The website also ran a few advertisements to meet its operating costs.[58]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"venture capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Peter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"angel investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investor"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G01-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beware-63"},{"link_name":"The Facebook Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facebook_Effect"},{"link_name":"Napster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster"},{"link_name":"Plaxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxo"},{"link_name":"Sean Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker"},{"link_name":"Reid Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"PayPal Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Mark Zuckerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg"},{"link_name":"Mark Pincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pincus"},{"link_name":"convertible note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible_note"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkpatrick-thiel-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkpatrick-thiel-64"}],"sub_title":"First angel investment","text":"In the summer of 2004, venture capitalist Peter Thiel made a $500,001 angel investment in the social network Facebook for 10.2% of the company and joined Facebook's board. This was the first outside investment in Facebook.[59][60][61]In his book The Facebook Effect, David Kirkpatrick outlines the story of how Thiel came to make his investment: former Napster and Plaxo employee Sean Parker, who at the time had assumed the title of \"President\" of Facebook, was seeking investors for Facebook. Parker approached Reid Hoffman, the CEO of work-based social network LinkedIn. Hoffman liked Facebook but declined to be the lead investor because of the potential for conflict of interest with his duties as LinkedIn CEO. He redirected Parker to Peter Thiel, whom he knew from their PayPal days (both Hoffman and Thiel are considered members of the PayPal Mafia). Thiel met Parker and Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard college student who had founded Facebook and controlled it. Thiel and Zuckerberg got along well and Thiel agreed to lead Facebook's seed round with $500,000 for 10.2% of the company. Hoffman and Mark Pincus also participated in the round, along with Maurice Werdegar who led the investment on behalf of Western Technology Investment. The investment was originally in the form of a convertible note, to be converted to equity if Facebook reached 1.5 million users by the end of 2004. Although Facebook narrowly missed the target, Thiel allowed the loan to be converted to equity anyway.[62] Thiel said of his investment:I was comfortable with them pursuing their original vision. And it was a very reasonable valuation. I thought it was going to be a pretty safe investment.[62]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accel Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Partners"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Jim Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Breyer"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkpatrick-accel-65"}],"sub_title":"Accel investment (Series A)","text":"In April 2005, Accel Partners agreed to make a $12.7 million venture capital investment in a deal that valued Facebook at $98 million. Accel joined Facebook's board, and the board was expanded to five seats, with Zuckerberg, Thiel, and Accel's Jim Breyer in three of the seats, and the other two seats currently being empty but with Zuckerberg free to nominate anybody to those seats.[63]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greylock Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners"},{"link_name":"Meritech Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritech_Capital"},{"link_name":"Peter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"Accel Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Partners"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beware-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkpatrick-series-b-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25mil-67"},{"link_name":"cash flow statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cash_flows-68"}],"sub_title":"Greylock investment (Series B)","text":"In April 2006, Facebook closed its Series B funding round. This included $27.5 million from a number of venture capitalists, including Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital, plus additional investments from Peter Thiel and Accel Partners. The valuation for this round was about $500 million.[61][64][65]A leaked cash flow statement showed that during the 2005 fiscal year, Facebook had a net gain of $5.66 million.[66]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"News Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"BusinessWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2bil-71"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-future-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Sales negotiations","text":"With the sale of social networking website MySpace to News Corp on July 19, 2005, rumours surfaced about the possible sale of Facebook to a larger media company.[67] Zuckerberg had already stated that he did not want to sell the company, and denied rumors to the contrary.[68] On March 28, 2006, BusinessWeek reported that a potential acquisition of Facebook was under negotiation. Facebook reportedly declined an offer of $750 million from an unknown bidder, and it was rumored the asking price rose as high as $2 billion.[69]In September 2006, serious talks between Facebook and Yahoo! took place concerning acquisition of Facebook, with prices reaching as high as $1 billion.[70][71] Thiel, by then a board member of Facebook, indicated that Facebook's internal valuation was around $8 billion based on their projected revenues of $1 billion by 2015, comparable to Viacom's MTV brand, a company with a shared target demographic audience.[72]On July 17, 2007, Zuckerberg said that selling Facebook was unlikely because he wanted to keep it independent, saying \"We're not really looking to sell the company ... We're not looking to IPO anytime soon. It's just not the core focus of the company.\"[73] In September 2007, Microsoft approached Facebook, proposing an investment in return for a 5% stake in the company, offering an estimated $300–500 million.[74] That month, other companies, including Google, expressed interest in buying a portion of Facebook.[75]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSPR1-78"},{"link_name":"preferred stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_stock"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW-6Aug08-79"},{"link_name":"Li Ka-shing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ka-shing"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Microsoft investment (Series C)","text":"On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.[76] However, Microsoft bought preferred stock that carried special rights, such as \"liquidation preferences\" that meant Microsoft would get paid before common stockholders if the company were sold. Microsoft's purchase also included the right to place international ads on Facebook.[77] In November 2007, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing invested $60 million in Facebook.[78]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Milner"},{"link_name":"DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DST_Global"},{"link_name":"Mail.ru Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail.ru_Group"},{"link_name":"Alisher Usmanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-84"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-84"},{"link_name":"Paradise Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Papers"},{"link_name":"VTB Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTB_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1601californiaavelobby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanford Research Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"}],"sub_title":"DST investment","text":"In 2009, Yuri Milner's DST (which later split into DST Global and Mail.ru Group), alongside Uzbek Russian metals magnate Alisher Usmanov, invested $200 million in Facebook when it was valued at $10 billion.[79][80][81] A separate stake was also acquired by Usmanov's USM Holdings on another occasion.[82][79] According to the New York Times in 2013, \"Mr. Usmanov and other Russian investors at one point owned nearly 10 percent of Facebook, though precise details of their ownership stakes are difficult to assess.\"[82] It was later revealed in 2017 by the Paradise Papers that lending by Russian state-backed VTB Bank and Gazprom's investment vehicle partially financed these 2009 investments, although Milner was reportedly unaware at the time.[83][84]Entrance to Facebook's former headquarters in the Stanford Research Park, Palo Alto, California. In January 2012 the company moved to a new campus in Menlo Park, California.","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BusinessWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW-6Aug08-79"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Sandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Zynga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynga"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Switch to profitability","text":"In August 2008, BusinessWeek reported that private sales by employees, as well as purchases by venture capital firms, were being done at share prices that put the company's total valuation at between $3.75 billion and $5 billion.[77] In October 2008, Zuckerberg said \"I don't think social networks can be monetized in the same way that search did ... In three years from now we have to figure out what the optimum model is. But that is not our primary focus today.\"[85]Facebook hired Sheryl Sandberg as its Chief Operating Officer in March 2008. Sandberg is reported to have held a number of brainstorming sessions with Facebook employees on their long-term monetization strategy, which led to the conclusion that advertising would be the main source of monetization. Under Sandberg's leadership, Facebook made a number of changes to its advertising model with the aim of achieving profitability. In September 2009, Facebook stated that it had turned cash flow positive for the first time.[86]In early 2012, Facebook disclosed that its profits had jumped 65% to $1 billion in the previous year when its revenue, which is mainly from advertising, had jumped almost 90% to $3.71 billion.[87] Facebook also reported that 56% of its advertising revenue comes from the United States alone, and that 12% of its revenue comes from Zynga, the social network game development company. Payments and other fees were $557 million up from $106 million the previous year.[88]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"news aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator"},{"link_name":"FriendFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFeed"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facebook_Acquires_FriendFeed-91"},{"link_name":"Gmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail"},{"link_name":"Paul Buchheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Buchheit"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Divvyshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divvyshot"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"online marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facebook-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenextweb.com-100"},{"link_name":"Onavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onavo"},{"link_name":"analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_web_analytics"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lunden-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constine-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-103"},{"link_name":"WhatsApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Oculus VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_VR"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"In August 2009, Facebook acquired social media real-time news aggregator FriendFeed,[89] a startup created by Gmail's first engineer Paul Buchheit.[90][91][92]In February 2010, Facebook acquired Malaysian contact-importing startup Octazen Solutions.[93] On April 2, 2010, Facebook announced acquisition of a photo-sharing service called Divvyshot for an undisclosed amount.[94] In June 2010, an online marketplace for trading private Facebook stock reflected a valuation of $11.5 billion.[95]On April 12, 2012, Facebook acquired photo sharing service Instagram for approximately $1 billion in cash and stock.[96][97]On March 8, 2013, Facebook announced that they acquired the team from Storylane, but not the product itself.[98] On October 13, 2013, Facebook acquired Onavo, an Israeli analytics company, for approximately $120 million.[99][100][101]On February 19, 2014, Facebook announced its acquisition of WhatsApp, a smartphone instant messaging application for $19 billion in a mix of stock and cash. The acquisition is the most ever paid for a venture-capital backed startup.[102]On March 25, 2014, Facebook announced they had acquired virtual reality startup Oculus VR for $2 billion in cash and stock.[103]","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-108"},{"link_name":"Underwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriter"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"AT&T Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Wireless"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Visa Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc."},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT517-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN517-112"},{"link_name":"market capitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT517-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN517-112"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lee_(banker)"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT517-111"},{"link_name":"TechCrunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Financial Industry Regulatory Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"William Galvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Galvin"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"class action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P."},{"link_name":"retail investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_investor"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"text":"Facebook filed for an initial public offering (IPO) on February 1, 2012.[104] The preliminary prospectus stated that the company was seeking to raise $5 billion. The document announced that the company had 845 million active monthly users and its website featured 2.7 billion daily likes and comments.[105] After the IPO, Zuckerberg retains a 22% ownership share in Facebook and owns 57% of the voting shares.[106]Underwriters valued the shares at $38 each, pricing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly public company.[107] On May 16, one day before the IPO, Facebook announced that it would sell 25% more shares than originally planned due to high demand.[108] The IPO raised $16 billion, making it the third largest in U.S. history (just ahead of AT&T Wireless and behind only General Motors and Visa Inc.).[109][110] The stock price left the company with a higher market capitalization than all but a few U.S. corporations – surpassing heavyweights such as Amazon.com, McDonald's, Disney, and Kraft Foods – and made Zuckerberg's stock worth $19 billion.[109][110] The New York Times stated that the offering overcame questions about Facebook's difficulties in attracting advertisers to transform the company into a \"must-own stock\". Jimmy Lee of JPMorgan Chase described it as \"the next great blue-chip\".[109] Writers at TechCrunch, on the other hand, expressed skepticism, stating, \"That's a big multiple to live up to, and [Facebook] will likely need to add bold new revenue streams to justify the mammoth valuation\".[111]Trading in the stock, which began on May 18, was delayed that day due to technical problems with the NASDAQ exchange.[23] The stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day, forcing underwriters to buy back shares to support the price.[112] At closing bell, shares were valued at $38.23,[113] only $0.23 above the IPO price and down $3.82 from the opening bell value. The opening was widely described by the financial press as a disappointment.[114]\nThe stock nonetheless set a new record for trading volume of an IPO.[115] On May 25, 2012, the stock ended its first full week of trading at $31.91, a 16.5% decline.[116]On 22 May, regulators from Wall Street's Financial Industry Regulatory Authority announced that they had begun to investigate whether banks underwriting Facebook had improperly shared information only with select clients, rather than the general public. Massachusetts Secretary of State William Galvin subpoenaed Morgan Stanley over the same issue.[117] The allegations sparked \"fury\" among some investors and led to the immediate filing of several lawsuits, one of them a class action suit claiming more than $2.5 billion in losses due to the IPO.[118] Bloomberg estimated that retail investors may have lost approximately $630 million on Facebook stock since its debut.[119]","title":"Initial public offering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Facebook features § Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Timeline"}],"text":"\"Facebook timeline\" redirects here. For the Facebook feature unveiled in late 2011, see Facebook features § Timeline.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-totalactiveusers_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"}],"text":"^ An \"active user\" is defined by Facebook as a user who has visited the website in the last 30 days.\n\n^ This value is from an investment document. The date is from when the document was revealed to the public, not the actual date that the website reached this many users.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Mark Zuckerberg in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MarkZuckerberg.jpg/250px-MarkZuckerberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to Facebook headquarters complex in Menlo Park, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facebook_Headquarters_Menlo_Park.jpg/220px-Facebook_Headquarters_Menlo_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Facebook's former headquarters in downtown Palo Alto, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Facebookheadquarters.jpg/220px-Facebookheadquarters.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to Facebook's former headquarters in the Stanford Research Park, Palo Alto, California. In January 2012 the company moved to a new campus in Menlo Park, California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1601californiaavelobby.jpg/220px-1601californiaavelobby.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Timeline of Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Twitter"},{"title":"Timeline of Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Instagram"},{"title":"Timeline of Pinterest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Pinterest"},{"title":"Timeline of Snapchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Snapchat"},{"title":"Timeline of LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_LinkedIn"},{"title":"Timeline of social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_social_media"},{"title":"Metaverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaverse"}] | [{"reference":"Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). \"A brief history of Facebook\". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","url_text":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Nicholas (March 5, 2010). \"At Last — The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded\". Business Insider. Retrieved November 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1","url_text":"\"At Last — The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Timeline\" (Press release). Facebook. January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004941/http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline","url_text":"\"Company Timeline\""},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). \"Open Facebook\". Forbes. New York. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html","url_text":"\"Open Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Nguyen, Lananh (April 12, 2004). \"Online network created by Harvard students flourishes\". The Tufts Daily. Medford, MA. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318","url_text":"\"Online network created by Harvard students flourishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tufts_Daily","url_text":"The Tufts Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023441/http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/online-network-created-by-harvard-students-flourishes-1.600318","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). \"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\". BusinessWeek. New York. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718134414/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-11/facebook-opening-the-doors-wider","url_text":"\"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-11/facebook-opening-the-doors-wider","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abram, Carolyn (September 26, 2006). \"Welcome to Fb, everyone\". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved March 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/welcome-to-facebook-everyone/2210227130/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Fb, everyone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terms of Use\". Facebook. November 15, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/terms.php","url_text":"\"Terms of Use\""}]},{"reference":"McGirt, Ellen (May 1, 2007). \"Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO\". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/59441/facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-hacker-dropout-ceo","url_text":"\"Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company","url_text":"Fast Company"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). \"A brief history of Facebook\". The Guardian. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","url_text":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Katharine A. (November 19, 2003). \"Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/11/19/facemash-creator-survives-ad-board-the/","url_text":"\"Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Tabak, Alan T. (January 9, 2004). \"Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/2/9/hundreds-register-for-new-facebook-website/","url_text":"\"Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Claire (September 15, 2010). \"The Battle For Facebook\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015320/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-battle-for-facebook-242989/","url_text":"\"The Battle For Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-battle-for-facebook-20100915","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rothman, Lily (January 4, 2015). \"Happy Birthday, Facebook\". Time. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3686124/happy-birthday-facebook/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday, Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Cassidy, John (May 13, 2006). \"Me Media\". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/15/060515fa_fact_cassidy","url_text":"\"Me Media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Nicolas (March 5, 2010). \"In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account\". Business Insider. Retrieved March 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3","url_text":"\"In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Brad (June 28, 2008). \"Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/","url_text":"\"Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). \"A brief history of Facebook\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","url_text":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). \"Open Facebook\". Forbes. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html","url_text":"\"Open Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Ellen (May 26, 2005). \"Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt","url_text":"\"Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Straburg, Jenny; Bunge, Jacob (May 18, 2012). \"Trading Problems Persisted After Opening for Facebook's IPO\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303448404577412251723815184?mod=googlenews_wsj","url_text":"\"Trading Problems Persisted After Opening for Facebook's IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Chris (October 1, 2007). \"Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com\". The Register. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/","url_text":"\"Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (December 7, 2005). \"CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg\". Youtube. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504172808/https://www.youtube.com/xFFs9UgOAlE%3Ft%3D6m9s","url_text":"\"CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg\""},{"url":"https://youtube.com/xFFs9UgOAlE?t=6m9s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). \"When Facebook was young: the early years, after 2 months 70k users across 20 schools\". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","url_text":"\"When Facebook was young: the early years, after 2 months 70k users across 20 schools\""}]},{"reference":"Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). \"At 5 months after launch: 100k users across 400 schools\". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","url_text":"\"At 5 months after launch: 100k users across 400 schools\""}]},{"reference":"Loeb, Steven (February 9, 2016). \"At 8 months after launch: 1.5M users\". Vator TV. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","url_text":"\"At 8 months after launch: 1.5M users\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (August 26, 2008). \"Our First 100 Million\". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130","url_text":"\"Our First 100 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (April 8, 2009). \"200 Million Strong\". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130","url_text":"\"200 Million Strong\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (September 15, 2009). \"300 Million and On\". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130","url_text":"\"300 Million and On\""}]},{"reference":"\"New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement\". Facebook. January 4, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129","url_text":"\"New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (July 21, 2010). \"500 Million Stories\". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved July 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130","url_text":"\"500 Million Stories\""}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Nicholas (January 5, 2011). \"Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users\". NBC News. Retrieved February 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/40929239","url_text":"\"Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users\""}]},{"reference":"Socialbakers employee (May 30, 2011). \"Facebook is globally closing in to 700 million users!\". Socialbakers.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialbakers.com/blog/171-facebook-is-globally-closing-in-to-700-million-users/","url_text":"\"Facebook is globally closing in to 700 million users!\""}]},{"reference":"Ostrow, Adam (September 22, 2011). \"Facebook Now Has 800 Million Users\". Mashable. Retrieved September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2011/09/22/facebook-800-million-users/","url_text":"\"Facebook Now Has 800 Million Users\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Noam (April 24, 2012). \"The Breakfast Meeting: Grilling for James Murdoch, and Facebook Tops 900 Million Users\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/the-breakfast-meeting-grilling-for-james-murdoch-and-facebook-tops-900-million-users/","url_text":"\"The Breakfast Meeting: Grilling for James Murdoch, and Facebook Tops 900 Million Users\""}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Geoffrey A. (October 4, 2012). \"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved February 7, 2014. ... reached the milestone of one billion monthly active members on Sept. 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443635404578036164027386112.html","url_text":"\"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Results\". Facebook. May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=761090","url_text":"\"Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results\". Facebook. January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=821954","url_text":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2014 Results\". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=893395","url_text":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2014 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results\". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2016/Facebook-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2015-Results/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results\". Investor Relations. Facebook. January 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2017/Facebook-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2016-Results/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results\""}]},{"reference":"Dempsey, Laura (August 3, 2006). \"Facebook is the go-to Web site for students looking to hook up\". Dayton Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Lerer, Lisa (January 25, 2007). \"Why MySpace Doesn't Card\". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602081817/http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html","url_text":"\"Why MySpace Doesn't Card\""},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). \"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070302043605/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology","url_text":"\"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Riva (November 27, 2007). \"Enterprise: Facebook, a Marketer's Friend; Site Offers Platform To Tout Products, Interact With Users\". Wall Street Journal. p. B4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases\". Facebook. November 30, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042","url_text":"\"Press Releases\""}]},{"reference":"Catacchio, Chad (June 14, 2010). \"Facebook Inviting Beta Testers For New Questions Feature\". TNW Social Media. Retrieved August 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2010/06/14/facebook-inviting-beta-testers-for-new-questions-feature/","url_text":"\"Facebook Inviting Beta Testers For New Questions Feature\""}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Sarah (January 14, 2011). \"Facebook Photos By the Numbers\". Mashable. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2011/02/14/facebook-photo-infographic/?asid=c228f21b","url_text":"\"Facebook Photos By the Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"MacManus, Richard (October 27, 2011). \"Facebook Mobile Usage Set to Explode\". ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120520003847/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_mobile_usage_set_to_explode.php","url_text":"\"Facebook Mobile Usage Set to Explode\""},{"url":"http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_mobile_usage_set_to_explode.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ortutay, Barbara (March 12, 2012). \"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\". Yahoo News. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/yahoo-sues-facebook-over-patents-212746923.html","url_text":"\"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\""}]},{"reference":"Oreskovic, Alexei (March 13, 2012). \"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech-news/yahoo-sues-facebook-over-patents/article2367459/","url_text":"\"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Storyful launch a newswire that helps media find news content on the social network\". The Next Web. April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2014/04/24/facebook-and-storyful-launch-a-newswire-that-helps-media-find-news-content-on-the-social-network/","url_text":"\"Facebook and Storyful launch a newswire that helps media find news content on the social network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Lite APK for Android\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/lite/","url_text":"\"Facebook Lite APK for Android\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Brian; Perlroth, Nicole (February 14, 2011). \"Life After Facebook\". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110129230051/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0214/features-peter-thiel-social-media-life-after-facebook_3.html","url_text":"\"Life After Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0214/features-peter-thiel-social-media-life-after-facebook_3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why you should beware of Facebook\". The Age. Australia. January 20, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","url_text":"\"Why you should beware of Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Teller, Sam (April 25, 2006). \"Investors Add $25M to Facebook's Coffers\". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070818200839/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=503336","url_text":"\"Investors Add $25M to Facebook's Coffers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"},{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=503336","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Cash Flows\" (in French). Neels Company. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150315202156/http://www.neelscompany.com/a-leaked-facebooks-cash-flow-statement-from-2005/","url_text":"\"Statement of Cash Flows\""},{"url":"http://www.neelscompany.com/a-leaked-facebooks-cash-flow-statement-from-2005/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Corp in $580 m internet buy\". BBC News. July 19, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4695495.stm","url_text":"\"News Corp in $580 m internet buy\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (September 8, 2006). \"Free Flow of Information on the Internet discussions\". Facebook. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090424083737/http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2208601394&topic=1841&start=500#post5339","url_text":"\"Free Flow of Information on the Internet discussions\""},{"url":"https://facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2208601394&topic=1841&start=500#post5339","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbush, Steve (March 28, 2012). \"Facebook's on the Block\". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060330042530/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060327_215976.htm","url_text":"\"Facebook's on the Block\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060327_215976.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delaney, Kevin (September 21, 2006). \"Facebook, Riding a Web Trend, Flirts With a Big-Money Deal\". Dow Jones & Company. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company","url_text":"Dow Jones & Company"}]},{"reference":"Bahler, Kristen (February 17, 2017). \"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\". Money.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","url_text":"\"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money.com","url_text":"Money.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220503002336/https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Brian (December 15, 2006). \"Facebook, Courted By Yahoo, Won't Sell, Director Says (Update3)\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601204&sid=aqwoCAVu._zA","url_text":"\"Facebook, Courted By Yahoo, Won't Sell, Director Says (Update3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."}]},{"reference":"Locke, Laura (June 17, 2007). \"The Future of Facebook\". Time. Retrieved March 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1644040,00.html","url_text":"\"The Future of Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Swartz, Jon (October 2, 2007). \"Tech giants poke around Facebook\". USA Today. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/tech/techinvestor/corporatenews/2007-10-02-facebook-suitors_N.htm","url_text":"\"Tech giants poke around Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Delaney, Kevin (September 25, 2007). \"Microsoft Fires Volley At Google in Ad Battle\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119065193646437586?mod=hps_us_whats_news","url_text":"\"Microsoft Fires Volley At Google in Ad Battle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance\". Microsoft. October 24, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx","url_text":"\"Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Stock For Sale\". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080807085505/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5","url_text":"\"Facebook Stock For Sale\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Li Ka-shing invests 60 million dollars in Facebook: report\". Tehran Times. December 3, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=158391","url_text":"\"Li Ka-shing invests 60 million dollars in Facebook: report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Times","url_text":"Tehran Times"}]},{"reference":"Garside, Juliette (September 5, 2013). \"Russia's richest man cashes in on Facebook share recovery\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/05/facebook-russia-richest-alisher-usmanov-sells-stake","url_text":"\"Russia's richest man cashes in on Facebook share recovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook bet pays off for Russia's Usmanov\". Reuters. May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-usmanov-idUSBRE84G1BM20120517","url_text":"\"Facebook bet pays off for Russia's Usmanov\""}]},{"reference":"Kincaid, Jason (May 24, 2010). \"DST's Yuri Milner: Facebook Is Going To Be The Social Graph That Unifies All Civilization\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/24/dsts-yuri-milner-facebook-is-going-to-be-the-social-graph-that-unifies-all-civilization/","url_text":"\"DST's Yuri Milner: Facebook Is Going To Be The Social Graph That Unifies All Civilization\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Mark Scott and Andrew E. (September 5, 2013). \"Russian Tech Giant Cashes In on Facebook's Recovery\". DealBook.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/russian-tech-giant-sells-facebook-shares-for-525-million/","url_text":"\"Russian Tech Giant Cashes In on Facebook's Recovery\""}]},{"reference":"Swaine, Jon; Harding, Luke (November 5, 2017). \"Russia funded Facebook and Twitter investments through Kushner investor\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/russia-funded-facebook-twitter-investments-kushner-investor","url_text":"\"Russia funded Facebook and Twitter investments through Kushner investor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Drucker, Jesse (November 5, 2017). \"Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire's Twitter and Facebook Investments\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html","url_text":"\"Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire's Twitter and Facebook Investments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171105190211/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kafka, Peter (October 10, 2008). \"Zuckerberg: Facebook Will Have A Business Plan In Three Years\". Silicon Alley Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/zuckerberg-facebook-will-have-a-business-plan-in-three-years","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg: Facebook Will Have A Business Plan In Three Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\". Canada: CBC. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html","url_text":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\""}]},{"reference":"Jarzmensky, Matt (February 2, 2012). \"Facebook's Financials Raise Renewed Valuation Questions\". The Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200110023644/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BT-CO-20120202-718848","url_text":"\"Facebook's Financials Raise Renewed Valuation Questions\""},{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120202-718848.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johansmeyer, Tom (February 2, 2012). \"Facebook's Financials Revealed [Facebook S-1]\". business2community.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Katdare, Kaustubh (March 1, 2009). \"Small Talk with Mr. Paul Buchheit – Creator of Gmail, Adsense & Friend\". CrazyEngineers. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321151410/http://www.crazyengineers.com/mr-paul-buchheit-creator-of-gmail-adsense-friendfeed/","url_text":"\"Small Talk with Mr. Paul Buchheit – Creator of Gmail, Adsense & Friend\""},{"url":"http://www.crazyengineers.com/mr-paul-buchheit-creator-of-gmail-adsense-friendfeed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Michael (February 19, 2010). \"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\". Techcrunch.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/19/octazen-what-the-heck-did-facebook-just-buy-exactly-and-why/","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\". April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/facebook-buys-up-divvyshot-to-make-facebook-photos-even-better/","url_text":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\""}]},{"reference":"Rebbapragada, Narasu (June 21, 2010). \"What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?\". PC World.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World","url_text":"PC World"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking: Facebook buying Instagram for $1 billion\". Fortune. CNN. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120701074219/http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/09/breaking-facebook-buying-instagram-for-1-billion/?section=magazines_fortune","url_text":"\"Breaking: Facebook buying Instagram for $1 billion\""},{"url":"http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/09/breaking-facebook-buying-instagram-for-1-billion/?section=magazines_fortune","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook to Acquire Instagram\". Facebook. April 9, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/Announcements/Facebook-to-Acquire-Instagram-141.aspx","url_text":"\"Facebook to Acquire Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook acquires Storylane team, but does not get its product, stories or data\". The Next Web. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2013/03/08/facebook-acquires-storylane-team-but-does-not-get-its-product-stories-or-data/","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires Storylane team, but does not get its product, stories or data\""}]},{"reference":"Lunden, Ingrid (October 13, 2013). \"Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/13/facebook-buys-mobile-analytics-company-onavo-and-finally-gets-its-office-in-israel/","url_text":"\"Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, John (January 29, 2019). \"Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119184403/https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/01/29/facebook-project-atlas/","url_text":"\"Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them\""},{"url":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/01/29/facebook-project-atlas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Guy (November 7, 2013). \"We are joining the Facebook team\". Onavo Blog. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131107004328/http://blog.onavo.com/2013/10/joining-facebook","url_text":"\"We are joining the Facebook team\""},{"url":"http://blog.onavo.com/2013/10/joining-facebook","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting_The_Messages\". The Economist. February 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21596966-why-mark-zuckerbergs-social-network-paying-such-whopping-sum-messaging","url_text":"\"Getting_The_Messages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Buys Oculus, Virtual Reality Gaming Startup, For $2 Billion\". Forbes. March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2014/03/25/facebook-buys-oculus-virtual-reality-gaming-startup-for-2-billion/","url_text":"\"Facebook Buys Oculus, Virtual Reality Gaming Startup, For $2 Billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Form S-1 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933\". February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512034517/d287954ds1.htm","url_text":"\"Form S-1 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Christine (February 3, 2012). \"Facebook IPO: The Complete Guide\". Mashable business. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2012/02/03/facebook-ipo-complete-guide/","url_text":"\"Facebook IPO: The Complete Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Helft, Miguel; Hempel, Jessi (March 19, 2012). \"Inside Facebook\". Fortune. 165 (4): 122. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305130229/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/03/01/inside-facebook/","url_text":"\"Inside Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)","url_text":"Fortune"},{"url":"http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/03/01/inside-facebook/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tangel, Andrew; Hamilton, Walter (May 17, 2012). \"Stakes are high on Facebook's first day of trading\". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023059/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-facebook-pricing-20120518%2C0%2C3426310.story","url_text":"\"Stakes are high on Facebook's first day of trading\""},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-facebook-pricing-20120518,0,3426310.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%\". BBC News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18086426","url_text":"\"Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%\""}]},{"reference":"Rusli, Evelyn M.; Eavis, Peter (May 17, 2012). \"Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O.\" The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/17/facebook-raises-16-billion-in-i-p-o/?hp","url_text":"\"Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O.\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Ethan (July 15, 2023). \"Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO\". TheRockie. Associated Press. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://therockie.com/questions-and-answers-on-blockbuster-facebook-ipo/","url_text":"\"Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, Doug (March 17, 2012). \"Internet greets Facebook's IPO price with glee, skepticism\". CNN. Retrieved May 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/17/tech/social-media/facebook-ipo-reactions/index.html","url_text":"\"Internet greets Facebook's IPO price with glee, skepticism\""}]},{"reference":"Bunge, Jacob; Strasburg, Jenny; Dezember, Ryan (May 18, 2012). \"Facebook Falls Back to IPO Price\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303448404577411903118364314?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories","url_text":"\"Facebook Falls Back to IPO Price\""}]},{"reference":"Michael J. De La Mercred (May 18, 2012). \"Facebook Closes at $38.23, Nearly Flat on Day\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/facebook-opens-at-42-05-in-debut-but-falls-quickly/?hp","url_text":"\"Facebook Closes at $38.23, Nearly Flat on Day\""}]},{"reference":"O'Dell, Jolie (May 18, 2012). \"Facebook disappoints on its opening day, closing down $4 from where it opened\". Venture Beat. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/05/18/facebook-disappoints-on-its-opening-day-closing-down-4-from-where-it-opened/","url_text":"\"Facebook disappoints on its opening day, closing down $4 from where it opened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Sets Record For IPO Trading Volume\". The Wall Street Journal. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120522073523/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120518-710783.html","url_text":"\"Facebook Sets Record For IPO Trading Volume\""},{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120518-710783.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Womack, Brian; Thomson, Amy (May 21, 2012). \"Facebook falls below $38 IPO price in second day of trading\". The Washington Post. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110061716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/facebook-falls-below-38-ipo-price-in-second-day-of-trading/2012/05/21/gIQAnKCDgU_story.html","url_text":"\"Facebook falls below $38 IPO price in second day of trading\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/facebook-falls-below-38-ipo-price-in-second-day-of-trading/2012/05/21/gIQAnKCDgU_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evelyn M. Rusli and Michael J. De La Merced (May 22, 2012). \"Facebook I.P.O. Raises Regulatory Concerns\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/22/facebook-i-p-o-raises-regulatory-concerns/?hp","url_text":"\"Facebook I.P.O. Raises Regulatory Concerns\""}]},{"reference":"Temple, James; Newton, Casey (May 23, 2012). \"Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting\". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/business/article/Litigation-over-Facebook-IPO-just-starting-3581490.php","url_text":"\"Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting\""}]},{"reference":"Eichler, Alexander (May 24, 2012). \"Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions\". Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/24/facebook-ipo-retail-investors_n_1542861.html?ref=business","url_text":"\"Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions\""}]},{"reference":"Kim-Mai Cutler (July 20, 2010). \"Zuckerberg had a contract with man suing for 84% ownership of Facebook\". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2010/07/20/zuckerberg-ceglia/","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg had a contract with man suing for 84% ownership of Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Seward, Zachary M. (July 25, 2007). \"Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118539991204578084","url_text":"\"Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Phillips Exeter Academy | Face-to-Face with Mark Zuckerberg '02\". Exeter.edu. January 24, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeter.edu/news_and_events/news_events_5594.aspx","url_text":"\"Phillips Exeter Academy | Face-to-Face with Mark Zuckerberg '02\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Owen (July 20, 2007). \"A brief history of Mark Zuckerberg's legal woes\". ValleyWag. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100722003201/http://valleywag.gawker.com/280901/a-brief-history-of-mark-zuckerbergs-legal-woes","url_text":"\"A brief history of Mark Zuckerberg's legal woes\""},{"url":"http://valleywag.gawker.com/280901/a-brief-history-of-mark-zuckerbergs-legal-woes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved October 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512175673/d287954dex33.htm","url_text":"\"Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant\""}]},{"reference":"Tabak, Alan J. (August 13, 2004). \"Zuckerberg Programs New Website\". Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/8/13/zuckerberg-programs-new-website-having-seemingly/","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg Programs New Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook: 10 milestones on the way to social success\". The Daily Telegraph. London. October 7, 2010. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 6412514. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8048220/Facebook-10-milestones-on-the-way-to-social-success.html","url_text":"\"Facebook: 10 milestones on the way to social success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6412514","url_text":"6412514"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043747/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8048220/Facebook-10-milestones-on-the-way-to-social-success.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kanalley, Craig (August 2, 2011). \"A History Of Facebook Photos (INFOGRAPHIC)\". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/02/facebook-photos-infographic_n_916225.html","url_text":"\"A History Of Facebook Photos (INFOGRAPHIC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Conference Proceedings, 27th Annual Industrial Relations and Human Resource Conference. 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2018. In April 2006, the company decided to expand their membership base into the corporate sector (e.g., Accenture, Amazon.com, Apple, Microsoft, PepsiCo, and PriceWaterhouseCoopers)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k0taAAAAYAAJ&q=accenture","url_text":"Conference Proceedings, 27th Annual Industrial Relations and Human Resource Conference"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Notes - Facebook Adds Blogs\". Mashable.com. August 22, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2006/08/22/facebook-notes-facebook-adds-blogs/#e8nU0D3CAaqb","url_text":"\"Facebook Notes - Facebook Adds Blogs\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). \"A brief history of Facebook\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","url_text":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Sanghvi, Ruchi (September 5, 2006). \"Facebook Gets a Facelift\". Facebook (blog). Retrieved April 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/blog/blog.php?post=2207967130","url_text":"\"Facebook Gets a Facelift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Goes Mobile\". Techcrunch.com. January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/01/10/facebook-goes-mobile/","url_text":"\"Facebook Goes Mobile\""}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Michael (May 24, 2007). \"Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Cashmore, Pete (May 20, 2007). \"Major Facebook Announcement Thursday: Facebook Platform\". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2007/05/20/facebook-f8/","url_text":"\"Major Facebook Announcement Thursday: Facebook Platform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Websites Offer Facebook Beacon for Social Distribution\". Facebook Press Room. November 6, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=9166","url_text":"\"Leading Websites Offer Facebook Beacon for Social Distribution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Declares New Era for Advertising\". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. November 6, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-11-05/facebook-declares-new-era-for-advertising","url_text":"\"Facebook Declares New Era for Advertising\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Removing \"is\" from Status Updates\". Mashable.com. November 20, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2007/11/19/facebook-status-updates/#yzQbfq27fgqV","url_text":"\"Facebook Removing \"is\" from Status Updates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook CTO Adam D'Angelo to leave the company\". Venturebeat.com. May 12, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2008/05/11/facebook-cto-adam-dangelo-to-leave-or-at-least-take-an-extended-vacation/","url_text":"\"Facebook CTO Adam D'Angelo to leave the company\""}]},{"reference":"Levenson, Michael (June 27, 2008). \"Facebook, ConnectU Settle Dispute\". Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2008/06/27/facebook_connectu_settle_dispute/","url_text":"\"Facebook, ConnectU Settle Dispute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Check out the new Facebook\". Https. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/check-out-the-new-facebook/23612952130","url_text":"\"Check out the new Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hands on: Facebook redesign tries to clear the social smog\". Ars Technica. July 21, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/07/hands-on-facebook-redesign-tries-to-clear-the-social-smog/","url_text":"\"Hands on: Facebook redesign tries to clear the social smog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Facebook Will be Gone Next Week; Better App Access Coming\". Adweek.com. September 4, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/old-facebook-will-be-gone-next-week-better-app-access-coming/213446?red=if","url_text":"\"Old Facebook Will be Gone Next Week; Better App Access Coming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases\". Facebook. November 30, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042","url_text":"\"Press Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Credits – Part I: The Story So Far\". Adweek.com. January 25, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/facebook-credits-part-i-the-story-so-far/313435","url_text":"\"Facebook Credits – Part I: The Story So Far\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Activates \"Like\" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery\". Techcrunch.com. February 10, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/09/facebook-activates-like-button-friendfeed-tires-of-sincere-flattery/","url_text":"\"Facebook Activates \"Like\" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\". Cbc.ca. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html","url_text":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\""}]},{"reference":"Rao, Leena (September 10, 2009). \"Facebook Turns To Twitter For Inspiration Again, Brings @ Tagging To Status Updates\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/09/10/facebook-turns-to-twitter-for-inspiration-again-brings-tagging-to-status-updates/","url_text":"\"Facebook Turns To Twitter For Inspiration Again, Brings @ Tagging To Status Updates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Justin (September 10, 2009). \"@Facebook Launching Status Tagging for Friends, Pages, Events, and Groups Today\". Inside Facebook. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2009/09/10/facebook-launching-status-tagging-for-friends-pages-events-and-groups-today/","url_text":"\"@Facebook Launching Status Tagging for Friends, Pages, Events, and Groups Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inside_Facebook&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Inside Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Michael (February 19, 2010). \"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\". Tech crunch.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/19/octazen-what-the-heck-did-facebook-just-buy-exactly-and-why/","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\". April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/facebook-buys-up-divvyshot-to-make-facebook-photos-even-better/","url_text":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\""}]},{"reference":"Rebbapragada, Narasu (June 20, 2010). \"What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?\". PC World. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120706071449/http://www.pcworld.com/article/198951/what_is_your_facebook_data_worth.html","url_text":"\"What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?\""},{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/198951/what_is_your_facebook_data_worth.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook's Profile Redesign: A Tour\". Pcworld.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/212519/facebooks_profile_redesign_a_tour.html","url_text":"\"Facebook's Profile Redesign: A Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Susanne Craig and Andrew Ross Sorkin (January 2, 2011). \"Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook\". NYTimes.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/goldman-invests-in-facebook-at-50-billion-valuation/","url_text":"\"Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Kessler 122 (February 14, 2011). \"Facebook Photos By the Numbers [INFOGRAPHIC]\". Mashable.com. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2011/02/14/facebook-photo-infographic/?asid=c228f21b","url_text":"\"Facebook Photos By the Numbers [INFOGRAPHIC]\""}]},{"reference":"Parr, Ben (June 28, 2011). \"Google Launches Google+ To Battle Facebook [PICS]\". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2011/06/28/google-plus/","url_text":"\"Google Launches Google+ To Battle Facebook [PICS]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (November 30, 2011). \"Facebook Ups Character Limit to 60,000, Google+'s Is Still Bigger\". Retrieved January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/30/status-update-character-limit/","url_text":"\"Facebook Ups Character Limit to 60,000, Google+'s Is Still Bigger\""}]},{"reference":"Ashford, Warwick (July 7, 2011). \"Facebook partners with Skype to add video calling to social network infrastructure\". Computerweekly.com. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/07/07/247205/Facebook-partners-with-Skype-to-add-video-calling-to-social-network.htm","url_text":"\"Facebook partners with Skype to add video calling to social network infrastructure\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Faster Way to Message on Mobile\". Facebook. October 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/a-faster-way-to-message-on-mobile/10150249543542131","url_text":"\"A Faster Way to Message on Mobile\""}]},{"reference":"Rait, Zach (September 14, 2011). \"Introducing the Subscribe Button\". Facebook. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/introducing-the-subscribe-button/10150280039742131","url_text":"\"Introducing the Subscribe Button\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Heroku\". Heroku. September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.heroku.com/archives/2011/9/15/facebook/","url_text":"\"Facebook and Heroku\""}]},{"reference":"Tofel, Kevin (October 6, 2011). \"Facebook for SIM uses SMS; no data plan required\". GigaOm. Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gigaom.com/2011/10/06/facebook-sim-card-uses-sms-gemalto/","url_text":"\"Facebook for SIM uses SMS; no data plan required\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaOm","url_text":"GigaOm"}]},{"reference":"\"voor iPad\". Facebook. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/mobile/ipad","url_text":"\"voor iPad\""}]},{"reference":"Protalinski, Emil (January 10, 2012). \"Facebook starts displaying ads in the News Feed\". ZDNet. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-starts-displaying-ads-in-the-news-feed/7143","url_text":"\"Facebook starts displaying ads in the News Feed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet","url_text":"ZDNet"}]},{"reference":"Darwell, Brittany (January 10, 2012). \"Sponsored Stories begin to appear in News Feed\". Inside Facebook. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2012/01/10/breaking-sponsored-stories-begin-to-appear-in-news-feed/","url_text":"\"Sponsored Stories begin to appear in News Feed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion\". TechCrunch. April 9, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/facebook-to-acquire-instagram-for-1-billion/","url_text":"\"Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook goes public\". Forbes. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/briancaulfield/2012/05/17/facebook-goes-public-time-for-a-drink/","url_text":"\"Facebook goes public\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (June 13, 2012). \"Facebook Exchange: A New Way For Advertisers To Target Specific Users With Real-Time Bid Ads\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/13/facebook-exchange/","url_text":"\"Facebook Exchange: A New Way For Advertisers To Target Specific Users With Real-Time Bid Ads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"MacMillan, Douglas; Erlichman, Jonathan (June 14, 2012). \"Facebook to Debut Real-Time Bidding on Advertising Prices\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-13/facebook-to-debut-real-time-bidding-for-advertising","url_text":"\"Facebook to Debut Real-Time Bidding on Advertising Prices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\". The Wall Street Journal. October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443635404578036164027386112","url_text":"\"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Announces Its Third Pillar \"Graph Search\" That Gives You Answers, Not Links Like Google\". TechCrunch. January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/15/facebook-announces-its-third-pillar-graph-search/","url_text":"\"Facebook Announces Its Third Pillar \"Graph Search\" That Gives You Answers, Not Links Like Google\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 30, 2013). \"Facebook Tries Letting You Share Emoticons Of Exactly What You're Feeling, Reading Or Eating\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/30/facebook-visual-sharing/","url_text":"\"Facebook Tries Letting You Share Emoticons Of Exactly What You're Feeling, Reading Or Eating\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (April 9, 2013). \"Facebook Asks You To Please Select Your Emotion\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/09/facebook-mood/","url_text":"\"Facebook Asks You To Please Select Your Emotion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Launches Feeds For Photos, Music, Friends-Only, And More\". TechCrunch. March 7, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/07/facebook-launches-multiple-topic-based-feeds-bigger-images-and-a-consistent-design-across-devices/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Feeds For Photos, Music, Friends-Only, And More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Brad; Frier, Sarah (January 30, 2014). \"Facebook Turns 10: The Mark Zuckerberg Interview\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140130204636/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/facebook-turns-10-the-mark-zuckerberg-interview","url_text":"\"Facebook Turns 10: The Mark Zuckerberg Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/facebook-turns-10-the-mark-zuckerberg-interview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Home revamps any Android phone to make it about 'people, not apps'\". The Verge. April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/4/4183172/facebook-home-android","url_text":"\"Facebook Home revamps any Android phone to make it about 'people, not apps'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Home can be disabled on HTC First, stock Android sits beneath\". TechRadar. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/facebook-home-can-be-disabled-on-htc-first-stock-android-sits-underneath-1142942","url_text":"\"Facebook Home can be disabled on HTC First, stock Android sits beneath\""}]},{"reference":"Iyer, Kumar; Sharon, Michael (April 16, 2013). \"Messaging updates for iPhone and a new look for iPad\". Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/604/Messaging-updates-for-iPhone-and-a-new-look-for-iPad","url_text":"\"Messaging updates for iPhone and a new look for iPad\""}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (April 16, 2013). \"Chat Heads Coming To iOS Facebook App Via Update Pushing Out Anytime Now\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/16/chat-heads-coming-to-ios-facebook-app-via-update-pushing-out-anytime-now/","url_text":"\"Chat Heads Coming To iOS Facebook App Via Update Pushing Out Anytime Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (July 2, 2013). \"Facebook Brings Its Mobile Messaging Stickers To The Web As Their Designer Exits\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/07/02/facebook-web-chat-stickers/","url_text":"\"Facebook Brings Its Mobile Messaging Stickers To The Web As Their Designer Exits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Conversations on Facebook\". Facebook Newsroom. June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/633/Public-Conversations-on-Facebook","url_text":"\"Public Conversations on Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook officially supports hastags\". Inside Facebook. June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2013/06/12/facebook-officially-supports-hashtags/","url_text":"\"Facebook officially supports hastags\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inside_Facebook&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Inside Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (June 27, 2013). \"Facebook Launches Related Hashtags And #Mobile Site Support\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/27/facebook-related-hashtags/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Related Hashtags And #Mobile Site Support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Billy (June 30, 2013). \"Mark Zuckerberg 'Likes' SF LGBT Pride As Tech Companies Publicly Celebrate Equal Rights\". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved July 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/30/tech-pride/","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg 'Likes' SF LGBT Pride As Tech Companies Publicly Celebrate Equal Rights\""}]},{"reference":"Rusli, Evelyn M. (June 30, 2013). \"Mark Zuckerberg Leads 700 Facebook Employees in SF Gay Pride\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/06/30/mark-zuckerberg-leads-700-facebook-employees-in-sf-gay-pride/","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Leads 700 Facebook Employees in SF Gay Pride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internet.org: About\". Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internet.org/","url_text":"\"Internet.org: About\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 20, 2013). \"Facebook And 6 Phone Companies Launch Internet.org To Bring Affordable Access To Everyone\". Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/20/facebook-internet-org/","url_text":"\"Facebook And 6 Phone Companies Launch Internet.org To Bring Affordable Access To Everyone\""}]},{"reference":"Farr, Christina (August 20, 2013). \"Mark Zuckerberg launches Internet.org to connect 'the next 5 billion'\". VentureBeat. Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2013/08/20/mark-zuckerberg-launches-internet-org-to-connect-the-next-5-billion/","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg launches Internet.org to connect 'the next 5 billion'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Schroeder, Stan (August 21, 2013). \"Zuckerberg Wants to Bring the Whole Planet Internet Access\". Mashable. Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2013/08/21/mark-zuckerberg-internet-org/","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg Wants to Bring the Whole Planet Internet Access\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Pachal, Peter (September 26, 2013). \"Facebook Finally Lets You Edit Posts\". Mashable. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2013/09/26/facebook-edit-status-updates/","url_text":"\"Facebook Finally Lets You Edit Posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (September 26, 2013). \"Facebook Lets You Edit Posts After Sharing On Android And Web Now, iOS Soon\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/26/edit-facebook-post/","url_text":"\"Facebook Lets You Edit Posts After Sharing On Android And Web Now, iOS Soon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Graph Search Now Includes Posts and Status Updates\". Facebook. September 20, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/728/Graph-Search-Now-Includes-Posts-and-Status-Updates","url_text":"\"Graph Search Now Includes Posts and Status Updates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Starts Rollout Of Graph Search For Posts, Comments, Check-Ins To Reveal The Past And Present\". September 30, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/30/graph-search-posts/","url_text":"\"Facebook Starts Rollout Of Graph Search For Posts, Comments, Check-Ins To Reveal The Past And Present\""}]},{"reference":"Rusli, Evelyn; MacMillan, Douglas (November 13, 2013). \"Snapchat Spurned $3 Billion Acquisition Offer from Facebook\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/11/13/snapchat-spurned-3-billion-acquisition-offer-from-facebook/","url_text":"\"Snapchat Spurned $3 Billion Acquisition Offer from Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bercovici, Jeff (November 13, 2013). \"Facebook Tried To Buy Snapchat For $3B In Cash. Here's Why\". Forbes. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/11/13/facebook-wouldve-bought-snapchat-for-3-billion-in-cash-heres-why/","url_text":"\"Facebook Tried To Buy Snapchat For $3B In Cash. Here's Why\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook, Zuckerberg, banks must face IPO lawsuit: judge\". Reuters. December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCABRE9BH0VD20131218","url_text":"\"Facebook, Zuckerberg, banks must face IPO lawsuit: judge\""}]},{"reference":"Ha, Anthony (January 13, 2014). \"Facebook Acquires Branch Media Team To Lead New \"Conversations\" Group\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/13/facebook-acquires-branch/","url_text":"\"Facebook Acquires Branch Media Team To Lead New \"Conversations\" Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Hamburger, Ellis (January 13, 2014). \"Facebook acquires link-sharing service Branch for around $15 million\". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/13/5303702/facebook-acquires-link-sharing-app-branch-for-15-million","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires link-sharing service Branch for around $15 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Popular Conversations on Facebook\". Facebook Newsroom. January 16, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/782/Finding-Popular-Conversations-on-Facebook","url_text":"\"Finding Popular Conversations on Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 16, 2014). \"Facebook Launches Trending Topics On Web With Descriptions Of Why Each Is Popular\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/16/facebook-trending/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Trending Topics On Web With Descriptions Of Why Each Is Popular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (August 7, 2013). \"Continuing The Twitter-Jacking, Facebook Begins Trending Topics Test For Some U.S. Mobile Web Users\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/07/continuing-the-twitter-jacking-facebook-begins-trending-topics-test-for-some-u-s-mobile-web-users/","url_text":"\"Continuing The Twitter-Jacking, Facebook Begins Trending Topics Test For Some U.S. Mobile Web Users\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Ha, Anthony (August 30, 2013). \"Following Mobile Test, Facebook Tries Out A 'Trending' Section On Its Desktop News Feed\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/30/facebook-trending-topics/","url_text":"\"Following Mobile Test, Facebook Tries Out A 'Trending' Section On Its Desktop News Feed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 30, 2014). \"Facebook Announces Paper, A Curated Visual News Reader Launching Feb. 3 On iOS\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/30/facebook-paper/","url_text":"\"Facebook Announces Paper, A Curated Visual News Reader Launching Feb. 3 On iOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 30, 2014). \"Facebook's New \"Creative Labs\" Lets The 6,000-Employee Giant Move Fast Like A Startup\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/30/facebook-creative-labs/","url_text":"\"Facebook's New \"Creative Labs\" Lets The 6,000-Employee Giant Move Fast Like A Startup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 29, 2014). \"Facebook's Plot To Conquer Mobile: Shatter Itself Into Pieces\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/29/one-app-at-a-time/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Plot To Conquer Mobile: Shatter Itself Into Pieces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Ambruzzese, Jason (January 30, 2014). \"Facebook's Paper Doesn't Scare Other News Apps\". Mashable. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2014/01/30/facebooks-paper-doesnt-scare-other-newsreaders/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Paper Doesn't Scare Other News Apps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Meltz, Rachel (January 30, 2014). \"Facebook's Paper Looks Way Better Than Its Mobile App: Facebook's latest app may convince me to spend more time using Facebook on my iPhone\". Technology Review. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/view/524121/facebooks-paper-looks-way-better-than-its-mobile-app/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Paper Looks Way Better Than Its Mobile App: Facebook's latest app may convince me to spend more time using Facebook on my iPhone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Review","url_text":"Technology Review"}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (February 4, 2014). \"Today is Facebook's tenth anniversary\". Facebook. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101250930776491?stream_ref=10","url_text":"\"Today is Facebook's tenth anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (February 3, 2014). \"Facebook \"Paper\" May Beat Trademark Complaint As Drawing App Is Registered As \"Paper By FiftyThree\"\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/03/facebook-vs-fiftythree/","url_text":"\"Facebook \"Paper\" May Beat Trademark Complaint As Drawing App Is Registered As \"Paper By FiftyThree\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Jordan (February 4, 2014). \"Facebook Turns 10\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/04/facebook-turns-10/","url_text":"\"Facebook Turns 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Natasha (February 4, 2014). \"Pew: Facebook Aged 10 Is Seeing Adult Usage \"Intensifying\"; 57% Of Adults Are Users, 64% Visit Daily\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/04/pew-facebook-tenth/","url_text":"\"Pew: Facebook Aged 10 Is Seeing Adult Usage \"Intensifying\"; 57% Of Adults Are Users, 64% Visit Daily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Oremus, Will (February 3, 2014). \"Facebook Was Born 10 Years Ago. Here's What It Looked Like\". Slate. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/02/03/facebook_10th_anniversary_social_network_turns_10_looks_back_at_its_history.html","url_text":"\"Facebook Was Born 10 Years Ago. Here's What It Looked Like\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"McCracken, Harry (February 4, 2014). \"Facebook Turns 10: What If It Had Never Been Invented?\". Techland. Time. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140204160713/http://techland.time.com/2014/02/04/facebook-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Facebook Turns 10: What If It Had Never Been Invented?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://techland.time.com/2014/02/04/facebook-anniversary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knoblauch, Max (February 3, 2014). \"Facebook Turns 10: What Else Was Popular in 2004?\". Mashable. Retrieved February 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2014/02/03/facebook-popular-trends-2004/","url_text":"\"Facebook Turns 10: What Else Was Popular in 2004?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Kumparak, Greg (February 5, 2014). \"Don't Like Your Facebook \"Look Back\"? You'll Be Able To Edit It Soon\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/05/dont-like-your-facebook-look-back-youll-be-able-to-edit-it-soon/","url_text":"\"Don't Like Your Facebook \"Look Back\"? You'll Be Able To Edit It Soon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Kumparak, Greg (February 7, 2014). \"Facebook Now Lets You Edit Your \"Look Back\" Movie\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/07/how-to-edit-facebook-look-back-video/","url_text":"\"Facebook Now Lets You Edit Your \"Look Back\" Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"When you come to Facebook ...\" Facebook Diversity. February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=567587973337709&set=a.196865713743272.42938.105225179573993&type=1&stream_ref=10","url_text":"\"When you come to Facebook ...\""}]},{"reference":"Crook, Jordan; Constine, Josh (February 13, 2014). \"Facebook Opens Up LGBTQ-Friendly Gender Identity And Pronoun Options\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity/","url_text":"\"Facebook Opens Up LGBTQ-Friendly Gender Identity And Pronoun Options\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Provides 56 New Gender Identity Options\". ReadWrite. February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://readwrite.com/2014/02/13/facebook-provides-50-new-gender-identity-options","url_text":"\"Facebook Provides 56 New Gender Identity Options\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Alex (February 13, 2014). \"Facebook Adds New Gender Identity Terms: Not just male or female anymore\". Techland. Time. Retrieved February 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://techland.time.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity-zuckerberg/","url_text":"\"Facebook Adds New Gender Identity Terms: Not just male or female anymore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp\". Facebook Newsroom. February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp","url_text":"\"Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp\""}]},{"reference":"Goetz, Jim (February 19, 2014). \"Four Numbers That Explain Why Facebook Acquired WhatsApp\". Sequoia Capital. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://sequoiacapital.tumblr.com/post/77211282835/four-numbers-that-explain-why-facebook-acquired","url_text":"\"Four Numbers That Explain Why Facebook Acquired WhatsApp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital","url_text":"Sequoia Capital"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (February 19, 2014). \"Why Facebook Dropped $19B On WhatsApp: Reach Into Europe, Emerging Markets\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/19/facebook-whatsapp/","url_text":"\"Why Facebook Dropped $19B On WhatsApp: Reach Into Europe, Emerging Markets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Jordan; Wilhelm, Alex (February 19, 2014). \"Facebook's $19 Billion WhatsApp Acquisition, Contextualized\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/19/facebooks-19-billion-whatsapp-acquisition-contextualized/","url_text":"\"Facebook's $19 Billion WhatsApp Acquisition, Contextualized\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Van Grove, Jennifer (February 19, 2014). \"Facebook to acquire WhatsApp for $16B. The social network is throwing down billions of dollars of cash and stock to buy its biggest rival\". CNet. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57619146-93/facebook-to-acquire-whatsapp-for-$16b/","url_text":"\"Facebook to acquire WhatsApp for $16B. The social network is throwing down billions of dollars of cash and stock to buy its biggest rival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNet","url_text":"CNet"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Nicholas (February 19, 2014). \"Facebook Is Buying Huge Messenger App WhatsApp For $19 Billion!\". Business Insider. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-is-buying-whatsapp-2014-2","url_text":"\"Facebook Is Buying Huge Messenger App WhatsApp For $19 Billion!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"Lunden, Ingrid (February 24, 2014). \"WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/","url_text":"\"WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (March 3, 2014). \"Facebook Looking Into Buying Drone Maker Titan Aerospace\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/03/facebook-in-talks-to-acquire-drone-maker-titan-aerospace/","url_text":"\"Facebook Looking Into Buying Drone Maker Titan Aerospace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (March 4, 2014). \"Why Would Titan Aerospace Sell To Facebook? Because Investors Weren't Biting\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/04/why-would-titan-aerospace-sell-to-facebook-because-investors-werent-biting/","url_text":"\"Why Would Titan Aerospace Sell To Facebook? Because Investors Weren't Biting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (April 14, 2014). \"Google Acquires Titan Aerospace, The Drone Company Pursued By Facebook\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/14/google-acquires-titan-aerospace-the-drone-company-pursued-by-facebook/","url_text":"\"Google Acquires Titan Aerospace, The Drone Company Pursued By Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Lunden, Ingrid (March 6, 2014). \"Facebook Rolls Out Simplified News Feed That Leaves Content And Ads Alone\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/06/facebook-is-rolling-out-a-more-simplified-news-feed-with-helveticaarial-fonts-new-cards-bolder-photos/","url_text":"\"Facebook Rolls Out Simplified News Feed That Leaves Content And Ads Alone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Hamburger, Ellis (March 6, 2014). \"Facebook goes back to basics with latest News Feed redesign: After a year testing an aggressive update, Facebook finally settles on a look\". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/6/5469952/facebook-goes-back-to-basics-with-latest-news-feed-redesign","url_text":"\"Facebook goes back to basics with latest News Feed redesign: After a year testing an aggressive update, Facebook finally settles on a look\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Kurt (March 6, 2014). \"Facebook Unveils News Feed Redesign, One Year Later\". Mashable. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2014/03/06/facebook-newsfeed-redesign/","url_text":"\"Facebook Unveils News Feed Redesign, One Year Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Simonite, Tom (March 17, 2014). \"Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do: Facebook's new AI research group reports a major improvement in face-processing software\". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/525586/facebook-creates-software-that-matches-faces-almost-as-well-as-you-do/","url_text":"\"Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do: Facebook's new AI research group reports a major improvement in face-processing software\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Review","url_text":"Technology Review"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (March 18, 2014). \"Facebook's DeepFace Project Nears Human Accuracy In Identifying Faces\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/18/faceook-deepface-facial-recognition/","url_text":"\"Facebook's DeepFace Project Nears Human Accuracy In Identifying Faces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (March 25, 2014). \"I'm excited to announce that we've agreed to acquire Oculus VR\". Facebook. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101319050523971?stream_ref=1","url_text":"\"I'm excited to announce that we've agreed to acquire Oculus VR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook to Acquire Oculus\". Street Insider. March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/Facebook+to+Acquire+Oculus/9315843.html","url_text":"\"Facebook to Acquire Oculus\""}]},{"reference":"Panzarino, Matthew (March 25, 2014). \"Facebook To Buy Oculus VR, Maker Of The Rift Headset, For Around $2B In Cash And Stock\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/facebook-to-buy-oculus-vr-maker-of-the-rift-headset-for-around-2b-in-cash-and-stock/","url_text":"\"Facebook To Buy Oculus VR, Maker Of The Rift Headset, For Around $2B In Cash And Stock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (March 25, 2014). \"Facebook's Oculus Buy Signals A Hardware Land Grab, And Company Fit Isn't A Concern\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/facebooks-oculus-buy-signals-a-hardware-landgrab-and-company-fit-isnt-a-concern/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Oculus Buy Signals A Hardware Land Grab, And Company Fit Isn't A Concern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 25, 2014). \"Facebook Missed Mobile Gaming, So It Bought Oculus To Own Virtual Reality For Gaming And Beyond\". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/why-facebook-bought-oculus/","url_text":"\"Facebook Missed Mobile Gaming, So It Bought Oculus To Own Virtual Reality For Gaming And Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the Connectivity Lab at Facebook\". Internet.org. March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://internet.org/press/announcing-the-connectivity-lab-at-facebook","url_text":"\"Announcing the Connectivity Lab at Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 27, 2014). \"Facebook Will Deliver Internet Via Drones With \"Connectivity Lab\" Project Powered By Acqhires From Ascenta\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/27/facebook-drones/","url_text":"\"Facebook Will Deliver Internet Via Drones With \"Connectivity Lab\" Project Powered By Acqhires From Ascenta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 27, 2014). \"Facebook Joins Google In The Hunt For The Future\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/27/facebook-joins-google-in-the-hunt-for-the-future/","url_text":"\"Facebook Joins Google In The Hunt For The Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Metz, Cade (March 27, 2014). \"Facebook Will Build Drones and Satellites to Beam Internet Around the World\". Wired. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2014/03/facebook-drones/","url_text":"\"Facebook Will Build Drones and Satellites to Beam Internet Around the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (April 30, 2014). \"Facebook Launches Anonymous Login So You Can Try Apps Without Giving Up Your Data\". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/30/facebook-anonymous-login/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Anonymous Login So You Can Try Apps Without Giving Up Your Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (July 21, 2014). \"Facebook Launches Save, A Read-It-Later List For Links, Places, And Media Pages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/21/facebook-save-feature/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Save, A Read-It-Later List For Links, Places, And Media Pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Buhr, Sarah (September 15, 2014). \"Why Facebook Is Deleting Drag Queen Profile Pages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/15/why-facebook-is-deleting-drag-queen-profile-pages/","url_text":"\"Why Facebook Is Deleting Drag Queen Profile Pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Barmann, Jay (September 17, 2014). \"Drag Queens, David Campos Meet With Facebook Over Real-Name Controversy [Updated]\". sfist.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140920231637/http://sfist.com/2014/09/17/drag-queens-facebook-real-name-controversy-update.php","url_text":"\"Drag Queens, David Campos Meet With Facebook Over Real-Name Controversy [Updated]\""},{"url":"http://sfist.com/2014/09/17/drag-queens-facebook-real-name-controversy-update.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Mike (September 26, 2014). \"Ello, Ello? New 'No Ads' Social Network Ello Is Blowing Up Right Now\". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/25/ello-ello-new-no-ads-social-network-ello-is-blowing-up-right-now/","url_text":"\"Ello, Ello? New 'No Ads' Social Network Ello Is Blowing Up Right Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Gail (September 25, 2014). \"Social network Ello gets boost after Facebook boots drag queens\". Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/25/social-network-ello-gets-boost-after-facebook-boots-drag-queens/","url_text":"\"Social network Ello gets boost after Facebook boots drag queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook agrees to drop 'real name' policy which banned drag queens\". Pink News. October 1, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/10/01/facebook-agrees-to-drop-real-name-policy-which-banned-drag-queens/","url_text":"\"Facebook agrees to drop 'real name' policy which banned drag queens\""}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (October 6, 2014). \"Facebook Closes WhatsApp Acquisition, Jan Koum To Match Zuckerberg's $1 Annual Salary\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/06/facebook-closes-whatsapp-acquisition/","url_text":"\"Facebook Closes WhatsApp Acquisition, Jan Koum To Match Zuckerberg's $1 Annual Salary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (October 23, 2014). \"Facebook Launches Pseudonymous App \"Rooms\" That Lets You Create Forums About Any Topic\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/facebook-rooms/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches Pseudonymous App \"Rooms\" That Lets You Create Forums About Any Topic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike (October 7, 2014). \"Facebook Developing App That Allows Anonymity\". New York Times Bits Blog. Retrieved October 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/facebook-readies-app-allowing-anonymity/","url_text":"\"Facebook Developing App That Allows Anonymity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell (October 7, 2014). \"Facebook's Potential Anonymity Project Could Be A Tough Sell\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/07/facebook-anonymous-app/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Potential Anonymity Project Could Be A Tough Sell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Adam Clark Estes (October 31, 2014). \"Facebook Just Created a Custom Tor Link and That's Awesome\". Gizmodo. Retrieved November 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-just-created-a-custom-tor-link-and-thats-aweso-1653274659","url_text":"\"Facebook Just Created a Custom Tor Link and That's Awesome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Shaun (October 31, 2014). \"Facebook lifts Tor ban, offers encrypted onion access point. Anonymized traffic now A-OK\". The Register. Retrieved November 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/10/31/facebook_opens_door_for_tor/","url_text":"\"Facebook lifts Tor ban, offers encrypted onion access point. Anonymized traffic now A-OK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook opens up to anonymous Tor users with .onion address. Warns of 'evolutionary and flaky nature' of experiment to ensure anonymous users aren't wrongly identified as botnets\". The Guardian. October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/31/facebook-anonymous-tor-users-onion","url_text":"\"Facebook opens up to anonymous Tor users with .onion address. Warns of 'evolutionary and flaky nature' of experiment to ensure anonymous users aren't wrongly identified as botnets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (November 7, 2014). \"Unfollow Your Most Annoying Facebook Friends And Pages With \"News Feed Settings\"\". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/07/news-feed-settings/","url_text":"\"Unfollow Your Most Annoying Facebook Friends And Pages With \"News Feed Settings\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Feeney, Nolan (November 8, 2014). \"Facebook Will Make it Easier to Unfollow Boring Friends\". Time. Retrieved November 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3573943/facebook-newsfeed-changes/","url_text":"\"Facebook Will Make it Easier to Unfollow Boring Friends\""}]},{"reference":"Stocky, Tom (December 8, 2014). \"Updates to Facebook Search\". Facebook. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2014/12/updates-to-facebook-search/","url_text":"\"Updates to Facebook Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (December 8, 2014). \"Facebook Brings Graph Search To Mobile And Lets You Find Feed Posts By Keyword\". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/facebook-keyword-search/","url_text":"\"Facebook Brings Graph Search To Mobile And Lets You Find Feed Posts By Keyword\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Bonnington, Christina (December 11, 2014). \"At Last: You Can Now Search Your Old Facebook Posts\". Wired. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2014/12/search-old-facebook-posts/","url_text":"\"At Last: You Can Now Search Your Old Facebook Posts\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (December 8, 2014). \"Hands-On With Facebook Post Search: Strong Recommendations, Yelp Should Worry\". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/every-post-is-an-opinion/","url_text":"\"Hands-On With Facebook Post Search: Strong Recommendations, Yelp Should Worry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Alyssa (December 9, 2014). \"Facebook: Improved Search Could Surface Embarrassing Old Posts\". ABC News. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/facebook-improved-search-surface-embarrassing-posts/story?id=27469264","url_text":"\"Facebook: Improved Search Could Surface Embarrassing Old Posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, David (December 11, 2014). \"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: Dislike Button, Ferguson, Graph Search, News Feed Study Controversy\". AllFacebook. Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://allfacebook.com/mark-zuckerberg-qa-121114_b136769","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: Dislike Button, Ferguson, Graph Search, News Feed Study Controversy\""}]},{"reference":"Lynley, Matthew (December 11, 2014). \"The 11 Most Interesting Things From Mark Zuckerberg's Q&A Session. Zuckerberg held another Q&A session today to talk about Facebook and his personal life\". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/mattlynley/the-11-most-interesting-things-from-mark-zuckerbergs-qa-sess","url_text":"\"The 11 Most Interesting Things From Mark Zuckerberg's Q&A Session. Zuckerberg held another Q&A session today to talk about Facebook and his personal life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed","url_text":"BuzzFeed"}]},{"reference":"Tadeo, Maria (December 12, 2014). \"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: What we learnt about the Facebook founder\". The Independent. Retrieved March 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mark-zuckerberg-qa-what-we-learnt-about-the-facebook-founder-9921582.html","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: What we learnt about the Facebook founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Feeney, Nolan (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook Acquires Voice Recognition Startup Wit.ai\". Time. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3655070/facebook-voice-recognition-wit-ai/","url_text":"\"Facebook Acquires Voice Recognition Startup Wit.ai\""}]},{"reference":"Lorenz, Taylor (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook Bought A Company That Could Let It Take On Siri\". Business Insider. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-acquires-speech-recognition-startup-witai-2015-1","url_text":"\"Facebook Bought A Company That Could Let It Take On Siri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook Acquires Wit.ai To Help Its Developers With Speech Recognition And Voice Interfaces\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/05/facebook-wit-ai/","url_text":"\"Facebook Acquires Wit.ai To Help Its Developers With Speech Recognition And Voice Interfaces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Dignan, Larry (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook buys Wit.ai, adds natural language knowhow\". ZDNet. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-buys-wit-ai-adds-natural-language-knowhow/","url_text":"\"Facebook buys Wit.ai, adds natural language knowhow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet","url_text":"ZDNet"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Derrich (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook acquires speech-recognition IoT startup Wit.AI\". GigaOm. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://gigaom.com/2015/01/05/facebook-acquires-speech-recognition-iot-startup-wit-ai/","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires speech-recognition IoT startup Wit.AI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaOm","url_text":"GigaOm"}]},{"reference":"Fiegerman, Seth (January 5, 2015). \"Facebook buys Wit.ai, a speech recognition startup\". Mashable. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/01/05/facebook-buys-wit-ai/","url_text":"\"Facebook buys Wit.ai, a speech recognition startup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Albergotti, Reed (January 8, 2015). \"Facebook Acquires Video Compression Startup QuickFire\". Wall Street Journal (Digits blog). Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/08/facebook-acquires-video-compression-startup-quickfire/?mod=WSJBlog","url_text":"\"Facebook Acquires Video Compression Startup QuickFire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Acquires QuickFire Networks, A 'Pied Piper' For Video\". TechCrunch. January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/08/facebook-acquires-quickfire-networks-a-pied-piper-for-video/","url_text":"\"Facebook Acquires QuickFire Networks, A 'Pied Piper' For Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Terdiman, Daniel (January 8, 2015). \"Facebook buys video infrastructure company QuickFire Networks\". VentureBeat. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2015/01/08/facebook-buys-video-infrastructure-company-quickfire-networks/","url_text":"\"Facebook buys video infrastructure company QuickFire Networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"\"We're excited to announce today that we are joining Facebook\". Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150111070548/http://www.quickfire.tv/","url_text":"\"We're excited to announce today that we are joining Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Chintala, Soumith (January 20, 2015). \"FAIR open sources deep-learning modules for Torch\". Facebook. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.facebook.com/blog/879898285375829/fair-open-sources-deep-learning-modules-for-torch/","url_text":"\"FAIR open sources deep-learning modules for Torch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Lardinois, Frederic (January 16, 2015). \"Facebook Open-Sources Some Of Its Deep-Learning Tools\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/16/facebook-open-sources-some-of-its-deep-learning-tools/","url_text":"\"Facebook Open-Sources Some Of Its Deep-Learning Tools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook open sources its cutting-edge deep learning tools\". VentureBeat. January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2015/01/16/facebook-opens-up-about-more-of-its-cutting-edge-deep-learning-tools/","url_text":"\"Facebook open sources its cutting-edge deep learning tools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"\"News Feed FYI: Showing Fewer Hoaxes\". Facebook. January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/01/news-feed-fyi-showing-fewer-hoaxes/","url_text":"\"News Feed FYI: Showing Fewer Hoaxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 20, 2015). \"Facebook Banishes Hoaxes From The News Feed\". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/20/because-we-blame-facebook/","url_text":"\"Facebook Banishes Hoaxes From The News Feed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"McGarry, Caitlin (January 20, 2015). \"Facebook cracks down on News Feed hoaxes\". MacWorld. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/2872684/facebook-cracks-down-on-news-feed-hoaxes.html","url_text":"\"Facebook cracks down on News Feed hoaxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacWorld","url_text":"MacWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"Send Money to Friends in Messenger\". Facebook Newsroom. March 17, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/03/send-money-to-friends-in-messenger/","url_text":"\"Send Money to Friends in Messenger\""}]},{"reference":"Dredge, Stuart (March 18, 2015). \"Facebook Messenger app will soon allow people to send money to friends\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/18/facebook-messenger-app-mobile-payments","url_text":"\"Facebook Messenger app will soon allow people to send money to friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 17, 2015). \"Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/facebook-pay/","url_text":"\"Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 25, 2015). \"Facebook Finds Strength As A Family, Not An App\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/25/safety-in-numbers/","url_text":"\"Facebook Finds Strength As A Family, Not An App\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Kumparak, Greg (March 25, 2015). \"Everything You Need To Know From Today's Facebook F8 Announcements\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/25/everything-you-need-to-know-from-todays-facebook-f8-announcements/","url_text":"\"Everything You Need To Know From Today's Facebook F8 Announcements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Open-Sources React Native\". TechCrunch. March 26, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/26/facebook-open-sources-react-native/","url_text":"\"Facebook Open-Sources React Native\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Scrapbooks\". Facebook Help Center. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/help/1530275617253660/","url_text":"\"Scrapbooks\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (March 31, 2015). \"Facebook's New Photo \"Scrapbook\" Lets Parents Give Kids An Official Presence\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/31/step-1-identify-baby-photo-step-2-hide-baby-photos/","url_text":"\"Facebook's New Photo \"Scrapbook\" Lets Parents Give Kids An Official Presence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Matt (April 2, 2015). \"How to create a Facebook Scrapbook of your kid\". CNet. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-create-a-facebook-scrapbook-of-your-kid/","url_text":"\"How to create a Facebook Scrapbook of your kid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNet","url_text":"CNet"}]},{"reference":"Vaccari, Andrea (April 22, 2015). \"Introducing Hello\". Facebook. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/04/introducing-hello/","url_text":"\"Introducing Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hello\" Is Facebook's New Android-Only Social Caller ID App\". TechCrunch. April 22, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/22/facebook-hello/","url_text":"\"\"Hello\" Is Facebook's New Android-Only Social Caller ID App\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Raymond (April 22, 2015). \"Facebook 'Hello' app is a smarter way to make phone calls\". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/04/22/facebook-hello-app/","url_text":"\"Facebook 'Hello' app is a smarter way to make phone calls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Casey (April 22, 2015). \"Facebook introduces Hello, an app to replace the Android dialer\". The Verge. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/22/8464761/facebook-introduces-hello-an-app-to-replace-the-android-dialer","url_text":"\"Facebook introduces Hello, an app to replace the Android dialer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Patkar, Mihir (April 26, 2015). \"Facebook Hello vs. TrueCaller: Which Is the Best Caller ID and Dialer App for Android?\". Make Use Of. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/facebook-hello-truecaller-best-caller-id-dialer-app-android/","url_text":"\"Facebook Hello vs. TrueCaller: Which Is the Best Caller ID and Dialer App for Android?\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (April 28, 2015). \"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its API For Giving Your Friends' Data To Apps\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/28/facebook-api-shut-down/","url_text":"\"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its API For Giving Your Friends' Data To Apps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Dove, Jackie (April 29, 2015). \"Facebook shuts down friends data API to generate more trust among users\". The Next Web. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/dd/2015/04/29/facebook-shuts-down-friends-data-api-to-generate-more-trust-among-users/","url_text":"\"Facebook shuts down friends data API to generate more trust among users\""}]},{"reference":"Finn, Greg (April 29, 2015). \"The Facebook API That Provides Friend Data To Apps Will Shut Down Tomorrow. New API changes rolling out tomorrow will put a premium on user privacy and protection, limiting the access that marketers once had in the process\". MarketingLand. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://marketingland.com/the-facebook-api-that-provides-friend-data-to-apps-will-shut-down-tomorrow-126907","url_text":"\"The Facebook API That Provides Friend Data To Apps Will Shut Down Tomorrow. New API changes rolling out tomorrow will put a premium on user privacy and protection, limiting the access that marketers once had in the process\""}]},{"reference":"Reckhow, Michael (May 12, 2015). \"Introducing Instant Articles\". Facebook. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150514162847/http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/","url_text":"\"Introducing Instant Articles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (May 12, 2015). \"Facebook Starts Hosting Publishers' \"Instant Articles\"\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/12/facebook-instant-articles/","url_text":"\"Facebook Starts Hosting Publishers' \"Instant Articles\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (May 13, 2015). \"Facebook's Quest To Absorb The Internet\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/13/all-you-need-is-like/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Quest To Absorb The Internet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Abbruzzese, Jason; Ryan, Jenni (May 12, 2015). \"The media reckoning is here: Facebook rolls out its 'Instant Articles' publisher platform\". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/05/13/facebook-instant-articles/","url_text":"\"The media reckoning is here: Facebook rolls out its 'Instant Articles' publisher platform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Ulanoff, Lance (May 13, 2015). \"The seamless experience of Facebook's new Instant Articles\". Mashable. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/05/13/facebook-instant-articles-hands-on/","url_text":"\"The seamless experience of Facebook's new Instant Articles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (May 29, 2015). \"Facebook Confirms It Will Officially Support GIFs\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/29/facebook-confirms-it-will-officially-support-gifs/","url_text":"\"Facebook Confirms It Will Officially Support GIFs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (June 15, 2015). \"Facebook Pages Can Now Show How Quickly They Respond To Customers' Messages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/15/facebook-pages-can-now-show-how-quickly-they-respond-to-customers-messages/","url_text":"\"Facebook Pages Can Now Show How Quickly They Respond To Customers' Messages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (June 2, 2015). \"Facebook Tests 'Saved Replies,' A Tool That Lets Pages Respond To Customers With Canned Messages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/facebook-tests-saved-replies-a-tool-that-lets-pages-respond-to-customers-with-canned-messages/","url_text":"\"Facebook Tests 'Saved Replies,' A Tool That Lets Pages Respond To Customers With Canned Messages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 5, 2015). \"Facebook Empowers Pages To Provide Customer Support Over Private Messages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/05/facestomer-support/","url_text":"\"Facebook Empowers Pages To Provide Customer Support Over Private Messages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Matney, Lucas (July 15, 2015). \"Facebook Adds Buy Button Integration As It Continues To Reinvent Pages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/15/cant-buy-me-love/","url_text":"\"Facebook Adds Buy Button Integration As It Continues To Reinvent Pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (June 18, 2015). \"Facebook's News Feed Algorithm Relinquishes Control Of What We \"See First\"\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/18/facebook-see-first-puts-your-favorite-people-atop-the-feed/","url_text":"\"Facebook's News Feed Algorithm Relinquishes Control Of What We \"See First\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (July 9, 2015). \"Facebook Empowers Us To Tell News Feed What We Want To See First\". Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/09/humanizing-the-algorithm/#.bwrckd:DKVG","url_text":"\"Facebook Empowers Us To Tell News Feed What We Want To See First\""}]},{"reference":"Kumparak, Greg (June 12, 2015). \"Facebook Now Cares About How Long You Look At Stuff In Your News Feed\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/facebook-now-cares-about-how-long-you-look-at-stuff-in-your-news-feed/","url_text":"\"Facebook Now Cares About How Long You Look At Stuff In Your News Feed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 5, 2015). \"Facebook Launches \"Live\" Streaming Video Feature, But Only For Celebrities\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/05/facescope/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches \"Live\" Streaming Video Feature, But Only For Celebrities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 12, 2015). \"Facebook Confirms Live Broadcasting Will Soon Open To Journalists And Verified Profiles\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/12/facebook-live-livestreaming/","url_text":"\"Facebook Confirms Live Broadcasting Will Soon Open To Journalists And Verified Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 26, 2015). \"Facebook Is Adding A Personal Assistant Called \"M\" To Your Messenger App\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/26/facebook-is-adding-a-personal-assistant-called-m-to-your-messenger-app/","url_text":"\"Facebook Is Adding A Personal Assistant Called \"M\" To Your Messenger App\""}]},{"reference":"Hempel, Jessi (August 26, 2015). \"Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana\". Wired. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/08/facebook-launches-m-new-kind-virtual-assistant/","url_text":"\"Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Karissa (April 18, 2016). \"Facebook Messenger chief: It will be years before everyone has M\". Mashable. Retrieved February 17, 2017. Facebook began testing M in August; the service has been limited to a small group of early testers since then. Similar to products from startups like Magic and Operator, M is able to complete tasks like booking travel, ordering food and scheduling appointments.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/04/18/facebook-m-not-ready-for-years/","url_text":"\"Facebook Messenger chief: It will be years before everyone has M\""}]},{"reference":"Matney, Lucas (August 27, 2015). \"Facebook Hits New Peak Of 1 Billion Users On A Single Day\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/27/facebook-hits-1-billion-users-in-a-single-day/","url_text":"\"Facebook Hits New Peak Of 1 Billion Users On A Single Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Rich (October 28, 2015). \"Facebook's '2G Tuesdays' simulate super slow internet in the developing world\". The Verge. Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/28/9625062/facebook-2g-tuesdays-slow-internet-developing-world","url_text":"\"Facebook's '2G Tuesdays' simulate super slow internet in the developing world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Marra, Chris (October 27, 2015). \"Building for emerging markets: The story behind 2G Tuesdays\". Facebook. Retrieved January 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://code.facebook.com/posts/1556407321275493/building-for-emerging-markets-the-story-behind-2g-tuesdays/","url_text":"\"Building for emerging markets: The story behind 2G Tuesdays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Newcomer, Eric (December 16, 2015). \"Facebook Messenger Lets You Book an Uber\". BloombergBusiness. Retrieved December 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-16/facebook-messenger-lets-you-book-an-uber","url_text":"\"Facebook Messenger Lets You Book an Uber\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BloombergBusiness&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"BloombergBusiness"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (January 28, 2016). \"Facebook Takes On Periscope By Giving Live Streaming To All U.S. iPhoners\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/28/comfortable-ephemerality-vs-reach/","url_text":"\"Facebook Takes On Periscope By Giving Live Streaming To All U.S. iPhoners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Karissa (January 28, 2016). \"Facebook is finally bringing live streaming to everyone\". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/01/28/facebook-live-video-how-to/#EykmO4z.4PqL","url_text":"\"Facebook is finally bringing live streaming to everyone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Kellen (February 18, 2016). \"Facebook Live video streaming is rolling out globally\". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/02/18/facebook-live-international/#FuKQLIfZPmqg","url_text":"\"Facebook Live video streaming is rolling out globally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Is Bringing Live Video Broadcasting To Android Users\". TechCrunch. February 26, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/26/facebook-live-video-android/","url_text":"\"Facebook Is Bringing Live Video Broadcasting To Android Users\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Jon (March 1, 2016). \"Facebook fights Periscope by showing Live videos higher than saved streams\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/01/get-it-while-its-hot/","url_text":"\"Facebook fights Periscope by showing Live videos higher than saved streams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Stephanie Dube Dwilson (February 24, 2016). \"What Happened to the 'Yay' Facebook Reaction?\". Heavy. Retrieved August 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://heavy.com/tech/2016/02/yay-facebook-reactions-missing-where-why-dislike-confused-rejected-photos/","url_text":"\"What Happened to the 'Yay' Facebook Reaction?\""}]},{"reference":"Stinson, Liz (February 24, 2016). \"Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here\". Wired. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebook-reactions-totally-redesigned-like-button/","url_text":"\"Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Kellen (February 24, 2016). \"Here's how to get the new Facebook reactions if you don't see them yet\". Mashable. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/02/24/how-to-get-facebook-reactions/","url_text":"\"Here's how to get the new Facebook reactions if you don't see them yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Karissa (October 8, 2015). \"Everything we know so far about Facebook's new reactions\". Mashable. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/10/08/facebook-reactions-how-to/#m65E8fINPqqA","url_text":"\"Everything we know so far about Facebook's new reactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Robbie (October 12, 2015). \"The Surprisingly Complex Design of Facebook's New Emoji\". Wired. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/facebook-reactions-design/","url_text":"\"The Surprisingly Complex Design of Facebook's New Emoji\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook即時通app暗藏投籃機，考驗你滑手機滑得準不準！\". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005081118/http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/38968","url_text":"\"Facebook即時通app暗藏投籃機，考驗你滑手機滑得準不準！\""},{"url":"http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/38968","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Escher, Anna (April 13, 2016). \"Everything announced at Facebook's F8 conference\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/gallery/everything-announced-at-facebooks-f8-conference-today/","url_text":"\"Everything announced at Facebook's F8 conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Hutchins, Bob (April 18, 2016). \"7 Highlights from the Facebook F8 Conference\". Business2Community. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business2community.com/facebook/7-highlights-facebook-f8-conference-01518684","url_text":"\"7 Highlights from the Facebook F8 Conference\""}]},{"reference":"Grasinger, Chris (April 12, 2016). \"Facebook's F8 event in less than 90 seconds\". Mashable. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/04/12/need-to-know-facebook-f8/","url_text":"\"Facebook's F8 event in less than 90 seconds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Blank, Moshe; Xu, Jie (April 21, 2016). \"News Feed FYI: More Articles You Want to Spend Time Viewing\". Facebook. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/04/news-feed-fyi-more-articles-you-want-to-spend-time-viewing/","url_text":"\"News Feed FYI: More Articles You Want to Spend Time Viewing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Kamps, Haje Jan; Constine, Josh (April 21, 2016). \"Facebook's News Feed is changing again to prioritize sites you actually read\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/21/facebook-news-is-new/","url_text":"\"Facebook's News Feed is changing again to prioritize sites you actually read\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Price, Rob (April 22, 2016). \"Facebook is making a change that will cut down on the clickbait in your newsfeed\". Business Insider. Retrieved April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-algorithm-change-to-cut-down-on-misleading-clickbait-2016-4?r=UK&IR=T","url_text":"\"Facebook is making a change that will cut down on the clickbait in your newsfeed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"Graf, Rachel (April 27, 2016). \"Facebook Stock Soars in After-Hours Trading on Q1 Earnings Beat. Facebook stock is higher in after-hours trading after the social network reported 2016 first-quarter earnings and revenue that topped analysts' estimates\". The Street. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestreet.com/story/13547650/1/facebook-fb-stock-soars-in-after-hours-trading-on-q1-earnings-beat.html","url_text":"\"Facebook Stock Soars in After-Hours Trading on Q1 Earnings Beat. Facebook stock is higher in after-hours trading after the social network reported 2016 first-quarter earnings and revenue that topped analysts' estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Imbert, Fred (April 28, 2016). \"Facebook shares hit new all-time high as Street cheers earnings\". CNBC. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/28/facebook-shares-pop-as-wall-street-cheers-massive-quarterly-beat.html","url_text":"\"Facebook shares hit new all-time high as Street cheers earnings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"Setharaman, Deepa (April 28, 2016). \"Facebook Revenue Soars on Ad Growth. Social network also announces proposal to create new class of nonvoting stock\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-revenue-soars-on-ad-growth-1461787856","url_text":"\"Facebook Revenue Soars on Ad Growth. Social network also announces proposal to create new class of nonvoting stock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike; Picker, Leslie (April 28, 2016). \"Facebook Plans New Stock Class to Solidify Mark Zuckerberg's Control\". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/technology/facebook-q1-earnings.html","url_text":"\"Facebook Plans New Stock Class to Solidify Mark Zuckerberg's Control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Nunez, Michael (May 3, 2016). \"Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some\". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/want-to-know-what-facebook-really-thinks-of-journalists-1773916117","url_text":"\"Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"}]},{"reference":"Nunez, Michael (May 9, 2016). \"Former Facebook Workers: We Routinely Suppressed Conservative News\". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/former-facebook-workers-we-routinely-suppressed-conser-1775461006","url_text":"\"Former Facebook Workers: We Routinely Suppressed Conservative News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"}]},{"reference":"Nunez, Michael (May 12, 2016). \"Facebook Admits Its Trending Section Includes Topics Not Actually Trending on Facebook\". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-admits-its-trending-section-includes-topics-no-1776319308","url_text":"\"Facebook Admits Its Trending Section Includes Topics Not Actually Trending on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"}]},{"reference":"Abbruzzese, Jason (May 13, 2016). \"Why Facebook's 'Trending Topics' controversy matters\". Mashable. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2016/05/13/facebook-why-trending-controversy-matters/","url_text":"\"Why Facebook's 'Trending Topics' controversy matters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Olivarez-Giles, Nathan (May 10, 2016). \"Five Things to Know About Facebook's Trending Controversy. New questions arise about how the world's largest social network handles news\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/five-things-to-know-about-facebooks-trending-controversy-1462915385","url_text":"\"Five Things to Know About Facebook's Trending Controversy. New questions arise about how the world's largest social network handles news\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Conger, Kate (May 10, 2016). \"Senate committee asks Facebook to answer questions about its Trending Topics\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/10/senate-committee-asks-facebook-to-answer-questions-about-its-trending-topics/","url_text":"\"Senate committee asks Facebook to answer questions about its Trending Topics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Setharaman, Deepa (May 10, 2016). \"Facebook Rebuts Criticisms About a Bias Against Conservatives. Response follows report that site suppressed stories of interest to conservative readers\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-refutes-criticisms-about-a-bias-against-conservatives-1462890206","url_text":"\"Facebook Rebuts Criticisms About a Bias Against Conservatives. Response follows report that site suppressed stories of interest to conservative readers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Setharaman, Deepa (May 18, 2016). \"Facebook Political Conclave Called Productive. Sixteen prominent conservatives meet with CEO Zuckerberg\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-set-to-meet-with-conservatives-over-trending-topics-1463596793","url_text":"\"Facebook Political Conclave Called Productive. Sixteen prominent conservatives meet with CEO Zuckerberg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Glenn (May 19, 2016). \"What disturbed me about the Facebook meeting\". Medium. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Beck","url_text":"Beck, Glenn"},{"url":"https://medium.com/@glennbeck/what-disturbed-me-about-the-facebook-meeting-3bbe0b96b87f#.pb44vso97","url_text":"\"What disturbed me about the Facebook meeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)","url_text":"Medium"}]},{"reference":"Stretch, Colin (May 23, 2016). \"Response to Chairman John Thune's letter on Trending Topics\". Facebook. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/05/response-to-chairman-john-thunes-letter-on-trending-topics/","url_text":"\"Response to Chairman John Thune's letter on Trending Topics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Guynn, Jessica (May 24, 2016). \"Facebook makes changes to 'Trending Topics' after bias investigation\". USA Today. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/05/23/facebook-says-investigation-found-no-systematic-political-bias/84818560/","url_text":"\"Facebook makes changes to 'Trending Topics' after bias investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Ha, Anthony (May 25, 2016). \"Facebook will shut down FBX, its desktop ad exchange\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/25/facebook-will-shut-down-fbx/","url_text":"\"Facebook will shut down FBX, its desktop ad exchange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Swant, Marty (May 25, 2016). \"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its Desktop-Based Ad Retargeting Exchange. Social platform redirecting advertisers to mobile\". AdWeek. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/facebook-shutting-down-its-desktop-based-ad-retargeting-exchange-171686","url_text":"\"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its Desktop-Based Ad Retargeting Exchange. Social platform redirecting advertisers to mobile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWeek","url_text":"AdWeek"}]},{"reference":"Shields, Mike (May 25, 2016). \"Facebook Planning to Shut Down its Ad Exchange. Social network focusing on its own ad network and mobile ad inventory\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-planning-to-shut-down-its-ad-exchange-1464199840","url_text":"\"Facebook Planning to Shut Down its Ad Exchange. Social network focusing on its own ad network and mobile ad inventory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Kumparak, Greg (June 15, 2016). \"How to play Facebook Messenger's new super addictive (and hidden!) soccer game\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/how-to-play-facebook-messengers-new-super-addictive-and-hidden-soccer-game/","url_text":"\"How to play Facebook Messenger's new super addictive (and hidden!) soccer game\""}]},{"reference":"Cipriani, Jason (June 15, 2016). \"How to play Facebook Messenger's new secret soccer game\". CNET. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-play-facebook-messengers-new-secret-soccer-game/","url_text":"\"How to play Facebook Messenger's new secret soccer game\""}]},{"reference":"Mosseri, Adam (June 29, 2016). \"Building a Better News Feed for You\". Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/06/building-a-better-news-feed-for-you/","url_text":"\"Building a Better News Feed for You\""}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike; Ember, Sydney (June 29, 2016). \"Facebook to Change News Feed to Focus on Friends and Family\". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/technology/facebook-to-change-news-feed-to-focus-on-friends-and-family.html","url_text":"\"Facebook to Change News Feed to Focus on Friends and Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (June 29, 2016). \"Facebook puts friends above publishers in \"News Feed Values\" and ranking change\". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/29/facebook-news-feed-change/","url_text":"\"Facebook puts friends above publishers in \"News Feed Values\" and ranking change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike; Ember, Sydney (August 4, 2016). \"Shocker! Facebook Changes Its Algorithm to Avoid 'Clickbait'\". New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/technology/facebook-moves-to-push-clickbait-lower-in-the-news-feed.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Shocker! Facebook Changes Its Algorithm to Avoid 'Clickbait'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 4, 2016). \"Facebook's new anti-clickbait algorithm buries bogus headlines\". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/04/facebook-clickbait/","url_text":"\"Facebook's new anti-clickbait algorithm buries bogus headlines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"LaFrance, Adrienne; Meyer, Robinson (August 4, 2016). \"Famous Headlines, Rewritten For Facebook's New Clickbait Policy. You'll never guess what happened when we tried to game the social platform's algorithm. (What happened was we wrote a bunch of terrible headlines.)\". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/08/famous-headlines-rewritten-to-comply-with-facebooks-new-policy/494603/","url_text":"\"Famous Headlines, Rewritten For Facebook's New Clickbait Policy. You'll never guess what happened when we tried to game the social platform's algorithm. (What happened was we wrote a bunch of terrible headlines.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ben (August 11, 2016). \"FB reblock: ad-blocking community finds workaround to Facebook\". AdBlock Plus. Retrieved August 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://adblockplus.org/blog/fb-reblock-ad-blocking-community-finds-workaround-to-facebook","url_text":"\"FB reblock: ad-blocking community finds workaround to Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdBlock_Plus","url_text":"AdBlock Plus"}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (August 11, 2016). \"Facebook rolls out code to nullify Adblock Plus' workaround again\". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/11/friendblock/","url_text":"\"Facebook rolls out code to nullify Adblock Plus' workaround again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook's War on Ad Blockers Is Already Blowing Up. It only took Adblock Plus two days to figure out a work-around\". Vanity Fair. August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/08/facebook-adblock-plus-work-around","url_text":"\"Facebook's War on Ad Blockers Is Already Blowing Up. It only took Adblock Plus two days to figure out a work-around\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Roy (September 10, 2016). \"Facebook isn't just fighting ad blockers, it's fighting the underlying causes of blocking\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/10/facebook-isnt-just-fighting-ad-blockers-its-fighting-the-underlying-causes-of-blocking/","url_text":"\"Facebook isn't just fighting ad blockers, it's fighting the underlying causes of blocking\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (September 18, 2016). \"Facebook ads still slipping past Adblock Plus via stripped-down code\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/18/faceblock/","url_text":"\"Facebook ads still slipping past Adblock Plus via stripped-down code\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (November 2, 2016). \"Blocking ad blockers boosted Facebook's desktop ad revenue 18%\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/02/add-cash-plus/","url_text":"\"Blocking ad blockers boosted Facebook's desktop ad revenue 18%\""}]},{"reference":"Ku, Mary (October 3, 2016). \"Introducing Marketplace: Buy and Sell with Your Local Community\". Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/10/introducing-marketplace-buy-and-sell-with-your-local-community/","url_text":"\"Introducing Marketplace: Buy and Sell with Your Local Community\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh. \"Facebook launches Marketplace, a friendlier Craigslist\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/03/facebook-marketplace-2/","url_text":"\"Facebook launches Marketplace, a friendlier Craigslist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Passary, Sumit (November 30, 2016). \"Facebook Instant Games: Here's A Complete List Of Games You Can Play On Messenger And Your News Feed Now\". Tech Times. Retrieved February 16, 2017. Facebook Instant Games will be initially available only in select countries including: Italy, Spain, Lithuania, Israel, Cyprus, Puerto Rico, Slovenia, Taiwan, Estonia, Russian Federation, Hong Kong, Finland, Singapore, France, New Zealand, Belgium, Ireland, Germany, Latvia, Austria, Australia, Netherlands, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techtimes.com/articles/187446/20161130/facebook-instant-games-heres-a-complete-list-of-games-you-can-play-on-messenger-and-your-news-feed-now.htm","url_text":"\"Facebook Instant Games: Here's A Complete List Of Games You Can Play On Messenger And Your News Feed Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instant Games Now Available on Messenger and Facebook News Feed\". Facebook for Developers. Facebook. November 30, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2016/11/30/instant-games-closed-beta/","url_text":"\"Instant Games Now Available on Messenger and Facebook News Feed\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (November 29, 2016). \"Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/29/messenger-instant-games/","url_text":"\"Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Moon, Mariella (November 29, 2016). \"Facebook's Instant Games work in Messenger and your News Feed\". Engadget. Retrieved February 16, 2017. Today, the social network has launched its HTML5 cross-platform gaming experience called 'Instant Games,' along with 17 titles that include some familiar names like Pac-Man.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/29/facebook-instant-games/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Instant Games work in Messenger and your News Feed\""}]},{"reference":"Mosseri, Adam (December 15, 2016). \"News Feed FYI: Addressing Hoaxes and Fake News\". Facebook. Retrieved December 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/12/news-feed-fyi-addressing-hoaxes-and-fake-news/","url_text":"\"News Feed FYI: Addressing Hoaxes and Fake News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Tsukayama, Hayley (December 15, 2016). \"Facebook will start telling you when a story may be fake\". Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/12/15/facebook-will-start-telling-you-when-a-story-may-be-fake/","url_text":"\"Facebook will start telling you when a story may be fake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Chappell, Bill (December 15, 2016). \"Facebook Details Its New Plan To Combat Fake News Stories\". NPR. Retrieved December 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/15/505728377/facebook-details-its-new-plan-to-combat-fake-news-stories","url_text":"\"Facebook Details Its New Plan To Combat Fake News Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike (December 15, 2016). \"Facebook Mounts Effort to Limit Tide of Fake News\". New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/technology/facebook-fake-news.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Facebook Mounts Effort to Limit Tide of Fake News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Simo, Fidji (January 11, 2017). \"Introducing: The Facebook Journalism Project\". Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170708084342/https://media.fb.com/2017/01/11/facebook-journalism-project/","url_text":"\"Introducing: The Facebook Journalism Project\""},{"url":"https://media.fb.com/2017/01/11/facebook-journalism-project/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, David (January 11, 2017). \"Facebook Journalism Project: A Complete Guide. Facebook's efforts to bolster its relationships with media and news organizations and journalists continued with Wednesday's introduction of the Facebook Journalism Project\". Adweek. Retrieved July 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-journalism-project/","url_text":"\"Facebook Journalism Project: A Complete Guide. Facebook's efforts to bolster its relationships with media and news organizations and journalists continued with Wednesday's introduction of the Facebook Journalism Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook is integrating messenger platform to replace inbox on desktop\". Tech2. January 19, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/facebook-is-integrating-messenger-platform-to-replace-inbox-on-desktop-358338.html","url_text":"\"Facebook is integrating messenger platform to replace inbox on desktop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take the Work Out of Hiring\". Facebook for Business. February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/business/news/take-the-work-out-of-hiring","url_text":"\"Take the Work Out of Hiring\""}]},{"reference":"Bahler, Kristen (February 17, 2017). \"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\". Money.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","url_text":"\"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051115/https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stampher, Jillian (February 16, 2017). \"Facebook takes on LinkedIn with new job postings feature\". GeekWire. Retrieved February 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geekwire.com/2017/facebook-takes-linkedin-new-job-postings-feature/","url_text":"\"Facebook takes on LinkedIn with new job postings feature\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (February 15, 2017). \"Facebook's new job opening posts poach business from LinkedIn\". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/15/facebook-jobs/","url_text":"\"Facebook's new job opening posts poach business from LinkedIn\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerberg, Mark (February 16, 2017). \"Building Global Community\". Facebook. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634/","url_text":"\"Building Global Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Facebook manifesto: Mark Zuckerberg's letter to the world looks a lot like politics. The social media tycoon's 5,700-word post about the 'global community' stokes rumours that another billionaire businessman is planning to run for president\". The Guardian. February 17, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2017/feb/17/facebook-manifesto-mark-zuckerberg-letter-world-politics","url_text":"\"The Facebook manifesto: Mark Zuckerberg's letter to the world looks a lot like politics. The social media tycoon's 5,700-word post about the 'global community' stokes rumours that another billionaire businessman is planning to run for president\""}]},{"reference":"Hern, Alex (February 17, 2017). \"Mark Zuckerberg's letter annotated: what he said and what he didn't. Alex Hern analyses the Facebook founder's 5,700-word mission statement on the goals of Facebook and highlights what he really meant and what he left out\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2017/feb/17/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-letter-annotated-what-he-said-what-he-didnt","url_text":"\"Mark Zuckerberg's letter annotated: what he said and what he didn't. Alex Hern analyses the Facebook founder's 5,700-word mission statement on the goals of Facebook and highlights what he really meant and what he left out\""}]},{"reference":"Lopezz, Napier (March 23, 2017). \"Facebook adds Mentions and Reactions to group chats on Messenger\". The Next Web. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2017/03/23/facebook-adds-mentions-reactions-group-chats-messenger/","url_text":"\"Facebook adds Mentions and Reactions to group chats on Messenger\""}]},{"reference":"Statt, Nick (April 27, 2017). \"Facebook's Messenger Lite app launches in over 100 more countries today\". Facebook. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/27/15457344/facebook-messenger-lite-150-new-countries-expansion-snapchat","url_text":"\"Facebook's Messenger Lite app launches in over 100 more countries today\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (April 27, 2017). \"Facebook sidesteps Snapchat by launching Messenger Lite in over 100 more countries\". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/27/facebook-sidesteps-snapchat-by-launching-messenger-lite-in-150-more-countries/","url_text":"\"Facebook sidesteps Snapchat by launching Messenger Lite in over 100 more countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook launches Messenger Lite in 132 more countries, not in India, yet\". The Economic Times. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170503033623/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/facebook-launches-messenger-lite-in-132-more-countries-not-in-india-yet/articleshow/58413926.cms","url_text":"\"Facebook launches Messenger Lite in 132 more countries, not in India, yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"},{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/facebook-launches-messenger-lite-in-132-more-countries-not-in-india-yet/articleshow/58413926.cms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galperina, Marina (May 3, 2017). \"Facebook Adds Reactions to Comments, Panic Attacks to Me\". Gizmodo. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-adds-reactions-to-comments-panic-attacks-to-m-1794896946","url_text":"\"Facebook Adds Reactions to Comments, Panic Attacks to Me\""}]},{"reference":"Garun, Natt (May 3, 2017). \"Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments\". The Verge.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/3/15536812/facebook-reactions-now-available-comments","url_text":"\"Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Files\". The Guardian. May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/facebook-files","url_text":"\"Facebook Files\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook leaked documents show types of content it allows: Guardian\". Reuters. May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-moderation-idUSKBN18I04A","url_text":"\"Facebook leaked documents show types of content it allows: Guardian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Liptak, Andrew (May 21, 2017). \"Leaked moderation guidelines reveal how Facebook approaches handling graphic content. As Facebook grows, it will need to continually scale up its efforts to address graphic content\". The Verge. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/21/15672242/facebook-files-moderation-guidelines-graphic-content-online","url_text":"\"Leaked moderation guidelines reveal how Facebook approaches handling graphic content. As Facebook grows, it will need to continually scale up its efforts to address graphic content\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Buxton, Madeline (May 22, 2017). \"Leaked Facebook Documents Reveal Disturbing Inconsistencies In How The Site Handles Sensitive Issues\". Refinery29. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refinery29.com/2017/05/155609/guardian-facebook-files-community-hypocrisy","url_text":"\"Leaked Facebook Documents Reveal Disturbing Inconsistencies In How The Site Handles Sensitive Issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery29","url_text":"Refinery29"}]},{"reference":"Leetaru, Kalev (May 22, 2017). \"What The Leaked Facebook Rulebook Tells Us About Why It Isn't Combatting Online Violence\". Forbes. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2017/05/22/what-the-leaked-facebook-rulebook-tells-us-about-why-it-isnt-combatting-online-violence/#4848594c5f99","url_text":"\"What The Leaked Facebook Rulebook Tells Us About Why It Isn't Combatting Online Violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"After the 'Facebook Files', the social media giant must be more transparent\". The Conversation. May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/after-the-facebook-files-the-social-media-giant-must-be-more-transparent-78093","url_text":"\"After the 'Facebook Files', the social media giant must be more transparent\""}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (March 30, 2017). \"Facebook introduces personal fundraising tools, donate buttons in Facebook Live for Pages\". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/30/facebook-introduces-personal-fundraising-tools-donate-buttons-in-facebook-live/","url_text":"\"Facebook introduces personal fundraising tools, donate buttons in Facebook Live for Pages\""}]},{"reference":"Petronzio, Matt (March 30, 2017). \"Facebook's fundraisers now help you raise money for yourself and friends\". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2017/03/30/facebook-personal-fundraisers/","url_text":"\"Facebook's fundraisers now help you raise money for yourself and friends\""}]},{"reference":"Balakrishnan, Anita (March 30, 2017). \"Facebook moves into crowdfunding for emergencies\". CNBC. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/30/facebook-gofundme-feature-to-accept-donations-personal-fundraiser.html","url_text":"\"Facebook moves into crowdfunding for emergencies\""}]},{"reference":"Perez, Sarah (May 24, 2017). \"Facebook's personal fundraisers exit beta, now support raising money for sports teams & communities\". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/24/facebooks-personal-fundraisers-exit-beta-now-support-raising-money-for-sports-teams-communities/","url_text":"\"Facebook's personal fundraisers exit beta, now support raising money for sports teams & communities\""}]},{"reference":"Gleit, Naomi (May 24, 2017). \"Expanding Facebook Fundraisers to More People and Causes\". Facebook. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Gleit","url_text":"Gleit, Naomi"},{"url":"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/05/expanding-facebook-fundraisers-to-more-people-and-causes/","url_text":"\"Expanding Facebook Fundraisers to More People and Causes\""}]},{"reference":"Nowak, Mike; Spiller, Guillermo (June 27, 2017). \"Two Billion People Coming Together on Facebook\". Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/two-billion-people-coming-together-on-facebook/","url_text":"\"Two Billion People Coming Together on Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Constine, Josh (June 27, 2017). \"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/","url_text":"\"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Chaykowski, Kathleen (June 27, 2017). \"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\". Forbes. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2017/06/27/facebook-officially-hits-2-billion-users/","url_text":"\"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Ingraham, Christopher (June 30, 2017). \"If Facebook were a religion, it would be the second largest in the world\". Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/06/30/if-facebook-were-a-religion-it-would-be-the-second-largest-in-the-world/","url_text":"\"If Facebook were a religion, it would be the second largest in the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Trautwein, Catherine (June 27, 2017). \"More Than 2 Billion People Now Use Facebook Each Month\". Time. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4835243/facebook-2-billion-monthly-active-users/","url_text":"\"More Than 2 Billion People Now Use Facebook Each Month\""}]},{"reference":"Praveen Kumar Purushothaman (August 18, 2017). \"Facebook's Messenger.com rolls out formatted messages slowwwwly!\". My Adventures. Retrieved September 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.praveen.science/facebooks-messenger-com-rolls-out-formatted-messages-slowwwwly/","url_text":"\"Facebook's Messenger.com rolls out formatted messages slowwwwly!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Messenger now renders basic LaTex • r/math\". reddit. August 18, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/6ug91z/facebook_messenger_now_renders_basic_latex/","url_text":"\"Facebook Messenger now renders basic LaTex • r/math\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latex Memes For Well Typeset Teens - Posts\". Facebook. August 21, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/badness10000/photos/a.399738343743913.1073741828.399617703755977/455199464864467/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Latex Memes For Well Typeset Teens - Posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Blocks 470 Fake Accounts Linked to Russian 'Troll Factory'\". themoscowtimes.com. September 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://themoscowtimes.com/news/facebook-blocks-470-fake-accounts-linked-to-russian-troll-factory-58874","url_text":"\"Facebook Blocks 470 Fake Accounts Linked to Russian 'Troll Factory'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook uncovers 'Russian-funded' misinformation campaign\". BBC News. September 7, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41182519","url_text":"\"Facebook uncovers 'Russian-funded' misinformation campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump calls Facebook 'anti-Trump' so it goes soft on him\". techcrunch.com. September 27, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/27/the-trump-card/","url_text":"\"Trump calls Facebook 'anti-Trump' so it goes soft on him\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Instagram experience outages\". money.cnn.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/11/technology/business/facebook-instagram-outages/index.html","url_text":"\"Facebook and Instagram experience outages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Instagram services restored after major global disruption\". theguardian.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/11/facebook-and-instagram-out-of-action-for-users-around-world","url_text":"\"Facebook and Instagram services restored after major global disruption\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook and Instagram are down in parts of the US and Europe\". theverge.com. October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/11/16459256/facebook-instagram-down-outage-not-working","url_text":"\"Facebook and Instagram are down in parts of the US and Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook pledges to double its 10,000-person safety and security staff by end of 2018\". cnbc.com. October 31, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/facebook-senate-testimony-doubling-security-group-to-20000-in-2018.html","url_text":"\"Facebook pledges to double its 10,000-person safety and security staff by end of 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook urges users to send nude pics to combat 'revenge porn'\". channelnewsasia.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213052358/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/facebook-urges-users-to-send-nude-pics-to-combat-revenge-porn-9390568","url_text":"\"Facebook urges users to send nude pics to combat 'revenge porn'\""},{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/facebook-urges-users-to-send-nude-pics-to-combat-revenge-porn-9390568","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Facebook Plans to Use Your Nude Photos to Combat Revenge Porn\". inc.com. November 9, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.com/emily-canal/facebook-wants-nude-photos-to-combat-revenge-porn.html","url_text":"\"How Facebook Plans to Use Your Nude Photos to Combat Revenge Porn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook explains how it'll review nude photos to stop revenge porn\". theverge.com. November 9, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16630900/facebook-revenge-porn-defense-details","url_text":"\"Facebook explains how it'll review nude photos to stop revenge porn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook adds trust indicators to news articles in an effort to identify real journalism\". theverge.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658538/facebook-trust-indicators-fake-news-trust-project","url_text":"\"Facebook adds trust indicators to news articles in an effort to identify real journalism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Trust Indicators tool hoists red flags to help you spot fake news\". digitaltrends.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/facebook-trust-indicators-fight-fake-news/","url_text":"\"Facebook Trust Indicators tool hoists red flags to help you spot fake news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook, Google, Twitter to fight fake news with 'trust indicators'\". money.cnn.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/16/technology/tech-trust-indicators/index.html","url_text":"\"Facebook, Google, Twitter to fight fake news with 'trust indicators'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook, Google and others join The Trust Project, an effort to increase transparency around online news\". techcrunch.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/16/facebook-google-and-others-join-the-trust-project-an-effort-to-increase-transparency-around-online-news/","url_text":"\"Facebook, Google and others join The Trust Project, an effort to increase transparency around online news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook made an app just for video creators\". theverge.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16667030/facebook-creator-app-announced-launches","url_text":"\"Facebook made an app just for video creators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook is trying to snare more YouTube posters with a new app for mobile video posts\". cnbc.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/16/facebook-launches-facebook-creator-app.html","url_text":"\"Facebook is trying to snare more YouTube posters with a new app for mobile video posts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creators on Facebook Get Their Own Stand-Alone App and Website\". adweek.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-creator-app/","url_text":"\"Creators on Facebook Get Their Own Stand-Alone App and Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook launches Creator app for influencers to build video communities\". techcrunch.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/16/facebook-creator-app/","url_text":"\"Facebook launches Creator app for influencers to build video communities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook creates 800 jobs as it opens new London office\". BBC News. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42213942","url_text":"\"Facebook creates 800 jobs as it opens new London office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook's new London office brings 800 jobs to the capital\". theguardian.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/04/facebooks-new-london-office-brings-800-jobs-to-the-capital","url_text":"\"Facebook's new London office brings 800 jobs to the capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook to Hire 800 New Workers in London\". bloomberg.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-04/facebook-to-increase-its-u-k-workforce-by-almost-50","url_text":"\"Facebook to Hire 800 New Workers in London\""}]},{"reference":"Tiku, Nitasha. \"Facebook for 6-Year-Olds? Welcome to Messenger Kids\". Wired. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-for-6-year-olds-welcome-to-messenger-kids/","url_text":"\"Facebook for 6-Year-Olds? Welcome to Messenger Kids\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook launches a version of Messenger for young children\". theverge.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/4/16725494/facebook-messenger-kids-app-launch-ios-iphone-preview","url_text":"\"Facebook launches a version of Messenger for young children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook has a new app for kids that lets you control who they chat with — here's how it works\". cnbc.com. December 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/04/facebook-messenger-kids-how-to-use-it.html","url_text":"\"Facebook has a new app for kids that lets you control who they chat with — here's how it works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Just Pushed Its Facial Recognition Into a Creepy New Future\". sciencealert.com. December 20, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencealert.com/facebook-just-pushed-its-facial-recognition-into-a-bold-new-future-tagged-privacy","url_text":"\"Facebook Just Pushed Its Facial Recognition Into a Creepy New Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook will use facial recognition to tell you when people upload your picture\". recode.net. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2017/12/19/16793538/facebook-facial-recognition-pictures-update-identity","url_text":"\"Facebook will use facial recognition to tell you when people upload your picture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook's new facial recognition efforts help blind users know exactly who's in photos\". mashable.com. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/2017/12/19/facebook-facial-recognition-blind-users-photos/#pJ2WXfauWqqJ","url_text":"\"Facebook's new facial recognition efforts help blind users know exactly who's in photos\""}]},{"reference":"Simonite, Tom. \"Facebook Can Now Find Your Face, Even When It's Not Tagged\". Wired. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-will-find-your-face-even-when-its-not-tagged/","url_text":"\"Facebook Can Now Find Your Face, Even When It's Not Tagged\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook acquires biometric ID verification startup Confirm.io\". techcrunch.com. January 23, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/23/facebook-confirm-io/","url_text":"\"Facebook acquires biometric ID verification startup Confirm.io\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confirm for Community Safety Effort\". bloomberg.com. January 23, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-23/facebook-buys-startup-confirm-for-community-safety-effort","url_text":"\"Confirm for Community Safety Effort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook buys ID verification startup Confirm.io\". alphr.com. January 24, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alphr.com/facebook/1008281/facebook-buys-id-verification-startup-confirmio","url_text":"\"Facebook buys ID verification startup Confirm.io\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook admits to the Senate that it recommended Russian propaganda to some users\". cnbc.com. January 26, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/facebook-tells-senate-its-software-recommended-russian-propaganda.html","url_text":"\"Facebook admits to the Senate that it recommended Russian propaganda to some users\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook Says It Found an 'Insignificant' Overlap Between Russia Ads and President Trump's Campaign\". fortune.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortune.com/2018/01/25/facebook-trump-russia-ads-overlap/","url_text":"\"Facebook Says It Found an 'Insignificant' Overlap Between Russia Ads and President Trump's Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook: Russian trolls created 129 event posts during 2016 election\". engadget.com. January 26, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/26/facebook-russian-trolls-created-129-event-posts-during-2016-ele/","url_text":"\"Facebook: Russian trolls created 129 event posts during 2016 election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook is banning all ads promoting cryptocurrencies — including bitcoin and ICOs\". recode.net. January 30, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2018/1/30/16950926/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-bans-crypto-advertising-bitcoin-james-altucher","url_text":"\"Facebook is banning all ads promoting cryptocurrencies — including bitcoin and ICOs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook bans all ads for Bitcoin, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency\". theverge.com. January 30, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/30/16951670/facebook-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-ico-deceptive-marketing-ban","url_text":"\"Facebook bans all ads for Bitcoin, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook lost daily users for the first time ever in the U.S. and Canada\". recode.net. January 31, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2018/1/31/16957122/facebook-daily-active-user-decline-us-canda-q4-earnings-2018","url_text":"\"Facebook lost daily users for the first time ever in the U.S. and Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach\". theguardian.com. March 17, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election","url_text":"\"Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cambridge Analytica and Facebook data scandal: what you need to know\". techradar.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/news/us-uk-investigating-facebooks-role-in-cambridge-analytica-data-breach","url_text":"\"The Cambridge Analytica and Facebook data scandal: what you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook has lost nearly $50 billion in market cap since the data scandal\". recode.net. March 20, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2018/3/20/17144130/facebook-stock-wall-street-billion-market-cap","url_text":"\"Facebook has lost nearly $50 billion in market cap since the data scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zuckerberg Faces House in Second Day of Facebook Testimony—Live Analysis\". WSJ. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-live-coverage","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg Faces House in Second Day of Facebook Testimony—Live Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zuckerberg apologizes, promises reform as senators grill him over Facebook's failings\". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2018/04/10/b72c09e8-3d03-11e8-974f-aacd97698cef_story.html","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg apologizes, promises reform as senators grill him over Facebook's failings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook's Zuckerberg grilled harder during second hearing\". aljazeera.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/facebook-zuckerberg-grilled-harder-hearing-180411204650955.html","url_text":"\"Facebook's Zuckerberg grilled harder during second hearing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zuckerberg faces harder questions in second round of testimony\". cnet.com. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-zuckerberg-faces-more-cambridge-analytica-questions-on-capitol-hill-congress-senate/","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg faces harder questions in second round of testimony\""}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Natasha (April 26, 2018). \"What we learned from Facebook's latest data misuse grilling\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/26/what-we-learned-from-facebooks-latest-data-misuse-grilling/","url_text":"\"What we learned from Facebook's latest data misuse grilling\""}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Natasha (April 28, 2018). \"Facebook's dark ads problem is systemic\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/28/facebooks-dark-ads-problem-is-systemic/","url_text":"\"Facebook's dark ads problem is systemic\""}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Dara (November 7, 2023). \"Meta failed to address harm to teens, whistleblower testifies as senators vow action\". NPR. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211339737/meta-failed-to-address-harm-to-teens-whistleblower-testifies-as-senators-vow-act","url_text":"\"Meta failed to address harm to teens, whistleblower testifies as senators vow action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1","external_links_name":"\"At Last — The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004941/http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline","external_links_name":"\"Company Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html","external_links_name":"\"Open Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318","external_links_name":"\"Online network created by Harvard students flourishes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023441/http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/online-network-created-by-harvard-students-flourishes-1.600318","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718134414/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-11/facebook-opening-the-doors-wider","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-11/facebook-opening-the-doors-wider","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/welcome-to-facebook-everyone/2210227130/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Fb, everyone\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/terms.php","external_links_name":"\"Terms of Use\""},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/59441/facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-hacker-dropout-ceo","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/11/19/facemash-creator-survives-ad-board-the/","external_links_name":"\"Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/2/9/hundreds-register-for-new-facebook-website/","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015320/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-battle-for-facebook-242989/","external_links_name":"\"The Battle For Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-battle-for-facebook-20100915","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://time.com/3686124/happy-birthday-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Birthday, Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/15/060515fa_fact_cassidy","external_links_name":"\"Me Media\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3","external_links_name":"\"In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account\""},{"Link":"https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/","external_links_name":"\"Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html","external_links_name":"\"Open Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050117052114/http://www.chronicle.duke.edu/vnews/display.v/ART/2004/04/14/407d22986b0d0?in_archive=1%2F","external_links_name":"\"Thefacebook.com opens to Duke students\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2004/06/63727","external_links_name":"\"College Facebook Mugs Go Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt","external_links_name":"\"Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303448404577412251723815184?mod=googlenews_wsj","external_links_name":"\"Trading Problems Persisted After Opening for Facebook's IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504172808/https://www.youtube.com/xFFs9UgOAlE%3Ft%3D6m9s","external_links_name":"\"CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg\""},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/xFFs9UgOAlE?t=6m9s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","external_links_name":"\"When Facebook was young: the early years, after 2 months 70k users across 20 schools\""},{"Link":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","external_links_name":"\"At 5 months after launch: 100k users across 400 schools\""},{"Link":"https://vator.tv/news/2016-02-09-when-facebook-was-young-the-early-years","external_links_name":"\"At 8 months after launch: 1.5M users\""},{"Link":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130","external_links_name":"\"Our First 100 Million\""},{"Link":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130","external_links_name":"\"200 Million Strong\""},{"Link":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130","external_links_name":"\"300 Million and On\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129","external_links_name":"\"New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement\""},{"Link":"http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130","external_links_name":"\"500 Million Stories\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/40929239","external_links_name":"\"Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users\""},{"Link":"http://www.socialbakers.com/blog/171-facebook-is-globally-closing-in-to-700-million-users/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is globally closing in to 700 million users!\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/09/22/facebook-800-million-users/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Now Has 800 Million Users\""},{"Link":"http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/the-breakfast-meeting-grilling-for-james-murdoch-and-facebook-tops-900-million-users/","external_links_name":"\"The Breakfast Meeting: Grilling for James Murdoch, and Facebook Tops 900 Million Users\""},{"Link":"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443635404578036164027386112.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\""},{"Link":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=761090","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Results\""},{"Link":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=821954","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results\""},{"Link":"http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=893395","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2014 Results\""},{"Link":"https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2016/Facebook-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2015-Results/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results\""},{"Link":"https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2017/Facebook-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2016-Results/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602081817/http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html","external_links_name":"\"Why MySpace Doesn't Card\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070302043605/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2010/06/14/facebook-inviting-beta-testers-for-new-questions-feature/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Inviting Beta Testers For New Questions Feature\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/careers/puzzles.php","external_links_name":"Facebook Engineering Puzzles"},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/02/14/facebook-photo-infographic/?asid=c228f21b","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Photos By the Numbers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120520003847/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_mobile_usage_set_to_explode.php","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Mobile Usage Set to Explode\""},{"Link":"http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_mobile_usage_set_to_explode.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/yahoo-sues-facebook-over-patents-212746923.html","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech-news/yahoo-sues-facebook-over-patents/article2367459/","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo sues Facebook over patents\""},{"Link":"http://www.spinfold.com/evolution-of-facebook/","external_links_name":"Evolution of Facebook"},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2014/04/24/facebook-and-storyful-launch-a-newswire-that-helps-media-find-news-content-on-the-social-network/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Storyful launch a newswire that helps media find news content on the social network\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/lite/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Lite APK for Android\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/aug/25/facebook-value-flotation","external_links_name":"\"Shareholder trading values Facebook at more than $33bn\" The Guardian—August 25, 2010:"},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/goldman-invests-in-facebook-at-50-billion-valuation/","external_links_name":"\"Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Peter-Thiel_J5T8.html","external_links_name":"#828 on list of world's billionaires"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110129230051/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0214/features-peter-thiel-social-media-life-after-facebook_3.html","external_links_name":"\"Life After Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0214/features-peter-thiel-social-media-life-after-facebook_3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","external_links_name":"\"Why you should beware of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070818200839/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=503336","external_links_name":"\"Investors Add $25M to Facebook's Coffers\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=503336","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150315202156/http://www.neelscompany.com/a-leaked-facebooks-cash-flow-statement-from-2005/","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Cash Flows\""},{"Link":"http://www.neelscompany.com/a-leaked-facebooks-cash-flow-statement-from-2005/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4695495.stm","external_links_name":"\"News Corp in $580 m internet buy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090424083737/http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2208601394&topic=1841&start=500#post5339","external_links_name":"\"Free Flow of Information on the Internet discussions\""},{"Link":"https://facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2208601394&topic=1841&start=500#post5339","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060330042530/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060327_215976.htm","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's on the Block\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060327_215976.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","external_links_name":"\"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220503002336/https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601204&sid=aqwoCAVu._zA","external_links_name":"\"Facebook, Courted By Yahoo, Won't Sell, Director Says (Update3)\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1644040,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Future of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/tech/techinvestor/corporatenews/2007-10-02-facebook-suitors_N.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tech giants poke around Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119065193646437586?mod=hps_us_whats_news","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Fires Volley At Google in Ad Battle\""},{"Link":"https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080807085505/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Stock For Sale\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=158391","external_links_name":"\"Li Ka-shing invests 60 million dollars in Facebook: report\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/05/facebook-russia-richest-alisher-usmanov-sells-stake","external_links_name":"\"Russia's richest man cashes in on Facebook share recovery\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-usmanov-idUSBRE84G1BM20120517","external_links_name":"\"Facebook bet pays off for Russia's Usmanov\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/24/dsts-yuri-milner-facebook-is-going-to-be-the-social-graph-that-unifies-all-civilization/","external_links_name":"\"DST's Yuri Milner: Facebook Is Going To Be The Social Graph That Unifies All Civilization\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/russian-tech-giant-sells-facebook-shares-for-525-million/","external_links_name":"\"Russian Tech Giant Cashes In on Facebook's Recovery\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/russia-funded-facebook-twitter-investments-kushner-investor","external_links_name":"\"Russia funded Facebook and Twitter investments through Kushner investor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html","external_links_name":"\"Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire's Twitter and Facebook Investments\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171105190211/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/zuckerberg-facebook-will-have-a-business-plan-in-three-years","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg: Facebook Will Have A Business Plan In Three Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200110023644/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BT-CO-20120202-718848","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Financials Raise Renewed Valuation Questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120202-718848.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/facebook-acquires-friendfeed/","external_links_name":"Facebook Acquires FriendFeed"},{"Link":"http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2007-07-16-n55.html","external_links_name":"Paul Buchheit on Gmail, AdSense and More"},{"Link":"http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2008/03/dont-be-evil-trigger-for-ethical.html","external_links_name":"Don't Be Evil, a Trigger for Ethical Questions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321151410/http://www.crazyengineers.com/mr-paul-buchheit-creator-of-gmail-adsense-friendfeed/","external_links_name":"\"Small Talk with Mr. Paul Buchheit – Creator of Gmail, Adsense & Friend\""},{"Link":"http://www.crazyengineers.com/mr-paul-buchheit-creator-of-gmail-adsense-friendfeed/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/19/octazen-what-the-heck-did-facebook-just-buy-exactly-and-why/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/facebook-buys-up-divvyshot-to-make-facebook-photos-even-better/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120701074219/http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/09/breaking-facebook-buying-instagram-for-1-billion/?section=magazines_fortune","external_links_name":"\"Breaking: Facebook buying Instagram for $1 billion\""},{"Link":"http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/09/breaking-facebook-buying-instagram-for-1-billion/?section=magazines_fortune","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/Announcements/Facebook-to-Acquire-Instagram-141.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Acquire Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2013/03/08/facebook-acquires-storylane-team-but-does-not-get-its-product-stories-or-data/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires Storylane team, but does not get its product, stories or data\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/13/facebook-buys-mobile-analytics-company-onavo-and-finally-gets-its-office-in-israel/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119184403/https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/01/29/facebook-project-atlas/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them\""},{"Link":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/01/29/facebook-project-atlas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131107004328/http://blog.onavo.com/2013/10/joining-facebook","external_links_name":"\"We are joining the Facebook team\""},{"Link":"http://blog.onavo.com/2013/10/joining-facebook","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21596966-why-mark-zuckerbergs-social-network-paying-such-whopping-sum-messaging","external_links_name":"\"Getting_The_Messages\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2014/03/25/facebook-buys-oculus-virtual-reality-gaming-startup-for-2-billion/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Buys Oculus, Virtual Reality Gaming Startup, For $2 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512034517/d287954ds1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Form S-1 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2012/02/03/facebook-ipo-complete-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook IPO: The Complete Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305130229/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/03/01/inside-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/03/01/inside-facebook/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023059/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-facebook-pricing-20120518%2C0%2C3426310.story","external_links_name":"\"Stakes are high on Facebook's first day of trading\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-facebook-pricing-20120518,0,3426310.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18086426","external_links_name":"\"Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/17/facebook-raises-16-billion-in-i-p-o/?hp","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O.\""},{"Link":"https://therockie.com/questions-and-answers-on-blockbuster-facebook-ipo/","external_links_name":"\"Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/17/tech/social-media/facebook-ipo-reactions/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Internet greets Facebook's IPO price with glee, skepticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303448404577411903118364314?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Falls Back to IPO Price\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/facebook-opens-at-42-05-in-debut-but-falls-quickly/?hp","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Closes at $38.23, Nearly Flat on Day\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/05/18/facebook-disappoints-on-its-opening-day-closing-down-4-from-where-it-opened/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook disappoints on its opening day, closing down $4 from where it opened\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120522073523/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120518-710783.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Sets Record For IPO Trading Volume\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120518-710783.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110061716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/facebook-falls-below-38-ipo-price-in-second-day-of-trading/2012/05/21/gIQAnKCDgU_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook falls below $38 IPO price in second day of trading\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/facebook-falls-below-38-ipo-price-in-second-day-of-trading/2012/05/21/gIQAnKCDgU_story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/22/facebook-i-p-o-raises-regulatory-concerns/?hp","external_links_name":"\"Facebook I.P.O. Raises Regulatory Concerns\""},{"Link":"https://www.chron.com/business/article/Litigation-over-Facebook-IPO-just-starting-3581490.php","external_links_name":"\"Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/24/facebook-ipo-retail-investors_n_1542861.html?ref=business","external_links_name":"\"Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2010/07/20/zuckerberg-ceglia/","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg had a contract with man suing for 84% ownership of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118539991204578084","external_links_name":"\"Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit\""},{"Link":"http://www.exeter.edu/news_and_events/news_events_5594.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Phillips Exeter Academy | Face-to-Face with Mark Zuckerberg '02\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100722003201/http://valleywag.gawker.com/280901/a-brief-history-of-mark-zuckerbergs-legal-woes","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Mark Zuckerberg's legal woes\""},{"Link":"http://valleywag.gawker.com/280901/a-brief-history-of-mark-zuckerbergs-legal-woes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512175673/d287954dex33.htm","external_links_name":"\"Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/8/13/zuckerberg-programs-new-website-having-seemingly/","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg Programs New Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8048220/Facebook-10-milestones-on-the-way-to-social-success.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: 10 milestones on the way to social success\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6412514","external_links_name":"6412514"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043747/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8048220/Facebook-10-milestones-on-the-way-to-social-success.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/02/facebook-photos-infographic_n_916225.html","external_links_name":"\"A History Of Facebook Photos (INFOGRAPHIC)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k0taAAAAYAAJ&q=accenture","external_links_name":"Conference Proceedings, 27th Annual Industrial Relations and Human Resource Conference"},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2006/08/22/facebook-notes-facebook-adds-blogs/#e8nU0D3CAaqb","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Notes - Facebook Adds Blogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/blog/blog.php?post=2207967130","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Gets a Facelift\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/01/10/facebook-goes-mobile/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Goes Mobile\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2007/05/20/facebook-f8/","external_links_name":"\"Major Facebook Announcement Thursday: Facebook Platform\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=9166","external_links_name":"\"Leading Websites Offer Facebook Beacon for Social Distribution\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-11-05/facebook-declares-new-era-for-advertising","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Declares New Era for Advertising\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2007/11/19/facebook-status-updates/#yzQbfq27fgqV","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Removing \"is\" from Status Updates\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2008/05/11/facebook-cto-adam-dangelo-to-leave-or-at-least-take-an-extended-vacation/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook CTO Adam D'Angelo to leave the company\""},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2008/06/27/facebook_connectu_settle_dispute/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook, ConnectU Settle Dispute\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/check-out-the-new-facebook/23612952130","external_links_name":"\"Check out the new Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/07/hands-on-facebook-redesign-tries-to-clear-the-social-smog/","external_links_name":"\"Hands on: Facebook redesign tries to clear the social smog\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/old-facebook-will-be-gone-next-week-better-app-access-coming/213446?red=if","external_links_name":"\"Old Facebook Will be Gone Next Week; Better App Access Coming\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/facebook-credits-part-i-the-story-so-far/313435","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Credits – Part I: The Story So Far\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/09/facebook-activates-like-button-friendfeed-tires-of-sincere-flattery/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Activates \"Like\" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/09/10/facebook-turns-to-twitter-for-inspiration-again-brings-tagging-to-status-updates/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Turns To Twitter For Inspiration Again, Brings @ Tagging To Status Updates\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2009/09/10/facebook-launching-status-tagging-for-friends-pages-events-and-groups-today/","external_links_name":"\"@Facebook Launching Status Tagging for Friends, Pages, Events, and Groups Today\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/19/octazen-what-the-heck-did-facebook-just-buy-exactly-and-why/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires contact-importing company Octazen\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/facebook-buys-up-divvyshot-to-make-facebook-photos-even-better/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys photo service Divvyshot\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/19/facebook-introduces-community-pages-hopes-to-make-them-best-collections-of-shared-knowledge/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Introduces Community Pages, Hopes To Make Them \"Best Collections Of Shared Knowledge\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120706071449/http://www.pcworld.com/article/198951/what_is_your_facebook_data_worth.html","external_links_name":"\"What Is Your Facebook Data Worth?\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/198951/what_is_your_facebook_data_worth.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/212519/facebooks_profile_redesign_a_tour.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Profile Redesign: A Tour\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/goldman-invests-in-facebook-at-50-billion-valuation/","external_links_name":"\"Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/02/14/facebook-photo-infographic/?asid=c228f21b","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Photos By the Numbers [INFOGRAPHIC]\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/06/28/google-plus/","external_links_name":"\"Google Launches Google+ To Battle Facebook [PICS]\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/30/status-update-character-limit/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Ups Character Limit to 60,000, Google+'s Is Still Bigger\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/07/07/247205/Facebook-partners-with-Skype-to-add-video-calling-to-social-network.htm","external_links_name":"\"Facebook partners with Skype to add video calling to social network infrastructure\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/a-faster-way-to-message-on-mobile/10150249543542131","external_links_name":"\"A Faster Way to Message on Mobile\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook/introducing-the-subscribe-button/10150280039742131","external_links_name":"\"Introducing the Subscribe Button\""},{"Link":"http://blog.heroku.com/archives/2011/9/15/facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Heroku\""},{"Link":"http://gigaom.com/2011/10/06/facebook-sim-card-uses-sms-gemalto/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook for SIM uses SMS; no data plan required\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/mobile/ipad","external_links_name":"\"voor iPad\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-starts-displaying-ads-in-the-news-feed/7143","external_links_name":"\"Facebook starts displaying ads in the News Feed\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2012/01/10/breaking-sponsored-stories-begin-to-appear-in-news-feed/","external_links_name":"\"Sponsored Stories begin to appear in News Feed\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/facebook-to-acquire-instagram-for-1-billion/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/briancaulfield/2012/05/17/facebook-goes-public-time-for-a-drink/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook goes public\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/13/facebook-exchange/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Exchange: A New Way For Advertisers To Target Specific Users With Real-Time Bid Ads\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-13/facebook-to-debut-real-time-bidding-for-advertising","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Debut Real-Time Bidding on Advertising Prices\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443635404578036164027386112","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: One Billion and Counting\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/15/facebook-announces-its-third-pillar-graph-search/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Announces Its Third Pillar \"Graph Search\" That Gives You Answers, Not Links Like Google\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/30/facebook-visual-sharing/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Tries Letting You Share Emoticons Of Exactly What You're Feeling, Reading Or Eating\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/09/facebook-mood/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Asks You To Please Select Your Emotion\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/07/facebook-launches-multiple-topic-based-feeds-bigger-images-and-a-consistent-design-across-devices/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Feeds For Photos, Music, Friends-Only, And More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140130204636/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/facebook-turns-10-the-mark-zuckerberg-interview","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Turns 10: The Mark Zuckerberg Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/facebook-turns-10-the-mark-zuckerberg-interview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/4/4183172/facebook-home-android","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Home revamps any Android phone to make it about 'people, not apps'\""},{"Link":"http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/facebook-home-can-be-disabled-on-htc-first-stock-android-sits-underneath-1142942","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Home can be disabled on HTC First, stock Android sits beneath\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/604/Messaging-updates-for-iPhone-and-a-new-look-for-iPad","external_links_name":"\"Messaging updates for iPhone and a new look for iPad\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/16/chat-heads-coming-to-ios-facebook-app-via-update-pushing-out-anytime-now/","external_links_name":"\"Chat Heads Coming To iOS Facebook App Via Update Pushing Out Anytime Now\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/07/02/facebook-web-chat-stickers/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Brings Its Mobile Messaging Stickers To The Web As Their Designer Exits\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/633/Public-Conversations-on-Facebook","external_links_name":"\"Public Conversations on Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidefacebook.com/2013/06/12/facebook-officially-supports-hashtags/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook officially supports hastags\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/27/facebook-related-hashtags/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Related Hashtags And #Mobile Site Support\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/30/tech-pride/","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg 'Likes' SF LGBT Pride As Tech Companies Publicly Celebrate Equal Rights\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/06/30/mark-zuckerberg-leads-700-facebook-employees-in-sf-gay-pride/","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Leads 700 Facebook Employees in SF Gay Pride\""},{"Link":"https://www.internet.org/","external_links_name":"\"Internet.org: About\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/20/facebook-internet-org/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook And 6 Phone Companies Launch Internet.org To Bring Affordable Access To Everyone\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2013/08/20/mark-zuckerberg-launches-internet-org-to-connect-the-next-5-billion/","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg launches Internet.org to connect 'the next 5 billion'\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2013/08/21/mark-zuckerberg-internet-org/","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg Wants to Bring the Whole Planet Internet Access\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2013/09/26/facebook-edit-status-updates/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Finally Lets You Edit Posts\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/26/edit-facebook-post/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Lets You Edit Posts After Sharing On Android And Web Now, iOS Soon\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/728/Graph-Search-Now-Includes-Posts-and-Status-Updates","external_links_name":"\"Graph Search Now Includes Posts and Status Updates\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/30/graph-search-posts/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Starts Rollout Of Graph Search For Posts, Comments, Check-Ins To Reveal The Past And Present\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/11/13/snapchat-spurned-3-billion-acquisition-offer-from-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Snapchat Spurned $3 Billion Acquisition Offer from Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/11/13/facebook-wouldve-bought-snapchat-for-3-billion-in-cash-heres-why/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Tried To Buy Snapchat For $3B In Cash. Here's Why\""},{"Link":"http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCABRE9BH0VD20131218","external_links_name":"\"Facebook, Zuckerberg, banks must face IPO lawsuit: judge\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/13/facebook-acquires-branch/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Acquires Branch Media Team To Lead New \"Conversations\" Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/13/5303702/facebook-acquires-link-sharing-app-branch-for-15-million","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires link-sharing service Branch for around $15 million\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/782/Finding-Popular-Conversations-on-Facebook","external_links_name":"\"Finding Popular Conversations on Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/16/facebook-trending/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Trending Topics On Web With Descriptions Of Why Each Is Popular\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/07/continuing-the-twitter-jacking-facebook-begins-trending-topics-test-for-some-u-s-mobile-web-users/","external_links_name":"\"Continuing The Twitter-Jacking, Facebook Begins Trending Topics Test For Some U.S. Mobile Web Users\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/30/facebook-trending-topics/","external_links_name":"\"Following Mobile Test, Facebook Tries Out A 'Trending' Section On Its Desktop News Feed\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/30/facebook-paper/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Announces Paper, A Curated Visual News Reader Launching Feb. 3 On iOS\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/30/facebook-creative-labs/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's New \"Creative Labs\" Lets The 6,000-Employee Giant Move Fast Like A Startup\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/29/one-app-at-a-time/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Plot To Conquer Mobile: Shatter Itself Into Pieces\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2014/01/30/facebooks-paper-doesnt-scare-other-newsreaders/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Paper Doesn't Scare Other News Apps\""},{"Link":"http://www.technologyreview.com/view/524121/facebooks-paper-looks-way-better-than-its-mobile-app/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Paper Looks Way Better Than Its Mobile App: Facebook's latest app may convince me to spend more time using Facebook on my iPhone\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101250930776491?stream_ref=10","external_links_name":"\"Today is Facebook's tenth anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/03/facebook-vs-fiftythree/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook \"Paper\" May Beat Trademark Complaint As Drawing App Is Registered As \"Paper By FiftyThree\"\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/04/facebook-turns-10/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Turns 10\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/04/pew-facebook-tenth/","external_links_name":"\"Pew: Facebook Aged 10 Is Seeing Adult Usage \"Intensifying\"; 57% Of Adults Are Users, 64% Visit Daily\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/02/03/facebook_10th_anniversary_social_network_turns_10_looks_back_at_its_history.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Was Born 10 Years Ago. Here's What It Looked Like\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140204160713/http://techland.time.com/2014/02/04/facebook-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Turns 10: What If It Had Never Been Invented?\""},{"Link":"http://techland.time.com/2014/02/04/facebook-anniversary/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2014/02/03/facebook-popular-trends-2004/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Turns 10: What Else Was Popular in 2004?\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/05/dont-like-your-facebook-look-back-youll-be-able-to-edit-it-soon/","external_links_name":"\"Don't Like Your Facebook \"Look Back\"? You'll Be Able To Edit It Soon\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/07/how-to-edit-facebook-look-back-video/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Now Lets You Edit Your \"Look Back\" Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=567587973337709&set=a.196865713743272.42938.105225179573993&type=1&stream_ref=10","external_links_name":"\"When you come to Facebook ...\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Opens Up LGBTQ-Friendly Gender Identity And Pronoun Options\""},{"Link":"http://readwrite.com/2014/02/13/facebook-provides-50-new-gender-identity-options","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Provides 56 New Gender Identity Options\""},{"Link":"http://techland.time.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity-zuckerberg/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Adds New Gender Identity Terms: Not just male or female anymore\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp\""},{"Link":"https://sequoiacapital.tumblr.com/post/77211282835/four-numbers-that-explain-why-facebook-acquired","external_links_name":"\"Four Numbers That Explain Why Facebook Acquired WhatsApp\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/19/facebook-whatsapp/","external_links_name":"\"Why Facebook Dropped $19B On WhatsApp: Reach Into Europe, Emerging Markets\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/19/facebooks-19-billion-whatsapp-acquisition-contextualized/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's $19 Billion WhatsApp Acquisition, Contextualized\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57619146-93/facebook-to-acquire-whatsapp-for-$16b/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to acquire WhatsApp for $16B. The social network is throwing down billions of dollars of cash and stock to buy its biggest rival\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-is-buying-whatsapp-2014-2","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Is Buying Huge Messenger App WhatsApp For $19 Billion!\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/","external_links_name":"\"WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/03/facebook-in-talks-to-acquire-drone-maker-titan-aerospace/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Looking Into Buying Drone Maker Titan Aerospace\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/04/why-would-titan-aerospace-sell-to-facebook-because-investors-werent-biting/","external_links_name":"\"Why Would Titan Aerospace Sell To Facebook? Because Investors Weren't Biting\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/14/google-acquires-titan-aerospace-the-drone-company-pursued-by-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Google Acquires Titan Aerospace, The Drone Company Pursued By Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/06/facebook-is-rolling-out-a-more-simplified-news-feed-with-helveticaarial-fonts-new-cards-bolder-photos/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Rolls Out Simplified News Feed That Leaves Content And Ads Alone\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/6/5469952/facebook-goes-back-to-basics-with-latest-news-feed-redesign","external_links_name":"\"Facebook goes back to basics with latest News Feed redesign: After a year testing an aggressive update, Facebook finally settles on a look\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2014/03/06/facebook-newsfeed-redesign/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Unveils News Feed Redesign, One Year Later\""},{"Link":"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/525586/facebook-creates-software-that-matches-faces-almost-as-well-as-you-do/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do: Facebook's new AI research group reports a major improvement in face-processing software\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/18/faceook-deepface-facial-recognition/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's DeepFace Project Nears Human Accuracy In Identifying Faces\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101319050523971?stream_ref=1","external_links_name":"\"I'm excited to announce that we've agreed to acquire Oculus VR\""},{"Link":"http://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/Facebook+to+Acquire+Oculus/9315843.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Acquire Oculus\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/facebook-to-buy-oculus-vr-maker-of-the-rift-headset-for-around-2b-in-cash-and-stock/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook To Buy Oculus VR, Maker Of The Rift Headset, For Around $2B In Cash And Stock\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/facebooks-oculus-buy-signals-a-hardware-landgrab-and-company-fit-isnt-a-concern/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Oculus Buy Signals A Hardware Land Grab, And Company Fit Isn't A Concern\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/25/why-facebook-bought-oculus/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Missed Mobile Gaming, So It Bought Oculus To Own Virtual Reality For Gaming And Beyond\""},{"Link":"https://internet.org/press/announcing-the-connectivity-lab-at-facebook","external_links_name":"\"Announcing the Connectivity Lab at Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/27/facebook-drones/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Will Deliver Internet Via Drones With \"Connectivity Lab\" Project Powered By Acqhires From Ascenta\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/27/facebook-joins-google-in-the-hunt-for-the-future/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Joins Google In The Hunt For The Future\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2014/03/facebook-drones/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Will Build Drones and Satellites to Beam Internet Around the World\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/30/facebook-anonymous-login/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Anonymous Login So You Can Try Apps Without Giving Up Your Data\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2014/06/17/slingshot-hands-on/","external_links_name":"Facebook's Slingshot: A Prettier, More Desperate Version of Snapchat"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/17/facebook-slingshot/","external_links_name":"Facebook’s Slingshot Challenges Snapchat With ‘Reply To Unlock’"},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/apps/2014/06/17/facebook-slingshot/","external_links_name":"Facebook Launches Slingshot, its Latest Messaging App"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/17/5817996/facebook-slingshot-app-vs-snapchat","external_links_name":"Facebook Slingshot is much more than a Snapchat clone"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/06/17/facebook-slingshot/","external_links_name":"Facebook's Slingshot is a Snapchat competitor that wants you to snap back"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/21/facebook-save-feature/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Save, A Read-It-Later List For Links, Places, And Media Pages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/15/why-facebook-is-deleting-drag-queen-profile-pages/","external_links_name":"\"Why Facebook Is Deleting Drag Queen Profile Pages\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140920231637/http://sfist.com/2014/09/17/drag-queens-facebook-real-name-controversy-update.php","external_links_name":"\"Drag Queens, David Campos Meet With Facebook Over Real-Name Controversy [Updated]\""},{"Link":"http://sfist.com/2014/09/17/drag-queens-facebook-real-name-controversy-update.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/25/ello-ello-new-no-ads-social-network-ello-is-blowing-up-right-now/","external_links_name":"\"Ello, Ello? New 'No Ads' Social Network Ello Is Blowing Up Right Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/25/social-network-ello-gets-boost-after-facebook-boots-drag-queens/","external_links_name":"\"Social network Ello gets boost after Facebook boots drag queens\""},{"Link":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/10/01/facebook-agrees-to-drop-real-name-policy-which-banned-drag-queens/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook agrees to drop 'real name' policy which banned drag queens\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/06/facebook-closes-whatsapp-acquisition/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Closes WhatsApp Acquisition, Jan Koum To Match Zuckerberg's $1 Annual Salary\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/facebook-rooms/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches Pseudonymous App \"Rooms\" That Lets You Create Forums About Any Topic\""},{"Link":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/facebook-readies-app-allowing-anonymity/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Developing App That Allows Anonymity\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/07/facebook-anonymous-app/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Potential Anonymity Project Could Be A Tough Sell\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-just-created-a-custom-tor-link-and-thats-aweso-1653274659","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Just Created a Custom Tor Link and That's Awesome\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/10/31/facebook_opens_door_for_tor/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook lifts Tor ban, offers encrypted onion access point. Anonymized traffic now A-OK\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/31/facebook-anonymous-tor-users-onion","external_links_name":"\"Facebook opens up to anonymous Tor users with .onion address. Warns of 'evolutionary and flaky nature' of experiment to ensure anonymous users aren't wrongly identified as botnets\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/07/news-feed-settings/","external_links_name":"\"Unfollow Your Most Annoying Facebook Friends And Pages With \"News Feed Settings\"\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/3573943/facebook-newsfeed-changes/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Will Make it Easier to Unfollow Boring Friends\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2014/12/updates-to-facebook-search/","external_links_name":"\"Updates to Facebook Search\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/facebook-keyword-search/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Brings Graph Search To Mobile And Lets You Find Feed Posts By Keyword\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2014/12/search-old-facebook-posts/","external_links_name":"\"At Last: You Can Now Search Your Old Facebook Posts\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/every-post-is-an-opinion/","external_links_name":"\"Hands-On With Facebook Post Search: Strong Recommendations, Yelp Should Worry\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/facebook-improved-search-surface-embarrassing-posts/story?id=27469264","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: Improved Search Could Surface Embarrassing Old Posts\""},{"Link":"http://allfacebook.com/mark-zuckerberg-qa-121114_b136769","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: Dislike Button, Ferguson, Graph Search, News Feed Study Controversy\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/mattlynley/the-11-most-interesting-things-from-mark-zuckerbergs-qa-sess","external_links_name":"\"The 11 Most Interesting Things From Mark Zuckerberg's Q&A Session. Zuckerberg held another Q&A session today to talk about Facebook and his personal life\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mark-zuckerberg-qa-what-we-learnt-about-the-facebook-founder-9921582.html","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg Q&A: What we learnt about the Facebook founder\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/3655070/facebook-voice-recognition-wit-ai/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Acquires Voice Recognition Startup Wit.ai\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-acquires-speech-recognition-startup-witai-2015-1","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Bought A Company That Could Let It Take On Siri\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/05/facebook-wit-ai/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Acquires Wit.ai To Help Its Developers With Speech Recognition And Voice Interfaces\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-buys-wit-ai-adds-natural-language-knowhow/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys Wit.ai, adds natural language knowhow\""},{"Link":"https://gigaom.com/2015/01/05/facebook-acquires-speech-recognition-iot-startup-wit-ai/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires speech-recognition IoT startup Wit.AI\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/01/05/facebook-buys-wit-ai/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys Wit.ai, a speech recognition startup\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/08/facebook-acquires-video-compression-startup-quickfire/?mod=WSJBlog","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Acquires Video Compression Startup QuickFire\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/08/facebook-acquires-quickfire-networks-a-pied-piper-for-video/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Acquires QuickFire Networks, A 'Pied Piper' For Video\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2015/01/08/facebook-buys-video-infrastructure-company-quickfire-networks/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys video infrastructure company QuickFire Networks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150111070548/http://www.quickfire.tv/","external_links_name":"\"We're excited to announce today that we are joining Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://research.facebook.com/blog/879898285375829/fair-open-sources-deep-learning-modules-for-torch/","external_links_name":"\"FAIR open sources deep-learning modules for Torch\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/16/facebook-open-sources-some-of-its-deep-learning-tools/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Open-Sources Some Of Its Deep-Learning Tools\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2015/01/16/facebook-opens-up-about-more-of-its-cutting-edge-deep-learning-tools/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook open sources its cutting-edge deep learning tools\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/01/news-feed-fyi-showing-fewer-hoaxes/","external_links_name":"\"News Feed FYI: Showing Fewer Hoaxes\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/20/because-we-blame-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Banishes Hoaxes From The News Feed\""},{"Link":"https://www.macworld.com/article/2872684/facebook-cracks-down-on-news-feed-hoaxes.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook cracks down on News Feed hoaxes\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/03/send-money-to-friends-in-messenger/","external_links_name":"\"Send Money to Friends in Messenger\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/18/facebook-messenger-app-mobile-payments","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Messenger app will soon allow people to send money to friends\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/facebook-pay/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/25/safety-in-numbers/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Finds Strength As A Family, Not An App\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/25/everything-you-need-to-know-from-todays-facebook-f8-announcements/","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Need To Know From Today's Facebook F8 Announcements\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/26/facebook-open-sources-react-native/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Open-Sources React Native\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/help/1530275617253660/","external_links_name":"\"Scrapbooks\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/31/step-1-identify-baby-photo-step-2-hide-baby-photos/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's New Photo \"Scrapbook\" Lets Parents Give Kids An Official Presence\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-create-a-facebook-scrapbook-of-your-kid/","external_links_name":"\"How to create a Facebook Scrapbook of your kid\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/04/introducing-hello/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Hello\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/22/facebook-hello/","external_links_name":"\"\"Hello\" Is Facebook's New Android-Only Social Caller ID App\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/04/22/facebook-hello-app/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook 'Hello' app is a smarter way to make phone calls\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/22/8464761/facebook-introduces-hello-an-app-to-replace-the-android-dialer","external_links_name":"\"Facebook introduces Hello, an app to replace the Android dialer\""},{"Link":"http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/facebook-hello-truecaller-best-caller-id-dialer-app-android/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Hello vs. TrueCaller: Which Is the Best Caller ID and Dialer App for Android?\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/28/facebook-api-shut-down/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its API For Giving Your Friends' Data To Apps\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/dd/2015/04/29/facebook-shuts-down-friends-data-api-to-generate-more-trust-among-users/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook shuts down friends data API to generate more trust among users\""},{"Link":"http://marketingland.com/the-facebook-api-that-provides-friend-data-to-apps-will-shut-down-tomorrow-126907","external_links_name":"\"The Facebook API That Provides Friend Data To Apps Will Shut Down Tomorrow. New API changes rolling out tomorrow will put a premium on user privacy and protection, limiting the access that marketers once had in the process\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150514162847/http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Instant Articles\""},{"Link":"http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/12/facebook-instant-articles/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Starts Hosting Publishers' \"Instant Articles\"\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/13/all-you-need-is-like/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Quest To Absorb The Internet\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/05/13/facebook-instant-articles/","external_links_name":"\"The media reckoning is here: Facebook rolls out its 'Instant Articles' publisher platform\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/05/13/facebook-instant-articles-hands-on/","external_links_name":"\"The seamless experience of Facebook's new Instant Articles\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/29/facebook-confirms-it-will-officially-support-gifs/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Confirms It Will Officially Support GIFs\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/15/facebook-pages-can-now-show-how-quickly-they-respond-to-customers-messages/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Pages Can Now Show How Quickly They Respond To Customers' Messages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/facebook-tests-saved-replies-a-tool-that-lets-pages-respond-to-customers-with-canned-messages/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Tests 'Saved Replies,' A Tool That Lets Pages Respond To Customers With Canned Messages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/05/facestomer-support/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Empowers Pages To Provide Customer Support Over Private Messages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/15/cant-buy-me-love/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Adds Buy Button Integration As It Continues To Reinvent Pages\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/18/facebook-see-first-puts-your-favorite-people-atop-the-feed/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's News Feed Algorithm Relinquishes Control Of What We \"See First\"\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/09/humanizing-the-algorithm/#.bwrckd:DKVG","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Empowers Us To Tell News Feed What We Want To See First\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/facebook-now-cares-about-how-long-you-look-at-stuff-in-your-news-feed/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Now Cares About How Long You Look At Stuff In Your News Feed\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/05/facescope/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches \"Live\" Streaming Video Feature, But Only For Celebrities\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/12/facebook-live-livestreaming/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Confirms Live Broadcasting Will Soon Open To Journalists And Verified Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/26/facebook-is-adding-a-personal-assistant-called-m-to-your-messenger-app/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Is Adding A Personal Assistant Called \"M\" To Your Messenger App\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2015/08/facebook-launches-m-new-kind-virtual-assistant/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Launches M, Its Bold Answer to Siri and Cortana\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/04/18/facebook-m-not-ready-for-years/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Messenger chief: It will be years before everyone has M\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/27/facebook-hits-1-billion-users-in-a-single-day/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Hits New Peak Of 1 Billion Users On A Single Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/28/9625062/facebook-2g-tuesdays-slow-internet-developing-world","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's '2G Tuesdays' simulate super slow internet in the developing world\""},{"Link":"https://code.facebook.com/posts/1556407321275493/building-for-emerging-markets-the-story-behind-2g-tuesdays/","external_links_name":"\"Building for emerging markets: The story behind 2G Tuesdays\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-16/facebook-messenger-lets-you-book-an-uber","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Messenger Lets You Book an Uber\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/28/comfortable-ephemerality-vs-reach/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Takes On Periscope By Giving Live Streaming To All U.S. iPhoners\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/01/28/facebook-live-video-how-to/#EykmO4z.4PqL","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is finally bringing live streaming to everyone\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/02/18/facebook-live-international/#FuKQLIfZPmqg","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Live video streaming is rolling out globally\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/26/facebook-live-video-android/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Is Bringing Live Video Broadcasting To Android Users\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/01/get-it-while-its-hot/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook fights Periscope by showing Live videos higher than saved streams\""},{"Link":"http://heavy.com/tech/2016/02/yay-facebook-reactions-missing-where-why-dislike-confused-rejected-photos/","external_links_name":"\"What Happened to the 'Yay' Facebook Reaction?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebook-reactions-totally-redesigned-like-button/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/02/24/how-to-get-facebook-reactions/","external_links_name":"\"Here's how to get the new Facebook reactions if you don't see them yet\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/10/08/facebook-reactions-how-to/#m65E8fINPqqA","external_links_name":"\"Everything we know so far about Facebook's new reactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/facebook-reactions-design/","external_links_name":"\"The Surprisingly Complex Design of Facebook's New Emoji\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005081118/http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/38968","external_links_name":"\"Facebook即時通app暗藏投籃機，考驗你滑手機滑得準不準！\""},{"Link":"http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/38968","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/gallery/everything-announced-at-facebooks-f8-conference-today/","external_links_name":"\"Everything announced at Facebook's F8 conference\""},{"Link":"http://www.business2community.com/facebook/7-highlights-facebook-f8-conference-01518684","external_links_name":"\"7 Highlights from the Facebook F8 Conference\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/04/12/need-to-know-facebook-f8/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's F8 event in less than 90 seconds\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/04/news-feed-fyi-more-articles-you-want-to-spend-time-viewing/","external_links_name":"\"News Feed FYI: More Articles You Want to Spend Time Viewing\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/21/facebook-news-is-new/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's News Feed is changing again to prioritize sites you actually read\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-algorithm-change-to-cut-down-on-misleading-clickbait-2016-4?r=UK&IR=T","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is making a change that will cut down on the clickbait in your newsfeed\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestreet.com/story/13547650/1/facebook-fb-stock-soars-in-after-hours-trading-on-q1-earnings-beat.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Stock Soars in After-Hours Trading on Q1 Earnings Beat. Facebook stock is higher in after-hours trading after the social network reported 2016 first-quarter earnings and revenue that topped analysts' estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/28/facebook-shares-pop-as-wall-street-cheers-massive-quarterly-beat.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook shares hit new all-time high as Street cheers earnings\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-revenue-soars-on-ad-growth-1461787856","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Revenue Soars on Ad Growth. Social network also announces proposal to create new class of nonvoting stock\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/technology/facebook-q1-earnings.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Plans New Stock Class to Solidify Mark Zuckerberg's Control\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/want-to-know-what-facebook-really-thinks-of-journalists-1773916117","external_links_name":"\"Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/former-facebook-workers-we-routinely-suppressed-conser-1775461006","external_links_name":"\"Former Facebook Workers: We Routinely Suppressed Conservative News\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-admits-its-trending-section-includes-topics-no-1776319308","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Admits Its Trending Section Includes Topics Not Actually Trending on Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/05/13/facebook-why-trending-controversy-matters/","external_links_name":"\"Why Facebook's 'Trending Topics' controversy matters\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/five-things-to-know-about-facebooks-trending-controversy-1462915385","external_links_name":"\"Five Things to Know About Facebook's Trending Controversy. New questions arise about how the world's largest social network handles news\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/10/senate-committee-asks-facebook-to-answer-questions-about-its-trending-topics/","external_links_name":"\"Senate committee asks Facebook to answer questions about its Trending Topics\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-refutes-criticisms-about-a-bias-against-conservatives-1462890206","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Rebuts Criticisms About a Bias Against Conservatives. Response follows report that site suppressed stories of interest to conservative readers\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-set-to-meet-with-conservatives-over-trending-topics-1463596793","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Political Conclave Called Productive. Sixteen prominent conservatives meet with CEO Zuckerberg\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@glennbeck/what-disturbed-me-about-the-facebook-meeting-3bbe0b96b87f#.pb44vso97","external_links_name":"\"What disturbed me about the Facebook meeting\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/05/response-to-chairman-john-thunes-letter-on-trending-topics/","external_links_name":"\"Response to Chairman John Thune's letter on Trending Topics\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/05/23/facebook-says-investigation-found-no-systematic-political-bias/84818560/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook makes changes to 'Trending Topics' after bias investigation\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/25/facebook-will-shut-down-fbx/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook will shut down FBX, its desktop ad exchange\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/facebook-shutting-down-its-desktop-based-ad-retargeting-exchange-171686","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Is Shutting Down Its Desktop-Based Ad Retargeting Exchange. Social platform redirecting advertisers to mobile\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-planning-to-shut-down-its-ad-exchange-1464199840","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Planning to Shut Down its Ad Exchange. Social network focusing on its own ad network and mobile ad inventory\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/how-to-play-facebook-messengers-new-super-addictive-and-hidden-soccer-game/","external_links_name":"\"How to play Facebook Messenger's new super addictive (and hidden!) soccer game\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-play-facebook-messengers-new-secret-soccer-game/","external_links_name":"\"How to play Facebook Messenger's new secret soccer game\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/06/building-a-better-news-feed-for-you/","external_links_name":"\"Building a Better News Feed for You\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/technology/facebook-to-change-news-feed-to-focus-on-friends-and-family.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Change News Feed to Focus on Friends and Family\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/29/facebook-news-feed-change/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook puts friends above publishers in \"News Feed Values\" and ranking change\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/technology/facebook-moves-to-push-clickbait-lower-in-the-news-feed.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Shocker! Facebook Changes Its Algorithm to Avoid 'Clickbait'\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/04/facebook-clickbait/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's new anti-clickbait algorithm buries bogus headlines\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/08/famous-headlines-rewritten-to-comply-with-facebooks-new-policy/494603/","external_links_name":"\"Famous Headlines, Rewritten For Facebook's New Clickbait Policy. You'll never guess what happened when we tried to game the social platform's algorithm. (What happened was we wrote a bunch of terrible headlines.)\""},{"Link":"https://adblockplus.org/blog/fb-reblock-ad-blocking-community-finds-workaround-to-facebook","external_links_name":"\"FB reblock: ad-blocking community finds workaround to Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/11/friendblock/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook rolls out code to nullify Adblock Plus' workaround again\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/08/facebook-adblock-plus-work-around","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's War on Ad Blockers Is Already Blowing Up. It only took Adblock Plus two days to figure out a work-around\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/10/facebook-isnt-just-fighting-ad-blockers-its-fighting-the-underlying-causes-of-blocking/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook isn't just fighting ad blockers, it's fighting the underlying causes of blocking\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/18/faceblock/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook ads still slipping past Adblock Plus via stripped-down code\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/02/add-cash-plus/","external_links_name":"\"Blocking ad blockers boosted Facebook's desktop ad revenue 18%\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/10/introducing-marketplace-buy-and-sell-with-your-local-community/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Marketplace: Buy and Sell with Your Local Community\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/03/facebook-marketplace-2/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook launches Marketplace, a friendlier Craigslist\""},{"Link":"http://www.techtimes.com/articles/187446/20161130/facebook-instant-games-heres-a-complete-list-of-games-you-can-play-on-messenger-and-your-news-feed-now.htm","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Instant Games: Here's A Complete List Of Games You Can Play On Messenger And Your News Feed Now\""},{"Link":"https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2016/11/30/instant-games-closed-beta/","external_links_name":"\"Instant Games Now Available on Messenger and Facebook News Feed\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/29/messenger-instant-games/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/29/facebook-instant-games/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Instant Games work in Messenger and your News Feed\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/12/news-feed-fyi-addressing-hoaxes-and-fake-news/","external_links_name":"\"News Feed FYI: Addressing Hoaxes and Fake News\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/12/15/facebook-will-start-telling-you-when-a-story-may-be-fake/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook will start telling you when a story may be fake\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/15/505728377/facebook-details-its-new-plan-to-combat-fake-news-stories","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Details Its New Plan To Combat Fake News Stories\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/technology/facebook-fake-news.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Mounts Effort to Limit Tide of Fake News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170708084342/https://media.fb.com/2017/01/11/facebook-journalism-project/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing: The Facebook Journalism Project\""},{"Link":"https://media.fb.com/2017/01/11/facebook-journalism-project/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-journalism-project/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Journalism Project: A Complete Guide. Facebook's efforts to bolster its relationships with media and news organizations and journalists continued with Wednesday's introduction of the Facebook Journalism Project\""},{"Link":"http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/facebook-is-integrating-messenger-platform-to-replace-inbox-on-desktop-358338.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is integrating messenger platform to replace inbox on desktop\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/business/news/take-the-work-out-of-hiring","external_links_name":"\"Take the Work Out of Hiring\""},{"Link":"https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","external_links_name":"\"How to Use Facebook's New Job Search Feature\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430051115/https://money.com/facebook-new-jobs/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.geekwire.com/2017/facebook-takes-linkedin-new-job-postings-feature/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook takes on LinkedIn with new job postings feature\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/15/facebook-jobs/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's new job opening posts poach business from LinkedIn\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634/","external_links_name":"\"Building Global Community\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2017/feb/17/facebook-manifesto-mark-zuckerberg-letter-world-politics","external_links_name":"\"The Facebook manifesto: Mark Zuckerberg's letter to the world looks a lot like politics. The social media tycoon's 5,700-word post about the 'global community' stokes rumours that another billionaire businessman is planning to run for president\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2017/feb/17/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-letter-annotated-what-he-said-what-he-didnt","external_links_name":"\"Mark Zuckerberg's letter annotated: what he said and what he didn't. Alex Hern analyses the Facebook founder's 5,700-word mission statement on the goals of Facebook and highlights what he really meant and what he left out\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2017/03/23/facebook-adds-mentions-reactions-group-chats-messenger/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook adds Mentions and Reactions to group chats on Messenger\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/27/15457344/facebook-messenger-lite-150-new-countries-expansion-snapchat","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Messenger Lite app launches in over 100 more countries today\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/27/facebook-sidesteps-snapchat-by-launching-messenger-lite-in-150-more-countries/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook sidesteps Snapchat by launching Messenger Lite in over 100 more countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170503033623/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/facebook-launches-messenger-lite-in-132-more-countries-not-in-india-yet/articleshow/58413926.cms","external_links_name":"\"Facebook launches Messenger Lite in 132 more countries, not in India, yet\""},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/facebook-launches-messenger-lite-in-132-more-countries-not-in-india-yet/articleshow/58413926.cms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/facebook-adds-reactions-to-comments-panic-attacks-to-m-1794896946","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Adds Reactions to Comments, Panic Attacks to Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/3/15536812/facebook-reactions-now-available-comments","external_links_name":"\"Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/facebook-files","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-moderation-idUSKBN18I04A","external_links_name":"\"Facebook leaked documents show types of content it allows: Guardian\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/21/15672242/facebook-files-moderation-guidelines-graphic-content-online","external_links_name":"\"Leaked moderation guidelines reveal how Facebook approaches handling graphic content. As Facebook grows, it will need to continually scale up its efforts to address graphic content\""},{"Link":"https://www.refinery29.com/2017/05/155609/guardian-facebook-files-community-hypocrisy","external_links_name":"\"Leaked Facebook Documents Reveal Disturbing Inconsistencies In How The Site Handles Sensitive Issues\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2017/05/22/what-the-leaked-facebook-rulebook-tells-us-about-why-it-isnt-combatting-online-violence/#4848594c5f99","external_links_name":"\"What The Leaked Facebook Rulebook Tells Us About Why It Isn't Combatting Online Violence\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/after-the-facebook-files-the-social-media-giant-must-be-more-transparent-78093","external_links_name":"\"After the 'Facebook Files', the social media giant must be more transparent\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/30/facebook-introduces-personal-fundraising-tools-donate-buttons-in-facebook-live/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook introduces personal fundraising tools, donate buttons in Facebook Live for Pages\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2017/03/30/facebook-personal-fundraisers/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's fundraisers now help you raise money for yourself and friends\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/30/facebook-gofundme-feature-to-accept-donations-personal-fundraiser.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook moves into crowdfunding for emergencies\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/24/facebooks-personal-fundraisers-exit-beta-now-support-raising-money-for-sports-teams-communities/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's personal fundraisers exit beta, now support raising money for sports teams & communities\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/05/expanding-facebook-fundraisers-to-more-people-and-causes/","external_links_name":"\"Expanding Facebook Fundraisers to More People and Causes\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/two-billion-people-coming-together-on-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Two Billion People Coming Together on Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2017/06/27/facebook-officially-hits-2-billion-users/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users… and responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/06/30/if-facebook-were-a-religion-it-would-be-the-second-largest-in-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"If Facebook were a religion, it would be the second largest in the world\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4835243/facebook-2-billion-monthly-active-users/","external_links_name":"\"More Than 2 Billion People Now Use Facebook Each Month\""},{"Link":"https://blog.praveen.science/facebooks-messenger-com-rolls-out-formatted-messages-slowwwwly/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Messenger.com rolls out formatted messages slowwwwly!\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/6ug91z/facebook_messenger_now_renders_basic_latex/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Messenger now renders basic LaTex • r/math\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/badness10000/photos/a.399738343743913.1073741828.399617703755977/455199464864467/?type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"Latex Memes For Well Typeset Teens - Posts\""},{"Link":"https://themoscowtimes.com/news/facebook-blocks-470-fake-accounts-linked-to-russian-troll-factory-58874","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Blocks 470 Fake Accounts Linked to Russian 'Troll Factory'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41182519","external_links_name":"\"Facebook uncovers 'Russian-funded' misinformation campaign\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/27/the-trump-card/","external_links_name":"\"Trump calls Facebook 'anti-Trump' so it goes soft on him\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/11/technology/business/facebook-instagram-outages/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Instagram experience outages\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/11/facebook-and-instagram-out-of-action-for-users-around-world","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Instagram services restored after major global disruption\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/11/16459256/facebook-instagram-down-outage-not-working","external_links_name":"\"Facebook and Instagram are down in parts of the US and Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/facebook-senate-testimony-doubling-security-group-to-20000-in-2018.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook pledges to double its 10,000-person safety and security staff by end of 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213052358/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/facebook-urges-users-to-send-nude-pics-to-combat-revenge-porn-9390568","external_links_name":"\"Facebook urges users to send nude pics to combat 'revenge porn'\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/facebook-urges-users-to-send-nude-pics-to-combat-revenge-porn-9390568","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/emily-canal/facebook-wants-nude-photos-to-combat-revenge-porn.html","external_links_name":"\"How Facebook Plans to Use Your Nude Photos to Combat Revenge Porn\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16630900/facebook-revenge-porn-defense-details","external_links_name":"\"Facebook explains how it'll review nude photos to stop revenge porn\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16658538/facebook-trust-indicators-fake-news-trust-project","external_links_name":"\"Facebook adds trust indicators to news articles in an effort to identify real journalism\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/facebook-trust-indicators-fight-fake-news/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Trust Indicators tool hoists red flags to help you spot fake news\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/16/technology/tech-trust-indicators/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook, Google, Twitter to fight fake news with 'trust indicators'\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/16/facebook-google-and-others-join-the-trust-project-an-effort-to-increase-transparency-around-online-news/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook, Google and others join The Trust Project, an effort to increase transparency around online news\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16667030/facebook-creator-app-announced-launches","external_links_name":"\"Facebook made an app just for video creators\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/16/facebook-launches-facebook-creator-app.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is trying to snare more YouTube posters with a new app for mobile video posts\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-creator-app/","external_links_name":"\"Creators on Facebook Get Their Own Stand-Alone App and Website\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/16/facebook-creator-app/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook launches Creator app for influencers to build video communities\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42213942","external_links_name":"\"Facebook creates 800 jobs as it opens new London office\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/04/facebooks-new-london-office-brings-800-jobs-to-the-capital","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's new London office brings 800 jobs to the capital\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-04/facebook-to-increase-its-u-k-workforce-by-almost-50","external_links_name":"\"Facebook to Hire 800 New Workers in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-for-6-year-olds-welcome-to-messenger-kids/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook for 6-Year-Olds? Welcome to Messenger Kids\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/4/16725494/facebook-messenger-kids-app-launch-ios-iphone-preview","external_links_name":"\"Facebook launches a version of Messenger for young children\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/04/facebook-messenger-kids-how-to-use-it.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook has a new app for kids that lets you control who they chat with — here's how it works\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencealert.com/facebook-just-pushed-its-facial-recognition-into-a-bold-new-future-tagged-privacy","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Just Pushed Its Facial Recognition Into a Creepy New Future\""},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2017/12/19/16793538/facebook-facial-recognition-pictures-update-identity","external_links_name":"\"Facebook will use facial recognition to tell you when people upload your picture\""},{"Link":"https://mashable.com/2017/12/19/facebook-facial-recognition-blind-users-photos/#pJ2WXfauWqqJ","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's new facial recognition efforts help blind users know exactly who's in photos\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-will-find-your-face-even-when-its-not-tagged/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Can Now Find Your Face, Even When It's Not Tagged\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/23/facebook-confirm-io/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook acquires biometric ID verification startup Confirm.io\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-23/facebook-buys-startup-confirm-for-community-safety-effort","external_links_name":"\"Confirm for Community Safety Effort\""},{"Link":"http://www.alphr.com/facebook/1008281/facebook-buys-id-verification-startup-confirmio","external_links_name":"\"Facebook buys ID verification startup Confirm.io\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/facebook-tells-senate-its-software-recommended-russian-propaganda.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook admits to the Senate that it recommended Russian propaganda to some users\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/2018/01/25/facebook-trump-russia-ads-overlap/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Says It Found an 'Insignificant' Overlap Between Russia Ads and President Trump's Campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/26/facebook-russian-trolls-created-129-event-posts-during-2016-ele/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook: Russian trolls created 129 event posts during 2016 election\""},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2018/1/30/16950926/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-bans-crypto-advertising-bitcoin-james-altucher","external_links_name":"\"Facebook is banning all ads promoting cryptocurrencies — including bitcoin and ICOs\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/30/16951670/facebook-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-ico-deceptive-marketing-ban","external_links_name":"\"Facebook bans all ads for Bitcoin, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency\""},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2018/1/31/16957122/facebook-daily-active-user-decline-us-canda-q4-earnings-2018","external_links_name":"\"Facebook lost daily users for the first time ever in the U.S. and Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election","external_links_name":"\"Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/news/us-uk-investigating-facebooks-role-in-cambridge-analytica-data-breach","external_links_name":"\"The Cambridge Analytica and Facebook data scandal: what you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2018/3/20/17144130/facebook-stock-wall-street-billion-market-cap","external_links_name":"\"Facebook has lost nearly $50 billion in market cap since the data scandal\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-live-coverage","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg Faces House in Second Day of Facebook Testimony—Live Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2018/04/10/b72c09e8-3d03-11e8-974f-aacd97698cef_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg apologizes, promises reform as senators grill him over Facebook's failings\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/facebook-zuckerberg-grilled-harder-hearing-180411204650955.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Zuckerberg grilled harder during second hearing\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-zuckerberg-faces-more-cambridge-analytica-questions-on-capitol-hill-congress-senate/","external_links_name":"\"Zuckerberg faces harder questions in second round of testimony\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/26/what-we-learned-from-facebooks-latest-data-misuse-grilling/","external_links_name":"\"What we learned from Facebook's latest data misuse grilling\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/28/facebooks-dark-ads-problem-is-systemic/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's dark ads problem is systemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211339737/meta-failed-to-address-harm-to-teens-whistleblower-testifies-as-senators-vow-act","external_links_name":"\"Meta failed to address harm to teens, whistleblower testifies as senators vow action\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mardanis | Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīsh | ["1 Notes","2 Sources"] | Ruler of the Taifa of Murcia (r. 1147–1172)
The miḥrāb of a Mardanīshī mosque, later the oratorio of the Alcázar Mayor of Murcia and now the Museo de la Iglesia de San Juan de Dios
The territorial control of the "Wolf King" ibn Mardanīsh
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Mardanīsh, called al-Judhāmī or al-Tujībī (born AD 1124 or 1125 , died AD 1172 ) was the king of Murcia from AD 1147 (AH 542) until his death. He established his rule over the cities of Murcia, Valencia and Dénia as the power of the Almoravid emirate declined, and he opposed the spread of the Almohad caliphate. Christian sources refer to him as the "Wolf King" (Latin rex Lupus, Spanish rey Lobo or rey Lope).
Ibn Mardanīsh's full name was Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Mardanīsh al-Juḍāmī (or at-Tuȳībī), indicate he was the son of Saʿd, son of Muḥammad, son of Aḥmad, son of Mardanīsh. His tribal nisbas are no secure indication of Arab ancestry. He was a muwallad, a descendant of a native Iberian convert to Islam, and the name Mardanīsh is not of Arabic origin. The thirteenth-century Islamic scholar Ibn Khallikān derived it from an Ibero-Romance term for dung (via Latin merda), perhaps because of Ibn Mardanīsh's friendly relations with the Christians. It is more likely a corruption of Merdanix (today Merdancho), the name of a tributary of the river Najerilla, which was on the border between Christian and Islamic Spain in the early tenth century. This hydronym in turn derives from the Latin for dung, indicating dirty waters. This is consistent with Ibn Mardanīsh's family emigrating from the aṭ-Ṭaḡr al-Aʿlā (Upper March) around the Rioja, as told in Arabic sources.
In the first year of his rule (1147/8), Ibn Mardanīsh faced the rebellion of his relative, Yūsuf ibn Hilāl, based in the castle of Montornés. Yūsuf conquered the castles of al-Ṣujayra and al-Ṣajra, and defeated Ibn Mardanīsh before the walls of Moratalla, which he occupied. With a reduced following he attacked the fortress of Peñas de San Pedro and was captured. Ibn Mardanīsh threatened to gouge out his eyes unless he ordered the surrender of Moratalla. He refused and his right eye was removed. Ibn Mardanīsh then ordered Yūsuf's wife to surrender the castle or else see her husband blinded. She refused and Yūsuf's other eye was removed. Ibn Mardanīsh then sent his prisoner to Xàtiva, where he died shortly thereafter in 1148 or 1149.
In June 1149, after the republic of Genoa had established colonies at both Almería and Tortosa, Ibn Mardanīsh signed a ten-year truce with the republic, agreed to pay 15,000 Almoravid dinars (murābiṭūn) in tribute, exempted the Genoese from tariffs and permitted the establishment of Genoese funduqs at Valencia and Dénia. A payment of 5,000 murābiṭūn was due immediately: 3,000 in cash and 2,000 in equivalent silks. The remaining 10,000 was owed over two years. This treaty is preserved in the Genoese Liber iurium. According to the contemporary historian Caffaro, a similar treaty was signed in 1161. In January 1150, Ibn Mardanīsh signed a treaty with the republic of Pisa, promising funduqs and a general safe-conduct for Pisan merchants, but requiring no payment of tribute.
During Dhū l-Qaʿdah 560 (September–October 1165), Ibn Mardanīsh led a large army from Murcia to defend Lorca from an Almohad force advancing from the castle of Vélez. His troops were flanked by the Almohad force at a place called al-Fundūn in the valley of the Guadalentín. In the ensuing battle of Faḥṣ al-Jullāb they were routed.
Notes
^ González Cavero 2007, p. 95, derives the correspondence between Islamic and Christian dates by the calendar in Francisco Codera y Zaidín (2004), Decadencia y desaparición de los almorávides en España (Pamplona), pp. 10–15.
^ González Cavero 2007, p. 96.
^ Bosch-Vilá 1971.
^ Viguera 1996, pp. 231–38. There are other theories. The Spanish arabist Francisco Codera y Zaidín proposes that it derives from Mardonius, a name from the period of Byzantine rule in Murcia. The Dutch arabist Reinhart Dozy thought it a corruption of the Castilian patronymic Martínez ("son of Martin").
^ Vallvé Bermejo 1972, p. 160, citing Ibn al-Khatīb.
^ a b Constable 1990, pp. 640–41.
^ Vallvé Bermejo 1972, p. 171.
^ Kennedy 1996, p. 219.
Sources
Bosch-Vilá, J. (1971). "Ibn Mardanīsh". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 864–865. OCLC 495469525.
Constable, O. R. (1990). "Genoa and Spain in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Notarial Evidence for a Shift in Patterns of Trade". Journal of European Economic History. 19 (3): 635–56.
Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge.
González Cavero, Ignacio (2007). "Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades". Miscelánea Medieval Murciana. 31: 95–110.
Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1972). "La división territorial en la España musulmana (II): la cora de "Tudmīr" (Murcia)". Al-Andalus. 37 (1): 145–193.
Viguera, María J. (1996). "Sobre el nombre de Ibn Mardanis". Al-Qantara. 17 (1): 231–38. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MihrabOratorioAlcazarMurcia.jpg"},{"link_name":"miḥrāb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%E1%B8%A5r%C4%81b"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"Alcázar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rebeli%C3%B3nDeIbnMardanis1160,svg.svg"},{"link_name":"al-Judhāmī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Judham"},{"link_name":"al-Tujībī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Tujib"},{"link_name":"king of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero200795-1"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Dénia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9nia"},{"link_name":"Almoravid emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_emirate"},{"link_name":"Almohad caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_caliphate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero200796-2"},{"link_name":"nisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)"},{"link_name":"muwallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwallad"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosch-Vil%C3%A11971-3"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallik%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"Ibero-Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-Romance"},{"link_name":"merda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merda#Latin"},{"link_name":"Najerilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najerilla"},{"link_name":"Upper March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_March"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViguera1996231%E2%80%9338-4"},{"link_name":"castle of Montornés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle_of_Montorn%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moratalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moratalla"},{"link_name":"Peñas de San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1as_de_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972160-5"},{"link_name":"republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortosa"},{"link_name":"dinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar"},{"link_name":"funduqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funduq"},{"link_name":"Liber iurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liber_iurium_reipublicae_genuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caffaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffaro_di_Rustico_da_Caschifellone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable1990640%E2%80%9341-6"},{"link_name":"republic of Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable1990640%E2%80%9341-6"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"castle of Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_V%C3%A9lez-Blanco"},{"link_name":"Guadalentín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalent%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972171-7"},{"link_name":"battle of Faḥṣ al-Jullāb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fa%E1%B8%A5%E1%B9%A3_al-Jull%C4%81b"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996219-8"}],"text":"The miḥrāb of a Mardanīshī mosque, later the oratorio of the Alcázar Mayor of Murcia and now the Museo de la Iglesia de San Juan de DiosThe territorial control of the \"Wolf King\" ibn MardanīshAbū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Mardanīsh, called al-Judhāmī or al-Tujībī (born AD 1124 or 1125 [AH 518], died AD 1172 [AH 568]) was the king of Murcia from AD 1147 (AH 542) until his death.[1] He established his rule over the cities of Murcia, Valencia and Dénia as the power of the Almoravid emirate declined, and he opposed the spread of the Almohad caliphate. Christian sources refer to him as the \"Wolf King\" (Latin rex Lupus, Spanish rey Lobo or rey Lope).[2]Ibn Mardanīsh's full name was Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Mardanīsh al-Juḍāmī (or at-Tuȳībī), indicate he was the son of Saʿd, son of Muḥammad, son of Aḥmad, son of Mardanīsh. His tribal nisbas are no secure indication of Arab ancestry. He was a muwallad, a descendant of a native Iberian convert to Islam, and the name Mardanīsh is not of Arabic origin.[3] The thirteenth-century Islamic scholar Ibn Khallikān derived it from an Ibero-Romance term for dung (via Latin merda), perhaps because of Ibn Mardanīsh's friendly relations with the Christians. It is more likely a corruption of Merdanix (today Merdancho), the name of a tributary of the river Najerilla, which was on the border between Christian and Islamic Spain in the early tenth century. This hydronym in turn derives from the Latin for dung, indicating dirty waters. This is consistent with Ibn Mardanīsh's family emigrating from the aṭ-Ṭaḡr al-Aʿlā (Upper March) around the Rioja, as told in Arabic sources.[4]In the first year of his rule (1147/8), Ibn Mardanīsh faced the rebellion of his relative, Yūsuf ibn Hilāl, based in the castle of Montornés. Yūsuf conquered the castles of al-Ṣujayra and al-Ṣajra, and defeated Ibn Mardanīsh before the walls of Moratalla, which he occupied. With a reduced following he attacked the fortress of Peñas de San Pedro and was captured. Ibn Mardanīsh threatened to gouge out his eyes unless he ordered the surrender of Moratalla. He refused and his right eye was removed. Ibn Mardanīsh then ordered Yūsuf's wife to surrender the castle or else see her husband blinded. She refused and Yūsuf's other eye was removed. Ibn Mardanīsh then sent his prisoner to Xàtiva, where he died shortly thereafter in 1148 or 1149.[5]In June 1149, after the republic of Genoa had established colonies at both Almería and Tortosa, Ibn Mardanīsh signed a ten-year truce with the republic, agreed to pay 15,000 Almoravid dinars (murābiṭūn) in tribute, exempted the Genoese from tariffs and permitted the establishment of Genoese funduqs at Valencia and Dénia. A payment of 5,000 murābiṭūn was due immediately: 3,000 in cash and 2,000 in equivalent silks. The remaining 10,000 was owed over two years. This treaty is preserved in the Genoese Liber iurium. According to the contemporary historian Caffaro, a similar treaty was signed in 1161.[6] In January 1150, Ibn Mardanīsh signed a treaty with the republic of Pisa, promising funduqs and a general safe-conduct for Pisan merchants, but requiring no payment of tribute.[6]During Dhū l-Qaʿdah 560 (September–October 1165), Ibn Mardanīsh led a large army from Murcia to defend Lorca from an Almohad force advancing from the castle of Vélez. His troops were flanked by the Almohad force at a place called al-Fundūn in the valley of the Guadalentín.[7] In the ensuing battle of Faḥṣ al-Jullāb they were routed.[8]","title":"Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero200795_1-0"},{"link_name":"González Cavero 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero200796_2-0"},{"link_name":"González Cavero 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Cavero2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosch-Vil%C3%A11971_3-0"},{"link_name":"Bosch-Vilá 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBosch-Vil%C3%A11971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViguera1996231%E2%80%9338_4-0"},{"link_name":"Viguera 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFViguera1996"},{"link_name":"Byzantine rule in Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania"},{"link_name":"Reinhart Dozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972160_5-0"},{"link_name":"Vallvé Bermejo 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Khatīb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Khat%C4%ABb"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable1990640%E2%80%9341_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable1990640%E2%80%9341_6-1"},{"link_name":"Constable 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConstable1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972171_7-0"},{"link_name":"Vallvé Bermejo 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVallv%C3%A9_Bermejo1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996219_8-0"},{"link_name":"Kennedy 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKennedy1996"}],"text":"^ González Cavero 2007, p. 95, derives the correspondence between Islamic and Christian dates by the calendar in Francisco Codera y Zaidín (2004), Decadencia y desaparición de los almorávides en España (Pamplona), pp. 10–15.\n\n^ González Cavero 2007, p. 96.\n\n^ Bosch-Vilá 1971.\n\n^ Viguera 1996, pp. 231–38. There are other theories. The Spanish arabist Francisco Codera y Zaidín proposes that it derives from Mardonius, a name from the period of Byzantine rule in Murcia. The Dutch arabist Reinhart Dozy thought it a corruption of the Castilian patronymic Martínez (\"son of Martin\").\n\n^ Vallvé Bermejo 1972, p. 160, citing Ibn al-Khatīb.\n\n^ a b Constable 1990, pp. 640–41.\n\n^ Vallvé Bermejo 1972, p. 171.\n\n^ Kennedy 1996, p. 219.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ibn Mardanīsh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ibn+Mardan%C4%ABsh&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ménage, V. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"\"Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/download/j29751/28961"}],"text":"Bosch-Vilá, J. (1971). \"Ibn Mardanīsh\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 864–865. OCLC 495469525.\nConstable, O. R. (1990). \"Genoa and Spain in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Notarial Evidence for a Shift in Patterns of Trade\". Journal of European Economic History. 19 (3): 635–56.\nKennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge.\nGonzález Cavero, Ignacio (2007). \"Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades\". Miscelánea Medieval Murciana. 31: 95–110.\nVallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1972). \"La división territorial en la España musulmana (II): la cora de \"Tudmīr\" (Murcia)\". Al-Andalus. 37 (1): 145–193.\nViguera, María J. (1996). \"Sobre el nombre de Ibn Mardanis\". Al-Qantara. 17 (1): 231–38.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The miḥrāb of a Mardanīshī mosque, later the oratorio of the Alcázar Mayor of Murcia and now the Museo de la Iglesia de San Juan de Dios","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MihrabOratorioAlcazarMurcia.jpg/170px-MihrabOratorioAlcazarMurcia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The territorial control of the \"Wolf King\" ibn Mardanīsh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rebeli%C3%B3nDeIbnMardanis1160%2Csvg.svg/170px-Rebeli%C3%B3nDeIbnMardanis1160%2Csvg.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bosch-Vilá, J. (1971). \"Ibn Mardanīsh\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 864–865. OCLC 495469525.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ibn+Mardan%C4%ABsh&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Ibn Mardanīsh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage","url_text":"Ménage, V. L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525","url_text":"495469525"}]},{"reference":"Constable, O. R. (1990). \"Genoa and Spain in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Notarial Evidence for a Shift in Patterns of Trade\". Journal of European Economic History. 19 (3): 635–56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, Hugh"}]},{"reference":"González Cavero, Ignacio (2007). \"Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades\". Miscelánea Medieval Murciana. 31: 95–110.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/download/j29751/28961","url_text":"\"Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades\""}]},{"reference":"Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1972). \"La división territorial en la España musulmana (II): la cora de \"Tudmīr\" (Murcia)\". Al-Andalus. 37 (1): 145–193.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Viguera, María J. (1996). \"Sobre el nombre de Ibn Mardanis\". Al-Qantara. 17 (1): 231–38.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ibn+Mardan%C4%ABsh&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","external_links_name":"\"Ibn Mardanīsh\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525","external_links_name":"495469525"},{"Link":"https://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/download/j29751/28961","external_links_name":"\"Una revisión de la figura de Ibn Mardanish: su alianza con el reino de Castilla y la oposición frente a los almohades\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_Ice | Planet of Ice | ["1 Track listing","1.1 Bonus CD","2 Vinyl information","2.1 Test pressing","2.2 First pressing","2.3 Second pressing","2.4 Third pressing","2.5 Fourth pressing","3 Personnel","4 Other personnel","5 References","6 External links"] | 2007 studio album by Minus the BearPlanet of IceStudio album by Minus the BearReleasedAugust 20, 2007RecordedRobert Lang Studios, Red RoomGenreIndie rock, experimental rock, progressive rock, math rockLength48:34LabelSuicide Squeeze RecordsProducerMinus the Bear, Matt BaylesMinus the Bear chronology
Interpretaciones del Oso(2007)
Planet of Ice(2007)
Acoustics(2008)
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic(74/100) Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkThe A.V. ClubA- Kerrang!No Ripcord8/10 Pitchfork Media7.2/10 linkRelevant linkSputnikmusic link
Planet of Ice is the third full-length album from Minus the Bear, released in the UK on August 20, 2007 and in the US on August 21 by Suicide Squeeze Records. It was produced and recorded by the band's former keyboard player, Matt Bayles, in February and March 2007. It is the first Minus the Bear album to feature keyboardist Alex Rose, who replaced Matt Bayles after he left the band to concentrate on his career as a producer. It is also their last album on Suicide Squeeze Records until 2017's Voids.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."Burying Luck"4:532."Ice Monster"4:033."Knights"3:384."White Mystery"4:375."Dr. L'Ling"6:476."Part 2"3:507."Throwin' Shapes"2:468."When We Escape"4:039."Double Vision Quest"4:2710."Lotus"8:48
iTunes Bonus TrackNo.TitleLength11."Cat Calls and Ill Means"3:39
Bonus CD
The first edition contained a Bonus CD with four tracks, two of which did not appear on Planet of Ice.
No.TitleLength1."Electric Rainbow"3:432."Patiently Waiting"4:153."Knights" (P.O.S. Remix)3:344."Ice Monster" (Demo)3:51
Vinyl information
A limited run of 2000 colored records was pressed and released by Suburban Home on vinyl imprint, Vinyl Collective. High demand led to a second pressing, which included a limited edition tour pressing.
To date, there have been four official pressings of Planet of Ice on vinyl. All pressings are double LPs.
Test pressing
A test pressing of 20 copies was pressed by Suburban Home records. Copies were given to the band members, recording engineers, and management. Unique artwork was hand painted on each sleeve by Vinnie Fasano.
First pressing
2000 copies total, sold out prior to US release date.
500 - clear with magenta splatter
500 - clear with silver splatter
500 - white with silver splatter
500 - solid silver
Second pressing
1000 copies total, shipping early October 2007. Has since sold out.
500 - clear with gold splatter (tour exclusive)
500 - solid white
Third pressing
1000 copies total, made available in 2008 after second pressing sold out.
500 - coke bottle blue
500 - baby pink
Fourth pressing
1000 copies total, made available in 2010 after third pressing.
500 - clear granite
500 - clear with purple splash
Personnel
Jake Snider - vocals, guitar
Dave Knudson - guitar
Erin Tate - drums, percussion
Cory Murchy - bass
Alex Rose - keyboards, saxophone, vocals
Other personnel
Co-produced by Chris Common
Engineered by Matt Bayles and Chris Common
Additional engineering by Alex Rose and Jake Snider
Mixed by Matt Bayles
Mastered by Ed Brooks
Cover Art by Ryan Blinsky
References
^ "Planet of Ice". metacritic.com. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
^ Planet of Ice Double LP preorder. Vinyl Collective website. 2007.
^ Planet of Ice Double LP re-press preorder. Vinyl Collective website. 2007.
^ Planet of Ice product page at Vinyl Collective. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
External links
SuicideSqueeze.net
vteMinus the Bear
Jake Snider
Dave Knudson
Alex Rose
Cory Murchy
Kiefer Matthias
Matt Bayles
Erin Tate
Studio albums
Highly Refined Pirates
Menos el Oso
Planet of Ice
Omni
Infinity Overhead
VOIDS
Remix albums
Interpretaciones del Oso
EPs
This Is What I Know About Being Gigantic
Bands Like It When You Yell "Yar!" at Them
They Make Beer Commercials Like This
Acoustics
Acoustics II
Lost Loves
Fair Enough
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minus the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Suicide Squeeze Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squeeze_Records"},{"link_name":"Voids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voids_(album)"}],"text":"Planet of Ice is the third full-length album from Minus the Bear, released in the UK on August 20, 2007 and in the US on August 21 by Suicide Squeeze Records. It was produced and recorded by the band's former keyboard player, Matt Bayles, in February and March 2007. It is the first Minus the Bear album to feature keyboardist Alex Rose, who replaced Matt Bayles after he left the band to concentrate on his career as a producer. It is also their last album on Suicide Squeeze Records until 2017's Voids.","title":"Planet of Ice"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Burying Luck\"4:532.\"Ice Monster\"4:033.\"Knights\"3:384.\"White Mystery\"4:375.\"Dr. L'Ling\"6:476.\"Part 2\"3:507.\"Throwin' Shapes\"2:468.\"When We Escape\"4:039.\"Double Vision Quest\"4:2710.\"Lotus\"8:48iTunes Bonus TrackNo.TitleLength11.\"Cat Calls and Ill Means\"3:39","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus CD","text":"The first edition contained a Bonus CD with four tracks, two of which did not appear on Planet of Ice.No.TitleLength1.\"Electric Rainbow\"3:432.\"Patiently Waiting\"4:153.\"Knights\" (P.O.S. Remix)3:344.\"Ice Monster\" (Demo)3:51","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Suburban Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburban_Home_(record_label)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A limited run of 2000 colored records was pressed and released by Suburban Home on vinyl imprint, Vinyl Collective.[2] High demand led to a second pressing, which included a limited edition tour pressing.[3]To date, there have been four official pressings of Planet of Ice on vinyl. All pressings are double LPs.[4]","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Test pressing","text":"A test pressing of 20 copies was pressed by Suburban Home records. Copies were given to the band members, recording engineers, and management. Unique artwork was hand painted on each sleeve by Vinnie Fasano.","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First pressing","text":"2000 copies total, sold out prior to US release date.500 - clear with magenta splatter\n500 - clear with silver splatter\n500 - white with silver splatter\n500 - solid silver","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second pressing","text":"1000 copies total, shipping early October 2007. Has since sold out.500 - clear with gold splatter (tour exclusive)\n500 - solid white","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Third pressing","text":"1000 copies total, made available in 2008 after second pressing sold out.500 - coke bottle blue\n500 - baby pink","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fourth pressing","text":"1000 copies total, made available in 2010 after third pressing.500 - clear granite\n500 - clear with purple splash","title":"Vinyl information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jake Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Snider"},{"link_name":"Dave Knudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Knudson_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Erin Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Tate"}],"text":"Jake Snider - vocals, guitar\nDave Knudson - guitar\nErin Tate - drums, percussion\nCory Murchy - bass\nAlex Rose - keyboards, saxophone, vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Co-produced by Chris Common\nEngineered by Matt Bayles and Chris Common\nAdditional engineering by Alex Rose and Jake Snider\nMixed by Matt Bayles\nMastered by Ed Brooks\nCover Art by Ryan Blinsky","title":"Other personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Planet of Ice\". metacritic.com. Retrieved 2014-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/planet-of-ice/minus-the-bear","url_text":"\"Planet of Ice\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1084504","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/content/node/65735","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.noripcord.com/?q=node/734","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/44888-planet-of-ice","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"http://www.relevantmagazine.com/pc_article.php?id=7473","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?reviewid=13241","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/planet-of-ice/minus-the-bear","external_links_name":"\"Planet of Ice\""},{"Link":"http://www.vinylcollective.com/2007/06/12/minus-the-bear-planet-of-ice-double-lp-pre-order/","external_links_name":"Planet of Ice Double LP preorder"},{"Link":"http://www.vinylcollective.com/2007/08/20/minus-the-bear-planet-of-ice-dbl-lp-repress-pre-order/","external_links_name":"Planet of Ice Double LP re-press preorder"},{"Link":"http://stores.channeladvisor.com/vinylhome/Items/sh051-1bpv_ccb?sck=23242356&caSKU=sh051-1bpv_ccb&caTitle=MINUS%20THE%20BEAR%20%22Planet%20of%20Ice%22%20dbl%20LP%20coke%20bottle%20blue%20and%20baby%20pink%20vinyl%20(2%20records)","external_links_name":"Planet of Ice product page at Vinyl Collective."},{"Link":"http://www.suicidesqueeze.net/","external_links_name":"SuicideSqueeze.net"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/6aaed2a2-0ebf-3970-82b7-9ff9d3fb0fad","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_constant | Kerr effect | ["1 Kerr electro-optic effect","2 Optical Kerr effect","3 Magneto-optic Kerr effect","4 Theory","4.1 DC Kerr effect","4.2 AC Kerr effect","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Change in refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field
This article is about the Kerr nonlinear optical effect. For the magneto-optic phenomenon of the same name, see magneto-optic Kerr effect.
The Kerr effect, also called the quadratic electro-optic (QEO) effect, is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. The Kerr effect is distinct from the Pockels effect in that the induced index change for the Kerr effect is directly proportional to the square of the electric field instead of varying linearly with it. All materials show a Kerr effect, but certain liquids display it more strongly than others. The Kerr effect was discovered in 1875 by Scottish physicist John Kerr.
Two special cases of the Kerr effect are normally considered, these being the Kerr electro-optic effect, or DC Kerr effect, and the optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect.
Kerr electro-optic effect
The Kerr electro-optic effect, or DC Kerr effect, is the special case in which a slowly varying external electric field is applied by, for instance, a voltage on electrodes across the sample material. Under this influence, the sample becomes birefringent, with different indices of refraction for light polarized parallel to or perpendicular to the applied field. The difference in index of refraction, Δn, is given by
Δ
n
=
λ
K
E
2
,
{\displaystyle \Delta n=\lambda KE^{2},\ }
where λ is the wavelength of the light, K is the Kerr constant, and E is the strength of the electric field. This difference in index of refraction causes the material to act like a waveplate when light is incident on it in a direction perpendicular to the electric field. If the material is placed between two "crossed" (perpendicular) linear polarizers, no light will be transmitted when the electric field is turned off, while nearly all of the light will be transmitted for some optimum value of the electric field. Higher values of the Kerr constant allow complete transmission to be achieved with a smaller applied electric field.
Some polar liquids, such as nitrotoluene (C7H7NO2) and nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) exhibit very large Kerr constants. A glass cell filled with one of these liquids is called a Kerr cell. These are frequently used to modulate light, since the Kerr effect responds very quickly to changes in electric field. Light can be modulated with these devices at frequencies as high as 10 GHz. Because the Kerr effect is relatively weak, a typical Kerr cell may require voltages as high as 30 kV to achieve complete transparency. This is in contrast to Pockels cells, which can operate at much lower voltages. Another disadvantage of Kerr cells is that the best available material, nitrobenzene, is poisonous. Some transparent crystals have also been used for Kerr modulation, although they have smaller Kerr constants.
In media that lack inversion symmetry, the Kerr effect is generally masked by the much stronger Pockels effect. The Kerr effect is still present, however, and in many cases can be detected independently of Pockels effect contributions.
Optical Kerr effect
The optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due to the light itself. This causes a variation in index of refraction which is proportional to the local irradiance of the light. This refractive index variation is responsible for the nonlinear optical effects of self-focusing, self-phase modulation and modulational instability, and is the basis for Kerr-lens modelocking. This effect only becomes significant with very intense beams such as those from lasers. The optical Kerr effect has also been observed to dynamically alter the mode-coupling properties in multimode fiber, a technique that has potential applications for all-optical switching mechanisms, nanophotonic systems and low-dimensional photo-sensors devices.
Magneto-optic Kerr effect
Main article: Magneto-optic Kerr effect
The magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) is the phenomenon that the light reflected from a magnetized material has a slightly rotated plane of polarization. It is similar to the Faraday effect where the plane of polarization of the transmitted light is rotated.
Theory
DC Kerr effect
For a nonlinear material, the electric polarization
P
{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
will depend on the electric field
E
{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }
:
P
=
ε
0
χ
(
1
)
E
+
ε
0
χ
(
2
)
E
E
+
ε
0
χ
(
3
)
E
E
E
+
⋯
{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(1)}\mathbf {E} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(2)}\mathbf {EE} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(3)}\mathbf {EEE} +\cdots }
where
ε
0
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
is the vacuum permittivity and
χ
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \chi ^{(n)}}
is the
n
{\displaystyle n}
-th order component of the electric susceptibility of the medium.
We can write that relationship explicitly; the i-th component for the vector P can be expressed as:
P
i
=
ε
0
∑
j
=
1
3
χ
i
j
(
1
)
E
j
+
ε
0
∑
j
=
1
3
∑
k
=
1
3
χ
i
j
k
(
2
)
E
j
E
k
+
ε
0
∑
j
=
1
3
∑
k
=
1
3
∑
l
=
1
3
χ
i
j
k
l
(
3
)
E
j
E
k
E
l
+
⋯
{\displaystyle P_{i}=\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\chi _{ij}^{(1)}E_{j}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\chi _{ijk}^{(2)}E_{j}E_{k}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}\chi _{ijkl}^{(3)}E_{j}E_{k}E_{l}+\cdots }
where
i
=
1
,
2
,
3
{\displaystyle i=1,2,3}
. It is often assumed that
P
1
{\displaystyle P_{1}}
∥
P
x
{\displaystyle P_{x}}
, i.e., the component parallel to x of the polarization field;
E
2
{\displaystyle E_{2}}
∥
E
y
{\displaystyle E_{y}}
and so on.
For a linear medium, only the first term of this equation is significant and the polarization varies linearly with the electric field.
For materials exhibiting a non-negligible Kerr effect, the third, χ(3) term is significant, with the even-order terms typically dropping out due to inversion symmetry of the Kerr medium. Consider the net electric field E produced by a light wave of frequency ω together with an external electric field E0:
E
=
E
0
+
E
ω
cos
(
ω
t
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{0}+\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}
where Eω is the vector amplitude of the wave.
Combining these two equations produces a complex expression for P. For the DC Kerr effect, we can neglect all except the linear terms and those in
χ
(
3
)
|
E
0
|
2
E
ω
{\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\mathbf {E} _{\omega }}
:
P
≃
ε
0
(
χ
(
1
)
+
3
χ
(
3
)
|
E
0
|
2
)
E
ω
cos
(
ω
t
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+3\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}
which is similar to the linear relationship between polarization and an electric field of a wave, with an additional non-linear susceptibility term proportional to the square of the amplitude of the external field.
For non-symmetric media (e.g. liquids), this induced change of susceptibility produces a change in refractive index in the direction of the electric field:
Δ
n
=
λ
0
K
|
E
0
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \Delta n=\lambda _{0}K|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2},}
where λ0 is the vacuum wavelength and K is the Kerr constant for the medium. The applied field induces birefringence in the medium in the direction of the field. A Kerr cell with a transverse field can thus act as a switchable wave plate, rotating the plane of polarization of a wave travelling through it. In combination with polarizers, it can be used as a shutter or modulator.
The values of K depend on the medium and are about 9.4×10−14 m·V−2 for water, and 4.4×10−12 m·V−2 for nitrobenzene.
For crystals, the susceptibility of the medium will in general be a tensor, and the Kerr effect produces a modification of this tensor.
AC Kerr effect
In the optical or AC Kerr effect, an intense beam of light in a medium can itself provide the modulating electric field, without the need for an external field to be applied. In this case, the electric field is given by:
E
=
E
ω
cos
(
ω
t
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}
where Eω is the amplitude of the wave as before.
Combining this with the equation for the polarization, and taking only linear terms and those in χ(3)|Eω|3:: 81–82
P
≃
ε
0
(
χ
(
1
)
+
3
4
χ
(
3
)
|
E
ω
|
2
)
E
ω
cos
(
ω
t
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3}{4}}\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t).}
As before, this looks like a linear susceptibility with an additional non-linear term:
χ
=
χ
L
I
N
+
χ
N
L
=
χ
(
1
)
+
3
χ
(
3
)
4
|
E
ω
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \chi =\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }=\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{4}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2},}
and since:
n
=
(
1
+
χ
)
1
/
2
=
(
1
+
χ
L
I
N
+
χ
N
L
)
1
/
2
≃
n
0
(
1
+
1
2
n
0
2
χ
N
L
)
{\displaystyle n=(1+\chi )^{1/2}=\left(1+\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)^{1/2}\simeq n_{0}\left(1+{\frac {1}{2{n_{0}}^{2}}}\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)}
where n0=(1+χLIN)1/2 is the linear refractive index. Using a Taylor expansion since χNL ≪ n02, this gives an intensity dependent refractive index (IDRI) of:
n
=
n
0
+
3
χ
(
3
)
8
n
0
|
E
ω
|
2
=
n
0
+
n
2
I
{\displaystyle n=n_{0}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{8n_{0}}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}=n_{0}+n_{2}I}
where n2 is the second-order nonlinear refractive index, and I is the intensity of the wave. The refractive index change is thus proportional to the intensity of the light travelling through the medium.
The values of n2 are relatively small for most materials, on the order of 10−20 m2 W−1 for typical glasses. Therefore, beam intensities (irradiances) on the order of 1 GW cm−2 (such as those produced by lasers) are necessary to produce significant variations in refractive index via the AC Kerr effect.
The optical Kerr effect manifests itself temporally as self-phase modulation, a self-induced phase- and frequency-shift of a pulse of light as it travels through a medium. This process, along with dispersion, can produce optical solitons.
Spatially, an intense beam of light in a medium will produce a change in the medium's refractive index that mimics the transverse intensity pattern of the beam. For example, a Gaussian beam results in a Gaussian refractive index profile, similar to that of a gradient-index lens. This causes the beam to focus itself, a phenomenon known as self-focusing.
As the beam self-focuses, the peak intensity increases which, in turn, causes more self-focusing to occur. The beam is prevented from self-focusing indefinitely by nonlinear effects such as multiphoton ionization, which become important when the intensity becomes very high. As the intensity of the self-focused spot increases beyond a certain value, the medium is ionized by the high local optical field. This lowers the refractive index, defocusing the propagating light beam. Propagation then proceeds in a series of repeated focusing and defocusing steps.
See also
Jeffree cell, an early acousto-optic modulator
Filament propagation
Rapatronic camera, which used a Kerr cell to take sub-millisecond photographs of nuclear explosions
Optical heterodyne detection
Zeeman effect
References
^ Weinberger, P. (2008). "John Kerr and his Effects Found in 1877 and 1878" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine Letters. 88 (12): 897–907. Bibcode:2008PMagL..88..897W. doi:10.1080/09500830802526604. S2CID 119771088.
^ Kerr, John (1875). "A new relation between electricity and light: Dielectrified media birefringent". Philosophical Magazine. 4. 50 (332): 337–348. doi:10.1080/14786447508641302.
^ Kerr, John (1875). "A new relation between electricity and light: Dielectrified media birefringent (Second paper)". Philosophical Magazine. 4. 50 (333): 446–458. doi:10.1080/14786447508641319.
^ Melnichuk, Mike; Wood, Lowell T. (2010). "Direct Kerr electro-optic effect in noncentrosymmetric materials". Phys. Rev. A. 82 (1): 013821. Bibcode:2010PhRvA..82a3821M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.82.013821.
^ Rashidian Vaziri, M R (2015). "Comment on "Nonlinear refraction measurements of materials using the moiré deflectometry"". Optics Communications. 357: 200–201. Bibcode:2015OptCo.357..200R. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2014.09.017.
^ Xu, Jing (May 2015). Experimental Observation of Non-Linear Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fiber (PDF). San Jose. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 24 Feb 2016.
^ Hernández-Acosta, M A; Trejo-Valdez, M; Castro-Chacón, J H; Torres-San Miguel, C R; Martínez-Gutiérrez, H; Torres-Torres, C (23 February 2018). "Chaotic signatures of photoconductive Cu2ZnSnS4 nanostructures explored by Lorenz attractors". New Journal of Physics. 20 (2): 023048. Bibcode:2018NJPh...20b3048H. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aaad41.
^ a b New, Geoffery (2011). Introduction to Nonlinear Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87701-5.
^ Moreno, Michelle (2018-06-14). "Kerr Effect" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-11-17.
^ Coelho, Roland (2012). Physics of Dielectrics for the Engineer. Elsevier. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-444-60180-3.
^ Dharmadhikari, A. K.; Dharmadhikari, J. A.; Mathur, D. (2008). "Visualization of focusing–refocusing cycles during filamentation in BaF2". Applied Physics B. 94 (2): 259. Bibcode:2009ApPhB..94..259D. doi:10.1007/s00340-008-3317-7. S2CID 122865446.
This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.
External links
Kerr cells in early television Archived 2016-10-01 at the Wayback Machine (Scroll down the page for several early articles on Kerr cells.)
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magneto-optic Kerr effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect"},{"link_name":"refractive index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index"},{"link_name":"electric field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field"},{"link_name":"Pockels effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockels_effect"},{"link_name":"directly proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_proportional"},{"link_name":"John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the Kerr nonlinear optical effect. For the magneto-optic phenomenon of the same name, see magneto-optic Kerr effect.The Kerr effect, also called the quadratic electro-optic (QEO) effect, is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. The Kerr effect is distinct from the Pockels effect in that the induced index change for the Kerr effect is directly proportional to the square of the electric field instead of varying linearly with it. All materials show a Kerr effect, but certain liquids display it more strongly than others. The Kerr effect was discovered in 1875 by Scottish physicist John Kerr.[1][2][3]Two special cases of the Kerr effect are normally considered, these being the Kerr electro-optic effect, or DC Kerr effect, and the optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect.","title":"Kerr effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"birefringent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringent"},{"link_name":"polarized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"waveplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveplate"},{"link_name":"polarizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizer"},{"link_name":"polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_molecule"},{"link_name":"nitrotoluene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"nitrobenzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobenzene"},{"link_name":"modulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigahertz"},{"link_name":"kV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovolt"},{"link_name":"Pockels cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockels_cell"},{"link_name":"nitrobenzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobenzene"},{"link_name":"inversion symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Pockels effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockels_effect"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Kerr electro-optic effect, or DC Kerr effect, is the special case in which a slowly varying external electric field is applied by, for instance, a voltage on electrodes across the sample material. Under this influence, the sample becomes birefringent, with different indices of refraction for light polarized parallel to or perpendicular to the applied field. The difference in index of refraction, Δn, is given byΔ\n n\n =\n λ\n K\n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta n=\\lambda KE^{2},\\ }where λ is the wavelength of the light, K is the Kerr constant, and E is the strength of the electric field. This difference in index of refraction causes the material to act like a waveplate when light is incident on it in a direction perpendicular to the electric field. If the material is placed between two \"crossed\" (perpendicular) linear polarizers, no light will be transmitted when the electric field is turned off, while nearly all of the light will be transmitted for some optimum value of the electric field. Higher values of the Kerr constant allow complete transmission to be achieved with a smaller applied electric field.Some polar liquids, such as nitrotoluene (C7H7NO2) and nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) exhibit very large Kerr constants. A glass cell filled with one of these liquids is called a Kerr cell. These are frequently used to modulate light, since the Kerr effect responds very quickly to changes in electric field. Light can be modulated with these devices at frequencies as high as 10 GHz. Because the Kerr effect is relatively weak, a typical Kerr cell may require voltages as high as 30 kV to achieve complete transparency. This is in contrast to Pockels cells, which can operate at much lower voltages. Another disadvantage of Kerr cells is that the best available material, nitrobenzene, is poisonous. Some transparent crystals have also been used for Kerr modulation, although they have smaller Kerr constants.In media that lack inversion symmetry, the Kerr effect is generally masked by the much stronger Pockels effect. The Kerr effect is still present, however, and in many cases can be detected independently of Pockels effect contributions.[4]","title":"Kerr electro-optic effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irradiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"nonlinear optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics"},{"link_name":"self-focusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing"},{"link_name":"self-phase modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-phase_modulation"},{"link_name":"modulational instability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulational_instability"},{"link_name":"Kerr-lens modelocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-lens_modelocking"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"multimode fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due to the light itself. This causes a variation in index of refraction which is proportional to the local irradiance of the light.[5] This refractive index variation is responsible for the nonlinear optical effects of self-focusing, self-phase modulation and modulational instability, and is the basis for Kerr-lens modelocking. This effect only becomes significant with very intense beams such as those from lasers. The optical Kerr effect has also been observed to dynamically alter the mode-coupling properties in multimode fiber, a technique that has potential applications for all-optical switching mechanisms, nanophotonic systems and low-dimensional photo-sensors devices.[6][7]","title":"Optical Kerr effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faraday effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_effect"}],"text":"The magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) is the phenomenon that the light reflected from a magnetized material has a slightly rotated plane of polarization. It is similar to the Faraday effect where the plane of polarization of the transmitted light is rotated.","title":"Magneto-optic Kerr effect"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(electrostatics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New,_Intro_to_Nonlinear_Optics-8"},{"link_name":"permittivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity"},{"link_name":"electric susceptibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_susceptibility"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moreno,_Kerr_Effect-9"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"birefringence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence"},{"link_name":"wave plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_plate"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nitrobenzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobenzene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal"},{"link_name":"tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor"}],"sub_title":"DC Kerr effect","text":"For a nonlinear material, the electric polarization \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {P} }\n \n will depend on the electric field \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} }\n \n:[8]P\n \n =\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n +\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n E\n E\n \n +\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n E\n E\n E\n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {P} =\\varepsilon _{0}\\chi ^{(1)}\\mathbf {E} +\\varepsilon _{0}\\chi ^{(2)}\\mathbf {EE} +\\varepsilon _{0}\\chi ^{(3)}\\mathbf {EEE} +\\cdots }where \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{0}}\n \n is the vacuum permittivity and \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi ^{(n)}}\n \n is the \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-th order component of the electric susceptibility of the medium.\nWe can write that relationship explicitly; the i-th component for the vector P can be expressed as:[9]P\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n χ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n j\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n χ\n \n i\n j\n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n j\n \n \n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n l\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n χ\n \n i\n j\n k\n l\n \n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n j\n \n \n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n \n E\n \n l\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{i}=\\varepsilon _{0}\\sum _{j=1}^{3}\\chi _{ij}^{(1)}E_{j}+\\varepsilon _{0}\\sum _{j=1}^{3}\\sum _{k=1}^{3}\\chi _{ijk}^{(2)}E_{j}E_{k}+\\varepsilon _{0}\\sum _{j=1}^{3}\\sum _{k=1}^{3}\\sum _{l=1}^{3}\\chi _{ijkl}^{(3)}E_{j}E_{k}E_{l}+\\cdots }where \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=1,2,3}\n \n. It is often assumed that \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{1}}\n \n ∥ \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{x}}\n \n, i.e., the component parallel to x of the polarization field; \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{2}}\n \n ∥ \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{y}}\n \n and so on.For a linear medium, only the first term of this equation is significant and the polarization varies linearly with the electric field.For materials exhibiting a non-negligible Kerr effect, the third, χ(3) term is significant, with the even-order terms typically dropping out due to inversion symmetry of the Kerr medium. Consider the net electric field E produced by a light wave of frequency ω together with an external electric field E0:E\n \n =\n \n \n E\n \n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} =\\mathbf {E} _{0}+\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }\\cos(\\omega t),}where Eω is the vector amplitude of the wave.Combining these two equations produces a complex expression for P. For the DC Kerr effect, we can neglect all except the linear terms and those in \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi ^{(3)}|\\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }}\n \n:P\n \n ≃\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {P} \\simeq \\varepsilon _{0}\\left(\\chi ^{(1)}+3\\chi ^{(3)}|\\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\\right)\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }\\cos(\\omega t),}which is similar to the linear relationship between polarization and an electric field of a wave, with an additional non-linear susceptibility term proportional to the square of the amplitude of the external field.For non-symmetric media (e.g. liquids), this induced change of susceptibility produces a change in refractive index in the direction of the electric field:Δ\n n\n =\n \n λ\n \n 0\n \n \n K\n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta n=\\lambda _{0}K|\\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2},}where λ0 is the vacuum wavelength and K is the Kerr constant for the medium. The applied field induces birefringence in the medium in the direction of the field. A Kerr cell with a transverse field can thus act as a switchable wave plate, rotating the plane of polarization of a wave travelling through it. In combination with polarizers, it can be used as a shutter or modulator.The values of K depend on the medium and are about 9.4×10−14 m·V−2 for water,[citation needed] and 4.4×10−12 m·V−2 for nitrobenzene.[10]For crystals, the susceptibility of the medium will in general be a tensor, and the Kerr effect produces a modification of this tensor.","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New,_Intro_to_Nonlinear_Optics-8"},{"link_name":"Taylor expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_expansion"},{"link_name":"irradiances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"solitons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliton"},{"link_name":"Gaussian beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beam"},{"link_name":"gradient-index lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient-index_lens"},{"link_name":"self-focusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing"},{"link_name":"multiphoton ionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphoton_ionization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"AC Kerr effect","text":"In the optical or AC Kerr effect, an intense beam of light in a medium can itself provide the modulating electric field, without the need for an external field to be applied. In this case, the electric field is given by:E\n \n =\n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} =\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }\\cos(\\omega t),}where Eω is the amplitude of the wave as before.Combining this with the equation for the polarization, and taking only linear terms and those in χ(3)|Eω|3:[8]: 81–82P\n \n ≃\n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n \n \n 3\n 4\n \n \n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {P} \\simeq \\varepsilon _{0}\\left(\\chi ^{(1)}+{\\frac {3}{4}}\\chi ^{(3)}|\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }|^{2}\\right)\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }\\cos(\\omega t).}As before, this looks like a linear susceptibility with an additional non-linear term:χ\n =\n \n χ\n \n \n L\n I\n N\n \n \n \n +\n \n χ\n \n \n N\n L\n \n \n \n =\n \n χ\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 3\n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi =\\chi _{\\mathrm {LIN} }+\\chi _{\\mathrm {NL} }=\\chi ^{(1)}+{\\frac {3\\chi ^{(3)}}{4}}|\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }|^{2},}and since:n\n =\n (\n 1\n +\n χ\n \n )\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n χ\n \n \n L\n I\n N\n \n \n \n +\n \n χ\n \n \n N\n L\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n ≃\n \n n\n \n 0\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n N\n L\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=(1+\\chi )^{1/2}=\\left(1+\\chi _{\\mathrm {LIN} }+\\chi _{\\mathrm {NL} }\\right)^{1/2}\\simeq n_{0}\\left(1+{\\frac {1}{2{n_{0}}^{2}}}\\chi _{\\mathrm {NL} }\\right)}where n0=(1+χLIN)1/2 is the linear refractive index. Using a Taylor expansion since χNL ≪ n02, this gives an intensity dependent refractive index (IDRI) of:n\n =\n \n n\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 3\n \n χ\n \n (\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n \n 8\n \n n\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n ω\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n n\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=n_{0}+{\\frac {3\\chi ^{(3)}}{8n_{0}}}|\\mathbf {E} _{\\omega }|^{2}=n_{0}+n_{2}I}where n2 is the second-order nonlinear refractive index, and I is the intensity of the wave. The refractive index change is thus proportional to the intensity of the light travelling through the medium.The values of n2 are relatively small for most materials, on the order of 10−20 m2 W−1 for typical glasses. Therefore, beam intensities (irradiances) on the order of 1 GW cm−2 (such as those produced by lasers) are necessary to produce significant variations in refractive index via the AC Kerr effect.The optical Kerr effect manifests itself temporally as self-phase modulation, a self-induced phase- and frequency-shift of a pulse of light as it travels through a medium. This process, along with dispersion, can produce optical solitons.Spatially, an intense beam of light in a medium will produce a change in the medium's refractive index that mimics the transverse intensity pattern of the beam. For example, a Gaussian beam results in a Gaussian refractive index profile, similar to that of a gradient-index lens. This causes the beam to focus itself, a phenomenon known as self-focusing.As the beam self-focuses, the peak intensity increases which, in turn, causes more self-focusing to occur. The beam is prevented from self-focusing indefinitely by nonlinear effects such as multiphoton ionization, which become important when the intensity becomes very high. As the intensity of the self-focused spot increases beyond a certain value, the medium is ionized by the high local optical field. This lowers the refractive index, defocusing the propagating light beam. Propagation then proceeds in a series of repeated focusing and defocusing steps.[11]","title":"Theory"}] | [] | [{"title":"Jeffree cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffree_cell"},{"title":"Filament propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament_propagation"},{"title":"Rapatronic camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapatronic_camera"},{"title":"Optical heterodyne detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_heterodyne_detection"},{"title":"Zeeman effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman_effect"}] | [{"reference":"Weinberger, P. (2008). \"John Kerr and his Effects Found in 1877 and 1878\" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine Letters. 88 (12): 897–907. Bibcode:2008PMagL..88..897W. doi:10.1080/09500830802526604. S2CID 119771088.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwein.at/physics/Lectures/Famous-Papers/PML-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"John Kerr and his Effects Found in 1877 and 1878\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PMagL..88..897W","url_text":"2008PMagL..88..897W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09500830802526604","url_text":"10.1080/09500830802526604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119771088","url_text":"119771088"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, John (1875). \"A new relation between electricity and light: Dielectrified media birefringent\". Philosophical Magazine. 4. 50 (332): 337–348. doi:10.1080/14786447508641302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786447508641302","url_text":"10.1080/14786447508641302"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, John (1875). \"A new relation between electricity and light: Dielectrified media birefringent (Second paper)\". Philosophical Magazine. 4. 50 (333): 446–458. doi:10.1080/14786447508641319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786447508641319","url_text":"10.1080/14786447508641319"}]},{"reference":"Melnichuk, Mike; Wood, Lowell T. (2010). \"Direct Kerr electro-optic effect in noncentrosymmetric materials\". Phys. Rev. A. 82 (1): 013821. Bibcode:2010PhRvA..82a3821M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.82.013821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvA..82a3821M","url_text":"2010PhRvA..82a3821M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.82.013821","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevA.82.013821"}]},{"reference":"Rashidian Vaziri, M R (2015). \"Comment on \"Nonlinear refraction measurements of materials using the moiré deflectometry\"\". Optics Communications. 357: 200–201. Bibcode:2015OptCo.357..200R. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2014.09.017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015OptCo.357..200R","url_text":"2015OptCo.357..200R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optcom.2014.09.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.optcom.2014.09.017"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Jing (May 2015). Experimental Observation of Non-Linear Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fiber (PDF). San Jose. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 24 Feb 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgesdgordon.com/papers/nonlinearModeMixing.pdf","url_text":"Experimental Observation of Non-Linear Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fiber"}]},{"reference":"Hernández-Acosta, M A; Trejo-Valdez, M; Castro-Chacón, J H; Torres-San Miguel, C R; Martínez-Gutiérrez, H; Torres-Torres, C (23 February 2018). \"Chaotic signatures of photoconductive Cu2ZnSnS4 nanostructures explored by Lorenz attractors\". New Journal of Physics. 20 (2): 023048. Bibcode:2018NJPh...20b3048H. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aaad41.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2Faaad41","url_text":"\"Chaotic signatures of photoconductive Cu2ZnSnS4 nanostructures explored by Lorenz attractors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NJPh...20b3048H","url_text":"2018NJPh...20b3048H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2Faaad41","url_text":"10.1088/1367-2630/aaad41"}]},{"reference":"New, Geoffery (2011). Introduction to Nonlinear Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87701-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87701-5","url_text":"978-0-521-87701-5"}]},{"reference":"Moreno, Michelle (2018-06-14). \"Kerr Effect\" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifsc.usp.br/~strontium/Teaching/Material2018-1%20SFI5708%20Eletromagnetismo/Monografia%20-%20Michelle%20-%20Kerr.pdf","url_text":"\"Kerr Effect\""}]},{"reference":"Coelho, Roland (2012). Physics of Dielectrics for the Engineer. Elsevier. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-444-60180-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oT4wH0E5wbUC&q=kerr+constant+table+dielectrics&pg=PA51","url_text":"Physics of Dielectrics for the Engineer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-60180-3","url_text":"978-0-444-60180-3"}]},{"reference":"Dharmadhikari, A. K.; Dharmadhikari, J. A.; Mathur, D. (2008). \"Visualization of focusing–refocusing cycles during filamentation in BaF2\". Applied Physics B. 94 (2): 259. Bibcode:2009ApPhB..94..259D. doi:10.1007/s00340-008-3317-7. S2CID 122865446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApPhB..94..259D","url_text":"2009ApPhB..94..259D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00340-008-3317-7","url_text":"10.1007/s00340-008-3317-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122865446","url_text":"122865446"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.pwein.at/physics/Lectures/Famous-Papers/PML-2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Kerr and his Effects Found in 1877 and 1878\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PMagL..88..897W","external_links_name":"2008PMagL..88..897W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09500830802526604","external_links_name":"10.1080/09500830802526604"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119771088","external_links_name":"119771088"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786447508641302","external_links_name":"10.1080/14786447508641302"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786447508641319","external_links_name":"10.1080/14786447508641319"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvA..82a3821M","external_links_name":"2010PhRvA..82a3821M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.82.013821","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevA.82.013821"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015OptCo.357..200R","external_links_name":"2015OptCo.357..200R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optcom.2014.09.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.optcom.2014.09.017"},{"Link":"http://www.georgesdgordon.com/papers/nonlinearModeMixing.pdf","external_links_name":"Experimental Observation of Non-Linear Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fiber"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2Faaad41","external_links_name":"\"Chaotic signatures of photoconductive Cu2ZnSnS4 nanostructures explored by Lorenz attractors\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NJPh...20b3048H","external_links_name":"2018NJPh...20b3048H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2Faaad41","external_links_name":"10.1088/1367-2630/aaad41"},{"Link":"https://www.ifsc.usp.br/~strontium/Teaching/Material2018-1%20SFI5708%20Eletromagnetismo/Monografia%20-%20Michelle%20-%20Kerr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kerr Effect\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oT4wH0E5wbUC&q=kerr+constant+table+dielectrics&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"Physics of Dielectrics for the Engineer"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApPhB..94..259D","external_links_name":"2009ApPhB..94..259D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00340-008-3317-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00340-008-3317-7"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122865446","external_links_name":"122865446"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm","external_links_name":"Federal Standard 1037C"},{"Link":"https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tvhistory.tv/1935%20TV%20Today%20Part%202.htm","external_links_name":"Kerr cells in early television"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001033146/http://www.tvhistory.tv/1935%20TV%20Today%20Part%202.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4163649-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_%26_Lies_(Australian_TV_series) | Secrets & Lies (Australian TV series) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring and guest","3 Episodes","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Awards and nominations","6 U.S. version","7 References","8 External links"] | Australian TV series or program
Secrets & LiesGenreDramaPolice detectiveMysteryCrimePsychological thrillerCreated byStephen M. IrwinWritten byStephen M. IrwinLucas TaylorKylie NeedhamDirected byKate DennisPeter SalmonStarringMartin HendersonAnthony HayesDiana GlennAdrienne PickeringPhilippa CoulthardPiper MorrisseyDamon GameauHunter Stratton BolandCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionProducersTracey RobertsonLeigh McGrathProduction locationsAshgrove, Brisbane, AustraliaRunning time48 minutesProduction companyHoodlum EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkNetwork TenRelease3 March (2014-03-03) –7 April 2014 (2014-04-07)RelatedSecrets and Lies (US)
Secrets & Lies is an Australian drama television series that first screened on Network Ten on 3 March 2014, and was subsequently aired in other countries. It was filmed in Brisbane, Queensland.
Plot
The series follows the story of a family man who finds the body of a young boy and quickly becomes the prime suspect in his murder. Not content to let the police do their work, and becoming increasingly frustrated at being questioned repeatedly, he decides to try to find the real killer as his marriage, his kids, his reputation, and his sanity are all at stake; a decision exacerbates his life.
Cast
Main
Martin Henderson as Ben Gundelach
Anthony Hayes as Detective Ian Cornielle
Diana Glenn as Christy Gundelach
Adrienne Pickering as Jess Murnane
Philippa Coulthard as Tasha Gundelach
Piper Morrissey as Eva Gundelach
Damon Gameau as Dave Carroll
Hunter Stratton Boland as Thom Murnane
Recurring and guest
Mouche Phillips as Vanessa Turner
Damien Garvey as Stuart Haire
Steven Tandy as Kevin Gresham
Barbara Lowing as Elaine Gresham
Hugh Parker as Dr Tim Turner
Ben Lawson as Paul Murnane
Mirrah Foulkes as Nicole
Episodes
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Australian viewers
11"Episode 1"Kate DennisStephen M. Irwin3 March 2014 (2014-03-03)0.404
Ben Gundelach's life is turned upside down when he discovers the body of four-year-old Thom Murnane in the woods near his home. Ben finds himself struggling with his home and professional lives when the case receives national attention and the media portray him as guilty before the police even rule the death as suspicious.
22"Episode 2"Kate DennisStephen M. Irwin & Lucas Taylor10 March 2014 (2014-03-10)0.365
Ben struggles to prove his innocence when the police identify the murder weapon as a flashlight the same as one he owns but cannot find. As he tries to help Jess Murnane deal with her son's death, he comes to the horrifying realisation that his own daughter might have been involved.
33"Episode 3"Kate DennisLucas Taylor, Kylie Needham & Stephen M. Irwin17 March 2014 (2014-03-17)0.317
When the media circus lose interest in Thom Murnane's case, and the police investigation moves away from him, Ben hopes his life can return to normal – but the revelation that he was Thom's biological father brings tensions in the Gundelach home to a head. When the only other suspect has an alibi, Ben finds a key piece of evidence that could prove him innocent – and makes a mistake that could seal his guilt.
44"Episode 4"Peter SalmonLucas Taylor, Kylie Needham & Stephen M. Irwin24 March 2014 (2014-03-24)0.278
Now in possession of the murder weapon, Ben tries to return to a normal life until he can safely get rid of it. By chance, he stumbles onto evidence of a sexual predator living on his street, and, finally convinced that he knows who killed Thom, he takes the opportunity to dispose of the weapon. But, in his haste, his wife catches him getting rid of the evidence.
55"Episode 5"Peter SalmonStephen M. Irwin & Lucas Taylor31 March 2014 (2014-03-31)0.316
When Christy uses Tasha and Eva to hold their relationship hostage, Ben turns to Jess for comfort. But the relationship turns sour when Ben finds evidence implicating her in Thom's death.
66"Episode 6"Peter SalmonStephen M. Irwin & Lucas Taylor7 April 2014 (2014-04-07)0.413
Eva disappears without warning, and in desperation, Ben accuses Jess of taking her. Jess responds by accusing him of sexual assault. He is detained, but set free again after the police find the blue jacket in Jess' house. The next morning, he walks into Eva's cabin, where he finds the final piece of evidence to identify the killer: Eva. In the interview room with Cornielle, Eva displays a cold emotionless front indicative of a sociopath as it is revealed, through a series of flashbacks, that she overheard her parents arguing about Ben's affair with Jess. Fearing it would tear them apart (and her father would leave – a common obsession she displayed throughout the series), Eva planned to drown Thom in a river in the hopes that Jess would leave their street for good; when it rained and Thom wanted to go home she couldn't get him to the river and instead used the torch to kill him. She revealed that her attempts to hide the evidence wasn't to frame her father but to frame Jess. Back in the interview room she says "sorry" explaining none of this would've happened if she had got him to the river. Christy (who is now seen to have been in the room) blurts out crying; Ben watches from behind the mirror as his little girl is charged with her own half-brother's murder, then he's driven home by Cornielle who tells him to take care. Ben stands in the kitchen staring at a photo of himself and Eva when Tasha takes his hand and the two hug.
Release
The series first screened on Network Ten on 3 March 2014.
It aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ TWO HD from 30 March 2014, and in Canada on the CBC in July 2014. It premiered in the Netherlands on RTL 4 on 24 August 2014. Started in the UK on 23 September 2014 on Channel 5 and in France from 26 January to 2 February 2015 on France2.
It has also aired on SVT (Sweden), TV2 (Norway), Vitaya (Belgium), as well as Netflix in both Canada and the U.S.
Reception
Secrets and Lies has been acclaimed by critics and audiences. Denette Wilford of The Huffington Post has stated: "As for Secrets & Lies, so much great stuff is happening on this show – the writing, the directing and the acting; it manages to be completely authentic without trying too hard. It's riveting stuff, from the whodunit aspect to the family crap the Gundelachs are facing, which everyone can relate to." Lucy Mangan from The Guardian wrote in a review of the series; "Yes, we have seen its like before, in Broadchurch, but the opener more than holds its own against ITV's surprise hit." Many other critics have praised the performances, writing and direction of the series.
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2015
AACTA Awards
Best Telefeature or Mini Series
Secrets & Lies
Nominated
Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama
Piper Morrissey
Nominated
Logie Awards
Most Outstanding Actor
Martin Henderson
Nominated
Golden Nymph Awards
Best Miniseries
Secrets & Lies
Nominated
Best Actor in a Miniseries
Anthony Hayes
Won
U.S. version
On 4 February 2014, the production company behind this version announced that a US version with the same title was in the works for ABC and would be co-produced with ABC Studios with a series penalty if the project is held back or not greenlighted by the network. The series premiered in the U.S. on 1 March 2015. Ryan Phillippe stars in this adaptation. On May 7, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 25, 2016.
References
^ Blundell, Graeme (1 March 2014). "Big city bruisers in Fat Tony and Secrets & Lies". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^ "Queensland's Secrets & Lies an international sensation". Screen Queensland. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
^ "Martin Henderson to star in Secrets and Lies for TEN". TV Tonight. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^ "Secrets & Lies flops in TV ratings". Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ "Secrets & Lies wins just 365,000, MKR regains the lead". Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ "TEN fails to build audience for Secrets & Lies". 17 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
^ "Secrets and Lies drops to 278,000". 24 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ "MKR top show with 1.659m but Love Child and The Block win night for Nine". 31 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ "Love Child and Secrets & Lies finales". Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ "Secrets and Lies – RTÉ Drama". RTÉ.ie. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^ "CBC Media Centre - CBC - Secrets & Lies". CBC. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ "Complete Australische dramaserie 'Secrets & Lies' in drie avonden te zien bij RTL 4 - RTL Pressroom". RTL Pressroom. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ "Secrets and Lies : tout sur l'émission, news et vidéos en replay - France 2". France2. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ Knox, David (7 March 2015). "France picks up Secrets and Lies". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "'Secrets & Lies' Review: The Latest Suburban Whodunit Will Stun You". The Huffington Post. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ Lucy Mangan (24 September 2014). "The Driver; Secrets and Lies review – gripping drama that leaves you rigid with unrelieved tension". the Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ Willis, Charlotte (22 March 2015). "Here's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations". news.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ Adato, Michael (15 June 2015). "Australians Frances O'Connor and Anthony Hayes win top acting awards at Monte Carlo TV Festival". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "Ryan Phillippe Poised To Play The Lead In ABC Drama ‘Secrets & Lies’" from Deadline (4 February 2014)
^ Nellie Andreeva (8 May 2015). "'American Crime', 'Castle' 'S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'Agent Carter', 'Galavant', 'Secrets & Lies', 'Nashville' Among ABC Renewals - Deadline". Deadline. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Stanhope, Kate (28 June 2016). "ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
External links
Secrets & Lies at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Australian TV series or programSecrets & Lies is an Australian drama television series that first screened on Network Ten on 3 March 2014, and was subsequently aired in other countries. It was filmed in Brisbane, Queensland.[2]","title":"Secrets & Lies (Australian TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The series follows the story of a family man who finds the body of a young boy and quickly becomes the prime suspect in his murder. Not content to let the police do their work, and becoming increasingly frustrated at being questioned repeatedly, he decides to try to find the real killer as his marriage, his kids, his reputation, and his sanity are all at stake; a decision exacerbates his life.[clarification needed][3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hayes_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Diana Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Pickering"},{"link_name":"Philippa Coulthard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Coulthard"},{"link_name":"Damon Gameau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Gameau"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Martin Henderson as Ben Gundelach\nAnthony Hayes as Detective Ian Cornielle\nDiana Glenn as Christy Gundelach\nAdrienne Pickering as Jess Murnane\nPhilippa Coulthard as Tasha Gundelach\nPiper Morrissey as Eva Gundelach\nDamon Gameau as Dave Carroll\nHunter Stratton Boland as Thom Murnane","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mouche Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouche_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Damien Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Garvey"},{"link_name":"Steven Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tandy"},{"link_name":"Ben Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Mirrah Foulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes"}],"sub_title":"Recurring and guest","text":"Mouche Phillips as Vanessa Turner\nDamien Garvey as Stuart Haire\nSteven Tandy as Kevin Gresham\nBarbara Lowing as Elaine Gresham\nHugh Parker as Dr Tim Turner\nBen Lawson as Paul Murnane\nMirrah Foulkes as Nicole","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"RTÉ TWO HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Two"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"TV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The series first screened on Network Ten on 3 March 2014.It aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ TWO HD from 30 March 2014,[10] and in Canada on the CBC in July 2014.[11] It premiered in the Netherlands on RTL 4 on 24 August 2014.[12] Started in the UK on 23 September 2014 on Channel 5 and in France from 26 January to 2 February 2015 on France2.[13]It has also aired on SVT (Sweden), TV2 (Norway), Vitaya (Belgium), as well as Netflix in both Canada and the U.S.[14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Secrets and Lies has been acclaimed by critics and audiences. Denette Wilford of The Huffington Post has stated: \"As for Secrets & Lies, so much great stuff is happening on this show – the writing, the directing and the acting; it manages to be completely authentic without trying too hard. It's riveting stuff, from the whodunit aspect to the family crap the Gundelachs are facing, which everyone can relate to.\"[15] Lucy Mangan from The Guardian wrote in a review of the series; \"Yes, we have seen its like before, in Broadchurch, but the opener more than holds its own against ITV's surprise hit.\"[16] Many other critics have praised the performances, writing and direction of the series.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_and_Lies_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"ABC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Studios"},{"link_name":"Ryan Phillippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"On 4 February 2014, the production company behind this version announced that a US version with the same title was in the works for ABC and would be co-produced with ABC Studios with a series penalty if the project is held back or not greenlighted by the network. The series premiered in the U.S. on 1 March 2015. Ryan Phillippe stars in this adaptation.[19] On May 7, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 25, 2016.[20][21]","title":"U.S. version"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blundell, Graeme (1 March 2014). \"Big city bruisers in Fat Tony and Secrets & Lies\". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/big-city-bruisers-in-fat-tony-and-secrets-lies/story-fn9n8gph-1226840815697#","url_text":"\"Big city bruisers in Fat Tony and Secrets & Lies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland's Secrets & Lies an international sensation\". Screen Queensland. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenqueensland.com.au/uncategorized/queenslands-secrets-lies-an-international-sensation/","url_text":"\"Queensland's Secrets & Lies an international sensation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Henderson to star in Secrets and Lies for TEN\". TV Tonight. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/05/martin-henderson-to-star-in-secrets-and-lies-for-ten.html","url_text":"\"Martin Henderson to star in Secrets and Lies for TEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets & Lies flops in TV ratings\". Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/04/secrets-lies-flops-tv-ratings-0","url_text":"\"Secrets & Lies flops in TV ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets & Lies wins just 365,000, MKR regains the lead\". Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/media/secrets-lies-wins-just-365-000-mkr-regains-the-lea","url_text":"\"Secrets & Lies wins just 365,000, MKR regains the lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"TEN fails to build audience for Secrets & Lies\". 17 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mumbrella.com.au/ten-fails-build-audience-secrets-lies-love-child-holds-1m-214260","url_text":"\"TEN fails to build audience for Secrets & Lies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets and Lies drops to 278,000\". 24 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mumbrella.com.au/secrets-lies-falls-278000-215879","url_text":"\"Secrets and Lies drops to 278,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"MKR top show with 1.659m but Love Child and The Block win night for Nine\". 31 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mumbrella.com.au/mkr-top-show-1-659m-love-child-block-win-nine-night-217495","url_text":"\"MKR top show with 1.659m but Love Child and The Block win night for Nine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Child and Secrets & Lies finales\". Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://if.com.au/2014/04/08/article/Love-Child-and-Secrets--Lies-finales/PVBLLTDEOB.html","url_text":"\"Love Child and Secrets & Lies finales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets and Lies – RTÉ Drama\". RTÉ.ie. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/drama/tv/featured/secretsandlies/","url_text":"\"Secrets and Lies – RTÉ Drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC Media Centre - CBC - Secrets & Lies\". CBC. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/mediacentre/secrets-and-lies.html#.U_FysPldUuc","url_text":"\"CBC Media Centre - CBC - Secrets & Lies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complete Australische dramaserie 'Secrets & Lies' in drie avonden te zien bij RTL 4 - RTL Pressroom\". RTL Pressroom. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pressroom.rtl.nl/rtl4/persberichten/persbericht/complete-australische-dramaserie-secrets-lies-in-drie-avonden-te-zien-bij-r","url_text":"\"Complete Australische dramaserie 'Secrets & Lies' in drie avonden te zien bij RTL 4 - RTL Pressroom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets and Lies : tout sur l'émission, news et vidéos en replay - France 2\". France2. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.france2.fr/emissions/secrets-and-lies","url_text":"\"Secrets and Lies : tout sur l'émission, news et vidéos en replay - France 2\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (7 March 2015). \"France picks up Secrets and Lies\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2015/03/france-picks-up-secrets-and-lies.html","url_text":"\"France picks up Secrets and Lies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tonight","url_text":"TV Tonight"}]},{"reference":"\"'Secrets & Lies' Review: The Latest Suburban Whodunit Will Stun You\". The Huffington Post. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/denette-wilford/secrets-and-lies-review-cbc_b_5558637.html","url_text":"\"'Secrets & Lies' Review: The Latest Suburban Whodunit Will Stun You\""}]},{"reference":"Lucy Mangan (24 September 2014). \"The Driver; Secrets and Lies review – gripping drama that leaves you rigid with unrelieved tension\". the Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/sep/24/the-driver-secrets-and-lies-review-david-morrissey","url_text":"\"The Driver; Secrets and Lies review – gripping drama that leaves you rigid with unrelieved tension\""}]},{"reference":"Willis, Charlotte (22 March 2015). \"Here's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations\". news.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/awards/heres-the-full-list-of-2015-logies-nominations/story-fn8cjmx5-1227273521488","url_text":"\"Here's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"Adato, Michael (15 June 2015). \"Australians Frances O'Connor and Anthony Hayes win top acting awards at Monte Carlo TV Festival\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/australians-frances-oconnor-and-anthony-hayes-win-top-acting-awards-at-monte-carlo-tv-festival-20150618-ghruv2.html","url_text":"\"Australians Frances O'Connor and Anthony Hayes win top acting awards at Monte Carlo TV Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Nellie Andreeva (8 May 2015). \"'American Crime', 'Castle' 'S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'Agent Carter', 'Galavant', 'Secrets & Lies', 'Nashville' Among ABC Renewals - Deadline\". Deadline. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/05/american-crime-castle-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-galavant-secrets-lies-fresh-off-the-boat-renewed-abc-1201422717/","url_text":"\"'American Crime', 'Castle' 'S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'Agent Carter', 'Galavant', 'Secrets & Lies', 'Nashville' Among ABC Renewals - Deadline\""}]},{"reference":"Stanhope, Kate (28 June 2016). \"ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates\". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-fall-premiere-dates-2016-906876","url_text":"\"ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/big-city-bruisers-in-fat-tony-and-secrets-lies/story-fn9n8gph-1226840815697#","external_links_name":"\"Big city bruisers in Fat Tony and Secrets & Lies\""},{"Link":"https://screenqueensland.com.au/uncategorized/queenslands-secrets-lies-an-international-sensation/","external_links_name":"\"Queensland's Secrets & Lies an international sensation\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/05/martin-henderson-to-star-in-secrets-and-lies-for-ten.html","external_links_name":"\"Martin Henderson to star in Secrets and Lies for TEN\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/04/secrets-lies-flops-tv-ratings-0","external_links_name":"\"Secrets & Lies flops in TV ratings\""},{"Link":"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/media/secrets-lies-wins-just-365-000-mkr-regains-the-lea","external_links_name":"\"Secrets & Lies wins just 365,000, MKR regains the lead\""},{"Link":"http://mumbrella.com.au/ten-fails-build-audience-secrets-lies-love-child-holds-1m-214260","external_links_name":"\"TEN fails to build audience for Secrets & Lies\""},{"Link":"http://mumbrella.com.au/secrets-lies-falls-278000-215879","external_links_name":"\"Secrets and Lies drops to 278,000\""},{"Link":"http://mumbrella.com.au/mkr-top-show-1-659m-love-child-block-win-nine-night-217495","external_links_name":"\"MKR top show with 1.659m but Love Child and The Block win night for Nine\""},{"Link":"http://if.com.au/2014/04/08/article/Love-Child-and-Secrets--Lies-finales/PVBLLTDEOB.html","external_links_name":"\"Love Child and Secrets & Lies finales\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/drama/tv/featured/secretsandlies/","external_links_name":"\"Secrets and Lies – RTÉ Drama\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/mediacentre/secrets-and-lies.html#.U_FysPldUuc","external_links_name":"\"CBC Media Centre - CBC - Secrets & Lies\""},{"Link":"http://pressroom.rtl.nl/rtl4/persberichten/persbericht/complete-australische-dramaserie-secrets-lies-in-drie-avonden-te-zien-bij-r","external_links_name":"\"Complete Australische dramaserie 'Secrets & Lies' in drie avonden te zien bij RTL 4 - RTL Pressroom\""},{"Link":"http://www.france2.fr/emissions/secrets-and-lies","external_links_name":"\"Secrets and Lies : tout sur l'émission, news et vidéos en replay - France 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2015/03/france-picks-up-secrets-and-lies.html","external_links_name":"\"France picks up Secrets and Lies\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/denette-wilford/secrets-and-lies-review-cbc_b_5558637.html","external_links_name":"\"'Secrets & Lies' Review: The Latest Suburban Whodunit Will Stun You\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/sep/24/the-driver-secrets-and-lies-review-david-morrissey","external_links_name":"\"The Driver; Secrets and Lies review – gripping drama that leaves you rigid with unrelieved tension\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/awards/heres-the-full-list-of-2015-logies-nominations/story-fn8cjmx5-1227273521488","external_links_name":"\"Here's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/australians-frances-oconnor-and-anthony-hayes-win-top-acting-awards-at-monte-carlo-tv-festival-20150618-ghruv2.html","external_links_name":"\"Australians Frances O'Connor and Anthony Hayes win top acting awards at Monte Carlo TV Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2014/02/ryan-phillippe-secrets-lies-abc-star/","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Phillippe Poised To Play The Lead In ABC Drama ‘Secrets & Lies’\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/05/american-crime-castle-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-galavant-secrets-lies-fresh-off-the-boat-renewed-abc-1201422717/","external_links_name":"\"'American Crime', 'Castle' 'S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'Agent Carter', 'Galavant', 'Secrets & Lies', 'Nashville' Among ABC Renewals - Deadline\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-fall-premiere-dates-2016-906876","external_links_name":"\"ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3103340/","external_links_name":"Secrets & Lies"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlos_Oikonomou-Gouras | Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras | ["1 References"] | Greek politician and diplomat
Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras (Greek: Παύλος Οικονόμου-Γκούρας, 3 November 1897 – 27 April 1991) was a Greek diplomat and thrice Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece.
Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras descended from a wealthy family from the village of Goura, Corinthia that had taken part in the Greek War of Independence. After studies in the University of Athens, he entered the Greek Diplomatic Corps in 1921. He served in various diplomatic posts in Iran, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, the United States, Brazil and South Africa, as well as serving as Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations in 1960–61.
He also served as Foreign Minister on the interim government of Stylianos Mavromichalis in 1963, in the 1966–1967 Ioannis Paraskevopoulos cabinet, and in the cabinet of Konstantinos Kollias following the establishment of the military junta on 21 April 1967, until his resignation on 3 November 1967. He died on 27 April 1991 at the age of 93.
References
^ Profile of Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras
^ "Index O".
^ a b c "Permanent Representatives of the past". Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Κυβέρνησις ΣΤΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΜΑΥΡΟΜΙΧΑΛΗ - Από 28.9.1963 έως 8.11.1963" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
^ "Κυβέρνησις ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ- Από 22.12.1966 έως 3.4.1967" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
^ "Κυβέρνησις ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΚΟΛΛΙΑ - Από 21.4.1967 έως 13.12.1967" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
vteForeign ministers of GreeceFirst Hellenic Republic(1822–1832)
Negris§
Al. Mavrokordatos§
Glarakis§
Sp. Trikoupis§†
Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)(1833–1862)
Sp. Trikoupis
Al. Mavrokordatos
Rizos-Neroulos
von Rudhart
Zografos
Paikos
Christidis
Rizos-Neroulos
P. Deligiannis
A. Metaxas
Mansolas
Sp. Trikoupis
Kolettis
Tzavelas
Kolettis
Tzavelas
Mansolas
Kolokotronis
Londos
Glarakis
Londos
P. Deligiannis
Paikos
Argyropoulos
Al. Mavrokordatos
Sp. Trikoupis
Rangavis
Palamidis
Thr. Zaimis
Krestenitis
Papalexopoulos
Christopoulos
Theocharis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1863–1924)
Diamantopoulos
Kalligas
D. Mavrokordatos
Diligiannis
Kalligas
P. Deligiannis
Diligiannis
Kalligas
Diligiannis
Boudouris
Vrailas-Armenis
Deligeorgis
Christopoulos
Koumoundouros
Deligeorgis
Valasopoulos
Valaoritis
Deligeorgis
Ch. Trikoupis
P. Deligiannis
Diligiannis
Valaoritis
Deligeorgis
Christopoulos
Thr. Zaimis
D. Voulgaris
Spiliotakis
I. Deligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Kontostavlos
Deligeorgis
Kontostavlos
Deligeorgis
Koumoundouros
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Diligiannis
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Rikakis
Ch. Trikoupis
Koumoundouros
Diligiannis
Louriotis
S. Dragoumis
L. Deligiorgis
Meletopoulos
S. Dragoumis
Kontostavlos
N. Deligiannis
Skouzes
Skouloudis
Al. Zaimis
Romanos
Al. Zaimis
Skouzes
G. Theotokis
D. Rallis
Romanos
Skouzes
Baltatzis
Christakis-Zografos
Mavromichalis
Kallergis
Gryparis
Koromilas
Panas
Streit
El. Venizelos
Christakis-Zografos
Gounaris
El. Venizelos
Al. Zaimis
Skouloudis
Al. Zaimis
Karapanos
Zalokostas
Al. Zaimis
Politis
D. Rallis
Kalogeropoulos
Baltatzis
Stratos
Baltatzis
Kalogeropoulos
Papanastasiou
Second Hellenic Republic(1924–1935)
Roussos
Rendis
Roussos
Michalakopoulos
Hatzikyriakos
Rendis
Hatzikyriakos
Kanakaris-Roufos
Argyropoulos
Michalakopoulos
Karapanos
Argyropoulos
Michalakopoulos
Papanastasiou
Michalakopoulos
I. Rallis
Michalakopoulos
Mavroudis
Maximos
P. Tsaldaris
Maximos
P. Tsaldaris
Maximos
I. Theotokis
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)(1935–1973)
Demertzis
I. Metaxas
Koryzis
Tsouderos
G. Papandreou (Sr.)
Sofianopoulos
P. Voulgaris
Politis
Kanellopoulos
Sofianopoulos
Rendis
K. Tsaldaris
Pipinelis
S. Venizelos
Plastiras
S. Venizelos
Politis
S. Venizelos
F. Dragoumis
Stefanopoulos
S. Theotokis
Averoff
Pesmazoglou
Averoff
Pesmazoglou
Averoff
Pipinelis
Oikonomou-Gouras
S. Venizelos
Xanthopoulos-Palamas
Kostopoulos
Melas
Tsirimokos
Stefanopoulos
Toumbas
Oikonomou-Gouras
Military Junta(1967–1974)
Oikonomou-Gouras
Kollias
Pipinelis
Papadopoulos
Xanthopoulos-Palamas
Tetenes
Third Hellenic Republic(since 1974)
Kypraios
Mavros
Bitsios
Papaligouras
G. Rallis
Mitsotakis
Charalambopoulos
K. Papoulias
G. Papoulias
Samaras
Mitsotakis
Papakonstantinou
K. Papoulias
Pangalos
G. Papandreou (Jr)
Giannitsis
Molyviatis
Bakoyannis
G. Papandreou (Jr)
Droutsas
Lambrinidis
Dimas
Molyviatis
Avramopoulos
Ev. Venizelos
Kotzias
Molyviatis
Kotzias
Tsipras
Katrougalos
Dendias
Kaskarelis
Gerapetritis
§ variously as Chief Secretary/General Secretary of State† officially considered the first foreign minister of independent Greece
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about a Greek politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.greeceun.org-3"},{"link_name":"Goura, Corinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goura,_Corinthia"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"University of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.greeceun.org-3"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Greece_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.greeceun.org-3"},{"link_name":"Stylianos Mavromichalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Mavromichalis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Paraskevopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Paraskevopoulos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kollias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kollias"},{"link_name":"military junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_of_the_Colonels"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras (Greek: Παύλος Οικονόμου-Γκούρας, 3 November 1897 – 27 April 1991)[1][2] was a Greek diplomat and thrice Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece.[3]Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras descended from a wealthy family from the village of Goura, Corinthia that had taken part in the Greek War of Independence. After studies in the University of Athens, he entered the Greek Diplomatic Corps in 1921.[3] He served in various diplomatic posts in Iran, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, the United States, Brazil and South Africa, as well as serving as Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations in 1960–61.[3]He also served as Foreign Minister on the interim government of Stylianos Mavromichalis in 1963,[4] in the 1966–1967 Ioannis Paraskevopoulos cabinet,[5] and in the cabinet of Konstantinos Kollias following the establishment of the military junta on 21 April 1967, until his resignation on 3 November 1967.[6] He died on 27 April 1991 at the age of 93.","title":"Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Index O\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rulers.org/indexo.html","url_text":"\"Index O\""}]},{"reference":"\"Permanent Representatives of the past\". Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322185141/http://www.greeceun.org/greeceun/content/Document.aspx?d=3&rd=-1&f=1321&rf=813746200&m=2362&rm=22950164&l=1","url_text":"\"Permanent Representatives of the past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΣΤΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΜΑΥΡΟΜΙΧΑΛΗ - Από 28.9.1963 έως 8.11.1963\" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1230","url_text":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΣΤΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΜΑΥΡΟΜΙΧΑΛΗ - Από 28.9.1963 έως 8.11.1963\""}]},{"reference":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ- Από 22.12.1966 έως 3.4.1967\" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1252","url_text":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ- Από 22.12.1966 έως 3.4.1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΚΟΛΛΙΑ - Από 21.4.1967 έως 13.12.1967\" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Greek Government. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062657/http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1258","url_text":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΚΟΛΛΙΑ - Από 21.4.1967 έως 13.12.1967\""},{"url":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1258","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung&biw=412&bih=382&tbm=bks&ei=M12mWobjFcu2swHZgYSwDA&q=Pavlos+Oikonomou-Gouras+3.+XI.+1897-27.+IV.+1991&oq=Pavlos+Oikonomou-Gouras+3.+XI.+1897-27.+IV.+1991&gs_l=mobile-gws-serp.12...28000.28000.0.28893.1.1.0.0.0.0.274.274.2-1.1.0....0...1c.2.64.mobile-gws-serp..0.0.0....0.9T6kHdyYPis","external_links_name":"Profile of Pavlos Oikonomou-Gouras"},{"Link":"https://www.rulers.org/indexo.html","external_links_name":"\"Index O\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322185141/http://www.greeceun.org/greeceun/content/Document.aspx?d=3&rd=-1&f=1321&rf=813746200&m=2362&rm=22950164&l=1","external_links_name":"\"Permanent Representatives of the past\""},{"Link":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1230","external_links_name":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΣΤΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΜΑΥΡΟΜΙΧΑΛΗ - Από 28.9.1963 έως 8.11.1963\""},{"Link":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1252","external_links_name":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ- Από 22.12.1966 έως 3.4.1967\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062657/http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1258","external_links_name":"\"Κυβέρνησις ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΚΟΛΛΙΑ - Από 21.4.1967 έως 13.12.1967\""},{"Link":"http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1258","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2169150808952019000004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1141017660","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavlos_Oikonomou-Gouras&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chericoke | Chericoke | ["1 Early history","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°38′07″N 77°06′47″W / 37.63528°N 77.11306°W / 37.63528; -77.11306Historic house in Virginia, United States
For the beverage, see Coca-Cola Cherry.
Early history
United States historic placeChericokeU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtVirginia Landmarks Register
Entrance to the propertyShow map of VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocationW of Falls on VA 666, Falls, VirginiaCoordinates37°38′07″N 77°06′47″W / 37.63528°N 77.11306°W / 37.63528; -77.11306Area37 acres (15 ha)Built1828; 196 years ago (1828)Architectural styleGeorgian, FederalNRHP reference No.80004195VLR No.050-0013Significant datesAdded to NRHPSeptember 8, 1980Designated VLRApril 18, 1978
Chericoke is a historic home and national historic district located near Falls in King William County, Virginia. It was built by Carter Braxton (a Founding Father of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence) in 1767. Located several miles northwest of his family's estate of Elsing Green, Chericoke served as Braxton's home from 1767 to 1786. Braxton is believed to have been buried in the adjoining family cemetery shortly after his death in 1797. The structure was rebuilt in brick in the Federal style by his grandson Dr. Corbin Braxton in 1828.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Now, the property is in the possession of and maintained by Alice Horsely Siegel, who has since significantly renovated with the addition of several other small houses, though the structure of the original house, known as the "Big House," has largely remained unchanged.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
External links
National Park Service Biography on Carter Braxton
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle Of Wight
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudoun
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond
Roanoke
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
Listsby city
Alexandria
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas
Manassas Park
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson (no listings)
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond
Roanoke
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
Other lists
Bridges
National Historic Landmarks
Keeper of the Register
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Property types
Historic district
Contributing property
This article about a building or structure in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a property in King William County, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Cherry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chericokebighouse.jpg"}],"text":"Historic house in Virginia, United StatesFor the beverage, see Coca-Cola Cherry.","title":"Chericoke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falls,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King William County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Carter Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Founding Father of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Elsing Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsing_Green"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeChericoke is a historic home and national historic district located near Falls in King William County, Virginia. It was built by Carter Braxton (a Founding Father of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence) in 1767. Located several miles northwest of his family's estate of Elsing Green, Chericoke served as Braxton's home from 1767 to 1786. Braxton is believed to have been buried in the adjoining family cemetery shortly after his death in 1797. The structure was rebuilt in brick in the Federal style by his grandson Dr. Corbin Braxton in 1828.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]Now, the property is in the possession of and maintained by Alice Horsely Siegel, who has since significantly renovated with the addition of several other small houses, though the structure of the original house, known as the \"Big House,\" has largely remained unchanged.","title":"Early history"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chericokebighouse.jpg/507px-Chericokebighouse.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm#","url_text":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\""},{"url":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chericoke¶ms=37_38_07_N_77_06_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA","external_links_name":"37°38′07″N 77°06′47″W / 37.63528°N 77.11306°W / 37.63528; -77.11306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chericoke¶ms=37_38_07_N_77_06_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA","external_links_name":"37°38′07″N 77°06′47″W / 37.63528°N 77.11306°W / 37.63528; -77.11306"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80004195","external_links_name":"80004195"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm#","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\""},{"Link":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060527121721/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/declaration/bio4.htm","external_links_name":"National Park Service Biography on Carter Braxton"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chericoke&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chericoke&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_maklaia | Xyroptila maklaia | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of plume moth
Xyroptila maklaia
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pterophoridae
Genus:
Xyroptila
Species:
X. maklaia
Binomial name
Xyroptila maklaiaKovtunovich & Ustjuzhanin, 2006
Xyroptila maklaia is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in northern New Guinea.
References
^ Kovtunovich, Vasily N. & Petr Ya. Ustjuzhanin (2006). "The genus Xyroptila Meyrick, 1908 in the worlds fauna: new species, new records and taxonomical comments (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)". 37 (1/2). Atalanta: 249–276. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Data related to Xyroptila maklaia at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersXyroptila maklaia
Wikidata: Q8045599
Wikispecies: Xyroptila maklaia
CoL: 5CPXJ
GBIF: 9026006
Open Tree of Life: 7721090
This article on a moth of the family Pterophoridae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Pterophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophoridae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Xyroptila maklaia is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in northern New Guinea.[1]","title":"Xyroptila maklaia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kovtunovich, Vasily N. & Petr Ya. Ustjuzhanin (2006). \"The genus Xyroptila Meyrick, 1908 in the worlds fauna: new species, new records and taxonomical comments (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)\". 37 (1/2). Atalanta: 249–276.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5CPXJ","external_links_name":"5CPXJ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9026006","external_links_name":"9026006"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7721090","external_links_name":"7721090"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xyroptila_maklaia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_Compendium | Rules Compendium | ["1 Contents","2 Publication history","3 Reception","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rules Compendium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rules Compendium EditorChris SimsGenreRole-playing gamePublisherWizards of the CoastPublication dateOctober 2007Media typePrint (Hardback)Pages160ISBN978-0-7869-4725-6
Rules Compendium is a book written for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.
Contents
The Rules Compendium consists of material that originally appeared in the Player's Handbook, Dungeon Master's Guide, Monster Manual, Book of Exalted Deeds, Complete Adventurer, Complete Arcane, Complete Warrior, Frostburn, Heroes of Horror, Libris Mortis, Magic Item Compendium, Player's Handbook II, Races of Destiny, Races of Stone, Races of the Wild, Sandstorm, Stormwrack, and Tome of Battle.
Publication history
The book was compiled and edited by Chris Sims, and was released October 2007. Cover art was by Francis Tsai, with interior art by Steven Belledin, Peter Bergting, Matt Cavotta, Mitch Cotie, Eric Deschamps, Tony DiTerlizzi, Chad Dulac, Steve Ellis, Jason Engle, Carl Frank, Tomás Giorello, Rebecca Guay, Chris Hawkes, Ralph Horsley, David Hudnut, Jeremy Jarvis, Todd Lockwood, Howard Lyon, Warren Mahy, David Martin, Torstein Nordstrand, William O'Connor, Lucio Parrillo, Jim Pavelec, Michael Phillippi, Eric Polak, Steve Prescott, Wayne Reynolds, Darrell Riche, James Ryman, Noi Sackda, Ron Spencer, Anne Stokes, Mark Tedin, Joel Thomas, UDON, Franz Vohwinkel, Kevin Walker, David Walstrom, Sam Wood, Ben Wooten, Jim Zubkavich, and Mark Zug.
Reception
Shannon Appelcline found that when the Rules Compendium "showed up on Wizard's schedule as a collection of all the basic rules for the game in a new format, it had a sense of finality to it" as 3.5 was coming to a close.
References
^ Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
vteDungeons & Dragons rulebooks and accessoriesOriginal Dungeons & DragonsCore
Dungeons & Dragons
Chainmail
Supplements
Supplement I: Greyhawk
Supplement II: Blackmoor
Supplement III: Eldritch Wizardry
Supplement IV: Gods, Demi-Gods, and Heroes
Swords & Spells
Basic Dungeons & DragonsCore
Basic Set
Expert Set
Companion Set
Master Rules
Immortals Rules
Rules Cyclopedia
Supplements
Creature Catalogue
The Shady Dragon Inn
Wrath of the Immortals
Modules
Adventures in Blackmoor
Castle Amber
Castle Caldwell and Beyond
City of the Gods
Combat Shield and Mini-adventure
Curse of Xanathon
Death's Ride
The Duchy of Ten
Earthshaker!
The Endless Stair
The Gem and the Staff
Ghost of Lion Castle
Horror on the Hill
In Search of Adventure
In Search of the Unknown
The Isle of Dread
The Jade Hare
The Keep on the Borderlands
The Kidnapping of Princess Arelina
Legacy of Blood
The Lost City
Master Player Screen
Mystery of the Snow Pearls
Night's Dark Terror
Palace of the Silver Princess
Queen's Harvest
Rahasia
The Revenge of Rusak
Sabre River
Temple of the Frog
Test of the Warlords
The Tree of Life
The Veiled Society
War Rafts of Kron
Where Chaos Reigns
Advanced Dungeons & DragonsCore
Players Handbook
Dungeon Masters Guide
Monster Manual
Supplements
Deities & Demigods
Dragonlance Adventures
Dungeoneer's Survival Guide
Empires of the Sands
Fiend Folio
Forgotten Realms Campaign Set
Greyhawk Adventures
Lords of Darkness
The Magister
Manual of the Planes
Monster Manual II
Moonshae
Oriental Adventures
The Savage Frontier
Unearthed Arcana
Waterdeep and the North
Wilderness Survival Guide
World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting
Modules
Against the Cult of the Reptile God
Against the Giants
The Assassin's Knot
Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords
The Bane of Llywelyn
Beyond the Crystal Cave
Blood of the Yakuza
Bloodstone Pass
The Bloodstone Wars
Castle Greyhawk
Conan Against Darkness!
Conan Unchained!
Danger at Dunwater
Day of Al'Akbar
Deep Dwarven Delve
Descent into the Depths of the Earth
Dragonlance modules
Dragons of Despair
Dungeonland
Dwellers of the Forbidden City
The Final Enemy
The Forest Oracle
Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun
The Gauntlet
The Ghost Tower of Inverness
Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl
Hall of the Fire Giant King
The Hidden Shrine of Tamoachan
Isle of the Ape
The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror
Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth
The Lost Island of Castanamir
Lost Tomb of Martek
The Mines of Bloodstone
Oasis of the White Palm
Pharaoh
Queen of the Demonweb Pits
Queen of the Spiders
Ravager of Time
Ravenloft
Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill
Red Sonja Unconquered
Ruins of Adventure
Scourge of the Slave Lords
The Secret of Bone Hill
The Sentinel
Shrine of the Kuo-Toa
Sinister Secret of Saltmarsh
Swords of Deceit
Swords of the Undercity
The Temple of Elemental Evil
The Throne of Bloodstone
To Find a King
Tomb of Horrors
Tomb of the Lizard King
Treasure Hunt
Under Illefarn
Vault of the Drow
The Village of Hommlet
White Plume Mountain
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd editionCore
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monstrous Compendium/Monstrous Manual
Supplements
Anauroch
Arms and Equipment Guide
Book of Artifacts
The Code of the Harpers
The Complete Book of Dwarves
The Complete Book of Humanoids
The Complete Fighter's Handbook
The Complete Psionics Handbook
The Dalelands
Demihuman Deities
Draconomicon
Drow of the Underdark
Dwarves Deep
Earth, Air, Fire, and Water
Faiths & Avatars
Forgotten Realms Adventures
The Forgotten Realms Atlas
Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting
From the Ashes
Greyhawk: The Adventure Begins
A Guide to the Astral Plane
Hall of Heroes
Heroes' Lorebook
Iuz the Evil
Jungles of Chult
Legends & Lore
The Marklands
Monster Mythology
Old Empires
The Ruins of Undermountain
The Shining South
Tome of Magic
Villains' Lorebook
Adventures
Against the Giants: The Liberation of Geoff
The Bloodstone Lands
Border Watch
The City of Skulls
Crypt of Lyzandred the Mad
Die Vecna Die!
The Doomgrinder
Doom of Daggerdale
Fate of Istus
Five Shall Be One
Gargoyle
Greyhawk Ruins
Halls of the High King
House of Strahd
Howl from the North
Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure
Night Below
Patriots of Ulek
Rary the Traitor
Return of the Eight
Return to the Keep on the Borderlands
Return to the Tomb of Horrors
Return to White Plume Mountain
Slavers
The Star Cairns
Treasures of Greyhawk
Vecna Lives!
Dungeons & Dragons 3rd editionCore
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monster Manual
Supplements
Arms and Equipment Guide
Book of Challenges
Book of Vile Darkness
Defenders of the Faith
Deities and Demigods
Enemies and Allies
Epic Level Handbook
Faiths and Pantheons
Fiend Folio
Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting
Ghostwalk
Hero Builder's Guidebook
Living Greyhawk Gazetteer
Lords of Darkness
Magic of Faerûn
Monsters of Faerûn
Manual of the Planes
Masters of the Wild
Monster Manual II
Oriental Adventures
Psionics Handbook
Races of Faerûn
Savage Species
Song and Silence
Stronghold Builder's Guidebook
Sword and Fist
Tome and Blood
Adventures
Bastion of Broken Souls
City of the Spider Queen
Deep Horizon
The Forge of Fury
The Fright at Tristor
Heart of Nightfang Spire
Lord of the Iron Fortress
Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil
The Speaker in Dreams
The Standing Stone
The Sunless Citadel
Dungeons & Dragons v3.5Core
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monster Manual
Dungeons & Dragons Basic Game
SupplementsEberron
An Adventurer's Guide to Eberron
City of Stormreach
Dragonmarked
Dragons of Eberron
Eberron Campaign Setting
Faiths of Eberron
Five Nations
The Forge of War
Sharn: City of Towers
Forgotten Realms
City of Splendors: Waterdeep
Dragons of Faerûn
Drow of the Underdark
The Grand History of the Realms
Lost Empires of Faerûn
Other
Book of Exalted Deeds
Cityscape
Complete Adventurer
Complete Arcane
Complete Champion
Complete Divine
Complete Mage
Complete Psionic
Complete Scoundrel
Complete Warrior
Draconomicon
Dragon Magic
Dungeon Master's Guide II
Dungeonscape
Elder Evils
Exemplars of Evil
Expanded Psionics Handbook
Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss
Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells
Frostburn
Heroes of Battle
Heroes of Horror
Libris Mortis
Lords of Madness
Magic Item Compendium
Magic of Incarnum
Miniatures Handbook
Monster Manual III
Monster Manual IV
Monster Manual V
Planar Handbook
Player's Handbook II
Races of Destiny
Races of the Dragon
Races of Stone
Races of the Wild
Rules Compendium
Sandstorm
Spell Compendium
Stormwrack
Tome of Battle: The Book of Nine Swords
Tome of Magic
Underdark
Unearthed Arcana
Weapons of Legacy
AdventuresEberron
Eyes of the Lich Queen
Grasp of the Emerald Claw
Shadows of the Last War
Voyage of the Golden Dragon
Whispers of the Vampire's Blade
Expedition series
Expedition to Castle Ravenloft
Expedition to the Demonweb Pits
Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk
Expedition to Undermountain
Fantastic Locations
City of Peril
Dragondown Grotto
Fane of the Drow
Fields of Ruin
The Frostfell Rift
Hellspike Prison
Other adventures
Barrow of the Forgotten King
Fortress of the Yuan-Ti
Red Hand of Doom
Scourge of the Howling Horde
The Shattered Gates of Slaughtergarde
The Sinister Spire
Dungeons & Dragons 4th editionCore
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monster Manual
Supplements
Arcane Power
Divine Power
Dark Sun Campaign Setting
Dungeon Master's Guide 2
Draconomicon: Chromatic Dragons
Draconomicon: Metallic Dragons
Eberron Campaign Guide
Eberron Player's Guide
Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide
Forgotten Realms Player's Guide
Manual of the Planes
Martial Power
Martial Power 2
Monster Manual 2
Monster Manual 3
Player's Handbook 2
Player's Handbook 3
Primal Power
Psionic Power
Adventures
Assault on Nightwyrm Fortress
Demon Queen's Enclave
Keep on the Shadowfell
King of the Trollhaunt Warrens
Madness at Gardmore Abbey
Marauders of the Dune Sea
Orcs of Stonefang Pass
Prince of Undeath
Pyramid of Shadows
Thunderspire Labyrinth
Tomb of Horrors
Dungeons & Dragons 5th editionCore
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monster Manual
Supplements
Elemental Evil Player's Companion
Volo's Guide to Monsters
Xanathar's Guide to Everything
Acquisitions Incorporated
Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes
Tasha's Cauldron of Everything
Fizban's Treasury of Dragons
Mordenkainen Presents: Monsters of the Multiverse
Boo’s Astral Menagerie
Campaign guides
Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide
Guildmasters' Guide to Ravnica
Eberron: Rising from the Last War
Explorer's Guide to Wildemount
Mythic Odysseys of Theros
Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft
Strixhaven: A Curriculum of Chaos
Astral Adventurer’s Guide
Planescape: Adventures in the Multiverse
Adventures
Lost Mine of Phandelver
Hoard of the Dragon Queen
The Rise of Tiamat
Princes of the Apocalypse
Out of the Abyss
Curse of Strahd
Storm King's Thunder
Tales from the Yawning Portal
Tomb of Annihilation
Waterdeep: Dragon Heist
Waterdeep: Dungeon of the Mad Mage
Hunt for the Thessalhydra
Ghosts of Saltmarsh
Dragon of Icespire Peak
Baldur's Gate: Descent into Avernus
The Lost Dungeon of Rickedness
Icewind Dale: Rime of the Frostmaiden
Candlekeep Mysteries
The Wild Beyond the Witchlight
Critical Role: Call of the Netherdeep
Journeys through the Radiant Citadel
Dragons of Stormwreck Isle
Light of Xaryxis
Dragonlance: Shadow of the Dragon Queen
Tyranny of Dragons Rerelease
Keys From the Golden Vault
Phandelver and Below: The Shattered Obelisk
Turn of Fortune's Wheel
Magazines
Dragon
Dungeon
vteDungeons & DragonsBasicsGeneral
Adventurers League
Controversies
Editions
Gen Con
Popular culture
Film series
Related products
Retro-clones
Sources and influences
Gameplay
Adventures
Alignment
Attribute
Dungeon Master
Game mechanics
Magic
Magic item
Miniatures
Psionics
Creators
Gary Gygax
Dave Arneson
Keith Baker
Richard Baker
David Cook
Monte Cook
Ed Greenwood
Jeff Grubb
Rob Heinsoo
Tracy Hickman
Robert J. Kuntz
Mike Mearls
Frank Mentzer
Tom Moldvay
Chris Perkins
Jon Pickens
Jonathan Tweet
Jim Ward
Margaret Weis
Skip Williams
Steve Winter
Companies
TSR
Wizards of the Coast
Grenadier Models
Judges Guild
Paizo
Ral Partha
Strategic Simulations
WizKids
Licenses
Open Game License
Game System License
System Reference Document
Geography and cosmologyCampaign settings
Birthright
Council of Wyrms
Dark Sun
Dragonlance
Dragon Fist
Eberron
Exandria
Forgotten Realms
Faerûn
Al-Qadim
Kara-Tur
Ghostwalk
Greyhawk
Jakandor
Kingdoms of Kalamar
Magic: The Gathering planes
Ravnica
Strixhaven
Theros
Mahasarpa
Mystara
Blackmoor
Savage Coast
Hollow World
Nentir Vale
Pelinore
Planescape
Ravenloft
Masque of the Red Death
Rokugan
Spelljammer
Planes of existence
Material Plane
Aebrynis
Abeir-Toril
Athas
Krynn
Eberron
Mystara
Oerth
Underdark
Inner Planes
Outer Planes
Sigil
Characters and beingsRaces
Dragonborn
Dwarf
Elf
Drow
Gnome
Half-elf
Half-orcs
Halfling
Human
Kender
Tiefling
Triton
Warforged
Classes
Artificer
Barbarian
Bard
Cleric
Druid
Fighter
Monk
Paladin
Ranger
Rogue
Sorcerer
Warlock
Wizard
List of alternative classes
Character lists
Dragonlance
Greyhawk
Ravenloft
Notable characters
Alias
Catti-brie
Drizzt Do'Urden
Elminster
Volothamp Geddarm
Gord the Rogue
Iggwilv
Lord Soth
Raistlin Majere
Minsc
Mordenkainen
Tenser
Strahd von Zarovich
Wulfgar
Creatures and monsters
Beholders
Devils
Dragons
Gelatinous cube
Giants
Goblins
Illithid (mind flayer)
Lich
Mimic
Owlbear
Orcs
Reptilian humanoids
Kobolds
Slaadi
Trolls
Vampires
List of 2nd edition monsters
List of 3rd edition monsters
Deities and powers
Bahamut
Corellon Larethian
Eilistraee
Greyhawk deities
Tharizdun
Vecna
Moradin
Mystra
Tiamat
PublicationsCore rulebooks
Player's Handbook
Dungeon Master's Guide
Monster Manual
Classic boxed sets
Dungeons & Dragons (original)
Basic
Expert
Companion
Master
Immortals
Rules Cyclopedia
Supplements
Arms and Equipment Guide
Battlesystem
Book of Exalted Deeds
Book of Vile Darkness
Deities & Demigods
Draconomicon
Fiend Folio
Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting
Libris Mortis
Manual of the Planes
Player's Option: Combat & Tactics
Player's Option: Skills & Powers
Player's Option: Spells & Magic
Unearthed Arcana
High-level rules
Wrath of the Immortals
Dungeon Master Option: High-Level Campaigns
Epic Level Handbook
Psionics Handbook
AD&D 2nd edition
D&D 3rd edition
D&D v3.5 Expanded and Complete
Notablemodules
List of Eberron modules and sourcebooks
Against the Giants
Dead Gods
Desert of Desolation
Dragonlance
Expedition to the Barrier Peaks
Expedition to the Demonweb Pits
The Gates of Firestorm Peak
The Isle of Dread
The Keep on the Borderlands
The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth
Queen of the Spiders
Ravenloft
Red Hand of Doom
The Ruins of Undermountain
The Temple of Elemental Evil
Tomb of Horrors
White Plume Mountain
Online tools
D&D Insider
D&D Beyond
This Dungeons & Dragons article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3.5 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons#Dungeons_&_Dragons_v3.5"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"}],"text":"Rules Compendium is a book written for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.","title":"Rules Compendium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Player's Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%27s_Handbook"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Master's Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Master%27s_Guide"},{"link_name":"Monster Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Manual"},{"link_name":"Book of Exalted Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exalted_Deeds"},{"link_name":"Complete Adventurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Adventurer"},{"link_name":"Complete Arcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Arcane"},{"link_name":"Complete Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Frostburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostburn"},{"link_name":"Heroes of Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_Horror"},{"link_name":"Libris Mortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libris_Mortis"},{"link_name":"Magic Item Compendium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Item_Compendium"},{"link_name":"Player's Handbook II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%27s_Handbook_II"},{"link_name":"Races of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Races_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Races of Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Races_of_Stone"},{"link_name":"Races of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Races_of_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"Sandstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstorm_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Stormwrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwrack"},{"link_name":"Tome of Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tome_of_Battle"}],"text":"The Rules Compendium consists of material that originally appeared in the Player's Handbook, Dungeon Master's Guide, Monster Manual, Book of Exalted Deeds, Complete Adventurer, Complete Arcane, Complete Warrior, Frostburn, Heroes of Horror, Libris Mortis, Magic Item Compendium, Player's Handbook II, Races of Destiny, Races of Stone, Races of the Wild, Sandstorm, Stormwrack, and Tome of Battle.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Tsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Tsai"},{"link_name":"Steven Belledin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Belledin"},{"link_name":"Peter Bergting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bergting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matt Cavotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cavotta"},{"link_name":"Mitch Cotie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitch_Cotie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Deschamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Deschamps"},{"link_name":"Tony DiTerlizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_DiTerlizzi"},{"link_name":"Chad Dulac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad_Dulac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ellis_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jason Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Engle"},{"link_name":"Carl Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Frank"},{"link_name":"Tomás Giorello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Giorello&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Guay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Guay"},{"link_name":"Chris Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hawkes_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ralph Horsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Horsley"},{"link_name":"David Hudnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hudnut"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Todd Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Howard Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Warren Mahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Mahy"},{"link_name":"David Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Martin"},{"link_name":"Torstein Nordstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torstein_Nordstrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Connor_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Lucio Parrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Parrillo"},{"link_name":"Jim Pavelec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pavelec"},{"link_name":"Michael Phillippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phillippi"},{"link_name":"Eric Polak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Polak"},{"link_name":"Steve Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Prescott_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Darrell Riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darrell_Riche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ryman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noi Sackda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noi_Sackda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ron Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Anne Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Mark Tedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tedin"},{"link_name":"Joel Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Thomas_(artist)"},{"link_name":"UDON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDON"},{"link_name":"Franz Vohwinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Vohwinkel"},{"link_name":"Kevin Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kev_Walker"},{"link_name":"David Walstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Walstrom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wood_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ben Wooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wootten"},{"link_name":"Jim Zubkavich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Zubkavich"},{"link_name":"Mark Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zug"}],"text":"The book was compiled and edited by Chris Sims, and was released October 2007. Cover art was by Francis Tsai, with interior art by Steven Belledin, Peter Bergting, Matt Cavotta, Mitch Cotie, Eric Deschamps, Tony DiTerlizzi, Chad Dulac, Steve Ellis, Jason Engle, Carl Frank, Tomás Giorello, Rebecca Guay, Chris Hawkes, Ralph Horsley, David Hudnut, Jeremy Jarvis, Todd Lockwood, Howard Lyon, Warren Mahy, David Martin, Torstein Nordstrand, William O'Connor, Lucio Parrillo, Jim Pavelec, Michael Phillippi, Eric Polak, Steve Prescott, Wayne Reynolds, Darrell Riche, James Ryman, Noi Sackda, Ron Spencer, Anne Stokes, Mark Tedin, Joel Thomas, UDON, Franz Vohwinkel, Kevin Walker, David Walstrom, Sam Wood, Ben Wooten, Jim Zubkavich, and Mark Zug.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-1"}],"text":"Shannon Appelcline found that when the Rules Compendium \"showed up on Wizard's schedule as a collection of all the basic rules for the game in a new format, it had a sense of finality to it\" as 3.5 was coming to a close.[1]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907702-58-7","url_text":"978-1-907702-58-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rules+Compendium%22","external_links_name":"\"Rules Compendium\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rules+Compendium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rules+Compendium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rules+Compendium%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rules+Compendium%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rules+Compendium%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_Compendium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinst%C3%BCcken | Steinstücken | ["1 Origin of the exclave","2 Cold War","3 The corridor","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°23′24″N 13°7′51″E / 52.39000°N 13.13083°E / 52.39000; 13.13083Outlying neighborhood of Berlin
Steinstückenclass=notpageimage| Locator map of Steinstücken in Berlin
Map of Steinstücken
Steinstücken (German: ⓘ, literally "Stone Pieces"), with approximately 300 residents, is a small outlying neighborhood of the Wannsee district in the Berlin borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf. From the division of Germany in 1949 until a connecting corridor was created in 1971–72, Steinstücken was the only permanently inhabited of twelve original exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany, while West Berlin itself was an enclave controlled by the Western Allies, surrounded by East German (GDR) territory.
Origin of the exclave
Steinstücken is located on former farmland that once belonged to the village of Wendisch Stahnsdorf, which had probably already been abandoned by the time it was mentioned in the list of villages, towns, and cities commissioned in 1375 by Emperor Charles IV. The exclave originated in 1787, when farmers of the nearby village of Stolpe acquired 61 hectares (151 acres) of land outside of their municipality, which included part of the Potsdam Forest. A small settlement was established there in 1817 and was called Steinstücken after a piece of village land where rocks from the ice age had once been found. In 1898 Stolpe joined the new rural community of Wannsee. When Wannsee became part of the Zehlendorf borough with the incorporation of Greater Berlin in 1920, Steinstücken (with the exception of the Potsdam Forest section) was included, although it was not physically connected to the city. Until 1945 this fact was of little significance; daily life was oriented towards Babelsberg, an adjacent district of Potsdam.
Cold War
At the end of World War II in 1945, Berlin's city boundary became the dividing line between the Soviet zone of Germany and the American, British and French sectors of Berlin. For the first couple of years, the border still remained open.
An escalation of the Cold War (the Berlin Blockade and the proclamation of two separate German states) turned Berlin's outer boundary into a part of the Iron Curtain, and thus Steinstücken into an island of West Berlin, itself an island, in East Germany.
In 1951, the GDR attempted to annex Steinstücken by sending police and military forces into the exclave. After objection by the United States, they withdrew their forces a few days later. After this event, the residents were no longer allowed access into East Germany; their only access to the outside world was through two East German checkpoints and a road of about 1 km length into the rest of West Berlin. For all their everyday activities (e.g. work, school, shopping, visits of friends and relatives) they had to pass these controls from then on.
After the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, Steinstücken became the focus of several escape attempts; as a tiny exclave within East German territory it was demarcated only by barbed wire barriers. After more than twenty East German border guards escaped to the west through Steinstücken, the communist regime in East Germany fortified the wall around Steinstücken to cut off this escape route.
Following a helicopter visit by Lucius D. Clay on September 21, 1961, a US military post was installed in the exclave. Soldiers were regularly flown in by helicopter from then on. Today, a "helicopter memorial" commemorates these circumstances.
The corridor
A 1989 aerial view from the southeast of Steinstücken, with Bernhard-Beyer-Straße connecting to the northeast along the railway tracks to the rest of West Berlin.
To alleviate the enormous inconvenience of daily border crossings, a road connecting Steinstücken to Kohlhasenbrück, the most adjacent neighborhood of Wannsee, was built in 1972. This required an exchange of territory between East Germany and West Berlin, which in turn required the approval of the four occupation powers: the Soviet Union, United States, United Kingdom, and France. Following meetings of the Allied Commission, the four powers signed the Four Power Agreement on Berlin on September 3, 1971. This resolved a number of irregularities in the border between East Germany and West Berlin, and made a tiny sliver of land connecting the rest of West Berlin to Steinstücken a part of West Berlin territory. In return, West Berlin ceded six uninhabited exclaves to East Germany and paid four million West German Deutsche Marks. A connecting road, Bernhard-Beyer-Straße, was then built on this sliver, allowing Steinstücken residents to cross unimpeded to the rest of West Berlin. As the new border enclosed the road, extensions of the Berlin Wall were built on either side. The land transfer and building of the road ended Steinstücken's status as an exclave for all practical purposes.
Another complication was the fact that railway tracks bisected Steinstücken, and residents used the Stahnsdorfer Straße bridge at the northern edge of the neighborhood to cross from one side to the other. East Germany refused to transfer the territory occupied by the bridge to West Berlin, because the railway tracks below belonged to the East German-owned Deutsche Reichsbahn. A compromise was reached in which the bridge and the airspace above it became part of West Berlin, while the airspace and land below the bridge, including the tracks, remained in East German hands.
Following the reunification of Germany, the heavily-fortified international border around Steinstücken was dismantled and the neighborhood has become seamlessly integrated with surrounding Babelsberg. However, the former border remains as the boundary between the states of Berlin and Brandenburg, including the oddity of having the Stahnsdorfer Straße bridge as part of Berlin but the land below it in Brandenburg.
See also
Allied Commission
Berlin Wall
East Germany
History of Germany since 1945
West Berlin
Zehlendorf
Wannsee
Potsdam
References
^ ISBN 9780399157295
^ "Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September 3, 1971" (U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steinstücken.
Map of Steinstücken in 1972 on the official website of the City of Berlin
Berlin Exclaves
Das Kleine Steinstücken und die große Politik (in German)
History of the Western Allies in Berlin
Berlin Television Program Die Insel vor der Insel (in German)
Air corridor pawns - helicopters relieve Steinstücken
52°23′24″N 13°7′51″E / 52.39000°N 13.13083°E / 52.39000; 13.13083
vteBerlin WallMain articles
Inner German border
Iron Curtain
Wall of Shame
East Berlin
West Berlin
German reunification
Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
Republikflucht
Berlin Crisis of 1961
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Schießbefehl
Memorials, museumsand galleries
Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer
White Crosses
East Side Gallery
Checkpoint Charlie Museum
Topography of Terror
Mauerpark
Chapel of Reconciliation
Border crossings
Bornholmer Straße
Checkpoint Charlie
Checkpoint Bravo
Berlin Friedrichstraße station
Glienicke Bridge
Invalidenstraße
Oberbaum Bridge
Sonnenallee
Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station
People who diedbreaching the Wall
Klaus Brueske
Peter Fechter
Winfried Freudenberg
Christian-Peter Friese
Chris Gueffroy
Marienetta Jirkowsky
Cengaver Katrancı
Erna Kelm
Czesław Kukuczka
Horst Kutscher
Günter Litfin
Dorit Schmiel
Egon Schultz
Olga Segler
Ida Siekmann
Heinz Sokolowski
Hildegard Trabant
Rudolf Urban
Christel and Eckhard Wehage
Others associatedwith the Wall
Günter Schabowski
Riccardo Ehrman
Erich Honecker
Konrad Schumann
Walter Ulbricht
David Hasselhoff
Jutta Fleck
The Wall in speeches
"Ich bin ein Berliner"
"Tear down this wall!"
In popular cultureFilms and TV series
Escape from East Berlin (1962)
The Wall (1962)
Stop Train 349 (1963)
The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1965)
Freiheit (1966)
Funeral in Berlin (1966)
The Soldier (1982)
Octopussy (1983)
Gotcha! (1985)
Wings of Desire (1987)
Judgment in Berlin (1988)
Das Versprechen (1995)
Sonnenallee (1999)
The Tunnel (2001)
Buffalo Soldiers (2001)
Good Bye, Lenin! (2003)
Bornholmer Straße (2014)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
Atomic Blonde (2017)
Deutschland 89 (2020)
Documentaries
The Road to the Wall (1962)
The Tunnel (1962)
Rabbit à la Berlin (2009)
Novels
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963)
Funeral in Berlin (1964)
Judgment in Berlin (1984)
Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee (1999)
Edge of Eternity (2014)
Songs
"West of the Wall" (1962)
"Holidays in the Sun" (1977)
"Nikita" (1985)
Other media
The Berlin Wall (1991 video game)
The Day the Wall Came Down (1997 sculpture)
Other
List of Berlin Wall segments
Ghost station
Steinstücken
Grenzgänger (Cross-border commuters)
The Shame
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steinst%C3%BCcken.svg"},{"link_name":"[ˈʃtaɪ̯nˌʃtʏkŋ̍]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Sebastian_Wallroth-Steinst%C3%BCcken.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Sebastian_Wallroth-Steinst%C3%BCcken.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q188_(deu)-Sebastian_Wallroth-Steinst%C3%BCcken.wav"},{"link_name":"Wannsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Steglitz-Zehlendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steglitz-Zehlendorf"},{"link_name":"exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaves_of_West_Berlin_in_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Outlying neighborhood of BerlinSteinstückenclass=notpageimage| Locator map of Steinstücken in BerlinMap of SteinstückenSteinstücken (German: [ˈʃtaɪ̯nˌʃtʏkŋ̍] ⓘ, literally \"Stone Pieces\"), with approximately 300 residents, is a small outlying neighborhood of the Wannsee district in the Berlin borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf. From the division of Germany in 1949 until a connecting corridor was created in 1971–72, Steinstücken was the only permanently inhabited of twelve original exclaves of West Berlin in East Germany, while West Berlin itself was an enclave controlled by the Western Allies, surrounded by East German (GDR) territory.","title":"Steinstücken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Stolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolpe_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Wannsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee"},{"link_name":"Zehlendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Greater Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act"},{"link_name":"Babelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam-Babelsberg"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"}],"text":"Steinstücken is located on former farmland that once belonged to the village of Wendisch Stahnsdorf, which had probably already been abandoned by the time it was mentioned in the list of villages, towns, and cities commissioned in 1375 by Emperor Charles IV. The exclave originated in 1787, when farmers of the nearby village of Stolpe acquired 61 hectares (151 acres) of land outside of their municipality, which included part of the Potsdam Forest. A small settlement was established there in 1817 and was called Steinstücken after a piece of village land where rocks from the ice age had once been found. In 1898 Stolpe joined the new rural community of Wannsee. When Wannsee became part of the Zehlendorf borough with the incorporation of Greater Berlin in 1920, Steinstücken (with the exception of the Potsdam Forest section) was included, although it was not physically connected to the city. Until 1945 this fact was of little significance; daily life was oriented towards Babelsberg, an adjacent district of Potsdam.","title":"Origin of the exclave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the end of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"dividing line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet zone of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Berlin Blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade"},{"link_name":"Iron Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Lucius D. Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"At the end of World War II in 1945, Berlin's city boundary became the dividing line between the Soviet zone of Germany and the American, British and French sectors of Berlin. For the first couple of years, the border still remained open.An escalation of the Cold War (the Berlin Blockade and the proclamation of two separate German states) turned Berlin's outer boundary into a part of the Iron Curtain, and thus Steinstücken into an island of West Berlin, itself an island, in East Germany.In 1951, the GDR attempted to annex Steinstücken by sending police and military forces into the exclave. After objection by the United States, they withdrew their forces a few days later. After this event, the residents were no longer allowed access into East Germany; their only access to the outside world was through two East German checkpoints and a road of about 1 km length into the rest of West Berlin. For all their everyday activities (e.g. work, school, shopping, visits of friends and relatives) they had to pass these controls from then on.After the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, Steinstücken became the focus of several escape attempts; as a tiny exclave within East German territory it was demarcated only by barbed wire barriers. After more than twenty East German border guards escaped to the west through Steinstücken, the communist regime in East Germany fortified the wall around Steinstücken to cut off this escape route.Following a helicopter visit by Lucius D. Clay on September 21, 1961, a US military post was installed in the exclave. Soldiers were regularly flown in by helicopter from then on.[1] Today, a \"helicopter memorial\" commemorates these circumstances.","title":"Cold War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Berlin_Wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kohlhasenbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohlhasenbr%C3%BCck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Allied Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Commission"},{"link_name":"Four Power Agreement on Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"}],"text":"A 1989 aerial view from the southeast of Steinstücken, with Bernhard-Beyer-Straße connecting to the northeast along the railway tracks to the rest of West Berlin.To alleviate the enormous inconvenience of daily border crossings, a road connecting Steinstücken to Kohlhasenbrück, the most adjacent neighborhood of Wannsee, was built in 1972. This required an exchange of territory between East Germany and West Berlin, which in turn required the approval of the four occupation powers: the Soviet Union, United States, United Kingdom, and France. Following meetings of the Allied Commission, the four powers signed the Four Power Agreement on Berlin[2] on September 3, 1971. This resolved a number of irregularities in the border between East Germany and West Berlin, and made a tiny sliver of land connecting the rest of West Berlin to Steinstücken a part of West Berlin territory. In return, West Berlin ceded six uninhabited exclaves to East Germany and paid four million West German Deutsche Marks. A connecting road, Bernhard-Beyer-Straße, was then built on this sliver, allowing Steinstücken residents to cross unimpeded to the rest of West Berlin. As the new border enclosed the road, extensions of the Berlin Wall were built on either side. The land transfer and building of the road ended Steinstücken's status as an exclave for all practical purposes.[citation needed]Another complication was the fact that railway tracks bisected Steinstücken, and residents used the Stahnsdorfer Straße bridge at the northern edge of the neighborhood to cross from one side to the other. East Germany refused to transfer the territory occupied by the bridge to West Berlin, because the railway tracks below belonged to the East German-owned Deutsche Reichsbahn. A compromise was reached in which the bridge and the airspace above it became part of West Berlin, while the airspace and land below the bridge, including the tracks, remained in East German hands.Following the reunification of Germany, the heavily-fortified international border around Steinstücken was dismantled and the neighborhood has become seamlessly integrated with surrounding Babelsberg. However, the former border remains as the boundary between the states of Berlin and Brandenburg, including the oddity of having the Stahnsdorfer Straße bridge as part of Berlin but the land below it in Brandenburg.","title":"The corridor"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Steinstücken","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Steinst%C3%BCcken.svg/250px-Steinst%C3%BCcken.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 1989 aerial view from the southeast of Steinstücken, with Bernhard-Beyer-Straße connecting to the northeast along the railway tracks to the rest of West Berlin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerial_view_of_the_Berlin_Wall.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_the_Berlin_Wall.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Allied Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Commission"},{"title":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"title":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"title":"History of Germany since 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1945"},{"title":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"title":"Zehlendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf,_Berlin"},{"title":"Wannsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee"},{"title":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Steinst%C3%BCcken¶ms=52_23_24_N_13_7_51_E_region:DE-BE_type:city","external_links_name":"52°23′24″N 13°7′51″E / 52.39000°N 13.13083°E / 52.39000; 13.13083"},{"Link":"http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga5-710903.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September 3, 1971\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105163024/http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/mauer/steinstuecken_1972.pdf?start&ts=1241780953&file=steinstuecken_1972.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of Steinstücken in 1972 on the official website of the City of Berlin"},{"Link":"http://berlin.enclaves.org/","external_links_name":"Berlin Exclaves"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051224031439/http://home.pages.at/maxifant/Frames/berlin-enklaven.htm","external_links_name":"Das Kleine Steinstücken und die große Politik (in German)"},{"Link":"http://www.western-allies-berlin.com/","external_links_name":"History of the Western Allies in Berlin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201155/http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/programm_titel.php3?url=http://pressetreff.3sat.de/pd/Sendung.asp?ID=%27BDFAC990DF49CB43%27","external_links_name":"Berlin Television Program Die Insel vor der Insel (in German)"},{"Link":"https://www.berlin1969.com/stories-geschichte/troubled-times-unruhige-zeiten/air-corridor-pawns/","external_links_name":"Air corridor pawns - helicopters relieve Steinstücken"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Steinst%C3%BCcken¶ms=52_23_24_N_13_7_51_E_region:DE-BE_type:city","external_links_name":"52°23′24″N 13°7′51″E / 52.39000°N 13.13083°E / 52.39000; 13.13083"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131506963","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4256782-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535403105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95006765","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlat_V%C3%A2rnav | Scarlat Vârnav | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early activities","1.2 Revolutionary","1.3 Unionist agent and legal troubles","1.4 Church conflicts","1.5 1867 campaign and death","2 Notes","3 References"] | Moldavian and Romanian political figure and Orthodox clergyman
Scarlat Vasile Vârnav(Sofronie Vârnav)Portrait of Vârnav in monastic clothesMember of the Assembly of Deputies of RomaniaIn officeDecember 26, 1867 – January 6, 1868ConstituencyTutova County
Personal detailsBornc. 1801–1813Hilișeu, Dorohoi County, MoldaviaDiedJanuary 6, 1868Bârlad, Principality of RomaniaNationalityMoldavian (to 1859)French (1850s and later)Romanian (1859–1868)Political partyFree and Independent Faction(Tutova National Liberal Party)Other politicalaffiliationsFrăția (1847–1848)National Party (ca. 1849–1859)SpouseEliza JoraRelationsVasile Vârnav (father)Constantin Vârnav (brother)Gheorghe Bibescu (in-law)Mihail Kogălniceanu (in-law)Scarlat C. Vârnav (nephew)ProfessionLandowner, librarian, philanthropist, revolutionary, monk, civil servantSignature
Scarlat Vasile Vârnav, or Sofronie Vârnav (also known as Charles Basile Varnav, Charles de Wirnave, Varnavu or Vîrnav; died January 6, 1868 ), was a Moldavian and Romanian political figure, philanthropist, collector, and Orthodox clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the Romanian liberal movement, and an ardent Romanian nationalist, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the Danubian Principalities and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly Baroque paintings, donated by him to Academia Mihăileană, forms the core of the Iași Museum of Art.
With Nicolae Bălcescu and C. A. Rosetti, Vârnav also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the French Revolution of 1848, before returning to take orders at Neamț Monastery, a Hieromonk and Starets. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner. However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda.
After campaigning nationally in support of Carol I, Vârnav ended his career in Tutova County. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the Free and Independent Faction. On this basis, he contested a seat in the Assembly of Deputies during December 1867, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the Romanian Jews sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician Scarlat C. Vârnav.
Biography
Early activities
It is known that Vârnav was a native of Hilișeu (or Silișeu), Dorohoi County, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he believes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning Prince Scarlat Callimachi.
Vârnav belonged to a large family of the Moldavian boyar nobility, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to Teodor Vârnav, the Bessarabian writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the Carbonari. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the "Sacred Band" during the civil war of 1821, alongside Gavril Istrati. Scarlat was generally believed to have been the son of Ban Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of Dimitrie Cantemir's Descriptio Moldaviae, Condillac's Logique, Dionisie Fotino's Istoria tis palai Dakias, and Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: Scarlat's father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and Scarlat's mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included Sofronie Miclescu, who would later serve as Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia.
Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of Liveni. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both Scarlat and Constantin were sent to study abroad in Bukovina District "immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat had made it back to his home village in 1826. Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of Botoșani. One account is that Scarlat was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832 and 1836.
Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended Paris Law Faculty between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma; he probably also heard literature courses at the College of Sorbonne. With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of Aguado de las Marismas on the recommendation of Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare. It included paintings by Caravaggio, Philippe de Champaigne, Egbert van Heemskerck, Eustache Le Sueur, Pietro Liberi, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and François Stella; Vârnav also owned a copy of Philippoteaux's La Retraite de Russie, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the Exposition nationale des beaux-arts of Brussels, in 1842. In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in Galați.
Taking up the cause of Romanian nationalism, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the "new era" of European liberalism, and also set the foundation for a Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris. Regulars included Nicolae Bălcescu, who described the library as actually a salon and a "reunion center for us Romanians." According to the Moldavian liberal writer Gheorghe Sion, Vârnav was good friends with a Rom, Dincă, born into slavery at Pașcani. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library. In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker Ion Ionescu de la Brad, sponsoring his attempts to set up a model farm in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants.
Vârnav family coat of arms
In his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies, Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two "protective genii of our nationhood." Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an "era of transition", explaining that "Phanariote" mores were "dead", but also that the "new ideas and new beliefs" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: "we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys". Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging Romanian literature needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display "originality and Romanianism" rather than the "illusions of the senses" and "chimeras of individual hurdles." His focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the Cyrillic orthography as "foreign", and familiarize students with the various adaptations from Latin. He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former.
His own experiments resulted in what historian Nicolae Iorga deems a "bizarre personal orthography". While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize the name "Romanian" for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant Roumén(é), later replaced by român and română. He also proposed that linguists from the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress "somewhere central to the Romanian lands".
Revolutionary
In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural "fusion" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan Vivat Unirea ("Long Live Union"). His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian, C. A. Rosetti. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400 Napoléons, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust. The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in Quartier de la Sorbonne (Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed). Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and Ion Ghica of Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier. However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage from conservative figures in both Principalities—Nicolae Ghica-Comănești, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others. Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine who, as he recalled, accepted with "the greatest joy and affection".
Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the Athénée des Etrangers, a Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France. According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of Spiritist and esoteric lodges while in Paris. Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society, Frăția ("The Brotherhood"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy. Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to "backbiters". The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200 francs in subscriptions and donations. He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including Nicolae Ionescu, N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca. Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from debtors' prison.
Vârnav's brother Constantin
In Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it. He shared some of Scarlat's views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in Russia, which, at the time, shared custody of the Principalities. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the French monarchy, which was transitioning to conservatism. The Guizot government chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground.
In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian Edgar Quinet; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside Grigore Arghiropol, Dimitrie Brătianu, Ion C. Brătianu and Mihail Kogălniceanu, had founded the semi-legal Însocierea Lazariană ("Lazarian Association"). Named in honor of Gheorghe Lazăr, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including Alexandru G. Golescu, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to radical politics, Vârnav became an active participant in the February Revolution. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the French Provisional Government, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including Vasile Alecsandri and Costache Negri. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the National Guard and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single Romanian tricolor, combining the Wallachian blue-yellow and the Moldavian blue-red.
Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive Moldavian liberal revolution, helping to draft its only manifesto. Scarlat fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially La Démocratie Pacifique. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in La Démocratie Pacifique, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its Fourierist form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince Mihail Sturdza ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets. Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the French Second Republic. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another Scarlat Vârnav. According to Ion Nistor, Vârnav received the title of Postelnic and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the Moldavian Militia; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia.
Unionist agent and legal troubles
As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and Gheorghe Asachi at Academia Mihăileană. It was the basis of the Iași Museum of Art, which opened for the public in 1860. In 1850, after only a few months' novitiate, the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at Neamț Monastery, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav (transitional alphabet: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's Starets, but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants. He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000 ducats to the Romanian chapel, and, with Constantin, ceded a Czernowitz townhouse to the Romanian library of Bukovina Duchy, which opened in 1852. In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in Dorohoi.
As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly "democratic", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (birnic); this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași. Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using birnic as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on Moldavia's budget. Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere. In a letter to George Bariț, Vârnav had also noted that birnic referred to his belief in "peaceful reform", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed. While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the Ispravnic of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained French citizenship, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with Scarlat liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to Eugeniu Alcaz.
From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the National Party, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop Iacov Antonovici contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by Hieromonk Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.
Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the Crimean War, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading Russian Army, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the Roman County clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the election of July 1857, he became the head organizer of the National Party in Bacău County, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As "Hieromonk Varnav", Scarlat was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the Diocese of Huși, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the ad-hoc Divan. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.
1859 cartoon mocking the censorship laws enforced under Alexandru Ioan Cuza
The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the repeat election of September, Scarlat himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in Broscăuți were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette Timpul ("Times"), and eventually ran in the elections of 1858, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by Scarlat, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square".
The Divan's subsequent election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities was saluted as a major fulfillment in Scarlat's letters to Constantin Hurmuzachi. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian N. Petrașcu, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's royal cypher, M.S.V., stood for Mai Stăi Voinice ("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend. However, writer V. A. Urechia also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was: Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul! ("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library.
Church conflicts
Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at Secu Monastery a few months later. He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing polyphony, and his moves to do away with Slavonic services. As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's Bessarabia Governorate. These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly "playful and non-canonical". During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including tassels and a large ribbon.
Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full secularization of monastery estates, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the "new heretic of Moldavia". Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Teriachiu, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane. Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of Neamț County, serving as inspector. Proposed innovations he "learned at Paris", now included the establishment of a printing press and the demolition of new additions to the historical site. However, he was also suspected of giving away boons, including the monastery's cloth factory and a large press, to his patron Mihail Kogălniceanu and to the government itself.
Such activism, and also his harsh temper, led to numerous complaints. The new minister, Dimitrie Rosăt, protected Vârnav. He scolded those monks who wanted him tried by church tribunal, calling them the "hirelings of Russia". Vârnav himself had a long-standing feud with Popovici, whom he accused of using sermons to promote anti-Cuza sentiments and Russophilia. Facing opposition from the mostly conservative monks, Sofronie failed in his bid to be elected as Archimandrite, having to share administrative power with a traditionalist, Timofei Ionescu. In September 1861, Vârnav finally obtained Popovici's demotion, prompting the latter to cross over into the Bessarabia Governorate and set up Noul Neamț Monastery outside Kitskany. Andronic claimed that this establishment was merely a lavra for the old one. Vârnav, who kept the monastery seal on him, did not validate this in writing, but his adversaries either forged or obtained permission from other administrators.
Eventually, by 1862, Alexandru A. Cantacuzino took over at the ministry and had Vârnav arrested. Vârnav pleaded for his case and petitioned the Divan with letters also taken up in Tribuna Română gazette. Archimandrite Timofei dismissed his defense as fantasy, depicting Vârnav as a persecutor of his monks, who had loosely interpreted Cuza's policies in order to suppress dissent at the monastery. He was allowed to return after a few weeks in jail, in time to witness the great fire which affected Neamț in December 1862; in their polemical writings, the renegades of Kitskany alleged that Vârnav himself was the arsonist. Finally forced out of the monastery in 1862, he drifted toward Wallachia and spent some time in Buzău. It was probably this more sympathetic community that bestowed upon him the titles of Hieromonk and Protosyncellus.
According to church historian Melchisedec Ștefănescu, Vârnav, being "detested by the public and disgraced by prince Cuza", settled in Bucharest, "providing his services to whoever would need them." He sees the former Starets as an extremist and a heretic, "formed in the school of Blanqui, Pyat Rochefort". Vârnav found employment at Sfântul Dumitru–Poștă Church in Lipscani, which answered directly to the Archdiocese of Buzău. This position helped him to resume contacts with his old friend Rosetti, alongside whom Vârnav wished to reconfigure Romanian radicalism. The Hieromonk returned to favor in January 1864, when Dimitrie Bolintineanu, who chaired the unified ministry of education, appointed him to a commission that was tasked with assessing calendar reform. However, his name was immediately flagged and stricken out by the Romanian Metropolitan Bishop, Nifon Rusailă. Vârnav was instead auditor of the state charity funds, in which capacity he uncovered misuse and embezzlement by the political clientele. One such case referred to young girls collecting social welfare while serving as mistresses to some in the ministry staff.
Satyrul cartoon for the elections of April 1866, showing Vârnav, with papers marked Da! ("Yes!"), at the top of the electoral ladder. Other figures pictured include Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Petre P. Carp, and Pantazi Ghica
Vârnav, who was reportedly a delegate to the Elective Assembly in 1864, supported Cuza's anti-parliamentary coup. Also a Cuza loyalist, Constantin Vârnav continued to serve on the Princely Court of Justice, where he notably enforced censorship laws against Ionescu de la Brad. During the coup events, Sofronie lived in a rented townhouse at Sfântul Dumitru, shared with Cuza's uncle Grigore. During the plebiscite of June 1864, organized by the Domnitor in order to increase his executive power and impose a land reform, he put up a "lit sign" reading: Popa Vârnav zice da or Părintele S. Varnav d̦ice Da (both meaning "Father Vârnav Says Yes"). As noted at the time by polemicist Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, the sign was both of questionable taste and unintentionally humorous, since it did not clarify what was yes was being said to, concluding: "that great Vărnavŭ, being as zealous as ever, fell from the sublime into the ridiculous!"
1867 campaign and death
On the morning of February 11, 1866, Cuza and his authoritarian regime were deposed by a "monstrous coalition" of liberals and conservatives. Just hours after, supporters of the coup ambushed Vârnav in his house. He was picked up, covered in tricolor cockades, and paraded into the Princely Palace on Mogoșoaiei Bridge; he was however welcomed and protected there by the regency council. Vârnav was out of the country, on a mission to Mount Athos—Rosetti, who took over as Education Minister, sent him over to consecrate the Romanian Monastery there. He returned with two Aromanian youths for training at the Bucharest Seminary. During the same interval, Carol of Hohenzollern, a foreign prince, was selected as the new Domnitor. Vârnav was again active in politics by April, which saw a plebiscite on Carol's acceptance, during which he traveled as far south as Ploiești and as far north as Bacău, persuading Wallachians and Moldavians alike to vote for Carol (and thus, for a cemented union). As Bishop Calinic Miclescu and others put up separatist resistance in Iași, he also took an emergency trip there, effectively acting as a negotiator between the two camps. Declaring himself against any attempt at separation, he hoped to ingratiate himself with the authorities and be assigned curator of Trei Ierarhi Monastery. He was still in the city in September, representing government at the funeral of his friend Anastasie Panu. Switching back to his civilian commitments, he angered Miclescu by announcing his bid for an Assembly of Deputies seat in the November 1866 election. This initiative resulted in another investigation by church authorities.
Vârnav ultimately settled in Bârlad in 1867, and his last months were spent in Tutova County politics, but also in efforts to furnish the local hospital. According to Melchisedec Ștefănescu, he also continued to "propagate his political and religious heresies". With Ion and Constantin Codrescu, P. Chenciu, A. V. Ionescu, and Ioan Popescu, he established a "National Liberal Party", which functioned as the provincial affiliate of the Moldavian-wide Free and Independent Faction. Like other Factionalists, Vârnav also involved himself in the debates over the issue of Jewish emancipation, and is described by biographer Dimitrie R. Rosetti as a "firebrand antisemite". According to a Jewish man's letter, published in L'Echo Danubien, his "preaching against the Israelites of the most barbaric kind", disturbing the otherwise tolerant mood of Tutova. In the election of December 1867, Vârnav put himself up as a Tutova candidate for both the Senate and the Assembly. He was soundly defeated in the former race by Manolache Costache Epureanu (who took 163 out of 233 total votes), but was able to win a deputy's mandate at Tutova's Fourth College. Without ever taking his seat, he died at Bârlad, on January 6, 1868 , after illness that lasted "just one day".
The mysterious circumstances led to an autopsy, which found nothing of relevance. His stomach and intestines were dispatched to Bucharest, for a more in-depth toxicological inquest. Already before his death, rumor spread that his Jewish enemies had poisoned the Starets, who, despite his antisemitic campaign, had taken residence at a Jewish-owned hotel; a riot (or attempted pogrom) erupted in the city. As noted by D. R. Rosetti, "the excitement of the population required intervention of troops sent in from bordering counties, as a safeguard for the Jews, whose lives were being threatened." The same is noted by Iorga: "His death was found suspicious, and military measures were taken to curb the anti-Jewish movements." The conspiracy theory was shunned as "infamy" by C. A. Rosetti's daily Românul, which noted that "ignorance was exploited" by "the enemies of the country"—both in Tutova and Ialomița County (the scene of a scandal over allegations of blood libel). However, the paper also played down the riot, reporting that only the city synagogue and a few Jewish houses had been damaged.
An early report by Gazet'a Transilvaniei claimed that Bârlad's intelligentsia was directly involved in calming the populace, before "rebels" could succeed in destroying the synagogue. A detailed note of protest, signed by 200 notables of Bârlad, claimed that the riot had been started by mourners gathering in front of Vârnav's lodging, located opposite a Jewish establishment; altercations, they argued, had been provoked by the Jews, who "insulted the agonizing patient" and attempted to injure peaceful mourners by hurling boiling water in their direction; the petitioners asked the Interior Minister Ion Brătianu not to punish the populace for what it viewed as "calumnies by the adversaries of the national cause". Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) sources tell that Vârnav himself had incensed the Romanian crowds earlier in the campaign, with endorsement from the Ștefan Golescu government. The pogrom, they argue, was attempted by some of the petitioners themselves, and higher authorities, who "arrested all the Jews, supposedly to protect them", actually "facilitated things for the rioters"; the investigation of the riot "was opened, but carried no effect." On February 25, Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that "solely Jews" had participated in the riot.
As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by "some rather particular disease." The Starets was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery later that month, but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the Transilvania Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February. Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after Romanian independence was achieved. His own son, Scarlat C. Vârnav, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, he also pursued a career in politics with the Junimea constitutionalists in the 1890s. The Hieromonk's painting collection was only gradually restored by Gheorghe Șiller, who worked under Bardasare's supervision.
In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in Fontenay-aux-Roses. The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania entered World War I: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of Zimnicea. By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten. Interest in Scarlat Sr and his work was revived in 1981 by the Orthodox scholar Antonie Plămădeală, who dedicated him a micro-monograph, part of a series on Romanian monks who were culturally prolific.
Notes
^ George D. Nicolescu, Parlamentul Romîn: 1866–1901. Biografii și portrete, p. 30. Bucharest: I. V. Socecŭ, 1903
^ Nistor, pp. 534, 535
^ Ghibănescu (1915), p. 350
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dimitrie R. Rosetti, Dicționarul contimporanilor, p. 190. Bucharest: Editura Lito-Tipografiei Populara, 1897
^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 65; Isar, p. 1442; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 113
^ Arthur Gorovei, Monografia Orașului Botoșani, pp. 142–153. Botoșani: Ediția Primăriei de Botoșani, 1938. See also Iorga, pp. 170–175; Nistor, p. 531; Stino, p. 88
^ Xenopol, pp. 100–102
^ Iorga, pp. 173–175
^ Iorga, p. 172; Stino, p. 88
^ Iuliu Bud, "Cartea românească și străină de istorie. Antonie Plămădeală, Lazăr-Leon Asachi în cultura română", in Revista de Istorie, Issue 4/1988, p. 456
^ Nistor, p. 531
^ Cristian Preda, Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent, p. 25. Iași: Polirom, 2011. ISBN 978-973-46-2201-6
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 112
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 144
^ Ghibănescu (1929), pp. 35–36. See also Iftimi & Iftimi, p. 102
^ Dimitrescu, pp. 65–66
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–114
^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 114
^ a b Dimitrescu, p. 66
^ a b Bejenaru, p. 188
^ Isar, p. 1433; Zahariuc (2020), p. 114
^ Isar, pp. 1433–1434. See also Dimitrescu, p. 66
^ Ichim, pp. 318–319
^ Grigorescu, pp. 256–257
^ Dimitrescu, p. 66; Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 11–12, 19–20; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 130–131
^ Nistor, p. 532; Stino, pp. 85–86
^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 83, 89
^ Gheorghe Sion, Suvenire contimporane, p. 38. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1915. OCLC 7270251
^ Bogdan-Duică, p. 103; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123. See also Isar, pp. 1440, 1441–1442
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 117
^ Stino, p. 86
^ Cazimir, p. 9
^ Isar, pp. 1438–1439
^ Stino, pp. 86–88. See also Iorga, pp. 175–179
^ Cazimir, p. 118
^ Iorga, p. 175
^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118
^ Iorga, p. 176; Stino, pp. 87–88; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118
^ Isar, p. 1440; Zahariuc (2020), p. 149
^ Cretzianu, pp. 123–124; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115
^ Bodea, pp. 79, 297–298, 309; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Iorga, pp. 176–177; Isar, pp. 1436–1437; Nistor, pp. 531, 534; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 25–26; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120
^ Cretzianu, p. 123; Xenopol, pp. 236–237; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115, 117. See also Clain, pp. 8–9; Isar, p. 1436
^ Bodea, pp. 78–80, 82, 85. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115–116, 120
^ Bodea, p. 83; Stino, p. 85
^ Marian Dulă, "Francmasoneria și Biserica", in Revista Nouă, Issue 3/2011, p. 63
^ a b Sturdza, p. 367
^ Bodea, pp. 50–51. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 114–115
^ Bodea, p. 80; Zahariuc (2020), p. 120
^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Iorga, pp. 178–179
^ Cretzianu, p. 123; Iorga, p. 179; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115
^ Bodea, pp. 114
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 120–121
^ Iorga, pp. 185–187
^ Iorga, pp. 182–186
^ Bodea, p. 268
^ Bodea, pp. 90–91. See also Isar, p. 1437
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120
^ Bodea, pp. 91–94. See also Cretzianu, pp. 132–133; Isar, pp. 1437–1439; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 121–122
^ Bodea, pp. 91–94
^ Sturdza, pp. 366–367, 368; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 124–125
^ Sturdza, pp. 366–367
^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Zahariuc (2020), p. 125
^ Clain, p. 9
^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Adrian Butnaru, "Reprezentanți de seamă ai familiei Iamandi în preajma și după Unirea Principatelor Române", in Revista Istorică, Vol. XXII, Issues 5–6, September–December, 2011, pp. 527–528
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 125–130
^ Gh. Ungureanu, "Framîntări social-politice premergătoare mișcării revoluționare din 1848 în Moldova", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Issue 3/1958, p. 19. See also Bejenaru, p. 188; Ghibănescu (1915), p. 373; Zahariuc (2020), p. 124
^ Isar, p. 1442
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 124
^ Nistor, p. 535. See also Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (ed.), Marea arhondologie a boierilor Moldovei (1835–1856), p. 210. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2014. ISBN 978-606-714-007-1
^ a b Iorga, p. 186
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 130
^ Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 19–20
^ Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67
^ Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67; Grigorescu, p. 257; Ichim, pp. 318–319; Paradais, pp. 19–20, 27
^ R. Rosetti, p. 692; Zahariuc (2016), p. 184
^ Iorga, pp. 179–181
^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 83
^ Nistor, pp. 529, 531. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 141
^ Gh. Amarandei, "Vechi instituții culturale dorohoiene", in Hierasus. Anuar '78, 1979, p. 414. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 132
^ Iorga, pp. 175–176, 180
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 123
^ Isar, pp. 1441–1442
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117, 118–119
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132–137
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132, 135–137
^ Ghibănescu (1929), p. 36. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 141–142
^ R. Rosetti, pp. 692–693; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 143, 148
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 141
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 136
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 142–143
^ Iorga, p. 179
^ Nistor, pp. 534–535. See also Xenopol, pp. 332–335; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 138–139
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 139–140
^ Iftimi & Iftimi, pp. 97–98, 100–102
^ Gane, p. 121
^ Simion-Alexandru Gavriș, "Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu (1800–1869): câteva date biografice", in Marius Balan, Gabriel Leanca (eds.), Cultură juridică, stat și relații internaționale în epoca modernă. Omagiu Profesorului Corneliu-Gabriel Bădărău, p. 130. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2016. ISBN 978-606-714-332-4
^ Gane, pp. 114–115
^ Isar, pp. 1440–1441
^ Bejenaru, p. 189
^ a b Iorga, p. 187
^ Clain, p. 30
^ Iorga, pp. 179–180; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 137–138
^ Nistor, p. 535
^ N. Petrașcu, Scriitori români contemporani, I: Vasile Alecsandri, pp. 35–36. Bucharest: Tipografia Bucovina I. E. Torouțiu, 1930. OCLC 65579046
^ V. A. Urechia, "Amintirĭ de la 24 Ianuarie", in Foaia Populară, Vol. III, Issue 4, January 1900, p. 6
^ Isar, p. 1441; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 140, 149
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 144–145
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 146
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 147–148
^ Costin Clit, "Pomelnicul Mănăstirii Secu din 1845", in Buletin informativ al Simpozionului Național Rolul Mănăstirii Secu în Viața Religioasă a Țării Moldovei, Vol. III, 2017, p. 217
^ Zahariuc (2016), p. 184 & (2020), p. 147
^ R. Rosetti, pp. 690–693
^ Iorga, p. 181
^ R. Rosetti, p. 693. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 150
^ R. Rosetti, pp. 693, 885
^ Bîrzu, p. 104
^ R. Rosetti, p. 885
^ Zahariuc (2016), pp. 185–186. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 150–152
^ Bîrzu, pp. 104–105
^ R. Rosetti, p. 897
^ Iorga, pp. 180–182; Zahariuc (2020), p. 151
^ Timofei Ionescu, Рeспȣnсꙋ̆ лa пetiцiȣnea Sf-saлe monaхȣлȣĭ Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆. Iași: Tiparĭul Tribuneĭ Romăne, 1862
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 151
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 151–152
^ a b c Melchisedec Ștefănescu, "Biseric'a Ortodoxa si Calindariulu", in Biseric'a si Scól'a, Issue 28/1882, p. 290; Zahariuc (2020), p. 152
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 152
^ Basile C. Livianu, Furia suicidiuluĭ. Studiul causelor principale cari viciază organismul nostru social, pp. 162–163. Bucharest: Tipo-Litografia Societățiĭ Tiparul, 1900
^ a b c Ioan C. Filitti, Biserica Sf. Dumitru din București (Strada Carol), p. 22. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1932
^ Bogdan-Duică, pp. 69–70
^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 153
^ a b Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (editor: I. Oprișan), Aghiuță 1863–1864, p. 204. Bucharest: Editura Vestala, 2009. ISBN 978-973-120-054-5
^ Victor Papacostea, Mihai Regleanu, Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca, Ștefan Vâlcu (eds.), Documentele redeșteptării macedoromâne (Izvoare privitoare la istoria romanității balcanice, I), pp. 25–26, 447. Bucharest: Institute of South-East European Studies & Editura Predania, 2012. ISBN 978-606-8195-28-5; Zahariuc, p. 154
^ a b Iorga, p. 182
^ Iorga, pp. 181–182
^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 153–154
^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 154
^ a b Antonovici, p. XIV
^ Nistor, p. 535; Zahariuc, p. 155
^ Antonovici, pp. XIV–XV
^ Loeb, pp. 298–299
^ Laurențiu Chiriac, Mihai-Cristian Șelaru, "Manolache Costache Epureanu — omul epocii sale", in Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis, Vol. XXX, Part II, 2009, pp. 225, 236
^ a b "D–luĭ Redactore alŭ d̦iaruluĭ Românulŭ", in Romanulu, January 1–3, 1868, p. 3. Isar (p. 1442) and Zahariuc (2020, p. 155) propose December 26
^ a b c "Bucurescĭ 28 Îndrea 1867/9 Cărindariŭ 1868", in Romanulu, December 25–29, 1868, p. 1
^ a b c "Romani'a. In Barladu", in Gazet'a Transilvaniei, Issue 3/1868, p. 12
^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 155
^ Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–299
^ Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–300
^ Loeb, p. 300
^ Loeb, p. 167
^ "Romani'a. Adunarea Societâtiei Transilvani'a procesu-vorbale (Urmare.)", in Federatiunea, Issue 28/1868, p. 108
^ Paradais, pp. 11–12
^ Nicolae Liu, "Cartea și biblioteca, mijloace de cunoaștere și de apropiere în istoria relațiilor româno-franceze", in Revista de Istorie, Issue 3/1985, pp. 293, 299
^ George Miron, Note din războiul pentru intregirea neamului, pp. 14–16. Bucharest: Atelierele Societății Anonime Adevĕrul, 1923
^ Paul Mihail, "Comptes rendus. Antoinie Plămădeală, Dascăli de cuget și simțire românească", in Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes, Vol. XX, Issue 3, July–September 1982, p. 352
References
Iacov Antonovici, Un dascăl ardelean la Bârlad: Ioan Popescu. Huși: Atelierele Zanet Corlățeanu, 1928. OCLC 895494408
Ionel Bejenaru, "Botoșănenii în Revoluția de la 1848", in Acta Moldaviae Septentrionalis, Vol. I, 1999, pp. 185–190.
Vasile Bîrzu, "New Historical Information about the Foundation of the New Neamț Monastery", in Anuarul Academic, Vol. XII (XXXVII), 2011–2012, pp. 94–124.
Cornelia Bodea, Lupta românilor pentru unitatea națională, 1834–1849. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1967. OCLC 1252020
Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică, Istoria țărănismului, volumul I-iu. Vieața și opera întâiului țărănist român, Ion Ionescu dela Brad (1818–1891). Craiova: Ramuri, 1922.
Ștefan Cazimir, Alfabetul de tranziție. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2006. ISBN 973-50-1401-7
Daniel Clain, Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929.
Alexandru Cretzianu, Din arhiva lui Dumitru Brătianu: acte și scrisori din perioada 1840—1870, Vol. I. Bucharest: Așezământul Cultural Ion C. Brătianu & Imprimeriile Independența, 1933.
Ștefan Dimitrescu, "Pinacoteca națională din Iași", in Boabe de Grâu, Issues 3–4/1932, pp. 65–73.
Constantin Gane, Neamurile Mavrodinești din Țara Românească și din Moldova și monografia familiei Ion Mavrodi Vel Hatman. Bucharest: Imprimeriile Frăția Românească, 1942.
Gheorghe Ghibănescu,
Surete și izvoade (Documente slavo-române). Volumul X (Documente cu privire la familia Râșcanu). Iași: Tipografia Dacia P. & D. Iliescu, 1915.
Bașoteștii și Pomârla (studiu genealogic și istoric). Iași: Viața Românească & Editura Casa Școalelor, 1929.
Marica Grigorescu, "Retragerea din Rusia, pictura dispărută a lui Henri Philippoteaux, conservată prin copii din muzeele românești și străine", in Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 255–258.
Aurica Ichim, "Constituirea patrimoniului Pinacotecii din Iași în domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza", in Cercetări Istorice, Vol. XXXII, 2013, pp. 317–344.
Rodica Iftimi, Sorin Iftimi, "Alegătorii divanului ad-hoc din Moldova (1857). Un manuscris necunoscut", in Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei, Vols. X–XII, 2004–2006, pp. 93–182.
Nicolae Iorga, "Două comunicații la Academia Română. II: O foaie de popularisare igienică și economică la 1844–45. Rolul fraților Vîrnav în Renașterea romănească", in Revista Istorică, Vol. V, Issues 8–10, August–October 1919, pp. 170–187.
Nicolae Isar, "Ideile social-politice ale lui Scarlat Vîrnav — fondatorul bibliotecii române din Paris (1846)", in Revista de Istorie, Issue 8/1978, pp. 1433–1442.
(in French) Isidore Loeb, La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie. Paris: Joseph Baer et Cie., 1877. OCLC 1196244
Ion Nistor, "Desvoltarea bibliotecilor noastre publice", in Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice, Series III, Vol. XXIX, 1946–1947, pp. 517–549.
Claudiu Paradais, "Aspecte ale cercetării muzeistice la Pinacoteca din Iași între anii 1860—1960, I", in Cercetări Istorice, Vol. VIII, 1977, pp. 9–25.
Veniamin Pocitan Ploeșteanu, Biserica Ortodoxă Română din Paris. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1941.
Radu Rosetti, "Conflictul dintre guvernul Moldovei și Mânăstirea Neamțului. II. După 1 Iunie 1859", in Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice, Series II, Vol. XXXII, 1909–1910, pp. 865–1006.
Aurel George Stino, "Biblioteca românească din Paris, fundată în 1846 de Scarlat Vârnav", in Analele Moldovei, Vol. II, Fasc. 1–2, January–June 1942, pp. 85–88.
Mihai D. Sturdza, "Proclamația din 1848 a românilor de la Paris către reprezentanții poporului francez. În jurul unui document pierdut și regăsit", in Archiva Moldaviæ, Vol. V, 2013, pp. 365–385.
A. D. Xenopol, Istoria partidelor politice în România. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910.
Petronel Zahariuc,
"Sur le hiéromoine Andronic des monastères de Neamț et de Secu et sur son voyage au Mont Athos (1858–1859)", in Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie, Vol. LXII, 2016, pp. 157–195.
"'Popa Vârnav zice da!' Noi informații din biografia unui unionist: Scarlat (Sofronie) Vârnav", in Petronel Zahariuc, Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu (eds.), 160 de ani de la Unirea Principatelor: oameni, fapte și idei din domnia lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza, pp. 111–155. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2020. ISBN 978-606-714-576-2
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Moldavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Romanian liberal movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Danubian Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities"},{"link_name":"Baroque paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_painting"},{"link_name":"Academia Mihăileană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Mih%C4%83ilean%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Iași Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_(Ia%C8%99i)"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Bălcescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu"},{"link_name":"C. A. Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Rosetti"},{"link_name":"French Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Neamț Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Hieromonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromonk"},{"link_name":"Starets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starets"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Bibescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu"},{"link_name":"United Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Principalities"},{"link_name":"a dissident monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noul_Neam%C8%9B_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Domnitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnitor"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza"},{"link_name":"campaigning nationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Romanian_prince_referendum"},{"link_name":"Carol I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Tutova County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutova_County"},{"link_name":"Free and Independent Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Independent_Faction"},{"link_name":"Assembly of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"during December 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Romanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Romanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Scarlat C. Vârnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlat_C._V%C3%A2rnav&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Scarlat Vasile Vârnav, or Sofronie Vârnav (also known as Charles Basile Varnav,[2] Charles de Wirnave,[3] Varnavu or Vîrnav; died January 6, 1868 [O.S. December 25, 1867]), was a Moldavian and Romanian political figure, philanthropist, collector, and Orthodox clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the Romanian liberal movement, and an ardent Romanian nationalist, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the Danubian Principalities and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly Baroque paintings, donated by him to Academia Mihăileană, forms the core of the Iași Museum of Art.With Nicolae Bălcescu and C. A. Rosetti, Vârnav also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the French Revolution of 1848, before returning to take orders at Neamț Monastery, a Hieromonk and Starets. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner. However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda.After campaigning nationally in support of Carol I, Vârnav ended his career in Tutova County. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the Free and Independent Faction. On this basis, he contested a seat in the Assembly of Deputies during December 1867, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the Romanian Jews sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician Scarlat C. Vârnav.","title":"Scarlat Vârnav"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilișeu (or Silișeu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hili%C8%99eu-Horia"},{"link_name":"Dorohoi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorohoi_County"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Scarlat Callimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlat_Callimachi_(hospodar)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Moldavian boyar nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Teodor Vârnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_V%C3%A2rnav"},{"link_name":"Bessarabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carbonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonari"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sacred Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)"},{"link_name":"Gavril Istrati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavril_Istrati"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(title)"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Cantemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir"},{"link_name":"Descriptio Moldaviae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descriptio_Moldaviae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dionisie Fotino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisie_Fotino"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cesare Beccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria"},{"link_name":"On Crimes and Punishments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sofronie Miclescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofronie_Miclescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Moldavia_and_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Liveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoleasa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bukovina District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_District"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Botoșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-114-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C8%99td66-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bej188-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Paris Law Faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Law_Faculty"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-114-20"},{"link_name":"College of Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Aguado de las Marismas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Mar%C3%ADa_Aguado,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Guadalquivir_Marshes"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Panaiteanu_Bardasare"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C8%99td66-21"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Champaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne"},{"link_name":"Egbert van Heemskerck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_van_Heemskerck"},{"link_name":"Eustache Le Sueur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur"},{"link_name":"Pietro Liberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Liberi"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Esteban Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo"},{"link_name":"François Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Stella"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Philippoteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_F%C3%A9lix_Emmanuel_Philippoteaux"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Galați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Romanian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolitanate_of_Western_and_Southern_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Bălcescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bej188-22"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Sion"},{"link_name":"Rom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_people_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"born into slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Pașcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C8%99cani"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ion Ionescu de la Brad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Ionescu_de_la_Brad"},{"link_name":"model farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_farm"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V%C3%A2rnav_family_coat_of_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"genii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Phanariote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotes"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Romanian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_literature"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"adaptations from Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Iorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"the name \"Romanian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Danubian Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Early activities","text":"It is known that Vârnav was a native of Hilișeu (or Silișeu), Dorohoi County, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801[4] or as recent as 1813.[5] Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he believes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic.[6] A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning Prince Scarlat Callimachi.[7]Vârnav belonged to a large family of the Moldavian boyar nobility, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to Teodor Vârnav, the Bessarabian writer.[8] His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the Carbonari.[9] One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the \"Sacred Band\" during the civil war of 1821, alongside Gavril Istrati.[10] Scarlat was generally believed to have been the son of Ban Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of Dimitrie Cantemir's Descriptio Moldaviae,[11] Condillac's Logique,[12] Dionisie Fotino's Istoria tis palai Dakias,[13] and Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments.[14] As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: Scarlat's father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and Scarlat's mother, was Maria née Gheuca.[15] The future monk's distant cousins included Sofronie Miclescu, who would later serve as Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia.[16]Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of Liveni.[17] After an early education allegedly provided by his father,[18] Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both Scarlat and Constantin were sent to study abroad in Bukovina District \"immediately after\" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat had made it back to his home village in 1826.[19] Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of Botoșani.[20] One account is that Scarlat was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris.[4][21] His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832[22] and 1836.[23]Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended Paris Law Faculty between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma;[20] he probably also heard literature courses at the College of Sorbonne.[24] With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of Aguado de las Marismas on the recommendation of Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare.[21] It included paintings by Caravaggio, Philippe de Champaigne, Egbert van Heemskerck, Eustache Le Sueur, Pietro Liberi, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and François Stella;[25] Vârnav also owned a copy of Philippoteaux's La Retraite de Russie, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the Exposition nationale des beaux-arts of Brussels, in 1842.[26] In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in Galați.[27]Taking up the cause of Romanian nationalism, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the \"new era\" of European liberalism,[28] and also set the foundation for a Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris.[4][29] Regulars included Nicolae Bălcescu, who described the library as actually a salon and a \"reunion center for us Romanians.\"[22] According to the Moldavian liberal writer Gheorghe Sion, Vârnav was good friends with a Rom, Dincă, born into slavery at Pașcani. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library.[30] In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker Ion Ionescu de la Brad, sponsoring his attempts to set up a model farm in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants.[31]Vârnav family coat of armsIn his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies,[32] Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two \"protective genii of our nationhood.\"[33] Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an \"era of transition\", explaining that \"Phanariote\" mores were \"dead\", but also that the \"new ideas and new beliefs\" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: \"we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys\".[34] Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging Romanian literature needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display \"originality and Romanianism\" rather than the \"illusions of the senses\" and \"chimeras of individual hurdles.\"[35] His focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the Cyrillic orthography as \"foreign\", and familiarize students with the various adaptations from Latin.[36] He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former.[37]His own experiments resulted in what historian Nicolae Iorga deems a \"bizarre personal orthography\".[38] While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize the name \"Romanian\" for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant Roumén(é), later replaced by român and română.[39] He also proposed that linguists from the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress \"somewhere central to the Romanian lands\".[40]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"C. A. Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Rosetti"},{"link_name":"Napoléons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(coin)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Quartier de la Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartier_de_la_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ion Ghica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Ghica"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ghica-Comănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ghica-Com%C4%83ne%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Masonic lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_lodge"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Spiritist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism"},{"link_name":"esoteric lodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_esotericism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mds367-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ionescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ionescu"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"debtors' prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtors%27_prison"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C._V%C3%A2rnav.png"},{"link_name":"balneotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneotherapy"},{"link_name":"1848 cholera epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829%E2%80%9351_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Wallachian Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Bibescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"shared custody of the Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic"},{"link_name":"French monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Guizot government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fran%C3%A7ois-Pierre_Guizot"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Edgar Quinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Grigore Arghiropol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigore_Arghiropol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"Ion C. Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"Mihail Kogălniceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Lazăr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Laz%C4%83r"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Alexandru G. Golescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_G._Golescu"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"radical politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"French Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Vasile Alecsandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri"},{"link_name":"Costache Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costache_Negri"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Romanian tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Wallachian blue-yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Moldavian blue-red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Moldavian liberal revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Fourierist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourierism"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Mihail Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"French Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ion Nistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Nistor"},{"link_name":"Postelnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelnic"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_military_forces"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ni186-72"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary","text":"In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural \"fusion\" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan Vivat Unirea (\"Long Live Union\").[41] His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian, C. A. Rosetti. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400 Napoléons, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust.[42] The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in Quartier de la Sorbonne (Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed).[43] Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and Ion Ghica of Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier.[44] However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage from conservative figures in both Principalities—Nicolae Ghica-Comănești, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others.[45] Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine who, as he recalled, accepted with \"the greatest joy and affection\".[46]Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the Athénée des Etrangers, a Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France.[47] According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of Spiritist and esoteric lodges while in Paris.[48] Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society, Frăția (\"The Brotherhood\"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy.[49] Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to \"backbiters\".[50] The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200 francs in subscriptions and donations.[51] He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including Nicolae Ionescu,[52] N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca.[53] Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from debtors' prison.[54]Vârnav's brother ConstantinIn Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity.[4] This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it.[55] He shared some of Scarlat's views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools.[56] From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu,[57] a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in Russia, which, at the time, shared custody of the Principalities. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the French monarchy, which was transitioning to conservatism. The Guizot government chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground.[58]In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian Edgar Quinet; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an \"oath that they would die for their motherland\".[59] By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside Grigore Arghiropol, Dimitrie Brătianu, Ion C. Brătianu and Mihail Kogălniceanu, had founded the semi-legal Însocierea Lazariană (\"Lazarian Association\"). Named in honor of Gheorghe Lazăr, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities.[60] This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including Alexandru G. Golescu, who refused to participate.[61] Now openly drawn to radical politics, Vârnav became an active participant in the February Revolution. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the French Provisional Government, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including Vasile Alecsandri and Costache Negri.[62] According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as \"insane\" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness.[63] He went on to serve briefly in the National Guard[4] and set up a first-aid station inside his library.[64] As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single Romanian tricolor, combining the Wallachian blue-yellow and the Moldavian blue-red.[65]Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive Moldavian liberal revolution, helping to draft its only manifesto.[66] Scarlat fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially La Démocratie Pacifique. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in La Démocratie Pacifique, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its Fourierist form.[67] Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince Mihail Sturdza ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia.[68] Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets.[69] Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the French Second Republic.[4] Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another Scarlat Vârnav.[70] According to Ion Nistor, Vârnav received the title of Postelnic and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the Moldavian Militia;[71] however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia.[72]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grigore Alexandru Ghica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore_Alexandru_Ghica"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Asachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi"},{"link_name":"Academia Mihăileană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Mih%C4%83ilean%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Iași Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_(Ia%C8%99i)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Neamț Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Monastery"},{"link_name":"transitional alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Starets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starets"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Czernowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czernowitz"},{"link_name":"Bukovina Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Dorohoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorohoi"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"George Bariț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bari%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Ispravnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispravnic"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"French citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Eugeniu Alcaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugeniu_Alcaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Iacov Antonovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iacov_Antonovici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Hieromonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromonk"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mds367-48"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Roman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_County"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"election of July 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=July_1857_Moldavian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bacău County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Huși","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Hu%C8%99i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"ad-hoc Divan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-hoc_Divan"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Sturdza-B%C3%A2rl%C4%83deanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libertatea_presei,_Nikipercea,_1859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza"},{"link_name":"repeat election of September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_1857_Moldavian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broscăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ni187-103"},{"link_name":"elections of 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldavian_Elective_Assembly,_1858&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza"},{"link_name":"Domnitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnitor"},{"link_name":"United Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Principalities"},{"link_name":"Constantin Hurmuzachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Hurmuzachi"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"N. Petrașcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Petra%C8%99cu"},{"link_name":"royal cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_cypher"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"V. A. Urechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._A._Urechia"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Unionist agent and legal troubles","text":"As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier \"has returned to his family in Moldavia.\"[73] Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați.[74] He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and Gheorghe Asachi at Academia Mihăileană.[75] It was the basis of the Iași Museum of Art, which opened for the public in 1860.[76] In 1850, after only a few months' novitiate,[77] the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at Neamț Monastery, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav (transitional alphabet: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's Starets,[4] but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants.[78] He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000 ducats to the Romanian chapel,[79] and, with Constantin, ceded a Czernowitz townhouse to the Romanian library of Bukovina Duchy, which opened in 1852.[80] In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in Dorohoi.[81]As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly \"democratic\", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (birnic);[82] this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași.[83] Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using birnic as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on Moldavia's budget.[84] Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere.[85] In a letter to George Bariț, Vârnav had also noted that birnic referred to his belief in \"peaceful reform\", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed.[86] While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the Ispravnic of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end.[87] Vârnav, who had obtained French citizenship, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857.[88] The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with Scarlat liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to Eugeniu Alcaz.[89]From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the National Party, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy.[90] A passing note by Bishop Iacov Antonovici contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks.[91] A hostile account by Hieromonk Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which \"his woman ran away\". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter.[92] This account is doubtful, with some biographers doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he \"slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext.\"[93] M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.[48]Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the Crimean War, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading Russian Army, and later sent him a stallion.[94] By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the Roman County clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition.[95] Before the election of July 1857, he became the head organizer of the National Party in Bacău County, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues.[96] As \"Hieromonk Varnav\", Scarlat was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the Diocese of Huși, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi.[97] Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the ad-hoc Divan.[98] Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.[99]1859 cartoon mocking the censorship laws enforced under Alexandru Ioan CuzaThe results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the repeat election of September, Scarlat himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in Broscăuți were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars.[100] For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan.[101] The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party;[102] he published the short-lived gazette Timpul (\"Times\"),[103] and eventually ran in the elections of 1858, representing Dorohoi in the Divan.[4][104] His campaign was organized by Scarlat, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as \"Union Square\".[105]The Divan's subsequent election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities was saluted as a major fulfillment in Scarlat's letters to Constantin Hurmuzachi.[106] Described as an \"independent unionist\", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian N. Petrașcu, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's royal cypher, M.S.V., stood for Mai Stăi Voinice (\"Whoa There Fella\")—and thus launched an urban legend.[107] However, writer V. A. Urechia also claimed paternity of that particular joke.[108] Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was: Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul! (\"The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!\"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library.[109]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secu Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secu_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"polyphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"tassels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassel"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"secularization of monastery estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization_of_monastic_estates_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Teriachiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Teriachiu"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Neamț County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Rosăt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Ros%C4%83t&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Russophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophilia"},{"link_name":"Archimandrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Noul Neamț Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noul_Neam%C8%9B_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kitskany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%9Bcani"},{"link_name":"lavra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavra"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Alexandru A. Cantacuzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_A._Cantacuzino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Buzău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Protosyncellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosyncellus"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Melchisedec Ștefănescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchisedec_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Blanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui"},{"link_name":"Pyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat"},{"link_name":"Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlcs290-128"},{"link_name":"Lipscani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscani"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Buzău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archdiocese_of_Buz%C4%83u_and_Vrancea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Bolintineanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Bolintineanu"},{"link_name":"unified ministry of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"calendar reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform"},{"link_name":"Romanian Metropolitan Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Romania"},{"link_name":"Nifon Rusailă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nifon_Rusail%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlcs290-128"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prim%C5%AD-aprilie,_Satyrul,_April_3_(15),_1866.png"},{"link_name":"elections of April 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_1866_Romanian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ion Ionescu de la Brad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Ionescu_de_la_Brad"},{"link_name":"Petre P. Carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_P._Carp"},{"link_name":"Pantazi Ghica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantazi_Ghica"},{"link_name":"Elective Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icf22-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icf22-131"},{"link_name":"plebiscite of June 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Romanian_plebiscite"},{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icf22-131"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-153-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasdeu-134"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasdeu-134"}],"sub_title":"Church conflicts","text":"Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at Secu Monastery a few months later.[110] He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing polyphony, and his moves to do away with Slavonic services.[111] As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's Bessarabia Governorate. These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly \"playful and non-canonical\".[112] During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including tassels and a large ribbon.[113]Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full secularization of monastery estates, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the \"new heretic of Moldavia\".[114] Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Teriachiu, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane.[115] Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of Neamț County, serving as inspector. Proposed innovations he \"learned at Paris\", now included the establishment of a printing press and the demolition of new additions to the historical site.[116] However, he was also suspected of giving away boons, including the monastery's cloth factory and a large press, to his patron Mihail Kogălniceanu and to the government itself.[117]Such activism, and also his harsh temper,[118] led to numerous complaints. The new minister, Dimitrie Rosăt, protected Vârnav. He scolded those monks who wanted him tried by church tribunal,[119] calling them the \"hirelings of Russia\".[120] Vârnav himself had a long-standing feud with Popovici, whom he accused of using sermons to promote anti-Cuza sentiments and Russophilia. Facing opposition from the mostly conservative monks, Sofronie failed in his bid to be elected as Archimandrite, having to share administrative power with a traditionalist, Timofei Ionescu.[121] In September 1861, Vârnav finally obtained Popovici's demotion,[122] prompting the latter to cross over into the Bessarabia Governorate and set up Noul Neamț Monastery outside Kitskany. Andronic claimed that this establishment was merely a lavra for the old one. Vârnav, who kept the monastery seal on him, did not validate this in writing, but his adversaries either forged or obtained permission from other administrators.[123]Eventually, by 1862, Alexandru A. Cantacuzino took over at the ministry and had Vârnav arrested.[124] Vârnav pleaded for his case and petitioned the Divan with letters also taken up in Tribuna Română gazette. Archimandrite Timofei dismissed his defense as fantasy, depicting Vârnav as a persecutor of his monks, who had loosely interpreted Cuza's policies in order to suppress dissent at the monastery.[125] He was allowed to return after a few weeks in jail, in time to witness the great fire which affected Neamț in December 1862; in their polemical writings, the renegades of Kitskany alleged that Vârnav himself was the arsonist.[126] Finally forced out of the monastery in 1862, he drifted toward Wallachia and spent some time in Buzău. It was probably this more sympathetic community that bestowed upon him the titles of Hieromonk and Protosyncellus.[127]According to church historian Melchisedec Ștefănescu, Vârnav, being \"detested by the public and disgraced by prince Cuza\", settled in Bucharest, \"providing his services to whoever would need them.\" He sees the former Starets as an extremist and a heretic, \"formed in the school of Blanqui, Pyat [and] Rochefort\".[128] Vârnav found employment at Sfântul Dumitru–Poștă Church in Lipscani, which answered directly to the Archdiocese of Buzău. This position helped him to resume contacts with his old friend Rosetti, alongside whom Vârnav wished to reconfigure Romanian radicalism.[129] The Hieromonk returned to favor in January 1864, when Dimitrie Bolintineanu, who chaired the unified ministry of education, appointed him to a commission that was tasked with assessing calendar reform. However, his name was immediately flagged and stricken out by the Romanian Metropolitan Bishop, Nifon Rusailă.[128] Vârnav was instead auditor of the state charity funds, in which capacity he uncovered misuse and embezzlement by the political clientele. One such case referred to young girls collecting social welfare while serving as mistresses to some in the ministry staff.[130]Satyrul cartoon for the elections of April 1866, showing Vârnav, with papers marked Da! (\"Yes!\"), at the top of the electoral ladder. Other figures pictured include Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Petre P. Carp, and Pantazi GhicaVârnav, who was reportedly a delegate to the Elective Assembly in 1864, supported Cuza's anti-parliamentary coup.[131] Also a Cuza loyalist, Constantin Vârnav continued to serve on the Princely Court of Justice, where he notably enforced censorship laws against Ionescu de la Brad.[132] During the coup events, Sofronie lived in a rented townhouse at Sfântul Dumitru, shared with Cuza's uncle Grigore.[131] During the plebiscite of June 1864, organized by the Domnitor in order to increase his executive power and impose a land reform, he put up a \"lit sign\" reading: Popa Vârnav zice da[131][133] or Părintele S. Varnav d̦ice Da[134] (both meaning \"Father [S.] Vârnav Says Yes\"). As noted at the time by polemicist Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, the sign was both of questionable taste and unintentionally humorous, since it did not clarify what was yes was being said to, concluding: \"that great Vărnavŭ, being as zealous as ever, fell from the sublime into the ridiculous!\"[134]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monstrous coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous_coalition"},{"link_name":"cockades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade"},{"link_name":"Mogoșoaiei Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calea_Victoriei"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-153-133"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"Romanian Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodromos_(Mount_Athos)"},{"link_name":"Aromanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Carol of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"plebiscite on Carol's acceptance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Romanian_prince_referendum"},{"link_name":"Ploiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bacău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iorga,_p._182-136"},{"link_name":"Calinic Miclescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calinic_Miclescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Trei Ierarhi Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Anastasie Panu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasie_Panu"},{"link_name":"Assembly of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"November 1866 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=November_1866_Romanian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Bârlad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rlad"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaxiv-140"},{"link_name":"Tutova County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutova_County"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlcs290-128"},{"link_name":"Free and Independent Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Independent_Faction"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Jewish emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie R. Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_R._Rosetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"election of December 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Romanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Manolache Costache Epureanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltte3ian-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%AEndrea28-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gztr12-147"},{"link_name":"autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%AEndrea28-146"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-155-148"},{"link_name":"pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iorga,_p._182-136"},{"link_name":"Românul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nul"},{"link_name":"Ialomița County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialomi%C8%9Ba_County"},{"link_name":"blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%AEndrea28-146"},{"link_name":"Gazet'a Transilvaniei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_de_Transilvania"},{"link_name":"intelligentsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gztr12-147"},{"link_name":"Interior Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Ion Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltte3ian-145"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gztr12-147"},{"link_name":"Alliance Israélite Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Golescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Golescu"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pz20-155-148"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaxiv-140"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Romanian independence was achieved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ni187-103"},{"link_name":"Scarlat C. Vârnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlat_C._V%C3%A2rnav&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"School of Bridges, Roads and Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Junimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junimea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drr190-4"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Șiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_%C8%98iller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Fontenay-aux-Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay-aux-Roses"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"entered World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Zimnicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimnicea"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ni186-72"},{"link_name":"Antonie Plămădeală","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_Pl%C4%83m%C4%83deal%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"sub_title":"1867 campaign and death","text":"On the morning of February 11, 1866, Cuza and his authoritarian regime were deposed by a \"monstrous coalition\" of liberals and conservatives. Just hours after, supporters of the coup ambushed Vârnav in his house. He was picked up, covered in tricolor cockades, and paraded into the Princely Palace on Mogoșoaiei Bridge; he was however welcomed and protected there by the regency council.[133] Vârnav was out of the country, on a mission to Mount Athos—Rosetti, who took over as Education Minister, sent him over to consecrate the Romanian Monastery there. He returned with two Aromanian youths for training at the Bucharest Seminary.[135] During the same interval, Carol of Hohenzollern, a foreign prince, was selected as the new Domnitor. Vârnav was again active in politics by April, which saw a plebiscite on Carol's acceptance, during which he traveled as far south as Ploiești and as far north as Bacău, persuading Wallachians and Moldavians alike to vote for Carol (and thus, for a cemented union).[136] As Bishop Calinic Miclescu and others put up separatist resistance in Iași, he also took an emergency trip there, effectively acting as a negotiator between the two camps.[137] Declaring himself against any attempt at separation, he hoped to ingratiate himself with the authorities and be assigned curator of Trei Ierarhi Monastery.[138] He was still in the city in September, representing government at the funeral of his friend Anastasie Panu. Switching back to his civilian commitments, he angered Miclescu by announcing his bid for an Assembly of Deputies seat in the November 1866 election. This initiative resulted in another investigation by church authorities.[139]Vârnav ultimately settled in Bârlad in 1867,[140] and his last months were spent in Tutova County politics, but also in efforts to furnish the local hospital.[141] According to Melchisedec Ștefănescu, he also continued to \"propagate his political and religious heresies\".[128] With Ion and Constantin Codrescu, P. Chenciu, A. V. Ionescu, and Ioan Popescu, he established a \"National Liberal Party\", which functioned as the provincial affiliate of the Moldavian-wide Free and Independent Faction.[142] Like other Factionalists, Vârnav also involved himself in the debates over the issue of Jewish emancipation, and is described by biographer Dimitrie R. Rosetti as a \"firebrand antisemite\".[4] According to a Jewish man's letter, published in L'Echo Danubien, his \"preaching against the Israelites [was] of the most barbaric kind\", disturbing the otherwise tolerant mood of Tutova.[143] In the election of December 1867, Vârnav put himself up as a Tutova candidate for both the Senate and the Assembly. He was soundly defeated in the former race by Manolache Costache Epureanu (who took 163 out of 233 total votes),[144] but was able to win a deputy's mandate at Tutova's Fourth College. Without ever taking his seat, he died at Bârlad, on January 6, 1868 [O.S. December 25, 1867],[145] after illness that lasted \"just one day\".[146][147]The mysterious circumstances led to an autopsy, which found nothing of relevance. His stomach and intestines were dispatched to Bucharest, for a more in-depth toxicological inquest.[146] Already before his death, rumor spread that his Jewish enemies had poisoned the Starets, who, despite his antisemitic campaign, had taken residence at a Jewish-owned hotel;[148] a riot (or attempted pogrom) erupted in the city. As noted by D. R. Rosetti, \"the excitement of the population required intervention of troops sent in from bordering counties, as a safeguard for the Jews, whose lives were being threatened.\"[4] The same is noted by Iorga: \"His death was found suspicious, and military measures were taken to curb the anti-Jewish movements.\"[136] The conspiracy theory was shunned as \"infamy\" by C. A. Rosetti's daily Românul, which noted that \"ignorance was exploited\" by \"the enemies of the country\"—both in Tutova and Ialomița County (the scene of a scandal over allegations of blood libel). However, the paper also played down the riot, reporting that only the city synagogue and a few Jewish houses had been damaged.[146]An early report by Gazet'a Transilvaniei claimed that Bârlad's intelligentsia was directly involved in calming the populace, before \"rebels\" could succeed in destroying the synagogue.[147] A detailed note of protest, signed by 200 notables of Bârlad, claimed that the riot had been started by mourners gathering in front of Vârnav's lodging, located opposite a Jewish establishment; altercations, they argued, had been provoked by the Jews, who \"insulted [...] the agonizing patient\" and attempted to injure peaceful mourners by hurling boiling water in their direction; the petitioners asked the Interior Minister Ion Brătianu not to punish the populace for what it viewed as \"calumnies by the adversaries of the national cause\".[145][147] Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) sources tell that Vârnav himself had incensed the Romanian crowds earlier in the campaign, with endorsement from the Ștefan Golescu government.[149] The pogrom, they argue, was attempted by some of the petitioners themselves, and higher authorities, who \"arrested all the Jews, supposedly to protect them\", actually \"facilitated things for the rioters\"; the investigation of the riot \"was opened, but carried no effect.\"[150] On February 25, Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that \"solely Jews\" had participated in the riot.[151]As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by \"some rather particular disease.\"[152] The Starets was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery[148] later that month,[140] but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the Transilvania Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February.[153] Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after Romanian independence was achieved.[4][103] His own son, Scarlat C. Vârnav, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, he also pursued a career in politics with the Junimea constitutionalists in the 1890s.[4] The Hieromonk's painting collection was only gradually restored by Gheorghe Șiller, who worked under Bardasare's supervision.[154]In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in Fontenay-aux-Roses.[155] The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania entered World War I: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of Zimnicea.[156] By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten.[72] Interest in Scarlat Sr and his work was revived in 1981 by the Orthodox scholar Antonie Plămădeală, who dedicated him a micro-monograph, part of a series on Romanian monks who were culturally prolific.[157]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"I. V. Socecŭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editura_Socec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drr190_4-11"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie R. Rosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_R._Rosetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Gorovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gorovei"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Cristian Preda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Preda"},{"link_name":"Polirom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polirom"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-973-46-2201-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-46-2201-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-114_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-114_20-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C8%99td66_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C8%99td66_21-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bej188_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bej188_22-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Sion"},{"link_name":"Editura Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editura_Minerva"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7270251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7270251"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mds367_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mds367_48-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_R%C4%83zvan_Ungureanu"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-606-714-007-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-714-007-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ni186_72-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ni186_72-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-606-714-332-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-714-332-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ni187_103-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ni187_103-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"N. Petrașcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Petra%C8%99cu"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"65579046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65579046"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"V. A. Urechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._A._Urechia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-114"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-115"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-127"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mlcs290_128-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mlcs290_128-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mlcs290_128-2"},{"link_name":"Melchisedec Ștefănescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchisedec_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-129"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-130"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-icf22_131-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-icf22_131-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-icf22_131-2"},{"link_name":"Ioan C. Filitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_C._Filitti"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-153_133-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-153_133-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hasdeu_134-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hasdeu_134-1"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-973-120-054-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-120-054-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-135"},{"link_name":"Victor Papacostea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Papacostea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_%C8%98erban_Tana%C8%99oca"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-606-8195-28-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-8195-28-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Iorga,_p._182_136-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Iorga,_p._182_136-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-139"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iaxiv_140-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iaxiv_140-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-141"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-142"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-144"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltte3ian_145-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ltte3ian_145-1"},{"link_name":"Romanulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nul"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C3%AEndrea28_146-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C3%AEndrea28_146-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%C3%AEndrea28_146-2"},{"link_name":"Romanulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nul"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gztr12_147-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gztr12_147-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gztr12_147-2"},{"link_name":"Gazet'a Transilvaniei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_de_Transilvania"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-155_148-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pz20-155_148-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-150"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-153"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-156"},{"link_name":"Atelierele Societății Anonime Adevĕrul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-157"}],"text":"^ George D. Nicolescu, Parlamentul Romîn: 1866–1901. Biografii și portrete, p. 30. Bucharest: I. V. Socecŭ, 1903\n\n^ Nistor, pp. 534, 535\n\n^ Ghibănescu (1915), p. 350\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dimitrie R. Rosetti, Dicționarul contimporanilor, p. 190. Bucharest: Editura Lito-Tipografiei Populara, 1897\n\n^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 65; Isar, p. 1442; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–113, 114\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 113\n\n^ Arthur Gorovei, Monografia Orașului Botoșani, pp. 142–153. Botoșani: Ediția Primăriei de Botoșani, 1938. See also Iorga, pp. 170–175; Nistor, p. 531; Stino, p. 88\n\n^ Xenopol, pp. 100–102\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 173–175\n\n^ Iorga, p. 172; Stino, p. 88\n\n^ Iuliu Bud, \"Cartea românească și străină de istorie. Antonie Plămădeală, Lazăr-Leon Asachi în cultura română\", in Revista de Istorie, Issue 4/1988, p. 456\n\n^ Nistor, p. 531\n\n^ Cristian Preda, Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent, p. 25. Iași: Polirom, 2011. ISBN 978-973-46-2201-6\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 112\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 144\n\n^ Ghibănescu (1929), pp. 35–36. See also Iftimi & Iftimi, p. 102\n\n^ Dimitrescu, pp. 65–66\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 112–114\n\n^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 114\n\n^ a b Dimitrescu, p. 66\n\n^ a b Bejenaru, p. 188\n\n^ Isar, p. 1433; Zahariuc (2020), p. 114\n\n^ Isar, pp. 1433–1434. See also Dimitrescu, p. 66\n\n^ Ichim, pp. 318–319\n\n^ Grigorescu, pp. 256–257\n\n^ Dimitrescu, p. 66; Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 11–12, 19–20; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 130–131\n\n^ Nistor, p. 532; Stino, pp. 85–86\n\n^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 83, 89\n\n^ Gheorghe Sion, Suvenire contimporane, p. 38. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1915. OCLC 7270251\n\n^ Bogdan-Duică, p. 103; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123. See also Isar, pp. 1440, 1441–1442\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 117\n\n^ Stino, p. 86\n\n^ Cazimir, p. 9\n\n^ Isar, pp. 1438–1439\n\n^ Stino, pp. 86–88. See also Iorga, pp. 175–179\n\n^ Cazimir, p. 118\n\n^ Iorga, p. 175\n\n^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118\n\n^ Iorga, p. 176; Stino, pp. 87–88; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117–118\n\n^ Isar, p. 1440; Zahariuc (2020), p. 149\n\n^ Cretzianu, pp. 123–124; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 79, 297–298, 309; Dimitrescu, p. 66; Iorga, pp. 176–177; Isar, pp. 1436–1437; Nistor, pp. 531, 534; Pocitan Ploeșteanu, pp. 25–26; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120\n\n^ Cretzianu, p. 123; Xenopol, pp. 236–237; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115, 117. See also Clain, pp. 8–9; Isar, p. 1436\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 78–80, 82, 85. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 115–116, 120\n\n^ Bodea, p. 83; Stino, p. 85\n\n^ Marian Dulă, \"Francmasoneria și Biserica\", in Revista Nouă, Issue 3/2011, p. 63\n\n^ a b Sturdza, p. 367\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 50–51. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 114–115\n\n^ Bodea, p. 80; Zahariuc (2020), p. 120\n\n^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 26. See also Iorga, pp. 178–179\n\n^ Cretzianu, p. 123; Iorga, p. 179; Zahariuc (2020), p. 115\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 114\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 120–121\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 185–187\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 182–186\n\n^ Bodea, p. 268\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 90–91. See also Isar, p. 1437\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 119–120\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 91–94. See also Cretzianu, pp. 132–133; Isar, pp. 1437–1439; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 121–122\n\n^ Bodea, pp. 91–94\n\n^ Sturdza, pp. 366–367, 368; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 124–125\n\n^ Sturdza, pp. 366–367\n\n^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Zahariuc (2020), p. 125\n\n^ Clain, p. 9\n\n^ Bejenaru, p. 188; Adrian Butnaru, \"Reprezentanți de seamă ai familiei Iamandi în preajma și după Unirea Principatelor Române\", in Revista Istorică, Vol. XXII, Issues 5–6, September–December, 2011, pp. 527–528\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 125–130\n\n^ Gh. Ungureanu, \"Framîntări social-politice premergătoare mișcării revoluționare din 1848 în Moldova\", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Issue 3/1958, p. 19. See also Bejenaru, p. 188; Ghibănescu (1915), p. 373; Zahariuc (2020), p. 124\n\n^ Isar, p. 1442\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 124\n\n^ Nistor, p. 535. See also Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (ed.), Marea arhondologie a boierilor Moldovei (1835–1856), p. 210. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2014. ISBN 978-606-714-007-1\n\n^ a b Iorga, p. 186\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 130\n\n^ Ichim, pp. 318–319, 325. See also Paradais, pp. 19–20\n\n^ Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67\n\n^ Dimitrescu, pp. 66–67; Grigorescu, p. 257; Ichim, pp. 318–319; Paradais, pp. 19–20, 27\n\n^ R. Rosetti, p. 692; Zahariuc (2016), p. 184\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 179–181\n\n^ Pocitan Ploeșteanu, p. 83\n\n^ Nistor, pp. 529, 531. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 141\n\n^ Gh. Amarandei, \"Vechi instituții culturale dorohoiene\", in Hierasus. Anuar '78, 1979, p. 414. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 132\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 175–176, 180\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 123\n\n^ Isar, pp. 1441–1442\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 117, 118–119\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 122–123\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132–137\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 132, 135–137\n\n^ Ghibănescu (1929), p. 36. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 141–142\n\n^ R. Rosetti, pp. 692–693; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 143, 148\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 141\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 136\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 142–143\n\n^ Iorga, p. 179\n\n^ Nistor, pp. 534–535. See also Xenopol, pp. 332–335; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 138–139\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 139–140\n\n^ Iftimi & Iftimi, pp. 97–98, 100–102\n\n^ Gane, p. 121\n\n^ Simion-Alexandru Gavriș, \"Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu (1800–1869): câteva date biografice\", in Marius Balan, Gabriel Leanca (eds.), Cultură juridică, stat și relații internaționale în epoca modernă. Omagiu Profesorului Corneliu-Gabriel Bădărău, p. 130. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2016. ISBN 978-606-714-332-4\n\n^ Gane, pp. 114–115\n\n^ Isar, pp. 1440–1441\n\n^ Bejenaru, p. 189\n\n^ a b Iorga, p. 187\n\n^ Clain, p. 30\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 179–180; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 137–138\n\n^ Nistor, p. 535\n\n^ N. Petrașcu, Scriitori români contemporani, I: Vasile Alecsandri, pp. 35–36. Bucharest: Tipografia Bucovina I. E. Torouțiu, 1930. OCLC 65579046\n\n^ V. A. Urechia, \"Amintirĭ de la 24 Ianuarie\", in Foaia Populară, Vol. III, Issue 4, January 1900, p. 6\n\n^ Isar, p. 1441; Zahariuc (2020), pp. 140, 149\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 144–145\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 146\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 147–148\n\n^ Costin Clit, \"Pomelnicul Mănăstirii Secu din 1845\", in Buletin informativ al Simpozionului Național Rolul Mănăstirii Secu în Viața Religioasă a Țării Moldovei, Vol. III, 2017, p. 217\n\n^ Zahariuc (2016), p. 184 & (2020), p. 147\n\n^ R. Rosetti, pp. 690–693\n\n^ Iorga, p. 181\n\n^ R. Rosetti, p. 693. See also Zahariuc (2020), p. 150\n\n^ R. Rosetti, pp. 693, 885\n\n^ Bîrzu, p. 104\n\n^ R. Rosetti, p. 885\n\n^ Zahariuc (2016), pp. 185–186. See also Zahariuc (2020), pp. 150–152\n\n^ Bîrzu, pp. 104–105\n\n^ R. Rosetti, p. 897\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 180–182; Zahariuc (2020), p. 151\n\n^ Timofei Ionescu, Рeспȣnсꙋ̆ лa пetiцiȣnea Sf-saлe monaхȣлȣĭ Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆. Iași: Tiparĭul Tribuneĭ Romăne, 1862\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 151\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 151–152\n\n^ a b c Melchisedec Ștefănescu, \"Biseric'a Ortodoxa si Calindariulu\", in Biseric'a si Scól'a, Issue 28/1882, p. 290; Zahariuc (2020), p. 152\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 152\n\n^ Basile C. Livianu, Furia suicidiuluĭ. Studiul causelor principale cari viciază organismul nostru social, pp. 162–163. Bucharest: Tipo-Litografia Societățiĭ Tiparul, 1900\n\n^ a b c Ioan C. Filitti, Biserica Sf. Dumitru din București (Strada Carol), p. 22. Bucharest: Tipografia Cărților Bisericești, 1932\n\n^ Bogdan-Duică, pp. 69–70\n\n^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 153\n\n^ a b Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (editor: I. Oprișan), Aghiuță 1863–1864, p. 204. Bucharest: Editura Vestala, 2009. ISBN 978-973-120-054-5\n\n^ Victor Papacostea, Mihai Regleanu, Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca, Ștefan Vâlcu (eds.), Documentele redeșteptării macedoromâne (Izvoare privitoare la istoria romanității balcanice, I), pp. 25–26, 447. Bucharest: Institute of South-East European Studies & Editura Predania, 2012. ISBN 978-606-8195-28-5; Zahariuc, p. 154\n\n^ a b Iorga, p. 182\n\n^ Iorga, pp. 181–182\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), pp. 153–154\n\n^ Zahariuc (2020), p. 154\n\n^ a b Antonovici, p. XIV\n\n^ Nistor, p. 535; Zahariuc, p. 155\n\n^ Antonovici, pp. XIV–XV\n\n^ Loeb, pp. 298–299\n\n^ Laurențiu Chiriac, Mihai-Cristian Șelaru, \"Manolache Costache Epureanu — omul epocii sale\", in Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis, Vol. XXX, Part II, 2009, pp. 225, 236\n\n^ a b \"D–luĭ Redactore alŭ d̦iaruluĭ Românulŭ\", in Romanulu, January 1–3, 1868, p. 3. Isar (p. 1442) and Zahariuc (2020, p. 155) propose December 26\n\n^ a b c \"Bucurescĭ 28 Îndrea 1867/9 Cărindariŭ 1868\", in Romanulu, December 25–29, 1868, p. 1\n\n^ a b c \"Romani'a. In Barladu\", in Gazet'a Transilvaniei, Issue 3/1868, p. 12\n\n^ a b Zahariuc (2020), p. 155\n\n^ Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–299\n\n^ Loeb, pp. 167–168, 298–300\n\n^ Loeb, p. 300\n\n^ Loeb, p. 167\n\n^ \"Romani'a. Adunarea Societâtiei Transilvani'a procesu-vorbale (Urmare.)\", in Federatiunea, Issue 28/1868, p. 108\n\n^ Paradais, pp. 11–12\n\n^ Nicolae Liu, \"Cartea și biblioteca, mijloace de cunoaștere și de apropiere în istoria relațiilor româno-franceze\", in Revista de Istorie, Issue 3/1985, pp. 293, 299\n\n^ George Miron, Note din războiul pentru intregirea neamului, pp. 14–16. Bucharest: Atelierele Societății Anonime Adevĕrul, 1923\n\n^ Paul Mihail, \"Comptes rendus. Antoinie Plămădeală, Dascăli de cuget și simțire românească\", in Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes, Vol. XX, Issue 3, July–September 1982, p. 352","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Vârnav family coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/V%C3%A2rnav_family_coat_of_arms.svg/210px-V%C3%A2rnav_family_coat_of_arms.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Vârnav's brother Constantin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/C._V%C3%A2rnav.png/220px-C._V%C3%A2rnav.png"},{"image_text":"1859 cartoon mocking the censorship laws enforced under Alexandru Ioan Cuza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Libertatea_presei%2C_Nikipercea%2C_1859.jpg/260px-Libertatea_presei%2C_Nikipercea%2C_1859.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satyrul cartoon for the elections of April 1866, showing Vârnav, with papers marked Da! (\"Yes!\"), at the top of the electoral ladder. Other figures pictured include Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Petre P. Carp, and Pantazi Ghica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Prim%C5%AD-aprilie%2C_Satyrul%2C_April_3_%2815%29%2C_1866.png/300px-Prim%C5%AD-aprilie%2C_Satyrul%2C_April_3_%2815%29%2C_1866.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7270251","external_links_name":"7270251"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65579046","external_links_name":"65579046"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895494408","external_links_name":"895494408"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1252020","external_links_name":"1252020"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lasituationdesi00loebgoog","external_links_name":"La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1196244","external_links_name":"1196244"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/161917/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028401077","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21123322","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRRWvcHVrHRCxVkPPYT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85201494","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Dorman_Books | Viking Press | ["1 Imprints","1.1 Viking Children's","1.2 Viking Critical Library","2 Notable authors","3 Notable editors","4 Awards","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | American publishing company
Viking PressParent companyPenguin Random HouseStatusActiveFounded1925; 99 years ago (1925)FoundersHarold K. Guinzburg, George OppenheimerCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationNew York CityKey peoplePresident-Brian Tart, Children's publisher Kenneth WrightImprints
Viking Kestrel
Viking Adult
Viking Children's Books
Viking Portable Library
Official websitepenguin.com/vikingbooks
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.
Imprints
Viking Kestrel
Viking Adult, who got in legal trouble in 1946 due to John Steinbeck's bold eulogy, and fell out of public favor in 1947
Viking children's Books
Viking Portable Library
Pamela Dorman Books
Viking Children's
In 1933, Viking Press founded a department called Junior Books to publish children's books. The first book published was The Story About Ping in 1933 under editor May Massee. Junior Books was later renamed Viking Children's Books. Viking Kestrel was one of its imprints.
Its books have won the Newbery and Caldecott Medals, and include such books as The Twenty-One Balloons, written and illustrated by William Pene du Bois (1947, Newbery medal winner for 1948), Corduroy, Make Way for Ducklings, The Stinky Cheese Man by Jon Scieszka and Lane Smith (1993), The Outsiders, Pippi Longstocking, and The Story of Ferdinand. Its paperbacks are now published by Puffin Books, which includes the Speak and Firebird imprints. In 2023, Tamar Brazis was named v-p and publisher of Viking Children's Books.
Viking Critical Library
The Viking Critical Library offers academic editions of literary texts. Like W. W. Norton's Norton Critical Editions, all titles print the text alongside a selection of critical essays and contextual documents (including relevant extracts from the author's oeuvre). The series, which only saw sporadic publications in the late '70s and late '90s, has been dormant since 1998, with no new titles released since then. However, a number of existing titles remain in print.
Titles
Author
Title
Editor
Year published
Notes
Don DeLillo
White Noise
Mark Osteen
1998
.
Graham Greene
The Quiet American
John Clark Pratt
1996
James Joyce
Dubliners
Robert Scholes
1996
James Joyce
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Chester G. Anderson
1977
The only title known to include explanatory end notes.
Ken Kesey
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
John Clark Pratt
1977
Out of print.
Jack Kerouac
On the Road
Scott Donaldson
1979
Out of print.
Arthur Miller
The Crucible
Gerald Weales
1996
Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman
Gerald Weales
1996
John Steinbeck
The Grapes of Wrath
Kevin Hearle
1997
Notable authors
Abdullah II, King of Jordan
Kingsley Amis
Sherwood Anderson
Hannah Arendt
Peter S. Beagle
Antony Beevor
Saul Bellow
Ludwig Bemelmans
Dan Blum
T. C. Boyle
Geraldine Brooks
Daniel James Brown
William S. Burroughs
Lan Cao
Rosanne Cash
Ferreira de Castro
J. M. Coetzee
Leonard Cohen
Roald Dahl
Theodore Draper
Lawrence Durrell
Kim Edwards
Daniel Ellsberg
Helen Fielding
Frederick Forsyth
Don Freeman
Tana French
Elizabeth George
Elizabeth Gilbert
Rumer Godden
Will Gompertz
Graham Greene
R. K. Narayan
Robert Greene
Martha Grimes
S. E. Hinton
David Irving
Kristopher Jansma
James Weldon Johnson
James Joyce
Jan Karon
Ezra Jack Keats
Garrison Keillor
William Kennedy
Jack Kerouac
Ken Kesey
Sue Monk Kidd
Stephen King
Jamil Jan Kochai
D. H. Lawrence
Tobsha Learner
Rebecca Makkai
Hilary Mantel
Peter Matthiessen
Robert McCloskey
Terry McMillan
Arthur Miller
Jojo Moyes
John Julius Norwich
Barack Obama
Michelle Obama
Richard Osman
Octavio Paz
Steven Pinker
Thomas Pynchon
Ruth Sawyer
Jon Scieszka
Kate Seredy
Katherine Binney Shippen
Upton Sinclair
Wallace Stegner
John Steinbeck
Rex Stout
August Strindberg
Simms Taback
Whitney Terrell
Barbara Tuchman
Carl Van Doren
William T. Vollmann
David Foster Wallace
Rosemary Wells
Rebecca West
Patrick White
Vikram Sampath
Notable editors
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, consulting editor
Wendy Wolf, vice president and associate editor, 1994-
Awards
10 Newbery Medals
10 Caldecott Medals
27 Newbery Honors
33 Caldecott Honors
1 American Book Award
2 Coretta Scott King Awards
3 Batcheldor Honors
5 Christopher Medals
2 Margaret A. Edwards Awards for authors S. E. Hinton and Richard Peck
References
^ Kenneth T. Jackson; Lisa Keller; Nancy Flood (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. New York City: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300055368.
^ Egli, ed. (1975). "Viking Press Is Sold To Penguin Books". School Library Journal. 22 (4). New York City: Media Source Inc.: 16.
^ Whitman, Alden (November 11, 1975). "Viking Press Is Sold to Penguin Books". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
^ Kantor, Emma. "Brazis, Santopolo promoted at Penguin Young Readers". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
Further reading
Bean, Martha Sue. A History and Profile of the Viking Press, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Theses, 1969.
"Viking Press, Viking Penguin", Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 46, pp. 365-368.
External links
Viking Press overview at Penguin
Viking Press history at Penguin (page from August 28, 2006 stored by the Internet Archive)
Viking Children's Books overview at Penguin
Viking Children's Books history at Penguin (page from April 26, 2008 stored by the Internet Archive)
vteBertelsmannBertelsmannHome Entertainment
Arcadia Entertainment
Aris Ekdotiki
ClipArt Films
Feelgood Entertainment
Fiction Pictures
JP Video Productions
Libero Video
Lucifier Video Enterprises
Mascot Video
Media Vista Film & Audio Distributors
Panorama Audio Visual Systems S.A.
Pissanos International
Star Video
Media assetsvteRTL GroupRTL DeutschlandTV
RTL
VOX
RTL Zwei
VOXup
Nitro
RTL Up
Super RTL
Toggolino
Toggo
RTL Super
Toggo Plus
n-tv
RTL Crime
RTL Living
RTL Passion
GEO Television
Radio
RTL Radio
104.6 RTL
Antenne Bayern
Antenne Niedersachsen
Radio Hamburg
Radio NRW
105'5 Spreeradio
Radio 21
Radio Regenbogen
BigFM
Hitradio RTL Sachsen
Radio Brocken (50%)
89.0 RTL
Antenne Thüringen (15%)
Radio Ton (2%)
Rock Antenne
Sachsen Funkpaket (31.9%)
Radio Dresden
Radio Leipzig
Radio Chemnitz
Radio Lausitz
Radio Zwickau
Radio Erzgebirge
Vogtland Radio
Oldie 95 (4.78%)
Radio Top 40 (15%)
RTL Publishing
Brigitte
Capital
GEO
Stern
RTL NederlandTV
RTL 4
RTL 5
RTL 7
RTL 8
RTL Z
RTL Crime
RTL Lounge
RTL Telekids
Catchup and Video on Demand
RTL XL
VideolandGroupe M6 (48.6%)TV
M6
W9
6ter
Paris Première
Téva
Série Club
M6 Music
Gulli
Tiji
Canal J
MCM
MCM Top
La Chaîne du Père Noël
RFM TV
Catchup and Video on Demand
6play
Salto
Radio
RTL
RTL2
Fun Radio
RTL LuxembourgTV
RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
RTL Zwee
Radio
RTL Radio
RTL Today Radio
RTL LX
RTL Gold
RTL MagyarországTV
RTL
RTL II
Cool
Film+
RTL Gold
RTL Három
Sorozat+
Muzsika TV
Video on Demand
RTL+Atresmedia (18.65%)TV
Antena 3 (HD)
laSexta (HD)
Neox
Nova
Mega
Atreseries (only HD)
Radio
Onda Cero
Europa FM
Melodia FM
Catchup
AtresplayerLatin America & Brazil
Gulli Brasil
Russia
Gulli Girl
Tiji
Fremantle
United Kingdom
Dancing Ledge
Euston Films
Castlefield
Hare and Tortoise
Thames
Talkback
Naked
Full Fat TV
Label 1
Man Alive
Wild Blue Media
Ireland
Element Pictures
France
Kwai
Germany
Grundy UFA
UFA GmbH
UFA Fiction
UFA Show & Factual
Teamworx
Phoenix Film
We Are Era
Finland
Grillifilms
Moskito Television
Production House Finland
Sweden
Strix
Baluba
Italy
Lux Vide
The Apartment Pictures
Wildside
Denmark
Miso Film
Blu Productions
Strong Productions
Norway
One Big Happy Family
Rakett TV
Monster
Playroom
Novemberfilm
Strix
Australia
Fremantle Australia
Eureka Productions
United States
Original Productions
Random House Studio
Eureka USA
The Immigrant
Fabel
Netherlands
Blue Circle
Fiction Valley
No Pictures Please
Israel
Abot Hameiri
^ joint venture with Leonine Holding, The Walt Disney Company, Bauer Media Group and Hubert Burda Media.
^ a b joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, Axel Springer AG, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft.
^ joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs.
^ joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.
^ joint venture with Pressefunk Nordrhein-Westfalen and Westdeutscher Rundfunk.
^ joint venture with Funk & Fernsehen Nordwestdeutschland, Antenne Niedersachen and Niedersachsen Radio.
^ joint venture with Mediengruppe Dr. Haas.
^ joint venture with Rheinland-Pfälzische Rundfunk.
^ joint venture with Broadcast Sachsen.
^ joint venture with TF1 Group.
^ joint venture with France Télévisions and Groupe TF1.
PenguinRandom HouseUSAKnopf Doubleday
Knopf
Doubleday
Everyman's Library (US)
Pantheon
Schocken
Vintage
Random House
Ballantine
Bantam
Dell
Del Rey
Dial
Modern Library
Spectra
Villard
Crown
Broadway
Harmony
Hogarth
Rodale
Three Rivers
Ten Speed
Watson-Guptill
Children's
Beginner Books
Golden
Penguin Adult
Avery
Dutton
Penguin
Putnam
Riverhead
Sentinel
TarcherPerigee
Viking
Berkley Publishing Group
Ace
Berkley
New American Library
Jove
Plume
Roc
Penguin Young Readers
Dial Young Readers
Dutton Children's
Firebird
Putnam
Grosset & Dunlap
Philomel
Price Stern Sloan
Puffin
Warne
Information
Books on Tape
Living Language
Playaway
The Princeton Review
Other
Sasquatch Books
UKEbury
BBC Books
Ebury
Del Rey
Rider
Virgin Books (90%)
W. H. Allen
Penguin General
Hamish Hamilton
Penguin Books
Viking
Penguin Press
Pelican
Penguin Classics
PRH Children
Ladybird
Puffin
Other
Cornerstone
Hutchinson
Random House
William Heinemann
Transworld
Bantam
Doubleday
Associated publishers
Andersen
Everyman's Library
Vintage Publishing
The Bodley Head
Chatto & Windus
Harvill Secker
Jonathan Cape
Vintage
Canada
Doubleday Canada
McClelland & Stewart
Douglas Gibson Books
Tundra Books
New Canadian Library
Germany
Blanvalet
cbj
Goldmann
Heyne
Luchterhand
Manesse
Prestel
Spain
Alfaguara
Bruguera
Ediciones B
Santillana
Other
Companhia das Letras (70%)
Dorling Kindersley
Alpha
PRH Publisher Services
Other assets
Alliant International University
Arvato
Brockhaus
Arvato Entertainment (Sonopress)
BMG Rights Management
Der Spiegel (25%)
Relias Learning
Manager Magazin (24.9%)
Sächsische Zeitung (60%)
Category
Portals: Companies Books
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publishing company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_company"},{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyork-1"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer[1] and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.[2][3]","title":"Viking Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Viking Kestrel\nViking Adult, who got in legal trouble in 1946 due to John Steinbeck's bold eulogy, and fell out of public favor in 1947[clarification needed]\nViking children's Books\nViking Portable Library\nPamela Dorman Books","title":"Imprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Story About Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_About_Ping"},{"link_name":"May Massee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Massee"},{"link_name":"imprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Newbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"Caldecott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecott_Medal"},{"link_name":"The Twenty-One Balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twenty-One_Balloons"},{"link_name":"William Pene du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pene_du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Corduroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduroy_(book)"},{"link_name":"Make Way for Ducklings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Way_for_Ducklings"},{"link_name":"The Stinky Cheese Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stinky_Cheese_Man_and_Other_Fairly_Stupid_Tales"},{"link_name":"Jon Scieszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Scieszka"},{"link_name":"Lane Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Smith_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"The Outsiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsiders_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Pippi Longstocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking"},{"link_name":"The Story of Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Puffin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin_Books"},{"link_name":"Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebird_Books"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Viking Children's","text":"In 1933, Viking Press founded a department called Junior Books to publish children's books. The first book published was The Story About Ping in 1933 under editor May Massee. Junior Books was later renamed Viking Children's Books. Viking Kestrel was one of its imprints.Its books have won the Newbery and Caldecott Medals, and include such books as The Twenty-One Balloons, written and illustrated by William Pene du Bois (1947, Newbery medal winner for 1948), Corduroy, Make Way for Ducklings, The Stinky Cheese Man by Jon Scieszka and Lane Smith (1993), The Outsiders, Pippi Longstocking, and The Story of Ferdinand. Its paperbacks are now published by Puffin Books, which includes the Speak and Firebird imprints. In 2023, Tamar Brazis was named v-p and publisher of Viking Children's Books.[4]","title":"Imprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_book"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton"}],"sub_title":"Viking Critical Library","text":"The Viking Critical Library offers academic editions of literary texts. Like W. W. Norton's Norton Critical Editions, all titles print the text alongside a selection of critical essays and contextual documents (including relevant extracts from the author's oeuvre). The series, which only saw sporadic publications in the late '70s and late '90s, has been dormant since 1998, with no new titles released since then. However, a number of existing titles remain in print.Titles","title":"Imprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdullah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"King of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Amis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Amis"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hannah Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt"},{"link_name":"Peter S. Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle"},{"link_name":"Antony Beevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor"},{"link_name":"Saul Bellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Bemelmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans"},{"link_name":"Dan Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Blum"},{"link_name":"T. C. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_James_Brown"},{"link_name":"William S. Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Lan Cao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Cao"},{"link_name":"Rosanne Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosanne_Cash"},{"link_name":"Ferreira de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreira_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"J. M. Coetzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Theodore Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Draper"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Durrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell"},{"link_name":"Kim Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ellsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg"},{"link_name":"Helen Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Fielding"},{"link_name":"Frederick Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Don Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Tana French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_French"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_George"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Rumer Godden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumer_Godden"},{"link_name":"Will Gompertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Gompertz"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"R. K. Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._K._Narayan"},{"link_name":"Robert Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(American_author)"},{"link_name":"Martha Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Grimes"},{"link_name":"S. E. Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._E._Hinton"},{"link_name":"David Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving"},{"link_name":"Kristopher Jansma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristopher_Jansma"},{"link_name":"James Weldon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Jan Karon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Karon"},{"link_name":"Ezra Jack Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Jack_Keats"},{"link_name":"Garrison Keillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Keillor"},{"link_name":"William Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jack Kerouac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac"},{"link_name":"Ken Kesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey"},{"link_name":"Sue Monk Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Monk_Kidd"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Jamil Jan Kochai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Jan_Kochai"},{"link_name":"D. H. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Tobsha Learner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobsha_Learner"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Makkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Makkai"},{"link_name":"Hilary Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Mantel"},{"link_name":"Peter Matthiessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen"},{"link_name":"Robert McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"Terry McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McMillan"},{"link_name":"Arthur Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Miller"},{"link_name":"Jojo Moyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojo_Moyes"},{"link_name":"John Julius Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Richard Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Osman"},{"link_name":"Octavio Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Paz"},{"link_name":"Steven Pinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pynchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon"},{"link_name":"Ruth Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Jon Scieszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Scieszka"},{"link_name":"Kate Seredy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Seredy"},{"link_name":"Katherine Binney Shippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Binney_Shippen"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Wallace Stegner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stegner"},{"link_name":"John Steinbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck"},{"link_name":"Rex Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Stout"},{"link_name":"August Strindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg"},{"link_name":"Simms Taback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simms_Taback"},{"link_name":"Whitney Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Terrell"},{"link_name":"Barbara Tuchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman"},{"link_name":"Carl Van Doren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Van_Doren"},{"link_name":"William T. Vollmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Vollmann"},{"link_name":"David Foster Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Wells"},{"link_name":"Rebecca West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_West"},{"link_name":"Patrick White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_White"},{"link_name":"Vikram Sampath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Sampath"}],"text":"Abdullah II, King of Jordan\nKingsley Amis\nSherwood Anderson\nHannah Arendt\nPeter S. Beagle\nAntony Beevor\nSaul Bellow\nLudwig Bemelmans\nDan Blum\nT. C. Boyle\nGeraldine Brooks\nDaniel James Brown\nWilliam S. Burroughs\nLan Cao\nRosanne Cash\nFerreira de Castro\nJ. M. Coetzee\nLeonard Cohen\nRoald Dahl\nTheodore Draper\nLawrence Durrell\nKim Edwards\nDaniel Ellsberg\nHelen Fielding\nFrederick Forsyth\nDon Freeman\nTana French\nElizabeth George\nElizabeth Gilbert\nRumer Godden\nWill Gompertz\nGraham Greene\nR. K. Narayan\nRobert Greene\nMartha Grimes\nS. E. Hinton\nDavid Irving\nKristopher Jansma\nJames Weldon Johnson\nJames Joyce\nJan Karon\nEzra Jack Keats\nGarrison Keillor\nWilliam Kennedy\nJack Kerouac\nKen Kesey\nSue Monk Kidd\nStephen King\nJamil Jan Kochai\nD. H. Lawrence\nTobsha Learner\nRebecca Makkai\nHilary Mantel\nPeter Matthiessen\nRobert McCloskey\nTerry McMillan\nArthur Miller\nJojo Moyes\nJohn Julius Norwich\nBarack Obama\nMichelle Obama\nRichard Osman\nOctavio Paz\nSteven Pinker\nThomas Pynchon\nRuth Sawyer\nJon Scieszka\nKate Seredy\nKatherine Binney Shippen\nUpton Sinclair\nWallace Stegner\nJohn Steinbeck\nRex Stout\nAugust Strindberg\nSimms Taback\nWhitney Terrell\nBarbara Tuchman\nCarl Van Doren\nWilliam T. Vollmann\nDavid Foster Wallace\nRosemary Wells\nRebecca West\nPatrick White\nVikram Sampath","title":"Notable authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"}],"text":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, consulting editor\nWendy Wolf, vice president and associate editor, 1994-","title":"Notable editors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. E. Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._E._Hinton"},{"link_name":"Richard Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peck_(writer)"}],"text":"10 Newbery Medals\n10 Caldecott Medals\n27 Newbery Honors\n33 Caldecott Honors\n1 American Book Award\n2 Coretta Scott King Awards\n3 Batcheldor Honors\n5 Christopher Medals\n2 Margaret A. Edwards Awards for authors S. E. Hinton and Richard Peck","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bean, Martha Sue. A History and Profile of the Viking Press, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Theses, 1969.\"Viking Press, Viking Penguin\", Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 46, pp. 365-368.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kenneth T. Jackson; Lisa Keller; Nancy Flood (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. New York City: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300055368.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300055368","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300055368","url_text":"978-0300055368"}]},{"reference":"Egli, ed. (1975). \"Viking Press Is Sold To Penguin Books\". School Library Journal. 22 (4). New York City: Media Source Inc.: 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal","url_text":"School Library Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Source_Inc.","url_text":"Media Source Inc."}]},{"reference":"Whitman, Alden (November 11, 1975). \"Viking Press Is Sold to Penguin Books\". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden_Whitman","url_text":"Whitman, Alden"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/11/archives/viking-press-is-sold-to-penguin-books.html","url_text":"\"Viking Press Is Sold to Penguin Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]},{"reference":"Kantor, Emma. \"Brazis, Santopolo promoted at Penguin Young Readers\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved March 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/91314-brazis-santopolo-promoted-at-penguin-young-readers.htm","url_text":"\"Brazis, Santopolo promoted at Penguin Young Readers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.penguin.com/overview-vikingbooks/","external_links_name":"penguin.com/vikingbooks"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300055368","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/11/archives/viking-press-is-sold-to-penguin-books.html","external_links_name":"\"Viking Press Is Sold to Penguin Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/91314-brazis-santopolo-promoted-at-penguin-young-readers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brazis, Santopolo promoted at Penguin Young Readers\""},{"Link":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/publishers/penguin-general/viking","external_links_name":"Viking Press overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028174548/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/aboutus/adult/viking.html","external_links_name":"Viking Press history"},{"Link":"http://www.penguin.com/publishers/vikingchildrensbooks/","external_links_name":"Viking Children's Books overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080426192733/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/aboutus/youngreaders/vikingyr.html","external_links_name":"Viking Children's Books history"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000044691625X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1051630304","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._E._Rolvaag_House | O. E. Rolvaag House | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 44°27′47.54″N 93°10′20″W / 44.4632056°N 93.17222°W / 44.4632056; -93.17222Historic house in Minnesota, United States
United States historic placeO. E. Rølvaag HouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark
Show map of MinnesotaShow map of the United StatesInteractive map showing the Rølvaag House’s locationLocation311 Manitou St NNorthfield, MinnesotaCoordinates44°27′47.54″N 93°10′20″W / 44.4632056°N 93.17222°W / 44.4632056; -93.17222Arealess than one acreBuilt1912Architectural styleCraftsman bungalowNRHP reference No.69000078Significant datesAdded to NRHPAugust 4, 1969Designated NHLAugust 4, 1969
The O. E. Rølvaag House was the home of Ole Edvart Rølvaag (1876–1931), Norwegian-American novelist and professor at St. Olaf College. The home is located at 311 Manitou Street in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. Rølvaag wrote most of his works in this house, which is near St. Olaf College, where he taught.
Rølvaag was born in Norway in 1876, and emigrated to the United States in 1896, settling in South Dakota. He graduated from St. Olaf College in 1905, and got a position there teaching Norwegian and writing. Rølvaag was the first novelist to describe the psychological cost of pioneering on the American frontier. Rølvaag's famous trilogy—Giants in the Earth (1927), Peder Victorious (1928), and Their Father's God (1931)—assesses the adjustments immigrant farmers had to make to prosper in the American Midwest.
The house stands on the west side of Manitou Street, between Greenvale and Summit Avenues, just east of the St. Olaf College campus. It is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a stuccoed first floor and a clapboarded half story. It has a broad side-gable roof, with a pair of large gable dormers projecting to the front. The eaves of the main roof and dormers are extended, with exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style. The roof extends downward to shelter a now-enclosed porch extending across the front. The house was built for Rølvaag in 1912, and remained his home until his death in 1931. Principal alterations during his occupancy were the enclosing of the front porch, and the development of a garden in the rear. Some of the interior finishes have been preserved, including oak trim in the public spaces downstairs.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b "Historic American Buildings Survey". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
^ a b "O. E. Rolvaag House". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
^ "National Register of Historic Places". unofficial site. October 31, 2007.
^ a b Stephen Lissandrello (September 26, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: O. E. Rolvaag House" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 3 images from 1975. (927 KB)
vteNational Historic Landmarks in MinnesotaHomes
Charles A. Lindbergh House and Park
F. Scott Fitzgerald House
Frank B. Kellogg House
James J. Hill House
Thorstein Veblen Farmstead
O. E. Rolvaag House
Oliver H. Kelley Homestead
Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home
Andrew John Volstead House
Commercialenterprises
Pillsbury A-Mill
Washburn "A" Mill
Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator
Plummer Building
Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine
Mountain Iron Mine
Lake Vermilion-Soudan Iron Mine
National Farmers' Bank
St. Croix Boom Site
Military
Fort Snelling
New Deal
Rabideau CCC Camp
St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area
Prehistoric
Grand Mound
Kathio Site
Lighthouse
Split Rock Lighthouse | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Edvart Rølvaag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Edvart_R%C3%B8lvaag"},{"link_name":"St. Olaf College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Olaf_College"},{"link_name":"Northfield, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"St. Olaf College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Olaf_College"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_(language)"},{"link_name":"pioneering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pioneer"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"American Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HABS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-5"}],"text":"Historic house in Minnesota, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe O. E. Rølvaag House was the home of Ole Edvart Rølvaag (1876–1931), Norwegian-American novelist and professor at St. Olaf College. The home is located at 311 Manitou Street in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. Rølvaag wrote most of his works in this house, which is near St. Olaf College, where he taught.Rølvaag was born in Norway in 1876, and emigrated to the United States in 1896, settling in South Dakota. He graduated from St. Olaf College in 1905, and got a position there teaching Norwegian and writing. Rølvaag was the first novelist to describe the psychological cost of pioneering on the American frontier. Rølvaag's famous trilogy—Giants in the Earth (1927), Peder Victorious (1928), and Their Father's God (1931)—assesses the adjustments immigrant farmers had to make to prosper in the American Midwest.[2][3][5]The house stands on the west side of Manitou Street, between Greenvale and Summit Avenues, just east of the St. Olaf College campus. It is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a stuccoed first floor and a clapboarded half story. It has a broad side-gable roof, with a pair of large gable dormers projecting to the front. The eaves of the main roof and dormers are extended, with exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style. The roof extends downward to shelter a now-enclosed porch extending across the front. The house was built for Rølvaag in 1912, and remained his home until his death in 1931. Principal alterations during his occupancy were the enclosing of the front porch, and the development of a garden in the rear. Some of the interior finishes have been preserved, including oak trim in the public spaces downstairs.[5]","title":"O. E. Rolvaag House"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Minnesota"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rice_County,_Minnesota"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic American Buildings Survey\". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/hh:@field(SUBJ+@od1(MINNESOTA--Rice+County--Northfield))","url_text":"\"Historic American Buildings Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"O. E. Rolvaag House\". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315081824/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail2.cfm?ResourceId=823&Date=2004&Ownership=Private&priorityname=Satisfactory&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"\"O. E. Rolvaag House\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail2.cfm?ResourceId=823&Date=2004&Ownership=Private&priorityname=Satisfactory&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". unofficial site. October 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MN/Rice/state.html","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Lissandrello (September 26, 1975). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: O. E. Rolvaag House\" (pdf). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/69000078_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: O. E. Rolvaag House\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=O._E._Rolvaag_House¶ms=44_27_47.54_N_93_10_20_W_type:landmark_region:US-MN","external_links_name":"44°27′47.54″N 93°10′20″W / 44.4632056°N 93.17222°W / 44.4632056; -93.17222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=O._E._Rolvaag_House¶ms=44_27_47.54_N_93_10_20_W_type:landmark_region:US-MN","external_links_name":"44°27′47.54″N 93°10′20″W / 44.4632056°N 93.17222°W / 44.4632056; -93.17222"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/69000078","external_links_name":"69000078"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/hh:@field(SUBJ+@od1(MINNESOTA--Rice+County--Northfield))","external_links_name":"\"Historic American Buildings Survey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315081824/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail2.cfm?ResourceId=823&Date=2004&Ownership=Private&priorityname=Satisfactory&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"\"O. E. Rolvaag House\""},{"Link":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail2.cfm?ResourceId=823&Date=2004&Ownership=Private&priorityname=Satisfactory&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MN/Rice/state.html","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/69000078_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: O. E. Rolvaag House\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/69000078_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanying 3 images from 1975."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samilan-e_Bala | Samilan-e Bala | ["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"] | Coordinates: 27°43′41″N 57°15′43″E / 27.72806°N 57.26194°E / 27.72806; 57.26194Village in Hormozgan province, Iran
For the village in the Central District, see Samilan.
Village in Hormozgan, IranSamilan-e Bala
Persian: سميلان بالاVillageSamilan-e BalaCoordinates: 27°43′41″N 57°15′43″E / 27.72806°N 57.26194°E / 27.72806; 57.26194CountryIranProvinceHormozganCountyRudanDistrictRudkhanehRural DistrictRudkhanehPopulation (2016) • Total506Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Samilan-e Bala (Persian: سميلان بالا) is a village in Rudkhaneh Rural District of Rudkhaneh District, Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran.
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 188 in 40 households. The following census in 2011 counted 427 people in 109 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 506 people in 142 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
See also
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also romanized as Samīlān-e Bālā; also known as Samīlān
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (12 September 2023). "Samilan-e Bala, Rudan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Samilan-e Bala can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10446593" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
vteHormozgan Province, IranCapital
Bandar Abbas
Counties and citiesAbumusa County
Abu Musa
Bandar Abbas County
Bandar Abbas
Fin
Bandar Lengeh County
Bandar Charak
Bandar Lengeh
Kish
Kong
Bashagard County
Sardasht
Bastak County
Bastak
Jenah
Kukherd
Hajjiabad County
Fareghan
Hajjiabad
Jask County
Jask
Khamir County
Bandar Khamir
Ruydar
Minab County
Hasht Bandi
Minab
Senderk
Sirik
Parsian County
Parsian
Qeshm County
Dargahan
Hormuz
Qeshm
Suza
Rudan County
Rudan
Ziarat-e Ali
Sights
Boz Dam
Caravanserai of Bastak
Castle of Aamaj
Castle of Siba
Dariush Grand Hotel
Dasak Mountain
Fort of Our Lady of the Conception
Geno Biosphere Reserve
Hara forests of Qeshm
Harireh
Hindu Temple, Bandar Abbas
The Historic Bath of Siba
Khe Aab Mountain
Kish Island
Greek Ship
Lashtan Castle, Bandar Lengeh
Mehran River
Nakh Mountain
Paraw Kukherd
Portuguese Castle, Qeshm Island
Takhti Stadium
Terenah
Zeer Mountain
populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province
See also
Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Hendurabi
Hengam Island
Hormuz Island
Larak Island
Lavan Island
Shidvar Island
Sirri Island
Strait of Hormuz
vte Rudan CountyCapital
Rudan
DistrictsCentralCities
Rudan
Rural Districts and villagesAbnama
Ab Gazan
Asiab
College of Agriculture
Deh Kar
Deh Matun
Gereshmu
Gheybi
Hojjatabad-e Kharaji
Kalatu
Kariza
Kharaji
Kheyrabad
Mazeghgaran
Pasorkhi
Pudanu
Qaleh-ye Komiz
Samilan
Sardang-e Komiz
Sargodar-e Kalatu
Sarjuiyeh
Shahrak-e Sizadehaban
Faryab
Faryab
Hajjiabad
Tang-e Rud
Rahdar
Al-e Mahmudi
Badafshan-e Pain
Bajk
Barezard
Bash Kardan
Deh Now
Deh Now-e Sarab
Deh Tang
Deh Tuk
Gandar-e Pain
Gaz Azar
Geru Siah
Heydari
Kamsi Savar
Kari Dazan
Kari Dazan-e Pain
Kharbechgan
Rahdar
Sar Gol
Sarband
Shurayi
Siah Moghan-e Bala
Siah Moghan-e Pain
Siah Takan-e Pain
Ziarat-e Pirchugan
BikahCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesBerentin
Ab Garman
Berentin
Dasht-e Sefa
Kahnshuiyeh
Kahnu Shotori
Nozok
Palangan
Panhar
Poshteh-ye Gish
Vaziri
Bikah
Bika
Deh Gel Kan
Eslamabad
Mazegh
Sar Kahnan
Sekal
JaghinCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesJaghin-e Jonubi(South Jaghin)
Aliabad
Kam Jamal
Kam Kart
Naserabad
Palur
Qalandari
Zard-e Sham
Jaghin-e Shomali(North Jaghin)
Bejgui
Darreh Hajji
Feyzabad
Gar Ab
Jaghin
Jom Anbeh
Kahur Ryis Abbas
Pasefid
Qaleh
Sorkh Dan
RudkhanehCities
Ziarat-e Ali
Rural Districts and villagesMosaferabad
Abbasabad
Ahmadabad
Aliabad
Azizabad
Band-e Heydar Abbas
Bi Majan
Chah Nuri
Chah-e Ebrahim
Charmian
Chil Naban
Deh Gin
Deh Pirangan-e Bala
Deh-e Yari
Dehnow
Ebrahim Ali
Godar Gardyal
Gorazabad
Hoseyn Pump Complex
Jafarabad
Jannatabad
Kalgharabad
Kam Kordan
Kar Gazi
Karimabad
Maryamabad
Mashangi
Mazraeh-ye Matlubi
Mohammadabad
Mosaferabad
Nurabad
Pa Kam-e Bala
Pa Kam-e Pain
Pollehi
Poshtu
Qalaman
Qaleh Dezh
Razuiyeh
Rostamabad
Sang Band
Sar Gust-e Bala
Sar Gust-e Pain
Sar Kahnan
Sar Korukan
Sar Zeh
Shokrabad
Sizeh
Rudkhaneh
Ab Tarikan-e Pain
Ahmadabad
Bajani
Band-e Nowruz
Bidan
Chakeri
Chiromabad
Dar-e Maku
Dehliyan
Mirabi
Moradabad
Nimeh Kar
Pirui
Poshtkuh-e Chakuy
Rahbaran
Sahilan
Samilan-e Bala
Sar Zeh-ye Sofla
Sarkom
Zaminan
Rudkhaneh Bar
Bagh Golan
Bagh Jafar
Bagh Narges
Bagh Shah
Bajari
Barani
Bolkheyri
Chah Goda
Chah Seyfollah
Chil Gongan
Dalvaban-e Olya
Dasht-e Zagh-e Abdan
Faryab
Hizbandegan
Jalalabad
Juzir
Kalitu
Kam Guran
Kheyrabad
Kordi Shirazi
Limui
Mazraeh-ye Goldasht Nader
Mian Chilan
Mian Yili
Mohebbi
Musa Ali
Nazarabad
Poshtkuh-e Abdan
Regab
Tareh-ye Ashayiri
Tolombeh-ye Hoseynabad
Ziarat
This Rudan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samilan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rudkhaneh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudkhaneh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Rudkhaneh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudkhaneh_District"},{"link_name":"Rudan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudan_County"},{"link_name":"Hormozgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormozgan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Village in Hormozgan province, IranFor the village in the Central District, see Samilan.Village in Hormozgan, IranSamilan-e Bala (Persian: سميلان بالا)[a] is a village in Rudkhaneh Rural District of Rudkhaneh District, Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran.","title":"Samilan-e Bala"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 188 in 40 households.[4] The following census in 2011 counted 427 people in 109 households.[5] The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 506 people in 142 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Samīlān-e Bālā; also known as Samīlān[3]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}] | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (12 September 2023). \"Samilan-e Bala, Rudan County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=27.728056&mlon=57.261944&zoom=15#map=15/27.7281/57.2619","url_text":"\"Samilan-e Bala, Rudan County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220505014212/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_22.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_22.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094743/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/22.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/22.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117182750/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hormozgan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hormozgan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samilan-e_Bala¶ms=27_43_41_N_57_15_43_E_dim:1km_type:city(506)_region:IR-22","external_links_name":"27°43′41″N 57°15′43″E / 27.72806°N 57.26194°E / 27.72806; 57.26194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samilan-e_Bala¶ms=27_43_41_N_57_15_43_E_dim:1km_type:city(506)_region:IR-22","external_links_name":"27°43′41″N 57°15′43″E / 27.72806°N 57.26194°E / 27.72806; 57.26194"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=27.728056&mlon=57.261944&zoom=15#map=15/27.7281/57.2619","external_links_name":"\"Samilan-e Bala, Rudan County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220505014212/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_22.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_22.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094743/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/22.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/22.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117182750/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hormozgan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hormozgan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samilan-e_Bala&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as_de_Ja%C3%A9n | Valdepeñas de Jaén | ["1 Hermitage of San Sebastián (17th century – 1807)","2 References"] | City in Andalusia, SpainValdepeñas de Jaéncity
FlagSealValdepeñas de JaénLocation in the Province of JaénShow map of Province of Jaén (Spain)Valdepeñas de JaénValdepeñas de Jaén (Andalusia)Show map of AndalusiaValdepeñas de JaénValdepeñas de Jaén (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 37°35′N 3°49′W / 37.583°N 3.817°W / 37.583; -3.817Country SpainAutonomouscommunity AndalusiaProvince JaénComarcaSierra SurGovernment • MayorMaría de la Paz del Moral MillaArea • Total183.80 km2 (70.97 sq mi)Elevation920 m (3,020 ft)Population (2018) • Total3,799 • Density21/km2 (54/sq mi)DemonymValdepeñerosTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)WebsiteOfficial website
Valdepeñas de Jaén is a city located in the province of Jaén, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the city had a population of 4,315.
Valdepeñas de Jaén is a Spanish municipality in the Sierra Sur region, southwest of the province of Jaén, Andalusia. According to INE data, in 2018 it had 3,799 inhabitants. Its surface area is 183 km2 (71 sq mi) and has a density of 20.75 inhabitants / km². Its geographical coordinates are 37 ° 35 ′ N, 3 ° 49 ′ W. It is located at an altitude of 920 meters and 31 kilometers from the provincial capital, Jaén.
Located within the mountain ranges of the Subbetic Zone, the area is thickly forested and boasts magnificent holm oak groves. It bounded by the Sierra de la Pandera to the north and the Alta Coloma mountain range to the south. From the Sierra de la Morenilla to the south, the neighbouring towns of Martos, Alcalá la Real and several others can be seen. Road access is provided via the A-6050 (Jaén – Los Villares – Valdepeñas de Jaén – Castillo de Locubín).
The town of Valdepeñas de Jaén was founded in 1539 as part of the repopulation of the mountain areas of Jaén following the reintegration of the kingdom of Granada after the Islamic period. The new town was designed and built according to Renaissance principles of town planning, which are till apparent today in the grid layout of its streets. By 1550 the town was fully populated under the jurisdiction of the City of Jaén, and following a request to King Felipe II by the municipal council, was recognised as an independent town within the kingdom of Castile in 1558. In 1629,in the reign of Felipe IV, the jurisdictional lordship of Valdepeñas was sold to Antonio Álvarez de Bohorques, Marquesado de los Trujillos, Major Ensign of the City of Granada, who in turn sold it to Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma, in 1643. The municipal council did not recognise the jurisdiction of the "Lords of Valdepeñas", and opposed seigneurial authority throughout the seventeenth century until the matter was resolved in favour of the municipal council in 1785. In 1917, the town of Valdepeñas was declared a city by H.M. King D. Alfonso XIII.
The Christ of Chircales has been the focus of religious observance in Valdepeñas de Jaén since the sixteenth century and is celebrated from September 1 to 5 of each year. Since 1940, a pilgrimage has been held at the shrine of Chircales on the first Sunday in May. The pilgrimage was recently declared to be part of the Intangible Heritage of Andalucía.
Valdepeñas' Parish Church of Santiago Apóstol (ss. XVI–XVII) was designed by the architect and sculptor Juan de Reolid in 1539 and was completed at the end of the 16th century. Several stonemasons-architects worked on the building, including Cristóbal del Castillo. Further work was carried out in the seventeenth century by Juan de Aranda Salazar. The church suffered significant damage in the Spanish Civil War and was restored by the architect Ramón Pajares Pardo in 1952. It now consists of three naves with a main chapel. There are also two 18th century chapels with dressing rooms. The one on the side of the gospel, of Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, and that of the epistle, of Our Lady of the Rosary, now the Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The altarpiece in the main chapel, completed by Sebastián de Solís In 1597, disappeared in the Civil War. It was replaced in 1962 by the sculptor Julio Pajares Vilches and the cabinetmaker Felipe Cobo Campos, with paintings by Francisco Cerezo Moreno. The Parish Archive, the silverware collection, a carving of San José (18th century, the work of Francisco Calvo Bustamante), the images of Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, and of the Christ of Medinaceli or of the Sentencia (both by the sculptor Francisco Malo Guerrero) and that of the Immaculate Conception (19th-20th century, by Pío Mollar Franch) are among the artefacts kept in the church.
Located in the Chircales area, a few kilometers from the town centre, the Sanctuary of Cristo de Chircales dates from the Middle Ages and is mentioned for the first time in Alfonso XI of Castille's hunting manual, the 'Libro de la Montería'. In 1566, a resident of Valdepeñas, Juan Ruiz Castellano, donated land for the construction of a hermits' sanctuary "next to some stone villages of old buildings." There are up to twelve rock hermitages of different size and interest around the church of the Sanctuary, the largest of which is adjacent to the main building. This endowment gave rise to a religious foundation in the tradition of Juan de Ávila and his disciples, who had trained at the University of Baeza. Secular and religious hermits lived in the hermitage, presided over by a priest as chaplain and patron of the foundation. Between 1590 and 1609 the church was built, and since at least 1606 has housed the painting of Christ of Chircales, by an anonymous artist. Devotion to the Christ of Chircales increased subsequently, and after Church lands were confiscated in the nineteenth century, various brotherhoods emerged, of which two currently survive, that of Jaén and that of Valdepeñas de Jaén.
The Santa Ana Mill Museum is a hydraulic flour mill that began to function in 1540, though it has medieval origins. From 1566, it was linked to the estate of the Arceo-Gamboa family, who had the right to use the water for the mills, in exchange for the payment of an annual income of seventy bushels of wheat to the Valdepeñas Council. The mill was restored in 2001, and now houses an ethnological museum. It also hosts cultural, artistic and gastronomic activities.
Hermitage of San Sebastián (17th century – 1807)
The Hermitage of San Sebastián is situated on the former Common, adjacent to the exit to Jaén. Founded in the seventeenth century, it was dedicated to Saint Sebastian, a traditional intercessor against epidemics, and in times of plague and other infections may have served as a checkpoint for travellers entering the town. In 1693, Don Juan Ibáñez de Robles, a canon of Jaén Cathedral, arranged for Masses to be celebrated there during the harvest. The chapel was rebuilt at his own expense by Bishop Fray Diego Melo of Portugal in 1807, with an annexed cemetery, one of the oldest in the province of Jaén. The hermitage, which was designed by the architects Gregorio Manuel López and Miguel de Landeras in a neoclassical style, has a Latin cross plan, following the architectural models of the Iglesia del Sagrario (Jaén) of the Cathedral of Jaén.
The Bridge of Santa Ana, probably medieval in origin, is also called Dehesa or del Hundidero. It is located a few meters from the town on the medieval road that connects Jaén with Alcalá la Real, and it connects the town with the Chircales Sanctuary. Constructed in blocks of volcanic rock from local quarries, its single arch spans the Ranera, a tributary of the River Víboras. The first documentary reference to the Bridge appears in the Chapter Accounts of 1580, after its repair for storm damage. In 1751 it was repaired again, since when it has remained intact.
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valdepeñas de Jaén.
vteMunicipalities in the province of Jaén
Albanchez de Mágina
Alcalá la Real
Alcaudete
Aldeaquemada
Andújar
Arjona
Arjonilla
Arquillos
Arroyo del Ojanco
Baeza
Bailén
Baños de la Encina
Beas de Segura
Bedmar y Garcíez
Begíjar
Benatae
Bélmez de la Moraleda
Cabra del Santo Cristo
Cambil
Campillo de Arenas
Canena
Carboneros
Castellar
Castillo de Locubín
Cazalilla
Cazorla
Chiclana de Segura
Chilluévar
Cárcheles
Escañuela
Espeluy
Frailes
Fuensanta de Martos
Fuerte del Rey
Guarromán
Génave
Higuera de Calatrava
Hinojares
Hornos
Huelma
Huesa
Ibros
Iznatoraf
Jabalquinto
Jaén
Jamilena
Jimena
Jódar
La Carolina
La Guardia de Jaén
La Iruela
La Puerta de Segura
Lahiguera
Larva
Linares
Lopera
Los Villares
Lupión
Mancha Real
Marmolejo
Martos
Mengíbar
Montizón
Navas de San Juan
Noalejo
Orcera
Peal de Becerro
Pegalajar
Porcuna
Pozo Alcón
Puente de Génave
Quesada
Rus
Sabiote
Santa Elena
Santiago de Calatrava
Santiago-Pontones
Santisteban del Puerto
Santo Tomé
Segura de la Sierra
Siles
Sorihuela del Guadalimar
Torreblascopedro
Torredelcampo
Torredonjimeno
Torreperogil
Torres
Torres de Albanchez
Úbeda
Valdepeñas de Jaén
Vilches
Villacarrillo
Villanueva de la Reina
Villanueva del Arzobispo
Villardompardo
Villarrodrigo
Villatorres
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a location in Andalusia, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n_(Spanish_province)"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Valdepeñas de Jaén is a city located in the province of Jaén, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the city had a population of 4,315.Valdepeñas de Jaén is a Spanish municipality in the Sierra Sur region, southwest of the province of Jaén, Andalusia. According to INE data, in 2018 it had 3,799 inhabitants. Its surface area is 183 km2 (71 sq mi) and has a density of 20.75 inhabitants / km². Its geographical coordinates are 37 ° 35 ′ N, 3 ° 49 ′ W. It is located at an altitude of 920 meters and 31 kilometers from the provincial capital, Jaén.Located within the mountain ranges of the Subbetic Zone, the area is thickly forested and boasts magnificent holm oak groves. It bounded by the Sierra de la Pandera to the north and the Alta Coloma mountain range to the south. From the Sierra de la Morenilla to the south, the neighbouring towns of Martos, Alcalá la Real and several others can be seen. Road access is provided via the A-6050 (Jaén – Los Villares – Valdepeñas de Jaén – Castillo de Locubín).The town of Valdepeñas de Jaén was founded in 1539 as part of the repopulation of the mountain areas of Jaén following the reintegration of the kingdom of Granada after the Islamic period. The new town was designed and built according to Renaissance principles of town planning, which are till apparent today in the grid layout of its streets. By 1550 the town was fully populated under the jurisdiction of the City of Jaén, and following a request to King Felipe II by the municipal council, was recognised as an independent town within the kingdom of Castile in 1558. In 1629,in the reign of Felipe IV, the jurisdictional lordship of Valdepeñas was sold to Antonio Álvarez de Bohorques, Marquesado de los Trujillos, Major Ensign of the City of Granada, who in turn sold it to Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma, in 1643. The municipal council did not recognise the jurisdiction of the \"Lords of Valdepeñas\", and opposed seigneurial authority throughout the seventeenth century until the matter was resolved in favour of the municipal council in 1785. In 1917, the town of Valdepeñas was declared a city by H.M. King D. Alfonso XIII.\nThe Christ of Chircales has been the focus of religious observance in Valdepeñas de Jaén since the sixteenth century and is celebrated from September 1 to 5 of each year. Since 1940, a pilgrimage has been held at the shrine of Chircales on the first Sunday in May. The pilgrimage was recently declared to be part of the Intangible Heritage of Andalucía.Valdepeñas' Parish Church of Santiago Apóstol (ss. XVI–XVII) was designed by the architect and sculptor Juan de Reolid in 1539 and was completed at the end of the 16th century. Several stonemasons-architects worked on the building, including Cristóbal del Castillo. Further work was carried out in the seventeenth century by Juan de Aranda Salazar. The church suffered significant damage in the Spanish Civil War and was restored by the architect Ramón Pajares Pardo in 1952. It now consists of three naves with a main chapel. There are also two 18th century chapels with dressing rooms. The one on the side of the gospel, of Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, and that of the epistle, of Our Lady of the Rosary, now the Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The altarpiece in the main chapel, completed by Sebastián de Solís In 1597, disappeared in the Civil War. It was replaced in 1962 by the sculptor Julio Pajares Vilches and the cabinetmaker Felipe Cobo Campos, with paintings by Francisco Cerezo Moreno. The Parish Archive, the silverware collection, a carving of San José (18th century, the work of Francisco Calvo Bustamante), the images of Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, and of the Christ of Medinaceli or of the Sentencia (both by the sculptor Francisco Malo Guerrero) and that of the Immaculate Conception (19th-20th century, by Pío Mollar Franch) are among the artefacts kept in the church.Located in the Chircales area, a few kilometers from the town centre, the Sanctuary of Cristo de Chircales dates from the Middle Ages and is mentioned for the first time in Alfonso XI of Castille's hunting manual, the 'Libro de la Montería'. In 1566, a resident of Valdepeñas, Juan Ruiz Castellano, donated land for the construction of a hermits' sanctuary \"next to some stone villages of old buildings.\" There are up to twelve rock hermitages of different size and interest around the church of the Sanctuary, the largest of which is adjacent to the main building. This endowment gave rise to a religious foundation in the tradition of Juan de Ávila and his disciples, who had trained at the University of Baeza. Secular and religious hermits lived in the hermitage, presided over by a priest as chaplain and patron of the foundation. Between 1590 and 1609 the church was built, and since at least 1606 has housed the painting of Christ of Chircales, by an anonymous artist. Devotion to the Christ of Chircales increased subsequently, and after Church lands were confiscated in the nineteenth century, various brotherhoods emerged, of which two currently survive, that of Jaén and that of Valdepeñas de Jaén.The Santa Ana Mill Museum is a hydraulic flour mill that began to function in 1540, though it has medieval origins. From 1566, it was linked to the estate of the Arceo-Gamboa family, who had the right to use the water for the mills, in exchange for the payment of an annual income of seventy bushels of wheat to the Valdepeñas Council. The mill was restored in 2001, and now houses an ethnological museum. It also hosts cultural, artistic and gastronomic activities.","title":"Valdepeñas de Jaén"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hermitage of San Sebastián is situated on the former Common, adjacent to the exit to Jaén. Founded in the seventeenth century, it was dedicated to Saint Sebastian, a traditional intercessor against epidemics, and in times of plague and other infections may have served as a checkpoint for travellers entering the town. In 1693, Don Juan Ibáñez de Robles, a canon of Jaén Cathedral, arranged for Masses to be celebrated there during the harvest. The chapel was rebuilt at his own expense by Bishop Fray Diego Melo of Portugal in 1807, with an annexed cemetery, one of the oldest in the province of Jaén. The hermitage, which was designed by the architects Gregorio Manuel López and Miguel de Landeras in a neoclassical style, has a Latin cross plan, following the architectural models of the Iglesia del Sagrario (Jaén) of the Cathedral of Jaén.The Bridge of Santa Ana, probably medieval in origin, is also called Dehesa or del Hundidero. It is located a few meters from the town on the medieval road that connects Jaén with Alcalá la Real, and it connects the town with the Chircales Sanctuary. Constructed in blocks of volcanic rock from local quarries, its single arch spans the Ranera, a tributary of the River Víboras. The first documentary reference to the Bridge appears in the Chapter Accounts of 1580, after its repair for storm damage. In 1751 it was repaired again, since when it has remained intact.","title":"Hermitage of San Sebastián (17th century – 1807)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valdepe%C3%B1as_de_Ja%C3%A9n¶ms=37_35_N_3_49_W_type:city(3799)_region:ES-AN","external_links_name":"37°35′N 3°49′W / 37.583°N 3.817°W / 37.583; -3.817"},{"Link":"http://www.valdepenasdejaen.es/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149134605","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454477","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133306173","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133306173","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007487123105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005035169","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/148070965","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valdepe%C3%B1as_de_Ja%C3%A9n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Douai | Douai station | ["1 Train services","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°22′18″N 3°5′26″E / 50.37167°N 3.09056°E / 50.37167; 3.09056Douai Douai railway stationGeneral informationLocationDouai, Nord, Hauts-de-France,FranceCoordinates50°22′18″N 3°5′26″E / 50.37167°N 3.09056°E / 50.37167; 3.09056Line(s)Paris–Lille railwayDouai–Valenciennes railwayOther informationStation code87345009
Services
Preceding station
SNCF
Following station
Arrastowards Paris-Nord
TGV inOui
Lille-Europetowards Boulogne-Ville
ValenciennesTerminus
Lille-FlandresTerminus
Arrastowards Nantes, Lyon-Perrache or Marseille
Preceding station
TER Hauts-de-France
Following station
Arrastowards Paris-Nord
KronoK12
Lille-FlandresTerminus
Lille-FlandresTerminus
KronoK40
Montigny-en-Ostreventtowards Saint-Quentin
ArrasTerminus
KronoK43
ValenciennesTerminus
Lille-FlandresTerminus
KronoK45
Arrastowards Rouen-RD
Pont-de-la-Deûletowards Lille-Flandres
CitiC40
Terminus
Terminus
ProxiP40
Sin-le-Nobletowards Saint-Quentin
ProxiP42
Ostricourttowards Lens
ProxiP43
Montigny-en-Ostreventtowards Valenciennes
ProxiP44
Corbehemtowards Arras
Douai is a railway station serving the town of Douai, Nord, France. The station opened in 1846 and is located on the Paris–Lille railway and Douai–Valenciennes railway. The train services are operated by SNCF.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
High speed services (TGV) Valenciennes - Douai - Arras - Paris
High speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - Lyon - Avignon - Marseille
High speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - Le Mans - Rennes / Angers - Nantes
High speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - St-Pierre-des-Corps - Bordeaux
Regional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Arras - Paris
Regional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Cambrai - St-Quentin
Regional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Valenciennes
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gare de Douai.
^ "Plan des lignes TER Hauts-de-France" (PDF). www.ter.sncf.com (in French). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
External links
Douai Station
This article about a railway station in the Hauts-de-France région of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(French_department)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris–Lille railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Lille_railway"},{"link_name":"Douai–Valenciennes railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douai%E2%80%93Valenciennes_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"}],"text":"Douai is a railway station serving the town of Douai, Nord, France. The station opened in 1846 and is located on the Paris–Lille railway and Douai–Valenciennes railway. The train services are operated by SNCF.","title":"Douai station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"}],"text":"The station is served by the following services:[1]High speed services (TGV) Valenciennes - Douai - Arras - Paris\nHigh speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - Lyon - Avignon - Marseille\nHigh speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - Le Mans - Rennes / Angers - Nantes\nHigh speed services (TGV) Lille - Aeroport CDG - St-Pierre-des-Corps - Bordeaux\nRegional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Arras - Paris\nRegional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Cambrai - St-Quentin\nRegional services (TER Hauts-de-France) Lille - Douai - Valenciennes","title":"Train services"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Plan des lignes TER Hauts-de-France\" (PDF). www.ter.sncf.com (in French). Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmt.vsct.fr/sites/default/files/swt/CHDF/2021-06/Carte_LC_SA2020_Externe_v44_tcm77-239632_tcm77-231358.pdf","url_text":"\"Plan des lignes TER Hauts-de-France\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douai_station¶ms=50_22_18_N_3_5_26_E_region:FR_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"50°22′18″N 3°5′26″E / 50.37167°N 3.09056°E / 50.37167; 3.09056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douai_station¶ms=50_22_18_N_3_5_26_E_region:FR_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"50°22′18″N 3°5′26″E / 50.37167°N 3.09056°E / 50.37167; 3.09056"},{"Link":"https://mmt.vsct.fr/sites/default/files/swt/CHDF/2021-06/Carte_LC_SA2020_Externe_v44_tcm77-239632_tcm77-231358.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Plan des lignes TER Hauts-de-France\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/philstephenrichards/7463052928/in/photostream/","external_links_name":"Douai Station"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douai_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billions_(film) | Billions (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1920 film
BillionsDirected byRay C. SmallwoodWritten byCharles Whittaker (adaptation of play)Charles Bryant (scenario)Alla Nazimova (intertitles)Based onL'Homme richeby Jean Jose FrappaHenry Dupuy-MazuelProduced byAlla NazimovaStarringAlla NazimovaCinematographyRudolph J. BergquistEdited byAlla NazimovaDistributed byMetro PicturesRelease date
December 6, 1920 (1920-12-06)
Running time6 reelsCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles)
Billions is a lost 1920 American silent comedy film produced by and starring Alla Nazimova and distributed by Metro Pictures. Ray Smallwood directed. It is based on a French play, L'Homme riche, by Jean Jose Frappa and Henry Dupuy-Mazuel.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Alla Nazimova - Princess Triloff
Charles Bryant - Krakerfeller / Owen Carey
William J. Irving - Frank Manners
Victor Potel - Pushkin
John Steppling - Isaac Colben
Marian Skinner - Mrs. Colben
Emmett King - John Blanchard
Eugene H. Klum - The Bellboy
References
^ Ray C. Smallwood, IMDb.com
^ Ray C. Smallwood; findagrave.com
^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Billions
^ The American Film Institute Catalog Feature Films: 1911-20 published by The American Film Institute, c.1988
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billions (film).
Billions at IMDb
allmovie/synopsis; Billions
Lantern slide for Billions Archived December 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
This article about a silent comedy film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alla Nazimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Nazimova"},{"link_name":"Metro Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Billions is a lost[3] 1920 American silent comedy film produced by and starring Alla Nazimova and distributed by Metro Pictures. Ray Smallwood directed. It is based on a French play, L'Homme riche, by Jean Jose Frappa and Henry Dupuy-Mazuel.[4]","title":"Billions (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alla Nazimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Nazimova"},{"link_name":"Charles Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bryant_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Victor Potel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Potel"},{"link_name":"John Steppling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steppling_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marian Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Emmett King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_King"}],"text":"Alla Nazimova - Princess Triloff\nCharles Bryant - Krakerfeller / Owen Carey\nWilliam J. Irving - Frank Manners\nVictor Potel - Pushkin\nJohn Steppling - Isaac Colben\nMarian Skinner - Mrs. Colben\nEmmett King - John Blanchard\nEugene H. Klum - The Bellboy","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billions_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0806605/?ref_=tt_ov_dr","external_links_name":"Ray C. Smallwood, IMDb.com"},{"Link":"http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=smallwood&GSfn=ray&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=151871133&df=all&","external_links_name":"Ray C. Smallwood; findagrave.com"},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.3751/default.html","external_links_name":"The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Billions"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0010994/","external_links_name":"Billions"},{"Link":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/billions-v85078","external_links_name":"allmovie/synopsis; Billions"},{"Link":"http://cplorg.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4014coll16/id/561/rec/1","external_links_name":"Lantern slide for Billions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215070658/http://cplorg.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4014coll16/id/561/rec/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billions_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Next_Generation_ATP_Finals | 2017 Next Generation ATP Finals | ["1 Rules","2 Qualification","3 Results","3.1 Final","3.2 Third place match","4 Seeds","5 Draw","5.1 Key","5.2 Finals","5.3 Group A","5.4 Group B","6 Controversy","7 References"] | Tennis tournament2017 Next Generation ATP FinalsDate7–11 NovemberEdition1stCategoryExhibitionDraw8SPrize moneyUS$1,275,000SurfaceHard / indoorLocationMilan, ItalyChampions Chung Hyeon
Next Generation ATP Finals
· 2018 →
Chung Hyeon defeated Andrey Rublev in the final, 3–4(5–7), 4–3(7–2), 4–2, 4–2 to capture the 2017 Next Generation ATP Finals title.
The 2017 Next Generation ATP Finals was a men's exhibition tennis tournament played in Milan, Italy, from 7 to 11 November 2017. It was the season-ending event for the best singles players who were age 21 and under on the 2017 ATP World Tour.
Rules
A number of innovative rule changes were introduced in 2017 including best of five sets, first to four games in each set, tie break at 3-All, no-ad scoring (server’s choice) and no lets. There were amended rules regarding time, the match started five minutes from entry of second player onto court, a shot clock to ensure 25 second rule, a maximum of one medical timeout per player per match, limits on when coaches can talk to players and the public was allowed to move around during a match (except at baselines).
In September 2017, the ATP announced that there would be no line judges at the event. The only official on court was the umpire and all line calls were made by Hawk-Eye. All calls were therefore final; however, foot faults, which are usually called by the baseline official, could be challenged and would be reviewed by a camera monitoring the server's feet.
Qualification
The top seven players in the Emirates ATP Race to Milan qualified. The eighth spot was reserved for an Italian wild card, determined at a qualifying tournament. Eligible players must be 21 or under at the start of the year (born in 1996 or later for 2017 edition). 18-year-old Denis Shapovalov was the youngest and only teenage player.
Alexander Zverev withdrew from the tournament, as he would play the ATP Finals the following week.
Players in gold have qualified.
Players in dark gold qualified, but withdrew.
Race to Milan (30 October 2017)
No.
ATP rank
Player
Points
Move
Tournaments
Birth year
-
4
Alexander Zverev (GER)
4,490
23
1997
1
35
Andrey Rublev (RUS)
1,219
21
1997
2
44
Karen Khachanov (RUS)
1,045
27
1996
3
49
Denis Shapovalov (CAN)
971
22
1999
4
51
Borna Ćorić (CRO)
931
1
27
1996
5
54
Jared Donaldson (USA)
890
1
27
1996
6
55
Chung Hyeon (KOR)
805
1
20
1996
7
63
Daniil Medvedev (RUS)
772
1
25
1996
Wild Card
56
294
Gianluigi Quinzi (ITA)
138
1
11
1996
Alternates
8
78
Frances Tiafoe (USA)
662
25
1998
9
89
Stefanos Tsitsipas (GRE)
606
30
1998
Results
Final
Chung Hyeon def. Andrey Rublev, 3–4(5–7), 4–3(7–2), 4–2, 4–2
Third place match
Daniil Medvedev def. Borna Ćorić, walkover
Seeds
Andrey Rublev (final)
Karen Khachanov (round robin)
Denis Shapovalov (round robin)
Borna Ćorić (semifinals, fourth place)
Jared Donaldson (round robin)
Chung Hyeon (champion)
Daniil Medvedev (semifinals, third place)
Gianluigi Quinzi (round robin)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
Alt = Alternate
SE = Special exempt
PR = Protected ranking
ITF = ITF entry
JE = Junior exempt
w/o = Walkover
r = Retired
d = Defaulted
SR = Special ranking
Finals
Semifinals
Final
6
Chung Hyeon
4
4
34
1
4
7
Daniil Medvedev
1
1
47
4
0
6
Chung Hyeon
35
47
4
4
1
Andrey Rublev
47
32
2
2
4
Borna Ćorić
1
36
1
1
Andrey Rublev
4
48
4
Third place match
7
Daniil Medvedev
w/o
4
Borna Ćorić
Group A
Rublev
Shapovalov
Chung
Quinzi
RR W–L
Set W–L
Game W–L
Standings
1
Andrey Rublev
4–1, 3–4(8–10), 4–3(7–2), 0–4, 4–3(7–3)
0–4, 1–4, 3–4(1–7)
1–4, 4–0, 4–3(7–3), 0–4, 4–3(7–3)
2–1
6–7 (46.2%)
32–41 (43.8%)
2
3
Denis Shapovalov
1–4, 4–3(10–8), 3–4(2–7), 4–0, 3–4(3–7)
4–1, 3–4(5–7), 3–4(4–7), 1–4
4–1, 4–1, 3–4(5–7), 4–3(7–5)
1–2
6–7 (46.2%)
41–37 (52.6%)
3
6
Chung Hyeon
4–0, 4–1, 4–3(7–1)
1–4, 4–3(7–5), 4–3(7–4), 4–1
1–4, 4–1, 4–2, 3–4(6–8), 4–3(7–3)
3–0
9–3 (75.0%)
41–29 (58.6%)
1
8/WC
Gianluigi Quinzi
4–1, 0–4, 3–4(3–7), 4–0, 3–4(3–7)
1–4, 1–4, 4–3(7–5), 3–4(5–7)
4–1, 1–4, 2–4, 4–3(8–6), 3–4(3–7)
0–3
5–9 (35.7%)
37–44 (45.7%)
4
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, then percentage of games won, then head-to-head records; 5. ATP rankings.
Group B
Khachanov
Ćorić
Donaldson
Medvedev
RR W–L
Set W–L
Game W–L
Standings
2
Karen Khachanov
4–3(7–3), 4–2, 2–4, 0–4, 2–4
4–1, 4–3(7–3), 4–2
4–2, 3–4(6–8), 3–4(3–7), 2–4
1–2
6–6 (50.0%)
36–37 (49.3%)
3
4
Borna Ćorić
3–4(3–7), 2–4, 4–2, 4–0, 4–2
4–3(7–2), 4–1, 4–3(7–4)
4–3(7–5), 2–4, 4–1, 4–2
3–0
9–3 (75.0%)
43–29 (59.7%)
1
5
Jared Donaldson
1–4, 3–4(3–7), 2–4
3–4(2–7), 1–4, 3–4(4–7)
4–3(7–3), 2–4, 3–4(1–7), 0–4
0–3
1–9 (10.0%)
22–39 (36.1%)
4
7
Daniil Medvedev
2–4, 4–3(8–6), 4–3(7–3), 4–2
3–4(5–7), 4–2, 1–4, 2–4
3–4(3–7), 4–2, 4–3(7–1), 4–0
2–1
7–5 (58.3%)
39–35 (52.7%)
2
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, then percentage of games won, then head-to-head records; 5. ATP rankings.
Controversy
For the tournament draw, players were asked to choose a female model to escort them onto the stage, and some of these models lifted or removed various articles of clothing to reveal a letter of the alphabet. This letter signified who would be playing whom. Widespread criticism followed. The ATP explained their choice, "The intention was to integrate Milan's rich heritage as one of the fashion capitals of the world. However, our execution of the proceedings was in poor taste and unacceptable. We deeply regret this and will ensure that there is no repeat of anything like it in the future."
References
^ "ATP Announces Trial Of Rule Changes & Innovation For Next Gen ATP Finals In Milan". ATP. 16 May 2017.
^ "Hawk-Eye to replace line judges in Milan". BBC Sport.
^ The battle for the final spot in Milan Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine - ATP World Tour, 4 November 2017
^ "Emirates ATP Race To Milan". atp. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "The eight best under-21-year-olds on the planet battle it out in Milan". Independent.co.uk. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01.
^ "Association of Tennis Professionals criticised for stunt involving models". News.
vte2017 ATP World Tour « 2016 2018 » Grand Slam events
Australian Open (S, D, X)
French Open (S, D, X)
Wimbledon (S, D, X)
US Open (S, D, X)
ATP World Tour Masters 1000
Indian Wells (S, D)
Miami (S, D)
Monte Carlo (S, D)
Madrid (S, D)
Rome (S, D)
Montreal (S, D)
Cincinnati (S, D)
Shanghai (S, D)
Paris (S, D)
ATP World Tour 500 series
Rotterdam (S, D)
Rio (S, D)
Dubai (S, D)
Acapulco (S, D)
Barcelona (S, D)
London (S, D)
Halle (S, D)
Hamburg (S, D)
Washington D.C. (S, D)
Beijing (S, D)
Tokyo (S, D)
Vienna (S, D)
Basel (S, D)
ATP World Tour 250 series
Brisbane (S, D)
Chennai (S, D)
Doha (S, D)
Sydney (S, D)
Auckland (S, D)
Montpellier (S, D)
Sofia (S, D)
Quito (S, D)
Buenos Aires (S, D)
Memphis (S, D)
Delray Beach (S, D)
Marseille (S, D)
São Paulo (S, D)
Marrakesh (S, D)
Houston (S, D)
Budapest (S, D)
Munich (S, D)
Estoril (S, D)
Istanbul (S, D)
Lyon (S, D)
Geneva (S, D)
's-Hertogenbosch (S, D)
Stuttgart (S, D)
Eastbourne (S, D)
Antalya (S, D)
Newport (S, D)
Båstad (S, D)
Umag (S, D)
Atlanta (S, D)
Gstaad (S, D)
Los Cabos (S, D)
Kitzbühel (S, D)
Winston-Salem (S, D)
Metz (S, D)
St. Petersburg (S, D)
Shenzhen (S, D)
Chengdu (S, D)
Stockholm (S, D)
Moscow (S, D)
Antwerp (S, D)
Team events
Davis Cup
World Group + play-offs
Americas
Asia/Oceania
Europe/Africa
ATP Finals, London (S, D)
Next Generation ATP Finals, Milan
vte2017 in tennis « 2016 2018 » Grand Slam
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Men
ATP World Tour
ATP World Tour Masters 1000
ATP Finals
Next Generation ATP Finals
ATP Challenger Tour
ITF Men's Circuit
Women
WTA Tour
WTA Premier
WTA Finals
WTA Elite Trophy
WTA 125K series
ITF Women's Circuit
Team events
Davis Cup
World Group
Fed Cup
World Group
Hopman Cup
Laver Cup
World TeamTennis
Other events
Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
Commonwealth Youth Games
Games of the Small States of Europe
Islamic Solidarity Games
Island Games
Pacific Mini Games
Southeast Asian Games
Summer Universiade | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chung Hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hyeon"},{"link_name":"Andrey Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Rublev_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Next Generation ATP Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_ATP_Finals"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"2017 ATP World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_ATP_World_Tour"}],"text":"Chung Hyeon defeated Andrey Rublev in the final, 3–4(5–7), 4–3(7–2), 4–2, 4–2 to capture the 2017 Next Generation ATP Finals title.The 2017 Next Generation ATP Finals was a men's exhibition tennis tournament played in Milan, Italy, from 7 to 11 November 2017. It was the season-ending event for the best singles players who were age 21 and under on the 2017 ATP World Tour.","title":"2017 Next Generation ATP Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no-ad scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hawk-Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-Eye"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A number of innovative rule changes were introduced in 2017 including best of five sets, first to four games in each set, tie break at 3-All, no-ad scoring (server’s choice) and no lets. There were amended rules regarding time, the match started five minutes from entry of second player onto court, a shot clock to ensure 25 second rule, a maximum of one medical timeout per player per match, limits on when coaches can talk to players and the public was allowed to move around during a match (except at baselines).[1]In September 2017, the ATP announced that there would be no line judges at the event. The only official on court was the umpire and all line calls were made by Hawk-Eye. All calls were therefore final; however, foot faults, which are usually called by the baseline official, could be challenged and would be reviewed by a camera monitoring the server's feet.[2]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denis Shapovalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Shapovalov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Zverev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zverev_Jr."},{"link_name":"ATP Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_ATP_Finals_%E2%80%93_Singles"}],"text":"The top seven players in the Emirates ATP Race to Milan qualified. The eighth spot was reserved for an Italian wild card, determined at a qualifying tournament.[3] Eligible players must be 21 or under at the start of the year (born in 1996 or later for 2017 edition). 18-year-old Denis Shapovalov was the youngest and only teenage player.Alexander Zverev withdrew from the tournament, as he would play the ATP Finals the following week.Players in gold have qualified.Players in dark gold qualified, but withdrew.","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Chung Hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hyeon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Andrey Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Rublev_(tennis)"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"Chung Hyeon def. Andrey Rublev, 3–4(5–7), 4–3(7–2), 4–2, 4–2","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Daniil Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniil_Medvedev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Borna Ćorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna_%C4%86ori%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Third place match","text":"Daniil Medvedev def. Borna Ćorić, walkover","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Andrey Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Rublev_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Karen Khachanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Khachanov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Denis Shapovalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Shapovalov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Borna Ćorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna_%C4%86ori%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jared Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Donaldson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Chung Hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hyeon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Daniil Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniil_Medvedev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gianluigi Quinzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Quinzi"}],"text":"Andrey Rublev (final)\n Karen Khachanov (round robin)\n Denis Shapovalov (round robin)\n Borna Ćorić (semifinals, fourth place)\n Jared Donaldson (round robin)\n Chung Hyeon (champion)\n Daniil Medvedev (semifinals, third place)\n Gianluigi Quinzi (round robin)","title":"Seeds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Wild_Card"},{"link_name":"Lucky loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Lucky_Loser"},{"link_name":"Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Alternate"},{"link_name":"Special exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_Exempt"},{"link_name":"Protected ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Protected_Ranking"},{"link_name":"ITF entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#ITF"},{"link_name":"Junior exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Junior_exempt"},{"link_name":"Walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Walkover"},{"link_name":"Retired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Retirement"},{"link_name":"Defaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Default"},{"link_name":"Special ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_ranking"}],"sub_title":"Key","text":"Q = Qualifier\nWC = Wild card\nLL = Lucky loser\nAlt = Alternate\nSE = Special exempt\nPR = Protected ranking\nITF = ITF entry\nJE = Junior exempt\nw/o = Walkover\nr = Retired\nd = Defaulted\nSR = Special ranking","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, then percentage of games won, then head-to-head records; 5. ATP rankings.","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, then percentage of games won, then head-to-head records; 5. ATP rankings.","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the tournament draw, players were asked to choose a female model to escort them onto the stage, and some of these models lifted or removed various articles of clothing to reveal a letter of the alphabet. This letter signified who would be playing whom. Widespread criticism followed.[5] The ATP explained their choice, \"The intention was to integrate Milan's rich heritage as one of the fashion capitals of the world. However, our execution of the proceedings was in poor taste and unacceptable. We deeply regret this and will ensure that there is no repeat of anything like it in the future.\"[6]","title":"Controversy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ATP Announces Trial Of Rule Changes & Innovation For Next Gen ATP Finals In Milan\". ATP. 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/rule-changes-innovation-for-next-gen-atp-finals-2017","url_text":"\"ATP Announces Trial Of Rule Changes & Innovation For Next Gen ATP Finals In Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawk-Eye to replace line judges in Milan\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/41311236","url_text":"\"Hawk-Eye to replace line judges in Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emirates ATP Race To Milan\". atp. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/race-to-milan","url_text":"\"Emirates ATP Race To Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"The eight best under-21-year-olds on the planet battle it out in Milan\". Independent.co.uk. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/nextgen-atp-finals-draw-new-rules-lets-sexism-crassness-rublev-shapovalov-a8040411.html","url_text":"\"The eight best under-21-year-olds on the planet battle it out in Milan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/nextgen-atp-finals-draw-new-rules-lets-sexism-crassness-rublev-shapovalov-a8040411.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Association of Tennis Professionals criticised for stunt involving models\". News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/association-of-tennis-professionals-criticised-for-stunt-involving-models/news-story/0c61490459208b3b48cda919f1ce0ea9","url_text":"\"Association of Tennis Professionals criticised for stunt involving models\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/rule-changes-innovation-for-next-gen-atp-finals-2017","external_links_name":"\"ATP Announces Trial Of Rule Changes & Innovation For Next Gen ATP Finals In Milan\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/41311236","external_links_name":"\"Hawk-Eye to replace line judges in Milan\""},{"Link":"https://www.nextgenatpfinals.com/en/news-and-media/tennis/baldi-quinzi-feature-milan-2017","external_links_name":"The battle for the final spot in Milan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108003435/http://www.nextgenatpfinals.com/en/news-and-media/tennis/baldi-quinzi-feature-milan-2017","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/race-to-milan","external_links_name":"\"Emirates ATP Race To Milan\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/nextgen-atp-finals-draw-new-rules-lets-sexism-crassness-rublev-shapovalov-a8040411.html","external_links_name":"\"The eight best under-21-year-olds on the planet battle it out in Milan\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/nextgen-atp-finals-draw-new-rules-lets-sexism-crassness-rublev-shapovalov-a8040411.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/association-of-tennis-professionals-criticised-for-stunt-involving-models/news-story/0c61490459208b3b48cda919f1ce0ea9","external_links_name":"\"Association of Tennis Professionals criticised for stunt involving models\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Girls%27_Senior_High_School | St. Francis Girls' Senior High School | ["1 History","2 Achievement","3 References"] | Secondary school in Ghana
For the school in Mbeya, Tanzania, see St Francis Girls' Secondary School.
Saint Francis of Assisi Girls' Secondary School is the only girls' secondary school located in Jirapa in the Upper West Region of Ghana.
History
It was established by the Roman Catholic Church under the authority of the late Rt. Rev. Gabriel Chapagne, of the Missionaries of Africa, the then Bishop of Tamale and the late Cardinal Peter Porekuu Dery as co-founders in collaboration with the Sisters of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary(FMM), an international women religious congregation in 1959 as the first girls' secondary school in North Ghana. Currently the student population is around 1200. It is situated on Wa-Hamile Trunk road, about 2 kilometers away from the main township of Jirapa.
St. Francis of Assisi, Jirapa is an all girls boarding school. The students are from every region of Ghana.
This all girls Catholic High School has a sister school: St. Francis Catholic High School in Sacramento, California, USA.
Motto: Ad Veritatem per Caritatem which means “Truth Through Charity”
Achievement
St. Francis Girls Senior High School is counted as an "A" category of schools in Ghana with a high level of academic discipline and hard work among students and working staff.
References
^ St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE Modern Ghana. 14 November 2009.
^ "St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
This Ghana school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Girls' Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Girls%27_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Jirapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirapa"},{"link_name":"Upper West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Region"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"}],"text":"For the school in Mbeya, Tanzania, see St Francis Girls' Secondary School.Saint Francis of Assisi Girls' Secondary School is the only girls' secondary school located in Jirapa in the Upper West Region of Ghana.","title":"St. Francis Girls' Senior High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jirapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirapa,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_High_School_(Sacramento,_California)"}],"text":"It was established by the Roman Catholic Church under the authority of the late Rt. Rev. Gabriel Chapagne, of the Missionaries of Africa, the then Bishop of Tamale and the late Cardinal Peter Porekuu Dery as co-founders in collaboration with the Sisters of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary(FMM), an international women religious congregation in 1959 as the first girls' secondary school in North Ghana.[1] Currently the student population is around 1200. It is situated on Wa-Hamile Trunk road, about 2 kilometers away from the main township of Jirapa.\nSt. Francis of Assisi, Jirapa is an all girls boarding school. The students are from every region of Ghana. \nThis all girls Catholic High School has a sister school: St. Francis Catholic High School in Sacramento, California, USA.\nMotto: Ad Veritatem per Caritatem which means “Truth Through Charity”","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"St. Francis Girls Senior High School is counted as an \"A\" category of schools in Ghana with a high level of academic discipline and hard work among students and working staff.[2]","title":"Achievement"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE\". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/249345/st-francis-girls-senior-high-school-scores-100.html","url_text":"\"St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.modernghana.com/news/249345/1/st-francis-girls-senior-high-school-scores-100-per.html","external_links_name":"St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE"},{"Link":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/249345/st-francis-girls-senior-high-school-scores-100.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis Girls Senior High School scores 100 per cent in WASSCE\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Girls%27_Senior_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunik_3 | Luna 3 | ["1 Design","2 Mission","2.1 First gravity assist","3 Lunar photography","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Soviet lunar probe launched in 1959
Luna 3A 1:1 scale model at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in MoscowMission typeLunar flybyOperatorSoviet space programHarvard designation1959 Theta 1COSPAR ID1959-008A SATCAT no.21Mission duration18 days (launch day to last contact day)Orbits completed14
Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftYe-2A No.1ManufacturerOKB-1Launch mass278.5 kilograms (614 lb)
Start of missionLaunch date4 October 1959, 00:43:40 (1959-10-04UTC00:43:40Z) UTCRocketLuna 8K72 (No I1-8)Launch siteBaikonur 1/5
End of missionLast contact22 October 1959 (1959-10-23)Decay date29 April 1960
Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeHighly elliptical(circumlunar)Semi-major axis256,620.50 kilometres (159,456.59 mi)Eccentricity0.97322501Perigee altitude500 kilometres (310 mi)Apogee altitude499,999 kilometres (310,685 mi)Inclination55 degreesPeriod359.38 hoursEpoch5 October 1959
Flyby of the MoonClosest approach6 October 1959, 14:16 UTCDistance6,200 kilometres (3,900 mi)
Luna programme← Luna 2Luna 1960A →
Luna 3, or E-2A No.1 (Russian: Луна 3), was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme. It was the first mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon. The historic, never-before-seen views of the far side of the Moon caused excitement and interest when they were published around the world, and a tentative Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon was created from the pictures.
These views showed mountainous terrain, very different from the near side, and only two dark, low-lying regions, which were named Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Moscow) and Mare Desiderii (Sea of Desire). Mare Desiderii was later found to be composed of a smaller mare, Mare Ingenii (Sea of Cleverness), and several other dark craters. The reason for this difference between the two sides of the Moon is still not fully understood, but it seems that most of the dark lavas that flowed out to produce the maria formed under the Earth-facing half.
Design
The space probe was a cylindric canister with hemispheric ends and a wide flange near the top. The probe was 130 centimetres (51 in) long and 12 centimetres (4.7 in) at its maximum diameter at the flange. Most of the cylindric section was roughly 95 centimetres (37 in) in diameter. The canister was hermetically sealed and pressurized to about 0.22 standard atmospheres (22 kPa). Several solar cells were mounted on the outside of the cylinder, and these provided electric power to the storage batteries inside the space probe.
Shutters for thermal control were positioned along the cylinder and opened to expose a radiating surface when the internal temperature exceeded 25 °C (298 K). The upper hemisphere of the probe held the covered opening for the cameras. Four antennas protruded from the top of the probe and two from its bottom. Other scientific equipment was mounted on the outside, including micrometeoroid and cosmic ray detectors, and the Yenisey-2 imaging system. The gas jets for its attitude control system were mounted on the lower end of the spacecraft. Several photoelectric cells helped maintain orientation with respect to the Sun and the Moon.
There were no rocket motors for course corrections.
Its interior held the cameras and the photographic film processing system, radio transmitter, storage batteries, gyroscopic units, and circulating fans for temperature control. It was spin-stabilized for most of its flight, but its three-axis attitude control system was activated while taking photos. Luna 3 was radio-controlled from ground stations in the Soviet Union.
The Soviet media called the spacecraft the Automatic Interplanetary Station. The probe was renamed to Luna 3 in 1963.
Mission
Luna 3 mission on a Soviet stamp
After launching on a Luna 8K72 (number I1-8) rocket over the North Pole, the Blok-E escape stage was shut down by radio control to put Luna 3 on its course to the Moon. Initial radio contact showed that the signal from the space probe was only about one-half as strong as expected, and the internal temperature was rising. The spacecraft spin axis was reoriented and some equipment was shut down, resulting in a temperature drop from 40 °C to about 30 °C. At a distance of 60,000 to 70,000 km from the Moon, the orientation system was turned on and the spacecraft rotation was stopped. The lower end of the craft was pointed at the Sun, which was shining on the far side of the Moon.
The space probe passed within 6,200 km of the Moon near its south pole at the closest lunar approach at 14:16 UT on 6 October 1959, and continued over the far side. On 7 October, the photocell on the upper end of the space probe detected the sunlit far side of the Moon, and the photography sequence was started. The first picture was taken at 03:30 UT at a distance of 63,500 km from the Moon, and the last picture was taken 40 minutes later from a distance of 66,700 km.
A total of 29 pictures were taken, covering 70% of the far side. After the photography was complete the spacecraft resumed spinning, passed over the north pole of the Moon and returned towards the Earth. Attempts to transmit the pictures to the Soviet Union began on 8 October but the early attempts were unsuccessful due to the low signal strength. As Luna 3 drew closer to the Earth, a total of about 17 photographs were transmitted by 18 October. All contact with the probe was lost on 22 October 1959. The space probe was believed to have burned up in the Earth's atmosphere in March or April 1960. Another possibility was that it survived in orbit until 1962 or later.
It was launched initially in an orbit with the perigee outside the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere. After the mission was accomplished, and the probe made several orbits around the Earth, the secular rise in the eccentricity resulted in a decrease of the perigee because the semimajor axis is conserved. After eleven orbital revolutions Luna-3 entered the atmosphere of the Earth. It is the first instance of a "man-made Lidov-Kozai effect".
First gravity assist
Luna 3 trajectory and the gravity assist maneuver
Main article: Gravity assist § Historical origins of the method
The gravity assist maneuver was first used in 1959 when Luna 3 photographed the far side of Earth's Moon. After launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Luna 3 passed behind the Moon from south to north and headed back to Earth. The gravity of the Moon changed the spacecraft's orbit; also, because of the Moon's own orbital motion, the spacecraft's orbital plane was also changed. The return orbit was calculated so that the spacecraft passed again over the Northern hemisphere where the Soviet ground stations were located. The maneuver relied on research performed under the direction of Mstislav Keldysh at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
Lunar photography
Luna 3 phototelegraph system at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics
The first view returned by Luna 3 showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas)
When the first image of the far side of the Moon (A) is restored using advanced noise-removal techniques (B) and compared to the later LRO mission from NASA (C) the important feature points are distinctly visible and a clear, one-to-one mapping of the visible feature points are noticeable.
The purpose of this experiment was to obtain photographs of the lunar surface as the spacecraft flew by the Moon. The imaging system was designated Yenisey-2 and consisted of a dual-lens camera AFA-E1, an automatic film processing unit, and a scanner. The lenses on the camera were a 200 mm focal length, f/5.6 aperture objective and a 500 mm, f/9.5 objective. The camera carried 40 frames of temperature- and radiation-resistant 35 mm isochrome film. The 200 mm objective could image the full disk of the Moon and the 500 mm could take an image of a region on the surface. The camera was fixed in the spacecraft and pointing was achieved by rotating the craft itself.
Luna 3 was the first successful three-axis stabilized spacecraft. During most of the mission, the spacecraft was spin stabilized, but for photography of the Moon, the spacecraft oriented one axis toward the Sun and then a photocell was used to detect the Moon and orient the cameras toward it. Detection of the Moon signaled the camera cover to open and the photography sequence to start automatically. The images alternated between both cameras during the sequence. After photography was complete, the film was moved to an on-board processor where it was developed, fixed, and dried. Commands from the Earth were then given to move the film into a flying-spot scanner where a spot produced by a cathode ray tube was projected through the film onto a photomultiplier. The spot was scanned across the film and the photomultiplier converted the intensity of the light passing through the film into an electric signal which was transmitted to the Earth (via frequency-modulated analog video, similar to a facsimile). A frame could be scanned with a resolution of 1000 (horizontal) lines and the transmission could be done at a slow-scan television rate at large distances from the Earth and a faster rate at closer ranges.
The camera took 29 pictures over 40 minutes on 7 October 1959, from 03:30 UT to 04:10 UT at distances ranging from 63,500 km to 66,700 km above the surface, covering 70% of the lunar far side. Seventeen (some say twelve) of these frames were successfully transmitted back to the Earth (tracking stations in Crimea and Kamchatka), and six were published (frames numbered 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 35). They were the first photographs of the far hemisphere of the Moon.
The imaging system was developed by P.F. Bratslavets and I.A. Rosselevich at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute for Television and the returned images were processed and analyzed by Iu.N. Lipskii and his team at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. The camera AFA-E1 was developed and manufactured by the KMZ factory (Krasnogorskiy Mekhanicheskiy Zavod).
The film, temperature-resistant and radiation-hardened, came from American Genetrix balloons which had been recovered by the Soviets.
Legacy
The images were analysed, and the first atlas of the far side of the Moon was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences on 6 November 1960. It included a catalog of 500 distinguished features of the landscape. In 1961, the first globe (1:13600000 scale) containing lunar features invisible from the Earth was released in the USSR, based on images from Luna 3. Features that were named include Mare Moscoviense and craters called after Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Jules Verne, Marie Curie and Thomas Edison.
See also
Spaceflight portal
Chang'e 4, a Chinese December 2018 mission for a robotic probe/lander combination that landed on the Moon's far side, near the lunar south pole (3 January 2019)
Exploration of the Moon
Far side of the Moon
List of missions to the Moon
Notes
^ a b c d e f Siddiqi 2018, p. 13.
^ "Luna Ye-2A". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ "Luna 3". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ Harvey 2011, p. 158.
^ "Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ a b Siddiqi 2018, p. 14.
^ Siddiqi 2018, p. 16.
^ Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0387218960.
^ Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 38. ISBN 978-0387218960.
^ Grahn, Sven. "Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1". Jodrell Bank. University of Manchester. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Shevchenko, Ivan (2017). The Lidov-Kozai effect - applications in exoplanet research and dynamical astronomy. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 9783319435206.
^ T. Eneev, E. Akim. "Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight". Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (in Russian).
^ Egorov, Vsevolod Alexandrovich (1957) "Specific problems of a flight to the Moon", Physics – Uspekhi, Vol. 63, No. 1a, pp. 73–117.
Egorov’s work is mentioned in: Boris V. Rauschenbakh, Michael Yu. Ovchinnikov, and Susan M. P. McKenna-Lawlor, Essential Spaceflight Dynamics and Magnetospherics (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), pp. 146–147. (The latter reference is available on-line at Google Books.)
^ Berger, Eric (4 October 2019). "All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Siddiqi 2018, p. 2.
^ Siddiqi 2018, pp. 15–16.
^ Akademiëiìa, Nauk (22 May 1961). "Atlas of the far side of the moon". University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027.42/3186. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ (in Russian) Chronology, 1804–1980, to the 150th anniversary of GAISh – Moscow State University observatory. MSU
^ (in Russian) Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI. SAI
^ Shevchenko (2016). The First Maps, Atlas and Globus of the Farside. In: Lunar and Planetary Cartography in Russia. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1.
^ Reichl, Eugen (2019). The Soviet Space Program - The Lunar Mission Years: 1959 to 1976. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 29. ASIN 0764356755.
References
Harvey, Brian (2011). Russian space probes: scientific discoveries and future missions. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9.
Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luna 3.
Zarya – Luna 3 chronology
Soviet Moon photographs
Flight of Luna 3
Luna 3 Image Catalogue at NSSDC
Processed images from the Luna 3 mission
Berger, Eric (4 October 2019). "All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
vteLuna programmeImpactors
Luna E-1 No.1
Luna E-1 No.2
Luna E-1 No.3
Luna 1
Luna E-1A No.1
Luna 2
Flyby
Luna 3
Luna E-3 No.1
Luna E-3 No.2
Lander
Luna E-6 No.2
Luna E-6 No.3
Luna 4
Luna E-6 No.6
Luna E-6 No.5
Kosmos 60
Luna E-6 No.8
Luna 5
Luna 6
Luna 7
Luna 8
Luna 9
Luna 13
Orbiter
Kosmos 111
Luna 10
Luna 11
Luna 12
Luna E-6LS No.112
Luna 14
Luna 19
Luna 22
Sample Return
Luna E-8-5 No. 402
Luna 15
Kosmos 300
Kosmos 305
Luna E-8-5 No. 405
Luna 16
Luna 18
Luna 20
Luna 23
Luna E-8-5M No. 412
Luna 24
Rover
Luna E-8 No.201
Luna 17
Luna 21
vteSpacecraft missions to the MoonExplorationprograms
American
Apollo
Artemis
CLPS
Lunar Orbiter
Lunar Precursor
Pioneer
Ranger
Surveyor
Chinese
Chang'e
Indian
Chandrayaan
Japanese
Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
South Korean
Danuri
Russian
Luna-Glob
Soviet
Crewed
Luna
Lunokhod
Zond
ActivemissionsOrbiters
ARTEMIS
CAPSTONE
Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
Danuri
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Queqiao 1 (relay satellite at L2)
2
Tiandu-1
2
ICUBE-Q
Landers
Chang'e 3
4
6
SLIM
Rovers
Yutu-2
Flybys
ArgoMoon
PastmissionsCrewed landings
Apollo 11
12
14
15
16
17
(List of Apollo astronauts)
Orbiters
Apollo 8
10
Apollo Lunar Module
Artemis 1
Chang'e 1
2
5
Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-3 (propulsion module)
Clementine
Explorer 35
49
GRAIL
Hiten
LADEE
Longjiang-2
Luna 10
11
12
14
19
22
Lunar Orbiter 1
2
3
4
5
Lunar Prospector
PFS-1
PFS-2
SMART-1
SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
Impactors
LCROSS
Luna 2
Moon Impact Probe
Ranger 4
6
7
8
9
Landers
Apollo Lunar Module ×6
Chang'e 5
Luna 9
13
16
17
20
21
23
24
Surveyor 1
3
5
6
7
Vikram (Chandrayaan-3)
EagleCam
IM-1
Rovers
Lunar Roving Vehicle
Apollo 15
16
17
Lunokhod 1
2
Yutu
Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
(Chandrayaan-3)
LEV-1
LEV-2 (Sora-Q)
Yidong Xiangji
Sample return
Apollo 11
12
14
15
16
17
Luna 16
20
24
Chang'e 5
Failed landings
Beresheet
Emirates Lunar Mission
Hakuto-R M1
Luna 5
7
8
15
18
25
OMOTENASHI
Surveyor 2
4
Vikram (Chandrayaan-2)
Peregrine Mission One
Flybys
4M
Apollo 13
Chang'e 5-T1
Geotail
Galileo
ICE
Longjiang-1
Luna 1
3
4
6
LunaH-Map
Lunar Flashlight
Lunar IceCube
LunIR
Mariner 10
NEA Scout
Nozomi
Pioneer 4
Ranger 5
STEREO
TESS
WMAP
Wind
Zond 3
5
6
7
8
PAS-22
PlannedmissionsArtemis
Artemis 2 (2025)
Lunar Gateway
Artemis 3 (2026)
Artemis 4 (2028)
Artemis 5 (2029)
Artemis 6 (2030)
Artemis 7 (2031)
Artemis 8 (2032)
CLPS
VIPER (Nov 2024)
IM-2 (2024)
Lunar Trailblazer
Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost (2024)
Luna-Glob
Luna 26 (2027)
Luna 27 (2028)
Luna 28 (2030)
Luna 29 (2030s)
Luna 30 (2030s)
Luna 31 (2030s)
CLEP
Chang'e 7 (2026)
Chang'e 8 (2028)
Others
Hakuto-R M2 (2024)
DESTINY+ (2025)
Beresheet 2 (2025)
ispace M3 (2026)
Lunar Pathfinder (2026)
Cislunar Explorers (2020s)
CU-E3 (2020s)
MoonRanger (2020s)
International Lunar Research Station (late 2020s)
ProposedmissionsRobotic
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
ALINA
Artemis-7
Blue Moon
BOLAS
Garatéa-L
ISOCHRON
LunaNet
Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
McCandless
Moon Diver
Crewed
DSE-Alpha
Boeing Lunar Lander
Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
Lunar Orbital Station
Cancelled /concepts
Altair
Baden-Württemberg 1
#dearMoon project
European Lunar Explorer
First Lunar Outpost
International Lunar Network
LEO
LK
Lunar-A
Lunar Lander
Lunar Mission One
Lunar Observer
Lunokhod 3
MoonLITE
MoonRise
OrbitBeyond
Project Harvest Moon
Prospector
Resource Prospector
SELENE-2
Ukrselena
XL-1
Related
Colonization of the Moon
Google Lunar X Prize
List of lunar probes
List of missions to the Moon
List of artificial objects on the Moon
List of species that have landed on the Moon
Lunar resources
Apollo 17 Moon mice
Moon landing conspiracy theories
Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
Apollo 11 anniversaries
List of crewed lunar landers
Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.
vte← 1958Orbital launches in 19591960 →
Mechta
Vanguard 2
Discoverer 1
Pioneer 4
Discoverer 2
Unnamed, Unnamed
Discoverer 3
Luna E-1A No.1
Vanguard SLV-6
Discoverer 4
Explorer S-1
Explorer 6
Discoverer 5
Beacon 2
Discoverer 6
Luna 2
Transit 1A
Vanguard 3
Luna 3
Explorer 7
Discoverer 7
Discoverer 8
Pioneer P-3
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"Luna programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_programme"},{"link_name":"far side of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011158-5"},{"link_name":"Mare Moscoviense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Moscoviense"},{"link_name":"Mare Desiderii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Desiderii"},{"link_name":"Mare Ingenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Ingenii"},{"link_name":"maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_maria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ianridpath1-6"}],"text":"Luna 3, or E-2A No.1 (Russian: Луна 3), was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme. It was the first mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon.[5] The historic, never-before-seen views of the far side of the Moon caused excitement and interest when they were published around the world, and a tentative Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon was created from the pictures.These views showed mountainous terrain, very different from the near side, and only two dark, low-lying regions, which were named Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Moscow) and Mare Desiderii (Sea of Desire). Mare Desiderii was later found to be composed of a smaller mare, Mare Ingenii (Sea of Cleverness), and several other dark craters. The reason for this difference between the two sides of the Moon is still not fully understood, but it seems that most of the dark lavas that flowed out to produce the maria formed under the Earth-facing half.[6]","title":"Luna 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"storage batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_batteries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"micrometeoroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometeoroid"},{"link_name":"cosmic ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"attitude control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_control_system"},{"link_name":"photoelectric cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_cell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rocket motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_motor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"},{"link_name":"photographic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film"},{"link_name":"radio transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter"},{"link_name":"storage batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_batteries"},{"link_name":"gyroscopic units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201814-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201816-8"}],"text":"The space probe was a cylindric canister with hemispheric ends and a wide flange near the top. The probe was 130 centimetres (51 in) long and 12 centimetres (4.7 in) at its maximum diameter at the flange. Most of the cylindric section was roughly 95 centimetres (37 in) in diameter. The canister was hermetically sealed and pressurized to about 0.22 standard atmospheres (22 kPa). Several solar cells were mounted on the outside of the cylinder, and these provided electric power to the storage batteries inside the space probe.[citation needed]Shutters for thermal control were positioned along the cylinder and opened to expose a radiating surface when the internal temperature exceeded 25 °C (298 K). The upper hemisphere of the probe held the covered opening for the cameras. Four antennas protruded from the top of the probe and two from its bottom. Other scientific equipment was mounted on the outside, including micrometeoroid and cosmic ray detectors, and the Yenisey-2 imaging system. The gas jets for its attitude control system were mounted on the lower end of the spacecraft. Several photoelectric cells helped maintain orientation with respect to the Sun and the Moon.[citation needed]There were no rocket motors for course corrections.[citation needed]Its interior held the cameras and the photographic film processing system, radio transmitter, storage batteries, gyroscopic units, and circulating fans for temperature control. It was spin-stabilized for most of its flight, but its three-axis attitude control system was activated while taking photos. Luna 3 was radio-controlled from ground stations in the Soviet Union.[citation needed]The Soviet media called the spacecraft the Automatic Interplanetary Station.[7] The probe was renamed to Luna 3 in 1963.[8]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1959_CPA_2367.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luna 8K72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey37-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey38-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lidov-Kozai effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozai_mechanism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Luna 3 mission on a Soviet stampAfter launching on a Luna 8K72 (number I1-8) rocket over the North Pole, the Blok-E escape stage was shut down by radio control to put Luna 3 on its course to the Moon. Initial radio contact showed that the signal from the space probe was only about one-half as strong as expected, and the internal temperature was rising. The spacecraft spin axis was reoriented and some equipment was shut down, resulting in a temperature drop from 40 °C to about 30 °C.[9] At a distance of 60,000 to 70,000 km from the Moon, the orientation system was turned on and the spacecraft rotation was stopped. The lower end of the craft was pointed at the Sun, which was shining on the far side of the Moon.The space probe passed within 6,200 km of the Moon near its south pole at the closest lunar approach at 14:16 UT on 6 October 1959, and continued over the far side. On 7 October, the photocell on the upper end of the space probe detected the sunlit far side of the Moon, and the photography sequence was started.[10] The first picture was taken at 03:30 UT at a distance of 63,500 km from the Moon, and the last picture was taken 40 minutes later from a distance of 66,700 km.A total of 29 pictures were taken,[11] covering 70% of the far side. After the photography was complete the spacecraft resumed spinning, passed over the north pole of the Moon and returned towards the Earth. Attempts to transmit the pictures to the Soviet Union began on 8 October but the early attempts were unsuccessful due to the low signal strength. As Luna 3 drew closer to the Earth, a total of about 17 photographs were transmitted by 18 October. All contact with the probe was lost on 22 October 1959. The space probe was believed to have burned up in the Earth's atmosphere in March or April 1960. Another possibility was that it survived in orbit until 1962 or later.It was launched initially in an orbit with the perigee outside the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere. After the mission was accomplished, and the probe made several orbits around the Earth, the secular rise in the eccentricity resulted in a decrease of the perigee because the semimajor axis is conserved. After eleven orbital revolutions Luna-3 entered the atmosphere of the Earth. It is the first instance of a \"man-made Lidov-Kozai effect\".[12]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luna3-trajectory-eng.svg"},{"link_name":"gravity assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist"},{"link_name":"gravity assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Mstislav Keldysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh"},{"link_name":"Steklov Institute of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"First gravity assist","text":"Luna 3 trajectory and the gravity assist maneuverThe gravity assist maneuver was first used in 1959 when Luna 3 photographed the far side of Earth's Moon. After launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Luna 3 passed behind the Moon from south to north and headed back to Earth. The gravity of the Moon changed the spacecraft's orbit; also, because of the Moon's own orbital motion, the spacecraft's orbital plane was also changed. The return orbit was calculated so that the spacecraft passed again over the Northern hemisphere where the Soviet ground stations were located. The maneuver relied on research performed under the direction of Mstislav Keldysh at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.[13][14][15]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luna-3_phototelegraph_system_at_Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luna_3_moon.jpg"},{"link_name":"lunar maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_maria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luna_3_grainy_photo_restoration_and_comparison_with_LRO.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201814-7"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"objective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film"},{"link_name":"photocell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocell"},{"link_name":"flying-spot scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying-spot_scanner"},{"link_name":"cathode ray tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube"},{"link_name":"photomultiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomultiplier"},{"link_name":"slow-scan television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-scan_television"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi20182-16"},{"link_name":"Krasnogorskiy Mekhanicheskiy Zavod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnogorskiy_Zavod"},{"link_name":"Genetrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Genetrix"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201815%E2%80%9316-17"}],"text":"Luna 3 phototelegraph system at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of CosmonauticsThe first view returned by Luna 3 showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas)When the first image of the far side of the Moon (A) is restored using advanced noise-removal techniques (B) and compared to the later LRO mission from NASA (C) the important feature points are distinctly visible and a clear, one-to-one mapping of the visible feature points are noticeable.The purpose of this experiment was to obtain photographs of the lunar surface as the spacecraft flew by the Moon. The imaging system was designated Yenisey-2 and consisted of a dual-lens camera AFA-E1, an automatic film processing unit, and a scanner.[7] The lenses on the camera were a 200 mm focal length, f/5.6 aperture objective and a 500 mm, f/9.5 objective. The camera carried 40 frames of temperature- and radiation-resistant 35 mm isochrome film. The 200 mm objective could image the full disk of the Moon and the 500 mm could take an image of a region on the surface. The camera was fixed in the spacecraft and pointing was achieved by rotating the craft itself.Luna 3 was the first successful three-axis stabilized spacecraft. During most of the mission, the spacecraft was spin stabilized, but for photography of the Moon, the spacecraft oriented one axis toward the Sun and then a photocell was used to detect the Moon and orient the cameras toward it. Detection of the Moon signaled the camera cover to open and the photography sequence to start automatically. The images alternated between both cameras during the sequence. After photography was complete, the film was moved to an on-board processor where it was developed, fixed, and dried. Commands from the Earth were then given to move the film into a flying-spot scanner where a spot produced by a cathode ray tube was projected through the film onto a photomultiplier. The spot was scanned across the film and the photomultiplier converted the intensity of the light passing through the film into an electric signal which was transmitted to the Earth (via frequency-modulated analog video, similar to a facsimile). A frame could be scanned with a resolution of 1000 (horizontal) lines and the transmission could be done at a slow-scan television rate at large distances from the Earth and a faster rate at closer ranges.The camera took 29 pictures over 40 minutes on 7 October 1959, from 03:30 UT to 04:10 UT at distances ranging from 63,500 km to 66,700 km above the surface, covering 70% of the lunar far side. Seventeen (some say twelve) of these frames were successfully transmitted back to the Earth (tracking stations in Crimea and Kamchatka), and six were published (frames numbered 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 35). They were the first photographs of the far hemisphere of the Moon.[16]The imaging system was developed by P.F. Bratslavets and I.A. Rosselevich at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute for Television and the returned images were processed and analyzed by Iu.N. Lipskii and his team at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. The camera AFA-E1 was developed and manufactured by the KMZ factory (Krasnogorskiy Mekhanicheskiy Zavod).The film, temperature-resistant and radiation-hardened, came from American Genetrix balloons which had been recovered by the Soviets.[17]","title":"Lunar photography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USSR Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(map)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAI-20"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mare Moscoviense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Moscoviense"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Tsiolkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovskiy_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Marie Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklodowska_(lunar_crater)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_(crater)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reichi-22"}],"text":"The images were analysed, and the first atlas of the far side of the Moon was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences on 6 November 1960.[18] It included a catalog of 500 distinguished features of the landscape.[19] In 1961, the first globe (1:13600000 scale)[20] containing lunar features invisible from the Earth was released in the USSR, based on images from Luna 3.[21] Features that were named include Mare Moscoviense and craters called after Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Jules Verne, Marie Curie and Thomas Edison.[22]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201813_1-5"},{"link_name":"Siddiqi 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiddiqi2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Luna Ye-2A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e2a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Luna 3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-satcat_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Satellite Catalog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011158_5-0"},{"link_name":"Harvey 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarvey2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ianridpath1_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ianridpath.com/moon/moon1.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201814_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201814_7-1"},{"link_name":"Siddiqi 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiddiqi2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201816_8-0"},{"link_name":"Siddiqi 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiddiqi2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harvey37_9-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0387218960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387218960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harvey38_10-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0387218960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387218960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jb.man.ac.uk/history/tracking/part1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783319435206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319435206"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.keldysh.ru/events/fly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Susan M. P. McKenna-Lawlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_McKenna-Lawlor"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s8FRVu0blhgC&pg=PA146"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/all-hail-luna-3-rightful-king-of-1950s-space-missions/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi20182_16-0"},{"link_name":"Siddiqi 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiddiqi2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201815%E2%80%9316_17-0"},{"link_name":"Siddiqi 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiddiqi2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Atlas of the far side of the moon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/3186"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027.42/3186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F3186"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Chronology, 1804–1980, to the 150th anniversary of GAISh – Moscow State University observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//heritage.sai.msu.ru/hist/150let.html"},{"link_name":"MSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAI_20-0"},{"link_name":"Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/maps_r.doc"},{"link_name":"SAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-21039-1_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reichi_22-0"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number"},{"link_name":"0764356755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com.au/dp/0764356755"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Siddiqi 2018, p. 13.\n\n^ \"Luna Ye-2A\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Luna 3\". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ McDowell, Jonathan. \"Satellite Catalog\". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 14 December 2014.\n\n^ Harvey 2011, p. 158.\n\n^ \"Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers\". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.\n\n^ a b Siddiqi 2018, p. 14.\n\n^ Siddiqi 2018, p. 16.\n\n^ Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0387218960.\n\n^ Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 38. ISBN 978-0387218960.\n\n^ Grahn, Sven. \"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1\". Jodrell Bank. University of Manchester. Retrieved 21 July 2019.\n\n^ Shevchenko, Ivan (2017). The Lidov-Kozai effect - applications in exoplanet research and dynamical astronomy. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 9783319435206.\n\n^ T. Eneev, E. Akim. \"Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight\". Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (in Russian).\n\n^ Egorov, Vsevolod Alexandrovich (1957) \"Specific problems of a flight to the Moon\", Physics – Uspekhi, Vol. 63, No. 1a, pp. 73–117.\n\nEgorov’s work is mentioned in: Boris V. Rauschenbakh, Michael Yu. Ovchinnikov, and Susan M. P. McKenna-Lawlor, Essential Spaceflight Dynamics and Magnetospherics (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), pp. 146–147. (The latter reference is available on-line at Google Books.)\n\n^ Berger, Eric (4 October 2019). \"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 October 2023.\n\n^ Siddiqi 2018, p. 2.\n\n^ Siddiqi 2018, pp. 15–16.\n\n^ Akademiëiìa, Nauk (22 May 1961). \"Atlas of the far side of the moon\". University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027.42/3186. Retrieved 23 January 2024.\n\n^ (in Russian) Chronology, 1804–1980, to the 150th anniversary of GAISh – Moscow State University observatory. MSU\n\n^ (in Russian) Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI. SAI\n\n^ Shevchenko (2016). The First Maps, Atlas and Globus of the Farside. In: Lunar and Planetary Cartography in Russia. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1.\n\n^ Reichl, Eugen (2019). The Soviet Space Program - The Lunar Mission Years: 1959 to 1976. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 29. ASIN 0764356755.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Luna 3 mission on a Soviet stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1959_CPA_2367.jpg/220px-1959_CPA_2367.jpg"},{"image_text":"Luna 3 trajectory and the gravity assist maneuver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Luna3-trajectory-eng.svg/220px-Luna3-trajectory-eng.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Luna 3 phototelegraph system at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Luna-3_phototelegraph_system_at_Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics.jpg/220px-Luna-3_phototelegraph_system_at_Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first view returned by Luna 3 showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/220px-Luna_3_moon.jpg"},{"image_text":"When the first image of the far side of the Moon (A) is restored using advanced noise-removal techniques (B) and compared to the later LRO mission from NASA (C) the important feature points are distinctly visible and a clear, one-to-one mapping of the visible feature points are noticeable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Luna_3_grainy_photo_restoration_and_comparison_with_LRO.png/220px-Luna_3_grainy_photo_restoration_and_comparison_with_LRO.png"}] | [{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"Chang'e 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4"},{"title":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program"},{"title":"lunar south pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_south_pole"},{"title":"Exploration of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon#Space_race"},{"title":"Far side of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon"},{"title":"List of missions to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon"}] | [{"reference":"\"Luna Ye-2A\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e2a.htm","url_text":"\"Luna Ye-2A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luna 3\". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A","url_text":"\"Luna 3\""}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"Satellite Catalog\". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt","url_text":"\"Satellite Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers\". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ianridpath.com/moon/moon1.htm","url_text":"\"Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0387218960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387218960","url_text":"978-0387218960"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. p. 38. ISBN 978-0387218960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387218960","url_text":"978-0387218960"}]},{"reference":"Grahn, Sven. \"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1\". Jodrell Bank. University of Manchester. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/history/tracking/part1.html","url_text":"\"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"Shevchenko, Ivan (2017). The Lidov-Kozai effect - applications in exoplanet research and dynamical astronomy. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 9783319435206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319435206","url_text":"9783319435206"}]},{"reference":"T. Eneev, E. Akim. \"Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight\". Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keldysh.ru/events/fly","url_text":"\"Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight\""}]},{"reference":"Berger, Eric (4 October 2019). \"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/all-hail-luna-3-rightful-king-of-1950s-space-missions/","url_text":"\"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\""}]},{"reference":"Akademiëiìa, Nauk (22 May 1961). \"Atlas of the far side of the moon\". University of Michigan Library. hdl:2027.42/3186. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/3186","url_text":"\"Atlas of the far side of the moon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F3186","url_text":"2027.42/3186"}]},{"reference":"Shevchenko (2016). The First Maps, Atlas and Globus of the Farside. In: Lunar and Planetary Cartography in Russia. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-21039-1_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1"}]},{"reference":"Reichl, Eugen (2019). The Soviet Space Program - The Lunar Mission Years: 1959 to 1976. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 29. ASIN 0764356755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/0764356755","url_text":"0764356755"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brian (2011). Russian space probes: scientific discoveries and future missions. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8150-9","url_text":"978-1-4419-8150-9"}]},{"reference":"Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf","url_text":"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62683-042-4","url_text":"978-1-62683-042-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059404","url_text":"2017059404"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Eric (4 October 2019). \"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/all-hail-luna-3-rightful-king-of-1950s-space-missions/","url_text":"\"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A","external_links_name":"1959-008A"},{"Link":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e2a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Luna Ye-2A\""},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A","external_links_name":"\"Luna 3\""},{"Link":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt","external_links_name":"\"Satellite Catalog\""},{"Link":"http://www.ianridpath.com/moon/moon1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Exploring the Moon – The first robot explorers\""},{"Link":"http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/history/tracking/part1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities – Part 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.keldysh.ru/events/fly","external_links_name":"\"Mstislav Keldysh. Mechanics of the space flight\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s8FRVu0blhgC&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/all-hail-luna-3-rightful-king-of-1950s-space-missions/","external_links_name":"\"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\""},{"Link":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/3186","external_links_name":"\"Atlas of the far side of the moon\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F3186","external_links_name":"2027.42/3186"},{"Link":"http://heritage.sai.msu.ru/hist/150let.html","external_links_name":"Chronology, 1804–1980, to the 150th anniversary of GAISh – Moscow State University observatory"},{"Link":"http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/maps_r.doc","external_links_name":"Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-21039-1_1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-21039-1_1"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/0764356755","external_links_name":"0764356755"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf","external_links_name":"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059404","external_links_name":"2017059404"},{"Link":"http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna03.php","external_links_name":"Zarya – Luna 3 chronology"},{"Link":"http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogMoon.htm","external_links_name":"Soviet Moon photographs"},{"Link":"http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/trackind/luna3/Luna3story.html","external_links_name":"Flight of Luna 3"},{"Link":"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/mission_page/EM_Luna_3_page1.html","external_links_name":"Luna 3 Image Catalogue at NSSDC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083752/http://astrosurf.com/nunes/explor/explor_luna3.htm","external_links_name":"Processed images from the Luna 3 mission"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/all-hail-luna-3-rightful-king-of-1950s-space-missions/","external_links_name":"\"All hail Luna 3, rightful king of 1950s space missions\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street | Lamb's Conduit Street | ["1 Lamb's Conduit","2 Townscape","3 Notable residents","4 References"] | Coordinates: 51°31′19″N 0°07′07″W / 51.5220°N 0.1186°W / 51.5220; -0.1186This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lamb's Conduit Street" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lamb's Conduit Street
Lamb's Conduit Street is a street in Holborn in the West End of London. The street takes its name from Lambs Conduit, originally known as the Holborn Conduit, a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet.
Lamb's Conduit
Lamb's Conduit was named after William Lambe, who in 1564 made a charitable contribution of £1,500, an enormous sum in those days, for the rebuilding of the Holborn Conduit. The Conduit (a cistern) was fed by a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet. The Conduit also supplied water to the nearby Snow Hill area by a system of pipes. Lambe also provided 120 pails to enable poor women to make a living selling the water. The tributary ran west to east along the north side of Long Yard, followed the curved course of Roger Street and joined the Fleet near Mount Pleasant. This formed the boundary with the Ancient Parishes of Holborn (to the south) and St Pancras (to the north).
The importance of the conduit diminished when the New River opened in 1613 and the conduit was demolished in 1746. The remains of the head of the conduit can be seen on the side of a 1950s building on the corner between Lamb's Conduit Street and Long Yard. On the stone, an inscription reads: "Lamb's Conduit, the property of the City of London. This pump was erected for the benefit of the Publick".
Fountain commemorating Lamb's Conduit, situated at the junction of Lamb's Conduit Street and Guilford Street
A fountain at the north end of Lamb's Conduit Street, at the junction with Guilford Street, on the boundary between the former Metropolitan Boroughs of Holborn and St Pancras, was built to commemorate the social benefit of the conduit.
Townscape
Notable buildings include The Lamb public house, and The People's Supermarket food cooperative. There are many independent traders along the street.
Adjoining streets include Rugby Street, Guilford Street and Great Ormond Street.
Notable residents
Notable residents have included John Lind (1737–1781), the barrister, political activist and pamphleteer; John Haslam (1764–1844), the apothecary, physician and medical writer, known for his work on mental illness; and Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811) the physician. John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the Church of England clergyman, author, ecclesiologist, hymnologist, and poet, was born at 40 Lamb's Conduit Street.
John Turner lived together with his wife Mary at 7 Lamb's Conduit Street, where they hosted the American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre in the summer of 1897.
Virginia Woolf used the architecture of Lamb's Conduit Street to arouse her "historic sense" in the 1922 novel Jacob's Room: "The bitter eighteenth century rain rushed down the Kennel."
References
^ Picard, Liza, Elizabeth's London, 2003, p. 40.
^ Jordan, W. K. The Charities of London 1480–1660.
^ Siddall, Ruth (March 2014). "Lottie's Walk: Street Geology from Russell Square to Lamb's Conduit Street, WC1" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2022.
^ Weinreb, Ben, and Christopher Hibbert (eds), The London Encyclopaedia. 1983.
^ The UCL Fleet Restoration Team (27 March 2009). "The History of the River Fleet". UCL.
^ Avrich, Paul (1978). An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-691-04657-0.
^ Wilson, Jean Moorcroft. "Virginia Woolf. Life and London.A biography of place". ISBN 0-393-02615-9.
^ "kennel - Wiktionary". En.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
vteBloomsburyBuildings
Barbadian H.C.
British Museum
Brunswick Centre
Church of Christ the King
Connaught Hall
Goodenough College
Kimpton Fitzroy London Hotel
The Lamb
Montagu House
Senate House
St. George's
St George the Martyr Holborn
St Pancras Church
UCL Main Building
Squares and parks
Bedford Square
Bloomsbury Square
Brunswick Square
Cartwright Gardens
Coram's Fields
Gordon Square
Mecklenburgh Square
Queen Square
Russell Square
Tavistock Square
Torrington Square
Woburn Square
Roads
Cartwright Gardens
Gower Street
Great Russell Street
Guilford Street
Gray's Inn Road
Lamb's Conduit Street
Malet Street
Museum Street
Southampton Row
Street names of Bloomsbury
Woburn Place
History
The Bedford Estate
Bloomsbury Gang
Bloomsbury Group
Category
Commons
51°31′19″N 0°07′07″W / 51.5220°N 0.1186°W / 51.5220; -0.1186 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloomsbury,_Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street,_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_666662.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"River Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Fleet"}],"text":"Lamb's Conduit StreetLamb's Conduit Street is a street in Holborn in the West End of London. The street takes its name from Lambs Conduit, originally known as the Holborn Conduit, a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet.","title":"Lamb's Conduit Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lambe_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Snow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Hill,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Mail_Centre"},{"link_name":"Ancient Parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish#Ancient_parishes"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras,_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_(London)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_feature,_Guilford_Place_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324656.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guilford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Street"},{"link_name":"Guilford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Street"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Holborn"},{"link_name":"St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras,_London"}],"text":"Lamb's Conduit was named after William Lambe, who in 1564 made a charitable contribution of £1,500, an enormous sum in those days,[1] for the rebuilding of the Holborn Conduit.[2] The Conduit (a cistern[3]) was fed by a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet. The Conduit also supplied water to the nearby Snow Hill area by a system of pipes. Lambe also provided 120 pails to enable poor women to make a living selling the water.[4] The tributary ran west to east along the north side of Long Yard, followed the curved course of Roger Street and joined the Fleet near Mount Pleasant. This formed the boundary with the Ancient Parishes of Holborn (to the south) and St Pancras (to the north).[5]The importance of the conduit diminished when the New River opened in 1613 and the conduit was demolished in 1746. The remains of the head of the conduit can be seen on the side of a 1950s building on the corner between Lamb's Conduit Street and Long Yard. On the stone, an inscription reads: \"Lamb's Conduit, the property of the City of London. This pump was erected for the benefit of the Publick\".Fountain commemorating Lamb's Conduit, situated at the junction of Lamb's Conduit Street and Guilford StreetA fountain at the north end of Lamb's Conduit Street, at the junction with Guilford Street, on the boundary between the former Metropolitan Boroughs of Holborn and St Pancras, was built to commemorate the social benefit of the conduit.","title":"Lamb's Conduit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lamb_(pub)"},{"link_name":"The People's Supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Rugby Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Street"}],"text":"Notable buildings include The Lamb public house, and The People's Supermarket food cooperative. There are many independent traders along the street.Adjoining streets include Rugby Street, Guilford Street and Great Ormond Street.","title":"Townscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lind_(barrister)"},{"link_name":"John Haslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haslam_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Revell Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Revell_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"John Mason Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_Neale"},{"link_name":"John Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(anarchist)"},{"link_name":"Voltairine de Cleyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Room"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Notable residents have included John Lind (1737–1781), the barrister, political activist and pamphleteer; John Haslam (1764–1844), the apothecary, physician and medical writer, known for his work on mental illness; and Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811) the physician. John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the Church of England clergyman, author, ecclesiologist, hymnologist, and poet, was born at 40 Lamb's Conduit Street.John Turner lived together with his wife Mary at 7 Lamb's Conduit Street, where they hosted the American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre in the summer of 1897.[6]Virginia Woolf used the architecture of Lamb's Conduit Street to arouse her \"historic sense\" in the 1922 novel Jacob's Room: \"The bitter eighteenth century rain rushed down the Kennel.\"[7][8]","title":"Notable residents"}] | [{"image_text":"Lamb's Conduit Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bloomsbury%2C_Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street%2C_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_666662.jpg/220px-Bloomsbury%2C_Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street%2C_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_666662.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fountain commemorating Lamb's Conduit, situated at the junction of Lamb's Conduit Street and Guilford Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Water_feature%2C_Guilford_Place_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324656.jpg/220px-Water_feature%2C_Guilford_Place_WC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324656.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Siddall, Ruth (March 2014). \"Lottie's Walk: Street Geology from Russell Square to Lamb's Conduit Street, WC1\" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/walks/LottiesWalk.pdf","url_text":"\"Lottie's Walk: Street Geology from Russell Square to Lamb's Conduit Street, WC1\""}]},{"reference":"The UCL Fleet Restoration Team (27 March 2009). \"The History of the River Fleet\". UCL.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.camden.gov.uk/documents/20142/1458280/River+Fleet.pdf/0f0063cc-7079-32c2-5822-6306dcd56d62","url_text":"\"The History of the River Fleet\""}]},{"reference":"Avrich, Paul (1978). An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-691-04657-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Avrich","url_text":"Avrich, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Anarchist:_The_Life_of_Voltairine_de_Cleyre","url_text":"An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04657-0","url_text":"978-0-691-04657-0"}]},{"reference":"\"kennel - Wiktionary\". En.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kennel","url_text":"\"kennel - Wiktionary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street¶ms=51.522_N_0.1186_W_type:landmark_region:GB-CMD","external_links_name":"51°31′19″N 0°07′07″W / 51.5220°N 0.1186°W / 51.5220; -0.1186"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22","external_links_name":"\"Lamb's Conduit Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lamb%27s+Conduit+Street%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/walks/LottiesWalk.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lottie's Walk: Street Geology from Russell Square to Lamb's Conduit Street, WC1\""},{"Link":"https://www.camden.gov.uk/documents/20142/1458280/River+Fleet.pdf/0f0063cc-7079-32c2-5822-6306dcd56d62","external_links_name":"\"The History of the River Fleet\""},{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kennel","external_links_name":"\"kennel - Wiktionary\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb%27s_Conduit_Street¶ms=51.522_N_0.1186_W_type:landmark_region:GB-CMD","external_links_name":"51°31′19″N 0°07′07″W / 51.5220°N 0.1186°W / 51.5220; -0.1186"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Yifan | Hou Yifan | ["1 Career","2 Life outside chess","3 Results","3.1 2003","3.2 2004","3.3 2005","3.4 2006","3.5 2007","3.6 2008","3.7 2009","3.8 2010","3.9 2011","3.10 2012","3.11 2013","3.12 2014","3.13 2015","3.14 2016","3.15 2017","3.16 2018","3.17 2019","4 Rating","5 Openings","6 Notable games","7 Views","7.1 Male-female skill gap at the top-level","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Chinese chess grandmaster (born 1994)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Hou.
Hou YifanHou in 2016Born (1994-02-27) 27 February 1994 (age 30)Xinghua, ChinaEducationPeking University (BA)St Hilda's College, Oxford (MPP)CountryChinaTitleGrandmaster (2008)Women's World Champion2010–2012 2013–2015 2016–2017FIDE rating2632 (June 2024)Peak rating2686 (March 2015)Peak rankingNo. 55 (May 2015)
Chess medals
Representing China
Asian Games
2022 Hangzhou
Women's team
2010 Guangzhou
Women's Individual
2010 Guangzhou
Women's Team
2022 Hangzhou
Women's Individual
Chinese nameChinese侯逸凡TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHóu YìfánWade–GilesHou I-FanIPAYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHaùh jaht fàahnJyutpingHau4 jat6 faan4IPASouthern MinHokkien POJHâu E̍k-hōan
Hou Yifan (Chinese: 侯逸凡; pinyin: Hóu Yìfán pronunciationⓘ; born 27 February 1994) is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and professor at Shenzhen University. She is the second highest rated female player of all time. A chess prodigy, she was the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of grandmaster (at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 16 days) and the youngest ever to win the Women's World Chess Championship (at age 16).
At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to participate in the Women's World Championship (Yekaterinburg 2006) and the Chess Olympiad (Torino 2006). In June 2007, she became the youngest Chinese Women's Champion ever. She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004, Woman Grandmaster in January 2007, and Grandmaster in August 2008. In 2010, she won the 2010 Women's World Championship in Hatay, Turkey at age 16. She won the next three championships in which the title was decided by a match (in 2011, 2013 and 2016, with a total of ten wins to zero losses and fourteen draws against three different opponents), but was either eliminated early or she declined to participate in the championships in which the title was decided by a knockout tournament (in 2012, 2015 and 2017).
Hou was the third woman ever to be rated among the world's top 100 players (2014–16 and 2017–22), after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár. She is widely regarded as the best active female chess player, "leaps and bounds" ahead of her competitors. As of May 2024, she has been the No. 1 ranked woman in the world since September 2015 and is 73 points ahead of the No. 2 ranked Ju Wenjun. She was named in the BBC's 100 Women programme in 2017. She has been semi-retired from competitive chess since 2018. In 2020, she became the youngest professor at Shenzhen University, at the age of 26.
Career
Hou started playing chess regularly at the age of five, but already was fascinated by the game when she was three years old. Hou's father, Hou Xuejian, a magistrate, often took her to a bookstore after dinner and noticed that she liked to stare at glass chess pieces behind the window. He later bought his daughter her first chess set and she was able to beat her father and grandmother after a few weeks, at the age of three. In 1999, her father engaged a chess mentor, IM Tong Yuanming, for his five-year-old daughter. Tong later said that Hou was an unusual talent, showing "strong confidence, distinguished memory, calculating ability and fast reaction". Hou has said that she took up chess because she was fascinated by the pieces.
In 2003, Hou played against the chief coach of the Chinese national men's and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The chess master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of his weak moves. "Then I knew she was an exceptional genius", Ye said. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team and won first place at the World Youth Championship for girls under age ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion.
She was admitted to the National Chess Center, an academy for young talented players from all over the country, in Beijing when she was ten, with leading Chinese grandmasters Ye Jiangchuan and Yu Shaoteng as her trainers. In order to better support her chess career, her family relocated to Beijing in 2003. Hou's mother, Wang Qian, a former nurse, accompanied her to many international tournaments when Hou was young. Hou was homeschooled. As a teenager, she listed her interests as reading and studying and she listed her favorite chess player as Bobby Fischer.
Life outside chess
Hou has attempted to balance chess with life outside of it. Against the wishes of her trainer, she enrolled in Peking University in 2012, studying International Relations. She took a full course load and participated in many extracurricular activities. She was offered a Rhodes Scholarship, and studied for a Master of Public Policy at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the Blavatnik School of Government. Competitors give her credit for what she has achieved in spite of her lack of preparation, and for her life outside of chess. Vladimir Kramnik said: "If she wants to stay the best female player, she can probably do nothing. If she wants to achieve her potential, she must concentrate fully on chess." Hou is aware of this as well, but nonetheless chooses to treat chess as a hobby, not a career. She said in 2018: "I want to be the best, but you also have to have a life."
In 2020, at age 26, Hou became the youngest ever professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the School of Physical Education, which includes chess in its Sports Training Program.
Results
2003
Hou Yifan's first major tournament was on 31 August–12 September 2003 at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Open) in Tianjin. She scored 3/7 with a 2246 performance rating.
She won her first international tournament when she came first (9½/11; +8 =3 −0, TPR 2121) in the girl's under-10 section of the World Youth Championship in Halkidiki, Greece in October–November 2003. In November, she made her debut in the National Women's Chess Championship, held at Shanwei, Guangdong. She finished in 14th place with 3½/9 with a performance rating of 2202.
2004
On 1 January 2004, she received her first International FIDE rating of 2168, which automatically qualified her for the title of Woman FIDE Master. In April, she competed at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Jinan, Shandong. She scored 1½/7 (TPR 2096) having faced an average opposition rating (Rc) of 2316.
In November, she finished first jointly with Yu Yangyi, Jules Moussard, and Raymond Song, but third on tiebreaks in the boy's under-ten section of the World Youth Championship, held in Heraklio, Crete (9/11; +8 =2 −1; TPR 2119).
At the 11th Asian Women's Championship in Beirut, Lebanon from 4–11 December 2004, she came in eleventh with a score of 4½/9 (+4 =1 −4; TPR 2278). The event was won by Wang Yu with 6½/9.
2005
Hou Yifan, when she was 11, at the 2005 World Team Chess Championship, Beersheva, Israel
In February, she competed at the fourth Aeroflot Open (Group C) in Moscow, where she scored 2/5(TPR 2111).
In April, she finished fifth with a score of 7/11 (+6 =2 −3) (tied for fourth) at the Three Arrows Cup 2005 ladies tournament in Jinan, China. In that tournament, she defeated international master Almira Skripchenko and achieved a performance rating of 2393.
From 28 June–6 July at the second China-France Youth Match at Shenzhen, Guangdong, Hou Yifan scored 3/8 (+2 =2 −4, TPR 2324). The Chinese team (Zhou Jianchao, Zhao Jun, Zhao Xue and Hou) won the match 19–13.
In July, at the Festival Open International des Jeunes in Saint-Lô, France, she came second out of 75 players with 6/8(TPR 2305), behind Wen Yang. In 18–29 July at the World Youth Chess Championship in Belfort, France, Hou Yifan, seeded eighth, came in fifth in the Boy's Under-12 Section with 8/11 (+5 =6, TPR 2171).
In October, she qualified for the World Women's Chess Championship to be held in March 2006. Despite being rated only 2220 and ranked women's number 28 in her own country, she qualified by winning the Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament, scoring 6/9 points with a performance rating of 2526 against a rating opposition of 2401, ahead of several better-known Chinese players.
The sixth World Team Chess Championship was staged in Beersheva, Israel from 31 October to 11 November. China fielded two teams – the men's and women's, which was only the second time in the championship history when a women's team competed in what traditionally has been a male team event. This was Hou Yifan's first major team tournament and she was the youngest participant there, at eleven years of age.
She played as second reserve and finished with 0/3. The Chinese women's team drew one match and lost all of their others (+0 =1 −7), finishing last. The tournament was won by Russia, with China (men's) coming in second and Armenia third.
In December, Hou came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Beijing for the 37th Chess Olympiad to be held in May–June 2006 in Turin, Italy. She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She made the Olympiad team with the other top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang.
2006
Hou reached the third round (the last 16) of the Women's World Chess Championship in March 2006. Despite being rated 2269 and seeded 56th out of 64 players, she defeated IM Nadezhda Kosintseva (rated 2480) of Russia 1½–½ in the first round, then the former 2000 European champion WGM Natalia Zhukova (2432) of Ukraine 2–0 in the second round. She was beaten 0–2 by IM Nino Khurtsidze (2430) of Georgia in the third round to finish with a performance rating of 2504.
In May–June 2006, China came in third and won the bronze metal at the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin, Italy. Hou Yifan scored 11/13 (+10, =2, −1), all played on the fourth board, at her Olympiad debut. For her winning percentage of 84.6%, she won a silver medal for fourth (reserve) board performance, and her performance rating of 2596 was the third highest overall.
The Chinese Championships for men and women took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu, 25 June–6 July 2006. Ni Hua took the men's title and Li Ruofan the women's. Hou Yifan came fourth in the women's category V (2369) event with a score of 7/11 (+5 =4 −2) and a performance rating of 2477.
In July–August, she performed badly at what has been traditionally the strongest women's tournament, the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia. Although seeded third, she failed to win a game scoring 3/9 (+0 =6 −3) with a performance rating of 2357. She finished eighth out of ten players.
In 10–20 August, she played in the China–Russia Summit Match in Ergun, Inner Mongolia. The tournament was a two double-round-robin Scheveningen, one for men and one for women (category VIII (2444)). Russia won the men's event 26½–23½ but China won the women's section 28–22, winning the match 51½–48½. Hou Yifan was the highest scoring female player on tiebreak with 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2563).
China and France played for the Trophée MULTICOMS in Paris 4–9 September 2006. This was also a Scheveningen team match with six men and three women in the teams. France edged out China 20–16 in the men's event. The women's section was a complete mismatch in terms of Elo ratings in favour of the Chinese and they confirmed this over the board winning 12½–5½. The overall result was China 28½ France 25½. Hou Yifan was again the highest scoring female player with 5/6 and a performance rating of 2498.
In October in Yerevan, Armenia at the World Junior Chess Championship (Girl's section) despite being only 12 years old, Hou was the top rated girl with a 2481 FIDE Rating and went on to take second place on tiebreak with a score of 9/12 (+6 =4 −2), tied for first on points behind her compatriot Shen Yang. Her rating performance was 2469.
2007
In January 2007, Hou achieved a respectable fifth place in Group C (Cat. 10, 2486) of the Corus Chess Tournament with a score of 7/13 (+4 =6 −3) and a 2513 performance rating. This result, together with WGM norms she had earned at the 2005 Zonal 3.5 Women's Championship, the 37th Chess Olympiad and the 2006 Chinese Championship (Women's) won her the Woman Grandmaster title, formally conferred by FIDE in late January 2007.
Hou Yifan at the 2007 Corus Chess Tournament
At the Aeroflot Open in February 2007, a few weeks before Hou's thirteenth birthday, she played in the A1 group for the first time. Hou started well with two wins out of two, defeating first the Russian IM Nikita Vitiugov (rated 2604) and then the 2001 European Champion, GM Emil Sutovsky of Israel (rated 2629). However, in the third round she was defeated by the Russian Championship runnerup, Dmitry Jakovenko, and only managed one draw in her next five games. She rallied in the final round with a victory against the Greek grandmaster, Vasilios Kotronias, and finished with a score of 3½/9(TPR 2540).
In March, at the first Ruy Lopez International Festival (cat. XV (2607)) in Zafra, Hou performed badly to finish last with 2/7 (+1 =2 −4). Her performance rating was 2462.
In April, she came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Ningbo for the 2007 Asian Indoor Games to be held in October. She scored 8/14 (+6 =4 −4, TPR 2434).
From 1–11 May 2007, at the eighth Russian Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Dagomys, Hou played for Southern Ural Chelyabinsk on board one and scored 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2523). At the 1st World Women's Team Chess Championship in Ekaterinburg later that month, Hou was part of the winning China national team that also included Zhao Xue, Ruan Lufei, Shen Yang, and Huang Qian. Hou Yifan played on board two in every round and scored 7½/9 (+7 =1 −1), winning the gold medal for that board. Her performance rating was 2559.
In June 2007, she won her first Chinese Women's Chess Championship in Chongqing. Hou was thirteen years old at the time, breaking WGM Qin Kanying's record as the youngest champion (she was fourteen years old when winning the title in 1988). Hou scored 9/11 (+7 =4 -0, TPR 2585). Second and third place went to Zhao Xue and Shen Yang, respectively.
In July, she improved on her previous year's performance at the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, finishing in seventh place out of ten players. She scored 4/9 (+3 =2 −4) with a performance rating of 2436. The tournament was won by Zhu Chen and with Zhao Xue in second place.
In 4–15 August, she competed in what was then her strongest closed tournament – the fifth Győrgy Marx Memorial (Cat. 14, 2582) in Paks, Hungary. Being the lowest rated player and the only non-Grandmaster (out of Pentala Harikrishna, Péter Ács, Csaba Balogh, Ferenc Berkes, and Viktor Korchnoi), she finished in last place in the double round-robin event with 3/10 (+1 =4 −5; TPR 2444).
At the UK-China Match in Liverpool 3–9 September 2007, China defeated the UK team with a comfortable score of 28–20. Hou played for the men's team and scored 2½/6 (+1 =3 −2) with a performance rating of 2540. The average rating of her opponents (Rc) was 2598.
In late September, she came in first at the 2007 Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament in Tianjin with a score of 8/9 (+7 =2 −0, TPR 2675). In October 2007, she competed at the twelfth European Club Cup in Kemer, Turkey for team Southern Ural Cheliabinsk. Hou played on board two for the team, which finished fourth in the women's tournament. In the individual women's standings, Hou came in fifth with a score of 5/7 (+3 =4 −0) and a performance rating of 2556.
From 26 October to 3 November, she competed for Team China at the second Asian Indoor Games in Macau. The national team won team gold in the classic chess mixed team event with 11 match points (18½ game points out of 24). The Chinese team members were Zhao Xue, Xu Yuhua, Hou Yifan, Wang Hao, Ni Hua, and Bu Xiangzhi. Hou Yifan won an individual gold medal for her board two display with a score of 5½/6 (+5 =1 −0; 91.7%) and a performance rating of 2649.
Hou participated in the 2007 season of the China Chess League, officially known as the "Torch Real Estate Cup Chinese Chess League Division A". She played for the Shandong Qilu Evening News Chess Team, who became the 2007 champions when they defeated the 2006 champion Beijing team, 3½ to 1½.
2008
In the January Corus 2008 chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Hou competed in Group B where she finished in a tie for seventh–tenth place (ninth by tiebreak) achieving 6/13 (+3 −4 =6) with a performance rating of 2598. She scored victories over three grandmasters, including a 23-move win over former World Champion challenger Nigel Short.
In February 2008, Hou gained her first Grandmaster norm (GM norm) at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow by finishing in 31st place with a score of 4½/9 (+2 =5 −2, TPR 2605). This was followed in March 2008 with a victory at the first Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament (cat. IX (2461)) in Istanbul, Turkey where she finished a point ahead of the rest of the field on 7/9 (+5 =4 −0) with a performance rating of 2674. Her victory in this tournament earned her a GM norm conditional on FIDE ratifying then WGM Zhao Xue's attainment of her GM title. However this GM norm was not used in her eventual official grandmaster title application.
Hou Yifan at the 2008 World Junior Chess Championship, Gaziantep, Turkey where she gained a GM norm
In April 2008, she competed in Mérida, Spain at the second Ruy Lopez Chess Festival tournament. In the category XV (2616) round-robin event she finished seventh out of eight players with 2/7 (+1, =2, −4) and a rating performance of 2467.
Hou competed in the Chinese Chess League again in the 2008 season, which had eighteen rounds in six different cities from March to August. Hou's teammates were GM Bu Xiangzhi, GM Zhao Jun, GM Wen Yang, and WGM Zhang Jilin.
In May–June 2008, she became the Chinese Women's Champion for the second consecutive time with 9/11 points (+7 =4 −0) in Beijing and a performance of 2599. At the July 2008 First Saturday GM Tournament in Budapest, Hou was top seed, but came in second place with 9/12, missing a GM norm by half a point. Her performance rating was 2574.
In August 2008 she competed in the World Junior Chess Championship held at Gaziantep, Turkey where she competed in the general ("boys'") section for the first time in her career. She was the only girl in this section and was the sixteenth seed on the entrant's list. Hou finished joint third–seventh on 9/13 (+6 =6 −1), achieving a performance rating of 2661 and her second GM norm.
In August–September 2008, she competed in her second Women's World Chess Championship at Nalchik, Russia. She had qualified by being one of the six highest rated players from the average of the July 2006–January 2007 period. In this knockout tournament, she was seeded third out of 64 players. She defeated WGM Mona Khaled (Egypt) 2–0 in the first round and WGM Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul (Mongolia), 2–0 in the second. In third round, she had to go to rapid playoffs to eventually beat IM Elena Sedina (Italy) 3–1 (1–1, 2–0). In the quarterfinals she defeated Armenian IM Lilit Mkrtchian 1½–½, followed by Indian GM Humpy Koneru, the second seed, in the semifinals (4–2 overall, 1–1, 1–1, 2–0). She lost the final to Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia, 2½–1½. Nonetheless, she became the youngest ever finalist for the Women's World Championship title, earning an automatic International Master (IM) title and a "runner-up 9-game grandmaster norm", her third official GM norm overall. Her performance rating for the entire championship was 2536.
Hou participated at the first World Mind Sports Games in Beijing from 3–18 October as a member of the Chinese team, winning the bronze medal in the Women's Individual Blitz event, the gold medal in the Mixed Pairs Rapid event (with Ni Hua), the silver medal in the Women's Teams Blitz event, and the gold medal in the Women's Teams Rapid event. In mid-late October, playing board one for team Spartak Vidnoe in the thirteenth European Club Cup held in Kallithea, Greece she scored 2/4 (+1 −1 =2, TPR 2448) helping her team to a second-place finish. Very shortly thereafter she played in the Cap d'Agde Rapid tournament from 24 October to 1 November, losing to former world champion Anatoly Karpov in a tiebreaker match at the end of the qualifying stage, despite winning the second tiebreak game.
At the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden from 12 to 25 November, she played at the number 1 board in the Chinese women's team. Although her team did not win a prize, she still placed third in the individual board prize. She played in every round with a final result of 7½/11 (+5, =5, −1, TPR 2563).
At the 79th FIDE Congress, held on 16–26 November 2008 in Dresden, Germany, her GM title was approved making her the 27th Chinese Grandmaster. Her three approved GM norms were:
Aeroflot Open Tournament A1 in Moscow, February 2008; score 4½/9 (requirement=4½ points)
World Junior Chess Championship 2008 in Gaziantep, August 2008; score 9/13 (requirement=8 points)
Women's World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik, September 2008; reached the finals (equivalent to a 9-game GM norm)
This meant that Hou Yifan reached her third grandmaster norm on 12 September 2008 at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 16 days, making her one of the youngest grandmasters in history, as well as the youngest female.
2009
Hou Yifan competed in the Grandmaster Group B of the 71st Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee from 16 January to 1 February 2009. She was seeded twelfth out of fourteen players and finished joint ninth–tenth with a performance rating of 2620. Between 7–19 March, she finished third in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament in Istanbul, scoring 8/11 (+6=4–1, TPR 2649).
From 12 to 23 May, she competed at the 8th Asia Continental Chess Championship at the Subic Exhibition and Convention Center, Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Olongapo City, Philippines. She scored 7½/11 with a 2640 performance, finishing seventh out of 86 on tiebreak. By finishing in the top ten she qualified for the 2009 World Cup.
From 9–15 August 2009 at the Jubilee Open, Zürich, she won the "best female player" prize by coming joint seventeenth with 6½/9 (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2590). From 19 August to 1 September at the NH Hotels Risings Stars vs Experienced, Amsterdam, she finished with a score of 3½/10 (+1 −4 =5, TPR 2548). She was defeated in the first round at the Chess World Cup 2009, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, 20 November – 15 December 2009.
2010
In January, she finished with 4½/9 at the Moscow Open. In February, she finished with 4/9 at the Aeroflot Open. In April, she won the third Kuala Lumpur Open 7.5/9 (+6 = 2, TPR 2730). In August, she won the 2010 Women's Grand Prix in Mongolia.
In October, she was on board two for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte Carlo in the 15th European Club Cup for Women held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She helped her team to a gold medal win with a 4.5/6 score (+3 =3, TPR 2651).
In November, she won the women's individual gold medal in the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China. She finished with 8½/9 and with a performance rating of 2798. She won another gold medal from the women's team event, representing China as the first board, along with her teammates Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian and Wang Yu, beating Uzbekistan 2½–1½ in the final.
In December she won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her the youngest women's world champion in history. Her compatriot Ruan Lufei was her opponent in the finals. After four games at classical time controls, the score was tied at 2–2, but Hou won the rapid playoffs 3–1 to take the title. Her performance rating was 2585.
2011
In January 2011 she was due to take part in the Gibraltar Chess Festival, but pulled out because of a family illness. In April, she won the First Women Master Tournament in Wuxi with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 =2, TPR 2639).
In June, she took part in a tournament in India, the AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011. She finished with a dismal last place, but in August, she rebounded to win clear first place in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 tournament in Rostov, Russia. She then went on to win the second Grand Prix stage in Shenzhen in September 2011.
In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. She was one of the two female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Sergei Movsesian, to whom she lost 2–0, resulting in her elimination.
In October she played on board one for team Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo in the 16th European Club Cup for women held in Rogaska Slatina, Slovenia. Her top rated team placed a disappointing 4th place, with Hou scoring 4/6 (+4 −2, TPR 2526)
In November Hou successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won 3 games and drew 5 in the ten-game match, winning the title with two games to spare. Her performance rating for the match was 2741.
Beginning December, Hou played in the 2011 SportAccord World Mind Games, held in Beijing, China which consisted of 3 events, rapid, blitz and blindfold. She placed joined 5–7th, 6th on tiebreaks with a 4/7 score (+2 −1 =4) in the rapid portion, but winning both the blitz and the blindfold portions with 11.5/15 (+9 −1 = 5) and 5.5/7 (+5 −1 =1) scores respectively.
Afterwards, Hou played for China in the Women's World Chess Team Championship in Mardin, Turkey. The 5 person team, arranged according to rating, consisted of herself, WGM Ju Wenjun, GM Zhao Xue, WGM Tan Zhongyi and WGM Zhang Xiaowen. China was the clear winner with 16 match points, having lost but one match to Ukraine in the 8th round and winning the rest, ahead of the runner-up Russia by three match points. Georgia grabbed bronze with 12 match points. Hou scored five points from the seven games she played (Wenjun played the first board for Round 1 and Round 2) (+3 = 4, TPR 2648).
2012
Hou started 2012 by taking equal first place at Tradewise alongside Nigel Short at the Gibraltar Chess Festival scoring 8/10 (+7 −1 =2) with a tournament performance of 2872. She came second on tiebreak when she lost the 2 game blitz playoff against Short by 1.5–0.5. She scored 5/7 against the 7 GMs she played rated 2700 or higher. This included 4 wins against Zoltán Almási (2717), Judit Polgár (2710) (Polgar's first loss against a female player after 22 years), Lê Quang Liêm (2714) and Alexei Shirov (2710), 2 draws against Michael Adams (2724) and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (2747), whilst her only loss came against Krishnan Sasikiran (2700) in a close endgame of Q (with a pawn up) versus R+R with black.
From 6 to 13 March, she played and finished joint 2nd–8th in the 2012 Reykjavik Open 7/9 (+5 =4, TPR 2677). From 27 March to 7 April, she participated in the 2012 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A, the determiner of China's National Champion. She finished joint 7th–9th, 7th by tiebreak. 5/11 (+1 −2 =8; TPR 2560).
From 13 April to 19 April, Hou played in the 2012 Bangkok Chess Club open. Seeded third by rating, she finished 14th, 6/9 (+4 −1 = 4; TPR 2500).
From 29 May to 7 June, she played in the 3rd Hainan Danzhou Grand Master Chess Tournament that traditionally showcased the top 10 highest rated Chinese players, although the two highest rated players at the time Wang Hao and Li Chao did not participate. Seeded 6th by rating, Hou finished in 10th and last place with 3/9.
From 9 June to 22 June, Hou played in the 4th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Kazan, Russia. Coming immediately off the heels of the recently completed Chinese Men's super tournament in Danzhou, she started off slowly with 2 points in the first 5 rounds before closing strongly with 4 wins in the final 6 rounds. She finished joint 3rd–4th. 7/11 (+5 −2 = 4; TPR 2604).
From 16 July to 19 July, Hou played in the 5th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Jermuk, Armenia. She won the event with a 7/11 score (+4 −1 =6, TPR 2598). This victory added to her victories in Rostov 2011 and Shenzeng 2011 made Hou the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 and secured for herself the challenger spot for the Women's World Chess Championship 2013.
At the 40th Chess Olympiad held in Istanbul, Turkey from 27 August to 10 September 2012, Hou Yifan led the Chinese women's chess team to a second place, silver medal finish. Hou won the gold medal for individual performance on board 1 with a 2645 TPR, 6.5/9 score (+4, =5). During the competition she was presented with the Caissa Cup, which honors the female player with the best chess results during the year.
From 8 October to 17 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2012 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 4.5/6 score (+4 −1 =1, TPR 2609) and her heavily favored team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score.
From 19 October to 27 October, Hou played in the main even of 16th Univé Hoogeveen Chess Festival as part of the Univé Crown Group, a four player double round robin tournament. The average rating of the participants was 2695, making this a category 18 tournament. Hou finished in last place with a 2/6 score (−2 =4, TPR 2605).
In an interview in Kazan she said that she was going to start studying international relations at Beijing University in September. She said that she was glad China was moving away from its one-child policy, she would have liked to have had a brother or sister, and she knew of women who had been forced to have abortions.
In November 2012 she was knocked out in the second round of the Women's World Chess Championship 2012. As the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 she earned the right to challenge the new champion in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013.
During 12 to 19 December, Hou concluded the year by participating in the 2012 SportAccord World Mind Games, competing in the 3 disciplines of Rapid, Blitz and Blindfold. In the rapid event, she placed second on tiebreaks with a 5/7 score (+4 −1 =2, TPR 2713). For the blitz event, she placed 7th by tiebreaks with a 7/15 score (+6 −7 =2, TPR 2487). In the blindfold event, she won with a 6/7 score (+6 −1).
2013
Hou was invited to participate in the 2013 Tata Steel Chess Tournament Grandmaster A group in Wijk aan Zee from 12 to 27 January. This was a Category 20 event, and her first supertournament participation. She was the lowest Elo rated player at 2603 and seeded 14th. She surpassed initial expectations by finishing 11/14 with a 5.5/13 score (+3 −5 =5, TPR 2688) including a draw against then World Champion Viswanathan Anand. She competed in the 2013 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, China from 16 to 27 April. She finished in a six-way tie for 4th to 9th place, 4th by tie breaks, with a 5.5/11 score (+3 −3 =5, TPR 2609).
From 2 May to 16 May, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014 held in Geneva, Switzerland. She was the highest rated player in the event but finished 8th/9th, including a loss to the Women's World Champion 2012–13, Anna Ushenina. Her score was 5/11 (+3 −4 = 4, TPR 2470).
From 11 to 14 June, she played a four-game match with David Navara for the CEZ Chess Trophy 2013. All four games ended in draws, so the winner would be decided by tie breaks. After each player won with white in the blitz portion, an armageddon game won by Hou, as black, gave her the trophy. Her performance rating for the classical games was 2707.
From 30 June to 3 July, Hou was part of the team representing China in the 4th Asian Martial Arts Games held in Incheon, South Korea. She won a gold medal in the classical portion of the event with a 6.5/7 score (+6 =1). In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway. She was one of four female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Alexei Shirov. After two draws in the classical portion of the match, they proceeded to tiebreaks. Hou won the first rapid game with white and lost the second with black. In the next tiebreaker set she lost both games resulting in her elimination.
As the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012, Hou won the right to challenge Anna Ushenina in a 10-game match for the world title. Scheduled from 10 to 27 September, the Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was played in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China. She won the match in 7 games with a 5.5–1.5 score (+4 =3, TPR 2730) regaining her championship title.
From 19 to 26 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2013 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 5/6 score (+4 =2, TPR 2736) and for the second year in a row, her team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score.
From 12 to 18 December, she played in the SportAccord World Mind Games in the chess discipline. The tournament consisted of three events: rapid, blitz and the basque system. In the rapid event, Hou scored 5/7 (+3 = 4, TPR 2691) capturing the silver medal. In the blitz event, she won the gold medal with a 21.5/30 score (+19 −6 =5, ). Notable was that during the second day of the blitz event, Hou achieved a near perfect 9.5/10 score. In the final event played under the basque system, Hou won the silver medal on tiebreaks with a 7/10 score (+7 −3).
2014
From 11 to 22 March, Hou competed in the 2014 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, her birthplace. She again played against the men in the open section rather than in the women's section. She finished in 7th place with a 5.5/11 score (+2 −3 =6, TPR 2558).
From 14 July to 24 July, Hou played in the grandmaster section of the prestigious Biel chess tournament. This was a six player category 19 event with an average rating of 2717 with Hou being the lowest rated player. She started with a win over Anish Giri and was tied for second entering the final round and could take joint first place by winning her final game against Pendyala Harikrishna. While she wound up losing the final game, Hou still had a successful tournament, finishing joint 3rd–5th with a 5/10 score (+2 −2 =6, TPR 2734).
From 1 August to 14 August, Hou participated in 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway as board one of the top seeded Chinese Women's team. The team rattled off six straight wins before succumbing to the second seeded Russian team with Hou losing her individual game, as black, to Kateryna Lagno. She ended the Olympiad with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 = 2, TPR 2671) leading her team to the silver medal. Her own performance was good enough to receive the silver medal for board one.
Hou is the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14. From 8 April to 22 April, she played in the 4th stage in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Opening with 3 straight victories, she dominated from start to finish. Several times as white she eschewed her regular 1.e4 opening move and began with 1.c4 and 1.g3. She finished in 1st place with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2695). From 18 June to 2 July, she played in the 5th stage in Lopota, Georgia. Leading from start to finish, she won with a 9/11 score (+7 = 4, TPR 2773), a full two points over her nearest competitors. From 24 August to 6 September, she competed in the 6th and final stage in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. She finished joint first with Ju Wenjun with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2686).
Grand Prix Cup award ceremony, Sharjah, UAE
At the final leg, the tournament's official awards, Big and Small Cups of Grand Prix, designed and manufactured by the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, were presented. As the winner of the 2013–2014 Grand Prix Series, Hou Yifan was solemnly awarded the Small Cup during the official closing ceremony of the tournament.
During 13 to 21 September, she competed at the 18th European Club Cup held in Bilbao, Spain. Once again she was the top board for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo winning the individual gold medal for her performance 5/6 (+4 =2, TPR 2749) while leading her team to a second-place finish.
With the postponement of the Women's World Chess Championship 2014 she played in the Corsican Chess Circuit in October and won, beating Sergey Fedorchuk in the final. This has been described as the most important tournament yet to be won by a female player other than Judit Polgár.
From 11 to 18 December, Hou played in the 2014 SportAccord World Mind Games held in Beijing, China. The Mind Games consists of separate tournaments in 3 disciplines: rapid, blitz and basque. In the rapid event, she placed second capturing the silver medal, losing only to Valentina Gunina, the eventual event winner. Her performance was 5/7 (+4 −1 = 3, rapid TPR 2672). She won the gold medal in the blitz event with a 22.5/30 score (+20 −5 = 5, TPR 2718). Especially noteworthy in her blitz tournament was her performance pushed her official blitz rating to 2704, making her the second female player to cross the 2700 barrier in any rating format. In the final basque system event, Hou took home another gold medal with an 8.5/10 score (+7 =3).
When Hou turned twenty one in 2015 she lost her junior status. She ended the year, and her junior playing career, as the reigning Women's World Chess Champion, the 2nd highest rated female player, the highest rated girl, the 4th highest rated junior and the 71st highest overall rated active player with a FIDE rating of 2673.
2015
Hou once again played in the 2015 edition of Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from 15 to 25 January. She was the 12th seed out of 14 total participants in the Category 20 Master group and finished 11th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2670). While she performed approximately according to her rating, Hou had winning chances in a few of her games and even missed a drawing chance against world champion Magnus Carlsen after defending a difficult position as black for most of the game.
Shortly after, she returned to the scene of her greatest chess tournament triumph, the Gibraltar Chess Festival 2015 held from 27 January to 4 February. Seeded 13th by rating, she placed joint 3rd–11th, 3rd by performance with a 7.5/10 score (+5 =5, TPR 2772) pushing her FIDE rating to 2686. She also won the 1st place prize for being the highest scoring female player. Her excellent performance in this event resulted in her rating surpassing Judit Polgár's classic rating for the first time in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, ending Polgár's 26 consecutive years reign as the top rated female player in the world. For the first time since Maia Chiburdanidze in January 1989 a single individual was both the top rated woman player and the reigning Women's World Chess Champion.
She played in the Hawaii Grandmaster Challenge 2015 in March, a two-day four player quadruple blitz and rapid round robin event. She began the first day with a 3.5/6 score before crushing her opponents the second day with five straight wins and a draw in the final game easily winning the event with a 9/12 score. Since this event conflicted with the Women's World Chess Championship 2015 she relinquished her title to Mariya Muzychuk at the conclusion of the Championship.
Hou played in the Nakhchivan Open 2015 in from 1 to 11 May. Seeded 3rd by rating, she finished in a nine-way tie for joint 4th–12th with a 6/9 score (+5 −2 =2, TPR 2581).
She played in the 2015 edition of Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting which ran from 27 June to 5 July. With an average rating of 2724, it qualified as a Category 20 supertournament. Hou finished in joint 7th/8th with a 2.5/7 score (−2 =5, TPR 2629)
Hou has been chosen as the first FIDE Presidential nominee for Chess World Cup 2015 held in Baku from 10 September to 5 October. She made it past the first round of a World Cup for the first time in her career before losing in the second round 1.5–2.5 to Shakhriyar Mamedyarov after the 1st set of rapid tiebreaks. Her performance rating was 2685 for the event.
From 2 October to 15 October, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16 held in Monte Carlo, Monaco. She started the event slowly, with a 2.5/4 score going into the first rest day. This included a loss to rival Humpy Koneru before stringing together a streak of six wins, winning the tournament with one round to spare. Her final score was 9/11 (+8 −1 = 2, TPR 2766).
She participated in an exhibition match against Parimarjan Negi held in the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis from 12 to 15 November. The four-day event showcased a different chess variant each day: Basque Chess, Rapid Chess960, Rapid Chess and Blitz Chess with each game played counting for 1 point in determining the winner. Hou easily won the match: 0–2 in Basque, 3.5–0.5 in Chess960, 3–1 in Rapid Chess, and 4.5–3.5 in Blitz with a total score of 11–7.
As part of the joint Russian-Chinese Match of Friendship chess festival held from 13 to 15 December held in Shanghai, China, Hou participated in an exhibition match with the GM Evgeniy Najer the 2015 European Champion. Playing a series of rapid and blitz games, she won quite convincingly with a 9.5 to 4.5 score.
In the last chess event of the year, the 2nd edition of the 2015 Qatar Masters Open held from 19 to 30 December in Doha, Qatar, Hou was the 22nd highest rated player in the tournament but finished in 38th place with a 5.5/9 score (+3 −1 =5, TPR 2591). The result was still good enough to win the top women's prize by a full point.
2016
For the third time, Hou competed in the top group of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from 15 to 31 January. This year she was seeded 13th out of 14 participants in this Category 20 event. She started strongly, going +1 in her first six games before faltering with four losses in the following five games. She placed 12th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2672).
In early February, Hou played and won in a four-game match against Cristobal Henriquez Villagra in Punta Arenas. Billed as a Bicontinental Chess Match, it was scheduled to be played in two locations, but due to inclement weather, they were unable to play in Antarctica. She won the match with a 2.5–1.5 score(+2 −1 =1, TPR 2584).
Qualifying for the Women's World Chess Championship 2016, in March, as the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14, she reclaimed the World Championship title from Mariya Muzychuk in Lviv, Ukraine with a 6–3 score (+3 =6, TPR 2685).
From 23–26 March Hou played in a four player 3 round classical/3 round rapid robin tournament to determine the qualifier for the 4th edition of Norway Chess. She finished in 3rd place with a 1/3 score (−1 =2, TPR 2531) in the classical portion and 2/1 score (+2 −1, TPR 2716) in the rapid portion.
In May, Hou dropped out of the current Women's World Championship cycle, effectively relinquishing the crown. She explained her reasons in a Chessbase interview, mainly objecting to the format wherein the Women's World Champion is decided alternately by a knockout tournament and then a match. She also expressed her willingness to participate in the cycle if the format were amended to mirror that of the World Chess Championship.
She played in the Vugar Gashimov Memorial, a category 20 tournament held in, Shamkir Azerbaijan, from 26 May to 4 June. She was the ninth seed out of ten participants and finished in last place with a 2.5/10 score (−4 = 5, TPR 2578)
Hou played in the Eurasian Blitz Cup from 17–20 June in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Seeded 17th on the strength of her 2704 blitz rating, she came in 29th place with a 12.5/22 score (+10 −7 = 5, TPR 2650). Among the female competitors, while having a superior performance rating, she came in second to Harika Dronavalli on tiebreaks.
2017
At the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival, Hou finished with a score of 6/10 (the tournament was won by Hikaru Nakamura). Her round 7 win against the French master Borya Ider, in which she made an early positional sacrifice of queen for two minor pieces, was described as "truly astonishing" by organizer and chess journalist John Saunders. In the final round, she appeared to throw her game against Indian Grandmaster Lalith Babu, playing a ridiculous opening and resigning after 5 moves. She later explained that she was upset about being paired against other female players in 7 of her 9 previous games of a Swiss system tournament, despite men far outnumbering women at the tournament. However tournament organizer Brian Callaghan said the pairings were simply the result of a computer program.
Hou Yifan was one of 24 players selected to play in the FIDE Grand Prix 2017, a qualification stage for the World Chess Championship 2018. She reached position 17 in the final standings, and thus was not able to qualify for the Championship.
She declined to defend her title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2017, and as a result forfeited her title.
In April she participated at the Grenke Classic at Baden-Baden. She finished 5th out of eight players, beating Fabiano Caruana and drawing against Magnus Carlsen after having come close to winning.
In June she re-entered the top 100 players, as world no. 85.
In August, she was clear first at the Category 16 50th Biel Chess Festival with 6.5/9 points (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2810).
In September she competed in the Chess World Cup 2017, where she went out in a second round tiebreak to Levon Aronian, the eventual winner.
2018
In January she competed in the Tata Steel tournament in Wijk aan Zee as the only woman in the field of 14 players, placing last with a score of 2.5/13 (+0−8=5).
From 31 March to 9 April, she participated in the 5th Grenke Chess Classic. She finished equal 8th–9th out of ten with a score of 3½/9 (+0 –2 =7).
2019
In December, she won the 2019 Belt and Road World Chess Woman Summit with 5/7 points.
Rating
Rated 2686 in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, Hou was the world no. 59 player and world no. 1 woman player (overtaking the recently retired Judit Polgár's rating for the first time). On 1 July 2006, she was the youngest ever player to enter the Top 50 Women (Number 8) and Top 20 Girls (Number 2) FIDE lists aged 12 (rated 2488), since FIDE began releasing these lists in 2000.
Between the April 2006 and July 2006 FIDE rating lists, she gained an impressive 190 rating points from a rating of 2298 to a rating of 2488, which made her the eighth highest rated female player, and the second highest rated girl, in the world.
Hou receiving the Caissa Cup in 2012
Four-time winner of the honorary Caissa Cup as the best female player of the year (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014). Chess Award of Caissa, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, was solemnly presented at the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul on 2 September 2012, during a meeting of the Commission for Women's Chess with the participation of Susan Polgar chairing the commission.
Openings
Hou Yifan primarily plays 1.e4 as White. As Black, she usually plays the Sicilian Defence (including the Najdorf and Dragon variations) as well as the French Defence against 1.e4, while against 1.d4 she plays the Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian and Queen's Indian defences.
Notable games
This section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Sargissian vs. Hou, 2008
hgfedcba1122334455667788hgfedcbaFinal position after 49...Re8
On 25 January 2008, Hou as Black beat GM Gabriel Sargissian (2676) of Armenia, longtime second of Levon Aronian, in the Corus (Group B) tournament, Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands:
1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6 Queen's Indian Defense: Fianchetto. Nimzowitsch Variation (E15) 5. Qc2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Be7 7. e4 d5 8. cxd5 Bxf1 9. Kxf1 exd5 10. e5 Ne4 11. Nc3 Nxd2+ A novelty. 12. Nxd2 Qd7 13. Kg2 Nc6 14. Qa4 0-0 15. Rac1 f6? 16.Nd1 Nxe5 17.Qxd7 Nxd7 18.Rxc7 Bb4 19.Nf3 +/−; better was 15...Rfd8. 16. f4 fxe5 17. dxe5 Bb4 18. Rhf1 Rac8 19. Ne2 Nxe5 20. Qxb4 Nd3 21. Qb3 Nxc1 22. Nxc1 Rce8 23. Nf3 Qf5 24. Rf2 c5 25. Qd3 Qe4 26. Rd2 d4 27. Qxe4 Rxe4 28. Nd3 Re6 29. h4 Rc8 30. a4 a6 31. Nfe5 b5 32. a5 g6 33. Rc2 c4 34. Nb4 Rf8 35. b3 d3 36. Rd2 Rc8 37. Rd1 Rd6 38. Kf3 d2 39. bxc4 bxc4 40. Nc2 c3 41. Ke2 Rd5 42. Ng4 Rxa5 43. Nge3 Rd8 44. Rb1 Ra2 45. Kd1 Rb2 46. Ra1 Rdb8 47. Rxa6 Rb1+ 48. Ke2 Rc1 49. Rc6 Re8 0–1 If 50.Kd3, then ...Rxc2 follows. If 50.Rxc3, then ...d1=Q+.
Views
Male-female skill gap at the top-level
Yifan claimed that there are many reasons for the lack of female contenders at the chess top-level. She says there is a physical aspect to long chess games that might advantage men, and that men generally work harder at chess than women growing up. She uses Chinese girls as an example and points out that most prefer a balanced life, prioritizing things such as university and family life at the cost of working on chess. But she claims there also are external factors: girls playing chess growing up are only encouraged to compete for the girl's title, which might lower their motivation.
See also
List of chess grandmasters
List of female chess players
List of youngest grandmasters
References
^ Hou Yifan Archived 2012-09-06 at archive.today New in Chess NICBase Online Info.
^ a b 侯逸凡 (in Simplified Chinese). China Chess League. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
^ "chesspawn.net". chesspawn.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ a b Chess: Hou Yifan, No 1 woman and professor at 26, loses in online return, Leonard Barden, The Guardian, 17 July 2020
^ Newsmakers, Beijing Review PEOPLE/POINTS NO.40, 2008
^ "Hou Yifan leads Monaco Womens' Grand Prix". ChessBase. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ "Standard Top 100 Women". FIDE.
^ "BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?". BBC News. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ tradimo.com – learn to trade (22 August 2016), Interview with Hou Yifan, Women's Chess World Champion | tradimo, retrieved 23 August 2016
^ a b Diana Mihajlova (5 February 2009). "Hou Yifan, a Chinese chess prodigy". Chess News.
^ a b c "Chess for success". Chinadaily.com.cn. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ a b "Chess grandmaster Hou, 13, is no square!", by Adrian Butler, Liverpool Echo, 4 September 2007
^ a b WWCC 2006 Ekaterinburg, Russia. Hou Yifan: "Dreaming of a house in Paris", wwcc2006.fide.com, 22 March 2006
^ Biography of Yifan Hou. V. Marx György Memorial, 4–15 August 2007 Paks, Hungary.
^ Interview at the Women's World Chess Championship 2006 by the tournament's organisers Archived 2006-05-28 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 24 March 2006.
^ "ChessBase". Chessbase.de. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Queen of Chess Win Rhodes Scholarships among 12,000 Global Candidates". 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "Oxford, led by Hou Yifran, wins the 137th Varsity chess match". St Hilda's College Oxford. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ a b Alex W. Palmer (12 September 2017). "The exceptional genius of Hou Yifan". ESPN.
^ Katy Scott (2 January 2018). "Top female grandmaster takes on man's world of chess".
^ Doggers (PeterDoggers), Peter (10 July 2020). "Hou Yifan Youngest Ever Professor At Shenzhen University". Chess.com. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
^ "Hou Yifan becomes the youngest professor of Shenzhen University and helps city construction (Google translation)". Sina. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
^ CHN Team Ch. Men 2003 – Tournament details
^ CHN Team Ch. Men 2003 – CHN Tournament report; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ World Youth Chess Championships 2003 Girls Under 10 Standings Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 26 March 2006.
^ 2003 CHN Indv.Ch.Women, Tournament Details; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ CHN Indv.Ch.Women Tournament report; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ CHN Women Team Ch.2004 – Tournament details
^ CHN Women Team Ch.2004 – CHN, Tournament report; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ World Youth Chess Championships 2004 Boys U10 Standings Archived 2006-05-24 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 26 March 2006.
^ Crowther, Mark (3 December 2011). "Asian Women's Championship". The Week in Chess 529.
^ Aeroflot Open C – Tournament details
^ Aeroflot Open C – RUS – Tournament report
^ World Ladies Tournament in Jinan, chessbase.com; accessed 24 March 2006.
^ Crowther, Mark. "China – France Youth Match". The Week in Chess 557.
^ Fest. Open Intl. Jeunes – FRA – Tournament report
^ Fest. Open Intl. Jeunes – Tournament details
^ Crowther, Mark. "World Youth Chess Championship 2005". The Week in Chess 560.
^ Wojciech Bartelski (11 November 2005). "Olimpbase tournament website". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "World Team Championships – the Chinese are coming". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "China still in the lead". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Wojciech Bartelski. "6th World Team Chess Championship". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ 6th World Team Chess Championship final placings; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ "Russia leads in the World Team Championships". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "WCTC: China loses but retains the lead". Chessbase.com. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Caught! Russians win the World Team Championship". Chessbase.com. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ China Women Selective Tournament report, ratings.fide.com/trarc; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ China Women Selective Tournament details, ratings.fide.com/rtdarca; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ ChessBase news article on the Women's World Championship 2006, round two, accessed 24 March 2006.
^ "Women's World Chess Championship 2006". Chessbase.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Women's World Chess Championship 2006, Ekaterinburg, Russia: Results". FIDE. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Womens World Championship". Chessbase.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ World Chess Championship (Women) 2006 FIDE Knockout Matches. Ekaterinburg, Russia, III, 2006.
^ 37th Chess Olympiad official homepage Women's Team Composition with Round Results Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 6 June 2006.
^ 37th Chess Olympiad OlimpBase
^ Wojciech Bartelski. "Olympiad Statistics". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Crowther, Mark. "Chinese Championships". The Week in Chess 609.
^ "North Urals Cup: Ladies Super-Tournament". Chessbase.com. 5 July 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Chessbase reports , ; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ Crowther, Mark. "China-Russia Summit". The Week in Chess 615.
^ Crowther, Mark. "France vs China". The Week in Chess 618.
^ ChessBase news article on the World Junior Championship 2006; accessed 25 December 2006.
^ World Girls Chess Championships, Yerevan, armchess.am, 2–17 October 2006
^ Corus Grandmaster Group C Final Standings Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 15 February 2007.
^ "Wijk aan Zee 2007". Chessbase.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Corus, Wijk aan Zee 2007. Round 13 28th January 2007". Chesscenter.com. 28 January 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Application Details, fide.com; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ "Snowflakes are fallin' on the Aeroflot Open 2007". Chessbase.com. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Aeroflot Open 2007: Evgeny Alekseev wins in style". Chessbase.com. 25 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ WGM Hou, Yifan Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine aeroflotchess.com
^ "Festival Internacional de Ajedrez "Ruy Lopez"". Ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Crowther, Mark. "1st Ruy Lopez International Festival". The Week in Chess 646.
^ Women's Selective tournam, CHN Tournament report; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ 8. RUS Team Women's Chmp. – Fide.com
^ "Tomsk leads in the Russian Team Championships". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ 1st World Team Chess Championship (women) OlimpBase
^ "China wins Women's Team Championship by two points". Chessbase.com. 30 May 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Hou Yifan at the World Women's Team Chess Championship OlimpBase; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ "Zhu Chen wins North Urals Cup 2007". Chessbase.com. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Stefanova leads in North Urals Cup 2007". Chessbase.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Crowther, Mark. "The Week in Chess 667".
^ "official website". Ase.hu. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Official UK-China Match Website". Liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk. 9 September 2007. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ 2007 Women's Zonal 3.5 Ch – Tournament report
^ "Linex and Monte-Carlo are European Team Champions". Chessbase.com. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Everybody's there – at the European Club Cup in Turkey". Chessbase.com. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "China Wins Classic Chess Gold in Macau Asian Indoor Games". Fide.com. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Hou Yifan at the Asian Indoor Games OlimpBase.
^ Wojciech Bartelski (3 November 2007). "2nd Asian Indoor Games: Macau 2007". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ a b "Stars from the Chinese League". Chessbase.com. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Wijk R13: Aronian, Carlsen win Wijk aan Zee 2008; accessed 29 January 2008.
^ "Nepomniachtchi wins Aeroflot Open 2008". Chessbase.com. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Yifan Hou scored GM norm at Aeroflot". Susanpolgar.blogspot.com. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Atatürk Istanbul: Hou Yifan wins Atatürk Masters". Chessbase.com. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament". Awm2008.tsf.org.tr. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Barden, Leonard (29 March 2008). "Chess". The Guardian. London, UK.
^ a b "Grandmaster GM norms application". Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Second Ruy López International Chess Festival in Mérida". Chessbase.com. 10 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Michael Adams wins Second Ruy López International in Mérida". Chessbase.com. 13 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Crowther, Mark. "Chinese Championships". The Week in Chess 710.
^ , Tournament Report, ratings.fide.com; accessed 27 April 2014.
^ Hou Yifan just misses GM Norm Archived 2008-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, 19 July 2008
^ "World Junior Chess Championship Starting Rank List".
^ "World Junior Chess Championship Final Ranking".
^ "World Junior Chess Championship Norms".
^ 1.0. Requirements for the titles designated in 0.31, FIDE Handbook
^ "Site officiel des 8èmes rencontres nationales et internationales d'Echecs – Cap d'Agde 2008". Capechecs.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Karpov and Ivanchuk in the semi-finals of Cap d'Agde". Chessbase.com. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Chess Olympiad Dresden 2008, teams". Tournaments.chessdom.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Olympiad in Dresden: Closing ceremony and prize giving". Chessbase.com. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ From the Tournament-Database of Chess-Results Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Olympiad Dresden 2008 Women; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ Titles awarded at the 79th FIDE Congress in Dresden, Germany Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine (16–26 November 2008)
^ Participants Grandmastergroups B and C (English), Corus Chess Press, 3 December 2008.
^ "Wijk R13: Sergey Karjakin wins Wijk aan Zee 2009". Chess News. February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ Staff (23 March 2009). "VIII Asian Continental Chess Championship (Open and Women'), 12–24 May, Olongapo City, Philippines". News.gilachess.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Zurich Jubilee 2009 Areshchenko and Avrukh victorious". ChessBase. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
^ "200 Years Schachgesellschaft Zurich: Jubilee 2009". Sgzurich2009.ch. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "GM Hou Yifan wins Third Kuala Lumpur Open". ChessBase.com. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Mark Crowther (11 August 2010). "5th FIDE Women Grand Prix Ulaanbaatar 2010". Chess.co.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Results of the 15th European Club Cup for Women 2010".
^ "Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com". Chess-results.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games". Gz2010.cn. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "World Champion Hou Yifan pulls out of Gibraltar Festival". Englishchess.org.uk. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ "Hou Yifan wins the First Women Master in Wuxi". ChessBase.com. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ "AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011". Aaichess.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Rostov 2011 results". FIDE. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
^ "Shenzhen 2011 results". FIDE. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
^ "World Chess Cup 2011 Khanty-Mansiysk » Results". Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.; accessed 3 December 2011.
^ "Hou Yifan World Women's Team Chess Championships". Olimpbase.
^ "Hou Yifan, Short win Gibraltar, Nigel wins playoff". chessbase.com. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "22 év után kapott ki nőtől Polgár Judit" (in Hungarian). index.hu. February 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ "CBM training: Endgames from Gibraltar". ChessBase.com. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ "Bu Xiangzhi lifts the trophy in Hainan Danzhou Chess Tournament". Chessdom. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Unive Hoogeveen:Nakamura wins with 2855 performance". Chessbase. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Kazan interview 2012". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ "Hou Yifan wins yet another Grand Prix, in Jermuk". chessvibes.com. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database". Chess-results.com. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^ "Cez Trophy:Hou Yifan beats Navara in Armageddon". Chessvibes. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "FIDE Women's World Championship Match 2013". Taizhou2013.fide.com. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^ "SportAccord MInd Games:Basque winners". FIDE. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Yu Yangyi & Ju Wenjun Chinese Champions". Chess.com. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "Biel: MVL clinches, Wojtaszek second". 25 July 2014.
^ "41st Olympiad Tromso 2014 Women".
^ "Khanty Mansiysk 4th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014.
^ "Lopota 5th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings".
^ "Sharjah 6th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings".
^ "European Club Cup – Women". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Women's World Championship 2014". Fide.com. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !" (in French). M.corse-echecs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ Silver, Albert (22 October 2014). "Hou Yifan and Vishy Anand in Corsica | Chess News". En.chessbase.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !". Corse-echecs.com. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "2014 SportAccord World Mind Games Elo & Standings".
^ "Top lists records". World Chess Federation.
^ "March 2015 ratings: After 26 years, Yifan no.1". Chess News. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ YGTV Team (5 February 2015). "Feb 05 – Hou Yifan Won't Defend World Champion Title in 2015". Your Gibraltar TV. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Nakhchivan Open 2015, group A". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Dortmund Rd7: Caruana first, So second". Chess News. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ FS. "Baku World Cup". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – FIDE Women Grand Prix 2015–16". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Showdown in St. Louis". Chess News. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Hou Yifan dismantles Evgeny Najer in Shanghai". Chess News. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "Participants". Qatar Masters Open 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle". Chess News. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ John Saunders, Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2017, Round 7 report Archived 2017-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, gibchess.com, 30 January 2017
^ Thomas, Louisa (26 July 2021). "Hou Yifan and the Wait for Chess's First Woman World Champion". New Yorker. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ Barden, Leonard (3 February 2017). "Hou Yifan resigns after five moves in protest over her Gibraltar pairings". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ Leon Watson,'Queen of chess' resigns after five moves, having repeatedly been made to play women, The Daily Telegraph, 2 February 2017
^ Friedel, Frederic (20 May 2016). "Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle". Chess News. ChessBase.
^ "Fighting chess in the final round of the GRENKE Chess Classic". Grenke Chess Classic. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ Schulz, André (2 August 2017). "50th Biel: Final round – Hou Yifan wins clear first!". Chess Base. Chess Base – Chess News. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
^ Staff writer(s) (9 April 2018). "GRENKE Chess Classic 2018: Pairings & standings". Grenke Chess. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Crowther, Mark. "The Week in Chess 1311".
^ "FIDE Top players and Statistics". Ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "FIDE Top players and Statistics". Ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Rating progress chart for Hou Yifan; accessed 5 July 2007 Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ FIDE award of Caissa
^ "The winner of Grand Prix Series will be awarded with precious trophy". FIDE Grand Prix 2014.
^ "The chess games of Yifan Hou". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ Chess.com; accessed 25 April 2014.
^ "Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'". chess.com. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hou Yifan.
Hou Yifan rating card at FIDE
Hou Yifan player profile at Chess.com
Hou Yifan player profile and games at Chessgames.com, includes notable games
Profile at NICBase Online Info at archive.today (archived 6 September 2012)
Profile at Starz International Sports
Short biographies at Corus Chess official website:
2007 biography at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 March 2007)
2008 biography at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 January 2008)
Profile and interview, ChessBase.com, 5 February 2009
Hou Yifan interview at the 2009 World Cup at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 November 2009)
Hou Yifan interview at the 2010 World Championship
Hou Yifan interview with Dominic Lawson over a game
Awards and achievements
Preceded byLi Ruofan
Women's Chinese Chess Champion 2007, 2008
Succeeded byShen Yang
Preceded byAlexandra Kosteniuk
Women's World Chess Champion 2010–2012
Succeeded byAnna Ushenina
Preceded byAnna Ushenina
Women's World Chess Champion 2013–2015
Succeeded byMariya Muzychuk
Preceded byMariya Muzychuk
Women's World Chess Champion 2016–2017
Succeeded byTan Zhongyi
vteAsian Games Champions in ChessMen's individual rapid
2006 Murtas Kazhgaleyev (KAZ)
2010 Rustam Kasimdzhanov (UZB)
2022 Wei Yi (CHN)
Women's individual rapid
2006 Koneru Humpy (IND)
2010 Hou Yifan (CHN)
2022 Zhu Jiner (CHN)
Men's team classical
2010 Wang Yue, Hao, Bu Xiangzhi, Zhou Jianchao, Ni Hua (CHN)
2022 Parham Maghsoudloo, Amin Tabatabaei, Pouya Idani, Bardia Daneshvar, Amir Reza Pouraghabala (IRN)
Women's team classical
2010 Hou Yifan, Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian, Wang Yu (chess player) (CHN)
2022 Hou Yifan, Zhu Jiner, Tan Zhongyi, Zhai Mo (CHN)
Mixed team classical
2006 Krishnan Sasikiran, Pentala Harikrishna, Koneru Humpy (IND)
vteChess in ChinaGoverning bodies
Chinese Chess Association
China Qiyuan
All-China Sports Federation
General Administration of Sport
Competitions
Pearl Spring Tournament
National League
National Team Results
National Championships
Continental Championships
Olympiads
World Mind Sports Games
Grandmasters(in chronological order)
Ye Rongguang
Ye Jiangchuan
Xie Jun
Xu Jun
Wang Zili
Peng Xiaomin
Liang Jinrong
Wu Shaobin*
Zhang Zhong
Bu Xiangzhi
Wu Wenjin
Zhang Pengxiang
Zhu Chen*
Li Shilong
Ni Hua
Liang Chong
Yu Shaoteng
Wang Yue
Zhao Jun
Wang Hao
Zhou Jianchao
Xu Yuhua
Li Chao
Zhao Xue
Wen Yang
Hou Yifan
Zhou Weiqi
Wang Rui
Yu Yangyi
Ding Liren
Xiu Deshun
Lu Shanglei
Yu Ruiyuan
Ma Qun
Gao Rui
Zeng Chongsheng
Wei Yi
Ju Wenjun
Fang Yuxiang
Liu Qingnan
Bai Jinshi
Lin Chen
Wan Yunguo
Lei Tingjie
Tan Zhongyi
Xu Yinglun
Xu Xiangyu
Liu Yan
Li Di
Xu Yi
Dai Changren
Zhu Jiner
Peng Xiongjian
*currently not representing ChinaFIDE top 100 country list
vteWomen's World Chess Championships
List of Women's World Chess Championships
Development
FIDE Women's Grand Prix
Women's Chess World Cup
FIDE Women's Grand Swiss Tournament
Women's Candidates Tournament
Tournament format
1927, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, Jul 1937, Aug 1937, 1939 (Menchik)
1949–50 (Rudenko)
Match format
1953 (Bykova)
1956 (Rubtsova)
1958, 1959 (Bykova)
1962, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1975 (Gaprindashvili)
1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988 (Chiburdanidze)
1991, 1993 (Xie Jun)
1996 (Su. Polgar)
1999 (Xie Jun)
Knock-out format
2000 (Xie Jun)
2001 (Zhu Chen)
2004 (Stefanova)
2006 (Xu Yuhua)
2008 (Kosteniuk)
2010 (Hou Yifan)
Alternating format
2011 (Hou Yifan)
2012 (Ushenina)
2013 (Hou Yifan)
2015 (M. Muzychuk)
2016 (Hou Yifan)
2017 (Tan Zhongyi)
May 2018, Nov 2018 (Ju Wenjun)
Match format
2020, 2023 (Ju Wenjun)
2025
Category
Portal
vteFIDE Grand PrixFIDE Grand Prix
2008–10 (Aronian)
2012–13 (Topalov)
2014–15 (Caruana)
2017 (Mamedyarov)
2019 (Grischuk)
2022 (Nakamura)
FIDE Women's Grand Prix
2009–11 (Hou Yifan)
2011–12 (Hou Yifan)
2013–14 (Hou Yifan)
2015–16 (Ju Wenjun)
2019–21 (Goryachkina)
2022–23 (Lagno)
2024–25
vteXinhua News Agency's Top Ten Chinese Athletes of the Year1999
Sun Wen (Football)
Xie Jun (Chess)
Liu Guoliang (Table tennis)
Liu Hongyu (Athletics)
Wang Nan (Table tennis)
Dong Zhen (Gymnastics)
Chen Hua (Swimming)
Sun Jun (Badminton)
Li Jiajun (Short track speed skating)
Shi Zhiyong (Weightlifting)
2000
Xiong Ni (Diving)
Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics)
Fu Mingxia (Diving)
Sun Wen (Football)
Ji Xinpeng (Badminton)
Kong Linghui (Table tennis)
Wang Nan (Table tennis)
Wang Liping (Athletics)
Xie Jun (Chess)
Tao Luna (Shooting)
2001
Wang Nan (Table tennis)
Zhu Chen (Chess)
Wang Liqin (Table tennis)
Luo Xuejuan (Swimming)
Yuan Hua (Judo)
Dong Yanmei (Athletics)
Sun Wen (Football)
Yang Yang (A) (Short track speed skating)
Wang Zhizhi (Basketball)
Chen Ying (Shooting)
2002
Yang Yang (A) (Short track speed skating)
Yao Ming (Basketball)
Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics)
Qi Hui (Swimming)
Tao Luna (Shooting)
Tan Xue (Fencing)
Wu Meijin (Weightlifting)
Wu Peng (Swimming)
Zhang Yining (Table tennis)
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
2003
Yao Ming (Basketball)
Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics)
Luo Xuejuan (Swimming)
Zhao Ruirui (Volleyball)
Wang Nan (Table tennis)
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Liu Chunhong (Weightlifting)
Sun Yingjie (Athletics)
Shen Xue (Figure skating)
Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating)
2004
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Zhang Yining (Table tennis)
Yao Ming (Basketball)
Du Li (Shooting)
Luo Xuejuan (Swimming)
Meng Guanliang/Yang Wenjun (Canoeing)
Feng Kun (Volleyball)
Guo Jingjing (Diving)
Zhang Ning (Badminton)
Tang Gonghong (Weightlifting)
2005
Yao Ming (Basketball)
Guo Jingjing (Diving)
Zhang Ning (Badminton)
Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing)
Chang Hao (Go)
Zhang Yining (Table tennis)
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Chen Yanqing (Weightlifting)
Cheng Fei (Gymnastics)
Wu Peng (Swimming)
2006
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Yao Ming (Basketball)
Han Xiaopeng (Freestyle skiing)
Yang Wei (Gymnastics)
Wang Meng (Short track speed skating)
Ding Junhui (Snooker)
Zheng Jie/Yan Zi (Tennis)
Wang Lei (Fencing)
Wu Peng (Swimming)
Chen Yanqing (Weightlifting)
2007
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Yang Wei (Gymnastics)
Shen Xue/Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating)
Zhu Qinan (Shooting)
Guo Jingjing (Diving)
Zhang Guozheng (Weightlifting)
Zhu Lin (Badminton)
Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing)
Wu Peng (Swimming)
Guo Yue (Table tennis)
2008
Guo Jingjing (Diving)
Liu Zige (Swimming)
Zhang Juanjuan (Archery)
Zhang Yining (Table tennis)
Zhong Man (Fencing)
Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing)
Yang Wei (Gymnastics)
Yin Jian (Sailing)
Du Jianping (Para swimming)
Tsering Wangmo (Mountain climbing)
2009
Zhang Lin (Swimming)
Guo Jingjing (Diving)
Liu Zige (Swimming)
Bai Xue (Athletics)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Wang Meng (Short track speed skating)
Wang Hao (Table tennis)
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Long Qingquan (Weightlifting)
Zhang Yining (Table tennis)
2010
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
Lao Yi (Athletics)
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Wang Meng (Short track speed skating)
Zhou Suhong (Volleyball)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Shen Xue/Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating)
Li Na (Tennis)
Jiang Wenwen/Jiang Tingting (Artistic Swimming)
Hou Yifan (Chess)
2011
Li Na (Tennis)
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Zhang Jike (Table tennis)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Hou Yifan (Chess)
Li Yanfeng (Athletics)
Wu Minxia (Diving)
Li Na (Fencing)
Chen Yibing (Gymnastics)
Liu Xiang (Athletics)
2012
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Xu Lijia (Sailing)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Ye Shiwen (Swimming)
Qieyang Shijie (Athletics)
Zou Kai (Gymnastics)
Lei Sheng (Fencing)
Zhang Jike (Table tennis)
Feng Shanshan (Golf)
Xiong Chaozhong (Professional boxing)
2013
Li Xiaoxia (Table tennis)
Ding Junhui (Snooker)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Zheng Zhi (Football)
Zhang Peimeng (Athletics)
Guo Chuan (Marine navigation)
Li Na (Tennis)
Xiong Chaozhong (Professional boxing)
Liao Hui (Weightlifting)
He Chong (Diving)
2014
Li Na (Tennis)
Ning Zetao (Swimming)
Zhang Hong (Speed Skating)
Zhang Jike (Table tennis)
Yang Haoran (Shooting)
Liao Hui (Weightlifting)
Lin Dan (Badminton)
Yao Jinnan (Gymnastics)
Chen Penbin (Ultra-marathon)
Zhu Ting (Volleyball)
2015
Su Bingtian (Athletics)
Ning Zetao (Swimming)
Zhu Ting (Volleyball)
Liu Hong (Athletics)
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Guo Chuan (Marine navigation)
Yi Jianlian (Basketball)
Chen Penbin (Ultra-marathon)
Chen Long (Badminton)
Zheng Zhi (Football)
2016
Zhu Ting (Volleyball)
Guo Chuan (Marine navigation)
Ke Jie (Go)
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Zhong Tianshi/Gong Jinjie (Track Cycling)
Ding Ning (Table tennis)
Zhao Shuai (Taekwondo)
Han Tianyu (Short track speed skating)
Wang Zhen (Athletics)
Chen Aisen (Diving)
2017
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Gong Lijiao (Athletics)
Feng Shanshan (Golf)
Zhu Ting (Volleyball)
Xu Jiayu (Swimming)
Ding Ning (Table tennis)
Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating)
Shi Tingmao (Diving)
Xiao Ruoteng (Gymnastics)
Luo Jing (Mountain climbing)
2018
Wu Dajing (Short track speed skating)
Su Bingtian (Athletics)
Xu Jiayu (Swimming)
Zhu Ting (Volleyball)
Ju Wenjun (Chess)
Wang Shuang (Football)
Wu Lei (Football)
Gong Lijiao (Athletics)
Shi Tingmao (Diving)
Xiao Ruoteng (Gymnastics)
2019
China women's national volleyball team (Volleyball)
Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating)
Gong Lijiao (Athletics)
Liu Shiwen (Table tennis)
Sun Yang (Swimming)
Xu Can (Professional boxing)
Shi Tingmao (Diving)
Yi Jianlian (Basketball)
Cai Xuetong (Snowboarding)
Deng Wei (Weightlifting)
2020
No selection due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021
Yang Qian (Shooting)
Su Bingtian (Athletics)
Shi Tingmao (Diving)
Ma Long (Table tennis)
Gong Lijiao (Athletics)
Ailing Eileen Gu (Freestyle skiing)
Lü Xiaojun (Weightlifting)
Zhang Yufei (Swimming)
Wang Shun (Swimming)
Chen Yufei (Badminton)
2022
Ailing Eileen Gu (Freestyle skiing)
Gao Tingyu (Speed skating)
Su Yiming (Snowboarding)
Xu Mengtao (Freestyle skiing)
Wang Jianan (Athletics)
Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating)
Yang Hongqiong (Para cross-country skiing)
Zheng Qinwen (Tennis)
Zhang Weili (Mixed martial)
Chen Yuxi/Quan Hongchan (Diving)
2023
Ding Liren (Chess)
Wang Chuqin (Table tennis)
China women's national basketball team (Basketball)
Wen Xiaoyan (Para Atheletics)
Liu Qingyi (Breaking)
Zhang Zhizhen (Tennis)
Zhang Yufei (Swimming)
Dong Hongjuan (Mountain climbing)
Qin Haiyang (Swimming)
Xie Zhenye (Athletics) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Hou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/En-HouYiFan-name.ogg/En-HouYiFan-name.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-HouYiFan-name.ogg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCL2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Champion"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_University"},{"link_name":"rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barden2020-4"},{"link_name":"chess prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_prodigy"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2006"},{"link_name":"Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chinese Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"2010 Women's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2010"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2011"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2013"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2016"},{"link_name":"knockout tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2012"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2015"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2017"},{"link_name":"Maia Chiburdanidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Chiburdanidze"},{"link_name":"Judit Polgár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hou_Yifan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"No. 1 ranked woman in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings#Top_women"},{"link_name":"Ju Wenjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Wenjun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"100 Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barden2020-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Hou.Hou Yifan (Chinese: 侯逸凡; pinyin: Hóu Yìfán pronunciationⓘ; born 27 February 1994)[1][2][3] is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and professor at Shenzhen University. She is the second highest rated female player of all time.[4] A chess prodigy, she was the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of grandmaster (at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 16 days) and the youngest ever to win the Women's World Chess Championship (at age 16).At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to participate in the Women's World Championship (Yekaterinburg 2006) and the Chess Olympiad (Torino 2006).[5] In June 2007, she became the youngest Chinese Women's Champion ever. She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004, Woman Grandmaster in January 2007, and Grandmaster in August 2008. In 2010, she won the 2010 Women's World Championship in Hatay, Turkey at age 16. She won the next three championships in which the title was decided by a match (in 2011, 2013 and 2016, with a total of ten wins to zero losses and fourteen draws against three different opponents), but was either eliminated early or she declined to participate in the championships in which the title was decided by a knockout tournament (in 2012, 2015 and 2017).Hou was the third woman ever to be rated among the world's top 100 players (2014–16 and 2017–22), after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár. She is widely regarded as the best active female chess player, \"leaps and bounds\" ahead of her competitors.[6] As of May 2024,[update] she has been the No. 1 ranked woman in the world since September 2015 and is 73 points ahead of the No. 2 ranked Ju Wenjun.[7] She was named in the BBC's 100 Women programme in 2017.[8] She has been semi-retired from competitive chess since 2018. In 2020, she became the youngest professor at Shenzhen University, at the age of 26.[4]","title":"Hou Yifan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN-10"},{"link_name":"IM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master"},{"link_name":"Tong Yuanming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Yuanming"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chessforsuccess-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chessforsuccess-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep42007liverpoolecho-12"},{"link_name":"Ye Jiangchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Jiangchuan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chessforsuccess-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWCC_2006_Ekaterinburg-13"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Yu Shaoteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Shaoteng"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN-10"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWCC_2006_Ekaterinburg-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep42007liverpoolecho-12"}],"text":"Hou started playing chess regularly at the age of five,[9] but already was fascinated by the game when she was three years old. Hou's father, Hou Xuejian, a magistrate,[10] often took her to a bookstore after dinner and noticed that she liked to stare at glass chess pieces behind the window. He later bought his daughter her first chess set and she was able to beat her father and grandmother after a few weeks, at the age of three. In 1999, her father engaged a chess mentor, IM Tong Yuanming, for his five-year-old daughter.[11] Tong later said that Hou was an unusual talent, showing \"strong confidence, distinguished memory, calculating ability and fast reaction\".[11] Hou has said that she took up chess because she was fascinated by the pieces.[12]In 2003, Hou played against the chief coach of the Chinese national men's and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The chess master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of his weak moves. \"Then I knew she was an exceptional genius\", Ye said. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team and won first place at the World Youth Championship for girls under age ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion.[11]She was admitted to the National Chess Center, an academy for young talented players from all over the country,[13] in Beijing when she was ten,[14] with leading Chinese grandmasters Ye Jiangchuan and Yu Shaoteng as her trainers.[15][16] In order to better support her chess career, her family relocated to Beijing in 2003. Hou's mother, Wang Qian, a former nurse, accompanied her to many international tournaments when Hou was young. Hou was homeschooled.[10] As a teenager, she listed her interests as reading and studying and she listed her favorite chess player as Bobby Fischer.[13][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peking University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Master of Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy"},{"link_name":"St Hilda's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Blavatnik School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavatnik_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kramnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-19"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_University"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Hou has attempted to balance chess with life outside of it. Against the wishes of her trainer, she enrolled in Peking University in 2012, studying International Relations. She took a full course load and participated in many extracurricular activities. She was offered a Rhodes Scholarship, and studied for a Master of Public Policy at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the Blavatnik School of Government.[17][18] Competitors give her credit for what she has achieved in spite of her lack of preparation,[opinion] and for her life outside of chess. Vladimir Kramnik said: \"If she wants to stay the best female player, she can probably do nothing. If she wants to achieve her potential, she must concentrate fully on chess.\"[19] Hou is aware of this as well, but nonetheless chooses to treat chess as a hobby, not a career.[20] She said in 2018: \"I want to be the best, but you also have to have a life.\"[19]In 2020, at age 26, Hou became the youngest ever professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the School of Physical Education,[21] which includes chess in its Sports Training Program.[22]","title":"Life outside chess"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"performance rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_rating_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Halkidiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkidiki"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"National Women's Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Shanwei, Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanwei"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"Hou Yifan's first major tournament was on 31 August–12 September 2003 at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Open) in Tianjin.[23][failed verification][citation needed] She scored 3/7 with a 2246 performance rating.[24][failed verification][citation needed]She won her first international tournament when she came first (9½/11; +8 =3 −0, TPR 2121) in the girl's under-10 section of the World Youth Championship in Halkidiki, Greece in October–November 2003.[25] In November, she made her debut in the National Women's Chess Championship, held at Shanwei, Guangdong.[26] She finished in 14th place with 3½/9 with a performance rating of 2202.[27]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"World Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Heraklio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklio"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"11th Asian Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Wang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yu_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"2004","text":"On 1 January 2004, she received her first International FIDE rating of 2168, which automatically qualified her for the title of Woman FIDE Master. In April, she competed at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Jinan, Shandong.[28] She scored 1½/7 (TPR 2096) having faced an average opposition rating (Rc) of 2316.[29]In November, she finished first jointly with Yu Yangyi, Jules Moussard, and Raymond Song, but third on tiebreaks in the boy's under-ten section of the World Youth Championship, held in Heraklio, Crete (9/11; +8 =2 −1; TPR 2119).[30]At the 11th Asian Women's Championship in Beirut, Lebanon from 4–11 December 2004, she came in eleventh with a score of 4½/9 (+4 =1 −4; TPR 2278). The event was won by Wang Yu with 6½/9.[31]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hou_Yifan_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Team Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beersheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheva"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"link_name":"international master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_master"},{"link_name":"Almira Skripchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almira_Skripchenko"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"China-France Youth Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-France_Youth_Match&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Zhou Jianchao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Jianchao"},{"link_name":"Zhao Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Jun_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Wen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"World Youth Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Belfort, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfort"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"World Women's Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Women%27s_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Zonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal_Tournament"},{"link_name":"3.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_around_the_world"},{"link_name":"World Team Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beersheva, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheva"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"37th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Wang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yu_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Shen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"Hou Yifan, when she was 11, at the 2005 World Team Chess Championship, Beersheva, IsraelIn February, she competed at the fourth Aeroflot Open (Group C) in Moscow,[32] where she scored 2/5(TPR 2111).[33]In April, she finished fifth with a score of 7/11 (+6 =2 −3) (tied for fourth) at the Three Arrows Cup 2005 ladies tournament in Jinan, China. In that tournament, she defeated international master Almira Skripchenko and achieved a performance rating of 2393.[34]From 28 June–6 July at the second China-France Youth Match at Shenzhen, Guangdong, Hou Yifan scored 3/8 (+2 =2 −4, TPR 2324). The Chinese team (Zhou Jianchao, Zhao Jun, Zhao Xue and Hou) won the match 19–13.[35]In July, at the Festival Open International des Jeunes in Saint-Lô, France, she came second out of 75 players with 6/8(TPR 2305), behind Wen Yang.[36][37] In 18–29 July at the World Youth Chess Championship in Belfort, France, Hou Yifan, seeded eighth, came in fifth in the Boy's Under-12 Section with 8/11 (+5 =6, TPR 2171).[38]In October, she qualified for the World Women's Chess Championship to be held in March 2006. Despite being rated only 2220 and ranked women's number 28 in her own country, she qualified by winning the Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament, scoring 6/9 points with a performance rating of 2526 against a rating opposition of 2401, ahead of several better-known Chinese players.The sixth World Team Chess Championship was staged in Beersheva, Israel from 31 October to 11 November.[39] China fielded two teams – the men's and women's, which was only the second time in the championship history when a women's team competed in what traditionally has been a male team event.[40] This was Hou Yifan's first major team tournament and she was the youngest participant there, at eleven years of age.[41]\nShe played as second reserve and finished with 0/3.[42] The Chinese women's team drew one match and lost all of their others (+0 =1 −7), finishing last.[43] The tournament was won by Russia, with China (men's) coming in second and Armenia third.[44][45][46]In December, Hou came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Beijing for the 37th Chess Olympiad to be held in May–June 2006 in Turin, Italy. She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She made the Olympiad team with the other top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang.[47][48]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Nadezhda Kosintseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Kosintseva"},{"link_name":"former 2000 European champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Individual_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Natalia Zhukova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Zhukova"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Nino Khurtsidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Khurtsidze"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"37th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Chinese Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Ni Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_Hua"},{"link_name":"Li Ruofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ruofan"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Krasnoturinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoturinsk"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Ergun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun_City"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"World Junior Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Shen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"Hou reached the third round (the last 16) of the Women's World Chess Championship in March 2006.[49] Despite being rated 2269 and seeded 56th out of 64 players,[50] she defeated IM Nadezhda Kosintseva (rated 2480) of Russia 1½–½ in the first round, then the former 2000 European champion WGM Natalia Zhukova (2432) of Ukraine 2–0 in the second round.[51] She was beaten 0–2 by IM Nino Khurtsidze (2430) of Georgia in the third round to finish with a performance rating of 2504.[52][53]In May–June 2006, China came in third and won the bronze metal at the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin, Italy. Hou Yifan scored 11/13 (+10, =2, −1), all played on the fourth board, at her Olympiad debut.[54] For her winning percentage of 84.6%, she won a silver medal for fourth (reserve) board performance, and her performance rating of 2596 was the third highest overall.[55][56]The Chinese Championships for men and women took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu, 25 June–6 July 2006. Ni Hua took the men's title and Li Ruofan the women's. Hou Yifan came fourth in the women's category V (2369) event with a score of 7/11 (+5 =4 −2) and a performance rating of 2477.[57]In July–August, she performed badly at what has been traditionally the strongest women's tournament, the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia.[58] Although seeded third, she failed to win a game scoring 3/9 (+0 =6 −3) with a performance rating of 2357. She finished eighth out of ten players.[59]In 10–20 August, she played in the China–Russia Summit Match in Ergun, Inner Mongolia. The tournament was a two double-round-robin Scheveningen, one for men and one for women (category VIII (2444)). Russia won the men's event 26½–23½ but China won the women's section 28–22, winning the match 51½–48½. Hou Yifan was the highest scoring female player on tiebreak with 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2563).[60]China and France played for the Trophée MULTICOMS in Paris 4–9 September 2006. This was also a Scheveningen team match with six men and three women in the teams. France edged out China 20–16 in the men's event. The women's section was a complete mismatch in terms of Elo ratings in favour of the Chinese and they confirmed this over the board winning 12½–5½. The overall result was China 28½ France 25½. Hou Yifan was again the highest scoring female player with 5/6 and a performance rating of 2498.[61]In October in Yerevan, Armenia at the World Junior Chess Championship (Girl's section) despite being only 12 years old, Hou was the top rated girl with a 2481 FIDE Rating and went on to take second place on tiebreak with a score of 9/12 (+6 =4 −2), tied for first on points behind her compatriot Shen Yang. Her rating performance was 2469.[62][63]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corus Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"37th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Chinese Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HouyifanCorus2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corus Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"European Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Individual_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Emil Sutovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Sutovsky"},{"link_name":"Russian Championship runnerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Jakovenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Jakovenko"},{"link_name":"Vasilios Kotronias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasilios_Kotronias"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Zafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafra"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"2007 Asian Indoor Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Asian_Indoor_Games"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Dagomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomys"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"1st World Women's Team Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"Ruan Lufei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruan_Lufei"},{"link_name":"Shen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Huang Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Qian"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Chinese Women's Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"Qin Kanying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Kanying"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"Shen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zhu Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Chen"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Paks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paks"},{"link_name":"Pentala Harikrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentala_Harikrishna"},{"link_name":"Péter Ács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_%C3%81cs"},{"link_name":"Csaba Balogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_Balogh"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Berkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Berkes"},{"link_name":"Viktor Korchnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi"},{"link_name":"round-robin event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Zonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal_Tournament"},{"link_name":"3.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_around_the_world"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Kemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"second Asian Indoor Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Asian_Indoor_Games"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"Xu Yuhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Yuhua"},{"link_name":"Wang Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Ni Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_Hua"},{"link_name":"Bu Xiangzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Xiangzhi"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"China Chess League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Chess_League"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chineseleague-90"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"In January 2007, Hou achieved a respectable fifth place in Group C (Cat. 10, 2486) of the Corus Chess Tournament with a score of 7/13 (+4 =6 −3) and a 2513 performance rating.[64][65][66] This result, together with WGM norms she had earned at the 2005 Zonal 3.5 Women's Championship, the 37th Chess Olympiad and the 2006 Chinese Championship (Women's) won her the Woman Grandmaster title, formally conferred by FIDE in late January 2007.[67]Hou Yifan at the 2007 Corus Chess TournamentAt the Aeroflot Open in February 2007, a few weeks before Hou's thirteenth birthday, she played in the A1 group for the first time. Hou started well with two wins out of two, defeating first the Russian IM Nikita Vitiugov (rated 2604) and then the 2001 European Champion, GM Emil Sutovsky of Israel (rated 2629). However, in the third round she was defeated by the Russian Championship runnerup, Dmitry Jakovenko, and only managed one draw in her next five games. She rallied in the final round with a victory against the Greek grandmaster, Vasilios Kotronias, and finished with a score of 3½/9(TPR 2540).[68][69][70]In March, at the first Ruy Lopez International Festival (cat. XV (2607)) in Zafra, Hou performed badly to finish last with 2/7 (+1 =2 −4). Her performance rating was 2462.[71][72]In April, she came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Ningbo for the 2007 Asian Indoor Games to be held in October. She scored 8/14 (+6 =4 −4, TPR 2434).[73]From 1–11 May 2007, at the eighth Russian Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Dagomys, Hou played for Southern Ural Chelyabinsk on board one and scored 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2523).[74][75] At the 1st World Women's Team Chess Championship in Ekaterinburg later that month, Hou was part of the winning China national team that also included Zhao Xue, Ruan Lufei, Shen Yang, and Huang Qian. Hou Yifan played on board two in every round and scored 7½/9 (+7 =1 −1), winning the gold medal for that board. Her performance rating was 2559.[76][77][78]In June 2007, she won her first Chinese Women's Chess Championship in Chongqing. Hou was thirteen years old at the time, breaking WGM Qin Kanying's record as the youngest champion (she was fourteen years old when winning the title in 1988). Hou scored 9/11 (+7 =4 -0, TPR 2585). Second and third place went to Zhao Xue and Shen Yang, respectively.[citation needed]In July, she improved on her previous year's performance at the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, finishing in seventh place out of ten players. She scored 4/9 (+3 =2 −4) with a performance rating of 2436. The tournament was won by Zhu Chen and with Zhao Xue in second place.[79][80]In 4–15 August, she competed in what was then her strongest closed tournament – the fifth Győrgy Marx Memorial (Cat. 14, 2582) in Paks, Hungary. Being the lowest rated player and the only non-Grandmaster (out of Pentala Harikrishna, Péter Ács, Csaba Balogh, Ferenc Berkes, and Viktor Korchnoi), she finished in last place in the double round-robin event with 3/10 (+1 =4 −5; TPR 2444).[81][82]At the UK-China Match in Liverpool 3–9 September 2007, China defeated the UK team with a comfortable score of 28–20. Hou played for the men's team and scored 2½/6 (+1 =3 −2) with a performance rating of 2540. The average rating of her opponents (Rc) was 2598.[83]In late September, she came in first at the 2007 Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament in Tianjin with a score of 8/9 (+7 =2 −0, TPR 2675).[84] In October 2007, she competed at the twelfth European Club Cup in Kemer, Turkey for team Southern Ural Cheliabinsk. Hou played on board two for the team, which finished fourth in the women's tournament. In the individual women's standings, Hou came in fifth with a score of 5/7 (+3 =4 −0) and a performance rating of 2556.[85][86]From 26 October to 3 November, she competed for Team China at the second Asian Indoor Games in Macau. The national team won team gold in the classic chess mixed team event with 11 match points (18½ game points out of 24). The Chinese team members were Zhao Xue, Xu Yuhua, Hou Yifan, Wang Hao, Ni Hua, and Bu Xiangzhi.[87] Hou Yifan won an individual gold medal for her board two display with a score of 5½/6 (+5 =1 −0; 91.7%) and a performance rating of 2649.[88][89]Hou participated in the 2007 season of the China Chess League, officially known as the \"Torch Real Estate Cup Chinese Chess League Division A\". She played for the Shandong Qilu Evening News Chess Team, who became the 2007 champions when they defeated the 2006 champion Beijing team, 3½ to 1½.[90]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corus 2008 chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_2008_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"Nigel Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Short"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_norm"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm_app-97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hou_Yifan.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Junior Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep"},{"link_name":"Mérida, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Bu Xiangzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Xiangzhi"},{"link_name":"Zhao Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Jun_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Wen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Yang_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jilin"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chineseleague-90"},{"link_name":"Chinese Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"World Junior Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalchik"},{"link_name":"knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Mona Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Khaled"},{"link_name":"Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batkhuyagiin_M%C3%B6ng%C3%B6ntuul"},{"link_name":"rapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff"},{"link_name":"Elena Sedina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Sedina"},{"link_name":"Lilit Mkrtchian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilit_Mkrtchian"},{"link_name":"Humpy Koneru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpy_Koneru"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Kosteniuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kosteniuk"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"World Mind Sports Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Mind_Sports_Games"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Ni Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_Hua"},{"link_name":"Cap d'Agde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_d%27Agde"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Karpov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"38th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"27th Chinese Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_China#GM_and_WGM_Titles"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fide79-112"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm_app-97"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"World Junior Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2008"},{"link_name":"Nalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalchik"},{"link_name":"youngest grandmasters in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youngest_grandmasters"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"In the January Corus 2008 chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Hou competed in Group B where she finished in a tie for seventh–tenth place (ninth by tiebreak) achieving 6/13 (+3 −4 =6) with a performance rating of 2598. She scored victories over three grandmasters, including a 23-move win over former World Champion challenger Nigel Short.[91]In February 2008, Hou gained her first Grandmaster norm (GM norm) at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow by finishing in 31st place with a score of 4½/9 (+2 =5 −2, TPR 2605).[92][93] This was followed in March 2008 with a victory at the first Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament (cat. IX (2461)) in Istanbul, Turkey where she finished a point ahead of the rest of the field on 7/9 (+5 =4 −0) with a performance rating of 2674.[94][95] Her victory in this tournament earned her a GM norm conditional on FIDE ratifying then WGM Zhao Xue's attainment of her GM title.[96] However this GM norm was not used in her eventual official grandmaster title application.[97]Hou Yifan at the 2008 World Junior Chess Championship, Gaziantep, Turkey where she gained a GM normIn April 2008, she competed in Mérida, Spain at the second Ruy Lopez Chess Festival tournament. In the category XV (2616) round-robin event she finished seventh out of eight players with 2/7 (+1, =2, −4) and a rating performance of 2467.[98][99]Hou competed in the Chinese Chess League again in the 2008 season, which had eighteen rounds in six different cities from March to August. Hou's teammates were GM Bu Xiangzhi, GM Zhao Jun, GM Wen Yang, and WGM Zhang Jilin.[90]In May–June 2008, she became the Chinese Women's Champion for the second consecutive time with 9/11 points (+7 =4 −0) in Beijing and a performance of 2599.[100][101] At the July 2008 First Saturday GM Tournament in Budapest, Hou was top seed, but came in second place with 9/12, missing a GM norm by half a point. Her performance rating was 2574.[102]In August 2008 she competed in the World Junior Chess Championship held at Gaziantep, Turkey where she competed in the general (\"boys'\") section for the first time in her career. She was the only girl in this section and was the sixteenth seed on the entrant's list.[103] Hou finished joint third–seventh on 9/13 (+6 =6 −1), achieving a performance rating of 2661[104] and her second GM norm.[105]In August–September 2008, she competed in her second Women's World Chess Championship at Nalchik, Russia. She had qualified by being one of the six highest rated players from the average of the July 2006–January 2007 period. In this knockout tournament, she was seeded third out of 64 players. She defeated WGM Mona Khaled (Egypt) 2–0 in the first round and WGM Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul (Mongolia), 2–0 in the second. In third round, she had to go to rapid playoffs to eventually beat IM Elena Sedina (Italy) 3–1 (1–1, 2–0). In the quarterfinals she defeated Armenian IM Lilit Mkrtchian 1½–½, followed by Indian GM Humpy Koneru, the second seed, in the semifinals (4–2 overall, 1–1, 1–1, 2–0). She lost the final to Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia, 2½–1½. Nonetheless, she became the youngest ever finalist for the Women's World Championship title, earning an automatic International Master (IM) title and a \"runner-up 9-game grandmaster norm\", her third official GM norm overall. Her performance rating for the entire championship was 2536.[106]Hou participated at the first World Mind Sports Games in Beijing from 3–18 October as a member of the Chinese team, winning the bronze medal in the Women's Individual Blitz event, the gold medal in the Mixed Pairs Rapid event (with Ni Hua), the silver medal in the Women's Teams Blitz event, and the gold medal in the Women's Teams Rapid event. In mid-late October, playing board one for team Spartak Vidnoe in the thirteenth European Club Cup held in Kallithea, Greece she scored 2/4 (+1 −1 =2, TPR 2448) helping her team to a second-place finish. Very shortly thereafter she played in the Cap d'Agde Rapid tournament from 24 October to 1 November,[107] losing to former world champion Anatoly Karpov in a tiebreaker match at the end of the qualifying stage, despite winning the second tiebreak game.[108]At the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden from 12 to 25 November, she played at the number 1 board in the Chinese women's team.[109] Although her team did not win a prize, she still placed third in the individual board prize.[110] She played in every round with a final result of 7½/11 (+5, =5, −1, TPR 2563).[111]At the 79th FIDE Congress, held on 16–26 November 2008 in Dresden, Germany, her GM title was approved making her the 27th Chinese Grandmaster.[112] Her three approved GM norms were:[97]Aeroflot Open Tournament A1 in Moscow, February 2008; score 4½/9 (requirement=4½ points)\nWorld Junior Chess Championship 2008 in Gaziantep, August 2008; score 9/13 (requirement=8 points)\nWomen's World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik, September 2008; reached the finals (equivalent to a 9-game GM norm)This meant that Hou Yifan reached her third grandmaster norm on 12 September 2008 at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 16 days, making her one of the youngest grandmasters in history, as well as the youngest female.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corus chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2009/2010"},{"link_name":"8th Asia Continental Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay Freeport Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay_Freeport_Zone"},{"link_name":"Olongapo City, Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olongapo_City"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"tiebreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiebreak"},{"link_name":"2009 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2009"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Chess World Cup 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2009"},{"link_name":"Khanty-Mansiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"Hou Yifan competed in the Grandmaster Group B of the 71st Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee from 16 January to 1 February 2009.[113] She was seeded twelfth out of fourteen players and finished joint ninth–tenth with a performance rating of 2620.[114] Between 7–19 March, she finished third in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament in Istanbul, scoring 8/11 (+6=4–1, TPR 2649).From 12 to 23 May, she competed at the 8th Asia Continental Chess Championship at the Subic Exhibition and Convention Center, Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Olongapo City, Philippines.[115] She scored 7½/11 with a 2640 performance, finishing seventh out of 86 on tiebreak. By finishing in the top ten she qualified for the 2009 World Cup.From 9–15 August 2009 at the Jubilee Open, Zürich, she won the \"best female player\" prize by coming joint seventeenth with 6½/9 (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2590).[116][117] From 19 August to 1 September at the NH Hotels Risings Stars vs Experienced, Amsterdam, she finished with a score of 3½/10 (+1 −4 =5, TPR 2548). She was defeated in the first round at the Chess World Cup 2009, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, 20 November – 15 December 2009.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Open_(chess)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2010"},{"link_name":"Ruan Lufei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruan_Lufei"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"In January, she finished with 4½/9 at the Moscow Open. In February, she finished with 4/9 at the Aeroflot Open. In April, she won the third Kuala Lumpur Open 7.5/9 (+6 = 2, TPR 2730).[118] In August, she won the 2010 Women's Grand Prix in Mongolia.[119]In October, she was on board two for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte Carlo in the 15th European Club Cup for Women held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She helped her team to a gold medal win with a 4.5/6 score (+3 =3, TPR 2651).[120]In November, she won the women's individual gold medal in the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China. She finished with 8½/9 and with a performance rating of 2798.[121] She won another gold medal from the women's team event, representing China as the first board, along with her teammates Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian and Wang Yu,[122] beating Uzbekistan 2½–1½ in the final.In December she won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her the youngest women's world champion in history. Her compatriot Ruan Lufei was her opponent in the finals. After four games at classical time controls, the score was tied at 2–2, but Hou won the rapid playoffs 3–1 to take the title. Her performance rating was 2585.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Chess_Festival"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Wuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Chess World Cup 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2011"},{"link_name":"Sergei Movsesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Movsesian"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2011"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Koneru Humpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koneru_Humpy"},{"link_name":"Ju Wenjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Wenjun"},{"link_name":"Zhao Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xue"},{"link_name":"Tan Zhongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zhongyi"},{"link_name":"Zhang Xiaowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xiaowen_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"In January 2011 she was due to take part in the Gibraltar Chess Festival, but pulled out because of a family illness.[123] In April, she won the First Women Master Tournament in Wuxi with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 =2, TPR 2639).[124]In June, she took part in a tournament in India, the AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011.[125] She finished with a dismal last place, but in August, she rebounded to win clear first place in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 tournament in Rostov, Russia.[126] She then went on to win the second Grand Prix stage in Shenzhen in September 2011.[127]In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. She was one of the two female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Sergei Movsesian, to whom she lost 2–0, resulting in her elimination.[128]In October she played on board one for team Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo in the 16th European Club Cup for women held in Rogaska Slatina, Slovenia. Her top rated team placed a disappointing 4th place, with Hou scoring 4/6 (+4 −2, TPR 2526)In November Hou successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won 3 games and drew 5 in the ten-game match, winning the title with two games to spare. Her performance rating for the match was 2741.Beginning December, Hou played in the 2011 SportAccord World Mind Games, held in Beijing, China which consisted of 3 events, rapid, blitz and blindfold. She placed joined 5–7th, 6th on tiebreaks with a 4/7 score (+2 −1 =4) in the rapid portion, but winning both the blitz and the blindfold portions with 11.5/15 (+9 −1 = 5) and 5.5/7 (+5 −1 =1) scores respectively.Afterwards, Hou played for China in the Women's World Chess Team Championship in Mardin, Turkey. The 5 person team, arranged according to rating, consisted of herself, WGM Ju Wenjun, GM Zhao Xue, WGM Tan Zhongyi and WGM Zhang Xiaowen. China was the clear winner with 16 match points, having lost but one match to Ukraine in the 8th round and winning the rest, ahead of the runner-up Russia by three match points. Georgia grabbed bronze with 12 match points. Hou scored five points from the seven games she played (Wenjun played the first board for Round 1 and Round 2) (+3 = 4, TPR 2648).[129]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigel Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Short"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Chess_Festival"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Almási","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Alm%C3%A1si"},{"link_name":"Judit Polgár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Lê Quang Liêm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Li%C3%AAm"},{"link_name":"Alexei Shirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Shirov"},{"link_name":"Michael Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adams_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Shakhriyar Mamedyarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov"},{"link_name":"Krishnan Sasikiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnan_Sasikiran"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Wang Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Li Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Chao_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Danzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzhou"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2013"},{"link_name":"40th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Beijing University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_University"},{"link_name":"abortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2012"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2013"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"Hou started 2012 by taking equal first place at Tradewise alongside Nigel Short at the Gibraltar Chess Festival scoring 8/10 (+7 −1 =2) with a tournament performance of 2872. She came second on tiebreak when she lost the 2 game blitz playoff against Short by 1.5–0.5.[130] She scored 5/7 against the 7 GMs she played rated 2700 or higher. This included 4 wins against Zoltán Almási (2717), Judit Polgár (2710) (Polgar's first loss against a female player after 22 years[131]), Lê Quang Liêm (2714) and Alexei Shirov (2710), 2 draws against Michael Adams (2724) and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (2747), whilst her only loss came against Krishnan Sasikiran (2700) in a close endgame of Q (with a pawn up) versus R+R with black.[132]From 6 to 13 March, she played and finished joint 2nd–8th in the 2012 Reykjavik Open 7/9 (+5 =4, TPR 2677). From 27 March to 7 April, she participated in the 2012 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A, the determiner of China's National Champion. She finished joint 7th–9th, 7th by tiebreak. 5/11 (+1 −2 =8; TPR 2560).From 13 April to 19 April, Hou played in the 2012 Bangkok Chess Club open. Seeded third by rating, she finished 14th, 6/9 (+4 −1 = 4; TPR 2500).From 29 May to 7 June, she played in the 3rd Hainan Danzhou Grand Master Chess Tournament that traditionally showcased the top 10 highest rated Chinese players, although the two highest rated players at the time Wang Hao and Li Chao did not participate. Seeded 6th by rating, Hou finished in 10th and last place with 3/9.[133]From 9 June to 22 June, Hou played in the 4th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Kazan, Russia. Coming immediately off the heels of the recently completed Chinese Men's super tournament in Danzhou, she started off slowly with 2 points in the first 5 rounds before closing strongly with 4 wins in the final 6 rounds. She finished joint 3rd–4th. 7/11 (+5 −2 = 4; TPR 2604).From 16 July to 19 July, Hou played in the 5th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Jermuk, Armenia. She won the event with a 7/11 score (+4 −1 =6, TPR 2598). This victory added to her victories in Rostov 2011 and Shenzeng 2011 made Hou the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 and secured for herself the challenger spot for the Women's World Chess Championship 2013.At the 40th Chess Olympiad held in Istanbul, Turkey from 27 August to 10 September 2012, Hou Yifan led the Chinese women's chess team to a second place, silver medal finish. Hou won the gold medal for individual performance on board 1 with a 2645 TPR, 6.5/9 score (+4, =5). During the competition she was presented with the Caissa Cup, which honors the female player with the best chess results during the year.From 8 October to 17 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2012 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 4.5/6 score (+4 −1 =1, TPR 2609) and her heavily favored team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score.From 19 October to 27 October, Hou played in the main even of 16th Univé Hoogeveen Chess Festival as part of the Univé Crown Group, a four player double round robin tournament. The average rating of the participants was 2695, making this a category 18 tournament. Hou finished in last place with a 2/6 score (−2 =4, TPR 2605).[134]In an interview in Kazan she said that she was going to start studying international relations at Beijing University in September. She said that she was glad China was moving away from its one-child policy, she would have liked to have had a brother or sister, and she knew of women who had been forced to have abortions.[135]In November 2012 she was knocked out in the second round of the Women's World Chess Championship 2012. As the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 she earned the right to challenge the new champion in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013.[136]During 12 to 19 December, Hou concluded the year by participating in the 2012 SportAccord World Mind Games, competing in the 3 disciplines of Rapid, Blitz and Blindfold. In the rapid event, she placed second on tiebreaks with a 5/7 score (+4 −1 =2, TPR 2713). For the blitz event, she placed 7th by tiebreaks with a 7/15 score (+6 −7 =2, TPR 2487). In the blindfold event, she won with a 6/7 score (+6 −1).","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tata Steel Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"Viswanathan Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2013%E2%80%932014"},{"link_name":"Anna Ushenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ushenina"},{"link_name":"David Navara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Navara"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Chess World Cup 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2013"},{"link_name":"Alexei Shirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Shirov"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2013"},{"link_name":"Taizhou, Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"SportAccord World Mind Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccord_World_Mind_Games"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Hou was invited to participate in the 2013 Tata Steel Chess Tournament Grandmaster A group in Wijk aan Zee from 12 to 27 January. This was a Category 20 event, and her first supertournament participation. She was the lowest Elo rated player at 2603 and seeded 14th. She surpassed initial expectations by finishing 11/14 with a 5.5/13 score (+3 −5 =5, TPR 2688) including a draw against then World Champion Viswanathan Anand. She competed in the 2013 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, China from 16 to 27 April. She finished in a six-way tie for 4th to 9th place, 4th by tie breaks, with a 5.5/11 score (+3 −3 =5, TPR 2609).[137]From 2 May to 16 May, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014 held in Geneva, Switzerland. She was the highest rated player in the event but finished 8th/9th, including a loss to the Women's World Champion 2012–13, Anna Ushenina. Her score was 5/11 (+3 −4 = 4, TPR 2470).From 11 to 14 June, she played a four-game match with David Navara for the CEZ Chess Trophy 2013. All four games ended in draws, so the winner would be decided by tie breaks. After each player won with white in the blitz portion, an armageddon game won by Hou, as black, gave her the trophy. Her performance rating for the classical games was 2707.[138]From 30 June to 3 July, Hou was part of the team representing China in the 4th Asian Martial Arts Games held in Incheon, South Korea. She won a gold medal in the classical portion of the event with a 6.5/7 score (+6 =1). In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway. She was one of four female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Alexei Shirov. After two draws in the classical portion of the match, they proceeded to tiebreaks. Hou won the first rapid game with white and lost the second with black. In the next tiebreaker set she lost both games resulting in her elimination.As the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012, Hou won the right to challenge Anna Ushenina in a 10-game match for the world title. Scheduled from 10 to 27 September, the Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was played in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China. She won the match in 7 games with a 5.5–1.5 score (+4 =3, TPR 2730) regaining her championship title.[139]From 19 to 26 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2013 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 5/6 score (+4 =2, TPR 2736) and for the second year in a row, her team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score.\nFrom 12 to 18 December, she played in the SportAccord World Mind Games in the chess discipline. The tournament consisted of three events: rapid, blitz and the basque system. In the rapid event, Hou scored 5/7 (+3 = 4, TPR 2691) capturing the silver medal. In the blitz event, she won the gold medal with a 21.5/30 score (+19 −6 =5, ). Notable was that during the second day of the blitz event, Hou achieved a near perfect 9.5/10 score. In the final event played under the basque system, Hou won the silver medal on tiebreaks with a 7/10 score (+7 −3).[140]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Chess Individual Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCL2006-2"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Biel chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biel_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Anish Giri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Giri"},{"link_name":"Pendyala Harikrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendyala_Harikrishna"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"41st Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Kateryna Lagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateryna_Lagno"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2013%E2%80%9314"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Ju Wenjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Wenjun"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8_2013-2014_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2014"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Sergey Fedorchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Fedorchuk"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Valentina Gunina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Gunina"},{"link_name":"basque system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_chess"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"From 11 to 22 March, Hou competed in the 2014 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, her birthplace.[2] She again played against the men in the open section rather than in the women's section. She finished in 7th place with a 5.5/11 score (+2 −3 =6, TPR 2558).[141]From 14 July to 24 July, Hou played in the grandmaster section of the prestigious Biel chess tournament. This was a six player category 19 event with an average rating of 2717 with Hou being the lowest rated player. She started with a win over Anish Giri and was tied for second entering the final round and could take joint first place by winning her final game against Pendyala Harikrishna. While she wound up losing the final game, Hou still had a successful tournament, finishing joint 3rd–5th with a 5/10 score (+2 −2 =6, TPR 2734).[142]From 1 August to 14 August, Hou participated in 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway as board one of the top seeded Chinese Women's team. The team rattled off six straight wins before succumbing to the second seeded Russian team with Hou losing her individual game, as black, to Kateryna Lagno. She ended the Olympiad with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 = 2, TPR 2671) leading her team to the silver medal. Her own performance was good enough to receive the silver medal for board one.[143]Hou is the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14. From 8 April to 22 April, she played in the 4th stage in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Opening with 3 straight victories, she dominated from start to finish. Several times as white she eschewed her regular 1.e4 opening move and began with 1.c4 and 1.g3. She finished in 1st place with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2695).[144] From 18 June to 2 July, she played in the 5th stage in Lopota, Georgia. Leading from start to finish, she won with a 9/11 score (+7 = 4, TPR 2773), a full two points over her nearest competitors.[145] From 24 August to 6 September, she competed in the 6th and final stage in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. She finished joint first with Ju Wenjun with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2686).[146]Grand Prix Cup award ceremony, Sharjah, UAEAt the final leg, the tournament's official awards, Big and Small Cups of Grand Prix, designed and manufactured by the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, were presented. As the winner of the 2013–2014 Grand Prix Series, Hou Yifan was solemnly awarded the Small Cup during the official closing ceremony of the tournament.During 13 to 21 September, she competed at the 18th European Club Cup held in Bilbao, Spain. Once again she was the top board for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo winning the individual gold medal for her performance 5/6 (+4 =2, TPR 2749) while leading her team to a second-place finish.[147]With the postponement of the Women's World Chess Championship 2014[148] she played in the Corsican Chess Circuit in October and won, beating Sergey Fedorchuk in the final. This has been described as the most important tournament yet to be won by a female player other than Judit Polgár.[149][150][151]From 11 to 18 December, Hou played in the 2014 SportAccord World Mind Games held in Beijing, China. The Mind Games consists of separate tournaments in 3 disciplines: rapid, blitz and basque. In the rapid event, she placed second capturing the silver medal, losing only to Valentina Gunina, the eventual event winner. Her performance was 5/7 (+4 −1 = 3, rapid TPR 2672). She won the gold medal in the blitz event with a 22.5/30 score (+20 −5 = 5, TPR 2718). Especially noteworthy in her blitz tournament was her performance pushed her official blitz rating to 2704, making her the second female player to cross the 2700 barrier in any rating format. In the final basque system event, Hou took home another gold medal with an 8.5/10 score (+7 =3).[152]When Hou turned twenty one in 2015 she lost her junior status. She ended the year, and her junior playing career, as the reigning Women's World Chess Champion, the 2nd highest rated female player, the highest rated girl, the 4th highest rated junior and the 71st highest overall rated active player with a FIDE rating of 2673.[153]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tata Steel Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Magnus Carlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Chess_Festival"},{"link_name":"Judit Polgár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Maia Chiburdanidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Chiburdanidze"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2015"},{"link_name":"Mariya Muzychuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Muzychuk"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Chess World Cup 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2015"},{"link_name":"Shakhriyar Mamedyarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2015%E2%80%9316"},{"link_name":"Humpy Koneru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpy_Koneru"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Parimarjan Negi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parimarjan_Negi"},{"link_name":"Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Club_and_Scholastic_Center_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"Chess960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess960"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Evgeniy Najer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniy_Najer"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"Hou once again played in the 2015 edition of Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from 15 to 25 January. She was the 12th seed out of 14 total participants in the Category 20 Master group and finished 11th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2670). While she performed approximately according to her rating, Hou had winning chances in a few of her games and even missed a drawing chance against world champion Magnus Carlsen after defending a difficult position as black for most of the game.Shortly after, she returned to the scene of her greatest chess tournament triumph, the Gibraltar Chess Festival 2015 held from 27 January to 4 February. Seeded 13th by rating, she placed joint 3rd–11th, 3rd by performance with a 7.5/10 score (+5 =5, TPR 2772) pushing her FIDE rating to 2686. She also won the 1st place prize for being the highest scoring female player. Her excellent performance in this event resulted in her rating surpassing Judit Polgár's classic rating for the first time in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, ending Polgár's 26 consecutive years reign as the top rated female player in the world. For the first time since Maia Chiburdanidze in January 1989 a single individual was both the top rated woman player and the reigning Women's World Chess Champion.[154]She played in the Hawaii Grandmaster Challenge 2015 in March, a two-day four player quadruple blitz and rapid round robin event. She began the first day with a 3.5/6 score before crushing her opponents the second day with five straight wins and a draw in the final game easily winning the event with a 9/12 score. Since this event conflicted with the Women's World Chess Championship 2015 she relinquished her title to Mariya Muzychuk at the conclusion of the Championship.[155]Hou played in the Nakhchivan Open 2015 in from 1 to 11 May. Seeded 3rd by rating, she finished in a nine-way tie for joint 4th–12th with a 6/9 score (+5 −2 =2, TPR 2581).[156]She played in the 2015 edition of Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting which ran from 27 June to 5 July. With an average rating of 2724, it qualified as a Category 20 supertournament. Hou finished in joint 7th/8th with a 2.5/7 score (−2 =5, TPR 2629)[157]Hou has been chosen as the first FIDE Presidential nominee for Chess World Cup 2015 held in Baku from 10 September to 5 October. She made it past the first round of a World Cup for the first time in her career before losing in the second round 1.5–2.5 to Shakhriyar Mamedyarov after the 1st set of rapid tiebreaks. Her performance rating was 2685 for the event.[158]From 2 October to 15 October, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16 held in Monte Carlo, Monaco. She started the event slowly, with a 2.5/4 score going into the first rest day. This included a loss to rival Humpy Koneru before stringing together a streak of six wins, winning the tournament with one round to spare. Her final score was 9/11 (+8 −1 = 2, TPR 2766).[159]She participated in an exhibition match against Parimarjan Negi held in the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis from 12 to 15 November. The four-day event showcased a different chess variant each day: Basque Chess, Rapid Chess960, Rapid Chess and Blitz Chess with each game played counting for 1 point in determining the winner. Hou easily won the match: 0–2 in Basque, 3.5–0.5 in Chess960, 3–1 in Rapid Chess, and 4.5–3.5 in Blitz with a total score of 11–7.[160]As part of the joint Russian-Chinese Match of Friendship chess festival held from 13 to 15 December held in Shanghai, China, Hou participated in an exhibition match with the GM Evgeniy Najer the 2015 European Champion. Playing a series of rapid and blitz games, she won quite convincingly with a 9.5 to 4.5 score.[161]In the last chess event of the year, the 2nd edition of the 2015 Qatar Masters Open held from 19 to 30 December in Doha, Qatar, Hou was the 22nd highest rated player in the tournament but finished in 38th place with a 5.5/9 score (+3 −1 =5, TPR 2591). The result was still good enough to win the top women's prize by a full point.[162]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cristobal Henriquez Villagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobal_Henriquez_Villagra"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2016"},{"link_name":"FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2013%E2%80%9314"},{"link_name":"Mariya Muzychuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Muzychuk"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Norway Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Chess"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Harika Dronavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harika_Dronavalli"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"For the third time, Hou competed in the top group of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from 15 to 31 January. This year she was seeded 13th out of 14 participants in this Category 20 event. She started strongly, going +1 in her first six games before faltering with four losses in the following five games. She placed 12th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2672).In early February, Hou played and won in a four-game match against Cristobal Henriquez Villagra in Punta Arenas. Billed as a Bicontinental Chess Match, it was scheduled to be played in two locations, but due to inclement weather, they were unable to play in Antarctica. She won the match with a 2.5–1.5 score(+2 −1 =1, TPR 2584).Qualifying for the Women's World Chess Championship 2016, in March, as the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14, she reclaimed the World Championship title from Mariya Muzychuk in Lviv, Ukraine with a 6–3 score (+3 =6, TPR 2685).From 23–26 March Hou played in a four player 3 round classical/3 round rapid robin tournament to determine the qualifier for the 4th edition of Norway Chess. She finished in 3rd place with a 1/3 score (−1 =2, TPR 2531) in the classical portion and 2/1 score (+2 −1, TPR 2716) in the rapid portion.In May, Hou dropped out of the current Women's World Championship cycle, effectively relinquishing the crown. She explained her reasons in a Chessbase interview, mainly objecting to the format wherein the Women's World Champion is decided alternately by a knockout tournament and then a match. She also expressed her willingness to participate in the cycle if the format were amended to mirror that of the World Chess Championship.[163]She played in the Vugar Gashimov Memorial, a category 20 tournament held in, Shamkir Azerbaijan, from 26 May to 4 June. She was the ninth seed out of ten participants and finished in last place with a 2.5/10 score (−4 = 5, TPR 2578)Hou played in the Eurasian Blitz Cup from 17–20 June in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Seeded 17th on the strength of her 2704 blitz rating, she came in 29th place with a 12.5/22 score (+10 −7 = 5, TPR 2650). Among the female competitors, while having a superior performance rating, she came in second to Harika Dronavalli on tiebreaks.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradewise_Gibraltar_Chess_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Borya Ider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borya_Ider"},{"link_name":"positional sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)#Real_sacrifices"},{"link_name":"John Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Saunders_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Lalith Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalith_Babu"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas2021-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"FIDE Grand Prix 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2017"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018"},{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2017"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Baden-Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden"},{"link_name":"Fabiano Caruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana"},{"link_name":"Magnus Carlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"50th Biel Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biel_Chess_Festival"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Chess World Cup 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2017"},{"link_name":"Levon Aronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Aronian"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"At the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival, Hou finished with a score of 6/10 (the tournament was won by Hikaru Nakamura). Her round 7 win against the French master Borya Ider, in which she made an early positional sacrifice of queen for two minor pieces, was described as \"truly astonishing\" by organizer and chess journalist John Saunders.[164] In the final round, she appeared to throw her game against Indian Grandmaster Lalith Babu, playing a ridiculous opening and resigning after 5 moves. She later explained that she was upset about being paired against other female players in 7 of her 9 previous games of a Swiss system tournament, despite men far outnumbering women at the tournament.[165][166] However tournament organizer Brian Callaghan said the pairings were simply the result of a computer program.[167]Hou Yifan was one of 24 players selected to play in the FIDE Grand Prix 2017, a qualification stage for the World Chess Championship 2018. She reached position 17 in the final standings, and thus was not able to qualify for the Championship.She declined to defend her title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2017, and as a result forfeited her title.[168]In April she participated at the Grenke Classic at Baden-Baden. She finished 5th out of eight players, beating Fabiano Caruana and drawing against Magnus Carlsen after having come close to winning.[169]In June she re-entered the top 100 players, as world no. 85.In August, she was clear first at the Category 16 50th Biel Chess Festival with 6.5/9 points (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2810).[170]In September she competed in the Chess World Cup 2017, where she went out in a second round tiebreak to Levon Aronian, the eventual winner.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tata Steel tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament#2018"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"5th Grenke Chess Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenke_Chess_Classic#2018"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"In January she competed in the Tata Steel tournament in Wijk aan Zee as the only woman in the field of 14 players, placing last with a score of 2.5/13 (+0−8=5).From 31 March to 9 April, she participated in the 5th Grenke Chess Classic. She finished equal 8th–9th out of ten with a score of 3½/9 (+0 –2 =7).[171]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"In December, she won the 2019 Belt and Road World Chess Woman Summit with 5/7 points.[172]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"rating list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"Judit Polgár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIDE_Top_players_and_Statistics-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings.fide.com-174"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"text":"Rated 2686 in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, Hou was the world no. 59 player and world no. 1 woman player (overtaking the recently retired Judit Polgár's rating for the first time). On 1 July 2006, she was the youngest ever player to enter the Top 50 Women (Number 8)[173] and Top 20 Girls (Number 2)[174] FIDE lists aged 12 (rated 2488), since FIDE began releasing these lists in 2000.[citation needed]Between the April 2006 and July 2006 FIDE rating lists, she gained an impressive 190 rating points from a rating of 2298 to a rating of 2488,[175] which made her the eighth highest rated female player, and the second highest rated girl, in the world.[citation needed]Hou receiving the Caissa Cup in 2012Four-time winner of the honorary Caissa Cup[176] as the best female player of the year (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014). Chess Award of Caissa, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House,[177] was solemnly presented at the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul on 2 September 2012, during a meeting of the Commission for Women's Chess with the participation of Susan Polgar chairing the commission.","title":"Rating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation"},{"link_name":"French Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence"},{"link_name":"Nimzo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimzo-Indian"},{"link_name":"Bogo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Queen's Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"text":"Hou Yifan primarily plays 1.e4 as White. As Black, she usually plays the Sicilian Defence (including the Najdorf and Dragon variations) as well as the French Defence against 1.e4, while against 1.d4 she plays the Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian and Queen's Indian defences.[178][179]","title":"Openings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Sargissian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Sargissian"},{"link_name":"Levon Aronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Aronian"},{"link_name":"Corus (Group B) tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"Queen's Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"E15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_openings"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#?"},{"link_name":"+/−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#+/%E2%88%92"},{"link_name":"0–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#0%E2%80%931"}],"text":"This section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.Sargissian vs. Hou, 2008\n hgfedcba1122334455667788hgfedcbaFinal position after 49...Re8On 25 January 2008, Hou as Black beat GM Gabriel Sargissian (2676) of Armenia, longtime second of Levon Aronian, in the Corus (Group B) tournament, Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands:1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6 Queen's Indian Defense: Fianchetto. Nimzowitsch Variation (E15) 5. Qc2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Be7 7. e4 d5 8. cxd5 Bxf1 9. Kxf1 exd5 10. e5 Ne4 11. Nc3 Nxd2+ A novelty. 12. Nxd2 Qd7 13. Kg2 Nc6 14. Qa4 0-0 15. Rac1 f6? 16.Nd1 Nxe5 17.Qxd7 Nxd7 18.Rxc7 Bb4 19.Nf3 +/−; better was 15...Rfd8. 16. f4 fxe5 17. dxe5 Bb4 18. Rhf1 Rac8 19. Ne2 Nxe5 20. Qxb4 Nd3 21. Qb3 Nxc1 22. Nxc1 Rce8 23. Nf3 Qf5 24. Rf2 c5 25. Qd3 Qe4 26. Rd2 d4 27. Qxe4 Rxe4 28. Nd3 Re6 29. h4 Rc8 30. a4 a6 31. Nfe5 b5 32. a5 g6 33. Rc2 c4 34. Nb4 Rf8 35. b3 d3 36. Rd2 Rc8 37. Rd1 Rd6 38. Kf3 d2 39. bxc4 bxc4 40. Nc2 c3 41. Ke2 Rd5 42. Ng4 Rxa5 43. Nge3 Rd8 44. Rb1 Ra2 45. Kd1 Rb2 46. Ra1 Rdb8 47. Rxa6 Rb1+ 48. Ke2 Rc1 49. Rc6 Re8 0–1 If 50.Kd3, then ...Rxc2 follows. If 50.Rxc3, then ...d1=Q+.","title":"Notable games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"Male-female skill gap at the top-level","text":"Yifan claimed that there are many reasons for the lack of female contenders at the chess top-level. She says there is a physical aspect to long chess games that might advantage men, and that men generally work harder at chess than women growing up. She uses Chinese girls as an example and points out that most prefer a balanced life, prioritizing things such as university and family life at the cost of working on chess. But she claims there also are external factors: girls playing chess growing up are only encouraged to compete for the girl's title, which might lower their motivation.[180]","title":"Views"}] | [{"image_text":"Hou Yifan, when she was 11, at the 2005 World Team Chess Championship, Beersheva, Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hou_Yifan_2005.jpg/300px-Hou_Yifan_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hou Yifan at the 2007 Corus Chess Tournament","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/HouyifanCorus2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hou Yifan at the 2008 World Junior Chess Championship, Gaziantep, Turkey where she gained a GM norm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hou_Yifan.jpg/300px-Hou_Yifan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Prix Cup award ceremony, Sharjah, UAE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8_2013-2014_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8_2013-2014_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hou receiving the Caissa Cup in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_-_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of chess grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters"},{"title":"List of female chess players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players"},{"title":"List of youngest grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youngest_grandmasters"}] | [{"reference":"侯逸凡 (in Simplified Chinese). China Chess League. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104055939/http://ccl.sports.cn/remark/2006-06-13/875476.html","url_text":"侯逸凡"},{"url":"http://ccl.sports.cn/remark/2006-06-13/875476.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"chesspawn.net\". chesspawn.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314074926/http://chesspawn.net/xml/xm6-3.htm","url_text":"\"chesspawn.net\""},{"url":"http://chesspawn.net/xml/xm6-3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan leads Monaco Womens' [sic] Grand Prix\". ChessBase. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-leads-monaco-womens-grand-prix","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan leads Monaco Womens' [sic] Grand Prix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Top 100 Women\". FIDE.","urls":[{"url":"http://ratings.fide.com/top.phtml?list=women","url_text":"\"Standard Top 100 Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE","url_text":"FIDE"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?\". BBC News. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-41380265","url_text":"\"BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?\""}]},{"reference":"tradimo.com – learn to trade (22 August 2016), Interview with Hou Yifan, Women's Chess World Champion | tradimo, retrieved 23 August 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASX39rJt2bs","url_text":"Interview with Hou Yifan, Women's Chess World Champion | tradimo"}]},{"reference":"Diana Mihajlova (5 February 2009). \"Hou Yifan, a Chinese chess prodigy\". Chess News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5197","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan, a Chinese chess prodigy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess for success\". Chinadaily.com.cn. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2008-10/07/content_7081908.htm","url_text":"\"Chess for success\""}]},{"reference":"\"ChessBase\". Chessbase.de. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.de/nachrichten.asp?newsid=7381","url_text":"\"ChessBase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of Chess Win Rhodes Scholarships among 12,000 Global Candidates\". 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184343/http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/newsmakers/1712/2021-1.htm","url_text":"\"Queen of Chess Win Rhodes Scholarships among 12,000 Global Candidates\""},{"url":"http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/newsmakers/1712/2021-1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford, led by Hou Yifran, wins the 137th Varsity chess match\". St Hilda's College Oxford. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/oxford-led-hou-yifran-wins-137th-varsity-chess-match","url_text":"\"Oxford, led by Hou Yifran, wins the 137th Varsity chess match\""}]},{"reference":"Alex W. Palmer (12 September 2017). \"The exceptional genius of Hou Yifan\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/20619175/inspiring-greatness-exceptional-genius-hou-yifan-one-china-greatest-chess-players","url_text":"\"The exceptional genius of Hou Yifan\""}]},{"reference":"Katy Scott (2 January 2018). \"Top female grandmaster takes on man's world of chess\".","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/22/middleeast/chess-yifan-hou/index.html","url_text":"\"Top female grandmaster takes on man's world of chess\""}]},{"reference":"Doggers (PeterDoggers), Peter (10 July 2020). \"Hou Yifan Youngest Ever Professor At Shenzhen University\". Chess.com. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chess.com/news/view/hou-yifan-professor-shenzhen-university","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan Youngest Ever Professor At Shenzhen University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan becomes the youngest professor of Shenzhen University and helps city construction (Google translation)\". Sina. Retrieved 28 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/go/2020-07-10/doc-iirczymm1640744.shtml","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan becomes the youngest professor of Shenzhen University and helps city construction (Google translation)\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (3 December 2011). \"Asian Women's Championship\". The Week in Chess 529.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic529.html#11","url_text":"\"Asian Women's Championship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"China – France Youth Match\". The Week in Chess 557.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic557.html#22","url_text":"\"China – France Youth Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"World Youth Chess Championship 2005\". The Week in Chess 560.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic560.html#6","url_text":"\"World Youth Chess Championship 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"Wojciech Bartelski (11 November 2005). \"Olimpbase tournament website\". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2005t/2005in.html","url_text":"\"Olimpbase tournament website\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Team Championships – the Chinese are coming\". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211190853/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2721","url_text":"\"World Team Championships – the Chinese are coming\""},{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2721","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"China still in the lead\". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604184541/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2724","url_text":"\"China still in the lead\""},{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2724","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wojciech Bartelski. \"6th World Team Chess Championship\". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2005t/2005chnw.html","url_text":"\"6th World Team Chess Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia leads in the World Team Championships\". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630064840/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2718","url_text":"\"Russia leads in the World Team Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2718","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WCTC: China loses but retains the lead\". Chessbase.com. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2728","url_text":"\"WCTC: China loses but retains the lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caught! Russians win the World Team Championship\". Chessbase.com. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2730","url_text":"\"Caught! Russians win the World Team Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006\". Chessbase.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2910","url_text":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006, Ekaterinburg, Russia: Results\". FIDE. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwcc2006.fide.com/results.asp-cat=3.htm","url_text":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006, Ekaterinburg, Russia: Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Womens [sic] World Championship\". Chessbase.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/eventlist.asp?eventname=%20Womens%20World%20Championship","url_text":"\"Womens [sic] World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Wojciech Bartelski. \"Olympiad Statistics\". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersw/71r19dj9.html","url_text":"\"Olympiad Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"Chinese Championships\". The Week in Chess 609.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic609.html#6","url_text":"\"Chinese Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"\"North Urals Cup: Ladies Super-Tournament\". Chessbase.com. 5 July 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2494","url_text":"\"North Urals Cup: Ladies Super-Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"China-Russia Summit\". The Week in Chess 615.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic615.html#11","url_text":"\"China-Russia Summit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"France vs China\". The Week in Chess 618.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic618.html#5","url_text":"\"France vs China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"\"Wijk aan Zee 2007\". Chessbase.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/eventlist.asp?eventname=Wijk%20aan%20Zee%202007","url_text":"\"Wijk aan Zee 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corus, Wijk aan Zee 2007. Round 13 28th January 2007\". Chesscenter.com. 28 January 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/event/wijk07/wijk13.html","url_text":"\"Corus, Wijk aan Zee 2007. Round 13 28th January 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snowflakes are fallin' on the Aeroflot Open 2007\". Chessbase.com. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3679","url_text":"\"Snowflakes are fallin' on the Aeroflot Open 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aeroflot Open 2007: Evgeny Alekseev wins in style\". Chessbase.com. 25 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3695","url_text":"\"Aeroflot Open 2007: Evgeny Alekseev wins in style\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival Internacional de Ajedrez \"Ruy Lopez\"\". Ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111109203048/http://ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net/modules/news/","url_text":"\"Festival Internacional de Ajedrez \"Ruy Lopez\"\""},{"url":"http://ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net/modules/news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"1st Ruy Lopez International Festival\". The Week in Chess 646.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic646.html#4","url_text":"\"1st Ruy Lopez International Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomsk leads in the Russian Team Championships\". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411012640/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=3837","url_text":"\"Tomsk leads in the Russian Team Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=3837","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"China wins Women's Team Championship by two points\". Chessbase.com. 30 May 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3893","url_text":"\"China wins Women's Team Championship by two points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zhu Chen wins North Urals Cup 2007\". Chessbase.com. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4022","url_text":"\"Zhu Chen wins North Urals Cup 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stefanova leads in North Urals Cup 2007\". Chessbase.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4006","url_text":"\"Stefanova leads in North Urals Cup 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"The Week in Chess 667\".","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic667.html#3","url_text":"\"The Week in Chess 667\""}]},{"reference":"\"official website\". Ase.hu. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ase.hu/marxgy/2007/index_eng.html","url_text":"\"official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official UK-China Match Website\". Liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk. 9 September 2007. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106033104/http://www.liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk/lci_2007/index.htm","url_text":"\"Official UK-China Match Website\""},{"url":"http://www.liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk/lci_2007/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Linex and Monte-Carlo are European Team Champions\". Chessbase.com. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4169","url_text":"\"Linex and Monte-Carlo are European Team Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everybody's there – at the European Club Cup in Turkey\". Chessbase.com. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4160","url_text":"\"Everybody's there – at the European Club Cup in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Wins Classic Chess Gold in Macau Asian Indoor Games\". Fide.com. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/1647-138-china-wins-classic-chess-gold-in-macau-asian-indoor-games","url_text":"\"China Wins Classic Chess Gold in Macau Asian Indoor Games\""}]},{"reference":"Wojciech Bartelski (3 November 2007). \"2nd Asian Indoor Games: Macau 2007\". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2007ai/2007in.html","url_text":"\"2nd Asian Indoor Games: Macau 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stars from the Chinese League\". Chessbase.com. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4654","url_text":"\"Stars from the Chinese League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepomniachtchi wins Aeroflot Open 2008\". Chessbase.com. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4469","url_text":"\"Nepomniachtchi wins Aeroflot Open 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yifan Hou scored GM norm at Aeroflot\". Susanpolgar.blogspot.com. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2008/02/yifan-hou-scored-gm-norm.html","url_text":"\"Yifan Hou scored GM norm at Aeroflot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atatürk Istanbul: Hou Yifan wins Atatürk Masters\". Chessbase.com. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4526","url_text":"\"Atatürk Istanbul: Hou Yifan wins Atatürk Masters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament\". Awm2008.tsf.org.tr. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://awm2008.tsf.org.tr/","url_text":"\"Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"Barden, Leonard (29 March 2008). \"Chess\". The Guardian. London, UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/29/chess.sport","url_text":"\"Chess\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grandmaster GM norms application\". Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fide.com/FIDE/titles/images/cert/main3996.jpg","url_text":"\"Grandmaster GM norms application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Ruy López International Chess Festival in Mérida\". Chessbase.com. 10 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4561","url_text":"\"Second Ruy López International Chess Festival in Mérida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Adams wins Second Ruy López International in Mérida\". Chessbase.com. 13 April 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4566","url_text":"\"Michael Adams wins Second Ruy López International in Mérida\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"Chinese Championships\". The Week in Chess 710.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic710.html#","url_text":"\"Chinese Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess","url_text":"The Week in Chess"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Starting Rank List\".","urls":[{"url":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/component/option,com_turnuva/task,show/dosya,12/Itemid,12/lang,en/","url_text":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Starting Rank List\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Final Ranking\".","urls":[{"url":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/component/option,com_turnuva/task,show/dosya,24/Itemid,24/lang,en","url_text":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Final Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Norms\".","urls":[{"url":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/content/view/138/1/lang,en","url_text":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Norms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Site officiel des 8èmes rencontres nationales et internationales d'Echecs – Cap d'Agde 2008\". Capechecs.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capechecs.com/trophee_ccas.php","url_text":"\"Site officiel des 8èmes rencontres nationales et internationales d'Echecs – Cap d'Agde 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karpov and Ivanchuk in the semi-finals of Cap d'Agde\". Chessbase.com. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4990","url_text":"\"Karpov and Ivanchuk in the semi-finals of Cap d'Agde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess Olympiad Dresden 2008, teams\". Tournaments.chessdom.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tournaments.chessdom.com/chess-olympiad-2008-teams","url_text":"\"Chess Olympiad Dresden 2008, teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympiad in Dresden: Closing ceremony and prize giving\". Chessbase.com. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5041","url_text":"\"Olympiad in Dresden: Closing ceremony and prize giving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wijk R13: Sergey Karjakin wins Wijk aan Zee 2009\". Chess News. February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5190","url_text":"\"Wijk R13: Sergey Karjakin wins Wijk aan Zee 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (23 March 2009). \"VIII Asian Continental Chess Championship (Open and Women'), 12–24 May, Olongapo City, Philippines\". News.gilachess.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.gilachess.com/2009/03/viii-asian-continental-chess-championship-open-and-womens-may-12-24-olongapo-city-philippines","url_text":"\"VIII Asian Continental Chess Championship (Open and Women'), 12–24 May, Olongapo City, Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zurich Jubilee 2009 Areshchenko and Avrukh victorious\". ChessBase. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5680","url_text":"\"Zurich Jubilee 2009 Areshchenko and Avrukh victorious\""}]},{"reference":"\"200 Years Schachgesellschaft Zurich: Jubilee 2009\". Sgzurich2009.ch. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sgzurich2009.ch/index.php?lang=en","url_text":"\"200 Years Schachgesellschaft Zurich: Jubilee 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"GM Hou Yifan wins Third Kuala Lumpur Open\". ChessBase.com. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6252","url_text":"\"GM Hou Yifan wins Third Kuala Lumpur Open\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Crowther (11 August 2010). \"5th FIDE Women Grand Prix Ulaanbaatar 2010\". Chess.co.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/5th-fide-women-grand-prix-ulaanbaatar-2010","url_text":"\"5th FIDE Women Grand Prix Ulaanbaatar 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the 15th European Club Cup for Women 2010\".","urls":[{"url":"http://chess-results.com/tnr38885.aspx?lan=1&art=1&flag=30&wi=821","url_text":"\"Results of the 15th European Club Cup for Women 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com\". Chess-results.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chess-results.com/tnr40250.aspx?art=9&lan=1&fed=CHN&flag=30&m=-1&wi=1000&snr=1","url_text":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games\". Gz2010.cn. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132413/http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/ZB/ZBB101A_CH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ENG_number=200271.html","url_text":"\"The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games\""},{"url":"http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/ZB/ZBB101A_CH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ENG_number=200271.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Champion Hou Yifan pulls out of Gibraltar Festival\". Englishchess.org.uk. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englishchess.org.uk/?p=8451","url_text":"\"World Champion Hou Yifan pulls out of Gibraltar Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan wins the First Women Master in Wuxi\". ChessBase.com. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7180","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan wins the First Women Master in Wuxi\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011\". Aaichess.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaichess.com/standings.html","url_text":"\"AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rostov 2011 results\". FIDE. Retrieved 19 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rostov2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","url_text":"\"Rostov 2011 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shenzhen 2011 results\". FIDE. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103739/http://shenzhen2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","url_text":"\"Shenzhen 2011 results\""},{"url":"http://shenzhen2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Chess Cup 2011 Khanty-Mansiysk » Results\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924012854/http://chess.ugrasport.com/?page_id=1024&id=1","url_text":"\"World Chess Cup 2011 Khanty-Mansiysk » Results\""},{"url":"http://chess.ugrasport.com/?page_id%3D1024%26id%3D1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan World Women's Team Chess Championships\". Olimpbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersv/71r19dj9.html","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan World Women's Team Chess Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan, Short win Gibraltar, Nigel wins playoff\". chessbase.com. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-short-win-gibraltar-nigel-wins-playoff","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan, Short win Gibraltar, Nigel wins playoff\""}]},{"reference":"\"22 év után kapott ki nőtől Polgár Judit\" (in Hungarian). index.hu. February 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://index.hu/sport/sakk/2012/02/01/22_ev_utan_kapott_ki_notol_polgar_judit/","url_text":"\"22 év után kapott ki nőtől Polgár Judit\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBM training: Endgames from Gibraltar\". ChessBase.com. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7896","url_text":"\"CBM training: Endgames from Gibraltar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bu Xiangzhi lifts the trophy in Hainan Danzhou Chess Tournament\". Chessdom. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessdom.com/bu-xiangzhi-lifts-the-trophy-in-hainan-danzhou-chess-tournament/","url_text":"\"Bu Xiangzhi lifts the trophy in Hainan Danzhou Chess Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unive Hoogeveen:Nakamura wins with 2855 performance\". Chessbase. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/unive-hoogeveen-nakamura-wins-with-2855-performance","url_text":"\"Unive Hoogeveen:Nakamura wins with 2855 performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kazan interview 2012\". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025045722/http://yifanhou.net/blogenglish/news/interviews/interview-kazan-2012.htm#more-806","url_text":"\"Kazan interview 2012\""},{"url":"http://yifanhou.net/blogenglish/news/interviews/interview-kazan-2012.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan wins yet another Grand Prix, in Jermuk\". chessvibes.com. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/hou-yifan-wins-yet-another-grand-prix-in-jermuk","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan wins yet another Grand Prix, in Jermuk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database\". Chess-results.com. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://chess-results.com/tnr98201.aspx?art=4&lan=1&turdet=YES&wi=984","url_text":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cez Trophy:Hou Yifan beats Navara in Armageddon\". Chessvibes. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessvibes.com/cez-chess-trophy-hou-yifan-beats-navara-in-armageddon","url_text":"\"Cez Trophy:Hou Yifan beats Navara in Armageddon\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIDE Women's World Championship Match 2013\". Taizhou2013.fide.com. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://taizhou2013.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=17","url_text":"\"FIDE Women's World Championship Match 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"SportAccord MInd Games:Basque winners\". FIDE. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/7596-sportaccord-mind-games-basque-winners.html","url_text":"\"SportAccord MInd Games:Basque winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yu Yangyi & Ju Wenjun Chinese Champions\". Chess.com. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chess.com/news/yu-yangyi--ju-wenjun-chinese-champions-6539","url_text":"\"Yu Yangyi & Ju Wenjun Chinese Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biel: MVL clinches, Wojtaszek second\". 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/biel-mvl-clinches-wojtaszek-second","url_text":"\"Biel: MVL clinches, Wojtaszek second\""}]},{"reference":"\"41st Olympiad Tromso 2014 Women\".","urls":[{"url":"http://chess-results.com/tnr140381.aspx?lan=1&art=20&flag=30&wi=821&snr=1","url_text":"\"41st Olympiad Tromso 2014 Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khanty Mansiysk 4th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701205542/http://khantymansiysk2014.fide.com/standings/","url_text":"\"Khanty Mansiysk 4th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""},{"url":"http://khantymansiysk2014.fide.com/standings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lopota 5th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\".","urls":[{"url":"http://lopota2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=78","url_text":"\"Lopota 5th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharjah 6th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sharjah2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=78","url_text":"\"Sharjah 6th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Club Cup – Women\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050638/http://www.europeanchessclubcup2014.com/wwwWomen/rankplayer.html","url_text":"\"European Club Cup – Women\""},{"url":"http://www.europeanchessclubcup2014.com/wwwWomen/rankplayer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's World Championship 2014\". Fide.com. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/8293-womens-world-championship-2014.html","url_text":"\"Women's World Championship 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\" (in French). M.corse-echecs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.corse-echecs.com/Corsican-circuit-2014-dote-de-85-000-de-prix_a1452.html","url_text":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\""}]},{"reference":"Silver, Albert (22 October 2014). \"Hou Yifan and Vishy Anand in Corsica | Chess News\". En.chessbase.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-and-vishy-anand-in-corsica","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan and Vishy Anand in Corsica | Chess News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\". Corse-echecs.com. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corse-echecs.com/Victoire-historique-de-Hou-Yifan-_a1452.html","url_text":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 SportAccord World Mind Games Elo & Standings\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sportaccord2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=17=report","url_text":"\"2014 SportAccord World Mind Games Elo & Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top lists records\". World Chess Federation.","urls":[{"url":"http://ratings.fide.com/top_files.phtml?id=8602980","url_text":"\"Top lists records\""}]},{"reference":"\"March 2015 ratings: After 26 years, Yifan no.1\". Chess News. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/march-2015-ratings-after-26-years-yifan-no-1","url_text":"\"March 2015 ratings: After 26 years, Yifan no.1\""}]},{"reference":"YGTV Team (5 February 2015). \"Feb 05 – Hou Yifan Won't Defend World Champion Title in 2015\". Your Gibraltar TV. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yourgibraltartv.com/society/8519-feb-05-hou-yifan-won-t-defend-world-champion-title-in-2015","url_text":"\"Feb 05 – Hou Yifan Won't Defend World Champion Title in 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nakhchivan Open 2015, group A\". Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://chess-results.com/tnr168125.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=CHN&wi=821&snr=3","url_text":"\"Nakhchivan Open 2015, group A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dortmund Rd7: Caruana first, So second\". Chess News. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/dortmund-rd7-caruana-first-so-second","url_text":"\"Dortmund Rd7: Caruana first, So second\""}]},{"reference":"FS. \"Baku World Cup\". Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bakuworldcup2015.com/","url_text":"\"Baku World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – FIDE Women Grand Prix 2015–16\". Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://chess-results.com/tnr191069.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=CHN&wi=821&snr=8","url_text":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – FIDE Women Grand Prix 2015–16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Showdown in St. Louis\". Chess News. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/showdown-in-st-louis","url_text":"\"Showdown in St. Louis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan dismantles Evgeny Najer in Shanghai\". Chess News. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-dismantles-evgeny-najer-in-shanghai","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan dismantles Evgeny Najer in Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Participants\". Qatar Masters Open 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102915/http://www.qatarmastersopen.com/standings2015/","url_text":"\"Participants\""},{"url":"http://www.qatarmastersopen.com/standings2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\". Chess News. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/why-hou-yifan-has-dropped-out-of-the-cycle","url_text":"\"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Louisa (26 July 2021). \"Hou Yifan and the Wait for Chess's First Woman World Champion\". New Yorker. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/02/hou-yifan-and-the-wait-for-chess-first-woman-world-champion","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan and the Wait for Chess's First Woman World Champion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorker_(magazine)","url_text":"New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Barden, Leonard (3 February 2017). \"Hou Yifan resigns after five moves in protest over her Gibraltar pairings\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/03/hou-yifan-resigns-after-five-moves-gibraltar","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan resigns after five moves in protest over her Gibraltar pairings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Friedel, Frederic (20 May 2016). \"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\". Chess News. ChessBase.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/why-hou-yifan-has-dropped-out-of-the-cycle","url_text":"\"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting chess in the final round of the GRENKE Chess Classic\". Grenke Chess Classic. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041109/http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/home/13-en/article/215-fighting-chess-in-the-final-round-of-the-grenke-chess-classic","url_text":"\"Fighting chess in the final round of the GRENKE Chess Classic\""},{"url":"http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/home/13-en/article/215-fighting-chess-in-the-final-round-of-the-grenke-chess-classic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schulz, André (2 August 2017). \"50th Biel: Final round – Hou Yifan wins clear first!\". Chess Base. Chess Base – Chess News. Retrieved 2 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/50th-biel-round-9","url_text":"\"50th Biel: Final round – Hou Yifan wins clear first!\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer(s) (9 April 2018). \"GRENKE Chess Classic 2018: Pairings & standings\". Grenke Chess. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020142306/http://grenkechessclassic.de/en/grenke-chess-classic-2015/pairings-standings","url_text":"\"GRENKE Chess Classic 2018: Pairings & standings\""},{"url":"http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/grenke-chess-classic-2015/pairings-standings","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark. \"The Week in Chess 1311\".","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1311.html#22","url_text":"\"The Week in Chess 1311\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\". Ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml?list=women","url_text":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\". Ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml?list=girls","url_text":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The winner of Grand Prix Series will be awarded with precious trophy\". FIDE Grand Prix 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sharjah2014.fide.com/en/component/content/article/1-news-en/337-the-winner-of-grand-prix-series-will-be-awarded-with-precious-trophy","url_text":"\"The winner of Grand Prix Series will be awarded with precious trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The chess games of Yifan Hou\". Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=95916","url_text":"\"The chess games of Yifan Hou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'\". chess.com. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chess.com/article/view/hou-yifan-interview-chess","url_text":"\"Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ratings.fide.com/profile/8602980","external_links_name":"2632"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hou_Yifan&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.newinchess.com/Hou_Yifan__-ip-128035.html","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120906070334/http://www.newinchess.com/Hou_Yifan__-ip-128035.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104055939/http://ccl.sports.cn/remark/2006-06-13/875476.html","external_links_name":"侯逸凡"},{"Link":"http://ccl.sports.cn/remark/2006-06-13/875476.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314074926/http://chesspawn.net/xml/xm6-3.htm","external_links_name":"\"chesspawn.net\""},{"Link":"http://chesspawn.net/xml/xm6-3.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/17/chess-hou-yifan-no-1-woman-and-a-professor-at-26-makes-uneven-return","external_links_name":"Chess: Hou Yifan, No 1 woman and professor at 26, loses in online return"},{"Link":"http://www.bjreview.com.cn/newsmaker/txt/2008-09/28/content_155106.htm","external_links_name":"Newsmakers, Beijing Review"},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-leads-monaco-womens-grand-prix","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan leads Monaco Womens' [sic] Grand Prix\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/top.phtml?list=women","external_links_name":"\"Standard Top 100 Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-41380265","external_links_name":"\"BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASX39rJt2bs","external_links_name":"Interview with Hou Yifan, Women's Chess World Champion | tradimo"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5197","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan, a Chinese chess prodigy\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2008-10/07/content_7081908.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chess for success\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2007/09/04/chess-grandmaster-hou-13-is-no-square-100252-19730079","external_links_name":"\"Chess grandmaster Hou, 13, is no square!\""},{"Link":"http://wwcc2006.fide.com/main.asp?id=832","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan: \"Dreaming of a house in Paris\""},{"Link":"http://www.ase.hu/marxgy/2007/biography_146_eng.htm","external_links_name":"Biography of Yifan Hou"},{"Link":"http://www.womenchess.com/main.asp?id=832","external_links_name":"Interview at the Women's World Chess Championship 2006 by the tournament's organisers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060528084959/http://www.womenchess.com/main.asp?id=832","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.de/nachrichten.asp?newsid=7381","external_links_name":"\"ChessBase\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184343/http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/newsmakers/1712/2021-1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Queen of Chess Win Rhodes Scholarships among 12,000 Global Candidates\""},{"Link":"http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/newsmakers/1712/2021-1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/oxford-led-hou-yifran-wins-137th-varsity-chess-match","external_links_name":"\"Oxford, led by Hou Yifran, wins the 137th Varsity chess match\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/20619175/inspiring-greatness-exceptional-genius-hou-yifan-one-china-greatest-chess-players","external_links_name":"\"The exceptional genius of Hou Yifan\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/22/middleeast/chess-yifan-hou/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Top female grandmaster takes on man's world of chess\""},{"Link":"https://www.chess.com/news/view/hou-yifan-professor-shenzhen-university","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan Youngest Ever Professor At Shenzhen University\""},{"Link":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/go/2020-07-10/doc-iirczymm1640744.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan becomes the youngest professor of Shenzhen University and helps city construction (Google translation)\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=167&codt=10","external_links_name":"CHN Team Ch. Men 2003"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=167&codt=10","external_links_name":"CHN Team Ch. Men 2003 – CHN Tournament report"},{"Link":"http://www.chess.gr/tourn/2003/wyc2003/stands/girls_u10.html","external_links_name":"Girls Under 10 Standings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928181323/http://www.chess.gr/tourn/2003/wyc2003/stands/girls_u10.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=534&codt=10","external_links_name":"2003 CHN Indv.Ch.Women"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=534&codt=10","external_links_name":"CHN Indv.Ch.Women Tournament report"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=394&codt=12","external_links_name":"CHN Women Team Ch.2004"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=394&codt=12","external_links_name":"CHN Women Team Ch.2004 – CHN"},{"Link":"http://www.greekchess.com/wycc2004/stands/boys10.html","external_links_name":"Boys U10 Standings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060524060128/http://www.greekchess.com/wycc2004/stands/boys10.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic529.html#11","external_links_name":"\"Asian Women's Championship\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=808&codt=15","external_links_name":"Aeroflot Open C"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=808&codt=15","external_links_name":"Aeroflot Open C – RUS"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2346","external_links_name":"World Ladies Tournament in Jinan"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic557.html#22","external_links_name":"\"China – France Youth Match\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=2192&codt=17","external_links_name":"Fest. Open Intl. Jeunes – FRA"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=2192&codt=17","external_links_name":"Fest. Open Intl. Jeunes"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic560.html#6","external_links_name":"\"World Youth Chess Championship 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2005t/2005in.html","external_links_name":"\"Olimpbase tournament website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211190853/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2721","external_links_name":"\"World Team Championships – the Chinese are coming\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2721","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604184541/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2724","external_links_name":"\"China still in the lead\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2724","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2005t/2005chnw.html","external_links_name":"\"6th World Team Chess Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2005t/2005fa.html","external_links_name":"6th World Team Chess Championship final placings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630064840/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2718","external_links_name":"\"Russia leads in the World Team Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=2718","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2728","external_links_name":"\"WCTC: China loses but retains the lead\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2730","external_links_name":"\"Caught! Russians win the World Team Championship\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=2429&codt=20","external_links_name":"China Women Selective Tournament report"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/rtdarca.phtml?event=2429&codt=20","external_links_name":"China Women Selective Tournament details"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2981","external_links_name":"Women's World Championship 2006, round two"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2910","external_links_name":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006\""},{"Link":"http://wwcc2006.fide.com/results.asp-cat=3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women's World Chess Championship 2006, Ekaterinburg, Russia: Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/eventlist.asp?eventname=%20Womens%20World%20Championship","external_links_name":"\"Womens [sic] World Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/a6wo$wix.htm","external_links_name":"2006 FIDE Knockout Matches"},{"Link":"http://schach.wienerzeitung.at/tnr3411.aspx?tnr=3411&art=1&lan=1&flag=30","external_links_name":"Women's Team Composition with Round Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080305054146/http://schach.wienerzeitung.at/tnr3411.aspx?tnr=3411&art=1&lan=1&flag=30","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2006/2006in.html","external_links_name":"37th Chess Olympiad"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersw/71r19dj9.html","external_links_name":"\"Olympiad Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic609.html#6","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2494","external_links_name":"\"North Urals Cup: Ladies Super-Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3257","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3270","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic615.html#11","external_links_name":"\"China-Russia Summit\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic618.html#5","external_links_name":"\"France vs China\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3432","external_links_name":"World Junior Championship 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.armchess.am/WJGCC06/wjgcc-sta-g13.html","external_links_name":"World Girls Chess Championships, Yerevan"},{"Link":"http://www.coruschess.com/standings.php?year=2007&group=3","external_links_name":"Grandmaster Group C Final Standings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003341/http://www.coruschess.com/standings.php?year=2007&group=3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/eventlist.asp?eventname=Wijk%20aan%20Zee%202007","external_links_name":"\"Wijk aan Zee 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/event/wijk07/wijk13.html","external_links_name":"\"Corus, Wijk aan Zee 2007. Round 13 28th January 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/index.php?option=com_fidetitles&view=appsdt&cat=2&per=14&aid=8602980","external_links_name":"Application Details"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3679","external_links_name":"\"Snowflakes are fallin' on the Aeroflot Open 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3695","external_links_name":"\"Aeroflot Open 2007: Evgeny Alekseev wins in style\""},{"Link":"http://www.aeroflotchess.com/results/a1/SMWSite/players/p079.html","external_links_name":"WGM Hou, Yifan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303052110/http://www.aeroflotchess.com/results/a1/SMWSite/players/p079.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111109203048/http://ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net/modules/news/","external_links_name":"\"Festival Internacional de Ajedrez \"Ruy Lopez\"\""},{"Link":"http://ruylopez.juntaextremadura.net/modules/news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic646.html#4","external_links_name":"\"1st Ruy Lopez International Festival\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=9962&codt=26","external_links_name":"Women's Selective tournam"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=7635&codt=24","external_links_name":"8. RUS Team Women's Chmp."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411012640/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=3837","external_links_name":"\"Tomsk leads in the Russian Team Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=3837","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2007v/2007in.html","external_links_name":"1st World Team Chess Championship (women)"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3893","external_links_name":"\"China wins Women's Team Championship by two points\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersv/71r19dj9.html","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan at the World Women's Team Chess Championship"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4022","external_links_name":"\"Zhu Chen wins North Urals Cup 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4006","external_links_name":"\"Stefanova leads in North Urals Cup 2007\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic667.html#3","external_links_name":"\"The Week in Chess 667\""},{"Link":"http://www.ase.hu/marxgy/2007/index_eng.html","external_links_name":"\"official website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106033104/http://www.liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk/lci_2007/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Official UK-China Match Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolchessinternational.co.uk/lci_2007/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/trarc.phtml?event16=10110&codt=26","external_links_name":"2007 Women's Zonal 3.5 Ch"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4169","external_links_name":"\"Linex and Monte-Carlo are European Team Champions\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4160","external_links_name":"\"Everybody's there – at the European Club Cup in Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/1647-138-china-wins-classic-chess-gold-in-macau-asian-indoor-games","external_links_name":"\"China Wins Classic Chess Gold in Macau Asian Indoor Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersai/71r19dj9.html","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan at the Asian Indoor Games"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/2007ai/2007in.html","external_links_name":"\"2nd Asian Indoor Games: Macau 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4654","external_links_name":"\"Stars from the Chinese League\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4417","external_links_name":"Wijk R13: Aronian, Carlsen win Wijk aan Zee 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4469","external_links_name":"\"Nepomniachtchi wins Aeroflot Open 2008\""},{"Link":"http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2008/02/yifan-hou-scored-gm-norm.html","external_links_name":"\"Yifan Hou scored GM norm at Aeroflot\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4526","external_links_name":"\"Atatürk Istanbul: Hou Yifan wins Atatürk Masters\""},{"Link":"http://awm2008.tsf.org.tr/","external_links_name":"\"Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/29/chess.sport","external_links_name":"\"Chess\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/FIDE/titles/images/cert/main3996.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Grandmaster GM norms application\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4561","external_links_name":"\"Second Ruy López International Chess Festival in Mérida\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4566","external_links_name":"\"Michael Adams wins Second Ruy López International in Mérida\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic710.html#","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Championships\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/view_source.phtml?code=14483","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/3068-hou-yifan-just-misses-gm-norm","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan just misses GM Norm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080929112228/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/3068-hou-yifan-just-misses-gm-norm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/component/option,com_turnuva/task,show/dosya,12/Itemid,12/lang,en/","external_links_name":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Starting Rank List\""},{"Link":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/component/option,com_turnuva/task,show/dosya,24/Itemid,24/lang,en","external_links_name":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Final Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://wjcc2008.tsf.org.tr/content/view/138/1/lang,en","external_links_name":"\"World Junior Chess Championship Norms\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=58&view=article","external_links_name":"1.0. Requirements for the titles designated in 0.31"},{"Link":"http://www.capechecs.com/trophee_ccas.php","external_links_name":"\"Site officiel des 8èmes rencontres nationales et internationales d'Echecs – Cap d'Agde 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4990","external_links_name":"\"Karpov and Ivanchuk in the semi-finals of Cap d'Agde\""},{"Link":"http://tournaments.chessdom.com/chess-olympiad-2008-teams","external_links_name":"\"Chess Olympiad Dresden 2008, teams\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5041","external_links_name":"\"Olympiad in Dresden: Closing ceremony and prize giving\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.info/tnr16315.aspx?art=9&lan=1&flag=30&m=-1&snr=1","external_links_name":"From the Tournament-Database of Chess-Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192737/http://chess-results.info/tnr16315.aspx?art=9&lan=1&flag=30&m=-1&snr=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3583--titles-approved-at-the-79th-fide-congress-","external_links_name":"Titles awarded at the 79th FIDE Congress in Dresden, Germany"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144628/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3583--titles-approved-at-the-79th-fide-congress-","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004952/http://www.coruschess.com/article.php?s=n177","external_links_name":"Participants Grandmastergroups B and C (English)"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5190","external_links_name":"\"Wijk R13: Sergey Karjakin wins Wijk aan Zee 2009\""},{"Link":"http://news.gilachess.com/2009/03/viii-asian-continental-chess-championship-open-and-womens-may-12-24-olongapo-city-philippines","external_links_name":"\"VIII Asian Continental Chess Championship (Open and Women'), 12–24 May, Olongapo City, Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5680","external_links_name":"\"Zurich Jubilee 2009 Areshchenko and Avrukh victorious\""},{"Link":"http://www.sgzurich2009.ch/index.php?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"200 Years Schachgesellschaft Zurich: Jubilee 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6252","external_links_name":"\"GM Hou Yifan wins Third Kuala Lumpur Open\""},{"Link":"http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/5th-fide-women-grand-prix-ulaanbaatar-2010","external_links_name":"\"5th FIDE Women Grand Prix Ulaanbaatar 2010\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.com/tnr38885.aspx?lan=1&art=1&flag=30&wi=821","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 15th European Club Cup for Women 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.chess-results.com/tnr40250.aspx?art=9&lan=1&fed=CHN&flag=30&m=-1&wi=1000&snr=1","external_links_name":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132413/http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/ZB/ZBB101A_CH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ENG_number=200271.html","external_links_name":"\"The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.gz2010.cn/info/ENG_ENG/ZB/ZBB101A_CH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ENG_number=200271.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.englishchess.org.uk/?p=8451","external_links_name":"\"World Champion Hou Yifan pulls out of Gibraltar Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7180","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan wins the First Women Master in Wuxi\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaichess.com/standings.html","external_links_name":"\"AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011\""},{"Link":"http://rostov2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","external_links_name":"\"Rostov 2011 results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103739/http://shenzhen2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","external_links_name":"\"Shenzhen 2011 results\""},{"Link":"http://shenzhen2011.fide.com/tourview/show-10.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924012854/http://chess.ugrasport.com/?page_id=1024&id=1","external_links_name":"\"World Chess Cup 2011 Khanty-Mansiysk » Results\""},{"Link":"http://chess.ugrasport.com/?page_id%3D1024%26id%3D1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersv/71r19dj9.html","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan World Women's Team Chess Championships\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-short-win-gibraltar-nigel-wins-playoff","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan, Short win Gibraltar, Nigel wins playoff\""},{"Link":"http://index.hu/sport/sakk/2012/02/01/22_ev_utan_kapott_ki_notol_polgar_judit/","external_links_name":"\"22 év után kapott ki nőtől Polgár Judit\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7896","external_links_name":"\"CBM training: Endgames from Gibraltar\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessdom.com/bu-xiangzhi-lifts-the-trophy-in-hainan-danzhou-chess-tournament/","external_links_name":"\"Bu Xiangzhi lifts the trophy in Hainan Danzhou Chess Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/unive-hoogeveen-nakamura-wins-with-2855-performance","external_links_name":"\"Unive Hoogeveen:Nakamura wins with 2855 performance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025045722/http://yifanhou.net/blogenglish/news/interviews/interview-kazan-2012.htm#more-806","external_links_name":"\"Kazan interview 2012\""},{"Link":"http://yifanhou.net/blogenglish/news/interviews/interview-kazan-2012.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/hou-yifan-wins-yet-another-grand-prix-in-jermuk","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan wins yet another Grand Prix, in Jermuk\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.com/tnr98201.aspx?art=4&lan=1&turdet=YES&wi=984","external_links_name":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessvibes.com/cez-chess-trophy-hou-yifan-beats-navara-in-armageddon","external_links_name":"\"Cez Trophy:Hou Yifan beats Navara in Armageddon\""},{"Link":"http://taizhou2013.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=17","external_links_name":"\"FIDE Women's World Championship Match 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/7596-sportaccord-mind-games-basque-winners.html","external_links_name":"\"SportAccord MInd Games:Basque winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.chess.com/news/yu-yangyi--ju-wenjun-chinese-champions-6539","external_links_name":"\"Yu Yangyi & Ju Wenjun Chinese Champions\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/biel-mvl-clinches-wojtaszek-second","external_links_name":"\"Biel: MVL clinches, Wojtaszek second\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.com/tnr140381.aspx?lan=1&art=20&flag=30&wi=821&snr=1","external_links_name":"\"41st Olympiad Tromso 2014 Women\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701205542/http://khantymansiysk2014.fide.com/standings/","external_links_name":"\"Khanty Mansiysk 4th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""},{"Link":"http://khantymansiysk2014.fide.com/standings/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lopota2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=78","external_links_name":"\"Lopota 5th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""},{"Link":"http://sharjah2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=78","external_links_name":"\"Sharjah 6th Stage Fide Women's Grand Prix Standings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050638/http://www.europeanchessclubcup2014.com/wwwWomen/rankplayer.html","external_links_name":"\"European Club Cup – Women\""},{"Link":"http://www.europeanchessclubcup2014.com/wwwWomen/rankplayer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/8293-womens-world-championship-2014.html","external_links_name":"\"Women's World Championship 2014\""},{"Link":"http://m.corse-echecs.com/Corsican-circuit-2014-dote-de-85-000-de-prix_a1452.html","external_links_name":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-and-vishy-anand-in-corsica","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan and Vishy Anand in Corsica | Chess News\""},{"Link":"http://www.corse-echecs.com/Victoire-historique-de-Hou-Yifan-_a1452.html","external_links_name":"\"Victoire historique de Hou Yifan !\""},{"Link":"http://sportaccord2014.fide.com/en/component/turnuva/?task=fileview&kid=17=report","external_links_name":"\"2014 SportAccord World Mind Games Elo & Standings\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/top_files.phtml?id=8602980","external_links_name":"\"Top lists records\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/march-2015-ratings-after-26-years-yifan-no-1","external_links_name":"\"March 2015 ratings: After 26 years, Yifan no.1\""},{"Link":"http://www.yourgibraltartv.com/society/8519-feb-05-hou-yifan-won-t-defend-world-champion-title-in-2015","external_links_name":"\"Feb 05 – Hou Yifan Won't Defend World Champion Title in 2015\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.com/tnr168125.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=CHN&wi=821&snr=3","external_links_name":"\"Nakhchivan Open 2015, group A\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/dortmund-rd7-caruana-first-so-second","external_links_name":"\"Dortmund Rd7: Caruana first, So second\""},{"Link":"http://www.bakuworldcup2015.com/","external_links_name":"\"Baku World Cup\""},{"Link":"http://chess-results.com/tnr191069.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=CHN&wi=821&snr=8","external_links_name":"\"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – FIDE Women Grand Prix 2015–16\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/showdown-in-st-louis","external_links_name":"\"Showdown in St. Louis\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/hou-yifan-dismantles-evgeny-najer-in-shanghai","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan dismantles Evgeny Najer in Shanghai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102915/http://www.qatarmastersopen.com/standings2015/","external_links_name":"\"Participants\""},{"Link":"http://www.qatarmastersopen.com/standings2015/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/why-hou-yifan-has-dropped-out-of-the-cycle","external_links_name":"\"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\""},{"Link":"http://www.gibchess.com/download/reports17/Tradewise%20Gibraltar%20Round%207%20Report,%2030%20Jan%202017.pdf","external_links_name":"Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2017, Round 7 report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022230/http://www.gibchess.com/download/reports17/Tradewise%20Gibraltar%20Round%207%20Report,%2030%20Jan%202017.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/02/hou-yifan-and-the-wait-for-chess-first-woman-world-champion","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan and the Wait for Chess's First Woman World Champion\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/03/hou-yifan-resigns-after-five-moves-gibraltar","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan resigns after five moves in protest over her Gibraltar pairings\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/02/worlds-top-female-chess-player-resigns-5-moves-repeatedly-made/","external_links_name":"'Queen of chess' resigns after five moves, having repeatedly been made to play women"},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/why-hou-yifan-has-dropped-out-of-the-cycle","external_links_name":"\"Why Hou Yifan has dropped out of the cycle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041109/http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/home/13-en/article/215-fighting-chess-in-the-final-round-of-the-grenke-chess-classic","external_links_name":"\"Fighting chess in the final round of the GRENKE Chess Classic\""},{"Link":"http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/home/13-en/article/215-fighting-chess-in-the-final-round-of-the-grenke-chess-classic","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/50th-biel-round-9","external_links_name":"\"50th Biel: Final round – Hou Yifan wins clear first!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020142306/http://grenkechessclassic.de/en/grenke-chess-classic-2015/pairings-standings","external_links_name":"\"GRENKE Chess Classic 2018: Pairings & standings\""},{"Link":"http://www.grenkechessclassic.de/en/grenke-chess-classic-2015/pairings-standings","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic1311.html#22","external_links_name":"\"The Week in Chess 1311\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml?list=women","external_links_name":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml?list=girls","external_links_name":"\"FIDE Top players and Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/ratings/id.phtml?event=8602980","external_links_name":"Rating progress chart for Hou Yifan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626010101/http://www.fide.com/ratings/id.phtml?event=8602980","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chessdom.com/classic-jewelry-house-lobortas-presented-caissa-cups-in-istanbul/","external_links_name":"FIDE award of Caissa"},{"Link":"http://sharjah2014.fide.com/en/component/content/article/1-news-en/337-the-winner-of-grand-prix-series-will-be-awarded-with-precious-trophy","external_links_name":"\"The winner of Grand Prix Series will be awarded with precious trophy\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=95916","external_links_name":"\"The chess games of Yifan Hou\""},{"Link":"http://www.chess.com/article/view/young-superstars-hou-yifan","external_links_name":"Chess.com"},{"Link":"https://www.chess.com/article/view/hou-yifan-interview-chess","external_links_name":"\"Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'\""},{"Link":"https://ratings.fide.com/profile/8602980","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan"},{"Link":"https://www.chess.com/players/hou-yifan","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan"},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=95916","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120906070334/http://www.newinchess.com/Hou_Yifan__-ip-128035.html","external_links_name":"Profile at NICBase Online Info"},{"Link":"http://www.starzsports.cn/English/ydy_2.asp?id=159","external_links_name":"Profile at Starz International Sports"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070308013829/http://www.coruschess.com/participants.php?year=2007&group=3&bio=6","external_links_name":"2007 biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105120512/http://www.coruschess.com/participants.php?year=2008&group=2&bio=13","external_links_name":"2008 biography"},{"Link":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5197","external_links_name":"Profile and interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125074229/http://www.ugra-chess.ru/eng/interv_1.htm","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan interview at the 2009 World Cup"},{"Link":"http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2010/12/interview-with-hou-yifan.html","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan interview at the 2010 World Championship"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03mjlzq","external_links_name":"Hou Yifan interview with Dominic Lawson over a game"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml?ina=1&country=CHN","external_links_name":"FIDE top 100 country list"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwasawa_manifold | Iwasawa manifold | ["1 References"] | In mathematics, in the field of differential geometry, an Iwasawa manifold is a compact quotient of a 3-dimensional complex Heisenberg group by a cocompact, discrete subgroup. An
Iwasawa manifold is a nilmanifold, of real dimension 6.
Iwasawa manifolds give examples where the first two terms E1 and E2 of the Frölicher spectral sequence are not isomorphic.
As a complex manifold, such an Iwasawa manifold is an important example of
a compact complex manifold which does not admit any Kähler metric.
References
Ketsetzis, Georgios; Salamon, Simon (2004), "Complex structures on the Iwasawa manifold", Advances in Geometry, 4 (2): 165–179, arXiv:math.DG/0112295, doi:10.1515/advg.2004.012.
Griffiths, P.; Harris, J. (1994), Principles of Algebraic Geometry, Wiley Classics Library, Wiley Interscience, p. 444, ISBN 0-471-05059-8 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frölicher spectral sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6licher_spectral_sequence"},{"link_name":"complex manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_manifold"},{"link_name":"Kähler metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_metric"}],"text":"Iwasawa manifolds give examples where the first two terms E1 and E2 of the Frölicher spectral sequence are not isomorphic.As a complex manifold, such an Iwasawa manifold is an important example of\na compact complex manifold which does not admit any Kähler metric.","title":"Iwasawa manifold"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ketsetzis, Georgios; Salamon, Simon (2004), \"Complex structures on the Iwasawa manifold\", Advances in Geometry, 4 (2): 165–179, arXiv:math.DG/0112295, doi:10.1515/advg.2004.012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emis.de/journals/AG/4-2/2.html","url_text":"\"Complex structures on the Iwasawa manifold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0112295","url_text":"math.DG/0112295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fadvg.2004.012","url_text":"10.1515/advg.2004.012"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, P.; Harris, J. (1994), Principles of Algebraic Geometry, Wiley Classics Library, Wiley Interscience, p. 444, ISBN 0-471-05059-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Griffiths","url_text":"Griffiths, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)","url_text":"Harris, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-05059-8","url_text":"0-471-05059-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.emis.de/journals/AG/4-2/2.html","external_links_name":"\"Complex structures on the Iwasawa manifold\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0112295","external_links_name":"math.DG/0112295"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fadvg.2004.012","external_links_name":"10.1515/advg.2004.012"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay_and_Ettrick_Bay_Light_Railway | Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway | ["1 History","1.1 Electrification","1.2 Closure","1.3 Remains","2 Fleet","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"] | Railroad line in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK
Rothesay Tramway Co.Map of Rothesay tramwayOperationLocaleRothesayOpen19 August 1902Close30 September 1936StatusClosedInfrastructurePropulsion system(s)Electric originally horse drawnStatisticsRoute length4.87 miles (7.84 km)
Rothesay Tramway era: 1882–1902
Track gauge
4 ft (1,219 mm)
Propulsion system(s)
Horse drawn
Route length
2.37 miles (3.81 km)
Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway era: 1902–1936
Track gauge
3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
Propulsion system(s)
Electric
Depot(s)
Port Bannatyne
Route length
4.87 miles (7.84 km)
The Rothesay tramway was a narrow gauge electric tramway on the Isle of Bute, Scotland. It opened in 1882 as a 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge horse tramway, was converted to a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge electric tramway in 1902, and closed in 1936. It was the only public tramway to be built on a Scottish island.
History
Former depot in Port Bannatyne now a bus garage used by West Coast Motors
On 25 November 1879, the Rothesay Tramways Co. Ltd. was formed, to promote and operate a tramway on the Isle of Bute. It was the only tramway to be built on a Scottish island, and construction was authorised by the Rothesay Tramways Order 1880. Work on building the infrastructure started in early 1882, and by the start of June, it was completed. A public opening ceremony was held before the tramway had been inspected by the Board of Trade, and so it closed until 10 June, when that inspection took place. It was a horse-drawn 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge tramway running from the promenade at Rothesay to Port Bannatyne.
The line was 2.37 miles (3.81 km) long, with double track at the Rothesay end and single track further out. Rolling stock for the opening was obtained from Saville Street Foundry and Engineering, who were based in Sheffield, England. Cars 1 to 8 were toastracks with canvas roofs, while cars 9 to 12 were enclosed single-deck saloons. In July, a local joiner called James McBride built two toastracks fitted with roofs, which were numbered 13 and 14. William Lauder of Rothesay supplied two toastracks in 1891, numbered 15 and 16, while two more arrived in 1894, numbered 17 and 18, with number 19 arriving in 1897. The final three were probably also built by Lauder, but sources are not clear.
British Electric Traction, a company which was steadily acquiring a portfolio of tramway companies, approached Rothesay Tramways in 1899 with a proposal to buy the tramway and convert it to electric operation. Despite an initial refusal, British Electric Traction made repeated approaches, and in 1901 a deal was agreed. In advance of the sale, the Tramway company agreed to apply for permission to carry out the upgrade, and to negotiate the right to continue to operate the trams from 1902 until 1936. This required negotiations with the Rotheway Commissioners and because the track extended beyond the borders of the burgh, with Bute County Council. Once this was obtained, the tramway was sold to British Electric Traction in 1901, who acquired the existing trackbed, 19 trams, and 41 horses. The horse tramway continued in operation until 2 March 1902, when it closed to allow the reconstruction to proceed.
Electrification
Dick, Kerr & Co. were the contractors tasked with the work. The old rails were removed and sold, to be replaced by new rails at the narrower gauge of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm). Ten of the horse-drawn trams were regauged, and operated a temporary service on the relaid track from 17 May 1902. Track laying was completed by early June, and all work had been finished by August. An official opening was held on 13 August, but as with the horse tramway opening, the Board of Trade had not yet passed the line for operation, and so electric trams did not start running until 19 August.
Rothesay was one of only six local authorities in Scotland which were generating their own power in the early 1900s. The scope of this was quite limited, supplying electric lighting at the harbour and the waterfront. The Glenburn Hydropathic Establishment in Rothesay generated their own electricity, and the tramway likewise ran their own generating station. It was not until the 1920s that the Corporation started to implement a public supply of power, and the tramway assisted by selling spare power to the Corporation.
The base of a wiring pole is displayed in Bute Museum
As well as building the track, Dick, Kerr effectively supplied 15 of the initial 20 bogie vehicles, which were manufactured by Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works, a company that they had set up. Ten were open toastracks with seating for 50 passengers, and five were combination cars with 46 seats, which were used in bad weather and during the winter. The remaining five open cars were supplied by Brush, and also seated 46.
British Electric Traction acquired McKirdy and McMillan in 1902, a company that ran seven horse buses, and some 70 brakes and cabs. The volume of traffic across the island to Ettrick Bay convinced them that an extension to the tramway would be profitable, and so the Port Bannatyne to Ettrick Bay extension was built, running on its own right of way, rather than along existing streets. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) extension opened on 13 July 1905, and Dick, Kerr were again employed to build the line. Ettrick Bay terminus was equipped with a siding to hold three spare cars, and enough space to allow six cars to be loaded or unloaded at a time. The trams could run at 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) on the reserved track, whereas they were restricted to slower speeds on the public roads. During the summer months, concerts were held in a hall seating nearly 1000 people at Ettrick Bay, and the company sold combined tram and concert tickets.
On 1 January 1914, control of the company passed to the Scottish General Transport Company, a subsidiary company set up by British Electric Traction. The tramway began to experience competition from motor buses in the 1920s, and started their own bus service between Port Bannatyne to Ettrick Bay in 1925. This proved to be a profitable operation, and the future of the tramway began to look uncertain.
Closure
On 1 June 1932, the company name changed to Western Scottish Motor Traction Company, and the tramway closed on 30 September 1936. An official "last tram" left Rotheway at 17:00, but the final tram departed for the depot from Guildford Square in Rothesay at 23:00.
Remains
The tram depot in Port Bannatyne, which used to hold 20 trams, is now in use as a bus garage, and there are still tramway rails embedded in the floor. The depot consists of single storey red brick sheds with arcaded bays. A narrow building in front of the garage houses the enquiry office for the bus company. It was constructed in the early 20th century as part of the tramway development, and is a category C listed building, although the depot is not listed. Around 1 mile (1.6 km) of the reserved trackbed has been reused as a footpath and also forms part of the West Island Way long distance footpath. Rothesay Museum have three artefacts from the tramway. The handle used to operate the controller of the final tram to run on the system is displayed in a glass case. They also have the cast metal base for one of the overhead line poles, and a replica seat from a toastrack car. The cast iron ends are original, and although the woodwork is newer, its maker used the original specifications to ensure its accuracy.
Fleet
1–10 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 Toastracks
11–15 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 Single-deck saloons
16–20 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1903 Toastracks
Bibliography
Bloomfield, G T (2012). The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area (PDF). University of Guelph. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2023.
Holland, Julian (2007). Amazing and Extraordinary Railway Facts. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-2582-7.
Klapper, Charles (1974). The Golden Age of Tramways. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-6458-1.
Turner, Keith (1996). The Directory of British Tramways. Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-549-0.
Twaddle, Graham (2000). Old Bute. Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84033-099-1.
References
^ a b c d Turner 1996, p. 205.
^ a b Holland 2007, p. 95.
^ Klapper 1974, pp. 219–220.
^ a b c d Klapper 1974, p. 220.
^ Turner 1996, pp. 205–206.
^ Bloomfield 2012, pp. 6–7.
^ Bloomfield 2012, p. 9.
^ Bloomfield 2012, p. 10.
^ Bloomfield 2012, pp. 7, 10.
^ a b c Turner 1996, p. 206.
^ The Tramway and Railway World. Carriers Publishing. 5 March 1905. p. 266.
^ "Last Tram". Bute Museum.
^ "Pointhouse Tram Depot". Railscot.
^ "Pointhouse Tram Depot". Railscot.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Port Bannatyne, High Road, Bus Garage Office (Category C Listed Building) (LB45049)".
^ "Greenwood Crossing (Tram)". Railscot.
^ "Stage 3: Port Bannatyne to Rhubodach". West Island Way.
^ Signage at Bute Museum
External links
Media related to Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway at Wikimedia Commons
vteHistoric tramways in the United Kingdom and the Isle of ManEnglandEast
Cambridge
Colchester
Great Yarmouth
Ipswich Corporation
Ipswich
Lowestoft
Luton
Norwich
Peterborough
Southend
Wisbech & Upwell
East Midlands
Alford & Sutton
Chesterfield
Derby Corporation
Derby Company
Glossop
Ilkeston
Lincoln Company
Lincoln Corporation
Leicester Tramways
Leicester Corporation
Mansfield & District
Matlock
Northampton Corporation
Northampton Street
Nottingham Corporation
Nottingham & District
Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire
London
Barking
Croydon
Kingsway
London
East Ham
Erith
Ilford
Leyton
London County Council
London United
Walthamstow
West Ham
North East
Darlington Corporation
Darlington Street
Gateshead
Hartlepool Electric
Hartlepools Steam
Jarrow
Middlesbrough & Stockton
Middlesbrough Corporation
Middlesbrough, Stockton & Thornaby
Newcastle
South Shields Corporation
South Shields
Stockton & Darlington Steam
Stockton & District
Sunderland Company
Sunderland Corporation
Sunderland District Electric
Tynemouth & District
Tynemouth & District Electric
Tyneside
North West
Accrington
Accrington Steam
Barrow-in-Furness
Birkenhead
Blackburn & Over Darwen
Blackburn Corporation
Blackpool & Fleetwood
Blackpool Electric
Blackpool Corporation
Bolton
Burnley
Bury
Carlisle
Chester Corporation
Chester Company
Colne & Trawden
Darwen
Heaton Park
Lancaster
Liverpool Corporation
Liverpool Company
Lytham St Annes
Manchester
Morecambe
Nelson
Old Swan
Preston
Rawtenstall
Rochdale
South Lancashire
Southport
St Helens
Stockport
Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley & Dukinfield
Wallasey
Warrington
Wigan
South East
Brighton
Brighton & Shoreham
Brill
Chatham & District
Dover
Folkestone, Hythe & Sandgate
Gravesend & Northfleet
Gravesend, Rosherville & Northfleet
Hastings
Isle of Thanet
Maidstone
Oxford
Portsdown & Horndean
Portsmouth
Reading Corporation
Reading Company
Ryde Pier Tramway
Sheerness
Southampton Corporation
Southampton Company
Wantage
Wolverton & Stony Stratford
South West
Bath Tramways
Bournemouth
Bristol
Camborne & Redruth
Cheltenham
Devonport
Exeter Corporation
Exeter Company
Gloucester Corporation
Gloucester Company
Plymouth Corporation
Plymouth, Devonport & District
Plymouth, Stonehouse & Devonport
Poole
Seaton
Swindon
Taunton
Torquay
Weston-super-Mare
West Midlands
Birmingham City
Birmingham & Aston
Birmingham Corporation
Burton-upon-Trent
Burton & Ashby
Coventry
Dudley & Stourbridge Steam
Dudley, Stourbridge & District Electric
Dudley, Sedgley and Wolverhampton
Kidderminster & Stourport
Kinver
Leamington & Warwick
North Staffordshire
Potteries
South Staffordshire & Birmingham District Steam
South Staffordshire Company
Staffordshire Potteries Street Railway
Walsall
Wolverhampton District Electric
Wolverhampton Corporation
Wolverhampton Company
Worcester Electric
Worcester
Yorkshire andthe Humber
Barnsley & District
Bradford
Dearne District
Doncaster
Grimsby & Immingham
Grimsby
Halifax
Huddersfield
Hull
Keighley
Leeds Company
Leeds Corporation
Mexborough & Swinton
Rotherham
Scarborough funiculars
Scarborough
Sheffield
Wakefield
York Corporation
York Company
Yorkshire (Woollen District)
Yorkshire (West Riding)
Wales
Aberdare
Barmouth Junction & Arthog
Cardiff Corporation
Cardiff Company
Cardiff District and Penarth Harbour
Fairbourne
Glyn Valley
Great Orme
Harlech
Llandudno & Colwyn Bay
Llanelly
Llanelly and District Electric
Merthyr Tydfil
Neath & District
Neath Corporation
Newport Company
Newport Corporation
Oystermouth
Pontypridd and Rhondda Valley
Pontypridd Urban District
Pwllheli & Llanbedrog
Pwllheli Corporation
Rhondda
Swansea & Mumbles
Swansea Improvements
Swansea Constitution Hill Incline
Wrexham District
Wrexham & District Electric
Scotland
Aberdeen District
Aberdeen Corporation
Aberdeen Suburban
Airdrie & Coatbridge
Ayr
Carstairs House
Cruden Bay Hotel
Dumbarton
Dundee & District
Dundee Corporation
Dundee, Broughty Ferry & District
Dunfermline
Edinburgh Street
Edinburgh & District
Edinburgh Northern
Edinburgh Corporation
Falkirk
Glasgow Company
Glasgow Corporation
Glasgow & Ibrox
Greenock & Port Glasgow
Inchture
Kilmarnock
Kirkcaldy
Lanarkshire
Leith
Musselburgh
Paisley
Paisley District
Perth & District
Perth Corporation
Rothesay & Ettrick Bay
Stirling & Bridge of Allan
Vale of Clyde
Wemyss
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
Northern Ireland
Belfast Corporation
Belfast Street
Bessbrook & Newry
Cavehill & Whitewell
City of Derry
Castlederg & Victoria Bridge
Clogher Valley
Giant's Causeway, Portrush & Bush Valley
Glenanne & Loughgilly
Portstewart
Warrenpoint & Rostrevor
Isle of Man
Douglas Bay Horse
Douglas Southern Electric
Manx Electric
Snaefell Mountain
Upper Douglas Cable
Manufacturersand suppliers
British Thompson-Houston
Brush Electrical Engineering Company
Dick, Kerr & Co.
Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works
English Electric
Thomas Green & Son
Hurst Nelson
Kitson and Company
Lancaster Carriage and Wagon Works
Maley & Taunton
Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
Merryweather & Sons
Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
G.F. Milnes & Co.
Milnes Voss
Starbuck Car and Wagon Company
United Electric Car Company
William Wilkinson
Group holdingcompanies
Balfour Beatty
Birmingham and Midland Tramways Joint Committee
British Electric Traction
British Thomson-Houston
National Electric Construction Company
New General Traction Company
Imperial Tramways Company
Patent Cable Tramways Corporation
Provincial Tramways Company
Trade fairs
International Tramways and Light Railways Exhibition
First
Second
Third | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Isle of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"4 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway"}],"text":"The Rothesay tramway was a narrow gauge electric tramway on the Isle of Bute, Scotland. It opened in 1882 as a 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge horse tramway, was converted to a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge electric tramway in 1902, and closed in 1936. It was the only public tramway to be built on a Scottish island.","title":"Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Rothesay_and_Ettrick_Bay_Light_Railway_depot_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Port Bannatyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Bannatyne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996205-1"},{"link_name":"4 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay,_Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Port Bannatyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Bannatyne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland200795-2"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996205-1"},{"link_name":"British Electric Traction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Electric_Traction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996205-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapper1974219%E2%80%93220-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996205-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapper1974220-4"}],"text":"Former depot in Port Bannatyne now a bus garage used by West Coast MotorsOn 25 November 1879, the Rothesay Tramways Co. Ltd. was formed, to promote and operate a tramway on the Isle of Bute. It was the only tramway to be built on a Scottish island, and construction was authorised by the Rothesay Tramways Order 1880. Work on building the infrastructure started in early 1882, and by the start of June, it was completed. A public opening ceremony was held before the tramway had been inspected by the Board of Trade, and so it closed until 10 June, when that inspection took place.[1] It was a horse-drawn 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge tramway running from the promenade at Rothesay to Port Bannatyne.[2]The line was 2.37 miles (3.81 km) long, with double track at the Rothesay end and single track further out. Rolling stock for the opening was obtained from Saville Street Foundry and Engineering, who were based in Sheffield, England. Cars 1 to 8 were toastracks with canvas roofs, while cars 9 to 12 were enclosed single-deck saloons. In July, a local joiner called James McBride built two toastracks fitted with roofs, which were numbered 13 and 14. William Lauder of Rothesay supplied two toastracks in 1891, numbered 15 and 16, while two more arrived in 1894, numbered 17 and 18, with number 19 arriving in 1897. The final three were probably also built by Lauder, but sources are not clear.[1]British Electric Traction, a company which was steadily acquiring a portfolio of tramway companies, approached Rothesay Tramways in 1899 with a proposal to buy the tramway and convert it to electric operation. Despite an initial refusal, British Electric Traction made repeated approaches, and in 1901 a deal was agreed.[1] In advance of the sale, the Tramway company agreed to apply for permission to carry out the upgrade, and to negotiate the right to continue to operate the trams from 1902 until 1936. This required negotiations with the Rotheway Commissioners and because the track extended beyond the borders of the burgh, with Bute County Council.[3] Once this was obtained, the tramway was sold to British Electric Traction in 1901, who acquired the existing trackbed, 19 trams, and 41 horses. The horse tramway continued in operation until 2 March 1902, when it closed to allow the reconstruction to proceed.[1][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick, Kerr & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick,_Kerr_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996205%E2%80%93206-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield20126%E2%80%937-6"},{"link_name":"Hydropathic Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotherapy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield20129-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield201210-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield20127,_10-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rothesay_1495.jpg"},{"link_name":"Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Railway_and_Tramway_Carriage_Works"},{"link_name":"Brush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Traction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapper1974220-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996206-10"},{"link_name":"Ettrick Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettrick_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapper1974220-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996206-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapper1974220-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996206-10"}],"sub_title":"Electrification","text":"Dick, Kerr & Co. were the contractors tasked with the work. The old rails were removed and sold, to be replaced by new rails at the narrower gauge of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm). Ten of the horse-drawn trams were regauged, and operated a temporary service on the relaid track from 17 May 1902. Track laying was completed by early June, and all work had been finished by August. An official opening was held on 13 August, but as with the horse tramway opening, the Board of Trade had not yet passed the line for operation, and so electric trams did not start running until 19 August.[5]Rothesay was one of only six local authorities in Scotland which were generating their own power in the early 1900s. The scope of this was quite limited, supplying electric lighting at the harbour and the waterfront.[6] The Glenburn Hydropathic Establishment in Rothesay generated their own electricity,[7] and the tramway likewise ran their own generating station.[8] It was not until the 1920s that the Corporation started to implement a public supply of power, and the tramway assisted by selling spare power to the Corporation.[9]The base of a wiring pole is displayed in Bute MuseumAs well as building the track, Dick, Kerr effectively supplied 15 of the initial 20 bogie vehicles, which were manufactured by Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works, a company that they had set up. Ten were open toastracks with seating for 50 passengers, and five were combination cars with 46 seats, which were used in bad weather and during the winter. The remaining five open cars were supplied by Brush, and also seated 46.[4][10]British Electric Traction acquired McKirdy and McMillan in 1902, a company that ran seven horse buses, and some 70 brakes and cabs. The volume of traffic across the island to Ettrick Bay convinced them that an extension to the tramway would be profitable,[4] and so the Port Bannatyne to Ettrick Bay extension was built, running on its own right of way, rather than along existing streets. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) extension opened on 13 July 1905,[10] and Dick, Kerr were again employed to build the line.[11] Ettrick Bay terminus was equipped with a siding to hold three spare cars, and enough space to allow six cars to be loaded or unloaded at a time. The trams could run at 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) on the reserved track, whereas they were restricted to slower speeds on the public roads. During the summer months, concerts were held in a hall seating nearly 1000 people at Ettrick Bay, and the company sold combined tram and concert tickets.[4]On 1 January 1914, control of the company passed to the Scottish General Transport Company, a subsidiary company set up by British Electric Traction. The tramway began to experience competition from motor buses in the 1920s, and started their own bus service between Port Bannatyne to Ettrick Bay in 1925. This proved to be a profitable operation, and the future of the tramway began to look uncertain.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland200795-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Closure","text":"On 1 June 1932, the company name changed to Western Scottish Motor Traction Company, and the tramway closed on 30 September 1936.[2] An official \"last tram\" left Rotheway at 17:00, but the final tram departed for the depot from Guildford Square in Rothesay at 23:00.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Bannatyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Bannatyne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"West Island Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island_Way"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Remains","text":"The tram depot in Port Bannatyne, which used to hold 20 trams, is now in use as a bus garage,[13] and there are still tramway rails embedded in the floor.[14] The depot consists of single storey red brick sheds with arcaded bays. A narrow building in front of the garage houses the enquiry office for the bus company. It was constructed in the early 20th century as part of the tramway development, and is a category C listed building, although the depot is not listed.[15] Around 1 mile (1.6 km) of the reserved trackbed has been reused as a footpath[16] and also forms part of the West Island Way long distance footpath.[17] Rothesay Museum have three artefacts from the tramway. The handle used to operate the controller of the final tram to run on the system is displayed in a glass case. They also have the cast metal base for one of the overhead line poles, and a replica seat from a toastrack car. The cast iron ends are original, and although the woodwork is newer, its maker used the original specifications to ensure its accuracy.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Railway_and_Tramway_Carriage_Works"},{"link_name":"Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Railway_and_Tramway_Carriage_Works"},{"link_name":"Brush Electrical Engineering Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Electrical_Engineering_Company"}],"text":"1–10 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 Toastracks\n11–15 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 Single-deck saloons\n16–20 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1903 Toastracks","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230628070630/https://bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-2582-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2582-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-6458-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-6458-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-549-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-549-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84033-099-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84033-099-1"}],"text":"Bloomfield, G T (2012). The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area (PDF). University of Guelph. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2023.\nHolland, Julian (2007). Amazing and Extraordinary Railway Facts. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-2582-7.\nKlapper, Charles (1974). The Golden Age of Tramways. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-6458-1.\nTurner, Keith (1996). The Directory of British Tramways. Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-549-0.\nTwaddle, Graham (2000). Old Bute. Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84033-099-1.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Former depot in Port Bannatyne now a bus garage used by West Coast Motors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Former_Rothesay_and_Ettrick_Bay_Light_Railway_depot_03.jpg/220px-Former_Rothesay_and_Ettrick_Bay_Light_Railway_depot_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"The base of a wiring pole is displayed in Bute Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rothesay_1495.jpg/220px-Rothesay_1495.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bloomfield, G T (2012). The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area (PDF). University of Guelph. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf","url_text":"The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230628070630/https://bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Julian (2007). Amazing and Extraordinary Railway Facts. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-2582-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2582-7","url_text":"978-0-7153-2582-7"}]},{"reference":"Klapper, Charles (1974). The Golden Age of Tramways. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-6458-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-6458-1","url_text":"978-0-7153-6458-1"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Keith (1996). The Directory of British Tramways. Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-549-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-549-0","url_text":"978-1-85260-549-0"}]},{"reference":"Twaddle, Graham (2000). Old Bute. Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84033-099-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84033-099-1","url_text":"978-1-84033-099-1"}]},{"reference":"The Tramway and Railway World. Carriers Publishing. 5 March 1905. p. 266.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Last Tram\". Bute Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butemuseum.org.uk/project/last-tramin-1882-horse-drawn-trams-were-introduced-to-bute-running-from-guildford-square-to-port-bannatyne-the-journey-taking-30-minutes-the-line-was-electrified-in-1902-and-the-journey-time-reduce/","url_text":"\"Last Tram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\". Railscot.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/32/285/","url_text":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\". Railscot.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/54/3/","url_text":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Port Bannatyne, High Road, Bus Garage Office (Category C Listed Building) (LB45049)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB45049","url_text":"\"Port Bannatyne, High Road, Bus Garage Office (Category C Listed Building) (LB45049)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenwood Crossing (Tram)\". Railscot.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/32/235/","url_text":"\"Greenwood Crossing (Tram)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stage 3: Port Bannatyne to Rhubodach\". West Island Way.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westislandway.co.uk/stage-one-kilchattan-bay-circular-2-2/","url_text":"\"Stage 3: Port Bannatyne to Rhubodach\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf","external_links_name":"The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board Area"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230628070630/https://bpb-ca-c1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uoguelph.ca/dist/1/170/files/2021/06/EL-NSHEB-2021-txt_formatted-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.butemuseum.org.uk/project/last-tramin-1882-horse-drawn-trams-were-introduced-to-bute-running-from-guildford-square-to-port-bannatyne-the-journey-taking-30-minutes-the-line-was-electrified-in-1902-and-the-journey-time-reduce/","external_links_name":"\"Last Tram\""},{"Link":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/32/285/","external_links_name":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\""},{"Link":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/54/3/","external_links_name":"\"Pointhouse Tram Depot\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB45049","external_links_name":"\"Port Bannatyne, High Road, Bus Garage Office (Category C Listed Building) (LB45049)\""},{"Link":"https://www.railscot.co.uk/img/32/235/","external_links_name":"\"Greenwood Crossing (Tram)\""},{"Link":"https://www.westislandway.co.uk/stage-one-kilchattan-bay-circular-2-2/","external_links_name":"\"Stage 3: Port Bannatyne to Rhubodach\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Void_(song) | Love in a Void | ["1 Composition and recording","2 Legacy","3 Personnel","4 Sources","5 References"] | 1979 song by Siouxsie and the Banshees"Love In a Void"Song by Siouxsie and the BansheesReleasedSeptember 1979RecordedJune 1979StudioAir Studios, LondonLength3:03LabelPolydor RecordsSongwriter(s)Siouxsie Sioux, Steven Severin, Kenny Morris, Peter FentonProducer(s)Mike Stavrou and Nils Stevenson
"Love In a Void" is a song by the English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, written by singer Siouxsie Sioux, bassist Steven Severin, drummer Kenny Morris and guitarist Peter Fenton. Originally included as the b-side to the 1979 single "Mittageisen" in West Germany, it was later released as a double A-side single in September of the same year. It was also included on the band's 1981 ten track UK Gold certified compilation album Once Upon a Time: The Singles, and on the CD reissue of the album Join Hands.
The song was covered by metal band Darkthrone on the ep Too Old Too Cold in 2006. "Love in a Void" was also heavily sampled by rapper Akala in a version retitled "Love in my Eyes" on the album Freedom Lasso in 2007. The Banshees' studio version of "Love in a Void" was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 film 20th Century Women.
Siouxsie and the Banshees' biographer Brian Johns wrote that "Love in a Void" was "their old stage favourite" back in the late 1970s.
Composition and recording
Early demos indicate that the band composed the song during the first half of 1977 with guitarist Peter Fenton in the line-up.
When the band recorded their first John Peel session for BBC Radio 1 in late November 1977 in Maida Vale studio with Fenton's replacement John McKay, the first song aired was "Love in a Void". Biographer Brian Johns noted that "Kenny Morris' drums were given the Glitter Band treatment on 'Love In a Void'". The Peel session recording was released in 1987 on 12-inch and then in 2006 on the compilation Voices on the Air: The Peel Sessions.
In June 1979, the band finally recorded the song in George Martin's plush AIR studios situated on Oxford Street in London for Polydor. It was released as a double A-side 7-inch single in the UK in September. It was produced by band's manager Nils Stevenson and Mike Stavrou, the latter had engineered for one of the group's major influences, T. Rex on Dandy in the Underworld which was the final studio album of Marc Bolan.
The Banshees had already recorded another song dating from the Fenton-era for Polydor, "Carcass" on their debut album The Scream.
Legacy
The band was filmed playing "Love in a Void" live in concert by director Derek Jarman, it featured in the 1978 film Jubilee. The song was credited in the end credits of the film which was later released on VHS and DVD.
When the band decided to release a compilation album in late 1981, they included a version of "Love in a Void" in a slightly different mix.
"Love in a Void" also featured in the boxset At the BBC.
The song was still popular among their audience many years after its initial release. When Rolling Stone reviewed a tour reunion concert in New York in 2002, journalist Robin Athman noted that one discontented attendee said upon exiting, "I can't believe they didn't play 'Love in a Void'." Stuart Braithwaite of Mogwai selected it among his essential punk favourites during a radioshow for ABC.
Sioux was accused by some of anti-Semitism due to the original version's line "Too many Jews for my liking", which was sung on their set. Sioux herself clarified as a "metaphor for too many fat businessmen waiting to pounce, suck the youth from and cast aside new talent."
Personnel
Siouxsie Sioux – Vocals
Steven Severin – bass guitar
Kenny Morris - Drums
John McKay – lead guitar
Sources
Johns, Brian (1989). Entranced: the Siouxsie and the Banshees story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-1773-6.
Paytress, Mark (2003). Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography. Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-375-7.
References
^ "British Phonographic Industry search results ". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
^ Stosuy, Brandon (31 January 2006). "Darkthrone: Too Old, Too Cold EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
^ Goddard, Simon (September 2018). "The Restless Native". Q: 42.
^ 20th Century Women (Music From The Motion Picture) CD format. Rhino Records (2) – R2 558652. 2017.
^ Johns 1989, pp. 38.
^ Johns 1989, pp. 20.
^ Johns 1989, pp. 25.
^ a b Johns 1989, pp. 40–41.
^ Paytress 2003, pp. 56.
^ Jarman, Derek (2018). Jubilee - 40th Anniversary Edition (DVD + Blu-ray). Bfi. ASIN B079NBWJM8.
^ Johns 1989, pp. 60.
^ "Siouxsie Takes NYC Back in Time". Rollingstone.com. 22 April 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
^ "Mogwai share their essential punk favourites". Abc.net.au. 7 February 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
^ Swash, Rosie (16 April 2007). "Bryan Ferry's not the first musician to get into Nazi trouble". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
^ "Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com". www.untiedundone.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
^ "Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com". www.untiedundone.com. Uncut (magazine). January 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
vteSiouxsie and the Banshees
Siouxsie Sioux
Steven Severin
Budgie
Marco Pirroni
Sid Vicious
Kenny Morris
Peter Fenton
John McKay
Robert Smith
John McGeoch
John Valentine Carruthers
Martin McCarrick
Jon Klein
Knox Chandler
Studio albums
The Scream
Join Hands
Kaleidoscope
Juju
A Kiss in the Dreamhouse
Hyæna
Tinderbox
Through the Looking Glass
Peepshow
Superstition
The Rapture
Live albums
Nocturne
The Seven Year Itch
At the BBC
Compilation albums
Once Upon a Time/The Singles
Twice Upon a Time – The Singles
The Best of Siouxsie and the Banshees
Downside Up
Voices on the Air: The Peel Sessions
All Souls
Extended plays
The Thorn
The Peel Sessions (1987)
The Peel Sessions (1989)
Videos/DVDs
Nocturne
The Seven Year Itch
At the BBC
The Best of Siouxsie and the Banshees
Singles
"Hong Kong Garden"
"The Staircase (Mystery)"
"Playground Twist"
"Mittageisen"
"Happy House"
"Christine"
"Israel"
"Spellbound"
"Arabian Knights"
"Fireworks"
"Slowdive"
"Melt!"
"Dear Prudence"
"Swimming Horses"
"Dazzle"
"Overground"
"Cities in Dust"
"Candyman"
"This Wheel's on Fire"
"The Passenger"
"Song from the Edge of the World"
"Peek-a-Boo"
"The Killing Jar"
"The Last Beat of My Heart"
"Kiss Them for Me"
"Shadowtime"
"Fear (of the Unknown)"
"Face to Face"
"O Baby"
"Stargazer"
Other songs
"Love in a Void"
"Red Light"
"Tattoo"
Related articles
Discography
Personnel
The Creatures
The Glove
Mantaray | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"Kenny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Morris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Peter Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fenton_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Mittageisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittageisen"},{"link_name":"double A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time: The Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time:_The_Singles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-1"},{"link_name":"Join Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_Hands"},{"link_name":"Darkthrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkthrone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Akala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akala_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Freedom Lasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Lasso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"20th Century Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Women"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198938-5"}],"text":"1979 song by Siouxsie and the Banshees\"Love In a Void\" is a song by the English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, written by singer Siouxsie Sioux, bassist Steven Severin, drummer Kenny Morris and guitarist Peter Fenton. Originally included as the b-side to the 1979 single \"Mittageisen\" in West Germany, it was later released as a double A-side single in September of the same year. It was also included on the band's 1981 ten track UK Gold certified compilation album Once Upon a Time: The Singles,[1] and on the CD reissue of the album Join Hands.The song was covered by metal band Darkthrone on the ep Too Old Too Cold in 2006.[2] \"Love in a Void\" was also heavily sampled by rapper Akala in a version retitled \"Love in my Eyes\" on the album Freedom Lasso in 2007.[3] The Banshees' studio version of \"Love in a Void\" was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 film 20th Century Women.[4]Siouxsie and the Banshees' biographer Brian Johns wrote that \"Love in a Void\" was \"their old stage favourite\" back in the late 1970s.[5]","title":"Love in a Void"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fenton_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198920-6"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198925-7"},{"link_name":"Kenny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Morris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Glitter Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glitter_Band"},{"link_name":"Voices on the Air: The Peel Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_on_the_Air:_The_Peel_Sessions"},{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198940%E2%80%9341-8"},{"link_name":"double A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"7-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch_single"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198940%E2%80%9341-8"},{"link_name":"T. Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rex_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dandy in the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy_in_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Marc Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bolan"},{"link_name":"The Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream_(album)"}],"text":"Early demos indicate that the band composed the song during the first half of 1977 with guitarist Peter Fenton in the line-up.[6]When the band recorded their first John Peel session for BBC Radio 1 in late November 1977 in Maida Vale studio with Fenton's replacement John McKay, the first song aired was \"Love in a Void\".[7] Biographer Brian Johns noted that \"Kenny Morris' drums were given the Glitter Band treatment on 'Love In a Void'\". The Peel session recording was released in 1987 on 12-inch and then in 2006 on the compilation Voices on the Air: The Peel Sessions.In June 1979, the band finally recorded the song in George Martin's plush AIR studios situated on Oxford Street in London for Polydor.[8] It was released as a double A-side 7-inch single in the UK in September.[8] It was produced by band's manager Nils Stevenson and Mike Stavrou, the latter had engineered for one of the group's major influences, T. Rex on Dandy in the Underworld which was the final studio album of Marc Bolan.The Banshees had already recorded another song dating from the Fenton-era for Polydor, \"Carcass\" on their debut album The Scream.","title":"Composition and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Jarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarman"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaytress200356-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns198960-11"},{"link_name":"At the BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_BBC_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_album)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stuart Braithwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Braithwaite"},{"link_name":"Mogwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogwai"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The band was filmed playing \"Love in a Void\" live in concert by director Derek Jarman, it featured in the 1978 film Jubilee.[9] The song was credited in the end credits of the film which was later released on VHS and DVD.[10]When the band decided to release a compilation album in late 1981, they included a version of \"Love in a Void\" in a slightly different mix.[11]\n\"Love in a Void\" also featured in the boxset At the BBC.The song was still popular among their audience many years after its initial release. When Rolling Stone reviewed a tour reunion concert in New York in 2002, journalist Robin Athman noted that one discontented attendee said upon exiting, \"I can't believe they didn't play 'Love in a Void'.\"[12] Stuart Braithwaite of Mogwai selected it among his essential punk favourites during a radioshow for ABC.[13]Sioux was accused by some of anti-Semitism due to the original version's line \"Too many Jews for my liking\",[14] which was sung on their set. Sioux herself clarified as a \"metaphor for too many fat businessmen waiting to pounce, suck the youth from and cast aside new talent.\"[15][16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"Kenny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Morris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(musician)"}],"text":"Siouxsie Sioux – Vocals\nSteven Severin – bass guitar\nKenny Morris - Drums\nJohn McKay – lead guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7119-1773-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-1773-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86074-375-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-375-7"}],"text":"Johns, Brian (1989). Entranced: the Siouxsie and the Banshees story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-1773-6.\nPaytress, Mark (2003). Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography. Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-375-7.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Johns, Brian (1989). Entranced: the Siouxsie and the Banshees story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-1773-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-1773-6","url_text":"0-7119-1773-6"}]},{"reference":"Paytress, Mark (2003). Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography. Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-375-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-375-7","url_text":"1-86074-375-7"}]},{"reference":"\"British Phonographic Industry search results [scroll down the page and below \"Search by parameters\", enter \"siouxsie and the banshees\" in Keywords and click on search]\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British Phonographic Industry search results [scroll down the page and below \"Search by parameters\", enter \"siouxsie and the banshees\" in Keywords and click on search]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Stosuy, Brandon (31 January 2006). \"Darkthrone: Too Old, Too Cold EP\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 8 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/2634-too-old-too-cold-ep/","url_text":"\"Darkthrone: Too Old, Too Cold EP\""}]},{"reference":"Goddard, Simon (September 2018). \"The Restless Native\". Q: 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Goddard","url_text":"Goddard, Simon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"20th Century Women (Music From The Motion Picture) CD format. Rhino Records (2) – R2 558652. 2017.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jarman, Derek (2018). Jubilee - 40th Anniversary Edition (DVD + Blu-ray). Bfi. ASIN B079NBWJM8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarman","url_text":"Jarman, Derek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B079NBWJM8","url_text":"B079NBWJM8"}]},{"reference":"\"Siouxsie Takes NYC Back in Time\". Rollingstone.com. 22 April 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071222070902/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/siouxsieandthebanshees/articles/story/5934700/siouxsie_takes_nyc_back_in_time","url_text":"\"Siouxsie Takes NYC Back in Time\""},{"url":"http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/siouxsieandthebanshees/articles/story/5934700/siouxsie_takes_nyc_back_in_time","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swash, Rosie (16 April 2007). \"Bryan Ferry's not the first musician to get into Nazi trouble\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/apr/16/news.joydivision","url_text":"\"Bryan Ferry's not the first musician to get into Nazi trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\". www.untiedundone.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.untiedundone.com/nmescr.html","url_text":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\". www.untiedundone.com. Uncut (magazine). January 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.untiedundone.com/020105b.html","url_text":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut (magazine)"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","external_links_name":"\"British Phonographic Industry search results [scroll down the page and below \"Search by parameters\", enter \"siouxsie and the banshees\" in Keywords and click on search]\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/2634-too-old-too-cold-ep/","external_links_name":"\"Darkthrone: Too Old, Too Cold EP\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B079NBWJM8","external_links_name":"B079NBWJM8"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071222070902/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/siouxsieandthebanshees/articles/story/5934700/siouxsie_takes_nyc_back_in_time","external_links_name":"\"Siouxsie Takes NYC Back in Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/siouxsieandthebanshees/articles/story/5934700/siouxsie_takes_nyc_back_in_time","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/programs/artist-in-residence/mogwai-share-their-essential-punk-favourites/13111472","external_links_name":"\"Mogwai share their essential punk favourites\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/apr/16/news.joydivision","external_links_name":"\"Bryan Ferry's not the first musician to get into Nazi trouble\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.untiedundone.com/nmescr.html","external_links_name":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.untiedundone.com/020105b.html","external_links_name":"\"Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Creatures - Steven Severin - www.untiedundone.com\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Hanna | Alistair Hanna | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Northern Irish businessman
Alistair Matthew Hanna (18 January 1945 – 12 July 2014) was a Northern Irish businessman who managed the controversial Bushmills Dunes golf resort project.
Hanna was born in Holywood, Northern Ireland. He did his undergraduate work at Queen's University Belfast in physics and received his doctorate in 1972 in nuclear physics at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment near Harwell, as well as an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1974.
After joining the global consulting firm, McKinsey & Co., he rose to the position of managing partner, of the Stamford, Connecticut, office and led the firm's microelectronics and software practices operations. After retiring as a managing partner in 1997, he was Chairman of the Board until 2004. From 2004 onwards he chaired Alpha North America, a Christian group that provided coursework and an educational environment for a variety of Christian denominations.
He died of cancer in June 2014, survived by his wife, Nancy, and his step-daughter.
References
^ Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots
^ a b McKittrick, David (27 February 2012). "Environmentalists call Giant's Causeway golf course plan 'inherently and fundamentally wrong'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012.
^ a b O'Neill, Julian (14 July 2014). "Giant's Causeway golf resort businessman Alistair Hanna dies". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Farrell, Niven (15 July 2014). "Tycoon dies before dream of 5-star golf resort on north coast is fulfilled". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
^ McCreary, Alf (15 July 2014). "Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
^ "Alister M. Hanna Obituary". The New York Times. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
^ Askwith, Richard (17 September 1998). "God's own spin doctor". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
^ Verde, Tom (27 December 1998). "Crash Course in Christianity Is Winning Over Churches and the Wayward". The New York Times.
^ Cramb, Gordon (18 July 2014). "Master manager who loved God and golf". The Financial Times.
External links
Independent review of Alpha | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKittrick-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Holywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKittrick-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCreary-5"},{"link_name":"McKinsey & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alpha North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_course"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"}],"text":"Alistair Matthew Hanna (18 January 1945 – 12 July 2014)[1] was a Northern Irish businessman who managed the controversial Bushmills Dunes golf resort project.[2][3][4]Hanna was born in Holywood, Northern Ireland. He did his undergraduate work at Queen's University Belfast in physics and received his doctorate in 1972 in nuclear physics at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment near Harwell, as well as an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1974.[2][5]After joining the global consulting firm, McKinsey & Co., he rose to the position of managing partner, of the Stamford, Connecticut, office and led the firm's microelectronics and software practices operations.[6] After retiring as a managing partner in 1997, he was Chairman of the Board until 2004. From 2004 onwards he chaired Alpha North America, a Christian group that provided coursework and an educational environment for a variety of Christian denominations.[7][8][9]He died of cancer in June 2014, survived by his wife, Nancy, and his step-daughter.[3]","title":"Alistair Hanna"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McKittrick, David (27 February 2012). \"Environmentalists call Giant's Causeway golf course plan 'inherently and fundamentally wrong'\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/environmentalists-call-giants-causeway-golf-course-plan-inherently-and-fundamentally-wrong-7447135.html","url_text":"\"Environmentalists call Giant's Causeway golf course plan 'inherently and fundamentally wrong'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229041755/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/environmentalists-call-giants-causeway-golf-course-plan-inherently-and-fundamentally-wrong-7447135.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Julian (14 July 2014). \"Giant's Causeway golf resort businessman Alistair Hanna dies\". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-28300650","url_text":"\"Giant's Causeway golf resort businessman Alistair Hanna dies\""}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Niven (15 July 2014). \"Tycoon dies before dream of 5-star golf resort on north coast is fulfilled\". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/tycoon-dies-before-dream-of-5star-golf-resort-on-north-coast-is-fulfilled-30430565.html","url_text":"\"Tycoon dies before dream of 5-star golf resort on north coast is fulfilled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205636/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/tycoon-dies-before-dream-of-5star-golf-resort-on-north-coast-is-fulfilled-30430565.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCreary, Alf (15 July 2014). \"Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots\". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/Obituaries/obituary-dr-alistair-hanna-a-dynamic-businessman-who-stayed-true-to-ulster-roots-30430605.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728211205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/Obituaries/obituary-dr-alistair-hanna-a-dynamic-businessman-who-stayed-true-to-ulster-roots-30430605.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alister M. Hanna Obituary\". The New York Times. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=alistair-m-hanna&pid=171756853&fhid=2058","url_text":"\"Alister M. Hanna Obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053829/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=alistair-m-hanna&pid=171756853&fhid=2058","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Askwith, Richard (17 September 1998). \"God's own spin doctor\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gods-own-spin-doctor-1198570.html","url_text":"\"God's own spin doctor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728065343/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gods-own-spin-doctor-1198570.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Verde, Tom (27 December 1998). \"Crash Course in Christianity Is Winning Over Churches and the Wayward\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/27/us/crash-course-in-christianity-is-winning-over-churches-and-the-wayward.html","url_text":"\"Crash Course in Christianity Is Winning Over Churches and the Wayward\""}]},{"reference":"Cramb, Gordon (18 July 2014). \"Master manager who loved God and golf\". The Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bc4468fa-0d9e-11e4-815f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3856nDPht","url_text":"\"Master manager who loved God and golf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"The Financial Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-dr-alistair-hanna-a-dynamic-businessman-who-stayed-true-to-ulster-roots-30430605.html","external_links_name":"Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/environmentalists-call-giants-causeway-golf-course-plan-inherently-and-fundamentally-wrong-7447135.html","external_links_name":"\"Environmentalists call Giant's Causeway golf course plan 'inherently and fundamentally wrong'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229041755/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/environmentalists-call-giants-causeway-golf-course-plan-inherently-and-fundamentally-wrong-7447135.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-28300650","external_links_name":"\"Giant's Causeway golf resort businessman Alistair Hanna dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/tycoon-dies-before-dream-of-5star-golf-resort-on-north-coast-is-fulfilled-30430565.html","external_links_name":"\"Tycoon dies before dream of 5-star golf resort on north coast is fulfilled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205636/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/tycoon-dies-before-dream-of-5star-golf-resort-on-north-coast-is-fulfilled-30430565.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/Obituaries/obituary-dr-alistair-hanna-a-dynamic-businessman-who-stayed-true-to-ulster-roots-30430605.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Dr Alistair Hanna a dynamic businessman who stayed true to Ulster roots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728211205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/Obituaries/obituary-dr-alistair-hanna-a-dynamic-businessman-who-stayed-true-to-ulster-roots-30430605.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=alistair-m-hanna&pid=171756853&fhid=2058","external_links_name":"\"Alister M. Hanna Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053829/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=alistair-m-hanna&pid=171756853&fhid=2058","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gods-own-spin-doctor-1198570.html","external_links_name":"\"God's own spin doctor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728065343/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gods-own-spin-doctor-1198570.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/27/us/crash-course-in-christianity-is-winning-over-churches-and-the-wayward.html","external_links_name":"\"Crash Course in Christianity Is Winning Over Churches and the Wayward\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bc4468fa-0d9e-11e4-815f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3856nDPht","external_links_name":"\"Master manager who loved God and golf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163437/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2965%20","external_links_name":"Independent review of Alpha"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Silliman | Scott Silliman | ["1 Academic career","2 Career","3 Works","3.1 Select articles","3.2 Testimony to the Senate","4 Major service awards","5 References","6 External links"] | American judge and political scientist (born 1943)
Scott SillimanJudge of the United States Court of Military Commission ReviewIncumbentAssumed office September 12, 2012Appointed byBarack ObamaPreceded byWilliam Coleman
Personal detailsBorn1943 (age 80–81)Alma materUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Scott Livingston Silliman (born 1943) is a Professor Emeritus of the Practice of Law at Duke Law School, and Emeritus Executive Director of Duke Law School's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security. He was also an adjunct professor of law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and at North Carolina Central University.
Academic career
Silliman earned a Bachelor's Degree, in Philosophy, at the University of North Carolina, in 1965, followed by a J.D. degree, in 1968. While there he participated in the ROTC program. Upon graduation, he began a 25-year career as a military lawyer, in the United States Air Force. When he retired, in 1993, he joined the faculty at the Duke Law School. He was the first Executive Director of Duke's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security, a position he held for 18 years.
Career
Silliman was a military attorney, called to active duty as an U.S. Air Force judge advocate in 1968, and later a staff judge advocate (senior attorney) and, in his last assignments, the senior attorney for Tactical Air Command and later Air Combat Command. In 1993, he retired from the Air Force as a colonel.
Silliman is an expert on national security law, military law, and the law of armed conflict.
His views have been cited in various media, including by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, Newsweek, The Guardian, NPR, USA Today, and the New York Daily News. In 2012 Silliman was appointed by then President Obama and later confirmed by the Senate as an appellate judge on the US Court of Military Commission Review, (USMCRC), a blue ribbon panel created solely to review rulings and verdicts from the Guantanamo Military Commissions.
During the final part of the rescue of the crew of Maersk Alabama three of the four pirates retreated to the vessel's lifeboat, taking the Captain as a hostage, together with $30,000 from the ship's safe. According to widely publicized accounts of the Captain's rescue, when snipers heard a firearms discharge, on the lifeboat, three snipers each killed one of the pirates with a single shot. It emerged, during the trial of the remaining pirate, that the Captain could hear the labored breathing of at least one injured pirate. During the trial Philip L. Weinstein said that an expert on firearms wounds who examined photos of the dead pirates said they had been shot 19 times. Weinstein argued that the SEALS had violated their obligations, under the Geneva Conventions, to refrain from further injuring enemy combatants, who were too injured to further participate in hostilities. According to Fox News Silliman defended the SEALs, stating that "the SEALs had to make the assumption that the Somalis were armed and a continuing threat. In other words, they were still combatants."
An opinion Silliman offered on the guilt of Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, and his four co-defendants, in the 9-11 Guantanamo Military Commission triggered a civilian appeals court to overrule the USCMCR. The civilian appeals court agreed with the defendants that since Silliman had voiced an opinion, in a 2010 telephone interview with the BBC two years before he was appointed to the court, that the five were guilty, that he was biased, and should have recused himself.
Works
Select articles
"Robinson O. Everett and National Security", 59 DUKE L. J. 1447 (2010)
"Prosecuting Alleged Terrorists by Military Commission: A Prudent Option", 42 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 289 (2009)
"On Military Commissions", 36 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 529 (2004)
"Troubling Questions in Interrogating Terrorists", 90 DUKE MAG., September–October 2004
"Detaining Terrorists at Guantanamo Bay: Questions of Law and Policy", 25 NAT'L SEC. L. REP. 1 (2003)
"The Iraqi Quagmire: Enforcing the No-Fly Zones", 36 NEW ENG. L. REV. 767 (2002)
Testimony to the Senate
Testimony on Hamdan v. Rumsfield: Establishing a Constitutional Process", U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, July 11, 2006
Major service awards
Legion of Merit
Meritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
Air Force Commendation Medal with one oak leaf cluster
References
^ "United Nations Anniversary dinner". The News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). October 19, 1999.
^ a b c "Professor Scott Silliman, Duke Law School" (PDF). US Department of Defense. 2014-10-07. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-25. Retrieved 2017-08-12. Besides teaching at the law school, he served as Executive Director of Duke's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security from its inception in 1993 until July 2011, and now serves as its Director Emeritus.
^ "Former Air Force Deputy Judge Advocate General to join Duke Law faculty July 1". 0-www.law.duke.edu.library.law.suffolk.edu. April 29, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Scott L. Silliman". Law.unc.edu. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "NCCU – School of Law – Faculty Listings". Web.nccu.edu. January 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Scott L. Silliman". Law.duke.edu. August 31, 1993. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "The Virginian-Pilot Archives". Nl.newsbank.com. May 16, 1999. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ a b Prior, Richard (September 11, 2001). "Balancing prosecution and protection – The Daily Record – Jacksonville, Florida". Jaxdailyrecord.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "ProfNet Experts Round-Up: Detention of Terror Suspects". Newswise.com. February 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Contractors Indicted After Probe Into Shooting That Killed 17 Iraqi Civilians". washingtonpost.com. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (January 16, 2009). "Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ "Charges shift the fight on Padilla, He is indicted, but not in the "dirty bomber"case. Some say Justice was aiming to avoid a defeat". Philadelphia Inquirer. November 23, 2005. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Shane, Scott (November 1, 2007). "Nominee's Stand May Avoid Tangle of Torture Cases". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ Heard on All Things Considered (November 15, 2005). "Guantanamo Case Awaits High Court Ruling". NPR. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Correspondents Report – Hicks in legal limbo". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Army: Failures in pregnant soldier's death - Military- NBC News". NBC News. September 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington (November 10, 2008). "Obama legal advisers draft plans for Guantánamo Bay prison | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "News | Killing by the numbers". Salon.com. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ a b Kaplan, Eben (January 25, 2006). "Q&A: Targeted Killings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (January 16, 2009). "Court ruling buoys case for wiretaps". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ "Cases Against Detainees Have Thinned". washingtonpost.com. November 2, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Vicini, James (October 1, 2006). "New terrorism trial rules could face Supreme Court scrutiny – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Guantanamo detainees on US soil: a legal minefield". CSMonitor.com. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Michael Hirsh (5 August 2008). "Hirsh: Why the Hamdan Verdict is Big Loss for Bush – Michael Hirsh". Newsweek.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington (November 11, 2008). "Closing down detention centre 'not so easy' | World news". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ "Terrorism Trials Pose Dilemma For U.S." NPR. February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ a b "$30G went missing in SEAL rescue of Capt. Phillips; SEALs given polygraph test". Fox News. 2013-10-11. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
^ Steve Vladeck (2017-08-09). "D.C. Circuit Holds that 9/11 Appellate Judge Should Have Recused". Just Security. Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
External links
Duke bio
Silliman CV
Legal offices
Preceded byWilliam Coleman
Judge of the United States Court of Military Commission Review 2012–present
Incumbent
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Duke Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MilBio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Scott Livingston Silliman[1] (born 1943) is a Professor Emeritus of the Practice of Law at Duke Law School, and Emeritus Executive Director of Duke Law School's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security.[2][3] He was also an adjunct professor of law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC),[4] and at North Carolina Central University.[5]","title":"Scott Silliman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor's Degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Degree"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MilBio-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedcv-6"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROTC"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Duke Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Law_School"}],"text":"Silliman earned a Bachelor's Degree, in Philosophy, at the University of North Carolina, in 1965, followed by a J.D. degree, in 1968.[2][6] While there he participated in the ROTC program. Upon graduation, he began a 25-year career as a military lawyer, in the United States Air Force. When he retired, in 1993, he joined the faculty at the Duke Law School. He was the first Executive Director of Duke's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security, a position he held for 18 years.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"judge advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_advocate"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedcv-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1993-7"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaxdailyrecord1-9"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jaxdailyrecord1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"military law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"law of armed conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_armed_conflict"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Christian Science Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"US Court of Military Commission Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Court_of_Military_Commission_Review"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Military Commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Military_Commissions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MilBio-2"},{"link_name":"rescue of the crew of Maersk Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_the_crew_of_Maersk_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox2013-10-11-28"},{"link_name":"Philip L. Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_L._Weinstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox2013-10-11-28"},{"link_name":"Khaled Sheikh Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Sheikh_Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Military_Commission"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JustSecurity2017-08-09-29"}],"text":"Silliman was a military attorney, called to active duty as an U.S. Air Force judge advocate in 1968, and later a staff judge advocate (senior attorney) and, in his last assignments, the senior attorney for Tactical Air Command[6][7] and later Air Combat Command.[8][9] In 1993, he retired from the Air Force as a colonel.[9][10]Silliman is an expert on national security law,[11][12][13][14] military law,[15][16][17][18] and the law of armed conflict.[19][20]His views have been cited in various media, including by The New York Times,[20][21] The Washington Post,[22] The Boston Globe,[23] The Christian Science Monitor,[24] Newsweek,[25] The Guardian,[26] NPR,[27] USA Today, and the New York Daily News. In 2012 Silliman was appointed by then President Obama and later confirmed by the Senate as an appellate judge on the US Court of Military Commission Review, (USMCRC), a blue ribbon panel created solely to review rulings and verdicts from the Guantanamo Military Commissions.[2]During the final part of the rescue of the crew of Maersk Alabama three of the four pirates retreated to the vessel's lifeboat, taking the Captain as a hostage, together with $30,000 from the ship's safe.[28] According to widely publicized accounts of the Captain's rescue, when snipers heard a firearms discharge, on the lifeboat, three snipers each killed one of the pirates with a single shot. It emerged, during the trial of the remaining pirate, that the Captain could hear the labored breathing of at least one injured pirate. During the trial Philip L. Weinstein said that an expert on firearms wounds who examined photos of the dead pirates said they had been shot 19 times. Weinstein argued that the SEALS had violated their obligations, under the Geneva Conventions, to refrain from further injuring enemy combatants, who were too injured to further participate in hostilities. According to Fox News Silliman defended the SEALs, stating that \"the SEALs had to make the assumption that the Somalis were armed and a continuing threat. In other words, they were still combatants.\"[28]An opinion Silliman offered on the guilt of Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, and his four co-defendants, in the 9-11 Guantanamo Military Commission triggered a civilian appeals court to overrule the USCMCR.[29] The civilian appeals court agreed with the defendants that since Silliman had voiced an opinion, in a 2010 telephone interview with the BBC two years before he was appointed to the court, that the five were guilty, that he was biased, and should have recused himself.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troubling Questions in Interrogating Terrorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20041204221127/http://dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/091004/depgar.html"}],"sub_title":"Select articles","text":"\"Robinson O. Everett and National Security\", 59 DUKE L. J. 1447 (2010)\n\"Prosecuting Alleged Terrorists by Military Commission: A Prudent Option\", 42 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 289 (2009)\n\"On Military Commissions\", 36 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 529 (2004)\n\"Troubling Questions in Interrogating Terrorists\", 90 DUKE MAG., September–October 2004\n\"Detaining Terrorists at Guantanamo Bay: Questions of Law and Policy\", 25 NAT'L SEC. L. REP. 1 (2003)\n\"The Iraqi Quagmire: Enforcing the No-Fly Zones\", 36 NEW ENG. L. REV. 767 (2002)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Testimony on Hamdan v. Rumsfield: Establishing a Constitutional Process\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/irp/congress/2006_hr/071106silliman.html"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"}],"sub_title":"Testimony to the Senate","text":"Testimony on Hamdan v. Rumsfield: Establishing a Constitutional Process\", U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, July 11, 2006","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"oak leaf clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster"},{"link_name":"Air Force Commendation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal"}],"text":"Legion of Merit\nMeritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters\nAir Force Commendation Medal with one oak leaf cluster","title":"Major service awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"United Nations Anniversary dinner\". The News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). October 19, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110073601/the-news-and-observer/","url_text":"\"United Nations Anniversary dinner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Scott Silliman, Duke Law School\" (PDF). US Department of Defense. 2014-10-07. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-25. Retrieved 2017-08-12. Besides teaching at the law school, he served as Executive Director of Duke's Center on Law, Ethics and National Security from its inception in 1993 until July 2011, and now serves as its Director Emeritus.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/Professor%20Scott%20Silliman%20Bio%20%28Oct%207,%202014%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Professor Scott Silliman, Duke Law School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"US Department of Defense"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161225015922/https://www.mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/Professor%20Scott%20Silliman%20Bio%20%28Oct%207%2C%202014%29.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Air Force Deputy Judge Advocate General to join Duke Law faculty July 1\". 0-www.law.duke.edu.library.law.suffolk.edu. April 29, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://0-www.law.duke.edu.library.law.suffolk.edu/news/story?id=4893&u=11","url_text":"\"Former Air Force Deputy Judge Advocate General to join Duke Law faculty July 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scott L. Silliman\". Law.unc.edu. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/sillimanscottl/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Scott L. Silliman\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610004154/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/sillimanscottl/default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NCCU – School of Law – Faculty Listings\". Web.nccu.edu. January 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.nccu.edu/law/faculty/faculty/fbios.html","url_text":"\"NCCU – School of Law – Faculty Listings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610155200/http://web.nccu.edu/law/faculty/faculty/fbios.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610105630/http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/cv/silliman_cv2.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/cv/silliman_cv2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott L. Silliman\". Law.duke.edu. August 31, 1993. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/silliman/","url_text":"\"Scott L. Silliman\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609193833/http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/silliman/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Virginian-Pilot Archives\". Nl.newsbank.com. May 16, 1999. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFFC72DEF0DFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"The Virginian-Pilot Archives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045814/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFFC72DEF0DFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prior, Richard (September 11, 2001). \"Balancing prosecution and protection – The Daily Record – Jacksonville, Florida\". Jaxdailyrecord.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=39812","url_text":"\"Balancing prosecution and protection – The Daily Record – Jacksonville, Florida\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713092550/http://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=39812","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ProfNet Experts Round-Up: Detention of Terror Suspects\". Newswise.com. February 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/518153/","url_text":"\"ProfNet Experts Round-Up: Detention of Terror Suspects\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153105/http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/518153/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Contractors Indicted After Probe Into Shooting That Killed 17 Iraqi Civilians\". washingtonpost.com. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500309.html?hpid=moreheadlines","url_text":"\"Contractors Indicted After Probe Into Shooting That Killed 17 Iraqi Civilians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152118/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500309.html?hpid=moreheadlines","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (January 16, 2009). \"Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/washington/16fisa.html?ref=politics","url_text":"\"Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121034341/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/washington/16fisa.html?ref=politics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Charges shift the fight on Padilla, He is indicted, but not in the \"dirty bomber\"case. Some say Justice was aiming to avoid a defeat\". Philadelphia Inquirer. November 23, 2005. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10E14FCA54205800&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Charges shift the fight on Padilla, He is indicted, but not in the \"dirty bomber\"case. Some say Justice was aiming to avoid a defeat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609050131/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10E14FCA54205800&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shane, Scott (November 1, 2007). \"Nominee's Stand May Avoid Tangle of Torture Cases\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/washington/01mukasey.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Nominee's Stand May Avoid Tangle of Torture Cases\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204093711/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/washington/01mukasey.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heard on All Things Considered (November 15, 2005). \"Guantanamo Case Awaits High Court Ruling\". NPR. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5014021","url_text":"\"Guantanamo Case Awaits High Court Ruling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081412/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5014021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondents Report – Hicks in legal limbo\". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2005/s1509545.htm","url_text":"\"Correspondents Report – Hicks in legal limbo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111054456/http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fcorrespondents%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1509545.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Army: Failures in pregnant soldier's death - Military- NBC News\". NBC News. September 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26672984","url_text":"\"Army: Failures in pregnant soldier's death - Military- NBC News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407195332/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26672984/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington (November 10, 2008). \"Obama legal advisers draft plans for Guantánamo Bay prison | World news | guardian.co.uk\". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/obama-guantanamo-bay-prison","url_text":"\"Obama legal advisers draft plans for Guantánamo Bay prison | World news | guardian.co.uk\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904055523/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/obama-guantanamo-bay-prison","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News | Killing by the numbers\". Salon.com. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/05/09/snipers/print.html","url_text":"\"News | Killing by the numbers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090504103502/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/05/09/snipers/print.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Eben (January 25, 2006). \"Q&A: Targeted Killings\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot3_012506.html?pagewanted=print","url_text":"\"Q&A: Targeted Killings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235637/http://www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot3_012506.html?pagewanted=print","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (January 16, 2009). \"Court ruling buoys case for wiretaps\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/world/americas/16iht-tap.1.19422049.html","url_text":"\"Court ruling buoys case for wiretaps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121041504/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/world/americas/16iht-tap.1.19422049.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cases Against Detainees Have Thinned\". washingtonpost.com. November 2, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/01/AR2008110102018.html?hpid=topnews","url_text":"\"Cases Against Detainees Have Thinned\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/01/AR2008110102018.html?hpid=topnews","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vicini, James (October 1, 2006). \"New terrorism trial rules could face Supreme Court scrutiny – The Boston Globe\". Boston.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/01/new_terrorism_trial_rules_could_face_supreme_court_scrutiny/","url_text":"\"New terrorism trial rules could face Supreme Court scrutiny – The Boston Globe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224414/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/01/new_terrorism_trial_rules_could_face_supreme_court_scrutiny/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guantanamo detainees on US soil: a legal minefield\". CSMonitor.com. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1215/Guantanamo-detainees-on-US-soil-a-legal-minefield","url_text":"\"Guantanamo detainees on US soil: a legal minefield\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726195415/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1215/Guantanamo-detainees-on-US-soil-a-legal-minefield","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Hirsh (5 August 2008). \"Hirsh: Why the Hamdan Verdict is Big Loss for Bush – Michael Hirsh\". Newsweek.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/id/151130","url_text":"\"Hirsh: Why the Hamdan Verdict is Big Loss for Bush – Michael Hirsh\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202104145/http://www.newsweek.com/id/151130","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington (November 11, 2008). \"Closing down detention centre 'not so easy' | World news\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/guantanamo-obama-white-house","url_text":"\"Closing down detention centre 'not so easy' | World news\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904055703/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/guantanamo-obama-white-house","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorism Trials Pose Dilemma For U.S.\" NPR. February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123747151","url_text":"\"Terrorism Trials Pose Dilemma For U.S.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100424021057/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123747151","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"$30G went missing in SEAL rescue of Capt. Phillips; SEALs given polygraph test\". Fox News. 2013-10-11. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 2017-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/10/11/30g-went-missing-in-seal-rescue-capt-phillips-seals-given-lie-detector-test.html","url_text":"\"$30G went missing in SEAL rescue of Capt. Phillips; SEALs given polygraph test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044947/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/10/11/30g-went-missing-in-seal-rescue-capt-phillips-seals-given-lie-detector-test.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steve Vladeck (2017-08-09). \"D.C. Circuit Holds that 9/11 Appellate Judge Should Have Recused\". Just Security. Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vladeck","url_text":"Steve Vladeck"},{"url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/44028/d-c-circuit-holds-911-appellate-judge-recused/","url_text":"\"D.C. Circuit Holds that 9/11 Appellate Judge Should Have Recused\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Security","url_text":"Just Security"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809165812/https://www.justsecurity.org/44028/d-c-circuit-holds-911-appellate-judge-recused/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20041204221127/http://dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/091004/depgar.html","external_links_name":"Troubling Questions in Interrogating Terrorists"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/irp/congress/2006_hr/071106silliman.html","external_links_name":"Testimony on Hamdan v. Rumsfield: Establishing a Constitutional Process\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110073601/the-news-and-observer/","external_links_name":"\"United Nations Anniversary dinner\""},{"Link":"http://www.mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/Professor%20Scott%20Silliman%20Bio%20%28Oct%207,%202014%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Professor Scott Silliman, Duke Law School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161225015922/https://www.mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/Professor%20Scott%20Silliman%20Bio%20%28Oct%207%2C%202014%29.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://0-www.law.duke.edu.library.law.suffolk.edu/news/story?id=4893&u=11","external_links_name":"\"Former Air Force Deputy Judge Advocate General to join Duke Law faculty July 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/sillimanscottl/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Scott L. Silliman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610004154/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/sillimanscottl/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://web.nccu.edu/law/faculty/faculty/fbios.html","external_links_name":"\"NCCU – School of Law – Faculty Listings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610155200/http://web.nccu.edu/law/faculty/faculty/fbios.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610105630/http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/cv/silliman_cv2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/cv/silliman_cv2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/silliman/","external_links_name":"\"Scott L. Silliman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609193833/http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/silliman/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFFC72DEF0DFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"The Virginian-Pilot Archives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045814/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFFC72DEF0DFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=39812","external_links_name":"\"Balancing prosecution and protection – The Daily Record – Jacksonville, Florida\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713092550/http://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=39812","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/518153/","external_links_name":"\"ProfNet Experts Round-Up: Detention of Terror Suspects\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153105/http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/518153/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500309.html?hpid=moreheadlines","external_links_name":"\"Contractors Indicted After Probe Into Shooting That Killed 17 Iraqi Civilians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152118/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500309.html?hpid=moreheadlines","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/washington/16fisa.html?ref=politics","external_links_name":"\"Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121034341/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/washington/16fisa.html?ref=politics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10E14FCA54205800&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Charges shift the fight on Padilla, He is indicted, but not in the \"dirty bomber\"case. Some say Justice was aiming to avoid a defeat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609050131/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10E14FCA54205800&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/washington/01mukasey.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Nominee's Stand May Avoid Tangle of Torture Cases\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204093711/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/washington/01mukasey.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5014021","external_links_name":"\"Guantanamo Case Awaits High Court Ruling\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081412/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5014021","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2005/s1509545.htm","external_links_name":"\"Correspondents Report – Hicks in legal limbo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111054456/http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fcorrespondents%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1509545.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26672984","external_links_name":"\"Army: Failures in pregnant soldier's death - Military- NBC News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407195332/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26672984/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/obama-guantanamo-bay-prison","external_links_name":"\"Obama legal advisers draft plans for Guantánamo Bay prison | World news | guardian.co.uk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904055523/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/obama-guantanamo-bay-prison","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/05/09/snipers/print.html","external_links_name":"\"News | Killing by the numbers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090504103502/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/05/09/snipers/print.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot3_012506.html?pagewanted=print","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Targeted Killings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235637/http://www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot3_012506.html?pagewanted=print","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/world/americas/16iht-tap.1.19422049.html","external_links_name":"\"Court ruling buoys case for wiretaps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121041504/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/world/americas/16iht-tap.1.19422049.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/01/AR2008110102018.html?hpid=topnews","external_links_name":"\"Cases Against Detainees Have Thinned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/01/AR2008110102018.html?hpid=topnews","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/01/new_terrorism_trial_rules_could_face_supreme_court_scrutiny/","external_links_name":"\"New terrorism trial rules could face Supreme Court scrutiny – The Boston Globe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224414/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/01/new_terrorism_trial_rules_could_face_supreme_court_scrutiny/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1215/Guantanamo-detainees-on-US-soil-a-legal-minefield","external_links_name":"\"Guantanamo detainees on US soil: a legal minefield\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726195415/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1215/Guantanamo-detainees-on-US-soil-a-legal-minefield","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/id/151130","external_links_name":"\"Hirsh: Why the Hamdan Verdict is Big Loss for Bush – Michael Hirsh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202104145/http://www.newsweek.com/id/151130","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/guantanamo-obama-white-house","external_links_name":"\"Closing down detention centre 'not so easy' | World news\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904055703/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/guantanamo-obama-white-house","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123747151","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism Trials Pose Dilemma For U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100424021057/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123747151","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/10/11/30g-went-missing-in-seal-rescue-capt-phillips-seals-given-lie-detector-test.html","external_links_name":"\"$30G went missing in SEAL rescue of Capt. Phillips; SEALs given polygraph test\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044947/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/10/11/30g-went-missing-in-seal-rescue-capt-phillips-seals-given-lie-detector-test.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.justsecurity.org/44028/d-c-circuit-holds-911-appellate-judge-recused/","external_links_name":"\"D.C. Circuit Holds that 9/11 Appellate Judge Should Have Recused\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809165812/https://www.justsecurity.org/44028/d-c-circuit-holds-911-appellate-judge-recused/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/silliman/","external_links_name":"Duke bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610105630/http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/cv/silliman_cv2.pdf","external_links_name":"Silliman CV"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/185806357","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktrHYXT6BCBbJvWXKyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011131748","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookin%27_for_a_Love | Lookin' for a Love | ["1 Background","2 Chart performance","3 Charts","4 Credits (Bobby Womack versions)","4.1 1962 original","4.2 1974 version","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Cover Versions","7 See also","8 References"] | For the 1975 song by Neil Young, see Zuma (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album).
"Lookin' for a Love"Single by the ValentinosB-side"Somewhere There's a Girl"ReleasedMarch 1962Recorded1962GenreDoo-wop, R&B, soulLength3:15LabelSARSongwriter(s)J. W. Alexander, Zelda SamuelsProducer(s)Sam Cooke
"Looking for a Love"Single by the J. Geils Bandfrom the album The Morning After B-side"Whammer Jammer" (US)
"What's Your Hurry" (Intl.)ReleasedNovember 1971RecordedRecord Plant West, Los AngelesGenreBlues rock, rock and rollLength3:47LabelAtlantic RecordsSongwriter(s)J.W. Alexander, Zelda SamuelsProducer(s)Bill SzymczykThe J. Geils Band singles chronology
"Wait" (1971)
"Looking for a Love" (1971)
"I Don't Need You No More" (1972)
"Lookin' for a Love"Single by Bobby Womackfrom the album Lookin' for a Love Again B-side"Let It Hang Out"ReleasedJanuary 1974Recorded1973GenreR&B, soul, funkLength2:37LabelUASongwriter(s)J. W. Alexander, Zelda SamuelsProducer(s)Bobby WomackBobby Womack singles chronology
"I'm Through Trying to Prove My Love to You" (1973)
"Lookin' for a Love" (1974)
"You're Welcome, Stop On By" (1974)
"Lookin' for a Love" is a song written by J. W. Alexander and Zelda Samuels and was the debut hit of the family group the Valentinos, which featured Bobby Womack. The song was a hit for the Valentinos, climbing to number eight on the R&B chart and crossing over to number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962, released on Sam Cooke's SAR label. The song became a much bigger hit when Womack issued a solo version in 1974; this version reached number one on the R&B chart and number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. As well, an interim version of "Lookin' for a Love" by the J. Geils Band in 1971 was a top-40 hit for them, peaking at number 39.
Background
The melody originally came from a gospel hymn titled, "Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray," recorded and released in 1961 when they were still known as the Womack Brothers. Sam Cooke produced that session as well as the sessions for "Lookin' For a Love". Following the release of "Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray" and convinced that 17-year-old Bobby Womack would "go places", Cooke hired his staff writers J. W. Alexander and Zelda Samuels to rewrite the song as a doo-wop dance number, basing the song's chord structure on the melodic motif found in "Pray".
When the brothers were presented with the song, they protested initially fearing a backlash from their minister father, Friendly Womack. However, Cooke convinced them that the song would be a hit and guarantee the Womacks some financial success as well as commercial. Like "Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray", the song featured Bobby on lead. Prior to its release, Cooke suggested a name change, thinking the change would do wonders for their career as it had done for him. Cooke settled on the Valentinos and released the song that spring.
Chart performance
After its success, the group opened for James Brown & The Famous Flames where they won fans. In 1973, Bobby used "Lookin' for a Love" as a warm-up song to help loosen up his vocal cords during a recording session. Womack recorded one take of the song - with his brothers again providing background vocals - but had no plans of putting it out as a single. However, after some convincing, he released the song in early 1974 and the song went on to be his most successful single to date, and was his second number-one single on the Hot Soul Singles chart (after "Woman's Gotta Have It" in 1972, which only got to number 60 on the Hot 100) and his first and only top-10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 10. It also reached number eight on the Cash Box Top 100. The single was later certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. This resulted in the song later selling more than two million copies. The song's success was bittersweet, however: the song's background vocalist Harry Womack later died from stab wounds from his girlfriend the week before it hit number one.
Charts
Valentinos original
Chart (1962)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
72
US Billboard R&B
8
US Cash Box Top 100
63
Credits (Bobby Womack versions)
1962 original
Lead vocal by Bobby Womack
Background vocals by the Valentinos: Friendly Womack, Jr., Curtis Womack, Harry Womack and Cecil Womack
Instrumentation by SAR Records staff musicians, Bobby Womack (guitar) and Harry Womack (bass)
Produced by Sam Cooke
1974 version
Lead vocal by Bobby Womack
Background vocals by the Valentinos: Friendly Womack, Jr., Curtis Womack, Harry Womack and Cecil Womack
Instrumentation by the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
Produced by Bobby Womack
Charts
Bobby Womack version
Weekly charts
Chart (1974)
Peakposition
Canada RPM Top Singles
24
US Billboard Hot 100
10
US Billboard R&B
1
US Cash Box Top 100
8
Year-end charts
Chart (1974)
Rank
Canada
197
US Billboard Hot 100
67
US Cash Box
75
J. Geils Band cover
Chart (1971–72)
Peakposition
Canada RPM Top Singles
25
US Billboard Hot 100
39
US Cash Box Top 100
37
Cover Versions
In 1971, rock band the J. Geils Band covered the song as one of its first releases and the song became a top-40 hit for them, peaking at number 39. Record World called it a "hard driving rocker" and a "high energy package."
Squeeze covered the song for their album East Side Story, which features Paul Carrack on co-lead vocals. The track is only available as a bonus track.
Tortoise Matsumoto as singer of Ulfuls had covered the song his first solo album Traveller in 2003.
See also
Looking for Love (disambiguation)
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 634.
^ a b c Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, September 29, 1962
^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 27, 1974". Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Bac-lac.gc.ca
^ Musicoutfitters.com
^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Picks of the Week" (PDF). Record World. November 13, 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
"Lookin' for a Love" song review on Allmusic website
vteThe J. Geils Band
J. Geils
Stephen Jo Bladd
Magic Dick
Seth Justman
Danny Klein
Peter Wolf
Studio albums
The J. Geils Band (1970)
The Morning After (1971)
Bloodshot (1973)
Ladies Invited (1973)
Nightmares...and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle (1974)
Hotline (1975)
Monkey Island (1977)
Sanctuary (1978)
Love Stinks (1980)
Freeze-Frame (1981)
You're Gettin' Even While I'm Gettin' Odd (1984)
Live albums
Live Full House (1972)
Blow Your Face Out (1976)
Showtime! (1982)
Compilations
Best of The J. Geils Band (1979)
Best of The J. Geils Band (2006)
Singles
"First I Look at the Purse" (Live) (1971)
"Looking for a Love" (1971)
"Must of Got Lost" (1974)
"Love-Itis" (1975)
"Where Did Our Love Go" (1976)
"Come Back" (1980)
"Love Stinks" (1980)
"Centerfold" (1981)
"Freeze-Frame" / "Flamethrower" (1981)
"Angel in Blue" (1982)
"Land of a Thousand Dances" (1983)
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zuma (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuma_(Neil_Young_%26_Crazy_Horse_album)"},{"link_name":"J. W. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Alexander_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Valentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valentinos"},{"link_name":"Bobby Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Womack"},{"link_name":"R&B chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooke"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR_Records"},{"link_name":"R&B chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"the J. Geils Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band"}],"text":"For the 1975 song by Neil Young, see Zuma (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album).\"Lookin' for a Love\" is a song written by J. W. Alexander and Zelda Samuels and was the debut hit of the family group the Valentinos, which featured Bobby Womack. The song was a hit for the Valentinos, climbing to number eight on the R&B chart and crossing over to number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962, released on Sam Cooke's SAR label. The song became a much bigger hit when Womack issued a solo version in 1974; this version reached number one on the R&B chart and number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. As well, an interim version of \"Lookin' for a Love\" by the J. Geils Band in 1971 was a top-40 hit for them, peaking at number 39.","title":"Lookin' for a Love"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"}],"text":"The melody originally came from a gospel hymn titled, \"Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray,\" recorded and released in 1961 when they were still known as the Womack Brothers. Sam Cooke produced that session as well as the sessions for \"Lookin' For a Love\". Following the release of \"Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray\" and convinced that 17-year-old Bobby Womack would \"go places\", Cooke hired his staff writers J. W. Alexander and Zelda Samuels to rewrite the song as a doo-wop dance number, basing the song's chord structure on the melodic motif found in \"Pray\".When the brothers were presented with the song, they protested initially fearing a backlash from their minister father, Friendly Womack. However, Cooke convinced them that the song would be a hit and guarantee the Womacks some financial success as well as commercial. Like \"Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray\", the song featured Bobby on lead. Prior to its release, Cooke suggested a name change, thinking the change would do wonders for their career as it had done for him. Cooke settled on the Valentinos and released the song that spring.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Famous Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Flames"},{"link_name":"Hot Soul Singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Woman's Gotta Have It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Gotta_Have_It_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"}],"text":"After its success, the group opened for James Brown & The Famous Flames where they won fans. In 1973, Bobby used \"Lookin' for a Love\" as a warm-up song to help loosen up his vocal cords during a recording session. Womack recorded one take of the song - with his brothers again providing background vocals - but had no plans of putting it out as a single. However, after some convincing, he released the song in early 1974 and the song went on to be his most successful single to date, and was his second number-one single on the Hot Soul Singles chart (after \"Woman's Gotta Have It\" in 1972, which only got to number 60 on the Hot 100) and his first and only top-10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 10.[1] It also reached number eight on the Cash Box Top 100. The single was later certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. This resulted in the song later selling more than two million copies. The song's success was bittersweet, however: the song's background vocalist Harry Womack later died from stab wounds from his girlfriend the week before it hit number one.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Valentinos original","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits (Bobby Womack versions)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Womack"},{"link_name":"Cecil Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Womack"}],"sub_title":"1962 original","text":"Lead vocal by Bobby Womack\nBackground vocals by the Valentinos: Friendly Womack, Jr., Curtis Womack, Harry Womack and Cecil Womack\nInstrumentation by SAR Records staff musicians, Bobby Womack (guitar) and Harry Womack (bass)\nProduced by Sam Cooke","title":"Credits (Bobby Womack versions)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Womack"},{"link_name":"Cecil Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Womack"},{"link_name":"Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Rhythm_Section"}],"sub_title":"1974 version","text":"Lead vocal by Bobby Womack\nBackground vocals by the Valentinos: Friendly Womack, Jr., Curtis Womack, Harry Womack and Cecil Womack\nInstrumentation by the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section\nProduced by Bobby Womack","title":"Credits (Bobby Womack versions)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lookin%27_for_a_Love&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joel_Whitburn's_Top_Pop_Singles_1955-1990-2"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lookin%27_for_a_Love&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bobby Womack versionWeekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles[4]\n\n24\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[2]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Billboard R&B\n\n1\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[5]\n\n8\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nRank\n\n\nCanada[6]\n\n197\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[7]\n\n67\n\n\nUS Cash Box [8]\n\n75J. Geils Band cover","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the J. Geils Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Squeeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_(band)"},{"link_name":"East Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side_Story_(Squeeze_album)"},{"link_name":"Paul Carrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carrack"},{"link_name":"Ulfuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfuls"}],"text":"In 1971, rock band the J. Geils Band covered the song as one of its first releases and the song became a top-40 hit for them, peaking at number 39. Record World called it a \"hard driving rocker\" and a \"high energy package.\"[9]\nSqueeze covered the song for their album East Side Story, which features Paul Carrack on co-lead vocals. The track is only available as a bonus track.\nTortoise Matsumoto as singer of Ulfuls had covered the song his first solo album Traveller in 2003.","title":"Cover Versions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Looking for Love (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_for_Love_(disambiguation)"}] | [{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5017a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5017a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5017a","url_text":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 27, 1974\". Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105905/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740427.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 27, 1974\""},{"url":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740427.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974\". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009212559/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974\""},{"url":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Picks of the Week\" (PDF). Record World. November 13, 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/71/RW-1971-11-13.pdf","url_text":"\"Picks of the Week\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19620929.html","external_links_name":"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, September 29, 1962"},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5017a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5017a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5017a","external_links_name":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105905/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740427.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 27, 1974\""},{"Link":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740427.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3893b&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3893b.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3893b","external_links_name":"Bac-lac.gc.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1974.htm","external_links_name":"Musicoutfitters.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009212559/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974\""},{"Link":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/71/RW-1971-11-13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Picks of the Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/t5024319","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/6377f9bd-5d7a-410d-bc2a-3fcf5fcd9fb9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/3b74a9c4-b35a-3161-9e66-a0a6c67bbecd","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masks_of_Nyarlathotep | Masks of Nyarlathotep | ["1 Description","2 Publication history","2.1 Editions","3 Reception","4 Other reviews","5 Awards","6 References"] | Horror tabletop role-playing game campaign
The Complete Masks of NyarlathotepPerilous Adventures to Thwart the Dark God1st edition cover by Tom Sullivan, 1996.DesignersLarry DiTillioLynn WillisPublishersChaosiumPublication1984 1st Edition, Masks of Nyarlathotep, boxed set1989 2nd edition, Masks of Nyarlathotep, softcover1996 3rd edition, The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep, softcover2010 4th edition, Masks of Nyarlathotep, hard & softcover2018 5th edition, Masks of Nyarlathotep, three-volume slipcase set.GenresHorrorSystemsBasic Role-Playing
Masks of Nyarlathotep, subtitled Perilous Adventures to Thwart the Dark God, is an adventure campaign first published by Chaosium in 1984 for the second edition of the horror role-playing game Call of Cthulhu. A number of revised editions have subsequently been published. Masks of Nyarlathotep is a series of several sequential adventures set in the 1920s that take the player characters from New York, to London, Cairo, Nairobi, and Shanghai (with Australia and then Peru added in subsequent editions) as they deal with the threat of the god Nyarlathotep. Screenwriter Larry DiTillio wrote the adventure with game designer Lynn Willis during a writer's strike. It received positive reviews in game periodicals including Casus Belli, The Space Gamer, White Dwarf, Different Worlds, and Dragon, and is considered to be one of the best roleplaying adventures of all time.
Description
Masks of Nyarlathotep is a series of sequential adventures set in the 1920s that pit the investigators against Nyarlathotep, the Crawling Chaos and Outer God. The original version had five adventures, and in the edition published in 1996 the number of adventures was increased to six, and this was increased to seven in the 2018 version. There are a variety of handouts given to the players at various points; these include newspaper clippings, handwritten letters, business cards and a matchbox.
The first edition of the campaign spanned five chapters:
New York: the investigators are drawn into the campaign by a gruesome death.
Following clues, the investigators move to London, seeking information both on a mysterious cult, and the ill-fated Carlyle Expedition.
The investigators move to Cairo, where they follow various clues, some of them red herrings.
The fourth chapter is set in and around Nairobi, as the investigators try to discover how the Carlyle Expedition came to an end.
The last chapter takes the investigators to Shanghai, where they must put all the clues together to bring a dangerous threat to an end.
Publication history
Masks of Nyarlathotep was written by Larry DiTillio with Lynn Willis, and was published by Chaosium in 1984 as a boxed set with two 32-page books, a 28-page book, a 20-page book, and a 16-page book, a 4-page pamphlet, and handouts. A second edition with a cover by Lee Gibbons was published in 1989 as a 160-page book with eight color plates.
In 1984, while Larry DiTillio was on strike from his job as a television and movie screenwriter,: 37 he earned income by writing role-playing adventures for various companies. One such assignment was Masks of Nyarlathotep for Chaosium, a five-part adventure for the second edition of Call of Cthulhu that he co-wrote with Lynn Willis.: 38 A sixth chapter written by DiTillio set in Australia was cut from the final product due to space limitations. The campaign was published in 1984 as a boxed set that included five books (one for each chapter of the adventure), a 4-page player introduction, an index sheet for the gamemaster's reference, and a cardstock sheet from which a number of separate player handouts could be cut out.
Five years later, Chaosium revised the campaign for the 4th edition of Call of Cthulhu, and published it as a single 160-page perfect-bound softcover book that included eight color plates of scenes from the adventures rendered by Nick Smith, Keith Berdak, Tom Sullivan, and Mark Roland, as well as full color cover art by Lee Gibbons. In this and all subsequent editions, the player handouts previously printed on a separate cardstock sheet were incorporated into the pages of the book, requiring the gamemaster to either cut them out of the book or to photocopy them.
In 1996, the Australia chapter that had been cut from the original edition was included in a revision for the 5th edition of Call of Cthulhu, which was retitled The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep. A version of this for the 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu was published in 2006.
In 2010, a new edition returned to the original title Masks of Nyarlathotep, with both softcover and hardcover editions.
In 2018, the game was revised and updated for use with the 7th edition of Call of Cthulhu and the Pulp Cthulhu supplement, and was released as a two-volume slipcase with a gamemaster's screen. New material included a new chapter set in Peru.
Editions
Masks of Nyarlathotep, 1st edition (for 2nd edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2307-X, boxed set, 1984
Masks of Nyarlathotep, 2nd edition (for 4th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA3304, softcover, 1989.
The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep, 3rd edition, (for 5th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2361, softcover, 1996.
The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep, 3rd edition, (for 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2361-H, hardcover, 2006
Masks of Nyarlathotep, 4th edition, (for 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu), both softcover (CHA23118) and hardcover (CHA23118h), 2010.
Masks of Nyarlathotep, 5th edition, (for 7th edition of Call of Cthulhu), two-volume slipcase set, CHA23153-X, 2018.
Reception
In the April 1985 edition of Casus Belli (Issue #25), Martin Latallo questioned the implausibility of ordinary people suddenly uprooting themselves to risk their lives, noting "most of these encounters and discoveries are fatal in themselves, which presents the central problem of the campaign: what can five unfortunate investigators do against an organization which covers the globe and which enjoys the support of the Old Ones? These modules constitute without a doubt the most deadly campaign ever created by Chaosium, where the stakes are enormous, the dangers immense, and the rewards meager." However, he concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "An excellent campaign despite everything."
In the May–June 1985 edition of The Space Gamer (No. 74), Matthew J. Costello was impressed, saying "The project is, in sum, massive and largely successful. Perhaps only TSR's Dragonlance series rivals it in size. And while some flavor may have escaped from this ghoulish stew, there's much here to delight Keepers, Investigators, and admirers of H.P. Lovecraft."
In the November 1985 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #71), Phil Frances lauded this book as "undoutedly the finest... supplement to come from Chaosium." Frances believed the series of adventures presented several possible problems, including a plot that was too complex for beginning gamemasters, and the high mortality rate among adventurers due to the extremely deadly adversaries. He concluded by giving it an excellent rating of 9 out of 9, saying "Masks Of Nyarlathotep is an adventure that is fun for both sides to play... This is the best campaign I have ever seen, from Chaosium or other sources."
In the January–February 1986 edition of Different Worlds (Issue 41), Willam A. Barton called it "the finest scenario pack ever designed for Call of Cthulhu. Or for any other game, for that matter." He thought that "the amount of material packed into Masks's slender box" would "keep a Cthulhu campaign going for months." Barton did warn that this was far too complex for either new players or an inexperienced gamemaster, but concluded by giving the game a perfect rating of 4 out of 4, saying, "an excellently conceived and executed scenario pack that will challenge the most experienced Cthulhu players to the utmost."
In the June 1990 edition of Dragon (Issue 158), Jim Bambra reviewed the second edition of the game and said this book included "some of the most powerful and deadly adventures ever written." Bambra lauded the "superb narrative and the tantalizing clues carry the Investigators along at a cracking pace." He concluded, "Masks of Nyarlathotep is the epitome of COC adventures. It contains detective work, action, and indescribable horrors in all the right quantities. The writing and editing are first class; the adventures perfectly capture what COC is all about. No one should be without a copy of Masks of Nyarlathotep."
According to game historian Shannon Appelcline, Masks of Nyarlathotep is considered by many critics to be one of the best roleplaying adventures of all time.: 86
Other reviews
Game News #6 (Aug., 1985)
Jeux & Stratégie #39
Awards
At the 1997 Origins Awards, the 3rd edition titled The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep won Best Role-Playing Adventure of 1996.
At the 2019 2019 ENnie Awards, the 6th edition won "Best Adventure" (Gold).
References
^ a b c Bambra, Jim (June 1990). "Roleplaying Reviews". Dragon (#158). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR: 88–89.
^ a b c d e f Frances, Phil (November 1985). "Open Box". White Dwarf (71). Games Workshop: 7–8.
^ a b Schick, Lawrence (1991). Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 244. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.
^ a b c Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
^ a b c Barton, William A. (January–February 1986). "Game Reviews". Different Worlds. No. 41. Chaosium. pp. 30–31.
^ Winninger, Ray (July 1998). "Role-playing Reviews". Dragon (249). TSR, Inc.: 109–110.
^ Latallo, Martin (August 1985). "Têtes d'Affiches". Casus Belli (in French). No. 25. p. 6.
^ Costello, Matthew J. (May–June 1985). "The New Call of Cthulhu Adventure: Masks of Nyarlathotep". Space Gamer (74). Steve Jackson Games: 14.
^ "Jeux & stratégie 39". June 1986.
^ "Origins Award Winners (1996)". Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21.
^ "2019 nominees and winners". ENNIE Awards. Retrieved 17 November 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaosium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosium"},{"link_name":"Call of Cthulhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Nyarlathotep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep"},{"link_name":"Larry DiTillio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_DiTillio"},{"link_name":"Lynn Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Willis"},{"link_name":"Casus Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_Belli_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Space Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Gamer"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Different Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"}],"text":"Masks of Nyarlathotep, subtitled Perilous Adventures to Thwart the Dark God, is an adventure campaign first published by Chaosium in 1984 for the second edition of the horror role-playing game Call of Cthulhu. A number of revised editions have subsequently been published. Masks of Nyarlathotep is a series of several sequential adventures set in the 1920s that take the player characters from New York, to London, Cairo, Nairobi, and Shanghai (with Australia and then Peru added in subsequent editions) as they deal with the threat of the god Nyarlathotep. Screenwriter Larry DiTillio wrote the adventure with game designer Lynn Willis during a writer's strike. It received positive reviews in game periodicals including Casus Belli, The Space Gamer, White Dwarf, Different Worlds, and Dragon, and is considered to be one of the best roleplaying adventures of all time.","title":"Masks of Nyarlathotep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dragon158-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"},{"link_name":"red herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herrings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"}],"text":"Masks of Nyarlathotep is a series of sequential adventures set in the 1920s that pit the investigators against Nyarlathotep, the Crawling Chaos and Outer God.[1] The original version had five adventures, and in the edition published in 1996 the number of adventures was increased to six, and this was increased to seven in the 2018 version. There are a variety of handouts given to the players at various points; these include newspaper clippings, handwritten letters, business cards and a matchbox.The first edition of the campaign spanned five chapters:New York: the investigators are drawn into the campaign by a gruesome death.[2]\nFollowing clues, the investigators move to London, seeking information both on a mysterious cult, and the ill-fated Carlyle Expedition.[2]\nThe investigators move to Cairo, where they follow various clues, some of them red herrings.[2]\nThe fourth chapter is set in and around Nairobi, as the investigators try to discover how the Carlyle Expedition came to an end.[2]\nThe last chapter takes the investigators to Shanghai, where they must put all the clues together to bring a dangerous threat to an end.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry DiTillio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_DiTillio"},{"link_name":"Lynn Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Willis"},{"link_name":"Chaosium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosium"},{"link_name":"boxed set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxed_set"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW-3"},{"link_name":"Lee Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Gibbons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW-3"},{"link_name":"Larry DiTillio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_DiTillio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-4"},{"link_name":"Lynn Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Willis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-5"},{"link_name":"boxed set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxed_set"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dragon158-1"},{"link_name":"gamemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamemaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dragon249-6"},{"link_name":"The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Masks_of_Nyarlathotep"},{"link_name":"gamemaster's screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamemaster%27s_screen"}],"text":"Masks of Nyarlathotep was written by Larry DiTillio with Lynn Willis, and was published by Chaosium in 1984 as a boxed set with two 32-page books, a 28-page book, a 20-page book, and a 16-page book, a 4-page pamphlet, and handouts.[3] A second edition with a cover by Lee Gibbons was published in 1989 as a 160-page book with eight color plates.[3]In 1984, while Larry DiTillio was on strike from his job as a television and movie screenwriter,[4]: 37 he earned income by writing role-playing adventures for various companies. One such assignment was Masks of Nyarlathotep for Chaosium, a five-part adventure for the second edition of Call of Cthulhu that he co-wrote with Lynn Willis.[4]: 38 A sixth chapter written by DiTillio set in Australia was cut from the final product due to space limitations.[5] The campaign was published in 1984 as a boxed set that included five books (one for each chapter of the adventure), a 4-page player introduction, an index sheet for the gamemaster's reference, and a cardstock sheet from which a number of separate player handouts could be cut out.[5]Five years later, Chaosium revised the campaign for the 4th edition of Call of Cthulhu, and published it as a single 160-page perfect-bound softcover book that included eight color plates of scenes from the adventures rendered by Nick Smith, Keith Berdak, Tom Sullivan, and Mark Roland, as well as full color cover art by Lee Gibbons.[1] In this and all subsequent editions, the player handouts previously printed on a separate cardstock sheet were incorporated into the pages of the book, requiring the gamemaster to either cut them out of the book or to photocopy them.[6]In 1996, the Australia chapter that had been cut from the original edition was included in a revision for the 5th edition of Call of Cthulhu, which was retitled The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep. A version of this for the 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu was published in 2006.In 2010, a new edition returned to the original title Masks of Nyarlathotep, with both softcover and hardcover editions.In 2018, the game was revised and updated for use with the 7th edition of Call of Cthulhu and the Pulp Cthulhu supplement, and was released as a two-volume slipcase with a gamemaster's screen. New material included a new chapter set in Peru.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Editions","text":"Masks of Nyarlathotep, 1st edition (for 2nd edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2307-X, boxed set, 1984\nMasks of Nyarlathotep, 2nd edition (for 4th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA3304, softcover, 1989.\nThe Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep, 3rd edition, (for 5th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2361, softcover, 1996.\nThe Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep, 3rd edition, (for 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu), CHA2361-H, hardcover, 2006\nMasks of Nyarlathotep, 4th edition, (for 6th edition of Call of Cthulhu), both softcover (CHA23118) and hardcover (CHA23118h), 2010.\nMasks of Nyarlathotep, 5th edition, (for 7th edition of Call of Cthulhu), two-volume slipcase set, CHA23153-X, 2018.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casus Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_Belli_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Space Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Gamer"},{"link_name":"Matthew J. Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Costello"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG-8"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"gamemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamemasters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wd-2"},{"link_name":"Different Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Worlds"},{"link_name":"gamemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamemaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-5"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jim Bambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bambra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dragon158-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-4"}],"text":"In the April 1985 edition of Casus Belli (Issue #25), Martin Latallo questioned the implausibility of ordinary people suddenly uprooting themselves to risk their lives, noting \"most of these encounters and discoveries are fatal in themselves, which presents the central problem of the campaign: what can five unfortunate investigators do against an organization which covers the globe and which enjoys the support of the Old Ones? These modules constitute without a doubt the most deadly campaign ever created by Chaosium, where the stakes are enormous, the dangers immense, and the rewards meager.\" However, he concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, \"An excellent campaign despite everything.\"[7]In the May–June 1985 edition of The Space Gamer (No. 74), Matthew J. Costello was impressed, saying \"The project is, in sum, massive and largely successful. Perhaps only TSR's Dragonlance series rivals it in size. And while some flavor may have escaped from this ghoulish stew, there's much here to delight Keepers, Investigators, and admirers of H.P. Lovecraft.\"[8]In the November 1985 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #71), Phil Frances lauded this book as \"undoutedly the finest... supplement to come from Chaosium.\" Frances believed the series of adventures presented several possible problems, including a plot that was too complex for beginning gamemasters, and the high mortality rate among adventurers due to the extremely deadly adversaries. He concluded by giving it an excellent rating of 9 out of 9, saying \"Masks Of Nyarlathotep is an adventure that is fun for both sides to play... This is the best campaign I have ever seen, from Chaosium or other sources.\"[2]In the January–February 1986 edition of Different Worlds (Issue 41), Willam A. Barton called it \"the finest scenario pack ever designed for Call of Cthulhu. Or for any other game, for that matter.\" He thought that \"the amount of material packed into Masks's slender box\" would \"keep a Cthulhu campaign going for months.\" Barton did warn that this was far too complex for either new players or an inexperienced gamemaster, but concluded by giving the game a perfect rating of 4 out of 4, saying, \"an excellently conceived and executed scenario pack that will challenge the most experienced Cthulhu players to the utmost.\"[5]In the June 1990 edition of Dragon (Issue 158), Jim Bambra reviewed the second edition of the game and said this book included \"some of the most powerful and deadly adventures ever written.\" Bambra lauded the \"superb narrative and the tantalizing clues [that] carry the Investigators along at a cracking pace.\" He concluded, \"Masks of Nyarlathotep is the epitome of COC adventures. It contains detective work, action, and indescribable horrors in all the right quantities. The writing and editing are first class; the adventures perfectly capture what COC is all about. No one should be without a copy of Masks of Nyarlathotep.\"[1]According to game historian Shannon Appelcline, Masks of Nyarlathotep is considered by many critics to be one of the best roleplaying adventures of all time.[4]: 86","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeux & Stratégie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_et_Strat%C3%A9gie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Game News #6 (Aug., 1985)\nJeux & Stratégie #39[9]","title":"Other reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Origins Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019 ENnie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENnie_Awards#2019"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"At the 1997 Origins Awards, the 3rd edition titled The Complete Masks of Nyarlathotep won Best Role-Playing Adventure of 1996.[10]\nAt the 2019 2019 ENnie Awards, the 6th edition won \"Best Adventure\" (Gold).[11]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bambra, Jim (June 1990). \"Roleplaying Reviews\". Dragon (#158). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR: 88–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bambra","url_text":"Bambra, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)","url_text":"Dragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin","url_text":"Lake Geneva, Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"}]},{"reference":"Frances, Phil (November 1985). \"Open Box\". White Dwarf (71). Games Workshop: 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"}]},{"reference":"Schick, Lawrence (1991). Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 244. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-653-5","url_text":"0-87975-653-5"}]},{"reference":"Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907702-58-7","url_text":"978-1-907702-58-7"}]},{"reference":"Barton, William A. (January–February 1986). \"Game Reviews\". Different Worlds. No. 41. Chaosium. pp. 30–31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_Worlds","url_text":"Different Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosium","url_text":"Chaosium"}]},{"reference":"Winninger, Ray (July 1998). \"Role-playing Reviews\". Dragon (249). TSR, Inc.: 109–110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Winninger","url_text":"Winninger, Ray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)","url_text":"Dragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR_(company)","url_text":"TSR, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Latallo, Martin (August 1985). \"Têtes d'Affiches\". Casus Belli (in French). No. 25. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Costello, Matthew J. (May–June 1985). \"The New Call of Cthulhu Adventure: Masks of Nyarlathotep\". Space Gamer (74). Steve Jackson Games: 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Costello","url_text":"Costello, Matthew J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Gamer","url_text":"Space Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games","url_text":"Steve Jackson Games"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\". June 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-39/page/14/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\""}]},{"reference":"\"Origins Award Winners (1996)\". Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221022725/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1996/list-of-winners","url_text":"\"Origins Award Winners (1996)\""},{"url":"http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1996/list-of-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 nominees and winners\". ENNIE Awards. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ennie-awards.com/portfolio-item/2019-nominees-and-winners/","url_text":"\"2019 nominees and winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-39/page/14/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221022725/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1996/list-of-winners","external_links_name":"\"Origins Award Winners (1996)\""},{"Link":"http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1996/list-of-winners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ennie-awards.com/portfolio-item/2019-nominees-and-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2019 nominees and winners\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQS | Mercedes-Benz EQS | ["1 Presentation","2 Technical details","3 Equipment","3.1 MBUX Hyperscreen","3.2 Safety and automated features","4 Models","5 Reviews and reception","6 References","7 External links"] | Battery electric full-size luxury liftback
This article is about the liftback. For the SUV model, see Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV.
Motor vehicle
Mercedes-Benz EQSOverviewManufacturerMercedes-Benz GroupModel codeV297ProductionMay 2021 – presentModel years2022–presentAssembly
Germany: Sindelfingen
India: Pune (MBI)
Thailand: Samut Prakan (TAAP)
Malaysia: Pekan (HICOM)
DesignerRobert Lešnik, Lukas Haag, Mark Fetherston, Gabriel Nemeth, Balázs FilczerBody and chassisClassFull-size luxury car (F)Body style5-door liftbackLayoutRear-motor, rear-wheel-driveDual-motor, all-wheel-drive (4Matic)PlatformMercedes-Benz EVA platformRelated
Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV
Mercedes-Benz EQE
PowertrainElectric motorPermanent magnet AC synchronousPower output215 kW (288 hp) (EQS 350)245 kW (329 hp) (EQS 450+)2 with total 265 kW (355 hp) (450 4MATIC)2 with total 330 kW (440 hp) (500 4MATIC)2 with total 385 kW (516 hp) (580 4MATIC)2 with total 484–560 kW (649–751 hp) (EQS 53 AMG 4MATIC+)TransmissionDirect-drive automaticBattery108 kWh 400V NCM 811 lithium-ionElectric rangeWLTP:108.4 kWh 2wd: 488 mi (785 km)107.8 kWh 4wd: 420 mi (676 km)90 kWh 2wd: 398 mi (640 km)Plug-in charging22 kW 3-phase on board, 200 kW DC, bidirectional (Japan only)DimensionsWheelbase3,210 mm (126.4 in)Length5,216–5,265 mm (205.4–207.3 in)Width1,926 mm (75.8 in)Height1,512–1,513 mm (59.5–59.6 in)Curb weight2,480–2,655 kg (5,467–5,853 lb)
The Mercedes-Benz EQS (V297) is a battery electric full-size luxury liftback car produced by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz Group. It was released in September 2021 in Germany and the fourth quarter of the year in the United States. As a battery-electric vehicle, it is part of the Mercedes-Benz EQ family.
Presentation
Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS concept at the 2019 IAA
The EQS was presented at the 2019 International Motor Show Germany (IAA) as the Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS and foreshadows the future Mercedes-Benz series luxury electric sedan cars announced for 2021. The production model debuted on 15 April 2021. The EQS 450+ variant with 245 kW costs €106,374, while the all-wheel-drive model EQS 580 4MATIC is listed at €135,529. The EQS went on sale in the UK by September 2021, with prices starting from £99,995 for the EQS 450+ AMG Line. In December 2021, Mercedes-Benz unveiled and priced the EQS in China. Scheduled for April 2022, four versions of the EQS would be available in China starting at ¥1.08 million, which is just under €150,000 or $170,000.
Technical details
Rear view
A Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4MATIC+ at the 2021 IAA
The EQS is the first EQ model that is based on the technical platform specific to the electric models, called the MEA. Its automobile drag coefficient is as low as 0.20, making it the most aerodynamic car in production at the time of its introduction.
The car is powered by a water-cooled permanent magnet synchronous motor from Valeo Siemens in the EQS 450+ model, and by two of these motors in the EQS 580 4MATIC model. The torque is sent from the motor(s) to the wheels through a single-speed reduction gearbox. In the single-motor EQS 450+ model, the motor has a rated power of 245 kW (329 hp), and a braking power of 186 kW (249 hp), allowing a deceleration of 5 m·s−2. German motor journalist Alexander Bloch from Auto Motor und Sport found the energy consumption to be 150...160 W·h/km at 130 km/h (81 mph), and the average energy consumption to be 158 W·h/km. With the 107.8 kW·h secondary cell, the car has a range of more than 638 km. The average recharging power is 163 kW with a peak of >200 kW, allowing the car to reach a 79% state of charge in about half an hour.
The Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4Matic+ was presented at the Munich Motor Show in September 2021 and is the first all-electric AMG car. It has two electric motors producing 560 kW (751 hp) of power and delivering 1,020 N⋅m (752 lbf⋅ft) of torque. Its handling characteristics as well as its cooling system have been upgraded to match the motors' higher power output.
Equipment
A luxury car, the EQS comes with rear-wheel steering, over-the-air updates, wireless phone charging, 360-degree camera system, keyless entry, and can optionally be equipped with seats with massage, head-up display with augmented reality, automatically opening and closing doors, integrated toll payment system, gesture controls, HEPA air filter, heat, noise, and infrared rays insulated glass and heated windshield.
MBUX Hyperscreen
Interior
The high-end versions of Mercedes-Benz EQS feature two separate OLED screens and an LCD instrument cluster that covers nearly the full extension of the dashboard. The whole infotainment system is powered by eight CPU cores and 24 gigabytes of RAM. The multi-purpose digital dashboard has been well received by consumers.
Safety and automated features
The car has several safety and automated features, including adaptive cruise control, lane centering, automatic lane changing, automated emergency braking, avoidance assist (for pedestrians and bicycles), blind spot monitoring including rear seat exit warning, cross-traffic alert, traffic-sign recognition, automatic parking assist, and adaptive headlights.
The car can optionally be fit with a level 3 autonomous driving feature named Drive Pilot, allowing the driver to take their hands off the wheel and their eyes off the road in heavy traffic up to a 60 km/h (37 mph) speed on 13,191 kilometres (8,197 mi) of German motorways. The system is a world first and works by using lidar cameras, microphones, and various sensors. It is planned to also become available to other countries. The car is the first that can be fit a level 4 automated valet parking system named Intelligent Park Pilot.
Models
The specifications include:
Model
Years
Power
Torque
Battery capacityfull/usable
Drivetrain
0–100 km/h (0–62 mph)
Top speed
Max. range (WLTP)
Range (EPA)
EQS 350
2022–
215 kW(292 PS; 288 hp)
565 N⋅m(417 lb⋅ft)
100/90.6
RWD
6.6 s
210 km/h(130 mph)
638 km(396 mi)
EQS 450+
2021–
245 kW(333 PS; 329 hp)
568 N⋅m(419 lb⋅ft)
120/107.8
6.2 s
785 km(488 mi)
350 mi(563 km)
EQS 450 4MATIC
2022–
265 kW(360 PS; 355 hp)
800 N⋅m(590 lb⋅ft)
4WD
5.6 s
685 km(426 mi)
EQS 500 4MATIC
330 kW(449 PS; 443 hp)
855 N⋅m(631 lb⋅ft)
4.8 s
EQS 580 4MATIC
2021–
385 kW(523 PS; 516 hp)
4.3 s
676 km(420 mi)
340 mi(547 km)
AMG EQS 53 4MATIC+
2022–
484–560 kW(658–761 PS; 649–751 hp)
949 N⋅m(700 lb⋅ft)
3.4–3.8 s
220 km/h(137 mph)
586 km(364 mi)
277 mi(446 km)
Reviews and reception
In December 2022, Bloomberg News listed the EQS as a "terrific" (great) alternative option to the Tesla Model S for auto owners angered by Elon Musk.
References
^ "Mercedes-Benz begins production of EQS electric luxury sedan at Factory 56 in Sindelfingen". Green Car Congress. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ "Mercedes launches EQS 580, first 'Made in India' luxury electric car". Hindustan Times. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Cnoe, MoO (23 July 2021). "Mercedes-EQS rt̄hynt̒ fịf̂ā 100% prakxb thịy peid tạw ch̀wng t̂n pī 2022 p̄hæn thạ̀w lok prạb pĕn fịf̂ā l̂wn thuk rùn nı 9 pī" Mercedes-EQS รถยนต์ไฟฟ้า 100% ประกอบไทย เปิดตัวช่วงต้นปี 2022 แผนทั่วโลกปรับเป็นไฟฟ้าล้วนทุกรุ่นใน 9 ปี . HeadLight Magazine (in Thai). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Lim, Anthony (15 February 2023). "Mercedes-Benz EQS500 4Matic CKD in Malaysia – 696 km EV range; faster; RM50k less than CBU; RM649k". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
^ "Mercedes-EQ, EQS, design sketch exterior". Mercedes-Benz Group Media. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ "Mercedes-Benz EQS 2021 AMG". Qesot. 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ a b Aquilina, John (10 August 2021). "Mercedes EQS launches for €106,374". Electrive.com. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ Fowler, Steve. "Mercedes to launch 10 all-electric models by 2022". Auto Express. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^ "Mercedes-Benz to launch ultra-luxurious EQ S electric saloon in 2020". Autocar.
^ "Mercedes EQ S to be flagship in £9bn electric model blitz | Autocar". www.autocar.co.uk.
^ The electric Mercedes EQS is the world's most aerodynamic production car Cnet.com / 15 April 2021
^ "Finally: say hello to the Mercedes EQS !". 15 April 2021.
^ Patrick Lang: Das wirklich beste Elektroauto der Welt! in auto motor und sport, 27 June 2021, retrieved 15 July 2021 (in German)
^ Mercedes-AMG EQS53 4Matic+ revealed – brand’s first performance EV receives up to 761 PS and 1,020 Nm Gerard Lye / 6 September 2021
^ a b Golson, Daniel. "2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS electric sedan: Design, specs and all the details". Roadshow.
^ "The Mercedes EQS has this vast all-digital dashboard". Top Gear. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Mercedes-Benz MBUX Hyperscreen is a vast digital dash for the 2022 EQS electric sedan". SlashGear. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ Golson, Daniel. "Mercedes-Benz design chief Gorden Wagener on the EQS' Hyperscreen: 'Bigger the better'". Roadshow. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Mercedes : première validation pour une voiture autonome". Auto Journal (in French). 10 December 2021.
^ "Mercedes Gets International Approval For Level 3 Autonomous Tech". Motor1.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^ a b Group, Mercedes-Benz (6 April 2022). "Mercedes-Benz – the front runner in automated driving and safety technologies". Mercedes-Benz Group. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^ Dieter (23 July 2019). "Mercedes is first OEM to offer level 4 automated valet parking". Global Fleet. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^ McCann, John (15 April 2021). "Mercedes EQS release date, range, performance and features". TechRadar. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
^ Stafford, Eric (15 April 2021). "2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS: What We Know So Far". Car and Driver. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
^ Meiners, Jens (5 September 2021). "751-HP 2023 Mercedes-AMG EQS Has Tesla Model S in Its Sights". Car and Driver. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
^ Goodwin, Antuan (8 October 2021). "2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS gets 350-mile EPA estimated range". Roadshow. CNET. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ "2022 AMG EQS 53 Sedan".
^ "An EV Buying Guide for People Fed Up With Tesla's Elon Musk". Bloomberg.com. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes-Benz EQS.
Concept Mercedes-Maybach EQS Daimler AG. 5 September 2021
Premiere of the Concept Mercedes-Maybach EQS 5 September 2021
EQS of Mercedes-EQ
vteMaybachA Division of Mercedes-BenzCurrent
S-Class (W223)
GLS-Class
Future
Maybach EQS
SUV
Past
12
57 and 62
DSH
Exelero
JW61
SW35
SW38
SW41
W3
W5
W6
Zeppelin
S-Class (W222)
Concepts
W1
6
Ultimate Luxury
Engines
HL120
HL116
HL210
HL230
Commons
vteMercedes-Benz vehiclesCurrentAutomobiles
A
B
C
CLA
E
S
AMG GT 4-Door Coupé
EQE
EQS
Crossovers/SUVs
GLA
GLB
GLC
GLE
GLS
G
EQA
EQB
EQC
EQE SUV
EQS SUV
Roadsters/sports cars
CLE
AMG SL
AMG GT
AMG ONE
Vans
Vito/V/EQV
Citan/T/EQT
Sprinter
Commercial trucks
Antos
Arocs
Atego
Actros
Econic
Unimog
Zetros
Buses and coaches
Citaro
Sprinter Minibus
Tourismo
Trucks
List of models
Upcoming
EQXX
Discontinued
10/30 PS
170S
190SL
Axor
C-Class/CLC-Class
CL
CLK
CLK GTR Straßenversion
CLK LM Straßenversion
CLS
Cito
GL
GLK
M-Class
R-Class
Simplex
SSK
SLK/SLC
SLR McLaren
SLS AMG
T1
T2
Travego
Vaneo
Vario
W110
W114
W120
W123
W124
W201
X
Racing cars
300 SLR
T80
W25
W125
W125 Rekordwagen
W154
W165
W194
W196
Concepts
Bionic
BlueZERO
C111
C112
ConceptFASCINATION
EQ
ESF 2009 Experimental Safety Vehicle
F-Cell
F-Cell Roadster
F100
F125
F200 Imagination
F700
F800
Ocean Drive
Silver Lightning
Vario Research Car
Vision CLS
Vision EQXX
Vision SLA
ESF 2019
Vision Mercedes-Maybach 6
Concept EQG
Category
Commons
vte« previous — Mercedes-Benz road car timeline, 2020s–present
Model
Body
2020s
0
1
2
3
4
A
Hatch
W177
Sedan
V177
B
MPV
W247
C
Sedan
W205
W206
Estate
S205
S206
Coupé
C205
Cabriolet
A205
E
Sedan
W213
W214
Estate
S213
S214
Coupé
C238
Cabriolet
A238
S
Sedan
W222
W223
Limousine
V222, X222
V223, Z223
Pullman
VV222
Coupé
C217
Cabriolet
A217
T
MPV
W420
V
MPV
W447
CLA
4-door coupé
C118
Shooting brake
X118
CLE
Coupé
C236
Cabriolet
A236
CLS
4-door coupé
C257
SL/AMG SL
Roadster
R231
R232
AMG GT
Coupé
C190
C192
Roadster
R190
4-door coupé
X290
GLA
Crossover
H247
GLB
Crossover
X247
GLC
Crossover
X253
X254
SUV coupé
C253
GLE
SUV
W167
SUV coupé
C167
GLS
SUV
X167
G
Off-road vehicle
W463
EQA
Electric Crossover
H243
EQB
Electric Crossover
X243
EQC
Electric Crossover
N293
EQE
Electric Sedan
V295
EQE SUV
Electric SUV
X294
EQS
Electric Sedan
V297
EQS SUV
Electric SUV
X296
EQT
Electric MPV
W420
EQV
Electric MPV
W447
X
Pickup truck
W470
Citan
LCV
W415
W420
Vito
W447
Sprinter
VS30 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQS_SUV"},{"link_name":"full-size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size"},{"link_name":"liftback car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback_car"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquilina_2021-7"},{"link_name":"battery-electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery-electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz EQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQ"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This article is about the liftback. For the SUV model, see Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV.Motor vehicleThe Mercedes-Benz EQS (V297) is a battery electric full-size luxury liftback car produced by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz Group. It was released in September 2021 in Germany and the fourth quarter of the year in the United States.[7] As a battery-electric vehicle, it is part of the Mercedes-Benz EQ family.[8]","title":"Mercedes-Benz EQS"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_Vision_EQS_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0753.jpg"},{"link_name":"2019 International Motor Show Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_International_Motor_Show_Germany"},{"link_name":"sedan cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_car"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquilina_2021-7"}],"text":"Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS concept at the 2019 IAAThe EQS was presented at the 2019 International Motor Show Germany (IAA) as the Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS and foreshadows the future Mercedes-Benz series luxury electric sedan cars announced for 2021. The production model debuted on 15 April 2021. The EQS 450+ variant with 245 kW costs €106,374, while the all-wheel-drive model EQS 580 4MATIC is listed at €135,529. The EQS went on sale in the UK by September 2021, with prices starting from £99,995 for the EQS 450+ AMG Line. In December 2021, Mercedes-Benz unveiled and priced the EQS in China. Scheduled for April 2022, four versions of the EQS would be available in China starting at ¥1.08 million, which is just under €150,000 or $170,000.[7]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_V297_Classic-Days_2022_DSC_0070.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-AMG_V297_IAA_2021_1X7A0040.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"automobile drag coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"permanent magnet synchronous motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_motor"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auto Motor und Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Motor_und_Sport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Rear viewA Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4MATIC+ at the 2021 IAAThe EQS is the first EQ model that is based on the technical platform specific to the electric models, called the MEA.[9][10] Its automobile drag coefficient is as low as 0.20, making it the most aerodynamic car in production at the time of its introduction.[11][12]The car is powered by a water-cooled permanent magnet synchronous motor from Valeo Siemens in the EQS 450+ model, and by two of these motors in the EQS 580 4MATIC model. The torque is sent from the motor(s) to the wheels through a single-speed reduction gearbox. In the single-motor EQS 450+ model, the motor has a rated power of 245 kW (329 hp), and a braking power of 186 kW (249 hp), allowing a deceleration of 5 m·s−2. German motor journalist Alexander Bloch from Auto Motor und Sport found the energy consumption to be 150...160 W·h/km at 130 km/h (81 mph), and the average energy consumption to be 158 W·h/km. With the 107.8 kW·h secondary cell, the car has a range of more than 638 km. The average recharging power is 163 kW with a peak of >200 kW, allowing the car to reach a 79% state of charge in about half an hour.[13]The Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4Matic+ was presented at the Munich Motor Show in September 2021 and is the first all-electric AMG car. It has two electric motors producing 560 kW (751 hp) of power and delivering 1,020 N⋅m (752 lbf⋅ft) of torque. Its handling characteristics as well as its cooling system have been upgraded to match the motors' higher power output.[14]","title":"Technical details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"luxury car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_car"},{"link_name":"rear-wheel steering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_steering"},{"link_name":"over-the-air updates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_update"},{"link_name":"wireless phone charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_phone_charging"},{"link_name":"head-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"HEPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"}],"text":"A luxury car, the EQS comes with rear-wheel steering, over-the-air updates, wireless phone charging, 360-degree camera system, keyless entry, and can optionally be equipped with seats with massage, head-up display with augmented reality, automatically opening and closing doors, integrated toll payment system, gesture controls, HEPA air filter, heat, noise, and infrared rays insulated glass and heated windshield.[15]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-AMG_EQS_53_4MATIC%2B_(V297)_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"MBUX Hyperscreen","text":"InteriorThe high-end versions of Mercedes-Benz EQS feature two separate OLED screens and an LCD instrument cluster that covers nearly the full extension of the dashboard.[16] The whole infotainment system is powered by eight CPU cores and 24 gigabytes of RAM.[17] The multi-purpose digital dashboard has been well received by consumers.[18]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adaptive cruise control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control"},{"link_name":"lane centering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_centering"},{"link_name":"automated emergency braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_emergency_braking"},{"link_name":"blind spot monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_spot_monitoring"},{"link_name":"automatic parking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_parking"},{"link_name":"adaptive headlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_headlights"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"level 3 autonomous driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car#Levels_of_driving_automation"},{"link_name":"German motorways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_motorways"},{"link_name":"lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Safety and automated features","text":"The car has several safety and automated features, including adaptive cruise control, lane centering, automatic lane changing, automated emergency braking, avoidance assist (for pedestrians and bicycles), blind spot monitoring including rear seat exit warning, cross-traffic alert, traffic-sign recognition, automatic parking assist, and adaptive headlights.[15]The car can optionally be fit with a level 3 autonomous driving feature named Drive Pilot, allowing the driver to take their hands off the wheel and their eyes off the road in heavy traffic up to a 60 km/h (37 mph) speed on 13,191 kilometres (8,197 mi) of German motorways. The system is a world first and works by using lidar cameras, microphones, and various sensors. It is planned to also become available to other countries.[19][20][21] The car is the first that can be fit a level 4 automated valet parking system named Intelligent Park Pilot.[21][22]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The specifications include:[23][24][25]","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloomberg News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News"},{"link_name":"Tesla Model S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In December 2022, Bloomberg News listed the EQS as a \"terrific\" (great) alternative option to the Tesla Model S for auto owners angered by Elon Musk.[28]","title":"Reviews and reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS concept at the 2019 IAA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mercedes-Benz_Vision_EQS_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0753.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_Vision_EQS_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0753.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mercedes-Benz_V297_Classic-Days_2022_DSC_0070.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_V297_Classic-Days_2022_DSC_0070.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4MATIC+ at the 2021 IAA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mercedes-AMG_V297_IAA_2021_1X7A0040.jpg/220px-Mercedes-AMG_V297_IAA_2021_1X7A0040.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mercedes-AMG_EQS_53_4MATIC%2B_%28V297%29_interior.jpg/220px-Mercedes-AMG_EQS_53_4MATIC%2B_%28V297%29_interior.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz begins production of EQS electric luxury sedan at Factory 56 in Sindelfingen\". Green Car Congress. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/05/20210513-eqs.html","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz begins production of EQS electric luxury sedan at Factory 56 in Sindelfingen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes launches EQS 580, first 'Made in India' luxury electric car\". Hindustan Times. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/mercedes-launches-eqs-580-first-made-in-india-luxury-electric-car-101664606662992.html","url_text":"\"Mercedes launches EQS 580, first 'Made in India' luxury electric car\""}]},{"reference":"Cnoe, MoO (23 July 2021). \"Mercedes-EQS rt̄hynt̒ fịf̂ā 100% prakxb thịy peid tạw ch̀wng t̂n pī 2022 p̄hæn thạ̀w lok prạb pĕn fịf̂ā l̂wn thuk rùn nı 9 pī\" Mercedes-EQS รถยนต์ไฟฟ้า 100% ประกอบไทย เปิดตัวช่วงต้นปี 2022 แผนทั่วโลกปรับเป็นไฟฟ้าล้วนทุกรุ่นใน 9 ปี [Mercedes-EQS, a 100% electric car assembled in Thailand, launched in early 2022, with a global plan to switch to all electric models in 9 years]. HeadLight Magazine (in Thai). Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.headlightmag.com/mercedes-eqs-local-production-coming-2022/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-EQS rt̄hynt̒ fịf̂ā 100% prakxb thịy peid tạw ch̀wng t̂n pī 2022 p̄hæn thạ̀w lok prạb pĕn fịf̂ā l̂wn thuk rùn nı 9 pī\" Mercedes-EQS รถยนต์ไฟฟ้า 100% ประกอบไทย เปิดตัวช่วงต้นปี 2022 แผนทั่วโลกปรับเป็นไฟฟ้าล้วนทุกรุ่นใน 9 ปี"}]},{"reference":"Lim, Anthony (15 February 2023). \"Mercedes-Benz EQS500 4Matic CKD in Malaysia – 696 km EV range; faster; RM50k less than CBU; RM649k\". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/15/mercedes-benz-eqs500-4matic-unveiled-in-malaysia-449-ps-855-nm-ckd-rm648888-mid-march-debut/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz EQS500 4Matic CKD in Malaysia – 696 km EV range; faster; RM50k less than CBU; RM649k\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-EQ, EQS, design sketch exterior\". Mercedes-Benz Group Media. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://group-media.mercedes-benz.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/picture.xhtml?oid=49685590","url_text":"\"Mercedes-EQ, EQS, design sketch exterior\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz EQS 2021 AMG\". Qesot. 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://qesot.com/cars/en/product/44442/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz EQS 2021 AMG\""}]},{"reference":"Aquilina, John (10 August 2021). \"Mercedes EQS launches for €106,374\". Electrive.com. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electrive.com/2021/08/10/mercedes-eqs-launches-for-e106374/","url_text":"\"Mercedes EQS launches for €106,374\""}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Steve. \"Mercedes to launch 10 all-electric models by 2022\". Auto Express. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904220055/http://assets.dennisnet.co.uk/ab/index.html","url_text":"\"Mercedes to launch 10 all-electric models by 2022\""},{"url":"https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/eq/104513/mercedes-to-launch-10-all-electric-models-by-2022","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz to launch ultra-luxurious EQ S electric saloon in 2020\". Autocar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mercedes-benz-launch-ultra-luxurious-eq-s-electric-saloon-2020","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz to launch ultra-luxurious EQ S electric saloon in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes EQ S to be flagship in £9bn electric model blitz | Autocar\". www.autocar.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/mercedes-eq-s-be-flagship-%C2%A39bn-electric-model-blitz","url_text":"\"Mercedes EQ S to be flagship in £9bn electric model blitz | Autocar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finally: say hello to the Mercedes EQS !\". 15 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/finally-say-hello-mercedes-eqs","url_text":"\"Finally: say hello to the Mercedes EQS !\""}]},{"reference":"Golson, Daniel. \"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS electric sedan: Design, specs and all the details\". Roadshow.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/features/2022-mercedes-benz-eqs-ev-electric-sedan-debut-specs-details/","url_text":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS electric sedan: Design, specs and all the details\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mercedes EQS has this vast all-digital dashboard\". Top Gear. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/mercedes-eqs-has-vast-all-digital-dashboard","url_text":"\"The Mercedes EQS has this vast all-digital dashboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes-Benz MBUX Hyperscreen is a vast digital dash for the 2022 EQS electric sedan\". SlashGear. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashgear.com/mercedes-benz-mbux-hyperscreen-is-a-vast-digital-dash-for-the-2022-eqs-electric-sedan-07653860/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz MBUX Hyperscreen is a vast digital dash for the 2022 EQS electric sedan\""}]},{"reference":"Golson, Daniel. \"Mercedes-Benz design chief Gorden Wagener on the EQS' Hyperscreen: 'Bigger the better'\". Roadshow. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/mercedes-benz-design-chief-gorden-wagener-on-the-eqs-hyperscreen-bigger-the-better/","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz design chief Gorden Wagener on the EQS' Hyperscreen: 'Bigger the better'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes : première validation pour une voiture autonome\". Auto Journal (in French). 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autojournal.fr/mercedes/mercedes-premiere-validation-pour-une-voiture-autonome-279142.html","url_text":"\"Mercedes : première validation pour une voiture autonome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes Gets International Approval For Level 3 Autonomous Tech\". Motor1.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motor1.com/news/553833/mercedes-benz-level-3-approval/","url_text":"\"Mercedes Gets International Approval For Level 3 Autonomous Tech\""}]},{"reference":"Group, Mercedes-Benz (6 April 2022). \"Mercedes-Benz – the front runner in automated driving and safety technologies\". Mercedes-Benz Group. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.mercedes-benz.com/innovation/case/autonomous/drive-pilot-2.html","url_text":"\"Mercedes-Benz – the front runner in automated driving and safety technologies\""}]},{"reference":"Dieter (23 July 2019). \"Mercedes is first OEM to offer level 4 automated valet parking\". Global Fleet. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalfleet.com/fr/autonomous/europe/features/mercedes-first-oem-offer-level-4-automated-valet-parking","url_text":"\"Mercedes is first OEM to offer level 4 automated valet parking\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, John (15 April 2021). \"Mercedes EQS release date, range, performance and features\". TechRadar. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/news/mercedes-eqs","url_text":"\"Mercedes EQS release date, range, performance and features\""}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Eric (15 April 2021). \"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS: What We Know So Far\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/mercedes-benz/eqs","url_text":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS: What We Know So Far\""}]},{"reference":"Meiners, Jens (5 September 2021). \"751-HP 2023 Mercedes-AMG EQS Has Tesla Model S in Its Sights\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37478089/mercedes-amg-eqs-53-amg-revealed/","url_text":"\"751-HP 2023 Mercedes-AMG EQS Has Tesla Model S in Its Sights\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Antuan (8 October 2021). \"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS gets 350-mile EPA estimated range\". Roadshow. CNET. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2022-mercedes-benz-eqs-350-mile-range/","url_text":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS gets 350-mile EPA estimated range\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 AMG EQS 53 Sedan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbusa.com/en/vehicles/model/eqs/sedan/eqs53v4","url_text":"\"2022 AMG EQS 53 Sedan\""}]},{"reference":"\"An EV Buying Guide for People Fed Up With Tesla's Elon Musk\". Bloomberg.com. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-19/best-evs-that-aren-t-tesla-alternative-cars-for-drivers-turned-off-by-elon-musk","url_text":"\"An EV Buying Guide for People Fed Up With Tesla's Elon Musk\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/05/20210513-eqs.html","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz begins production of EQS electric luxury sedan at Factory 56 in Sindelfingen\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/mercedes-launches-eqs-580-first-made-in-india-luxury-electric-car-101664606662992.html","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes launches EQS 580, first 'Made in India' luxury electric car\""},{"Link":"https://www.headlightmag.com/mercedes-eqs-local-production-coming-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-EQS rt̄hynt̒ fịf̂ā 100% prakxb thịy peid tạw ch̀wng t̂n pī 2022 p̄hæn thạ̀w lok prạb pĕn fịf̂ā l̂wn thuk rùn nı 9 pī\" Mercedes-EQS รถยนต์ไฟฟ้า 100% ประกอบไทย เปิดตัวช่วงต้นปี 2022 แผนทั่วโลกปรับเป็นไฟฟ้าล้วนทุกรุ่นใน 9 ปี"},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/15/mercedes-benz-eqs500-4matic-unveiled-in-malaysia-449-ps-855-nm-ckd-rm648888-mid-march-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz EQS500 4Matic CKD in Malaysia – 696 km EV range; faster; RM50k less than CBU; RM649k\""},{"Link":"https://group-media.mercedes-benz.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/picture.xhtml?oid=49685590","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-EQ, EQS, design sketch exterior\""},{"Link":"https://qesot.com/cars/en/product/44442/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz EQS 2021 AMG\""},{"Link":"https://www.electrive.com/2021/08/10/mercedes-eqs-launches-for-e106374/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes EQS launches for €106,374\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904220055/http://assets.dennisnet.co.uk/ab/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes to launch 10 all-electric models by 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/eq/104513/mercedes-to-launch-10-all-electric-models-by-2022","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mercedes-benz-launch-ultra-luxurious-eq-s-electric-saloon-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz to launch ultra-luxurious EQ S electric saloon in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/mercedes-eq-s-be-flagship-%C2%A39bn-electric-model-blitz","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes EQ S to be flagship in £9bn electric model blitz | Autocar\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2022-mercedes-benz-eqs-ev-most-aerodynamic-car/","external_links_name":"The electric Mercedes EQS is the world's most aerodynamic production car"},{"Link":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/finally-say-hello-mercedes-eqs","external_links_name":"\"Finally: say hello to the Mercedes EQS !\""},{"Link":"https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/elektroauto/bloch-erklaert-mercedes-eqs-450plus-elektroauto-reichweite/","external_links_name":"Das wirklich beste Elektroauto der Welt!"},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2021/09/06/mercedes-amg-eqs53-4matic-revealed/","external_links_name":"Mercedes-AMG EQS53 4Matic+ revealed – brand’s first performance EV receives up to 761 PS and 1,020 Nm"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/features/2022-mercedes-benz-eqs-ev-electric-sedan-debut-specs-details/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS electric sedan: Design, specs and all the details\""},{"Link":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/mercedes-eqs-has-vast-all-digital-dashboard","external_links_name":"\"The Mercedes EQS has this vast all-digital dashboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashgear.com/mercedes-benz-mbux-hyperscreen-is-a-vast-digital-dash-for-the-2022-eqs-electric-sedan-07653860/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz MBUX Hyperscreen is a vast digital dash for the 2022 EQS electric sedan\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/mercedes-benz-design-chief-gorden-wagener-on-the-eqs-hyperscreen-bigger-the-better/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz design chief Gorden Wagener on the EQS' Hyperscreen: 'Bigger the better'\""},{"Link":"https://www.autojournal.fr/mercedes/mercedes-premiere-validation-pour-une-voiture-autonome-279142.html","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes : première validation pour une voiture autonome\""},{"Link":"https://www.motor1.com/news/553833/mercedes-benz-level-3-approval/","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes Gets International Approval For Level 3 Autonomous Tech\""},{"Link":"https://group.mercedes-benz.com/innovation/case/autonomous/drive-pilot-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes-Benz – the front runner in automated driving and safety technologies\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalfleet.com/fr/autonomous/europe/features/mercedes-first-oem-offer-level-4-automated-valet-parking","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes is first OEM to offer level 4 automated valet parking\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/news/mercedes-eqs","external_links_name":"\"Mercedes EQS release date, range, performance and features\""},{"Link":"https://www.caranddriver.com/mercedes-benz/eqs","external_links_name":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS: What We Know So Far\""},{"Link":"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37478089/mercedes-amg-eqs-53-amg-revealed/","external_links_name":"\"751-HP 2023 Mercedes-AMG EQS Has Tesla Model S in Its Sights\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2022-mercedes-benz-eqs-350-mile-range/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Mercedes-Benz EQS gets 350-mile EPA estimated range\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbusa.com/en/vehicles/model/eqs/sedan/eqs53v4","external_links_name":"\"2022 AMG EQS 53 Sedan\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-19/best-evs-that-aren-t-tesla-alternative-cars-for-drivers-turned-off-by-elon-musk","external_links_name":"\"An EV Buying Guide for People Fed Up With Tesla's Elon Musk\""},{"Link":"https://www.daimler.com/innovation/product-innovation/design/concept-maybach-eqs.html","external_links_name":"Concept Mercedes-Maybach EQS"},{"Link":"https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/passenger-cars/mercedes-maybach/premiere-of-the-concept-mercedes-maybach-eqs/","external_links_name":"Premiere of the Concept Mercedes-Maybach EQS"},{"Link":"https://www.mercedes-benz.com.vn/vi/passengercars/mercedes-benz-cars/models/eqs/saloon-v297/pad.html","external_links_name":"EQS of Mercedes-EQ"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Rotherham_%26_Co | Jeremiah Rotherham & Co | ["1 Jeremiah Rotherham – founder","2 Business partnerships","3 Death of Jeremiah Rotherham","3.1 Anlaby","4 Sale of store","5 Financial rewards","6 New management","7 London Music Hall","8 1941 bombing","9 Final years","10 References"] | Former department store in London
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. Shoreditch High St
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. was a department store in Shoreditch High Street, London, described during the early years as "Wholesale and Retail Drapers and General Warehousemen". The business evolved from a small drapery shop in the 1840s and grew to employ over 500 people.
In what appears to have been an altruistic gesture, the founder of the business, Jeremiah Rotherham (1806–1878), created a partnership with four of his long term employees. After his death they became the owners and sold the company via a stock market flotation in 1898. At this time the store was located at 81–91 Shoreditch High Street and 17–35 Boundary Street. Further expansion included the acquisition in 1935 of the London Theatre (formerly the Shoreditch Empire), 95–99 Shoreditch High Street, for use as warehouse space. During World War II the main store was hit by bombs during the London blitz; the company was able carry on trading by transferring to an adjacent building. In 1968 Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. was purchased by Spencer, Turner and Boldero, later becoming part of the Dent Fownes/Dewhurst Dent P.L.C. group.
Jeremiah Rotherham – founder
The founder of the store, Jeremiah Rotherham, was born in Whitwell, Derbyshire, England. He began his career as a haberdasher with his older brother, William Rotherham, who ran a linen drapers, haberdashers, silk mercers and furriers business at 39-41 Shoreditch High Street with John Hill Grinsell. In 1832 the partnership between William Rotherham and Grinsell ceased In 1835 William was declared bankrupt and on 1 February 1836 he was placed on trial at the Old Bailey for "Deception: bankruptcy: having been declared a bankrupt, feloniously did conceal part of his personal estate". He was found not guilty. The transcript of the trail provides insights into the size of his business operation and to the fact that another brother, Joseph (1810–1849), was working with him.
By 1834 Jeremiah Rotherham had moved to a linen draper shop run by James Burrough (1764–1844), at 84 Shoreditch High Street. Burrough had two sons working for him, James (1795–c1844) and Joseph (1797–1826) who in 1824 had married Sophia Shingles (1794–1849) from Norfolk. They had one child before he died 1826. In 1834 the widowed Sophia married Jeremiah Rotherham: she was 40 and he was 28 years old.
When Burrough died in 1844, Rotherham took over the lease of his shop, where both he and Sophia worked and lived. Sophia's sister, Mary Ann Shingles (1810–1849), lived with them, but in 1849, during the cholera epidemic that struck the East End in that year, Sophia died in August, followed within a month by Mary Ann. They were both buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in Rotherham's family vault. Jeremiah's brother, Joseph Rotherham, who lived in Stepney, also died in the same year.
Another sister, Elizabeth Shingles (1788–1877), married the Norfolk schoolmaster George Boardman (1793–1876). One of their daughters, Marian Boardman (1824–1903), appears to have become a companion to Rotherham after his wife's death. She later married Rev. Frederic Halliley Stammers (1833–1902). She and her brother, Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman (1826–1912), became major beneficiaries of Rotherham's will, inheriting his share of the business interests when he died in 1878.
Business partnerships
Part of department store, Boundary St
From about 1854 Jeremiah Rotherham took on business partners to help him run the store. The first was London-born fellow draper, George John Frederick Goodrich (1818–1885). He retired in 1875 for reasons of ill-health, by which time the store had expanded and included 81–87 Shoreditch High Street plus a new warehouse in Boundary Street. The other partner at this time was Devon born draper, Robert Shapland (1826–1864). He helped to expand the wholesale side of the business, selling extensively to the millinery trade. Rotherham seemed genuinely fond of Shapland and his family; he was a witness at their wedding and the Shaplands named their third child Edgar Rotherham Shapman.
The next partnership was set up with four employees who had worked their way up in the company. They were Frederick Snowden, George Gotelee, Robert Dummett and William Ellis. Snowden (1844-1932) from Shoreditch, had started with the store in 1856 as an apprentice and later became Jeremiah Rotherham's private secretary. Gotelee (1840–1918), draper from Buckinghamshire, also started as a trainee at Rotherham's and later became a buyer. Ellis (1841–1924) was from Devon and described in the 1861 census as draper's assistant, later becoming a buyer. Dummett (1843–1907), also from Devon, began his career at Rotherham's in the dispatch department, eventually becoming the correspondence clerk and warehouse manager.
Death of Jeremiah Rotherham
Rotherham died on 30 August 1878 in his Anlaby Houses, Upper Clapton, Hackney. His personal estate was valued in probate as under £350,000 (rough value today would be £41 million). He died childless and left the biggest part of his estate to his niece Marian (Boardman) Stammers (1824–1903) and nephew Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman (1826–1912) in equal parts. Before his death, Rotherham had set up a partnership with Snowden, Gotelee, Dummett and Ellis. The instruction in his will was for his share of this partnership to become the property of his niece and nephew. They were at liberty to continue with the business or sell their interest, but he instructed that any sale must first be offered to Frederick Snowden. Rotherham made several other bequests in his will to charities and employees. He also instructed his executors to provide for the continuation of a trust fund for the family of his former partner, Robert Shapland. Rotherham was buried in the family vault at Kensal Green Cemetery.
Anlaby
Jeremiah Rotherham had lived in Anlaby Houses, Upper Clapton for about 18 years. The house was one of a pair and leased by Rotherham. The other one of the pair was occupied by the Hubbard family who owned the freehold. The name Anlaby was later used by the company for a line of hosiery and for its 27–39 Boundary Street building, which has now been converted to a block of flats. In his book Cracked Eggs and Chicken Soup: A Memoir of Growing Up Between The Wars, the author Norman Jacobs says that the use of the Anlaby name in the Rotherham business came about because they originally came from the Yorkshire town of that name.
Sale of store
In 1898 the four partners put the store up for sale for £500,000 via a stock market flotation. They agreed to stay on as directors to ensure a continuity of business arrangements and to liaise with stakeholders. At the time of Rotherham's death, several of the buildings in Shoreditch High Street appear to have been leased, however by the time of the sale the company's property portfolio was said to be mostly freehold, including the main store in Shoreditch High Street, numbers 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91, plus the building to the rear in Boundary Street, numbers 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 31, 33 and 35. There is no mention in the prospectus of Rotherham's niece and nephew being involved in the sale of the store, so it appears that their interest in the business had been sold to the partners. Similar stock market flotation of privately owned department stores at this time included Harrods in 1889, William Whiteley (Universal Provider) in 1899 and D. H. Evans & Co in 1894. These stores were able to raise funding on the stock market for expansion and to purchase other smaller stores, for example Harrods purchased Dickins & Jones in 1914. The application for shares in Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. was heavily oversubscribed and about two years later a further sale of debenture and ordinary shares was offered. The dividend paid to shareholders for many years was between five and seven percent.
The 600-page illustrated catalogue and general price list of 1904 details the variety of stock they carried in the store. There was also a mail order service on offer.
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p1
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p2
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p3
Jeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p4
Financial rewards
The four partners, Snowden, Dummett, Gotelee and Ellis, became wealthy from the sale of their business, but chose to remain as directors of the newly formed company. The most remarkable of them for long service was probably the chairman, Frederick Snowden, who retired on health grounds in 1926, having worked at the Rotherham store for 71 years.
Robert Dummett died in 1907 aged 64 having been with Jeremiah Rotherham for 46 years. In his obituary it was said that he had left Devon at the age of 18 and travelled to London, without capital, without friends and without influence. He started at Rotherham's as an assistant in the despatch department and worked his way up to become head of the department. He died on 21 November 1907, and his probate indicates that he left £71,480, roughly equivalent to £8million today. His children included barrister, Sir Robert Ernest Dummett (1873–1941), who became chief magistrate, and George Herbert Dummett (1880–1969), silk/rayon merchant, whose son was philosopher Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett.
George Gotelee died 18 September 1918 aged 78, having served with Rotherham’s for 62 years. His probate was recorded as £117,264. He was replaced on the board by Snowden's son, Frederick Sydney Snowden, who remained as a director until 1958. Gotelee's son, Sydney Treble Gotelee (1878-1959), later became a director, a position he retained until he retired in 1958.
William Ellis died aged 84 on 11 March 1924 at his home in Reigate, Surrey leaving £178,616. He had been with Jeremiah Rotherham for about 64 years and regularly attended the AGMs up until his death, only missing the last meeting due to doctor's orders. He had just one child, a daughter, Elizabeth Harriet Ellis (1872–1923), who married City broker Frank Ernest Doré (1867–1926). His family were the tailors, Doré and Sons, who had several shops in the City of London.
When Jeremiah Rotherham died in 1878 he left his share of the business in equal measures to his niece, Marian (Boardman) Stammers, and nephew Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman. They were at liberty to either continue as partners or to sell their interest to Frederick Snowden, and it appears they took the latter option. They were the children of Elizabeth Shingles (1788-1877) and George Boardman (1793-1876), who was a head teacher in Acle, Norfolk. After the death of Rotherham, the Rev Boardman, who was vicar of Grazeley, near Reading, resigned the living and moved to a large house called Glen Andred in Groombridge, East Sussex. He paid £7,200 for the house, which had formerly been the home of artist Edward William Cooke, and lived there with his wife in partial retirement until his death in 1912. In his will he left £147,122 (rough equivalent today £17 million), with many large bequests to hospitals and charities.
Marian (Boardman) Stammers, left £118,734 when she died in Brighton on 1 June 1903. She was married to Rev. Frederic Halliley Stammers (1833-1902) who was the incumbent minister at All Saints', Clapton in Hackney, an area of London where Jeremiah Rotherham had lived up until his death in 1878. The Stammers did not have children, but Rev. Stammers, who was a widower, had two children from his previous marriage and they were remembered by Rotherham with a legacy in his will. The Rev. Stammers' mother was Martha Halliley, from Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Her brother-in-law was Vicar John Buckworth of Dewsbury who had appointed Patrick Brontë as his curate in 1809.
New management
After Frederick Snowden left the business in 1926, a new chairman was appointed. He was Joseph Hockley (1873–1954) who had trained as a draper and joined Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. in about 1894. He had been company secretary before becoming chairman, a position that he retained until his death in 1954, serving 60 years with the business. His tenure covered the difficult trading periods of the economic depression in the 1930s and the Second World War.
London Music Hall
In 1933/34 the company purchased a theatre on an adjacent site located at 95–99 Shoreditch High Street. This was demolished to make way for a new warehouse. The theatre had various names during its history including: The Shoreditch Empire, Griffin Music Hall, The London Music Hall and London Theatre of Varieties. The frontage of the site was 117 ft, and the land area about 8000 sq feet.
1941 bombing
In May 1941 the main store in Shoreditch High Street was destroyed by enemy bombing during World War II. The company was able to reopen for business by transferring trading to the new warehouse. Government compensation was received in 1950 for the damage to the building and further awards were made later for loss of stock, etc.
Final years
By 1958 the financial position of the business was such that there was a call for the company to go into liquidation. In previous years, the policy had been to always appoint directors who had been employees of Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. However, to save the business a compromise was agreed and Nadji Khazam (1910–1984), an outsider from the Anglo-African Finance group, was appointed as a director. Khazam was originally from Iraq, and naturalised in Britain in about 1947. He had worked in the textile industry for several years and during this time, he and his family had acquired controlling interest in several weaving companies belonging to Haighton Holdings. In 1951 he and his sister, Flora Yentob, sold these businesses to Aurochs Investment Company, although Khazam remained on as managing director. By 1968 the Khazam family firm of Anglo-African Finance owned 49.5% of Jeremiah Rotherham, and they agreed to a takeover by rival company Spencer, Turner and Boldero. In some respects this was more of a merger because Anglo-African Finance also had considerable interest in Spencer, Turner and Boldero. Further rationalisation took place within the group of businesses run by the Khazam-Yentob family over the following years and evolved into Dewhurst Dent Limited. The company still has members of both families on the board of directors.
The Khazam-Yentob families had dealings in other sectors apart from textiles. In South Africa they were associated with companies that included automotive and mineral exploration.
Flora (Khazam) Yentob was the mother of creative director Alan Yentob.
References
^ "£500,000 for J. Rotherham". The Guardian. 29 October 1968. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ "Dewhurst Dent Limited". The Guardian. 28 May 1977. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ "William Rotherham and John Hill Grinsell 39 Shoreditch linen draper". National Archives. MS 11936/507/1061071. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ "Partnership dissolved". London Gazette (19006): 2795. 21 December 1832. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ "William Rotherham. Deception: bankruptcy. 1st February 1836". The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913. The University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
^ "James Burrough". Find a Grave. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ "Insured: James Burrough and Jeremiah Rotherham, 86 Shoreditch, linen drapers". National Archive. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ "Lease of 83-84 Shoreditch High Street". National Archives. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ Farr, William (1852). Report on the Mortality of Cholera in England, 1848–49. London: HMSO. pp. 190–191. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ "Partnership dissolved by mutual consent". The London Gazette (24280): 6690. 31 December 1875. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ Partnership ended 1865
^ Montagu, Williams (1896). Round London Down East And Up West. London: Macmillian. p. 32. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
^ Barrier Miner, Sat 21 Dec 1895, Page 6, THE WAY TO SUCCESS – The Rotherhams of Shoreditch
^ "Wills and Bequests". The Bury and Norwich Post. 15 October 1878. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^ Anlaby House, 27–39 Boundary Street, London E2 Heritage Statement, Revision A. 3 November 2010 Delta Architects page 9
^ Ralph Fordham's properties in Shoreditch, Hackney Archives
^ "Subscription List". The Pall Mall Gazette. 25 June 1898. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
^ "Harrod's Stores Limited". The Times. 18 May 1914. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ "Jeremiah Rotherham and Company". The Morning Post. 11 December 1900. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
^ De Montmorency, James Edward Geoffrey; Dicksee, Lawrence Robert (1903). Advanced accounting. London: Gee & Co. p. 254. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
^ The General Price List. Shoreditch London: Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. 1904. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
^ "Jeremiah Rotherham And Co." Times, 24 Feb. 1927, p. 20. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 29 May 2019.
^ "New Board for Jeremiah Rotherham". The Guardian. 24 September 1958. p. 10. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ "Jeremiah Rotherham And Company." Times, 27 Feb. 1924, p. 20. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 12 June 2019
^ Frank Ernest Dore stockbroker
^ GLEN ANDRED: A GRADE II* GARDEN Sussex Gardens Trust
^ The Times London, Greater London, England 25 May 1912, Sat Page 11
^ Kent & Sussex Courier - Friday 3 May 1912, Rev. Canon H. C. Foster: The late Rev E. H. Boardman.
^ "Patrick Bronte". Dewsbury Minster. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ "Jeremiah Rotherham & Co". The Guardian. 1 April 1954. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ Satisfactory turnover The Guardian London, Greater London, England, 28 Feb 1935, Thu • Page 14
^ Company meeting The Guardian London, Greater London, England,28 Mar 1950, Tue. Page 9
^ "Jeremiah Rotherham and Company". Manchester Guardian. 3 April 1947. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ "More competition from U.S. banks in Europe." Dual Coupon Convertabe. Times, 22 Feb. 1967, p. 13. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 29 June 2019.
^ "Appontment of new directors and compromise to avoid liquidation". The Guardian. 24 September 1958. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ "Naturalisation Certificate: Nadji Khazam. From Iraq". The National Archive. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
^ "Haighton Holdings Limited". The Guardian. 15 November 1951. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ "£500,000 for J. Rotherham". The Guardian London. 29 October 1968. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ "Spencer, Turner & Boldero and Jeremiah Rotherham". The Guardian. 24 January 1967. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Dewhurst Dent Limited". The Guardian. 28 May 1977. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Dewhurst Dent P.L.C". Endole - Company Credit Reports. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ Don Wilkinson Local takeover of Khazam Yentob group rumoured The Citizen, Johannesburg, DTIC ADA346221: Sub-Saharan Africa Report, No. 2830, P.111' 28 June 1983
^ "Capital Gold and Exploration Company Limited" (PDF). South African Government Gazette. CXCVIII (6334): 25. 18 December 1959. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
^ Yentob, Alan. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U41305. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_store.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch_High_Street"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"London blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. Shoreditch High StJeremiah Rotherham & Co. was a department store in Shoreditch High Street, London, described during the early years as \"Wholesale and Retail Drapers and General Warehousemen\". The business evolved from a small drapery shop in the 1840s and grew to employ over 500 people.In what appears to have been an altruistic gesture, the founder of the business, Jeremiah Rotherham (1806–1878), created a partnership with four of his long term employees. After his death they became the owners and sold the company via a stock market flotation in 1898. At this time the store was located at 81–91 Shoreditch High Street and 17–35 Boundary Street. Further expansion included the acquisition in 1935 of the London Theatre (formerly the Shoreditch Empire), 95–99 Shoreditch High Street, for use as warehouse space. During World War II the main store was hit by bombs during the London blitz; the company was able carry on trading by transferring to an adjacent building. In 1968 Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. was purchased by Spencer, Turner and Boldero,[1] later becoming part of the Dent Fownes/Dewhurst Dent P.L.C. group.[2]","title":"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitwell, Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitwell,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"haberdasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"}],"text":"The founder of the store, Jeremiah Rotherham, was born in Whitwell, Derbyshire, England. He began his career as a haberdasher with his older brother, William Rotherham, who ran a linen drapers, haberdashers, silk mercers and furriers business at 39-41 Shoreditch High Street with John Hill Grinsell.[3] In 1832 the partnership between William Rotherham and Grinsell ceased[4] In 1835 William was declared bankrupt and on 1 February 1836 he was placed on trial at the Old Bailey for \"Deception: bankruptcy: having been declared a bankrupt, feloniously did conceal part of his personal estate\". He was found not guilty. The transcript of the trail provides insights into the size of his business operation and to the fact that another brother, Joseph (1810–1849), was working with him.[5]By 1834 Jeremiah Rotherham had moved to a linen draper shop run by James Burrough (1764–1844),[6] at 84 Shoreditch High Street.[7] Burrough had two sons working for him, James (1795–c1844) and Joseph (1797–1826) who in 1824 had married Sophia Shingles (1794–1849) from Norfolk. They had one child before he died 1826. In 1834 the widowed Sophia married Jeremiah Rotherham: she was 40 and he was 28 years old.When Burrough died in 1844, Rotherham took over the lease of his shop, where both he and Sophia worked and lived.[8] Sophia's sister, Mary Ann Shingles (1810–1849), lived with them, but in 1849, during the cholera epidemic that struck the East End in that year, Sophia died in August, followed within a month by Mary Ann.[9] They were both buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in Rotherham's family vault. Jeremiah's brother, Joseph Rotherham, who lived in Stepney, also died in the same year.Another sister, Elizabeth Shingles (1788–1877), married the Norfolk schoolmaster George Boardman (1793–1876). One of their daughters, Marian Boardman (1824–1903), appears to have become a companion to Rotherham after his wife's death. She later married Rev. Frederic Halliley Stammers (1833–1902). She and her brother, Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman (1826–1912), became major beneficiaries of Rotherham's will, inheriting his share of the business interests when he died in 1878.","title":"Jeremiah Rotherham – founder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremiah_Rotherham_%26_Co_Boundary_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Part of department store, Boundary StFrom about 1854 Jeremiah Rotherham took on business partners to help him run the store. The first was London-born fellow draper, George John Frederick Goodrich (1818–1885). He retired in 1875 for reasons of ill-health, by which time the store had expanded and included 81–87 Shoreditch High Street plus a new warehouse in Boundary Street.[10] The other partner at this time was Devon born draper, Robert Shapland (1826–1864). He helped to expand the wholesale side of the business, selling extensively to the millinery trade. Rotherham seemed genuinely fond of Shapland and his family; he was a witness at their wedding and the Shaplands named their third child Edgar Rotherham Shapman.[11]The next partnership was set up with four employees who had worked their way up in the company. They were Frederick Snowden, George Gotelee, Robert Dummett and William Ellis.[12] Snowden (1844-1932) from Shoreditch, had started with the store in 1856 as an apprentice and later became Jeremiah Rotherham's private secretary. Gotelee (1840–1918), draper from Buckinghamshire, also started as a trainee at Rotherham's and later became a buyer. Ellis (1841–1924) was from Devon and described in the 1861 census as draper's assistant, later becoming a buyer. Dummett (1843–1907), also from Devon, began his career at Rotherham's in the dispatch department, eventually becoming the correspondence clerk and warehouse manager.[13]","title":"Business partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Rotherham died on 30 August 1878 in his Anlaby Houses, Upper Clapton, Hackney. His personal estate was valued in probate as under £350,000 (rough value today would be £41 million). He died childless and left the biggest part of his estate to his niece Marian (Boardman) Stammers (1824–1903) and nephew Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman (1826–1912) in equal parts. Before his death, Rotherham had set up a partnership with Snowden, Gotelee, Dummett and Ellis. The instruction in his will was for his share of this partnership to become the property of his niece and nephew. They were at liberty to continue with the business or sell their interest, but he instructed that any sale must first be offered to Frederick Snowden. Rotherham made several other bequests in his will to charities and employees.[14] He also instructed his executors to provide for the continuation of a trust fund for the family of his former partner, Robert Shapland. Rotherham was buried in the family vault at Kensal Green Cemetery.","title":"Death of Jeremiah Rotherham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"town of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlaby"}],"sub_title":"Anlaby","text":"Jeremiah Rotherham had lived in Anlaby Houses, Upper Clapton for about 18 years. The house was one of a pair and leased by Rotherham. The other one of the pair was occupied by the Hubbard family who owned the freehold. The name Anlaby was later used by the company for a line of hosiery and for its 27–39 Boundary Street building, which has now been converted to a block of flats.[15] In his book Cracked Eggs and Chicken Soup: A Memoir of Growing Up Between The Wars, the author Norman Jacobs says that the use of the Anlaby name in the Rotherham business came about because they originally came from the Yorkshire town of that name.","title":"Death of Jeremiah Rotherham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_theory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"prospectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Harrods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrods"},{"link_name":"William Whiteley (Universal Provider)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteleys"},{"link_name":"Dickins & Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickins_%26_Jones"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_guide_page_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_guide_page_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_guide_page_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_guide_page_4.jpg"}],"text":"In 1898 the four partners put the store up for sale for £500,000 via a stock market flotation. They agreed to stay on as directors to ensure a continuity of business arrangements and to liaise with stakeholders. At the time of Rotherham's death, several of the buildings in Shoreditch High Street appear to have been leased,[16] however by the time of the sale the company's property portfolio was said to be mostly freehold, including the main store in Shoreditch High Street, numbers 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91, plus the building to the rear in Boundary Street, numbers 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 31, 33 and 35.[17] There is no mention in the prospectus of Rotherham's niece and nephew being involved in the sale of the store, so it appears that their interest in the business had been sold to the partners. Similar stock market flotation of privately owned department stores at this time included Harrods in 1889, William Whiteley (Universal Provider) in 1899 and D. H. Evans & Co in 1894. These stores were able to raise funding on the stock market for expansion and to purchase other smaller stores, for example Harrods purchased Dickins & Jones in 1914.[18] The application for shares in Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. was heavily oversubscribed and about two years later a further sale of debenture and ordinary shares was offered.[19] The dividend paid to shareholders for many years was between five and seven percent.[20]The 600-page illustrated catalogue and general price list of 1904 details the variety of stock they carried in the store. There was also a mail order service on offer.[21]Jeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p1\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p2\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p3\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeremiah Rotherham & Co dept. list, 1904 p4","title":"Sale of store"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Groombridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groombridge"},{"link_name":"Edward William Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapton,_London"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury"},{"link_name":"Patrick Brontë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The four partners, Snowden, Dummett, Gotelee and Ellis, became wealthy from the sale of their business, but chose to remain as directors of the newly formed company. The most remarkable of them for long service was probably the chairman, Frederick Snowden, who retired on health grounds in 1926, having worked at the Rotherham store for 71 years.[22]Robert Dummett died in 1907 aged 64 having been with Jeremiah Rotherham for 46 years. In his obituary it was said that he had left Devon at the age of 18 and travelled to London, without capital, without friends and without influence. He started at Rotherham's as an assistant in the despatch department and worked his way up to become head of the department. He died on 21 November 1907, and his probate indicates that he left £71,480, roughly equivalent to £8million today. His children included barrister, Sir Robert Ernest Dummett (1873–1941), who became chief magistrate, and George Herbert Dummett (1880–1969), silk/rayon merchant, whose son was philosopher Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett.George Gotelee died 18 September 1918 aged 78, having served with Rotherham’s for 62 years. His probate was recorded as £117,264. He was replaced on the board by Snowden's son, Frederick Sydney Snowden, who remained as a director until 1958. Gotelee's son, Sydney Treble Gotelee (1878-1959), later became a director, a position he retained until he retired in 1958.[23]William Ellis died aged 84 on 11 March 1924 at his home in Reigate, Surrey leaving £178,616. He had been with Jeremiah Rotherham for about 64 years and regularly attended the AGMs up until his death, only missing the last meeting due to doctor's orders.[24] He had just one child, a daughter, Elizabeth Harriet Ellis (1872–1923), who married City broker Frank Ernest Doré (1867–1926). His family were the tailors, Doré and Sons, who had several shops in the City of London.[25]When Jeremiah Rotherham died in 1878 he left his share of the business in equal measures to his niece, Marian (Boardman) Stammers, and nephew Rev. Edward Hubbard Boardman. They were at liberty to either continue as partners or to sell their interest to Frederick Snowden, and it appears they took the latter option. They were the children of Elizabeth Shingles (1788-1877) and George Boardman (1793-1876), who was a head teacher in Acle, Norfolk. After the death of Rotherham, the Rev Boardman, who was vicar of Grazeley, near Reading, resigned the living and moved to a large house called Glen Andred in Groombridge, East Sussex. He paid £7,200 for the house, which had formerly been the home of artist Edward William Cooke, and lived there with his wife in partial retirement until his death in 1912.[26] In his will he left £147,122 (rough equivalent today £17 million), with many large bequests to hospitals and charities.[27][28]Marian (Boardman) Stammers, left £118,734 when she died in Brighton on 1 June 1903. She was married to Rev. Frederic Halliley Stammers (1833-1902) who was the incumbent minister at All Saints', Clapton in Hackney, an area of London where Jeremiah Rotherham had lived up until his death in 1878. The Stammers did not have children, but Rev. Stammers, who was a widower, had two children from his previous marriage and they were remembered by Rotherham with a legacy in his will. The Rev. Stammers' mother was Martha Halliley, from Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Her brother-in-law was Vicar John Buckworth of Dewsbury who had appointed Patrick Brontë as his curate in 1809.[29]","title":"Financial rewards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"After Frederick Snowden left the business in 1926, a new chairman was appointed. He was Joseph Hockley (1873–1954) who had trained as a draper and joined Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. in about 1894. He had been company secretary before becoming chairman, a position that he retained until his death in 1954, serving 60 years with the business. His tenure covered the difficult trading periods of the economic depression in the 1930s and the Second World War.[30]","title":"New management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In 1933/34 the company purchased a theatre on an adjacent site located at 95–99 Shoreditch High Street. This was demolished to make way for a new warehouse. The theatre had various names during its history including: The Shoreditch Empire, Griffin Music Hall, The London Music Hall and London Theatre of Varieties. The frontage of the site was 117 ft, and the land area about 8000 sq feet.[31]","title":"London Music Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In May 1941 the main store in Shoreditch High Street was destroyed by enemy bombing during World War II. The company was able to reopen for business by transferring trading to the new warehouse. Government compensation was received in 1950 for the damage to the building and further awards were made later for loss of stock, etc.[32]","title":"1941 bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alan Yentob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Yentob"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"By 1958 the financial position of the business was such that there was a call for the company to go into liquidation. In previous years, the policy had been to always appoint directors who had been employees of Jeremiah Rotherham & Co.[33] However, to save the business a compromise was agreed and Nadji Khazam (1910–1984), an outsider from the Anglo-African Finance group, was appointed as a director.[34][35] Khazam was originally from Iraq, and naturalised in Britain in about 1947.[36] He had worked in the textile industry for several years and during this time, he and his family had acquired controlling interest in several weaving companies belonging to Haighton Holdings. In 1951 he and his sister, Flora Yentob, sold these businesses to Aurochs Investment Company, although Khazam remained on as managing director.[37] By 1968 the Khazam family firm of Anglo-African Finance owned 49.5% of Jeremiah Rotherham, and they agreed to a takeover by rival company Spencer, Turner and Boldero.[38] In some respects this was more of a merger because Anglo-African Finance also had considerable interest in Spencer, Turner and Boldero.[39] Further rationalisation took place within the group of businesses run by the Khazam-Yentob family over the following years and evolved into Dewhurst Dent Limited.[40] The company still has members of both families on the board of directors.[41]The Khazam-Yentob families had dealings in other sectors apart from textiles. In South Africa they were associated with companies that included automotive and mineral exploration.[42][43]Flora (Khazam) Yentob was the mother of creative director Alan Yentob.[44]","title":"Final years"}] | [{"image_text":"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. Shoreditch High St","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Main_store.jpg/220px-Main_store.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of department store, Boundary St","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jeremiah_Rotherham_%26_Co_Boundary_Street.jpg/220px-Jeremiah_Rotherham_%26_Co_Boundary_Street.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\". The Guardian. 29 October 1968. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657363/spencer_turner_rotherham_buys_jeremiah/","url_text":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\". The Guardian. 28 May 1977. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657305/dewhurst_dent_limited/","url_text":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Rotherham and John Hill Grinsell 39 Shoreditch linen draper\". National Archives. MS 11936/507/1061071. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/81819b0d-3c9e-45a8-a09b-ebe6a242b229","url_text":"\"William Rotherham and John Hill Grinsell 39 Shoreditch linen draper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership dissolved\". London Gazette (19006): 2795. 21 December 1832. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19006/page/2795","url_text":"\"Partnership dissolved\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Rotherham. Deception: bankruptcy. 1st February 1836\". The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913. The University of Sheffield. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?name=18360201","url_text":"\"William Rotherham. Deception: bankruptcy. 1st February 1836\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Burrough\". Find a Grave. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/128422333/james-burrough","url_text":"\"James Burrough\""}]},{"reference":"\"Insured: James Burrough and Jeremiah Rotherham, 86 Shoreditch, linen drapers\". National Archive. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/77bc5c44-37ba-4926-8437-8185047810d8","url_text":"\"Insured: James Burrough and Jeremiah Rotherham, 86 Shoreditch, linen drapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lease of 83-84 Shoreditch High Street\". National Archives. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ba82852d-9012-4f90-8e37-3d64ef60fcfc","url_text":"\"Lease of 83-84 Shoreditch High Street\""}]},{"reference":"Farr, William (1852). Report on the Mortality of Cholera in England, 1848–49. London: HMSO. pp. 190–191. Retrieved 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b24751297/page/190","url_text":"Report on the Mortality of Cholera in England, 1848–49"}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership dissolved by mutual consent\". The London Gazette (24280): 6690. 31 December 1875. Retrieved 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24280/page/6690","url_text":"\"Partnership dissolved by mutual consent\""}]},{"reference":"Montagu, Williams (1896). Round London Down East And Up West. London: Macmillian. p. 32. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527823/page/n43","url_text":"Round London Down East And Up West"}]},{"reference":"\"Wills and Bequests\". The Bury and Norwich Post. 15 October 1878. Retrieved 26 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31934152/jeremiah_rotherham_bequests/","url_text":"\"Wills and Bequests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subscription List\". The Pall Mall Gazette. 25 June 1898. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31421114/the_pall_mall_gazette/","url_text":"\"Subscription List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harrod's Stores Limited\". The Times. 18 May 1914. Retrieved 22 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7495646/harrods_prospectus_to_buy_dickins_and/","url_text":"\"Harrod's Stores Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\". The Morning Post. 11 December 1900. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32052887/1900_debenture/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\""}]},{"reference":"De Montmorency, James Edward Geoffrey; Dicksee, Lawrence Robert (1903). Advanced accounting. London: Gee & Co. p. 254. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/advancedaccounti00dickrich/page/254","url_text":"Advanced accounting"}]},{"reference":"The General Price List. Shoreditch London: Jeremiah Rotherham & Co. 1904. Retrieved 30 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalpricelist00jere/page/n21?q=%22jeremiah+rotherham%22","url_text":"The General Price List"}]},{"reference":"\"New Board for Jeremiah Rotherham\". The Guardian. 24 September 1958. p. 10. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31421178/the-guardian/","url_text":"\"New Board for Jeremiah Rotherham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Bronte\". Dewsbury Minster. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dewsburyminster.org.uk/patrick-bronte/","url_text":"\"Patrick Bronte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co\". The Guardian. 1 April 1954. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32140425/snowen-jr-becomes-chair-and-war-damage/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\". Manchester Guardian. 3 April 1947. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33352879/jeremiah_rotherham_directors_always/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appontment of new directors and compromise to avoid liquidation\". The Guardian. 24 September 1958. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33303228/appontment_of_new_directors_and/","url_text":"\"Appontment of new directors and compromise to avoid liquidation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naturalisation Certificate: Nadji Khazam. From Iraq\". The National Archive. Retrieved 30 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11840460","url_text":"\"Naturalisation Certificate: Nadji Khazam. From Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haighton Holdings Limited\". The Guardian. 15 November 1951. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33423612/nadji_khazam_and_flora_yentob_sell/","url_text":"\"Haighton Holdings Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\". The Guardian London. 29 October 1968. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657363/spencer_turner_rotherham_buys_jeremiah/","url_text":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer, Turner & Boldero and Jeremiah Rotherham\". The Guardian. 24 January 1967. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33303371/anglo_african_has_interests_in_both/","url_text":"\"Spencer, Turner & Boldero and Jeremiah Rotherham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\". The Guardian. 28 May 1977. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657305/dewhurst_dent_limited/","url_text":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dewhurst Dent P.L.C\". Endole - Company Credit Reports. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/company/00161147-dewhurst-dent-p-l-c","url_text":"\"Dewhurst Dent P.L.C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capital Gold and Exploration Company Limited\" (PDF). South African Government Gazette. CXCVIII (6334): 25. 18 December 1959. Retrieved 3 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lac.org.na/laws/GGsa/sagg6334.pdf","url_text":"\"Capital Gold and Exploration Company Limited\""}]},{"reference":"Yentob, Alan. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U41305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U41305","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U41305"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657363/spencer_turner_rotherham_buys_jeremiah/","external_links_name":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657305/dewhurst_dent_limited/","external_links_name":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/81819b0d-3c9e-45a8-a09b-ebe6a242b229","external_links_name":"\"William Rotherham and John Hill Grinsell 39 Shoreditch linen draper\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19006/page/2795","external_links_name":"\"Partnership dissolved\""},{"Link":"https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?name=18360201","external_links_name":"\"William Rotherham. Deception: bankruptcy. 1st February 1836\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/128422333/james-burrough","external_links_name":"\"James Burrough\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/77bc5c44-37ba-4926-8437-8185047810d8","external_links_name":"\"Insured: James Burrough and Jeremiah Rotherham, 86 Shoreditch, linen drapers\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ba82852d-9012-4f90-8e37-3d64ef60fcfc","external_links_name":"\"Lease of 83-84 Shoreditch High Street\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b24751297/page/190","external_links_name":"Report on the Mortality of Cholera in England, 1848–49"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24280/page/6690","external_links_name":"\"Partnership dissolved by mutual consent\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22935/page/520","external_links_name":"Partnership ended 1865"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527823/page/n43","external_links_name":"Round London Down East And Up West"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44158734","external_links_name":"Barrier Miner, Sat 21 Dec 1895, Page 6, THE WAY TO SUCCESS – The Rotherhams of Shoreditch"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31934152/jeremiah_rotherham_bequests/","external_links_name":"\"Wills and Bequests\""},{"Link":"http://planningdocs.hackney.gov.uk/NorthgatePublicDocs/00307974.pdf","external_links_name":"Anlaby House, 27–39 Boundary Street, London E2 Heritage Statement, Revision A. 3 November 2010"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/adea6d97-632d-4717-b283-7e3c90701959","external_links_name":"Ralph Fordham's properties in Shoreditch, Hackney Archives"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31421114/the_pall_mall_gazette/","external_links_name":"\"Subscription List\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7495646/harrods_prospectus_to_buy_dickins_and/","external_links_name":"\"Harrod's Stores Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32052887/1900_debenture/","external_links_name":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/advancedaccounti00dickrich/page/254","external_links_name":"Advanced accounting"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalpricelist00jere/page/n21?q=%22jeremiah+rotherham%22","external_links_name":"The General Price List"},{"Link":"http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/A9j9R0","external_links_name":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham And Co.\" Times, 24 Feb. 1927, p. 20. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 29 May 2019."},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31421178/the-guardian/","external_links_name":"\"New Board for Jeremiah Rotherham\""},{"Link":"http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AEieN6","external_links_name":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham And Company.\" Times, 27 Feb. 1924, p. 20. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 12 June 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32818214/frank_ernest_dor_stockbroker/","external_links_name":"Frank Ernest Dore stockbroker"},{"Link":"https://www.sussexgardenstrust.org.uk/images/Downloads/Research_Articles/Glen%20Aldred.pdf","external_links_name":"GLEN ANDRED: A GRADE II* GARDEN Sussex Gardens Trust"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32927798/will_of_rev_e_h_boardman/","external_links_name":"The Times London, Greater London, England 25 May 1912, Sat Page 11"},{"Link":"http://www.dewsburyminster.org.uk/patrick-bronte/","external_links_name":"\"Patrick Bronte\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32140425/snowen-jr-becomes-chair-and-war-damage/","external_links_name":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham & Co\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31661163/london_music_hall_purchase_by_jeremiah/","external_links_name":"Satisfactory turnover"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33302665/rebuilding_after_war_and_compensation/","external_links_name":"Company meeting"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33352879/jeremiah_rotherham_directors_always/","external_links_name":"\"Jeremiah Rotherham and Company\""},{"Link":"http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AYdR78","external_links_name":"\"More competition from U.S. banks in Europe.\" Dual Coupon Convertabe. Times, 22 Feb. 1967, p. 13. The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 29 June 2019."},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33303228/appontment_of_new_directors_and/","external_links_name":"\"Appontment of new directors and compromise to avoid liquidation\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11840460","external_links_name":"\"Naturalisation Certificate: Nadji Khazam. From Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33423612/nadji_khazam_and_flora_yentob_sell/","external_links_name":"\"Haighton Holdings Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657363/spencer_turner_rotherham_buys_jeremiah/","external_links_name":"\"£500,000 for J. Rotherham\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33303371/anglo_african_has_interests_in_both/","external_links_name":"\"Spencer, Turner & Boldero and Jeremiah Rotherham\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31657305/dewhurst_dent_limited/","external_links_name":"\"Dewhurst Dent Limited\""},{"Link":"https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/company/00161147-dewhurst-dent-p-l-c","external_links_name":"\"Dewhurst Dent P.L.C\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA346221/page/n119","external_links_name":"Local takeover of Khazam Yentob group rumoured"},{"Link":"https://www.lac.org.na/laws/GGsa/sagg6334.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Capital Gold and Exploration Company Limited\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U41305","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U41305"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center | Tom Clancy's Op-Center | ["1 Main characters","2 List of Op-Center Novels","3 National Crisis Management Center (Op-Center)","4 Net Force","5 In other media","6 References","7 External links","8 See also"] | Tom Clancy's Op-Center is a novel series, created by Tom Clancy and Steve Pieczenik, though the first 12 books were written by Jeff Rovin between 1995 and 2005. The four books in the series reboot from 2014 are written by Dick Couch, George Galdorisi and Jeff Rovin.
Main characters
Main article: List of Tom Clancy's Op-Center characters
These characters are in most or all stories from the main series:
Paul Hood: The Director of Op-Center and former Mayor of L.A.
General Mike Rodgers: Deputy Director of Op-Center and STRIKER Commander
Bob Herbert: Chief of Intelligence
Matt Stoll: In-house computer genius
Darrel McCaskey: The FBI Liaison
Lowell Coffey II: Op-Center's lawyer
Liz Gordon: Op-Center's psychologist
These characters are in the stories from the reboot series:
Chase Williams: The Director of Op-Center and a former U.S. Naval Admiral
Aaron Bleich: Geek Programmer and Data Analyst
Roger McCord: Intelligence Director
Brian Dawson: Operations Director
Jim Wright: Domestic Crisis Manager
Richard Middleton: Planning Director
Hector Rodriquez: JSOC Liaison, Retired Army Sergeant Major
Sandee Barron: Helicopter Pilot
Mike Volner: JSOC Response Team Commander
Allen Kim: FBI CIRG Team Leader
List of Op-Center Novels
The books in the Tom Clancy's Op-Center series:
#
Title
Publication date
ISBN
Authors
Plot
1
Tom Clancy's Op-Center
1995
978-0786204915
Jeff Rovin
Op-Center deals with anti-unification terrorists in Korea trying to provoke a new war with North Korea.
2
Mirror Image
1995
978-0425150146
Jeff Rovin
A hardline coalition in the Russian government plots against the new president of Russia, backed by the Russian equivalent of Op-Center.
3
Games of State
1996
978-0425151877
Jeff Rovin
A millionaire funds Neo-Nazi activity in Europe, while plotting to insert subliminal messages of hate into the mass media.
4
Acts of War
1997
978-0425156018
Jeff Rovin
Syrian Kurdish terrorists plotting a political assassination take hostages from the Regional Op-Center: employees testing a prototype mobile surveillance post.
5
Balance of Power
1998
978-0425165560
Jeff Rovin
The murder of an Op-Center representative (Martha Mackall) leads to a faction trying to provoke a Spanish Civil War.
6
State of Siege
1999
978-0425168226
Jeff Rovin
Rogue soldiers seize the UN complex in New York and demand a hefty ransom for the release of their diplomatic hostages (including Hood's daughter, Harleigh). Now it's personal, and Hood has returned to Op-Center to save his daughter.
7
Divide and Conquer
2000
978-0425174807
Jeff Rovin
Op-Center seeks the help of their Russian counterpart in tracking the legendary assassin, The Harpooner. Meanwhile, Paul Hood is called in when it appears the President might be undergoing a mental breakdown.
8
Line of Control
2001
978-0425180051
Jeff Rovin
The Striker Team, cut off and without support, has to fend for their survival on the line of demarcation between India and Pakistan.
9
Mission of Honor
2002
978-0425186701
Jeff Rovin
Op-Center has to work with the Vatican and Spanish Special Forces when an African rebel group takes hostages at several missions.
10
Sea of Fire
2003
978-0425190913
Jeff Rovin
High traces of radiation found on a corpse, leads to a company selling nuclear waste to terrorists.
11
Call to Treason
2004
978-0425195468
Jeff Rovin
When Mike Rodgers is fired due to budget cuts, he goes to work for a corrupt senator and gets embroiled in the vicious world of Washington politics.
12
War of Eagles
2005
978-0425199626
Jeff Rovin
Op-Center is under new management as Paul Hood is reassigned to a Pennsylvania Ave. appointment. At the same time, bombings in Charleston, Durban, and Taiwan, may signify the outing of a feud within the Chinese government.
13
Out of the Ashes
2014
978-1250026835
Dick Couch and George Galdorisi
When terrorists blow up NFL stadiums across the country, the President of the United States charters a new Op-Center for the 21st Century. Admiral Chase Williams is the new director, (Paul Hood at this time is diagnosed with ALS) and must also stop another plot involving a renegade Saudi prince from manipulating America into attacking Syria and launching a war against Iran.
14
Into the Fire
2015
978-0593072479
Dick Couch and George Galdorisi
A high-ranking North Korean general is murdered and a U.S. Navy ship is attacked and grounded during a training exercise. Op-Center discovers a secret alliance between China and North Korea, and must quickly rescue the crew in time as well as stop a North Korean terrorist cell from being unleashed upon the American homeland in order to prevent the outbreak of World War III.
15
Scorched Earth
2016
978-1250026873
George Galdorisi
U.S. General Bob Underwood, Presidential Envoy to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIL is kidnapped in Syria and brutally murdered on live television. When the U.S. retaliates with a massive attack, the ISIS leader's son is killed in an American bombing raid. His rage knowing no bounds, he is now determined to wreak vengeance on the American homeland itself. Op-Center must assemble both its domestic, as well as its international force to stop his deadly quest for revenge.
16
Dark Zone
2017
978-1250026897
Jeff Rovin and George Galdorisi
Former US Ambassador to the Ukraine Douglas Flannery meets with an old friend and former spy who is seeking his help to thwart a Russian plan to overrun her native Ukraine. However moments after the meeting, she is killed. Within hours, Op-Center learns of the killing and must use cutting edge techniques of cyber warfare and spycraft to uncover the truth before a more dangerous scheme is revealed; one that could draw in NATO and Russian forces into Ukraine and possibly ignite World War III.
17
For Honor
2018
978-1250183019
Jeff Rovin
In 1962, during the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union secretly constructed a nuclear missile silo in a remote Russian fishing village not far from Alaska. More than sixty years later, Iranian scientists team up with a Russian agent and his estranged, arms-smuggling father to bring those missiles to Tehran. Upon learning of these actions, Op-Center sends a lone agent to Havana to determine the location of the site, whilst simultaneously weighing whether or not to rely on data from an Iranian defector. Complicating matters is a turf war between Op Center, the White House and the FBI that threatens to compromise the investigation.
18
Sting of the Wasp
2019
978-1250183026
Jeff Rovin
When a terrorist attack occurs at the Air and Space Museum on the USS Intrepid in Manhattan, the White House orders Op-Center disbanded―or so it seems. Director Chase Williams is authorized to establish a new mobile strike force within Op-Center, known as BLACK WASP. They are tasked with finding the mastermind behind the attack, Iranian Captain Ahmed Salehi. However, as their investigation continues, they learn Salehi is part of a larger plot by a renegade Iranian tycoon determined to establish a new Islamic State that will dwarf the horrors of ISIS.
19
God of War
2020
978-1250209252
Jeff Rovin
A series of separate incidents, including the downing of an aircraft en route to Australia, an explosion of a luxury yacht in the South Indian Sea, and a helicopter crash in South Africa have one variable in common: all were victims of a devastating bio-terror event. In response to the outbreak, China deploys a naval flotilla to investigate the source of the virus and weaponize it, while Russia embarks on its own agenda to seize the plague as a means to rebuild its superpower status. Director Chase Williams and his BLACK WASP team must find out who is behind these deadly attacks before a war is unleashed―and millions of innocent lives are lost.
20
The Black Order
2021
978-1250222343
Jeff Rovin
A group of self-proclaimed patriots and survivalists calling themselves the Black Order conduct a savage war against the US government; specifically the left-leaning cultural and progressive forces threatening their values and beliefs. Composed of military veterans and technology specialists, the domestic terrorist group is engaged in a campaign of public assassinations of politicians and celebrities, as well as high-profile bombings. Determined to paralyze the country in order to impose their own ideologies, only Op-Center’s Black Wasp team can defeat these militant revolutionaries. But even as Admiral Chase Williams and his agents force them on the run, the Black Order possesses a weapon of mass destruction that they will not hesitate to unleash against millions of innocent civilians.
21
Call of Duty
2022
978-1250782861
Jeff Rovin
After their latest hypersonic weapons test ends in failure, the Chinese government sets their sights on the chief engineer of the project as the scapegoat and is arrested—unable to help his family as they are hunted down by the military. Op-Center’s Lt. Grace Lee is sent to China on a solo reconnaissance mission, but when she sees an opportunity to free the imprisoned scientist, she seizes it. With Lee on the run and the Chinese at her heels, Director Chase Williams sends the rest of Op-Center to Mongolia as an extraction team. Meanwhile, the engineer’s son has aligned himself with a dangerous group of counterrevolutionaries hellbent on dismantling the Communist regime, putting his father’s life—and his own—in jeopardy. The Black Wasp team races to rescue their colleague and her high-risk companion without setting off an international incident that leaves China ready to release their greatest weapon yet.
22
Fallout
2023
978-1250868725
Jeff Rovin
Following the successful extraction of a Chinese scientist from captivity and bringing him to safety in America, Chinese assassins target members of the Black Wasp team engaged in several covert strikes from multiple embassies in Washington, D.C. Additionally, these assassins have managed to infiltrate the U.S. intelligence community, seemingly aware of every move that the team makes. Complicating matters is the new President of the United States, who appears willing to let Op-Center take the fall for the mission that precipitated the crisis. When one of their own is killed, the surviving members of Black Wasp seek both a safe haven and an ally in the fight for survival -- an unexpected partner who might be part of the problem.
National Crisis Management Center (Op-Center)
Although familiarly called "Op-Center", the actual name of the largely autonomous agency is the "National Crisis Management Center". The charter of the NCMC, or Op-Center, is unlike any other in the history of the United States. They handle both domestic and international crises. Director Paul Hood reports to the President himself, and what had started as "an information clearinghouse with SWAT capabilities" now has the singular capacity to monitor, initiate, and manage operations worldwide. The organization had its own paramilitary response team, called the Striker team, named by an Op-Center member who was a soccer fan, composed of members of the U.S. military special operations community. The series also mentioned similar organizations from England, whose response team was called Bengal, and Russia, with a team called Hammer. It is headquartered in a nondescript, two-story building located near the Naval Reserve flight line at Andrews Air Force Base that used to be a ready room, a staging area for crack flight crews. In the event of a nuclear attack, it would have been their job to evacuate key officials from Washington, D.C.
According to the 2014 reboot franchise, the NCMC was eventually disbanded after the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence managed to convince the President of the United States to shut the organization down due to the effectiveness of the US Intelligence Community and Special Forces in the War on Terror (much to the disgust of Paul Hood and Mike Rogers). Years later however, terrorists blow up several NFL stadiums across the country and leave thousands dead or mutilated. It is determined in the resulting investigation that the inability of government agencies to prevent the attacks was due to a lack of information, as well as the inability to put the pieces together in time. In response, the President executes an emergency order that reboots Op-Center for the 21st Century. Retired Admiral Chase Williams is eventually named the new director and Op-Center's new headquarters is located in the basement of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency; as its response team, Op-Center utilizes soldiers from the Joint Special Operations Command for overseas missions and a SWAT team from the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group in order to respond to domestic emergencies.
Net Force
The third Op-Center novel, Games of State, briefly alludes to the concept of a "Net Force". This concept was later expanded into its own Net Force series, created by the same men as Op-Center but written by Steve Perry (and later cowritten with Larry Segriff). No direct connection has yet been drawn between the two series, however.
In other media
OP Center was a 1995 made-for-TV movie starring Harry Hamlin as Paul Hood, newly minted director of the "OP Center".
In The Simpsons episode "Sweets and Sour Marge", it reveals that Moe Szyslak's favourite book is Tom Clancy's Op-Center.
References
^ IMDB TT 0114691
^ Blockbuster Tom Clancy's 'OP Center' (1995) Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Penguin (publisher)
See also
Novels portal
vteTom Clancy's Op-CenterNovels
Op-Center
Mirror Image
Games of State
Acts of War
Balance of Power
State of Siege
Divide & Conquer
Line of Control
Mission of Honor
Sea of Fire
Call to Treason
War of Eagles
Out of the Ashes
Into the Fire
Scorched Earth
Dark Zone
For Honor
Other
Jeff Rovin
Characters
Film
Tom Clancy
vteMedia franchises developed by Tom Clancy
Ryanverse
Rainbow Six
Ghost Recon
Splinter Cell
Power Plays
Op-Center
Net Force
Net Force Explorers | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tom Clancy's Op-Center"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These characters are in most or all stories from the main series:Paul Hood: The Director of Op-Center and former Mayor of L.A.\nGeneral Mike Rodgers: Deputy Director of Op-Center and STRIKER Commander\nBob Herbert: Chief of Intelligence\nMatt Stoll: In-house computer genius\nDarrel McCaskey: The FBI Liaison\nLowell Coffey II: Op-Center's lawyer\nLiz Gordon: Op-Center's psychologistThese characters are in the stories from the reboot series:Chase Williams: The Director of Op-Center and a former U.S. Naval Admiral\nAaron Bleich: Geek Programmer and Data Analyst\nRoger McCord: Intelligence Director\nBrian Dawson: Operations Director\nJim Wright: Domestic Crisis Manager\nRichard Middleton: Planning Director\nHector Rodriquez: JSOC Liaison, Retired Army Sergeant Major\nSandee Barron: Helicopter Pilot\nMike Volner: JSOC Response Team Commander\nAllen Kim: FBI CIRG Team Leader","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The books in the Tom Clancy's Op-Center series:","title":"List of Op-Center Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"SWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT"},{"link_name":"headquartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Andrews Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Director of National Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Joint Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Critical Incident Response Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Incident_Response_Group"}],"text":"Although familiarly called \"Op-Center\", the actual name of the largely autonomous agency is the \"National Crisis Management Center\". The charter of the NCMC, or Op-Center, is unlike any other in the history of the United States. They handle both domestic and international crises. Director Paul Hood reports to the President himself, and what had started as \"an information clearinghouse with SWAT capabilities\" now has the singular capacity to monitor, initiate, and manage operations worldwide. The organization had its own paramilitary response team, called the Striker team, named by an Op-Center member who was a soccer fan, composed of members of the U.S. military special operations community. The series also mentioned similar organizations from England, whose response team was called Bengal, and Russia, with a team called Hammer. It is headquartered in a nondescript, two-story building located near the Naval Reserve flight line at Andrews Air Force Base that used to be a ready room, a staging area for crack flight crews. In the event of a nuclear attack, it would have been their job to evacuate key officials from Washington, D.C.According to the 2014 reboot franchise, the NCMC was eventually disbanded after the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence managed to convince the President of the United States to shut the organization down due to the effectiveness of the US Intelligence Community and Special Forces in the War on Terror (much to the disgust of Paul Hood and Mike Rogers). Years later however, terrorists blow up several NFL stadiums across the country and leave thousands dead or mutilated. It is determined in the resulting investigation that the inability of government agencies to prevent the attacks was due to a lack of information, as well as the inability to put the pieces together in time. In response, the President executes an emergency order that reboots Op-Center for the 21st Century. Retired Admiral Chase Williams is eventually named the new director and Op-Center's new headquarters is located in the basement of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency; as its response team, Op-Center utilizes soldiers from the Joint Special Operations Command for overseas missions and a SWAT team from the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group in order to respond to domestic emergencies.","title":"National Crisis Management Center (Op-Center)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Net Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Net_Force"},{"link_name":"Steve Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perry_(author)"},{"link_name":"Larry Segriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Segriff&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The third Op-Center novel, Games of State, briefly alludes to the concept of a \"Net Force\". This concept was later expanded into its own Net Force series, created by the same men as Op-Center but written by Steve Perry (and later cowritten with Larry Segriff). No direct connection has yet been drawn between the two series, however.","title":"Net Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OP Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op_Center_(film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Sweets and Sour Marge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweets_and_Sour_Marge"},{"link_name":"Moe Szyslak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Szyslak"}],"text":"OP Center was a 1995 made-for-TV movie starring Harry Hamlin as Paul Hood, newly minted director of the \"OP Center\".[1][2]In The Simpsons episode \"Sweets and Sour Marge\", it reveals that Moe Szyslak's favourite book is Tom Clancy's Op-Center.","title":"In other media"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center"},{"title":"Tom Clancy's Op-Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Op-Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center_(novel)"},{"title":"Mirror Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Mirror_Image"},{"title":"Games of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Games_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Acts of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Acts_of_War"},{"title":"Balance of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Balance_of_Power&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"State of Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_State_of_Siege&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Divide & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Divide_%26_Conquer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Line of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Line_of_Control&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mission of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Mission_of_Honor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sea of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Sea_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Call to Treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Call_to_Treason&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"War of Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_War_of_Eagles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Out of the Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Out_of_the_Ashes"},{"title":"Into the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Into_the_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Scorched Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Scorched_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Dark Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_Dark_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"For Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center:_For_Honor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Jeff Rovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin"},{"title":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tom_Clancy%27s_Op-Center_characters"},{"title":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Op_Center_(film)"},{"title":"Tom Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tom_Clancy_franchises"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tom_Clancy_franchises"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tom_Clancy_franchises"},{"title":"Tom Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy"},{"title":"Ryanverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanverse"},{"title":"Rainbow Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six"},{"title":"Ghost Recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Ghost_Recon"},{"title":"Splinter Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell"},{"title":"Power Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Power_Plays"},{"title":"Op-Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Net Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Net_Force"},{"title":"Net Force Explorers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Net_Force_Explorers"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114691/","external_links_name":"TT 0114691"},{"Link":"http://www.blockbuster.com/browse/catalog/movieDetails/109510","external_links_name":"Tom Clancy's 'OP Center' (1995)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315044400/http://www.blockbuster.com/browse/catalog/movieDetails/109510","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.penguin.com.au/authors/author-author-profile.cfm?AuthorId=0000003073","external_links_name":"Penguin (publisher)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Jones | Todd Jones | ["1 Baseball career","2 Pitching style","3 Post-playing career","4 Personal life","5 Awards and accomplishments","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1968)
For other people named Todd Jones, see Todd Jones (disambiguation).
Baseball player
Todd JonesJones with the Detroit Tigers in 2008PitcherBorn: (1968-04-24) April 24, 1968 (age 56)Marietta, Georgia, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 7, 1993, for the Houston AstrosLast MLB appearanceAugust 15, 2008, for the Detroit TigersMLB statisticsWin–loss record58–63Earned run average3.97Strikeouts868Saves319
Teams
Houston Astros (1993–1996)
Detroit Tigers (1997–2001)
Minnesota Twins (2001)
Colorado Rockies (2002–2003)
Boston Red Sox (2003)
Cincinnati Reds (2004)
Philadelphia Phillies (2004)
Florida Marlins (2005)
Detroit Tigers (2006–2008)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (2000)
AL Rolaids Relief Man Award (2000)
AL saves leader (2000)
Todd Barton Jones (born April 24, 1968) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was an effective middle reliever for several teams and also filled the role of closer, most notably with the Detroit Tigers for whom he earned 235 saves. On September 16, 2007, Jones became the 21st member of the 300-save club during his second stint with the Tigers.
Baseball career
Jones graduated from Osborne High School in Marietta, Georgia, and attended Jacksonville State University in Alabama. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft and made his major league debut during the 1993 season.
Initially a setup reliever, Jones started being used as a closer for the Astros in the 1995 season. His best years came with the Detroit Tigers from 1997–2001, when he logged 142 saves. On April 22, 1999, Jones earned career save number 100. On September 27, 1999, Jones threw the last official pitch at Tiger Stadium, striking out Carlos Beltrán as the Tigers defeated the Kansas City Royals 8–2. Jones' tenure as a Detroit Tiger peaked in 2000, when he converted 42 saves in 46 attempts, made his first and only AL All-Star team, and won the AL Rolaids Relief Man Award. The 42 saves established a new Tigers team record, surpassing John Hiller's 38 saves in 1973. The record would stand until 2011, when it was broken by José Valverde.
Jones could not continue his success into the 2001 season. After blowing 6 of his first 17 save opportunities, Jones lost his closer role and the Tigers traded him to the Minnesota Twins on July 28, 2001. After the 2001 season, Jones became a free agent and signed with the Colorado Rockies. While playing for the Rockies in April 2003, Jones made remarks criticized as anti-gay comments during a discussion of the play Take Me Out. Jones publicly apologized, but did not retract his comments. He shifted to the Boston Red Sox midway through the season. He made his first career postseason appearance that year, pitching to three batters in Game 6 of the ALCS as the third Red Sox pitcher against the New York Yankees. In the sixth inning, he allowed a hit while garnering a strikeout and a walk before being taken out for Alan Embree. The Red Sox won the game 9-6 with six pitchers used, but they lost the ALCS the next night. Jones left the Red Sox after the season.
Following a 2004 season spent with the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies, Jones signed a one-year contract with the Florida Marlins. After an injury to incumbent closer Guillermo Mota, Jones took on the role for the first time since 2001. He finished the 2005 season with a 2.10 ERA and 40 saves, surpassing 200 career saves during this season.
On December 8, 2005, Jones signed a two-year contract to return to the Tigers. In 2006, he also participated in the inaugural World Baseball Classic. On May 21, 2006, he became the Detroit Tigers' all-time leader in saves, passing Mike Henneman. Jones saved 37 games for the 2006 Tigers, who made the postseason for the first time since 1987. He would appear in seven postseason games for the Tigers: two in the ALDS, three in the ALCS, and two in the World Series, pitching the ninth inning in each occasion. He converted four saves and allowed one total run (unearned) throughout the postseason. His last postseason appearance was Game 2 of the 2006 World Series, as he finished the only victory that the Tigers would garner against the St. Louis Cardinals. Jones retired with a postseason ERA of 0.00 in seven innings.
On September 16, 2007, Jones worked out of a bases-loaded ninth-inning jam against the Minnesota Twins to earn his 300th career save, becoming the 21st member of baseball's 300 save club. The Tigers re-signed Jones to a one-year contract for the 2008 season. On July 27, Jones lost his role as the Tigers' closer to Fernando Rodney. On September 25, 2008, the 40-year old Jones announced his retirement from Major League Baseball.
Pitching style
Jones was a finesse pitcher and showed good durability. In every season from 1995 through 2007, he pitched in at least 51 games. His main pitch was a low-90s fastball that he could sink or cut, and he pitched to contact. He only had one season (2000) in which he recorded more strikeouts than innings pitched. He also incorporated an occasional low-70s curve ball. Though he didn't have overpowering stuff, he kept hitters off-balance and rarely got rattled. He was a ground-ball pitcher, allowing only 22% fly balls over his career versus 47.2% ground balls.
Post-playing career
Jones joined the Tigers broadcast team on Bally Sports Detroit as a studio analyst and occasional in-game analyst for the 2023 season.
Personal life
Jones is a devout Christian, and is known for using Contemporary Christian music when entering from the bullpen. During the 2006 playoffs, he entered to "Last One Standing" by MercyMe.
Since 2002, Jones has been writing a weekly column, "The Closer", for The Sporting News and Jones was on the cover of the baseball preview issue with the caption "Don't Tell columnist Todd Jones but (Beware of The Tigers)".
Jones currently resides in Pell City, Alabama with his wife Michelle and his son Alex (born October 7, 1994) and daughter Abby (born May 22, 1997). He currently works as an adviser for the local high school and middle school boys baseball teams, and occasionally appears as a guest analyst for the Detroit Tigers.
Awards and accomplishments
All-Star (2000)
AL Relief Man of the Year (2000)
Led American League in saves (42 in 2000), which also established a Detroit Tigers' single-season record. The record stood until 2011, when it was broken by José Valverde.
Along with Juan Rincón, led MLB with 11 relief wins (2004)
Leads Florida Marlins in consecutive save conversions (27, 2005)
Ranked 14th in all-time saves (319) when he retired, and ranks 21st as of 2019
Ranks first all-time among Detroit Tigers relievers with 235 saves
Made first World Series appearance in second stint with Tigers (2006)
Appeared on the cover of The Sporting News (March/April 2007)
See also
Baseball portal
Best pitching seasons by a Detroit Tiger
List of Colorado Rockies team records
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
References
^ a b c Holmes, Dan (March 15, 2015). "A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers". VintageDetroit.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
^ The Final Season, p.22, Tom Stanton, Thomas Dunne Books, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-312-29156-6
^ "Moments in time during the Tigers' last game at Tiger Stadium". Associated Press. September 27, 1999.
^ September 27, 1999 Kansas City Royals at Detroit Tigers Box Score and Play by Play Baseball-Reference.com
^ "Jose Valverde sets team saves record as Tigers win 9th straight game". ESPN.co.uk. September 11, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
^ "Tigers trade Jones to Twins". ToledoBlade. July 29, 2001. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ "Reliever says mistake was to make views public". ESPN.com. April 30, 2003. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
^ "2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) Game 6, Boston Red Sox at New York Yankees, October 15, 2003".
^ "Inside the Tigers". The Grand Rapids Press. May 22, 2006. p. C4.
^ "Jurrjens' gem keeps Tigers in contention in Central". ESPN.com. September 16, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Todd Jones - PitchFX at Fangraphs.com". Fangraphs.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
^ Petzold, Evan (February 2, 2023). "Bally Sports Detroit hires Cameron Maybin, Todd Jones to Tigers TV, promotes Craig Monroe". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
^ Eisenberg, Jeff (October 7, 2006). "BEAT IS ON FOR RELIEVERS; Baseball's Best Late-inning Pitchers Take The Field As Their Theme Songs Blare". The Press Enterprise.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Sporting News
Venezuelan Winter League
vte1989 Major League Baseball draft first round selections
Ben McDonald
Tyler Houston
Roger Salkeld
Jeff Jackson
Donald Harris
Paul Coleman
Frank Thomas
Earl Cunningham
Kyle Abbott
Charles Johnson
Calvin Murray
Jeff Juden
Brent Mayne
Steve Hosey
Kiki Jones
Greg Blosser
Cal Eldred
Willie Greene
Eddie Zosky
Scott Bryant
Greg Gohr
Tom Goodwin
Mo Vaughn
Alan Zinter
Chuck Knoblauch
Scott Burrell
Todd Jones
Jamie McAndrew
Kevin Morton
Gordon Powell
vteHouston Astros first-round draft picks
1965: Barrett
1966: Twitchell
1967: Mayberry
1968: Cott
1969: Richard
1970: Scarbery
1971: Rasmussen
1972: Englishbey
1973: Portley
1974: Drake
1975: McLaughlin
1976: Bannister
1977: Adams
1978: Boxberger
1979: Mizerock
1980: None
1981: None
1982: Swain
1983: Wine
1984: August
1985: Drew
1986: Bowen
1987: Biggio
1988: Ansley
1989: Juden, Jones
1990: Nevers, Williams
1991: J. Burke, Livsey, Gonzalez, Groppuso
1992: Nevin, Rhine
1993: Wagner
1994: R. Castro, Elarton, R. Johnson
1995: McKnight
1996: M. Johnson
1997: Berkman
1998: Lidge, Nannini
1999: Rosamond
2000: Stiehl
2001: C. Burke
2002: Grigsby
2003: None
2004: None
2005: Bogusevic, Iorg
2006: Sapp
2007: None
2008: J. Castro, Lyles
2009: Mier
2010: DeShields, Foltynewicz, Kvasnicka
2011: Springer
2012: Correa, McCullers
2013: Appel
2014: Aiken
2015: Bregman, Tucker
2016: Whitley
2017: Bukauskas
2018: Beer
2019: Lee
2020: None
2021: None
2022: Gilbert
2023: Matthews
vteUnited States roster – 2006 World Baseball Classic
1 Michael Young
2 Derek Jeter
3 Ken Griffey Jr.
5 Matt Holliday
6 Vernon Wells
7 Jeff Francoeur
8 Michael Barrett
10 Chipper Jones
13 Alex Rodriguez
18 Johnny Damon
19 Al Leiter
20 Huston Street
21 Randy Winn
22 Roger Clemens
23 Mark Teixeira
24 Brian Schneider
25 Derrek Lee
26 Chase Utley
32 Chad Cordero
33 Jason Varitek
35 Dontrelle Willis
36 Joe Nathan
38 Gary Majewski
39 Dan Wheeler
40 Brian Fuentes
45 Jake Peavy
50 Mike Timlin
54 Brad Lidge
59 Todd Jones
62 Scot Shields
Manager 31 Buck Martinez
vteAmerican League Rolaids Relief Man Award
1976: Campbell
1977: Campbell
1978: Gossage
1979: Kern
1980: Quisenberry
1981: Fingers
1982: Quisenberry
1983: Quisenberry
1984: Quisenberry
1985: Quisenberry
1986: Righetti
1987: Righetti
1988: Eckersley
1989: Russell
1990: Thigpen
1991: Harvey
1992: Eckersley
1993: Montgomery
1994: Smith
1995: Mesa
1996: Wetteland
1997: Myers
1998: Gordon
1999: Rivera
2000: Jones
2001: Rivera
2002: Koch
2003: Foulke
2004: Rivera
2005: Rivera
2006: Rodríguez
2007: Putz
2008: Rodriguez
2009: Rivera & Nathan
2010: Soriano
2011: Valverde
2012: Johnson
vteAmerican League season saves leaders
1969: Perranoski
1970: Perranoski
1971: Sanders
1972: Lyle
1973: Hiller
1974: Forster
1975: Gossage
1976: Lyle
1977: Campbell
1978: Gossage
1979: Marshall
1980: Gossage & Quisenberry
1981: Fingers
1982: Quisenberry
1983: Quisenberry
1984: Quisenberry
1985: Quisenberry
1986: Righetti
1987: Henke
1988: Eckersley
1989: Russell
1990: Thigpen
1991: Harvey
1992: Eckersley
1993: Montgomery & Ward
1994: Smith
1995: Mesa
1996: Wetteland
1997: Myers
1998: Gordon
1999: Rivera
2000: Jones & Lowe
2001: Rivera
2002: Guardado
2003: Foulke
2004: Rivera
2005: Rodríguez & Wickman
2006: Rodríguez
2007: Borowski
2008: Rodríguez
2009: Fuentes
2010: Soriano
2011: Valverde
2012: Johnson
2013: Johnson
2014: Rodney
2015: Boxberger
2016: Britton
2017: Colomé
2018: Díaz
2019: Osuna
2020: Hand
2021: Hendriks
2022: Clase
2023: Clase
vte300 save club
Mariano Rivera
Trevor Hoffman
Lee Smith
Francisco Rodríguez
Craig Kimbrel
Kenley Jansen
John Franco
Billy Wagner
Dennis Eckersley
Joe Nathan
Jonathan Papelbon
Jeff Reardon
Troy Percival
Randy Myers
Rollie Fingers
John Wetteland
Francisco Cordero
Fernando Rodney
Roberto Hernández
Huston Street
José Mesa
Aroldis Chapman
Todd Jones
Rick Aguilera
Robb Nen
Tom Henke
Goose Gossage
Jeff Montgomery
Doug Jones
Jason Isringhausen
Bruce Sutter
Italics denotes active player | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Jones (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Jones_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"middle reliever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTclosers-1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"}],"text":"For other people named Todd Jones, see Todd Jones (disambiguation).Baseball playerTodd Barton Jones (born April 24, 1968) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was an effective middle reliever for several teams and also filled the role of closer, most notably with the Detroit Tigers for whom he earned 235 saves.[1] On September 16, 2007, Jones became the 21st member of the 300-save club during his second stint with the Tigers.","title":"Todd Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osborne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_State_University"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"1989 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Beltrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Beltr%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rolaids Relief Man Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolaids_Relief_Man_Award"},{"link_name":"John Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hiller"},{"link_name":"José Valverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Valverde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Take Me Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_(play)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"ALCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Alan Embree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Embree"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Mota"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"World Baseball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic"},{"link_name":"Mike Henneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Henneman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2006 Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Detroit_Tigers_season"},{"link_name":"ALDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_American_League_Division_Series"},{"link_name":"ALCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTclosers-1"},{"link_name":"300 save club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_save_club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fernando Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Rodney"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Jones graduated from Osborne High School in Marietta, Georgia, and attended Jacksonville State University in Alabama. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft and made his major league debut during the 1993 season.Initially a setup reliever, Jones started being used as a closer for the Astros in the 1995 season. His best years came with the Detroit Tigers from 1997–2001, when he logged 142 saves. On April 22, 1999, Jones earned career save number 100.[2] On September 27, 1999, Jones threw the last official pitch at Tiger Stadium, striking out Carlos Beltrán as the Tigers defeated the Kansas City Royals 8–2.[3][4] Jones' tenure as a Detroit Tiger peaked in 2000, when he converted 42 saves in 46 attempts, made his first and only AL All-Star team, and won the AL Rolaids Relief Man Award. The 42 saves established a new Tigers team record, surpassing John Hiller's 38 saves in 1973. The record would stand until 2011, when it was broken by José Valverde.[5]Jones could not continue his success into the 2001 season. After blowing 6 of his first 17 save opportunities, Jones lost his closer role and the Tigers traded him to the Minnesota Twins on July 28, 2001.[6] After the 2001 season, Jones became a free agent and signed with the Colorado Rockies. While playing for the Rockies in April 2003, Jones made remarks criticized as anti-gay comments during a discussion of the play Take Me Out. Jones publicly apologized, but did not retract his comments.[7] He shifted to the Boston Red Sox midway through the season. He made his first career postseason appearance that year, pitching to three batters in Game 6 of the ALCS as the third Red Sox pitcher against the New York Yankees. In the sixth inning, he allowed a hit while garnering a strikeout and a walk before being taken out for Alan Embree. [8] The Red Sox won the game 9-6 with six pitchers used, but they lost the ALCS the next night. Jones left the Red Sox after the season.Following a 2004 season spent with the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies, Jones signed a one-year contract with the Florida Marlins. After an injury to incumbent closer Guillermo Mota, Jones took on the role for the first time since 2001. He finished the 2005 season with a 2.10 ERA and 40 saves, surpassing 200 career saves during this season.On December 8, 2005, Jones signed a two-year contract to return to the Tigers. In 2006, he also participated in the inaugural World Baseball Classic. On May 21, 2006, he became the Detroit Tigers' all-time leader in saves, passing Mike Henneman.[9] Jones saved 37 games for the 2006 Tigers, who made the postseason for the first time since 1987. He would appear in seven postseason games for the Tigers: two in the ALDS, three in the ALCS, and two in the World Series, pitching the ninth inning in each occasion. He converted four saves and allowed one total run (unearned) throughout the postseason. His last postseason appearance was Game 2 of the 2006 World Series, as he finished the only victory that the Tigers would garner against the St. Louis Cardinals. Jones retired with a postseason ERA of 0.00 in seven innings.[1]On September 16, 2007, Jones worked out of a bases-loaded ninth-inning jam against the Minnesota Twins to earn his 300th career save, becoming the 21st member of baseball's 300 save club.[10] The Tigers re-signed Jones to a one-year contract for the 2008 season. On July 27, Jones lost his role as the Tigers' closer to Fernando Rodney. On September 25, 2008, the 40-year old Jones announced his retirement from Major League Baseball.[11]","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinker_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_fastball"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTclosers-1"}],"text":"Jones was a finesse pitcher and showed good durability. In every season from 1995 through 2007, he pitched in at least 51 games. His main pitch was a low-90s fastball that he could sink or cut, and he pitched to contact. He only had one season (2000) in which he recorded more strikeouts than innings pitched. He also incorporated an occasional low-70s curve ball.[12] Though he didn't have overpowering stuff, he kept hitters off-balance and rarely got rattled.[1] He was a ground-ball pitcher, allowing only 22% fly balls over his career versus 47.2% ground balls.","title":"Pitching style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bally Sports Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Jones joined the Tigers broadcast team on Bally Sports Detroit as a studio analyst and occasional in-game analyst for the 2023 season.[13]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Contemporary Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian"},{"link_name":"MercyMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MercyMe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"Pell City, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama"}],"text":"Jones is a devout Christian, and is known for using Contemporary Christian music when entering from the bullpen. During the 2006 playoffs, he entered to \"Last One Standing\" by MercyMe.[14]Since 2002, Jones has been writing a weekly column, \"The Closer\", for The Sporting News and Jones was on the cover of the baseball preview issue with the caption \"Don't Tell columnist Todd Jones but (Beware of The Tigers)\".Jones currently resides in Pell City, Alabama with his wife Michelle and his son Alex (born October 7, 1994) and daughter Abby (born May 22, 1997). He currently works as an adviser for the local high school and middle school boys baseball teams, and occasionally appears as a guest analyst for the Detroit Tigers.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"AL Relief Man of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolaids_Relief_Man_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"José Valverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Valverde"},{"link_name":"Juan Rincón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rinc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"}],"text":"All-Star (2000)\nAL Relief Man of the Year (2000)\nLed American League in saves (42 in 2000), which also established a Detroit Tigers' single-season record. The record stood until 2011, when it was broken by José Valverde.\nAlong with Juan Rincón, led MLB with 11 relief wins (2004)\nLeads Florida Marlins in consecutive save conversions (27, 2005)\nRanked 14th in all-time saves (319) when he retired, and ranks 21st as of 2019\nRanks first all-time among Detroit Tigers relievers with 235 saves\nMade first World Series appearance in second stint with Tigers (2006)\nAppeared on the cover of The Sporting News (March/April 2007)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}] | [] | [{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"Best pitching seasons by a Detroit Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers_team_records#Best_pitching_seasons_by_a_Tiger_with_sortable_statistics"},{"title":"List of Colorado Rockies team records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_Rockies_team_records"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders"}] | [{"reference":"Holmes, Dan (March 15, 2015). \"A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers\". VintageDetroit.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vintagedetroit.com/blog/2015/03/15/a-timeline-of-detroit-tigers-closers/","url_text":"\"A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moments in time during the Tigers' last game at Tiger Stadium\". Associated Press. September 27, 1999.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jose Valverde sets team saves record as Tigers win 9th straight game\". ESPN.co.uk. September 11, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/recap?gameId=310911106","url_text":"\"Jose Valverde sets team saves record as Tigers win 9th straight game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers trade Jones to Twins\". ToledoBlade. July 29, 2001. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/pro/2001/07/29/Tigers-trade-Jones-to-Twins/stories/200107290042","url_text":"\"Tigers trade Jones to Twins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reliever says mistake was to make views public\". ESPN.com. April 30, 2003. Retrieved March 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/news/2003/0430/1547422.html","url_text":"\"Reliever says mistake was to make views public\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) Game 6, Boston Red Sox at New York Yankees, October 15, 2003\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYA/NYA200310150.shtml","url_text":"\"2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) Game 6, Boston Red Sox at New York Yankees, October 15, 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside the Tigers\". The Grand Rapids Press. May 22, 2006. p. C4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jurrjens' gem keeps Tigers in contention in Central\". ESPN.com. September 16, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=270916109","url_text":"\"Jurrjens' gem keeps Tigers in contention in Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083758/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=462319","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=462319","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Jones - PitchFX at Fangraphs.com\". Fangraphs.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/players/todd-jones/436/pitch-type-splits?position=P&data=pi&pitchtype=all","url_text":"\"Todd Jones - PitchFX at Fangraphs.com\""}]},{"reference":"Petzold, Evan (February 2, 2023). \"Bally Sports Detroit hires Cameron Maybin, Todd Jones to Tigers TV, promotes Craig Monroe\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2023/02/02/detroit-tigers-tv-broadcasts-cameron-maybin-todd-jones-bally-sports-detroit/69856452007/","url_text":"\"Bally Sports Detroit hires Cameron Maybin, Todd Jones to Tigers TV, promotes Craig Monroe\""}]},{"reference":"Eisenberg, Jeff (October 7, 2006). \"BEAT IS ON FOR RELIEVERS; Baseball's Best Late-inning Pitchers Take The Field As Their Theme Songs Blare\". The Press Enterprise.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vintagedetroit.com/blog/2015/03/15/a-timeline-of-detroit-tigers-closers/","external_links_name":"\"A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/DET/DET199909270.shtml","external_links_name":"September 27, 1999 Kansas City Royals at Detroit Tigers Box Score and Play by Play"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/recap?gameId=310911106","external_links_name":"\"Jose Valverde sets team saves record as Tigers win 9th straight game\""},{"Link":"https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/pro/2001/07/29/Tigers-trade-Jones-to-Twins/stories/200107290042","external_links_name":"\"Tigers trade Jones to Twins\""},{"Link":"http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/news/2003/0430/1547422.html","external_links_name":"\"Reliever says mistake was to make views public\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYA/NYA200310150.shtml","external_links_name":"\"2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) Game 6, Boston Red Sox at New York Yankees, October 15, 2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=270916109","external_links_name":"\"Jurrjens' gem keeps Tigers in contention in Central\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083758/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=462319","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=462319","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/players/todd-jones/436/pitch-type-splits?position=P&data=pi&pitchtype=all","external_links_name":"\"Todd Jones - PitchFX at Fangraphs.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2023/02/02/detroit-tigers-tv-broadcasts-cameron-maybin-todd-jones-bally-sports-detroit/69856452007/","external_links_name":"\"Bally Sports Detroit hires Cameron Maybin, Todd Jones to Tigers TV, promotes Craig Monroe\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/116734","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/2924","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/j/jonesto02.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=jones-001tod","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/J/Pjonet003.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"http://www.sportingnews.com/experts/todd-jones/","external_links_name":"Sporting News"},{"Link":"http://www.pelotabinaria.com.ve/beisbol/mostrar.php?ID=jonetod001","external_links_name":"Venezuelan Winter League"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Dial | Miss Dial | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 2013 American romantic-comedy filmMiss DialDirected byDavid SteinbergMusic byChris Alan LeeRelease date
February 16, 2013 (2013-02-16)
Running time88 minutesCountryUnited States
Miss Dial is an American romantic comedy film released February 16, 2013. The plot centers on a customer service representative who is a remote worker. One day, she decides to abandon her job duties, and instead spends her time calling random people, looking for new connections.
Cast
Robinne Lee as Erica
Sam Jaeger as Kyle
Jon Huertas as Alex
Sara Rue as Sam
Amanda Crew as Amanda
Beth Grant as Mrs. Wojiechowski
Gabrielle Union as Long Story Caller
Samm Levine as Prank Caller
Dendrie Taylor as TV Caller
Dulé Hill as Popcorn Caller
Hill Harper as Political Nutcase
References
^ "MISS DIAL". Rotten Tomatoes.
External links
Miss Dial at IMDb
Miss Dial - Trailer – via YouTube.
This article about a 2010s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cinema"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"customer service representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service_representative"},{"link_name":"remote worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Miss Dial is an American romantic comedy film released February 16, 2013. The plot centers on a customer service representative who is a remote worker. One day, she decides to abandon her job duties, and instead spends her time calling random people, looking for new connections.[1]","title":"Miss Dial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robinne Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinne_Lee"},{"link_name":"Sam Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Jaeger"},{"link_name":"Jon Huertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Huertas"},{"link_name":"Sara Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Rue"},{"link_name":"Amanda Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Crew"},{"link_name":"Beth Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Grant"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Union"},{"link_name":"Samm Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samm_Levine"},{"link_name":"Dulé Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dul%C3%A9_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hill Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Harper"}],"text":"Robinne Lee as Erica\nSam Jaeger as Kyle\nJon Huertas as Alex\nSara Rue as Sam\nAmanda Crew as Amanda\nBeth Grant as Mrs. Wojiechowski\nGabrielle Union as Long Story Caller\nSamm Levine as Prank Caller\nDendrie Taylor as TV Caller\nDulé Hill as Popcorn Caller\nHill Harper as Political Nutcase","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MISS DIAL\". Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/miss_dial","url_text":"\"MISS DIAL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Miss Dial - Trailer – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T1nQXket2A","url_text":"Miss Dial - Trailer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/miss_dial","external_links_name":"\"MISS DIAL\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1819601/","external_links_name":"Miss Dial"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T1nQXket2A","external_links_name":"Miss Dial - Trailer"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Dial&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toby | Ryan Toby | ["1 Career","1.1 1993–1997: Film debut and songwriting","1.2 1998–2003: City High","1.3 2004–present: Solo career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","4 Selected filmography","5 References","6 External links"] | American contemporary R&B singer
Maurice Ryan TobyBorn (1976-11-26) November 26, 1976 (age 47)Willingboro, New Jersey, U.S.Occupation(s)
Singer
songwriter
record producer
actor
Years active1993–presentLabelsInterscope RecordsMusical artist
Ryan Toby (born November 26, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer and actor. He first gained popularity for his appearance in the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993). He is best known as a member of the Grammy Award-nominated R&B trio City High.
Career
1993–1997: Film debut and songwriting
In 1993, Toby was cast as singing student Ahmal in Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, director Bill Duke's sequel to the 1992 comedy film Sister Act. While the film would gain a cult following as it was starting to play on television, it was initially considered a box office flop compared to the first one. Five years after the film, Toby was still struggling to secure a solo recording deal. He was eventually signed to DJ Jazzy Jeff's A Touch of Jazz production company and began work on his debut album. Through Jeff, he came into contact with rapper Will Smith who asked him to pen songs for his debut solo album Big Willie Style (1997), including the top ten single "Miami." While his own debut album failed to materialize, Toby remained with Jeff after the success of Big Willie Style to work with inhouse producers Andre Harris and Vidal Davis from duo Dre & Vidal and Carvin & Ivan on material for others artists, including Jill Scott, Musiq Soulchild, Glenn Lewis, and Floetry.
1998–2003: City High
Main article: City High
In late 1998, Toby ran into his former manager, Marvin Thompson. Thompson introduced him to Robbie Pardlo who had recently signed to Interscope Records via The Fugees member Wyclef Jean's Booga Basement label. Pardlo asked him to do some writing for his debut project. After bumping into Jean during the recording sessions of Whitney Houston's "My Love Is Your Love" (1999), he suggested them to form a two-man group. Soon after the duo began to work on their album. In order to stand out, Jean and Jerry Duplessis decided to add a female member. They chose Claudette Ortiz who had also attended Willingboro High School and was initially expected just to be featured on some of their hooks.
During production, all three members participated in writing songs for the album, though Toby did most of the writing, and Pardlo did most of the production, given that Ortiz was just 16 years old. Their debut single, "What Would You Do?," was originally featured on the soundtrack to the 1999 film Life; however, the track was not formally released as a single until March 2001. This helped with the sale of the trio's debut album City High, which would a became a hit upon its May 2001, achieving Gold status within four months. While Pardlo, Oritz and Ryan finished work on a second album, the group disbanded in 2003, failing to release another album despite their debut's success.
2004–present: Solo career
Shortly before the band broke up, Toby received a call from Harris who persuaded him to join him and Davis at their new recording studio in Philadelphia to work on new material. One of the first collaborations was the song "Superstar" which would later be recorded by Usher for his fourth studio album Confessions (2004). The trio worked on four additional songs for the album, two of which also ended up on the album. The success of Confessions would lead to further work with musicians Mary J. Blige, Justin Bieber, Chris Brown, Ginuwine, Tyrese, LL Cool J, and Lionel Richie. In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Toby released as series of albums, called Songs for the Lockdown, as well as a Christmas album named Songs for the Season.
Personal life
In 2004, Toby married Ortiz, who had previously dated Pardlo. They divorced in 2007, and share two sons.
Discography
See also: City High
Studio albums
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 1 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 2 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 3 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 4 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 5 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 6 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 7 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 8 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 9 (2020)
Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 10 (2020)
Songs for the Season (2020)
Selected filmography
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993)
Prison Song (2001)
Another Christmas (2021)
References
^ a b "Ryan Toby, R&B MONEY Podcast, Ep.059". R&B Money. July 15, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2024 – via YouTube.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Ryan Toby Talks Solo Career, City High Debut Album, Writing Behind The Scenes (Exclusive)". youknowigotsoul.com. June 4, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ Salmon, Caspar (December 11, 2018). "'Sister Act 2' Set the Gold Standard for Bad Sequels". vice.com. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ a b "IN CITY HIGH'S BOOK, EVERY SONG TELLS A STORY". New York Daily News. May 29, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ a b "The Grammys: City High". USA Today. January 21, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ "Life Soundtrack". Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
^ "Claudette Ortiz Tells Her Side of the Story: Says Robbie "Spit in Her Face"…"I Have Never Met Malicious Jynx"". Bossip. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
External links
Ryan Toby at IMDb
vteCity High
Ryan Toby
Robbie Pardlo
Claudette Ortiz
Studio albums
City High
Singles
"What Would You Do?"
"Caramel"
"A Song for You"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&BMoney-1"},{"link_name":"singer-songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act_2:_Back_in_the_Habit"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"City High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_High"}],"text":"Musical artistRyan Toby (born November 26, 1976[1]) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer and actor. He first gained popularity for his appearance in the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993). He is best known as a member of the Grammy Award-nominated R&B trio City High.","title":"Ryan Toby"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act_2:_Back_in_the_Habit"},{"link_name":"Bill Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Duke"},{"link_name":"Sister Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"DJ Jazzy Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"Big Willie Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Willie_Style"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_(Will_Smith_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Andre Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Harris"},{"link_name":"Dre & Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_%26_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Carvin & Ivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvin_%26_Ivan"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Musiq Soulchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiq_Soulchild"},{"link_name":"Glenn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Floetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floetry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"}],"sub_title":"1993–1997: Film debut and songwriting","text":"In 1993, Toby was cast as singing student Ahmal in Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, director Bill Duke's sequel to the 1992 comedy film Sister Act.[2] While the film would gain a cult following as it was starting to play on television, it was initially considered a box office flop compared to the first one.[2][3] Five years after the film, Toby was still struggling to secure a solo recording deal.[2] He was eventually signed to DJ Jazzy Jeff's A Touch of Jazz production company and began work on his debut album.[2] Through Jeff, he came into contact with rapper Will Smith who asked him to pen songs for his debut solo album Big Willie Style (1997), including the top ten single \"Miami.\"[2] While his own debut album failed to materialize, Toby remained with Jeff after the success of Big Willie Style to work with inhouse producers Andre Harris and Vidal Davis from duo Dre & Vidal and Carvin & Ivan on material for others artists, including Jill Scott, Musiq Soulchild, Glenn Lewis, and Floetry.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"The Fugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugees"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"My Love Is Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Is_Your_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Jerry Duplessis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Duplessis"},{"link_name":"Claudette Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudette_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Willingboro High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willingboro_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_News-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-5"},{"link_name":"What Would You Do?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Would_You_Do%3F_(City_High_song)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_Soundtrack-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-5"},{"link_name":"City High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_High_(album)"},{"link_name":"Gold status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"}],"sub_title":"1998–2003: City High","text":"In late 1998, Toby ran into his former manager, Marvin Thompson.[2] Thompson introduced him to Robbie Pardlo who had recently signed to Interscope Records via The Fugees member Wyclef Jean's Booga Basement label.[2] Pardlo asked him to do some writing for his debut project.[2] After bumping into Jean during the recording sessions of Whitney Houston's \"My Love Is Your Love\" (1999), he suggested them to form a two-man group.[2] Soon after the duo began to work on their album. In order to stand out, Jean and Jerry Duplessis decided to add a female member. They chose Claudette Ortiz who had also attended Willingboro High School and was initially expected just to be featured on some of their hooks.[4]During production, all three members participated in writing songs for the album, though Toby did most of the writing, and Pardlo did most of the production, given that Ortiz was just 16 years old.[5] Their debut single, \"What Would You Do?,\" was originally featured on the soundtrack to the 1999 film Life;[6] however, the track was not formally released as a single until March 2001.[5] This helped with the sale of the trio's debut album City High, which would a became a hit upon its May 2001, achieving Gold status within four months.[2] While Pardlo, Oritz and Ryan finished work on a second album, the group disbanded in 2003, failing to release another album despite their debut's success.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Confessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_(Usher_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Tyrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese"},{"link_name":"LL Cool J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_Cool_J"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youknowigotsoul-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_News-4"}],"sub_title":"2004–present: Solo career","text":"Shortly before the band broke up, Toby received a call from Harris who persuaded him to join him and Davis at their new recording studio in Philadelphia to work on new material.[2] One of the first collaborations was the song \"Superstar\" which would later be recorded by Usher for his fourth studio album Confessions (2004).[2] The trio worked on four additional songs for the album, two of which also ended up on the album.[2] The success of Confessions would lead to further work with musicians Mary J. Blige, Justin Bieber, Chris Brown, Ginuwine, Tyrese, LL Cool J, and Lionel Richie.[2] In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Toby released as series of albums, called Songs for the Lockdown,[2] as well as a Christmas album named Songs for the Season.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2004, Toby married Ortiz, who had previously dated Pardlo. They divorced in 2007, and share two sons.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_High"}],"text":"See also: City High","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Songs for the Lockdown, Vol. 1 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 2 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 3 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 4 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 5 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 6 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 7 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 8 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 9 (2020)\nSongs for the Lockdown, Vol. 10 (2020)\nSongs for the Season (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act_2:_Back_in_the_Habit"},{"link_name":"Prison Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Song_(film)"}],"text":"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993)\nPrison Song (2001)\nAnother Christmas (2021)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ryan Toby, R&B MONEY Podcast, Ep.059\". R&B Money. July 15, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld_pNWibL8M","url_text":"\"Ryan Toby, R&B MONEY Podcast, Ep.059\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Toby Talks Solo Career, City High Debut Album, Writing Behind The Scenes (Exclusive)\". youknowigotsoul.com. June 4, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://youknowigotsoul.com/ryan-toby-interview-solo-career-city-high-debut-album-writing-behind-the-scenes","url_text":"\"Ryan Toby Talks Solo Career, City High Debut Album, Writing Behind The Scenes (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Salmon, Caspar (December 11, 2018). \"'Sister Act 2' Set the Gold Standard for Bad Sequels\". vice.com. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xpddv/sister-act-2-set-the-gold-standard-for-bad-sequels","url_text":"\"'Sister Act 2' Set the Gold Standard for Bad Sequels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice.com","url_text":"vice.com"}]},{"reference":"\"IN CITY HIGH'S BOOK, EVERY SONG TELLS A STORY\". New York Daily News. May 29, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/2001/05/29/in-city-highs-book-every-song-tells-a-story/","url_text":"\"IN CITY HIGH'S BOOK, EVERY SONG TELLS A STORY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Grammys: City High\". USA Today. January 21, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/community/chat/2002-02-20-cityhigh.htm","url_text":"\"The Grammys: City High\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Life Soundtrack\". Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219200118/http://www.lifemovie.com/soundtrack.html","url_text":"\"Life Soundtrack\""},{"url":"http://www.lifemovie.com/soundtrack.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Claudette Ortiz Tells Her Side of the Story: Says Robbie \"Spit in Her Face\"…\"I Have Never Met Malicious Jynx\"\". Bossip. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://bossip.com/210836/claudette-ortiz-tells-her-side-of-the-story-says-robbie-spit-in-her-face-i-have-never-met-malicious-jynx/","url_text":"\"Claudette Ortiz Tells Her Side of the Story: Says Robbie \"Spit in Her Face\"…\"I Have Never Met Malicious Jynx\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld_pNWibL8M","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Toby, R&B MONEY Podcast, Ep.059\""},{"Link":"https://youknowigotsoul.com/ryan-toby-interview-solo-career-city-high-debut-album-writing-behind-the-scenes","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Toby Talks Solo Career, City High Debut Album, Writing Behind The Scenes (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xpddv/sister-act-2-set-the-gold-standard-for-bad-sequels","external_links_name":"\"'Sister Act 2' Set the Gold Standard for Bad Sequels\""},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/2001/05/29/in-city-highs-book-every-song-tells-a-story/","external_links_name":"\"IN CITY HIGH'S BOOK, EVERY SONG TELLS A STORY\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/community/chat/2002-02-20-cityhigh.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Grammys: City High\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219200118/http://www.lifemovie.com/soundtrack.html","external_links_name":"\"Life Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://www.lifemovie.com/soundtrack.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bossip.com/210836/claudette-ortiz-tells-her-side-of-the-story-says-robbie-spit-in-her-face-i-have-never-met-malicious-jynx/","external_links_name":"\"Claudette Ortiz Tells Her Side of the Story: Says Robbie \"Spit in Her Face\"…\"I Have Never Met Malicious Jynx\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0865010/","external_links_name":"Ryan Toby"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000048503249","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24351912","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8vxxx6ghhD6DmJXXKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006043267","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/434934ba-cd9c-4b29-9c3c-b95fb9ad4541","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Friang | Brigitte Friang | ["1 Biography","2 Published works","3 Notes and sources"] | French journalist and writer (1924–2011)
Brigitte FriangBorn(1924-01-23)23 January 1924Paris, FrenchDied6 March 2011(2011-03-06) (aged 87)Occupation
Journalist
writer
NationalityFrench
Brigitte Friang (23 January 1924 – 6 March 2011) was a French journalist, writer and French Resistance member.
Biography
Friang was born in Paris in 1924 and immediately after leaving school in Paris in 1943 joined the French Resistance. Working in the same group as Colonel F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, she was captured by the Gestapo, shot while trying to escape, then taken to Fresnes Prison and tortured, before being deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp.
After the war, Friang was liberated and returned to Paris where she worked for four years as a press aide to André Malraux, before becoming a journalist. In 1953, she was sent to French Indochina as a war correspondent. There she undertook parachute training and was dropped, in the opening hours of Operation Castor, into Điện Biên Province, in the north-west corner of Vietnam. She made several combat jumps including one with Lt Col Bigeard's 6th Colonial Paratroop Battalion at Tu-Le after which she accompanied the 6th on their retreat to French lines. She survived the war and returned to Paris where she worked as a writer and journalist until her retirement.
On 6 June 1954, she appeared as a challenger on the TV panel show What's My Line? (the mystery guests for that episode were George Burns and Gracie Allen).
Friang died 6 March 2011 at the age of 87.
Published works
Parachutes and Petticoats. Translated by Cadel, James. London: Jarrolds. 1958. ASIN B0006DCEQY. B0000CK0Z8.
Les Fleurs du ciel (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. 1955. ISBN 978-2-221-02334-1.
La Mousson de la liberté. Vietnam, du colonialisme au stalinisme (in French). Paris: Plon. 1976. ISBN 978-2259001663.
Un Autre Malraux (in French). Paris: Plon. 1977. ISBN 978-2-259-00274-5.
Regarde-toi qui meurs 1943–1945 (in French) (2 Vols ed.). Paris: France Loisirs. 1978. ISBN 9782724203820.
Petit tour autour de Malraux (in French). Paris: Félin. 2001. ISBN 978-2-86645-413-5.
Notes and sources
^ "Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang" . Le Figaro. Obituary (in French). Mar 8, 2011.
^ a b c Friang (1958), 12–24.
^ a b c d Fall, 138.
^ Friang (1958), 25–27.
^ Simpson, 29.
^ Windrow, 249
Fall, Barnard (2005). Street Without Joy. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84415-318-3.
Simpson, Howard R. (1994). Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-024-3.
Windrow, Martin (2004). The Last Valley. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-306-81386-6.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Brigitte Friang (23 January 1924 – 6 March 2011) was a French journalist, writer and French Resistance member.[1]","title":"Brigitte Friang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friang12-2"},{"link_name":"F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._F._E._Yeo-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Fresnes Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnes_Prison"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friang12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall138-3"},{"link_name":"André Malraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friang12-2"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall138-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friang25-4"},{"link_name":"Operation Castor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Castor"},{"link_name":"Điện Biên Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall138-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall138-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windrow249-6"},{"link_name":"What's My Line?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F"},{"link_name":"George Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burns"},{"link_name":"Gracie Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Allen"}],"text":"Friang was born in Paris in 1924 and immediately after leaving school in Paris in 1943 joined the French Resistance.[2] Working in the same group as Colonel F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, she was captured by the Gestapo, shot while trying to escape, then taken to Fresnes Prison and tortured, before being deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp.[2][3]After the war, Friang was liberated and returned to Paris where she worked for four years as a press aide to André Malraux, before becoming a journalist.[2] In 1953, she was sent to French Indochina as a war correspondent.[3][4] There she undertook parachute training and was dropped, in the opening hours of Operation Castor, into Điện Biên Province, in the north-west corner of Vietnam.[3][5] She made several combat jumps including one with Lt Col Bigeard's 6th Colonial Paratroop Battalion at Tu-Le after which she accompanied the 6th on their retreat to French lines.[3][6] She survived the war and returned to Paris where she worked as a writer and journalist until her retirement.On 6 June 1954, she appeared as a challenger on the TV panel show What's My Line? (the mystery guests for that episode were George Burns and Gracie Allen).Friang died 6 March 2011 at the age of 87.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006DCEQY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006DCEQY"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-221-02334-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-02334-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2259001663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2259001663"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-259-00274-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-259-00274-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782724203820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782724203820"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-86645-413-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-413-5"}],"text":"Parachutes and Petticoats. Translated by Cadel, James. London: Jarrolds. 1958. ASIN B0006DCEQY. B0000CK0Z8.\nLes Fleurs du ciel [The Flowers of Heaven] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. 1955. ISBN 978-2-221-02334-1.\nLa Mousson de la liberté. Vietnam, du colonialisme au stalinisme [The Storm of freedom. Vietnam, from colonialism to Stalinism] (in French). Paris: Plon. 1976. ISBN 978-2259001663.\nUn Autre Malraux [Another Malraux] (in French). Paris: Plon. 1977. ISBN 978-2-259-00274-5.\nRegarde-toi qui meurs 1943–1945 [Look at You Who Die 1943–1945] (in French) (2 Vols ed.). Paris: France Loisirs. 1978. ISBN 9782724203820.\nPetit tour autour de Malraux [Little Bit About Malraux] (in French). Paris: Félin. 2001. ISBN 978-2-86645-413-5.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/03/08/97001-20110308FILWWW00726-deces-de-la-resistante-brigitte-friang.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Friang12_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Friang12_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Friang12_2-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fall138_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fall138_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fall138_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fall138_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Friang25_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-windrow249_6-0"},{"link_name":"Fall, Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84415-318-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-318-3"},{"link_name":"Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780028810478"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57488-024-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-024-3"},{"link_name":"Windrow, Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Windrow"},{"link_name":"The Last Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lastvalleydienbi00mart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-81386-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81386-6"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2925424#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/475445/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000047394642"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/69071103"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd89Q9pfJfr4GfRjkhpP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13182998x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13182998x"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517735506706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/121490661"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002018895"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06836234X"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/035341939"}],"text":"^ \"Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang\" [Death of the resistant Brigitte Friang]. Le Figaro. Obituary (in French). Mar 8, 2011.\n\n^ a b c Friang (1958), 12–24.\n\n^ a b c d Fall, 138.\n\n^ Friang (1958), 25–27.\n\n^ Simpson, 29.\n\n^ Windrow, 249Fall, Barnard (2005). Street Without Joy. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84415-318-3.\nSimpson, Howard R. (1994). Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-024-3.\nWindrow, Martin (2004). The Last Valley. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-306-81386-6.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes and sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Parachutes and Petticoats. Translated by Cadel, James. London: Jarrolds. 1958. ASIN B0006DCEQY. B0000CK0Z8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006DCEQY","url_text":"B0006DCEQY"}]},{"reference":"Les Fleurs du ciel [The Flowers of Heaven] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. 1955. ISBN 978-2-221-02334-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-02334-1","url_text":"978-2-221-02334-1"}]},{"reference":"La Mousson de la liberté. Vietnam, du colonialisme au stalinisme [The Storm of freedom. Vietnam, from colonialism to Stalinism] (in French). Paris: Plon. 1976. ISBN 978-2259001663.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2259001663","url_text":"978-2259001663"}]},{"reference":"Un Autre Malraux [Another Malraux] (in French). Paris: Plon. 1977. ISBN 978-2-259-00274-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-259-00274-5","url_text":"978-2-259-00274-5"}]},{"reference":"Regarde-toi qui meurs 1943–1945 [Look at You Who Die 1943–1945] (in French) (2 Vols ed.). Paris: France Loisirs. 1978. ISBN 9782724203820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782724203820","url_text":"9782724203820"}]},{"reference":"Petit tour autour de Malraux [Little Bit About Malraux] (in French). Paris: Félin. 2001. ISBN 978-2-86645-413-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-413-5","url_text":"978-2-86645-413-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang\" [Death of the resistant Brigitte Friang]. Le Figaro. Obituary (in French). Mar 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/03/08/97001-20110308FILWWW00726-deces-de-la-resistante-brigitte-friang.php","url_text":"\"Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang\""}]},{"reference":"Fall, Barnard (2005). Street Without Joy. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84415-318-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fall","url_text":"Fall, Barnard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-318-3","url_text":"978-1-84415-318-3"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Howard R. (1994). Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-024-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028810478","url_text":"Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-024-3","url_text":"978-1-57488-024-3"}]},{"reference":"Windrow, Martin (2004). The Last Valley. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-306-81386-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Windrow","url_text":"Windrow, Martin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lastvalleydienbi00mart","url_text":"The Last Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81386-6","url_text":"0-306-81386-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006DCEQY","external_links_name":"B0006DCEQY"},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/03/08/97001-20110308FILWWW00726-deces-de-la-resistante-brigitte-friang.php","external_links_name":"\"Décès de la résistante Brigitte Friang\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028810478","external_links_name":"Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lastvalleydienbi00mart","external_links_name":"The Last Valley"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/475445/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047394642","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69071103","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd89Q9pfJfr4GfRjkhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13182998x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13182998x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517735506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121490661","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002018895","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06836234X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/035341939","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakpadon | Nakpadon | ["1 History","2 Technical improvements","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Israeli heavy armoured personnel carrier
Nakpadon TypeHeavy Armoured Personnel CarrierPlace of origin IsraelSpecificationsArmor3rd generation reactive armor, "EKE" side skirtsMainarmament4 x FN MAG GPMG, 1 x 40mm grenade launcher
Nakpadon, closer view
Nakpadon is an Israeli heavy armored personnel carrier based on the Centurion-derived Nagmachon.
History
The creation and development of the Nakpadon started during fighting in Lebanon. It was first introduced during the late 1990s, and has since served in southern Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza region.
The Nakpadon is an improved version of the Nagmashot and Nagmachon which includes 3rd generation reactive armor and side skirts of constructed of armor capable of protection against Enhanced Kinetic Energy projectiles (EKE). Similar to USMC LTVP7 armor. The rear section of side skirts can be raised or lowered. It is shielded against mines and anti-vehicle missiles. The Nakpadon can hold ~10 troops and is equipped with four machine guns. Due to greater armor protection, it is heavier than prior iterations of this vehicle, weighing around 55 tons. To compensate for this added weight, a more powerful engine has been utilized.
Technical improvements
Improvements over the Nagmashon include 3rd generation reactive armor and "EKE" side skirts with rear skirts that can be raised or lowered. The Nakpadon carries four FN MAG machine guns and a 40 mm grenade launcher.
See also
Puma armored engineering vehicle – Israeli combat engineering vehicle / APC
IDF Achzarit – Israeli armoured personnel carrier
Namer – Israeli heavy armoured personnel carrier
Dawsar – Jordanian heavy armored personnel carrier
References
^ "Nagmachon".
^ a b "Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
^ Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon
External links
Nakpadon + Sho't Family
Nakpadon
vteTanks converted to armored vehiclesEngineering vehicles
Armata
AEV 3 Kodiak
BARV
Centurion ARV Mk II
Engin Blindé du Génie
Engin Principal du Génie
IMR-2
Keiler
M104 Wolverine
M1074 Joint Assault Bridge System
M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle
M60 AVLB
M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle
M88 Recovery Vehicle
Puma
Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers
VIU-55 Munja
WZT
XM1205 FRMV
APC
Achzarit
BMO-T
BMP-55
Dawsar
Kangaroo
MAP
Magachon
Nagmachon
Nakpadon
Namer
Puma
Tarmour
VIU-55 Munja
IFV
Achzarit
BMPV-64
BTR-T
Sabiex
T-15 Armata
Temsah
Type 59 HIFV
VN20
XM1206 ICV
Fire support vehicles
BMPT
BMPT-62
BMPT-64 Strazh
QN-506
T-55 Fire Support
Self-propelled artillery
15,5 cm bandkanon 1
2S19 Msta-S
2S35 Koalitsiya-SV
Auf1
Juche-po
M-1978 Koksan
Palmaria
PzH 2000
Raad-2
Ro'em, Makmat
Sholef
T-100, T-122
TAM VCA
XM1203 NLOS-C
SPAA
Gepard
M247 Sergeant York
Marksman
Mitsubishi Type 87
Otomatic
PZA Loara
ZSU-57-2
Other
1K17 Szhatie
Neva SC
TOS-1
vteCenturion tanksCenturionMain battle tanks
FV4202
Olifant
Sho't
Other variants
Centurion ARV Mk II
Dawsar
Puma
Nagmachon
Nakpadon | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakpadon01.jpg"},{"link_name":"armored personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nagmachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagmachon"}],"text":"Nakpadon, closer viewNakpadon is an Israeli heavy armored personnel carrier based on the Centurion-derived[1] Nagmachon.","title":"Nakpadon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-2"},{"link_name":"southern Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The creation and development of the Nakpadon started during fighting in Lebanon.[2] It was first introduced during the late 1990s, and has since served in southern Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza region.The Nakpadon is an improved version of the Nagmashot and Nagmachon which includes 3rd generation reactive armor and side skirts of constructed of armor capable of protection against Enhanced Kinetic Energy projectiles (EKE). Similar to USMC LTVP7 armor. The rear section of side skirts can be raised or lowered. It is shielded against mines and anti-vehicle missiles. The Nakpadon can hold ~10 troops and is equipped with four machine guns. Due to greater armor protection, it is heavier than prior iterations of this vehicle, weighing around 55 tons. To compensate for this added weight, a more powerful engine has been utilized.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-2"}],"text":"Improvements over the Nagmashon include 3rd generation reactive armor and \"EKE\" side skirts with rear skirts that can be raised or lowered.[2] The Nakpadon carries four FN MAG machine guns and a 40 mm grenade launcher.","title":"Technical improvements"}] | [{"image_text":"Nakpadon, closer view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nakpadon01.jpg/305px-Nakpadon01.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Puma armored engineering vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_armored_engineering_vehicle"},{"title":"IDF Achzarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Achzarit"},{"title":"Namer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namer"},{"title":"Dawsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsar"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nagmachon\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/engineer_vehicles/nagmachon/Nagmachon.html","url_text":"\"Nagmachon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/nagmashot.htm","url_text":"\"Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/engineer_vehicles/nagmachon/Nagmachon.html","external_links_name":"\"Nagmachon\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/nagmashot.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/nagmashot.htm","external_links_name":"Nagmash'ot / Nakpadon"},{"Link":"http://www.tsahal-miniature.com/centurion.html","external_links_name":"Nakpadon + Sho't Family"},{"Link":"http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/engineer_vehicles/nakpadon/Nakpadon.html","external_links_name":"Nakpadon"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist:_The_Very_Best_of_Fuel | Fuel discography | ["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Compilation albums","2 EPs","3 Singles","4 Music videos","5 References"] | Fuel discographyFuel performing in May 2010Studio albums6Compilation albums2Music videos13EPs4Singles21
The discography of Fuel, an American alternative rock band that formed in 1989, consists of 6 studio albums, 4 extended plays, 2 compilation albums, 21 singles, and 13 music videos.
Albums
Studio albums
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Certifications(sales thresholds)
US
AUS
NZ
1998
Sunburn
Released: March 31, 1998
Label: Epic Records
77
16
17
Sold 1,035,000 Units
RIAA: Platinum
ARIA: Gold
2000
Something Like Human
Released: September 19, 2000
Label: Epic Records
17
6
8
Sold 2,050,000 Units
RIAA: 2× Platinum
MC: Gold
2003
Natural Selection
Released: September 23, 2003
Label: Epic Records
15
64
—
2007
Angels & Devils
Released: August 7, 2007
Label: Epic Records
42
—
—
2014
Puppet Strings
Released: March 4, 2014
Label: Megaforce Records
77
—
—
2021
Anomaly
Released: October 22, 2021
Label: Moon Chair Media/ONErpm
—
—
—
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.
Compilation albums
Year
Title
2005
The Best of Fuel
1st compilation
Released: December 13, 2005
Label: Epic
2008
Playlist: The Very Best of Fuel
2nd compilation
Released: October 20, 2008
Label: Sony Legacy
2010
Super Hits
3rd compilation
Released: November 9, 2010
Label: Sony Legacy
EPs
Year
Title
1994
Small the Joy
1st self-release
Released: 1994
Label: none
Sold Units: Unknown
Fuel
2nd self-release
Released: March 17, 1994
Label: none
Sold Units: 5000
1996
Porcelain
3rd self-release
Released: May 1, 1996
Label: none
Sold Units: 10,000
1998
Hazleton
1st studio EP
Released: March 17, 1998
Label: Epic
Sold Units: 50,000
Singles
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
US
USAlt
USMain
USAdult
AUS
ICE
1998
"Shimmer"
42
2
11
37
16
14
Sunburn
"Bittersweet"
—
17
15
—
70
—
1999
"Sunburn"
—
31
—
—
16
—
"Jesus or a Gun"
—
26
24
—
—
—
2000
"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)"
30
1
2
17
46
12
Something Like Human
2001
"Innocent"
—
4
10
—
—
—
"Bad Day"
64
12
14
21
—
—
"Last Time"
—
25
21
—
—
—
2003
"Won't Back Down"
—
37
22
—
—
—
Natural Selection
"Falls on Me"
52
11
9
17
56
—
2004
"Million Miles"
—
33
16
—
—
—
2007
"Wasted Time"
—
—
24
—
—
—
Angels & Devils
"Gone"
—
—
—
—
—
—
2013
"Yeah!"
—
—
—
—
—
—
Puppet Strings
2014
"Soul to Preach To"
—
—
30
—
—
—
"Cold Summer"
—
—
39
—
—
—
"What We Can Never Have"
—
—
—
—
—
—
2021
"Hard"
—
—
23
—
—
—
Anomaly
"Don't Say I"
—
—
—
—
—
—
"I'm Gone"
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Keep It Away"
—
—
—
—
—
—
2022
"Two Hearts Beat as One"
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.
Music videos
Year
Title
Director
Album
1996
"Sunday Girl"
Unknown
Porcelain
1998
"Shimmer"
Josh Taft
Sunburn
"Bittersweet"
George Vale
1999
"Sunburn"
Scott Lochmus
"Jesus or a Gun"
S. Floyd Lochmus
2000
"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)"
Nigel Dick
Something Like Human
2001
"Innocent"
"Bad Day"
2003
"Won't Back Down"
Robert Hales
Natural Selection
"Falls on Me"
Martin Weisz
2007
"Wasted Time"
Unknown
Angels & Devils
2014
"Soul to Preach To"
Puppet Strings
"Cold Summer"
2021
"Hard"
Anomaly
"Landslide"
Kamp Kennedy
References
^ "Billboard charts". Billboard. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ "Australian albums chart". australian-charts.com. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ "New Zealand albums chart". charts.nz. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ a b "RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
^ "Gold/Platinum - Music Canada". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ Billboard Singles chart history for Fuel Billboard. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
^ "Allmusic Mainstream Rock Singles Chart". Allmusic. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ "Allmusic Adult Top 40 Chart". Allmusic. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ "Australian singles chart". australian-charts.com. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ *For "Bittersweet": "ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles – Week Commencing 7th February 2000". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2016-09-23.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 109.
^ Peak chart positions for singles on the Icelandic Singles Chart (Íslenski Listinn):
"Shimmer": "Íslenski Listinn (23.07. 1998)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). July 23, 1998. p. 10. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)": "Íslenski Listinn (14.09. 2000)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). September 14, 2000. p. 10. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
vteFuel
Carl Bell
Kevin Miller
Mark Klotz
Tommy Nat
Aaron Scott
Jeff Abercrombie
Jody Abbott
John Corsale
Brett Scallions
Erik Avakian
Toryn Green
Tommy Stewart
Yogi Lonich
Jasin Todd
Ken Schalk
Bryan Keeling
Brad Stewart
Andy Andersson
Shannon Boone
Phil Buckman
Jason Womack
Studio albums
Sunburn
Something Like Human
Natural Selection
Angels & Devils
Puppet Strings
Extended plays
Small the Joy
Fuel
Porcelain
Hazleton
Compilations
The Best of Fuel
Singles
"Shimmer"
"Bittersweet"
"Sunburn"
"Jesus or a Gun"
"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)"
"Last Time"
"Innocent"
"Bad Day"
"Won't Back Down"
"Falls on Me"
"Wasted Time"
"Soul to Preach To"
"Cold Summer"
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discography"},{"link_name":"Fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_(band)"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"}],"text":"The discography of Fuel, an American alternative rock band that formed in 1989, consists of 6 studio albums, 4 extended plays, 2 compilation albums, 21 singles, and 13 music videos.","title":"Fuel discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EPs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music videos"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Billboard charts\". Billboard. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fuel/chart-history/billboard-200","url_text":"\"Billboard charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian albums chart\". australian-charts.com. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Fuel&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"Australian albums chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand albums chart\". charts.nz. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Fuel&cat=a","url_text":"\"New Zealand albums chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225031458/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"},{"url":"http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved December 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAATLmfMH7Iov9d0mORy7iY0a/1999%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold/Platinum - Music Canada\". Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=fuel","url_text":"\"Gold/Platinum - Music Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fuel/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic Mainstream Rock Singles Chart\". Allmusic. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fuel-p13007/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"Allmusic Mainstream Rock Singles Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic Adult Top 40 Chart\". Allmusic. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fuel-p13007/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"Allmusic Adult Top 40 Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian singles chart\". australian-charts.com. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=fuel","url_text":"\"Australian singles chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles – Week Commencing 7th February 2000\". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2016-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/kp4EqpE.jpg","url_text":"\"ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles – Week Commencing 7th February 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn (23.07. 1998)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). July 23, 1998. p. 10. Retrieved October 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/1910477?iabr=on#page/n49/mode/2up/search/fuel%20shimmer","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn (23.07. 1998)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn (14.09. 2000)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). September 14, 2000. p. 10. Retrieved October 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/1978388?iabr=on#page/n74/mode/2up/search/fuel%20hemorrhage%20(in%20my%20hands)","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn (14.09. 2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fuel/chart-history/billboard-200","external_links_name":"\"Billboard charts\""},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Fuel&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","external_links_name":"\"Australian albums chart\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Fuel&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand albums chart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225031458/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\""},{"Link":"http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAATLmfMH7Iov9d0mORy7iY0a/1999%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=fuel","external_links_name":"\"Gold/Platinum - Music Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fuel/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/fuel/chart-history/alternative-songs","external_links_name":"Billboard Singles chart history for Fuel"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fuel-p13007/charts-awards/billboard-singles","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic Mainstream Rock Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fuel-p13007/charts-awards/billboard-singles","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic Adult Top 40 Chart\""},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=fuel","external_links_name":"\"Australian singles chart\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/kp4EqpE.jpg","external_links_name":"\"ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles – Week Commencing 7th February 2000\""},{"Link":"https://timarit.is/page/1910477?iabr=on#page/n49/mode/2up/search/fuel%20shimmer","external_links_name":"\"Íslenski Listinn (23.07. 1998)\""},{"Link":"https://timarit.is/page/1978388?iabr=on#page/n74/mode/2up/search/fuel%20hemorrhage%20(in%20my%20hands)","external_links_name":"\"Íslenski Listinn (14.09. 2000)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Williams_(vet) | William Williams (veterinary surgeon) | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 Artistic recognition","4 References"] | Gayfield House
The grave of William Williams, Warriston Cemetery
William Williams FRSE PRCVS (1832–1900) was a Welsh veterinary surgeon who served as principal of the Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh (1867–73) and as president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (1879). He was the founder and principal of the rival New Veterinary College (1873–1904), originally housed in Gayfield House, Edinburgh.
He wrote several standard works on veterinary science.
Life
Williams was born in Bontnewydd near St Asaph, north Wales, in 1832. As with many early vets, he appears to have had a background in farriery.
He enrolled in the new Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh under William Dick in 1855. He qualified MRCVS in 1857, and set up a veterinary practice in Bradford, Yorkshire, England. In 1867 he returned to his alma mater in Edinburgh to become third principal of the Dick Veterinary College, replacing the brief principalship of Colonel James H. B. Hallen FRSE who was urgently called to India to address an outbreak of cattle plague.
Walter George Burnett Dickinson FRSE was amongst his many students.
In 1868 Williams was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Sir William Turner.
In January 1869 he and fellow veterinary professor Allen Dalzell were sued in the Scottish Court of session by a former colleague, John Adam McBride, leading to a great deal of ill-will in the college. A lot of the ill-will focussed upon Mary Dick, William Dick's sister, who held a high degree of control over the college after her brother's death.
In 1873 Williams founded the New Veterinary College in Edinburgh, in direct competition to William Dick's College. The new college was housed in Gayfield House on East London Street. His staff included Dr Stevenson Macadam. In 1883, due to growing success, the college commissioned William Hamilton Beattie to design a purpose-built building on the east side of Elm Row, at the head of Leith Walk where it remained until closure in 1904. The building, later also serving as a BBC Scotland studio, is now converted into student housing.
Williams died on 12 November 1900, at 1 Crawford Place, Edinburgh. He was interred at Warriston Cemetery. His white marble stone is flat to the ground and disappearing from view. It lies on the upper section of the vaults to the west side.
Family
Williams married Caroline Owen. Her death in 1867 affected Williams greatly. Their son William Owen Williams FRSE (1860–1911) was also a veterinarian and worked with his father at the Elm Row college. Following his father's death the college lost momentum and in 1904 William Owen Williams moved to Liverpool to set up a new veterinary college, being officially Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery at Liverpool University.
Artistic recognition
Williams was one of twenty "shadow portraits" created in 2005 of the various Dick Vet Principals. The portraits were moved from Summerhall to Easter Bush when the old college closed.
References
^ a b The New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, 1873–1904, C. M. Warwick and A. A. MacDonald
^ Waterston, Charles D.; Macmillan Shearer, A. (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. II. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ "Walter George Burnett Dickinson – OBA". rosma.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ "Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edingburgh" (PDF). Royalsoced.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Cases Decided in the Court of Session, 1869, no.168
^ a b Warwick, C. M.; Macdonald, A. A. (27 September 2003). "The New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, 1873 to 1904" (PDF). Veterinary Record. 153 (13): 380–386. PMID 14567661.
^ The Veterinary Record: 27 September 2003
^ "Edinburgh, Summerhall, Royal (Dick) Veterinary College | Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Italy
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_London_Street,_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1080575.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_William_Williams,_Warriston_Cemetery_tidied.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warriston Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriston_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"PRCVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRCVS"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Dick Veterinary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Veterinary_College"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"veterinary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_science"}],"text":"Gayfield HouseThe grave of William Williams, Warriston CemeteryWilliam Williams FRSE PRCVS (1832–1900) was a Welsh veterinary surgeon who served as principal of the Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh (1867–73) and as president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (1879). He was the founder and principal of the rival New Veterinary College (1873–1904), originally housed in Gayfield House, Edinburgh.He wrote several standard works on veterinary science.","title":"William Williams (veterinary surgeon)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Dick Veterinary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Veterinary_College"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"William Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dick_(veterinarian)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1904-1"},{"link_name":"MRCVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRCVS"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waterston-2"},{"link_name":"Dick Veterinary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Veterinary_College"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1904-1"},{"link_name":"Walter George Burnett Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_George_Burnett_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosma-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Sir William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(anatomist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Allen Dalzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dalzell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-era.lib.ed.ac.uk-6"},{"link_name":"William Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dick_(veterinarian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stevenson Macadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Macadam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-era.lib.ed.ac.uk-6"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Leith Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith_Walk"},{"link_name":"Warriston Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriston_Cemetery"}],"text":"Williams was born in Bontnewydd near St Asaph, north Wales, in 1832. As with many early vets, he appears to have had a background in farriery.He enrolled in the new Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh under William Dick in 1855.[1] He qualified MRCVS in 1857, and set up a veterinary practice in Bradford, Yorkshire, England.[2] In 1867 he returned to his alma mater in Edinburgh to become third principal of the Dick Veterinary College, replacing the brief principalship of Colonel James H. B. Hallen FRSE who was urgently called to India to address an outbreak of cattle plague.[1]Walter George Burnett Dickinson FRSE was amongst his many students.[3]In 1868 Williams was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Sir William Turner.[4]In January 1869 he and fellow veterinary professor Allen Dalzell were sued in the Scottish Court of session by a former colleague, John Adam McBride, leading to a great deal of ill-will in the college.[5] A lot of the ill-will focussed upon Mary Dick, William Dick's sister, who held a high degree of control over the college after her brother's death.[6]In 1873 Williams founded the New Veterinary College in Edinburgh, in direct competition to William Dick's College. The new college was housed in Gayfield House on East London Street.[7] His staff included Dr Stevenson Macadam.[6] In 1883, due to growing success, the college commissioned William Hamilton Beattie to design a purpose-built building on the east side of Elm Row, at the head of Leith Walk where it remained until closure in 1904. The building, later also serving as a BBC Scotland studio, is now converted into student housing.Williams died on 12 November 1900, at 1 Crawford Place, Edinburgh. He was interred at Warriston Cemetery. His white marble stone is flat to the ground and disappearing from view. It lies on the upper section of the vaults to the west side.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Owen Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Owen_Williams"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"Liverpool University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University"}],"text":"Williams married Caroline Owen. Her death in 1867 affected Williams greatly. Their son William Owen Williams FRSE (1860–1911) was also a veterinarian and worked with his father at the Elm Row college. Following his father's death the college lost momentum and in 1904 William Owen Williams moved to Liverpool to set up a new veterinary college, being officially Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery at Liverpool University.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Williams was one of twenty \"shadow portraits\" created in 2005 of the various Dick Vet Principals. The portraits were moved from Summerhall to Easter Bush when the old college closed.[8]","title":"Artistic recognition"}] | [{"image_text":"Gayfield House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/East_London_Street%2C_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1080575.jpg/220px-East_London_Street%2C_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1080575.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of William Williams, Warriston Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_grave_of_William_Williams%2C_Warriston_Cemetery_tidied.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_William_Williams%2C_Warriston_Cemetery_tidied.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Waterston, Charles D.; Macmillan Shearer, A. (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. II. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113303/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh","url_text":"The Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902198-84-5","url_text":"978-0-902198-84-5"},{"url":"http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter George Burnett Dickinson – OBA\". rosma.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rosma.co.uk/mw/oba/index.php?title=Walter_George_Burnett_Dickinson","url_text":"\"Walter George Burnett Dickinson – OBA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edingburgh\" (PDF). Royalsoced.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"\"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edingburgh\""},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Warwick, C. M.; Macdonald, A. A. (27 September 2003). \"The New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, 1873 to 1904\" (PDF). Veterinary Record. 153 (13): 380–386. PMID 14567661.","urls":[{"url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/2198/New%20Vet%20College%20web.pdf?sequenc","url_text":"\"The New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, 1873 to 1904\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Record","url_text":"Veterinary Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14567661","url_text":"14567661"}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh, Summerhall, Royal (Dick) Veterinary College | Canmore\". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/74045/edinburgh-summerhall-royal-dick-veterinary-college","url_text":"\"Edinburgh, Summerhall, Royal (Dick) Veterinary College | Canmore\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113303/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index"},{"Link":"http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rosma.co.uk/mw/oba/index.php?title=Walter_George_Burnett_Dickinson","external_links_name":"\"Walter George Burnett Dickinson – OBA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edingburgh\""},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/2198/New%20Vet%20College%20web.pdf?sequenc","external_links_name":"\"The New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, 1873 to 1904\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14567661","external_links_name":"14567661"},{"Link":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/74045/edinburgh-summerhall-royal-dick-veterinary-college","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh, Summerhall, Royal (Dick) Veterinary College | Canmore\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107860781","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/93517724","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd7cYGdkD97HGD3Gdfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10672897j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10672897j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CSAV024396","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009178498","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn3db3","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roan_Carneiro | Roan Carneiro | ["1 Mixed martial arts career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Ultimate Fighting Championship","1.3 Battleground MMA","1.4 UFC return","1.5 Post-UFC","2 Acting","3 Personal life","4 Championships and accomplishments","4.1 Mixed martial arts","4.2 Brazilian jiu-jitsu","5 Mixed martial arts record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Carneiro and the second or paternal family name is Pereira.
Roan CarneiroBornRoan Carneiro Pereira (1978-06-02) 2 June 1978 (age 46)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOther namesJucãoNationalityBrazilianHeight5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight184.5 lb (83.7 kg)DivisionMiddleweightWelterweightReach74+1⁄2 in (189 cm)Fighting out ofAtlanta, Georgia, United StatesTeamAmerican Top TeamRank4th degree Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Ricardo LiborioYears active2000–2019Mixed martial arts recordTotal35Wins22By knockout3By submission10By decision9Losses13By knockout4By submission3By decision6
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog
Medal record
Men's Submission Wrestling
Representing Brazil
ADCC South American Championships
2004 Campos
-77kg
Roan Carneiro Pereira (born 2 June 1978) is a Brazilian retired professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2000, Carneiro was the winner of the Battlegrounds MMA's one-night, eight-man tournament, in which he won three fights to become the champion, and has also competed for DEEP.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Carneiro began fighting in MMA professionally in 2000 at the age of 22 in his native Brazil. One of his earliest losses was to future longtime UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva. He amassed a record of 10-5 before signing with the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
In April 2007, Carneiro debuted with the UFC. He faced Rich Clementi in his debut and won the fight via unanimous decision.
Carneiro then faced Jon Fitch at UFC Fight Night 10. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.
In his third UFC fight, Carneiro faced Tony DeSouza at UFC 79 on 29 December 2007. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.
Carneiro next faced Kevin Burns at UFC 85 on 7 June 2008. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.
For his fifth UFC fight, Carneiro faced Ryo Chonan at UFC 88 on 6 September 2008. He lost the fight via split decision. Following this loss, he was released from his contract.
Battleground MMA
After fighting sporadically for independent promotions between 2009 and 2013, Carneiro signed to compete in a one-night, eight-man tournament for BattleGrounds MMA on 3 October 2014. In the quarterfinals, he defeated Randall Wallace by submission in the first round. In the semifinals, he defeated Trey Houston by TKO in the second round. In the finals, Carneiro defeated Brock Larson by unanimous decision to be crowned the tournament champion.
UFC return
In December 2014, it was announced that Carneiro had been re-signed with the UFC. In his return fight, Carneiro replaced Caio Magalhaes against Mark Muñoz on 28 February 2015 at UFC 184. He won the fight via technical submission from a rear-naked choke in the first round.
Carneiro was expected to face Gegard Mousasi on 27 September 2015 at UFC Fight Night 75. However, Carneiro was forced to pull out of the bout in mid-August with an elbow injury and was replaced by Uriah Hall.
Carneiro faced Derek Brunson on 21 February 2016 at UFC Fight Night 83. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
Carneiro next faced Kenny Robertson on 17 September 2016 at UFC Fight Night 94. He won the fight via split decision.
As the last fight of his prevailing contract, Carneiro faced Ryan LaFlare on 11 February 2017 at UFC 208. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. UFC elected not to renew Carneiro's contract, making him a free agent.
Post-UFC
Carneiro then signed a non-exclusive contract with Absolute Championship Akhmat, losing the first two fights against Aslambek Saidov and Husein Kushagov.
Carneiro returned to action on 30 November 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand where he won WKN Middleweight MMA title by submission in the first round against previously 15-fight undefeated Kelvin Joseph in the main event of WKN World Cup 2019.
Acting
Carneiro had an acting role as fictional MMA fighter Marco Santos in the MMA movie Warrior.
Personal life
Carneiro has a son and a daughter.
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
BattleGrounds MMA
BattleGrounds MMA Grand Prix Championship
World Kickboxing Network
WKN Middleweight MMA title
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Abu Dhabi Brazilian Trials Winner
Pan American Champion
Rio de Janeiro State Champion
Mixed martial arts record
Professional record breakdown
35 matches
22 wins
13 losses
By knockout
3
4
By submission
10
3
By decision
9
6
Res.
Record
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Round
Time
Location
Notes
Win
22–13
Kelvin Joseph
Submission (rear-naked choke)
WKN World Cup 2019
30 November 2019
1
4:50
Auckland, New Zealand
Won the WKN Middleweight MMA Championship.
Loss
21–13
Husein Kushagov
Decision (split)
ACA 91: Agujev vs. Silvério
26 January 2019
3
5:00
Grozny, Russia
Loss
21–12
Aslambek Saidov
Decision (unanimous)
ACB 81: Saidov vs. Carneiro
23 February 2018
3
5:00
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Loss
21–11
Ryan LaFlare
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 208
11 February 2017
3
5:00
Brooklyn, New York, United States
Win
21–10
Kenny Robertson
Decision (split)
UFC Fight Night: Poirier vs. Johnson
17 September 2016
3
5:00
Hidalgo, Texas, United States
Return to Welterweight.
Loss
20–10
Derek Brunson
TKO (punches)
UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Cowboy
21 February 2016
1
2:38
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Win
20–9
Mark Muñoz
Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)
UFC 184
28 February 2015
1
1:40
Los Angeles, California, United States
Return to Middleweight.
Win
19–9
Brock Larson
Decision (unanimous)
BattleGrounds MMA 5: O.N.E.
4 October 2014
3
5:00
Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
Won the BattleGrounds MMA Welterweight Grand Prix.
Win
18–9
Trey Houston
TKO (punches)
2
2:11
Welterweight Grand Prix Semifinal.
Win
17–9
Randall Wallace
Submission (straight armbar)
1
3:29
Welterweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal.
Win
16–9
Sean Huffman
Submission (rear-naked choke)
Wild Bill's Fight Night 60
18 October 2013
1
1:59
Duluth, Georgia, United States
Catchweight (180 lbs) bout.
Win
15–9
Jung Hwan Cha
Technical Submission (armbar)
Road FC 7: Recharged
24 March 2012
1
4:41
Seoul, South Korea
Catchweight (176 lbs) bout.
Loss
14–9
Tommy Depret
Submission (armbar)
United Glory 13
19 March 2011
1
2:36
Charleroi, Belgium
Welterweight Tournament Semifinal.
Win
14–8
Luis Ramos
Decision (unanimous)
United Glory 12
16 October 2010
3
5:00
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Welterweight Tournament Quarterfinal.
Win
13–8
Jorge Patino
Decision (unanimous)
Shine Fights 2: ATT vs. The World
4 September 2009
3
5:00
Miami, Florida, United States
Loss
12–8
Ryo Chonan
Decision (split)
UFC 88
6 September 2008
3
5:00
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Loss
12–7
Kevin Burns
Submission (triangle choke)
UFC 85
7 June 2008
2
2:53
London, England
Win
12–6
Tony DeSouza
TKO (punches)
UFC 79
29 December 2007
2
3:33
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Loss
11–6
Jon Fitch
Submission (rear-naked choke)
UFC Fight Night: Stout vs. Fisher
12 June 2007
2
1:07
Hollywood, Florida, United States
Win
11–5
Rich Clementi
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night: Stevenson vs. Guillard
5 April 2007
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Loss
10–5
Fabio Negao
Decision (unanimous)
Cla Fighting Championships 1
23 November 2006
3
5:00
São Paulo, Brazil
Win
10–4
Yoshitomo Watanabe
Submission (arm-triangle choke)
Show Fight 5
9 November 2006
1
1:36
São Paulo, Brazil
Win
9–4
Daisuke Ishii
Decision (unanimous)
DEEP: 25 Impact
4 August 2006
3
5:00
Tokyo, Japan
Loss
8–4
Leonardo Lucio Nascimento
TKO (corner stoppage)
WCFC: No Guts No Glory
18 March 2006
1
5:00
Manchester, England
WCFC Middleweight Tournament Final.
Win
8–3
Matt Horwich
Decision (split)
3
5:00
WCFC Middleweight Tournament Semifinal.
Win
7–3
Gregory Bouchelaghem
Decision (unanimous)
3
5:00
WCFC Middleweight Tournament Quarterfinal.
Win
6–3
Claudio Mattos
Submission
Fight for Respect 1
15 October 2005
N/A
N/A
Lisbon, Portugal
Loss
5–3
Ryo Chonan
TKO (doctor stoppage)
DEEP: 18th Impact
12 February 2005
3
2:15
Tokyo, Japan
Win
5–2
Paul Jenkins
Submission (rear-naked choke)
Shooto: Switzerland 2
4 September 2004
1
N/A
Zurich, Switzerland
Win
4–2
Rodrigo Ruas
Decision (unanimous)
Absolute FC: Brazil 1
28 August 2004
3
5:00
Nova Friburgo, Brazil
Win
3–2
Adriano Verdelli
Submission (anaconda choke)
Meca World Vale Tudo 9
1 August 2003
1
1:11
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Win
2–2
Sebastian Borean
Submission (choke)
Argentina Fighting Championships 1
10 May 2003
1
N/A
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Win
1–2
Carlos Esponja
TKO (submission to punches)
Meca World Vale Tudo 7
8 November 2002
1
N/A
Curitiba, Brazil
Loss
0–2
Anderson Silva
TKO (submission to punches)
Meca World Vale Tudo 6
31 January 2002
1
5:33
Curitiba, Brazil
Loss
0–1
Marcelo Belmiro
Decision (unanimous)
Heroes 1
24 July 2000
1
10:00
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
^ a b Mixed martial arts show results Date: December 29, 2007
^ "Roan Carneiro – fighter results". Foxsports.com. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ "American Top Team Atlanta". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro Latest UFC Vet To Join One-Night Tournament". BJPenn.com. 6 May 2014.
^ "Cody McKenzie, Dennis Hallman, Luigi Fioravanti join single-night tourney". mmajunkie.com. 3 May 2014.
^ Guilherme Cruz (17 December 2014). "Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro steps in to face Mark Munoz at UFC 184 on Feb. 28". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ Staff (23 June 2015). "Gegard Mousasi vs. Roan Carneiro planned for UFC Fight Night 75 in Japan". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
^ Tristen Critchfield (19 August 2015). "Uriah Hall replaces Roan Carneiro, meets Gegard Mousasi at UFC Fight Night Japan". sherdog.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ Nick Baldwin (4 December 2015). "UFC announces return to Pittsburgh, first fight confirmed". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Ben Fowlkes (21 February 2016). "UFC Fight Night 83 results: Derek Brunson blasts Roan Carneiro for quick TKO". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
^ Tristen Critchfield (20 July 2016). "Roan Carneiro vs. Kenny Robertson set for UFC Fight Night in Hidalgo". sherdog.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ Michael Stets (17 September 2016). "UFC Fight Night 94 results: Roan Carneiro splits Kenny Robertson in Hidalgo". mmamania.com. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ Ryan Gerbosi (8 December 2016). "Ryan LaFlare to fight Roan Carneiro at UFC 208 in Brooklyn". newsday.com. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ a b Laerte Viana (20 April 2017). "Fora do UFC, Roan Jucão descarta aposentadoria: 'Não penso em parar'". superlutas.com.br (in Portuguese).
^ Ben Fowlkes (11 February 2017). "UFC 208 results: Ryan LaFlare dominates early, cruises to decision over Roan Carneiro". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ Carlos Antunes (30 August 2020). "Ex-UFC e atual treinador da 'ATT' cogita deixar aposentadoria para voltar a lutar". agfight.com (in Portuguese).
^ Iskenderov, Parviz (30 November 2019). "Roan Carneiro earns WKN title in Auckland". FIGHTMAG. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Roan Carneiro. IMDb.com
^ Gleidson Venga (4 December 2019). "Após conquista de cinturão, Roan Jucão projeta aposentadoria: "Não tenho mais pretensão de lutar"". Globo.com (in Portuguese).
^ "Roan Carneiro ATT Profile". Retrieved 9 July 2015.
External links
Roan Carneiro at UFC
Professional MMA record for Roan Carneiro from Sherdog | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fullname-1"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"Welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"DEEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_(mixed_martial_arts)"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Carneiro and the second or paternal family name is Pereira.Roan Carneiro Pereira[1] (born 2 June 1978) is a Brazilian retired professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2000, Carneiro was the winner of the Battlegrounds MMA's one-night, eight-man tournament, in which he won three fights to become the champion, and has also competed for DEEP.","title":"Roan Carneiro"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UFC Middleweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Middleweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Anderson Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Silva"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Carneiro began fighting in MMA professionally in 2000 at the age of 22 in his native Brazil. One of his earliest losses was to future longtime UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva. He amassed a record of 10-5 before signing with the Ultimate Fighting Championship.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Clementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Clementi"},{"link_name":"Jon Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Fitch"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_10"},{"link_name":"Tony DeSouza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_DeSouza"},{"link_name":"UFC 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_79"},{"link_name":"Kevin Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Burns_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_85"},{"link_name":"Ryo Chonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Chonan"},{"link_name":"UFC 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_88"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"In April 2007, Carneiro debuted with the UFC. He faced Rich Clementi in his debut and won the fight via unanimous decision.Carneiro then faced Jon Fitch at UFC Fight Night 10. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.In his third UFC fight, Carneiro faced Tony DeSouza at UFC 79 on 29 December 2007. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.Carneiro next faced Kevin Burns at UFC 85 on 7 June 2008. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.For his fifth UFC fight, Carneiro faced Ryo Chonan at UFC 88 on 6 September 2008. He lost the fight via split decision. Following this loss, he was released from his contract.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brock Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Larson"}],"sub_title":"Battleground MMA","text":"After fighting sporadically for independent promotions between 2009 and 2013, Carneiro signed to compete in a one-night, eight-man tournament for BattleGrounds MMA on 3 October 2014.[5] In the quarterfinals, he defeated Randall Wallace by submission in the first round. In the semifinals, he defeated Trey Houston by TKO in the second round. In the finals, Carneiro defeated Brock Larson by unanimous decision to be crowned the tournament champion.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caio Magalhaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio_Magalhaes"},{"link_name":"Mark Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"UFC 184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_184"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gegard Mousasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegard_Mousasi"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_75"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Uriah Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_Hall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Derek Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Brunson"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_83"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kenny Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Robertson"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_94"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ryan LaFlare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_LaFlare"},{"link_name":"UFC 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_208"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl17-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl17-14"}],"sub_title":"UFC return","text":"In December 2014, it was announced that Carneiro had been re-signed with the UFC. In his return fight, Carneiro replaced Caio Magalhaes against Mark Muñoz on 28 February 2015 at UFC 184.[6] He won the fight via technical submission from a rear-naked choke in the first round.Carneiro was expected to face Gegard Mousasi on 27 September 2015 at UFC Fight Night 75.[7] However, Carneiro was forced to pull out of the bout in mid-August with an elbow injury and was replaced by Uriah Hall.[8]Carneiro faced Derek Brunson on 21 February 2016 at UFC Fight Night 83.[9] He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.[10]Carneiro next faced Kenny Robertson on 17 September 2016 at UFC Fight Night 94.[11] He won the fight via split decision.[12]As the last fight of his prevailing contract, Carneiro faced Ryan LaFlare on 11 February 2017 at UFC 208.[13][14] He lost the fight by unanimous decision.[15] UFC elected not to renew Carneiro's contract, making him a free agent.[14]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Absolute Championship Akhmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Championship_Akhmat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Post-UFC","text":"Carneiro then signed a non-exclusive contract with Absolute Championship Akhmat, losing the first two fights against Aslambek Saidov and Husein Kushagov.[16]Carneiro returned to action on 30 November 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand where he won WKN Middleweight MMA title by submission in the first round against previously 15-fight undefeated Kelvin Joseph in the main event of WKN World Cup 2019.[17]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Carneiro had an acting role as fictional MMA fighter Marco Santos in the MMA movie Warrior.[18]","title":"Acting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Carneiro has a son and a daughter.[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed martial arts","text":"BattleGrounds MMA\nBattleGrounds MMA Grand Prix Championship\nWorld Kickboxing Network\nWKN Middleweight MMA title","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Wrestling_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Brazilian jiu-jitsu","text":"Abu Dhabi Brazilian Trials Winner[20]\nPan American Champion\nRio de Janeiro State Champion","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of current UFC fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_UFC_fighters"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"}] | [{"reference":"\"Roan Carneiro – fighter results\". Foxsports.com. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/roan-carneiro-fighter-results","url_text":"\"Roan Carneiro – fighter results\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Top Team Atlanta\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040730/http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","url_text":"\"American Top Team Atlanta\""},{"url":"http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro Latest UFC Vet To Join One-Night Tournament\". BJPenn.com. 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bjpenn.com/roan-jucao-carneiro-latest-ufc-vet-to-join-one-night-tournament2","url_text":"\"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro Latest UFC Vet To Join One-Night Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cody McKenzie, Dennis Hallman, Luigi Fioravanti join single-night tourney\". mmajunkie.com. 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/05/cody-mckenzie-dennis-hallman-luigi-fioravanti-among-entrants-in-single-night-tourney","url_text":"\"Cody McKenzie, Dennis Hallman, Luigi Fioravanti join single-night tourney\""}]},{"reference":"Guilherme Cruz (17 December 2014). \"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro steps in to face Mark Munoz at UFC 184 on Feb. 28\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 17 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/17/7412201/roan-jucao-carneiro-steps-in-to-face-mark-munoz-at-ufc-184-on-feb-28","url_text":"\"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro steps in to face Mark Munoz at UFC 184 on Feb. 28\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (23 June 2015). \"Gegard Mousasi vs. Roan Carneiro planned for UFC Fight Night 75 in Japan\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/06/report-gegard-mousasi-vs-roan-carneiro-planned-for-ufc-fight-night-77-in-japan","url_text":"\"Gegard Mousasi vs. Roan Carneiro planned for UFC Fight Night 75 in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Tristen Critchfield (19 August 2015). \"Uriah Hall replaces Roan Carneiro, meets Gegard Mousasi at UFC Fight Night Japan\". sherdog.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Uriah-Hall-Replaces-Roan-Carneiro-Meets-Gegard-Mousasi-at-UFC-Fight-Night-Japan-90889","url_text":"\"Uriah Hall replaces Roan Carneiro, meets Gegard Mousasi at UFC Fight Night Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Nick Baldwin (4 December 2015). \"UFC announces return to Pittsburgh, first fight confirmed\". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/12/4/9847854/ufc-announces-return-to-pittsburgh-first-fight-confirmed","url_text":"\"UFC announces return to Pittsburgh, first fight confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Fowlkes (21 February 2016). \"UFC Fight Night 83 results: Derek Brunson blasts Roan Carneiro for quick TKO\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 21 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/02/ufc-fight-night-83-results-derek-brunson-blasts-roan-carneiro-for-quick-tko","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 83 results: Derek Brunson blasts Roan Carneiro for quick TKO\""}]},{"reference":"Tristen Critchfield (20 July 2016). \"Roan Carneiro vs. Kenny Robertson set for UFC Fight Night in Hidalgo\". sherdog.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Roan-Carneiro-vs-Kenny-Robertson-Set-for-UFC-Fight-Night-in-Hidalgo-108373","url_text":"\"Roan Carneiro vs. Kenny Robertson set for UFC Fight Night in Hidalgo\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Stets (17 September 2016). \"UFC Fight Night 94 results: Roan Carneiro splits Kenny Robertson in Hidalgo\". mmamania.com. Retrieved 17 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmamania.com/2016/9/17/12952824/ufc-fight-night-94-results-roan-carneiro-kenny-robertson","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 94 results: Roan Carneiro splits Kenny Robertson in Hidalgo\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan Gerbosi (8 December 2016). \"Ryan LaFlare to fight Roan Carneiro at UFC 208 in Brooklyn\". newsday.com. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/mixed-martial-arts/ryan-laflare-to-fight-roan-carneiro-at-ufc-208-in-brooklyn-1.12721756","url_text":"\"Ryan LaFlare to fight Roan Carneiro at UFC 208 in Brooklyn\""}]},{"reference":"Laerte Viana (20 April 2017). \"Fora do UFC, Roan Jucão descarta aposentadoria: 'Não penso em parar'\". superlutas.com.br (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superlutas.com.br/noticias/61228/fora-do-ufc-roan-jucao-descarta-aposentadoria-nao-penso-em-parar/","url_text":"\"Fora do UFC, Roan Jucão descarta aposentadoria: 'Não penso em parar'\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Fowlkes (11 February 2017). \"UFC 208 results: Ryan LaFlare dominates early, cruises to decision over Roan Carneiro\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 11 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/ufc-208-results-ryan-laflare-dominates-early-cruises-to-decision-over-roan-carneiro","url_text":"\"UFC 208 results: Ryan LaFlare dominates early, cruises to decision over Roan Carneiro\""}]},{"reference":"Carlos Antunes (30 August 2020). \"Ex-UFC e atual treinador da 'ATT' cogita deixar aposentadoria para voltar a lutar\". agfight.com (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"https://agfight.com/entrevistas/ex-ufc-e-atual-treinador-da-att-cogita-deixar-aposentadoria-para-voltar-a-lutar/","url_text":"\"Ex-UFC e atual treinador da 'ATT' cogita deixar aposentadoria para voltar a lutar\""}]},{"reference":"Iskenderov, Parviz (30 November 2019). \"Roan Carneiro earns WKN title in Auckland\". FIGHTMAG. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightmag.com.au/2019/12/01/roan-carneiro-earns-wkn-title-in-auckland/","url_text":"\"Roan Carneiro earns WKN title in Auckland\""}]},{"reference":"Gleidson Venga (4 December 2019). \"Após conquista de cinturão, Roan Jucão projeta aposentadoria: \"Não tenho mais pretensão de lutar\"\". Globo.com (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/apos-conquista-de-cinturao-roan-jucao-projeta-aposentadoria-nao-tenho-mais-pretensao-de-lutar.ghtml","url_text":"\"Após conquista de cinturão, Roan Jucão projeta aposentadoria: \"Não tenho mais pretensão de lutar\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo.com","url_text":"Globo.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Roan Carneiro ATT Profile\". Retrieved 9 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","url_text":"\"Roan Carneiro ATT Profile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=2886","external_links_name":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"Link":"https://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2007_Results/12-29-07MMA.pdf","external_links_name":"Mixed martial arts show results Date: December 29, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/roan-carneiro-fighter-results","external_links_name":"\"Roan Carneiro – fighter results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040730/http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","external_links_name":"\"American Top Team Atlanta\""},{"Link":"http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bjpenn.com/roan-jucao-carneiro-latest-ufc-vet-to-join-one-night-tournament2","external_links_name":"\"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro Latest UFC Vet To Join One-Night Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/05/cody-mckenzie-dennis-hallman-luigi-fioravanti-among-entrants-in-single-night-tourney","external_links_name":"\"Cody McKenzie, Dennis Hallman, Luigi Fioravanti join single-night tourney\""},{"Link":"http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/17/7412201/roan-jucao-carneiro-steps-in-to-face-mark-munoz-at-ufc-184-on-feb-28","external_links_name":"\"Roan 'Jucao' Carneiro steps in to face Mark Munoz at UFC 184 on Feb. 28\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/06/report-gegard-mousasi-vs-roan-carneiro-planned-for-ufc-fight-night-77-in-japan","external_links_name":"\"Gegard Mousasi vs. Roan Carneiro planned for UFC Fight Night 75 in Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Uriah-Hall-Replaces-Roan-Carneiro-Meets-Gegard-Mousasi-at-UFC-Fight-Night-Japan-90889","external_links_name":"\"Uriah Hall replaces Roan Carneiro, meets Gegard Mousasi at UFC Fight Night Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/12/4/9847854/ufc-announces-return-to-pittsburgh-first-fight-confirmed","external_links_name":"\"UFC announces return to Pittsburgh, first fight confirmed\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/02/ufc-fight-night-83-results-derek-brunson-blasts-roan-carneiro-for-quick-tko","external_links_name":"\"UFC Fight Night 83 results: Derek Brunson blasts Roan Carneiro for quick TKO\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Roan-Carneiro-vs-Kenny-Robertson-Set-for-UFC-Fight-Night-in-Hidalgo-108373","external_links_name":"\"Roan Carneiro vs. Kenny Robertson set for UFC Fight Night in Hidalgo\""},{"Link":"http://www.mmamania.com/2016/9/17/12952824/ufc-fight-night-94-results-roan-carneiro-kenny-robertson","external_links_name":"\"UFC Fight Night 94 results: Roan Carneiro splits Kenny Robertson in Hidalgo\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/mixed-martial-arts/ryan-laflare-to-fight-roan-carneiro-at-ufc-208-in-brooklyn-1.12721756","external_links_name":"\"Ryan LaFlare to fight Roan Carneiro at UFC 208 in Brooklyn\""},{"Link":"https://www.superlutas.com.br/noticias/61228/fora-do-ufc-roan-jucao-descarta-aposentadoria-nao-penso-em-parar/","external_links_name":"\"Fora do UFC, Roan Jucão descarta aposentadoria: 'Não penso em parar'\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2017/02/ufc-208-results-ryan-laflare-dominates-early-cruises-to-decision-over-roan-carneiro","external_links_name":"\"UFC 208 results: Ryan LaFlare dominates early, cruises to decision over Roan Carneiro\""},{"Link":"https://agfight.com/entrevistas/ex-ufc-e-atual-treinador-da-att-cogita-deixar-aposentadoria-para-voltar-a-lutar/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-UFC e atual treinador da 'ATT' cogita deixar aposentadoria para voltar a lutar\""},{"Link":"https://www.fightmag.com.au/2019/12/01/roan-carneiro-earns-wkn-title-in-auckland/","external_links_name":"\"Roan Carneiro earns WKN title in Auckland\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2614333/","external_links_name":"Roan Carneiro"},{"Link":"https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/apos-conquista-de-cinturao-roan-jucao-projeta-aposentadoria-nao-tenho-mais-pretensao-de-lutar.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Após conquista de cinturão, Roan Jucão projeta aposentadoria: \"Não tenho mais pretensão de lutar\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.attatl.com/main_instructor.html","external_links_name":"\"Roan Carneiro ATT Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/roan-carneiro","external_links_name":"Roan Carneiro"},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=2886","external_links_name":"Professional MMA record for Roan Carneiro"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adams_(Oregon_politician) | Sam Adams (Oregon politician) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","2.1 Portland City Council","3 Mayor of Portland","3.1 2008 mayoral campaign","4 Later career","4.1 Return to Portland politics","5 Personal life","6 Filmography","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | American politician (born 1963)
This article is about the former mayor of Portland. For the revolutionary politician, see Samuel Adams. For the governor of Arkansas, see Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician).
Sam Adams51st Mayor of Portland, OregonIn officeJanuary 1, 2009 – January 1, 2013Preceded byTom PotterSucceeded byCharlie HalesPortland City CommissionerIn officeJanuary 1, 2005 – January 1, 2009Preceded byJim FrancesconiSucceeded byAmanda Fritz
Personal detailsBornSamuel Francis Adams (1963-09-03) September 3, 1963 (age 60)Butte, Montana, U.S.Political partyDemocraticDomestic partnerPeter Zuckerman (2008–present)Alma materUniversity of OregonOccupationPolitician
Samuel Francis Adams (born September 3, 1963) is an American politician in Portland, Oregon. Adams was mayor of Portland from 2009 to 2012 and previously served on the Portland City Council and as chief of staff to former Mayor Vera Katz. Adams was the first openly gay mayor of a large U.S. city. He had an approval rating of 56%.
Early life and education
Samuel Adams was born in Butte, Montana to parents Larry and Karalie Adams. Adams was the third of four children. When he was a year old, his family moved to Richland, Washington, but shortly after moved to Newport, Oregon.
Adams graduated from high school in 1982, then started at the University of Oregon in 1984. Adams did not graduate from college until 2002, when he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Oregon in political science.
Early career
Adams began his career in politics as a staffer on Peter DeFazio's 1984 campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in Oregon's 4th district. He dropped out of the University of Oregon to work on Peter DeFazio's successful bid for Congress. After DeFazio won, Adams worked as a communications and policy assistant in his Oregon office, and on his re-election campaigns until 1988. Adams also worked for Democratic Majority Leaders David Dix and Carl Hosticka.
In 1988, Adams was elected chair of the Lane County (Oregon) Democratic Party. In 1990, Adams worked as the Oregon director for the highway safety organization Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH). He next worked on Vera Katz's 1992 mayoral campaign in Portland and served as her chief of staff 11 years.
Portland City Council
In a 2004 election for a seat on the Portland City Council, Adams received fewer votes than candidate Nick Fish in the primary election, but Adams won the general election.
Adams ran an unsuccessful campaign to rejoin city council in 2020. From 2020 to 2023, he served as director of strategic innovations for the office of Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler.
Adams at a "Green space" event in 2005
As city commissioner, ran the Portland Bureau of Transportation and the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. He also served as Portland City Council's liaison to the Arts and Culture and Small Business communities. As part of managing the Bureau of Transportation, he inherited the responsibility to oversee the development of the Portland Aerial Tram, which opened to the public in January 2007.
Adams and his staff maintained a blog highlighting their activities in the community, especially pertaining to Adams' priorities such as arts and culture, livability and environment, and transportation.
Mayor of Portland
Adams and C-Tran director Tim Leavitt at a meeting of the Columbia River Crossing Project
2008 mayoral campaign
Main article: Portland, Oregon mayoral election, 2008
In October 2007, Adams announced his intentions to run for Mayor of Portland. His main opponent was Sho Dozono, a civic leader and businessman. In the primary election, held May 20, 2008, Adams won 58 percent of the vote and was elected without the need for a run-off. Dozono received 34 percent of the vote. Adams took office on January 1, 2009, becoming the first openly gay mayor of a major U.S. city.
Adams said his top three priorities were creating more family-wage jobs, reducing the high school dropout rate, and making Portland more sustainable.
In his first State of the City address on February 27, 2009, Adams outlined his goal of making Portland "the most sustainable city in the world." Adams emphasized reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and investment in efficient green energy as essential to the city's energy-environmental goals and called on the Oregon State Legislature to provide incentives for the expansion of green energy companies, notably Vestas Wind Systems, into the Portland metropolitan area.
In 2009, Adams established a local economic stimulus plan by fast-tracking capital improvement projects, helped secure a Major League Soccer franchise, began work on the Oregon Sustainability Center established a free-bus-ride program designed for low-income students, secured $2.5 million in grants designed to help the city reduce diesel emissions, began construction of 15 miles of bike boulevards, and consolidated the city's permitting process.
In September 2009, Adams opposed the $4 billion, twelve-lane replacement for the I-5 bridge over the Columbia River, a plan he had once supported. Adams stated, "I'd rather settle for a bad bridge for another 25 years than a terrible bridge that punishes Portland for another 100 years." The twelve-lane idea was a compromise deal Adams helped write with then-Mayor Royce Pollard of Vancouver, Washington, in February 2009. The deal helped get the Portland City Council to agree for a bridge of up to twelve lanes, something Vancouver wanted in exchange for its support of Portland's MAX Light Rail extension across the I-5 bridge. Adams focused on improving the local economy by attracting large, sustainable employers to Portland, including a $200-million investment by the company Vestas.
Adams and Charles Jordan, July 2012
In November of that year, Adams fired the police chief and then fired a police officer who had shot and killed an unarmed citizen. He recruited a wind company to spend $66 million on development and hire 400 employees, established the city's first economic development plan, developed programs designed to reduce Portland's high school dropout rate and make the city more sustainable, and, along with the rest of the city council, adopted gun control regulations that are designed to reduce shootings.
In 2011, Adams helped establish curbside composting, led a ban on single-use plastic bags, adopted a transgender-inclusive health plan for city employees, recruited a photovoltaic company to move to and invest $340 million in infrastructure in Portland, recruited several TV and movie companies to do business and spend about $100 million on production in Portland, established a $2.1 million seed fund to help start-up businesses in Portland, supported Occupy Portland at first, but later dispersed the camps, and cracked down on gangs with a 14-month police undercover operation that resulted in the arrests of 31 gang members.
On July 29, 2011, Adams announced on his official city blog that he would not seek a second term as Portland's mayor. He had an approval rating of 56%.
Later career
Days after his last day as Mayor, Adams was named executive director of the City Club of Portland, a non-profit organization best known as the host of public civic policy meetings.
On January 14, 2014, Adams announced that he was leaving the City Club to become director of U.S. Climate Initiatives at the World Resources Institute, a global nonprofit dedicated to environmental sustainability. Adams moved to Washington, D.C., as a result.
Return to Portland politics
In 2020, Adams returned to Portland and ran for City Council, but lost in the May primary. In February 2021, he became the director of strategic innovations for mayor Ted Wheeler. In that role, Adams' goal was revitalizing the city after the coronavirus pandemic and protests. Adams led initiatives in 2021 and 2022 to ban homeless camping, and in a memo he said the city should use of executive power to end unsanctioned camping move houseless people into in mass shelters of 3,000 people, staffed by the National Guard, and ask the 'Federal Emergency Management Agency' to declare homelessness a federal emergency eligible to receive federal funds. The city later voted to end unsanctioned camping, but only during the day, and the ban has not been widely enforced. On January 3, 2023, Adams was credited with cleaning up the "deadliest block" in Portland. On January 10, 2023, Adams resigned from his office, citing health problems due to chronic anemia that was getting worse. Wheeler signed off on Adams resignation and initially praised Adams for his work, but in a press conference several days later, Wheeler asserted that he had forced Adams to leave because Adams had repeatedly intimidated female employees. Adams was not told about the complaints and none of the allegations were investigated. Adams has retained an attorney to contest the details of his departure.
In early 2024 Adams was discussing plans to run for city council or a Multnomah County District seat. On February 26 he announced he would run for the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners in district 2, representing North and Northeast Portland. His said his priorities are ending unsanctioned outdoor homelessness, building a more humane and effective system for addiction and mental health treatment, stopping gun violence and crime, and building affordable housing.
Personal life
Because of the Irish birth of his maternal grandfather, Adams holds dual Irish and American citizenship.
Adams had a recurring role on the IFC show Portlandia as assistant to Portland's fictional mayor played by Kyle MacLachlan. He also appeared as himself in a 2012 episode of the Portland-based NBC show Grimm.
Adams, who is gay, remained closeted at work until he became Mayor Vera Katz's Chief of Staff in 1993. He broke the news to Katz for the first time 1992 after she offered him the job as her campaign manager, to which she replied "Sweetie, I don't give a damn." In discussing not disclosing his sexuality, Adams noted he came from a "family of tough Montanans" where "there's a premium on being tough and strong, and being queer and a faggot wasn't strong."
From 1992 until 2004, Adams was in a long-term relationship with Greg Eddie. During that time, in 1993, he was outed as gay by the alternative newspaper Willamette Week. In 2007, the former couple, in a challenge to the state constitution, filed suit against the State of Oregon to dissolve their domestic partnership and divide Adams' future pension.
Adams met his partner Peter Zuckerman, a journalist and author, in 2008.
In 2005, Adams met Beau Breedlove, a 17-year-old interning for Oregon State Representative Kim Thatcher. In September 2007, Adams denied rumors of a sexual relationship between the two, saying of Breedlove, "He was looking for a mentor. I tried to be both prudent and useful to him." In January 2009, after being confronted with a story in Willamette Week, Adams admitted to having a sexual relationship with Breedlove. Breedlove confirmed Adams' accounts. Adams apologized, saying he had lied to avoid accusations of grooming a minor and the likely disruption such allegations would cause in his mayoral campaign. Adams announced his intention to remain in office.
Oregon Attorney General John Kroger initiated a criminal investigation in January 2009. By June, Kroger's office announced that no charges would be filed and that there was "no credible evidence" of inappropriate sexual contact before the age of consent. Before Kroger's findings were made public, several newspapers called for Adams' resignation. The Portland Mercury and the board of the Portland Area Business Association, the LGBTQ chamber of commerce, spoke out against resignation. Out magazine columnist Dan Savage noted what he saw as hypocrisy, homophobia, and sex panic about age disparity in sexual relationships. In July 2009 a recall campaign asserted that Adams had lost the trust of the public and other elected officials to ill effect on the city's economy. It fell short of gathering the necessary number of signatures. A second effort began in late 2009, with financial backing from over a dozen regional businesses. The backers posited that a "lack of trust and political capital" was affecting their businesses' bottom lines. However, it too failed due to lack of sufficient signatures.
In November 2017, Adams was accused of repeated sexual harassment by a former aide between 2008 and 2012. Adams denied the allegations. In 2019, Willamette Week interviewed 10 staffers who were present at the time relating to the allegations and found "none say they believe Adams had sexually harassed Gonzalez." In 2021, Adams was cleared of the harassment allegations through an investigation by the city's human resources department.
Filmography
Year
Title
Character
Episode(s)
2011
Have You Heard? with Byron Beck
Self
"At Home with Storm Large"
2011–2018
Portlandia
Sam, Mayor's Assistant
"A Song for Portland" (2011)"A Mayor Is Missing" (2011)"Cops Redesign" (2012)"No Olympics" (2012)"The Brunch Special" (2012)"Off the Grid" (2013)"The Temp" (2013)"3D Printer" (2014)"4th of July" (2015)"First Feminist City" (2016)"Noodle Monster" (2016)"Open Relationship" (2018)"Most Pro City" (2018)"Rose Route" (2018)
2012
Vancouvria
Photo Extra
"Big City Survival Class"
2012
Wheel of Fortune
Self
"Wheel of Fortune from Portland""Going Green from Portland 2""Going Green from Portland 3"
2012
Grimm
Self
"The Hour of Death"
See also
List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon
References
^ Jaquiss, Nigel (October 2, 2019). "Sam Adams Wants Another Chance". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ Schmidt, Brad (December 23, 2012). "A fight to the finish: Portland Mayor Sam Adams' polarizing term ends with unfulfilled potential". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ a b c "Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner". Willamette Week. February 19, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ a b c d e Scott, Aaron (April 2009). "The Leader, His Lover, and the Scandal That Split Gay America". Out Magazine. 17 (8): 47–51. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
^ Manning, Rob (May 21, 2008). "Portland Hardly Noticed, But The Rest Of The Nation Did". OPB. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Beth Slovic | The (May 10, 2012). "Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office". oregonlive. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
^ Judetz, Mary (January 2, 2009). "Openly gay man is mayor of Portland - Swearing-in on New Year's: He ran not to be a gay mayor, but a great mayor.'" The Oregonian.
^ Rubin, Harriet (May 15, 2009). "Becoming Sam Adams". Portland Monthly. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ Theriault, Denis (October 8, 2010). "Sam Adams Gets "Mortified"—He Also Says "It Gets Better."". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Rubin, Harriet (May 19, 2009). "Becoming Sam Adams: The new mayor defeated debt, doubt, and Dozono to reach City Hall. Portland expects a lot of him, but not more than hizzoner expects of himself". Portland Monthly.
^ a b "About Sam Adams". Sam Adams for Portland Mayor. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008.
^ Baker, Nena (December 15, 2002). "Sam Adams Official Title: Chief of Staff for Portland Mayor Vera Katz." The Oregonian.
^ Graves, Lucia (June 5, 2016). "What the Former Mayor of Portland who Cameoed on Portlandia is up to Now". The Atlantic.
^ "Meet Sam". Sam Adams for City Council. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 1, 2004.
^ Stern, Hank (April 6, 2004). "City Council Frontrunners Differ in Credentials More Than Policy". The Oregonian.
^ "Sam Adams". CommissionerSam.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ a b Griffin, Anna (September 9, 2007). "Who are you, Sam I Am?". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
^ "2004 May Election - Official Results". The City of Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "November 2, 2004 - Election Results". Multnomah County. July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Former mayor Sam Adams concedes in tight Portland City Council race". KGW. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ a b Ellis, Rebecca (January 28, 2021). "Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler adds former Mayor Sam Adams to his staff". OPB. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ a b Allison, Megan (March 15, 2021). "Portland leaders looking for volunteers in city cleanup efforts". KATU. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ Goldberg, Jamie (March 15, 2021). "Former Mayor Sam Adams wants Portlanders to 'roll up their sleeves' to revive city". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ a b Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon (January 10, 2023). "Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ Mayer, James (October 3, 2007). "Sam Adams says he's running for Portland mayor". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
^ "Sam Adams for Mayor". Samforpdx.com. March 5, 2004. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ a b "Portland elects its first openly gay mayor". KGW. May 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008.
^ "Elections – Multnomah County". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ "Sam Adams takes mayoral oath at Parkrose High". East PDX News. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Giegerich, Andy (February 27, 2009). "Adams' goal: Make Portland most sustainable city". Portland Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
^ a b c Adams, Sam (November 19, 2010). "2010 Progress Report: Job Creation". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Office, The (December 17, 2009). "Getting Everyone on the Bus". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Office, The (December 14, 2009). "Check It". Portlandonline.com. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Office, The (December 16, 2009). "Boulevards Benefit Bikes and Cars". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Office, The (December 17, 2009). "Pass the Scissors". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Rivera, Dylan (September 18, 2009). "Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
^ Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts Archived September 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine oregonlive.com
^ "Vestas looking at existing buildings for headquarters". The Oregonian. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
^ Giegerich, Andy (November 16, 2010). "Adams fires officer in fatal shooting". Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
^ "Mayor Sam Adams releases seventh status report on his priorities". The Oregonian. December 20, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
^ Theriault, Denis C. (December 1, 2010). "City Council Adopts Sam Adams' Gun Control Laws | Blogtown, PDX". Blogtown.portlandmercury.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ "Portland's curbside composting begins | kgw.com Portland". Kgw.com. April 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ "Plastic Bag Ban". Portlandonline.com. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Harmon, Andrew. "Portland Adopts Trans-Inclusive Health Care for City Workers | News". The Advocate. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ a b "Economic Development in 2011". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ "Arts & Culture in 2011". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Murphy, Kim (November 19, 2011). "Occupy Portland dispersal a tough call for mayor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
^ "Portland police and federal agents crack down on 'toxic' gangs". The Oregonian. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
^ Adams, Sam (July 29, 2011). "Portland's future—and mine". City of Portland. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
^ Schmidt, Brad (July 29, 2011). "Portland Mayor Sam Adams not running for re-election". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
^ a b Sophie Peel (February 19, 2024). "Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 21, 2024. A scandal involving Adams' sexual relationship with an 18-year-old state legislative intern named Beau Breedlove cost him a second term as mayor.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Beth Slovic | The (May 10, 2012). "Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Schmidt, Brad (January 16, 2013). "Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams named executive director at City Club of Portland". The Oregonian. p. B1-B2. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ "Former Mayor Sam Adams to Leave Portland for Job in D.C". GoLocalPDX. January 14, 2015. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "Sam Adams, former Portland mayor, leaving city for job in Washington, D.C., with environmental group". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ "Results for the Oregon primary election May 19, 2020". kgw.com. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ KATU Staff (May 20, 2020). "Former Mayor Sam Adams concedes in City Council race". KATU. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ politics, About Nigel Jaquiss News reporter Nigel Jaquiss joined Willamette Week in 1998 He covers (January 25, 2021). "Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams Will Join Mayor Ted Wheeler's Office, Although Not as Chief of Staff". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (March 12, 2021). "Dumptown: How Portland's trash problem spiraled out of control". oregonlive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
^ "Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters". opb.org. November 3, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
^ "Portland Mayoral Aide Outlined Ideas to Eliminate Unsanctioned Camping Across City". Willamette Week. February 11, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ "Memo suggests mass shelters in Portland staffed by National Guard". www.koin.com. February 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
^ "Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters". opb. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Staff, FOX 12 (July 7, 2023). "Portland's daytime camping ban in effect, unhoused residents say city has told them nothing". www.kptv.com. Retrieved March 13, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Peel, Sophie (January 11, 2023). "Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Will Get No Severance Package, Last Day is Wednesday". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ "Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Resigns, Citing Chronic Health Issues". Willamette Week. January 11, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (January 11, 2023). "Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Peel, Sophie (January 13, 2023). "Mayor Ted Wheeler Says Sam Adams Was Asked to Resign for a Pattern of 'Bullying' and 'Intimidation' That Was Documented by Human Resources Bureau". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon (January 13, 2023). "Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler: I forced out Sam Adams due to 'bullying' of female employees". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Mayor Ted Wheeler Hired Sam Adams to Be His Hatchet Man. Why Did He Give Him the Ax?". Willamette Week. January 18, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (January 14, 2023). "Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler says he fired Sam Adams for 'bullying' female employees. Here's what records show". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ "Wheeler's Office: Timeline of complaints against Sam Adams". KOIN.com. January 17, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ Kavanaugh, Shane (February 26, 2024). "Former Portland mayor Sam Adams enters Multnomah County Commission race". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ Staff, Steve Benham, KATU (February 27, 2024). "Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams wants to fix dysfunction in run for county commissioner". KATU. Retrieved March 13, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Julie Sullivan (December 14, 2008). "Honoring victims of Ireland's famine Country's president helps dedicate Portland memorial". The Oregonian.
^ "Meet Sam". Sam Adams for City Council. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 1, 2004.
^ Kristi Turnquist/The Oregonian (January 28, 2011). "It's official: Portlandia': Mayor Sam Adams plays an assistant to ... the mayor of Portland". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Kristi Turnquist | The (November 17, 2012). "'Grimm' fall finale: Everybody needs to talk, and where's that key?". oregonlive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ Mitchell, S. Renee (March 8, 2004). "Sam Adams is More Than Just Another Gay Guy". The Oregonian.
^ Basic Rights Oregon Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Moore, Scott (February 20, 2007). "BRO Suit Pits Sam Adams And His Former Partner Against The State". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008.
^ "Sam Adams Sues Oregon for Discriminatory Policy". Gay Rights Watch. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
^ Brad Schmidt (January 14, 2015). "Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams 'very passionate' about new climate job; observer says it's 'astute political move'". Oregon Live. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ a b c Egan, Timothy (January 28, 2009). "The Great Gay Hope". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ "Magnificent 7". Willamette Week. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "A is for Adams". July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
^ "Adams' Admission: Mayor Sam Adams Tells WW He Lied About Not Having Sex With Beau Breedlove". Willamette Week. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ a b Associated Press (January 25, 2009). "Oregon Mayor in Sex Dispute Is Staying Put". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ Humphrey, Stephen (January 14, 2009). "Sam Adams Issues Statement on Sex Scandal Admission". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ "Portland mayor admits past relationship with teen". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ "Mayor's scandal divides Portland". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Slovic, Beth (January 21, 2009). "Updated with AG Statement: Adams' Admission Reaction—Oregon Attorney General To Announce Investigation". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ "Attorney General Releases Report On Adams: Mayor In The Clear". blogtown.portlandmercury.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
^ The Oregonian Editorial Board (January 21, 2009). "Sam Adams and his fight with the truth". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ "In our view Jan. 22: Resign, Mayor Adams". columbian.com. January 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
^ "Tribune Editorial: Adams must resign". Portland Tribune. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ "Just Out Editorial Board Asks Portland Mayor Sam Adams To Resign From Office". Just Out. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ Petroni, MJ (January 24, 2009). "LGBTQ Chamber Wants Sam to Stay". Just Out. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ Humphrey, Stephen. "Why Adams Should Stay". The Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ Mayer, James (July 7, 2009). "Recall Petition Filed Against Portland Mayor Sam Adams". The Oregonian. Oregon Live LLC. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
^ Millman, Joel (July 7, 2009). "Campaign Begins to Recall Portland's Mayor". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ Willamette Week Archived December 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine "Total Recall: Mayor Sam Adams' would-be recallers need to collect 358 valid signatures a day. Do they stand a chance?," by Allison Ferre (July 8, 2009 – retrieved on July 16, 2009).
^ "Adams recall fails, second effort, with the help of business, ready to begin". Portland Business Journal. October 5, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
^ "A second business backer identified in Mayor Sam Adams recall effort". OregonLive.com. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
^ Nigel Jaquiss. "Wurster Confirms New Recall Group Will Start And Get The Signatures He's Gathered". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009.
^ Brent Wojahn/The Oregonian (April 20, 2010). "It's official: Second attempt to recall Portland Mayor Sam Adams fails". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ Monahan, Rachel. "Former Assistant Says Ex-Portland Mayor Sam Adams Routinely Sexually Harassed Him". Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ politics, About Nigel Jaquiss News reporter Nigel Jaquiss joined Willamette Week in 1998 He covers (October 2, 2019). "Sam Adams Wants Another Chance". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Ex-Portland mayor Adams cleared in sexual harassment probe". Associated Press. May 12, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ "Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams cleared of years-old sexual harassment allegations by 2021 city HR investigation". The Oregonian. May 11, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
External links
Media related to Sam Adams at Wikimedia Commons
Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices
Preceded byTom Potter
Mayor of Portland, Oregon 2009–2012
Succeeded byCharlie Hales
vteMayors of Portland, Oregon
O'Bryant
Bonnell
Marye
Failing
Ladd
Vaughn
O'Neill
Ladd
Starr
McCormick
Robbins
Breck
Farrar
Logan
Failing
Holmes
Chapman
Boyd
Goldsmith
Wasserman
Failing
Chapman
Newbury
Thompson
Chapman
Gates
DeLashmutt
Mason
Frank
Pennoyer
Mason
Storey
Rowe
Williams
Lane
Simon
Rushlight
Albee
Baker
Carson
Riley
Lee
Peterson
Schrunk
Goldschmidt
McCready
Ivancie
Clark
Katz
Potter
Adams
Hales
Wheeler | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams"},{"link_name":"Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(Arkansas_politician)"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Portland City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_City_Council_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wweek.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLHLATS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the former mayor of Portland. For the revolutionary politician, see Samuel Adams. For the governor of Arkansas, see Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician).Samuel Francis Adams (born September 3, 1963) is an American politician in Portland, Oregon. Adams was mayor of Portland from 2009 to 2012[1][2] and previously served on the Portland City Council and as chief of staff to former Mayor Vera Katz.[3] Adams was the first openly gay mayor of a large U.S. city.[4][5] He had an approval rating of 56%.[6]","title":"Sam Adams (Oregon politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butte, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Richland, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Newport, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-11"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Samuel Adams was born in Butte, Montana[7] to parents Larry and Karalie Adams.[8] Adams was the third of four children.[9] When he was a year old, his family moved to Richland, Washington, but shortly after moved to Newport, Oregon.[10]Adams graduated from high school in 1982, then started at the University of Oregon in 1984.[11] Adams did not graduate from college until 2002, when he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Oregon in political science.[12]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter DeFazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_DeFazio"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Oregon's 4th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"Vera Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Katz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"}],"text":"Adams began his career in politics as a staffer on Peter DeFazio's 1984 campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in Oregon's 4th district.[11] He dropped out of the University of Oregon to work on Peter DeFazio's successful bid for Congress.[13] After DeFazio won, Adams worked as a communications and policy assistant in his Oregon office, and on his re-election campaigns until 1988.[14][15] Adams also worked for Democratic Majority Leaders David Dix and Carl Hosticka.[16]In 1988, Adams was elected chair of the Lane County (Oregon) Democratic Party.[17] In 1990, Adams worked as the Oregon director for the highway safety organization Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH). He next worked on Vera Katz's 1992 mayoral campaign in Portland and served as her chief of staff 11 years.[17]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fish"},{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opb.org-21"},{"link_name":"Ted Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sam_Adams_Portland2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portland Bureau of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Bureau_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Portland Aerial Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Aerial_Tram"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"}],"sub_title":"Portland City Council","text":"In a 2004 election for a seat on the Portland City Council, Adams received fewer votes than candidate Nick Fish in the primary election,[18] but Adams won the general election.[19]Adams ran an unsuccessful campaign to rejoin city council in 2020.[20] From 2020 to 2023, he served as director of strategic innovations[21] for the office of Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler.[22][23][24]Adams at a \"Green space\" event in 2005As city commissioner, ran the Portland Bureau of Transportation and the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. He also served as Portland City Council's liaison to the Arts and Culture and Small Business communities. As part of managing the Bureau of Transportation, he inherited the responsibility to oversee the development of the Portland Aerial Tram, which opened to the public in January 2007.Adams and his staff maintained a blog highlighting their activities in the community, especially pertaining to Adams' priorities such as arts and culture, livability and environment, and transportation.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sam_Adams_and_Tim_Leavitt.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-TRAN_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Tim Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Leavitt"}],"text":"Adams and C-Tran director Tim Leavitt at a meeting of the Columbia River Crossing Project","title":"Mayor of Portland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sho Dozono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho_Dozono"},{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"run-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgw-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgw-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"sustainable city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_city"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"green energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energy"},{"link_name":"Oregon State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Vestas Wind Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestas_Wind_Systems"},{"link_name":"Portland metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portlandonline.com-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portlandonline.com-31"},{"link_name":"Oregon Sustainability Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Sustainability_Center"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portlandonline.com-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Royce Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"MAX Light Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Jordan_and_Sam_Adams.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jordan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-future-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schmidt-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peel0219-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"2008 mayoral campaign","text":"In October 2007, Adams announced his intentions to run for Mayor of Portland.[25][26] His main opponent was Sho Dozono, a civic leader and businessman. In the primary election, held May 20, 2008, Adams won 58 percent of the vote and was elected without the need for a run-off.[27] Dozono received 34 percent of the vote.[28] Adams took office on January 1, 2009, becoming the first openly gay mayor of a major U.S. city.[27]Adams said his top three priorities were creating more family-wage jobs, reducing the high school dropout rate, and making Portland more sustainable.[29]In his first State of the City address on February 27, 2009, Adams outlined his goal of making Portland \"the most sustainable city in the world.\" Adams emphasized reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and investment in efficient green energy as essential to the city's energy-environmental goals and called on the Oregon State Legislature to provide incentives for the expansion of green energy companies, notably Vestas Wind Systems, into the Portland metropolitan area.[30]In 2009, Adams established a local economic stimulus plan by fast-tracking capital improvement projects,[31] helped secure a Major League Soccer franchise,[31] began work on the Oregon Sustainability Center[31] established a free-bus-ride program designed for low-income students,[32] secured $2.5 million in grants designed to help the city reduce diesel emissions,[33] began construction of 15 miles of bike boulevards,[34] and consolidated the city's permitting process.[35]In September 2009, Adams opposed the $4 billion, twelve-lane replacement for the I-5 bridge over the Columbia River, a plan he had once supported. Adams stated, \"I'd rather settle for a bad bridge for another 25 years than a terrible bridge that punishes Portland for another 100 years.\"[36] The twelve-lane idea was a compromise deal Adams helped write with then-Mayor Royce Pollard of Vancouver, Washington, in February 2009. The deal helped get the Portland City Council to agree for a bridge of up to twelve lanes, something Vancouver wanted in exchange for its support of Portland's MAX Light Rail extension across the I-5 bridge.[37] Adams focused on improving the local economy by attracting large, sustainable employers to Portland, including a $200-million investment by the company Vestas.[38]Adams and Charles Jordan, July 2012In November of that year, Adams fired the police chief and then fired a police officer who had shot and killed an unarmed citizen.[39] He recruited a wind company to spend $66 million on development and hire 400 employees, established the city's first economic development plan, developed programs designed to reduce Portland's high school dropout rate and make the city more sustainable,[40] and, along with the rest of the city council, adopted gun control regulations that are designed to reduce shootings.[41]In 2011, Adams helped establish curbside composting,[42] led a ban on single-use plastic bags,[43] adopted a transgender-inclusive health plan for city employees,[44] recruited a photovoltaic company to move to and invest $340 million in infrastructure in Portland,[45] recruited several TV and movie companies to do business and spend about $100 million on production in Portland,[46] established a $2.1 million seed fund to help start-up businesses in Portland,[45] supported Occupy Portland at first, but later dispersed the camps,[47] and cracked down on gangs with a 14-month police undercover operation that resulted in the arrests of 31 gang members.[48]On July 29, 2011, Adams announced on his official city blog that he would not seek a second term as Portland's mayor.[49][50][51] He had an approval rating of 56%.[52]","title":"Mayor of Portland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Club of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Club_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidt-53"},{"link_name":"World Resources Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Resources_Institute"},{"link_name":"environmental sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sustainability"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Days after his last day as Mayor, Adams was named executive director of the City Club of Portland, a non-profit organization best known as the host of public civic policy meetings.[53]On January 14, 2014, Adams announced that he was leaving the City Club to become director of U.S. Climate Initiatives at the World Resources Institute, a global nonprofit dedicated to environmental sustainability.[54] Adams moved to Washington, D.C., as a result.[55]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opb.org-21"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-22"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wweek.com-3"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wweek.com-3"},{"link_name":"Multnomah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peel0219-51"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Return to Portland politics","text":"In 2020, Adams returned to Portland and ran for City Council, but lost in the May primary.[56][57] In February 2021, he became the director of strategic innovations for mayor Ted Wheeler.[21][58] In that role, Adams' goal was revitalizing the city after the coronavirus pandemic and protests.[59][22] Adams led initiatives in 2021 and 2022 to ban homeless camping,[60] and in a memo he said the city should use of executive power to end unsanctioned camping move houseless people into in mass shelters of 3,000 people, staffed by the National Guard, and ask the 'Federal Emergency Management Agency' to declare homelessness a federal emergency eligible to receive federal funds.[61][62] The city later voted to end unsanctioned camping, but only during the day,[63] and the ban has not been widely enforced.[64] On January 3, 2023, Adams was credited with cleaning up the \"deadliest block\" in Portland. On January 10, 2023, Adams resigned from his office, citing health problems due to chronic anemia that was getting worse.[24][65][66] Wheeler signed off on Adams resignation[3] and initially praised Adams for his work,[67] but in a press conference several days later, Wheeler asserted that he had forced Adams to leave because Adams had repeatedly intimidated female employees.[68][69] Adams was not told about the complaints and none of the allegations were investigated.[70][71][72] Adams has retained an attorney to contest the details of his departure.[3]In early 2024 Adams was discussing plans to run for city council or a Multnomah County District seat.[51] On February 26 he announced he would run for the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners in district 2, representing North and Northeast Portland.[73] His said his priorities are ending unsanctioned outdoor homelessness, building a more humane and effective system for addiction and mental health treatment, stopping gun violence and crime, and building affordable housing.[74]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meet_Sam.-76"},{"link_name":"IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFC_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Portlandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlandia_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portlandia-77"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"closeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeted"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLHLATS-4"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"faggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggot_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLHLATS-4"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"outed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outing"},{"link_name":"Willamette Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week"},{"link_name":"State of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"domestic partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"interning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern"},{"link_name":"Kim Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Willamette Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breed-87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLHLATS-4"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-84"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-88"},{"link_name":"grooming a minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_grooming"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAIS-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-88"},{"link_name":"Oregon Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"John Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kroger"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"The Portland Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portland_Mercury"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dan Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Savage"},{"link_name":"hypocrisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocrisy"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"age disparity in sexual relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLHLATS-4"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-84"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recall2_failed-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"Because of the Irish birth of his maternal grandfather, Adams holds dual Irish and American citizenship.[75][76]Adams had a recurring role on the IFC show Portlandia as assistant to Portland's fictional mayor played by Kyle MacLachlan.[77] He also appeared as himself in a 2012 episode of the Portland-based NBC show Grimm.[78]Adams, who is gay, remained closeted at work until he became Mayor Vera Katz's Chief of Staff in 1993.[4] He broke the news to Katz for the first time 1992 after she offered him the job as her campaign manager, to which she replied \"Sweetie, I don't give a damn.\"[79] In discussing not disclosing his sexuality, Adams noted he came from a \"family of tough Montanans\" where \"there's a premium on being tough and strong, and being queer and a faggot wasn't strong.\"[4]From 1992 until 2004, Adams was in a long-term relationship with Greg Eddie.[80] During that time, in 1993, he was outed as gay by the alternative newspaper Willamette Week. In 2007, the former couple, in a challenge to the state constitution, filed suit against the State of Oregon to dissolve their domestic partnership and divide Adams' future pension.[81][82]Adams met his partner Peter Zuckerman, a journalist and author, in 2008.[83]In 2005, Adams met Beau Breedlove, a 17-year-old interning for Oregon State Representative Kim Thatcher.[84] In September 2007, Adams denied rumors of a sexual relationship between the two, saying of Breedlove, \"He was looking for a mentor. I tried to be both prudent and useful to him.\"[85] In January 2009, after being confronted with a story in Willamette Week, Adams admitted to having a sexual relationship with Breedlove.[86][87] Breedlove confirmed Adams' accounts.[4][84][88] Adams apologized, saying he had lied to avoid accusations of grooming a minor and the likely disruption such allegations would cause in his mayoral campaign.[89][90][91] Adams announced his intention to remain in office.[88]Oregon Attorney General John Kroger initiated a criminal investigation in January 2009. By June, Kroger's office announced that no charges would be filed and that there was \"no credible evidence\" of inappropriate sexual contact before the age of consent.[92][93] Before Kroger's findings were made public, several newspapers called for Adams' resignation. The Portland Mercury and the board of the Portland Area Business Association, the LGBTQ chamber of commerce, spoke out against resignation.[94][95][96][97][98][99] Out magazine columnist Dan Savage noted what he saw as hypocrisy, homophobia, and sex panic about age disparity in sexual relationships.[4][84] In July 2009 a recall campaign asserted that Adams had lost the trust of the public and other elected officials to ill effect on the city's economy.[100] It fell short of gathering the necessary number of signatures.[101][102] A second effort began in late 2009, with financial backing from over a dozen regional businesses. The backers posited that a \"lack of trust and political capital\" was affecting their businesses' bottom lines.[103][104][105] However, it too failed due to lack of sufficient signatures.[106]In November 2017, Adams was accused of repeated sexual harassment by a former aide between 2008 and 2012.[107] Adams denied the allegations. In 2019, Willamette Week interviewed 10 staffers who were present at the time relating to the allegations and found \"none say they believe Adams had sexually harassed Gonzalez.\"[108] In 2021, Adams was cleared of the harassment allegations through an investigation by the city's human resources department.[109][110]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Adams at a \"Green space\" event in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sam_Adams_Portland2.jpg/170px-Sam_Adams_Portland2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adams and C-Tran director Tim Leavitt at a meeting of the Columbia River Crossing Project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sam_Adams_and_Tim_Leavitt.jpg/250px-Sam_Adams_and_Tim_Leavitt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adams and Charles Jordan, July 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Charles_Jordan_and_Sam_Adams.jpg/220px-Charles_Jordan_and_Sam_Adams.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_Portland,_Oregon"}] | [{"reference":"Jaquiss, Nigel (October 2, 2019). \"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Jaquiss","url_text":"Jaquiss, Nigel"},{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","url_text":"\"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307082151/https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Brad (December 23, 2012). \"A fight to the finish: Portland Mayor Sam Adams' polarizing term ends with unfulfilled potential\". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2012/12/a_fight_to_the_finish_portland.html","url_text":"\"A fight to the finish: Portland Mayor Sam Adams' polarizing term ends with unfulfilled potential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian/OregonLive","url_text":"The Oregonian/OregonLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062750/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2012/12/a_fight_to_the_finish_portland.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\". Willamette Week. February 19, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2024/02/19/former-mayor-sam-adams-prepares-to-run-for-multnomah-county-commissioner/","url_text":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Aaron (April 2009). \"The Leader, His Lover, and the Scandal That Split Gay America\". Out Magazine. 17 (8): 47–51. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=24984","url_text":"\"The Leader, His Lover, and the Scandal That Split Gay America\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411081313/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=24984","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Rob (May 21, 2008). \"Portland Hardly Noticed, But The Rest Of The Nation Did\". OPB. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906113903/http://news.opb.org/article/2144-portland-hardly-noticed-rest-nation-did/","url_text":"\"Portland Hardly Noticed, But The Rest Of The Nation Did\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPB","url_text":"OPB"},{"url":"http://news.opb.org/article/2144-portland-hardly-noticed-rest-nation-did/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Beth Slovic | The (May 10, 2012). \"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\". oregonlive. Retrieved May 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2012/05/poll_mayor_sam_adams_approval.html","url_text":"\"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Harriet (May 15, 2009). \"Becoming Sam Adams\". Portland Monthly. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120907004005/http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/issues/current-issue/articles/sam-adams-0109/3/","url_text":"\"Becoming Sam Adams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Monthly","url_text":"Portland Monthly"},{"url":"http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/issues/current-issue/articles/sam-adams-0109/3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Theriault, Denis (October 8, 2010). \"Sam Adams Gets \"Mortified\"—He Also Says \"It Gets Better.\"\". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/10/08/sam-adams-gets-mortifiedhe-also-says-it-gets-better","url_text":"\"Sam Adams Gets \"Mortified\"—He Also Says \"It Gets Better.\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Mercury","url_text":"Portland Mercury"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200327105522/https://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/10/08/sam-adams-gets-mortifiedhe-also-says-it-gets-better","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Harriet (May 19, 2009). \"Becoming Sam Adams: The new mayor defeated debt, doubt, and Dozono to reach City Hall. Portland expects a lot of him, but not more than hizzoner expects of himself\". Portland Monthly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2009/5/19/sam-adams-0109","url_text":"\"Becoming Sam Adams: The new mayor defeated debt, doubt, and Dozono to reach City Hall. Portland expects a lot of him, but not more than hizzoner expects of himself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Monthly","url_text":"Portland Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"About Sam Adams\". Sam Adams for Portland Mayor. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412021047/http://www.samforpdx.com/2007/10/about_sam_adams.php","url_text":"\"About Sam Adams\""},{"url":"http://www.samforpdx.com/2007/10/about_sam_adams.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Graves, Lucia (June 5, 2016). \"What the Former Mayor of Portland who Cameoed on Portlandia is up to Now\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/what-the-former-mayor-of-portland-who-cameoed-on-portlandia-is-up-to-now/439566/","url_text":"\"What the Former Mayor of Portland who Cameoed on Portlandia is up to Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Sam\". Sam Adams for City Council. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 1, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040401182250/http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","url_text":"\"Meet Sam\""},{"url":"http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Hank (April 6, 2004). \"City Council Frontrunners Differ in Credentials More Than Policy\". The Oregonian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sam Adams\". CommissionerSam.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033133/http://www.commissionersam.com/office/2","url_text":"\"Sam Adams\""},{"url":"http://www.commissionersam.com/office/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Anna (September 9, 2007). \"Who are you, Sam I Am?\". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2008/04/who_are_you_sam_i_am_1.html","url_text":"\"Who are you, Sam I Am?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian/OregonLive","url_text":"The Oregonian/OregonLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512061948/http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2008/04/who_are_you_sam_i_am_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 May Election - Official Results\". The City of Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/45782","url_text":"\"2004 May Election - Official Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"The City of Portland, Oregon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062753/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/45782","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"November 2, 2004 - Election Results\". Multnomah County. July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.multco.us/elections/november-2-2004-election-results","url_text":"\"November 2, 2004 - Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon","url_text":"Multnomah County"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062757/https://www.multco.us/elections/november-2-2004-election-results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former mayor Sam Adams concedes in tight Portland City Council race\". KGW. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/elections/results-for-portland-commissioner-position-4-in-oregon-primary/283-263d9920-b191-4e77-866e-4052c3eaa52f","url_text":"\"Former mayor Sam Adams concedes in tight Portland City Council race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGW","url_text":"KGW"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062750/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/elections/results-for-portland-commissioner-position-4-in-oregon-primary/283-263d9920-b191-4e77-866e-4052c3eaa52f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Rebecca (January 28, 2021). \"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler adds former Mayor Sam Adams to his staff\". OPB. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2021/01/28/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-hires-former-mayor-sam-adams-as-director-of-strategic-innovations/","url_text":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler adds former Mayor Sam Adams to his staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPB","url_text":"OPB"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130024639/https://www.opb.org/article/2021/01/28/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-hires-former-mayor-sam-adams-as-director-of-strategic-innovations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Megan (March 15, 2021). \"Portland leaders looking for volunteers in city cleanup efforts\". KATU. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://katu.com/news/local/portland-leaders-looking-for-volunteers-in-city-cleanup-efforts","url_text":"\"Portland leaders looking for volunteers in city cleanup efforts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATU","url_text":"KATU"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316150910/https://katu.com/news/local/portland-leaders-looking-for-volunteers-in-city-cleanup-efforts","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Jamie (March 15, 2021). \"Former Mayor Sam Adams wants Portlanders to 'roll up their sleeves' to revive city\". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2021/03/former-mayor-sam-adams-wants-portlanders-to-roll-up-their-sleeves-to-revive-city.html","url_text":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams wants Portlanders to 'roll up their sleeves' to revive city\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian/OregonLive","url_text":"The Oregonian/OregonLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210328125033/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2021/03/former-mayor-sam-adams-wants-portlanders-to-roll-up-their-sleeves-to-revive-city.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon (January 10, 2023). \"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian/OregonLive","url_text":"The Oregonian/OregonLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111012438/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayer, James (October 3, 2007). \"Sam Adams says he's running for Portland mayor\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/breakingnews/2007/10/sam_adams_says_hes_running_for.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams says he's running for Portland mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611143427/http://blog.oregonlive.com/breakingnews/2007/10/sam_adams_says_hes_running_for.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Adams for Mayor\". Samforpdx.com. March 5, 2004. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006110757/http://www.samforpdx.com/","url_text":"\"Sam Adams for Mayor\""},{"url":"http://samforpdx.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland elects its first openly gay mayor\". KGW. May 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009211052/http://www.kgw.com/election2002/stories/kgw_051908_election_portland_mayoral_race_.ced71e0.html","url_text":"\"Portland elects its first openly gay mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGW","url_text":"KGW"},{"url":"http://www.kgw.com/election2002/stories/kgw_051908_election_portland_mayoral_race_.ced71e0.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elections – Multnomah County\". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/dbcs/elections/2008-05/results.shtml","url_text":"\"Elections – Multnomah County\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202355/http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/dbcs/elections/2008-05/results.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Adams takes mayoral oath at Parkrose High\". East PDX News. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://eastpdxnews.com/general-news-features/sam-adams-takes-mayoral-oath-at-parkrose-high/","url_text":"\"Sam Adams takes mayoral oath at Parkrose High\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216203311/http://eastpdxnews.com/general-news-features/sam-adams-takes-mayoral-oath-at-parkrose-high/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giegerich, Andy (February 27, 2009). \"Adams' goal: Make Portland most sustainable city\". Portland Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/02/23/daily56.html","url_text":"\"Adams' goal: Make Portland most sustainable city\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306224026/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/02/23/daily56.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Sam (November 19, 2010). \"2010 Progress Report: Job Creation\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49519&a=327492","url_text":"\"2010 Progress Report: Job Creation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111184915/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49519&a=327492","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Office, The (December 17, 2009). \"Getting Everyone on the Bus\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51351&a=277441","url_text":"\"Getting Everyone on the Bus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916035426/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51351&a=277441","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Office, The (December 14, 2009). \"Check It\". Portlandonline.com. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51352&a=276806","url_text":"\"Check It\""}]},{"reference":"Office, The (December 16, 2009). \"Boulevards Benefit Bikes and Cars\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51353&a=277247","url_text":"\"Boulevards Benefit Bikes and Cars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119155119/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51353&a=277247","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Office, The (December 17, 2009). \"Pass the Scissors\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51350&a=277741","url_text":"\"Pass the Scissors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111184915/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51350&a=277741","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rivera, Dylan (September 18, 2009). \"Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","url_text":"\"Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090922191108/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vestas looking at existing buildings for headquarters\". The Oregonian. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/09/vestas_looking_at_existing_bui.html","url_text":"\"Vestas looking at existing buildings for headquarters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100112034336/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/09/vestas_looking_at_existing_bui.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giegerich, Andy (November 16, 2010). \"Adams fires officer in fatal shooting\". Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/11/16/mayor-adams-fires-officer-ron-frashour.html","url_text":"\"Adams fires officer in fatal shooting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205945/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/11/16/mayor-adams-fires-officer-ron-frashour.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Sam Adams releases seventh status report on his priorities\". The Oregonian. December 20, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2010/12/mayor_sam_adams_releases_seven.html","url_text":"\"Mayor Sam Adams releases seventh status report on his priorities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101224095829/http://blog.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2010/12/mayor_sam_adams_releases_seven.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Theriault, Denis C. (December 1, 2010). \"City Council Adopts Sam Adams' Gun Control Laws | Blogtown, PDX\". Blogtown.portlandmercury.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/12/01/city-council-adopts-sam-adams-gun-control-laws","url_text":"\"City Council Adopts Sam Adams' Gun Control Laws | Blogtown, PDX\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322221008/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/12/01/city-council-adopts-sam-adams-gun-control-laws","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland's curbside composting begins | kgw.com Portland\". Kgw.com. April 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114145234/http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portland-Announces-Curbside-Compost-Collection-90796139.html","url_text":"\"Portland's curbside composting begins | kgw.com Portland\""},{"url":"http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portland-Announces-Curbside-Compost-Collection-90796139.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plastic Bag Ban\". Portlandonline.com. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/?c=53123","url_text":"\"Plastic Bag Ban\""}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Andrew. \"Portland Adopts Trans-Inclusive Health Care for City Workers | News\". The Advocate. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613033715/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/09/Portland_Adopts_Trans_Inclusive_Healthcare_for_City_Workers/","url_text":"\"Portland Adopts Trans-Inclusive Health Care for City Workers | News\""},{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/09/Portland_Adopts_Trans_Inclusive_Healthcare_for_City_Workers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Development in 2011\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56995","url_text":"\"Economic Development in 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514192639/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56995","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arts & Culture in 2011\". Portlandonline.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56954","url_text":"\"Arts & Culture in 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514192536/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56954","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Kim (November 19, 2011). \"Occupy Portland dispersal a tough call for mayor\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/nation/la-na-portland-mayor-20111120","url_text":"\"Occupy Portland dispersal a tough call for mayor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230224753/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/nation/la-na-portland-mayor-20111120","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland police and federal agents crack down on 'toxic' gangs\". The Oregonian. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/portland_police_and_federal_ag.html","url_text":"\"Portland police and federal agents crack down on 'toxic' gangs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125447/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/portland_police_and_federal_ag.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Sam (July 29, 2011). \"Portland's future—and mine\". City of Portland. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49278&a=358679","url_text":"\"Portland's future—and mine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111012215336/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49278&a=358679","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Brad (July 29, 2011). \"Portland Mayor Sam Adams not running for re-election\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/07/portland_mayor_sam_adams_not_r.html","url_text":"\"Portland Mayor Sam Adams not running for re-election\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926022426/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/07/portland_mayor_sam_adams_not_r.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sophie Peel (February 19, 2024). \"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\". Willamette Week. Retrieved February 21, 2024. A scandal involving Adams' sexual relationship with an 18-year-old state legislative intern named Beau Breedlove cost him a second term as mayor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2024/02/19/former-mayor-sam-adams-prepares-to-run-for-multnomah-county-commissioner/","url_text":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Beth Slovic | The (May 10, 2012). \"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2012/05/poll_mayor_sam_adams_approval.html","url_text":"\"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Brad (January 16, 2013). \"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams named executive director at City Club of Portland\". The Oregonian. p. B1-B2. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2013/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam.html#incart_m-rpt-2","url_text":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams named executive director at City Club of Portland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116030445/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2013/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam.html#incart_m-rpt-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams to Leave Portland for Job in D.C\". GoLocalPDX. January 14, 2015. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golocalpdx.com/news/former-mayor-sam-adams-to-leave-portland-for-job-in-d.c","url_text":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams to Leave Portland for Job in D.C\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132935/http://www.golocalpdx.com/news/former-mayor-sam-adams-to-leave-portland-for-job-in-d.c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Adams, former Portland mayor, leaving city for job in Washington, D.C., with environmental group\". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090102/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/sam_adams_former_portland_mayo.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams, former Portland mayor, leaving city for job in Washington, D.C., with environmental group\""},{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/sam_adams_former_portland_mayo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Results for the Oregon primary election May 19, 2020\". kgw.com. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/election-results-oregon-primary-election-may-19-2020/283-ab125462-1fbe-4b9d-aabe-31401bbd8f6d","url_text":"\"Results for the Oregon primary election May 19, 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210317075453/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/election-results-oregon-primary-election-may-19-2020/283-ab125462-1fbe-4b9d-aabe-31401bbd8f6d","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"KATU Staff (May 20, 2020). \"Former Mayor Sam Adams concedes in City Council race\". KATU. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://katu.com/news/politics/former-mayor-sam-adams-concedes-in-city-council-race","url_text":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams concedes in City Council race\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512182634/https://katu.com/news/politics/former-mayor-sam-adams-concedes-in-city-council-race","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"politics, About Nigel Jaquiss News reporter Nigel Jaquiss joined Willamette Week in 1998 He covers (January 25, 2021). \"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams Will Join Mayor Ted Wheeler's Office, Although Not as Chief of Staff\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/01/25/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-will-join-mayor-ted-wheelers-office-although-not-as-chief-of-staff/","url_text":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams Will Join Mayor Ted Wheeler's Office, Although Not as Chief of Staff\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306013330/https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/01/25/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-will-join-mayor-ted-wheelers-office-although-not-as-chief-of-staff/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (March 12, 2021). \"Dumptown: How Portland's trash problem spiraled out of control\". oregonlive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2021/03/dumptown-how-portlands-trash-problem-spiraled-out-of-control.html","url_text":"\"Dumptown: How Portland's trash problem spiraled out of control\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316014721/https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2021/03/dumptown-how-portlands-trash-problem-spiraled-out-of-control.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\". opb.org. November 3, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","url_text":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209182552/https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland Mayoral Aide Outlined Ideas to Eliminate Unsanctioned Camping Across City\". Willamette Week. February 11, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2022/02/11/portland-mayoral-aide-outlined-ideas-to-eliminate-unsanctioned-camping-across-city/","url_text":"\"Portland Mayoral Aide Outlined Ideas to Eliminate Unsanctioned Camping Across City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memo suggests mass shelters in Portland staffed by National Guard\". www.koin.com. February 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koin.com/news/portland-sam-adams-memo-homeless-shelters-national-guard/","url_text":"\"Memo suggests mass shelters in Portland staffed by National Guard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209182552/https://www.koin.com/news/portland-sam-adams-memo-homeless-shelters-national-guard/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\". opb. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","url_text":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, FOX 12 (July 7, 2023). \"Portland's daytime camping ban in effect, unhoused residents say city has told them nothing\". www.kptv.com. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kptv.com/2023/07/07/portlands-daytime-camping-ban-goes-into-effect-friday/","url_text":"\"Portland's daytime camping ban in effect, unhoused residents say city has told them nothing\""}]},{"reference":"Peel, Sophie (January 11, 2023). \"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Will Get No Severance Package, Last Day is Wednesday\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/11/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-will-get-no-severance-package-last-day-is-wednesday/","url_text":"\"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Will Get No Severance Package, Last Day is Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111184734/https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/11/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-will-get-no-severance-package-last-day-is-wednesday/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Resigns, Citing Chronic Health Issues\". Willamette Week. January 11, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/10/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-resigns-citing-chronic-health-issues/","url_text":"\"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Resigns, Citing Chronic Health Issues\""}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (January 11, 2023). \"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\""}]},{"reference":"Peel, Sophie (January 13, 2023). \"Mayor Ted Wheeler Says Sam Adams Was Asked to Resign for a Pattern of 'Bullying' and 'Intimidation' That Was Documented by Human Resources Bureau\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2023/01/13/mayor-ted-wheeler-says-sam-adams-was-asked-to-resign-for-a-pattern-of-bullying-and-intimidation-that-was-documented-by-human-resources-bureau/","url_text":"\"Mayor Ted Wheeler Says Sam Adams Was Asked to Resign for a Pattern of 'Bullying' and 'Intimidation' That Was Documented by Human Resources Bureau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114000056/https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2023/01/13/mayor-ted-wheeler-says-sam-adams-was-asked-to-resign-for-a-pattern-of-bullying-and-intimidation-that-was-documented-by-human-resources-bureau/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kavanaugh, Shane Dixon (January 13, 2023). \"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler: I forced out Sam Adams due to 'bullying' of female employees\". The Oregonian/OregonLive. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-says-he-forced-out-adviser-sam-adams-due-to-bullying-behavior-toward-female-employees.html","url_text":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler: I forced out Sam Adams due to 'bullying' of female employees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian/OregonLive","url_text":"The Oregonian/OregonLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114005545/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-says-he-forced-out-adviser-sam-adams-due-to-bullying-behavior-toward-female-employees.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Ted Wheeler Hired Sam Adams to Be His Hatchet Man. Why Did He Give Him the Ax?\". Willamette Week. January 18, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/17/mayor-ted-wheeler-hired-sam-adams-to-be-his-hatchet-man-why-did-he-give-him-the-ax/","url_text":"\"Mayor Ted Wheeler Hired Sam Adams to Be His Hatchet Man. Why Did He Give Him the Ax?\""}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The (January 14, 2023). \"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler says he fired Sam Adams for 'bullying' female employees. Here's what records show\". oregonlive. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-fired-sam-adams-for-bullying-female-employees-heres-what-records-show.html","url_text":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler says he fired Sam Adams for 'bullying' female employees. Here's what records show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wheeler's Office: Timeline of complaints against Sam Adams\". KOIN.com. January 17, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koin.com/news/portland/mayor-ted-wheelers-office-timeline-of-complaints-against-sam-adams-bullying-intimidation/","url_text":"\"Wheeler's Office: Timeline of complaints against Sam Adams\""}]},{"reference":"Kavanaugh, Shane (February 26, 2024). \"Former Portland mayor Sam Adams enters Multnomah County Commission race\". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2024/02/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-seeks-seat-on-multnomah-county-commission.html","url_text":"\"Former Portland mayor Sam Adams enters Multnomah County Commission race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Staff, Steve Benham, KATU (February 27, 2024). \"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams wants to fix dysfunction in run for county commissioner\". KATU. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://katu.com/news/politics/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-wants-to-fix-dysfunction-in-run-for-multnomah-co-commissioner","url_text":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams wants to fix dysfunction in run for county commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Julie Sullivan (December 14, 2008). \"Honoring victims of Ireland's famine Country's president helps dedicate Portland memorial\". The Oregonian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Meet Sam\". Sam Adams for City Council. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 1, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040401182250/http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","url_text":"\"Meet Sam\""},{"url":"http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kristi Turnquist/The Oregonian (January 28, 2011). \"It's official: Portlandia': Mayor Sam Adams plays an assistant to ... the mayor of Portland\". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/01/portlandia_mayor_sam_adams_pla.html","url_text":"\"It's official: Portlandia': Mayor Sam Adams plays an assistant to ... the mayor of Portland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106024016/http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/01/portlandia_mayor_sam_adams_pla.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oregonian/OregonLive, Kristi Turnquist | The (November 17, 2012). \"'Grimm' fall finale: Everybody needs to talk, and where's that key?\". oregonlive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2012/11/grimm_fall_finale_everybody_ne.html","url_text":"\"'Grimm' fall finale: Everybody needs to talk, and where's that key?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062747/https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2012/11/grimm_fall_finale_everybody_ne.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, S. Renee (March 8, 2004). \"Sam Adams is More Than Just Another Gay Guy\". The Oregonian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moore, Scott (February 20, 2007). \"BRO Suit Pits Sam Adams And His Former Partner Against The State\". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111837/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/02/bro_suit_pits_sam_adams_and_hi.php","url_text":"\"BRO Suit Pits Sam Adams And His Former Partner Against The State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Mercury","url_text":"Portland Mercury"},{"url":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/02/bro_suit_pits_sam_adams_and_hi.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Adams Sues Oregon for Discriminatory Policy\". Gay Rights Watch. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gayrightswatch.com/2007/02/sam-adams-sues-oregon-for.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams Sues Oregon for Discriminatory Policy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129141655/http://www.gayrightswatch.com/2007/02/sam-adams-sues-oregon-for.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brad Schmidt (January 14, 2015). \"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams 'very passionate' about new climate job; observer says it's 'astute political move'\". Oregon Live. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam_1.html","url_text":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams 'very passionate' about new climate job; observer says it's 'astute political move'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035842/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Timothy (January 28, 2009). \"The Great Gay Hope\". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090130075326/http://egan.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/the-great-gay-hope/","url_text":"\"The Great Gay Hope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"},{"url":"http://egan.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/the-great-gay-hope/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magnificent 7\". Willamette Week. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11256-magnificent-7.html","url_text":"\"Magnificent 7\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062747/https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11256-magnificent-7.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A is for Adams\". July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19449-a-is-for-adams.html","url_text":"\"A is for Adams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003058/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19449-a-is-for-adams.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adams' Admission: Mayor Sam Adams Tells WW He Lied About Not Having Sex With Beau Breedlove\". Willamette Week. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123162813/http://wweek.com/editorial/3510/12093","url_text":"\"Adams' Admission: Mayor Sam Adams Tells WW He Lied About Not Having Sex With Beau Breedlove\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"http://wweek.com/editorial/3510/12093/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Associated Press (January 25, 2009). \"Oregon Mayor in Sex Dispute Is Staying Put\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/us/26portland.html?ref=us","url_text":"\"Oregon Mayor in Sex Dispute Is Staying Put\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404034457/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/us/26portland.html?ref=us","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Stephen (January 14, 2009). \"Sam Adams Issues Statement on Sex Scandal Admission\". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/19/sam_adams_issues_statement_on","url_text":"\"Sam Adams Issues Statement on Sex Scandal Admission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Mercury","url_text":"Portland Mercury"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035950/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/19/sam_adams_issues_statement_on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland mayor admits past relationship with teen\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123105604/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jvwY0RIxZNyu3R49LuwtvETqDe2gD95QMHRO0","url_text":"\"Portland mayor admits past relationship with teen\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jvwY0RIxZNyu3R49LuwtvETqDe2gD95QMHRO0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor's scandal divides Portland\". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/23/mayors-scandal-divides-portland/","url_text":"\"Mayor's scandal divides Portland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202212/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/23/mayors-scandal-divides-portland/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Slovic, Beth (January 21, 2009). \"Updated with AG Statement: Adams' Admission Reaction—Oregon Attorney General To Announce Investigation\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721042340/http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=19857","url_text":"\"Updated with AG Statement: Adams' Admission Reaction—Oregon Attorney General To Announce Investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=19857","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Attorney General Releases Report On Adams: Mayor In The Clear\". blogtown.portlandmercury.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628190227/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/06/22/attorney-general-to-take-questions-on-adams","url_text":"\"Attorney General Releases Report On Adams: Mayor In The Clear\""},{"url":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/06/22/attorney-general-to-take-questions-on-adams","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Oregonian Editorial Board (January 21, 2009). \"Sam Adams and his fight with the truth\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/01/sam_adams_and_his_fight_with_t.html","url_text":"\"Sam Adams and his fight with the truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124053811/http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/01/sam_adams_and_his_fight_with_t.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In our view Jan. 22: Resign, Mayor Adams\". columbian.com. January 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://columbian.com/article/20090122/OPINION02/701229974/-1/OPINION","url_text":"\"In our view Jan. 22: Resign, Mayor Adams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbian","url_text":"columbian.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125143958/http://columbian.com/article/20090122/OPINION02/701229974/-1/OPINION","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tribune Editorial: Adams must resign\". Portland Tribune. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123234650/http://portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123252244248976800","url_text":"\"Tribune Editorial: Adams must resign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Tribune","url_text":"Portland Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123252244248976800","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Out Editorial Board Asks Portland Mayor Sam Adams To Resign From Office\". Just Out. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124072744/http://blogout.justout.com/?p=5945","url_text":"\"Just Out Editorial Board Asks Portland Mayor Sam Adams To Resign From Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Out","url_text":"Just Out"},{"url":"http://blogout.justout.com/?p=5945","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Petroni, MJ (January 24, 2009). \"LGBTQ Chamber Wants Sam to Stay\". Just Out. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133441/http://blogout.justout.com/?p=6031","url_text":"\"LGBTQ Chamber Wants Sam to Stay\""},{"url":"http://blogout.justout.com/?p=6031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Stephen. \"Why Adams Should Stay\". The Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/24/why_adams_should_stay%26cb%3Dce106787eae3741fcab11e4aadac5b6a%26sort%3Ddesc#readerComments","url_text":"\"Why Adams Should Stay\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715110144/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/24/why_adams_should_stay%26cb%3Dce106787eae3741fcab11e4aadac5b6a%26sort%3Ddesc#readerComments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayer, James (July 7, 2009). \"Recall Petition Filed Against Portland Mayor Sam Adams\". The Oregonian. Oregon Live LLC. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/07/recall_petition_filed_against.html","url_text":"\"Recall Petition Filed Against Portland Mayor Sam Adams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141231032301/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/07/recall_petition_filed_against.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Millman, Joel (July 7, 2009). \"Campaign Begins to Recall Portland's Mayor\". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124699801516207461","url_text":"\"Campaign Begins to Recall Portland's Mayor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150410060929/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124699801516207461","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adams recall fails, second effort, with the help of business, ready to begin\". Portland Business Journal. October 5, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/10/05/daily6.html","url_text":"\"Adams recall fails, second effort, with the help of business, ready to begin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Business_Journal","url_text":"Portland Business Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017005140/http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/10/05/daily6.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A second business backer identified in Mayor Sam Adams recall effort\". OregonLive.com. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/10/a_second_business_backer_ident.html","url_text":"\"A second business backer identified in Mayor Sam Adams recall effort\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020032448/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/10/a_second_business_backer_ident.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nigel Jaquiss. \"Wurster Confirms New Recall Group Will Start And Get The Signatures He's Gathered\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Jaquiss","url_text":"Nigel Jaquiss"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010103109/http://blogs.wweek.com/news/2009/10/05/wurster-confirms-new-recall-group-will-start-and-get-the-signatures-hes-gathered/","url_text":"\"Wurster Confirms New Recall Group Will Start And Get The Signatures He's Gathered\""},{"url":"http://blogs.wweek.com/news/2009/10/05/wurster-confirms-new-recall-group-will-start-and-get-the-signatures-hes-gathered/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brent Wojahn/The Oregonian (April 20, 2010). \"It's official: Second attempt to recall Portland Mayor Sam Adams fails\". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/04/its_official_second_attempt_to.html","url_text":"\"It's official: Second attempt to recall Portland Mayor Sam Adams fails\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104112311/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/04/its_official_second_attempt_to.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Monahan, Rachel. \"Former Assistant Says Ex-Portland Mayor Sam Adams Routinely Sexually Harassed Him\". Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2017/11/03/former-assistant-says-ex-portland-mayor-sam-adams-routinely-sexually-harassed-him/","url_text":"\"Former Assistant Says Ex-Portland Mayor Sam Adams Routinely Sexually Harassed Him\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230112074755/https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2017/11/03/former-assistant-says-ex-portland-mayor-sam-adams-routinely-sexually-harassed-him/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"politics, About Nigel Jaquiss News reporter Nigel Jaquiss joined Willamette Week in 1998 He covers (October 2, 2019). \"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","url_text":"\"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303181153/https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Portland mayor Adams cleared in sexual harassment probe\". Associated Press. May 12, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/sam-adams-sex-harassment-cleared-798bb051e6b746cef5dbdd9fa387e242","url_text":"\"Ex-Portland mayor Adams cleared in sexual harassment probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams cleared of years-old sexual harassment allegations by 2021 city HR investigation\". The Oregonian. May 11, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/05/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-cleared-of-years-old-sexual-harassment-allegations-by-2021-city-hr-investigation.html","url_text":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams cleared of years-old sexual harassment allegations by 2021 city HR investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307082151/https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2012/12/a_fight_to_the_finish_portland.html","external_links_name":"\"A fight to the finish: Portland Mayor Sam Adams' polarizing term ends with unfulfilled potential\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062750/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2012/12/a_fight_to_the_finish_portland.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2024/02/19/former-mayor-sam-adams-prepares-to-run-for-multnomah-county-commissioner/","external_links_name":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=24984","external_links_name":"\"The Leader, His Lover, and the Scandal That Split Gay America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411081313/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=24984","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906113903/http://news.opb.org/article/2144-portland-hardly-noticed-rest-nation-did/","external_links_name":"\"Portland Hardly Noticed, But The Rest Of The Nation Did\""},{"Link":"http://news.opb.org/article/2144-portland-hardly-noticed-rest-nation-did/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2012/05/poll_mayor_sam_adams_approval.html","external_links_name":"\"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120907004005/http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/issues/current-issue/articles/sam-adams-0109/3/","external_links_name":"\"Becoming Sam Adams\""},{"Link":"http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/issues/current-issue/articles/sam-adams-0109/3/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/10/08/sam-adams-gets-mortifiedhe-also-says-it-gets-better","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams Gets \"Mortified\"—He Also Says \"It Gets Better.\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200327105522/https://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/10/08/sam-adams-gets-mortifiedhe-also-says-it-gets-better","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2009/5/19/sam-adams-0109","external_links_name":"\"Becoming Sam Adams: The new mayor defeated debt, doubt, and Dozono to reach City Hall. Portland expects a lot of him, but not more than hizzoner expects of himself\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412021047/http://www.samforpdx.com/2007/10/about_sam_adams.php","external_links_name":"\"About Sam Adams\""},{"Link":"http://www.samforpdx.com/2007/10/about_sam_adams.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/what-the-former-mayor-of-portland-who-cameoed-on-portlandia-is-up-to-now/439566/","external_links_name":"\"What the Former Mayor of Portland who Cameoed on Portlandia is up to Now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040401182250/http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meet Sam\""},{"Link":"http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033133/http://www.commissionersam.com/office/2","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams\""},{"Link":"http://www.commissionersam.com/office/2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2008/04/who_are_you_sam_i_am_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Who are you, Sam I Am?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512061948/http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2008/04/who_are_you_sam_i_am_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/45782","external_links_name":"\"2004 May Election - Official Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062753/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/45782","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.multco.us/elections/november-2-2004-election-results","external_links_name":"\"November 2, 2004 - Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062757/https://www.multco.us/elections/november-2-2004-election-results","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/elections/results-for-portland-commissioner-position-4-in-oregon-primary/283-263d9920-b191-4e77-866e-4052c3eaa52f","external_links_name":"\"Former mayor Sam Adams concedes in tight Portland City Council race\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062750/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/elections/results-for-portland-commissioner-position-4-in-oregon-primary/283-263d9920-b191-4e77-866e-4052c3eaa52f","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.opb.org/article/2021/01/28/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-hires-former-mayor-sam-adams-as-director-of-strategic-innovations/","external_links_name":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler adds former Mayor Sam Adams to his staff\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130024639/https://www.opb.org/article/2021/01/28/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-hires-former-mayor-sam-adams-as-director-of-strategic-innovations/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://katu.com/news/local/portland-leaders-looking-for-volunteers-in-city-cleanup-efforts","external_links_name":"\"Portland leaders looking for volunteers in city cleanup efforts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316150910/https://katu.com/news/local/portland-leaders-looking-for-volunteers-in-city-cleanup-efforts","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2021/03/former-mayor-sam-adams-wants-portlanders-to-roll-up-their-sleeves-to-revive-city.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams wants Portlanders to 'roll up their sleeves' to revive city\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210328125033/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2021/03/former-mayor-sam-adams-wants-portlanders-to-roll-up-their-sleeves-to-revive-city.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111012438/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/breakingnews/2007/10/sam_adams_says_hes_running_for.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams says he's running for Portland mayor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611143427/http://blog.oregonlive.com/breakingnews/2007/10/sam_adams_says_hes_running_for.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006110757/http://www.samforpdx.com/","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams for Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://samforpdx.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009211052/http://www.kgw.com/election2002/stories/kgw_051908_election_portland_mayoral_race_.ced71e0.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland elects its first openly gay mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.kgw.com/election2002/stories/kgw_051908_election_portland_mayoral_race_.ced71e0.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/dbcs/elections/2008-05/results.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Elections – Multnomah County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202355/http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/dbcs/elections/2008-05/results.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eastpdxnews.com/general-news-features/sam-adams-takes-mayoral-oath-at-parkrose-high/","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams takes mayoral oath at Parkrose High\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216203311/http://eastpdxnews.com/general-news-features/sam-adams-takes-mayoral-oath-at-parkrose-high/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/02/23/daily56.html","external_links_name":"\"Adams' goal: Make Portland most sustainable city\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306224026/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/02/23/daily56.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49519&a=327492","external_links_name":"\"2010 Progress Report: Job Creation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111184915/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49519&a=327492","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51351&a=277441","external_links_name":"\"Getting Everyone on the Bus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916035426/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51351&a=277441","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51352&a=276806","external_links_name":"\"Check It\""},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51353&a=277247","external_links_name":"\"Boulevards Benefit Bikes and Cars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119155119/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51353&a=277247","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51350&a=277741","external_links_name":"\"Pass the Scissors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111184915/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=51350&a=277741","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","external_links_name":"\"Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090922191108/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","external_links_name":"Beset by money woes, I-5 bridge project looks at cuts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090922191108/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/beset_by_money_woes_i5_bridge.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/09/vestas_looking_at_existing_bui.html","external_links_name":"\"Vestas looking at existing buildings for headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100112034336/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/09/vestas_looking_at_existing_bui.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/11/16/mayor-adams-fires-officer-ron-frashour.html","external_links_name":"\"Adams fires officer in fatal shooting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205945/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/11/16/mayor-adams-fires-officer-ron-frashour.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2010/12/mayor_sam_adams_releases_seven.html","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Sam Adams releases seventh status report on his priorities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101224095829/http://blog.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2010/12/mayor_sam_adams_releases_seven.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/12/01/city-council-adopts-sam-adams-gun-control-laws","external_links_name":"\"City Council Adopts Sam Adams' Gun Control Laws | Blogtown, PDX\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322221008/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/12/01/city-council-adopts-sam-adams-gun-control-laws","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114145234/http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portland-Announces-Curbside-Compost-Collection-90796139.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland's curbside composting begins | kgw.com Portland\""},{"Link":"http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portland-Announces-Curbside-Compost-Collection-90796139.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/?c=53123","external_links_name":"\"Plastic Bag Ban\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613033715/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/09/Portland_Adopts_Trans_Inclusive_Healthcare_for_City_Workers/","external_links_name":"\"Portland Adopts Trans-Inclusive Health Care for City Workers | News\""},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/09/Portland_Adopts_Trans_Inclusive_Healthcare_for_City_Workers/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56995","external_links_name":"\"Economic Development in 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514192639/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56995","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56954","external_links_name":"\"Arts & Culture in 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514192536/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=56954","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/nation/la-na-portland-mayor-20111120","external_links_name":"\"Occupy Portland dispersal a tough call for mayor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230224753/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/nation/la-na-portland-mayor-20111120","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/portland_police_and_federal_ag.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland police and federal agents crack down on 'toxic' gangs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125447/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/portland_police_and_federal_ag.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49278&a=358679","external_links_name":"\"Portland's future—and mine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111012215336/http://www.portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49278&a=358679","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/07/portland_mayor_sam_adams_not_r.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland Mayor Sam Adams not running for re-election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926022426/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/07/portland_mayor_sam_adams_not_r.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2024/02/19/former-mayor-sam-adams-prepares-to-run-for-multnomah-county-commissioner/","external_links_name":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams Prepares to Run for Multnomah County Commissioner\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portlandcityhall/2012/05/poll_mayor_sam_adams_approval.html","external_links_name":"\"Poll: Mayor Sam Adams' approval ratings improve 8 months before he leaves office\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2013/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam.html#incart_m-rpt-2","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams named executive director at City Club of Portland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116030445/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2013/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam.html#incart_m-rpt-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.golocalpdx.com/news/former-mayor-sam-adams-to-leave-portland-for-job-in-d.c","external_links_name":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams to Leave Portland for Job in D.C\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132935/http://www.golocalpdx.com/news/former-mayor-sam-adams-to-leave-portland-for-job-in-d.c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090102/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/sam_adams_former_portland_mayo.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams, former Portland mayor, leaving city for job in Washington, D.C., with environmental group\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/sam_adams_former_portland_mayo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/election-results-oregon-primary-election-may-19-2020/283-ab125462-1fbe-4b9d-aabe-31401bbd8f6d","external_links_name":"\"Results for the Oregon primary election May 19, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210317075453/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/election-results-oregon-primary-election-may-19-2020/283-ab125462-1fbe-4b9d-aabe-31401bbd8f6d","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://katu.com/news/politics/former-mayor-sam-adams-concedes-in-city-council-race","external_links_name":"\"Former Mayor Sam Adams concedes in City Council race\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512182634/https://katu.com/news/politics/former-mayor-sam-adams-concedes-in-city-council-race","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/01/25/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-will-join-mayor-ted-wheelers-office-although-not-as-chief-of-staff/","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams Will Join Mayor Ted Wheeler's Office, Although Not as Chief of Staff\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306013330/https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/01/25/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-will-join-mayor-ted-wheelers-office-although-not-as-chief-of-staff/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2021/03/dumptown-how-portlands-trash-problem-spiraled-out-of-control.html","external_links_name":"\"Dumptown: How Portland's trash problem spiraled out of control\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316014721/https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2021/03/dumptown-how-portlands-trash-problem-spiraled-out-of-control.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","external_links_name":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209182552/https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2022/02/11/portland-mayoral-aide-outlined-ideas-to-eliminate-unsanctioned-camping-across-city/","external_links_name":"\"Portland Mayoral Aide Outlined Ideas to Eliminate Unsanctioned Camping Across City\""},{"Link":"https://www.koin.com/news/portland-sam-adams-memo-homeless-shelters-national-guard/","external_links_name":"\"Memo suggests mass shelters in Portland staffed by National Guard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209182552/https://www.koin.com/news/portland-sam-adams-memo-homeless-shelters-national-guard/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/11/03/portland-leaders-approve-plan-to-ban-homeless-camping-set-up-large-sites/","external_links_name":"\"Portland leaders approve plan to ban homeless camping, create large government-sponsored shelters\""},{"Link":"https://www.kptv.com/2023/07/07/portlands-daytime-camping-ban-goes-into-effect-friday/","external_links_name":"\"Portland's daytime camping ban in effect, unhoused residents say city has told them nothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/11/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-will-get-no-severance-package-last-day-is-wednesday/","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Will Get No Severance Package, Last Day is Wednesday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111184734/https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/11/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-will-get-no-severance-package-last-day-is-wednesday/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/10/mayoral-aide-sam-adams-resigns-citing-chronic-health-issues/","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral Aide Sam Adams Resigns, Citing Chronic Health Issues\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/sam-adams-says-hes-stepping-aside-as-advisor-to-portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-due-to-health-concerns.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams says he's stepping aside as adviser to Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler due to health concerns\""},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2023/01/13/mayor-ted-wheeler-says-sam-adams-was-asked-to-resign-for-a-pattern-of-bullying-and-intimidation-that-was-documented-by-human-resources-bureau/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Ted Wheeler Says Sam Adams Was Asked to Resign for a Pattern of 'Bullying' and 'Intimidation' That Was Documented by Human Resources Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114000056/https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2023/01/13/mayor-ted-wheeler-says-sam-adams-was-asked-to-resign-for-a-pattern-of-bullying-and-intimidation-that-was-documented-by-human-resources-bureau/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-says-he-forced-out-adviser-sam-adams-due-to-bullying-behavior-toward-female-employees.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler: I forced out Sam Adams due to 'bullying' of female employees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114005545/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-says-he-forced-out-adviser-sam-adams-due-to-bullying-behavior-toward-female-employees.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/01/17/mayor-ted-wheeler-hired-sam-adams-to-be-his-hatchet-man-why-did-he-give-him-the-ax/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Ted Wheeler Hired Sam Adams to Be His Hatchet Man. Why Did He Give Him the Ax?\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/01/portland-mayor-ted-wheeler-fired-sam-adams-for-bullying-female-employees-heres-what-records-show.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler says he fired Sam Adams for 'bullying' female employees. Here's what records show\""},{"Link":"https://www.koin.com/news/portland/mayor-ted-wheelers-office-timeline-of-complaints-against-sam-adams-bullying-intimidation/","external_links_name":"\"Wheeler's Office: Timeline of complaints against Sam Adams\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2024/02/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-seeks-seat-on-multnomah-county-commission.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland mayor Sam Adams enters Multnomah County Commission race\""},{"Link":"https://katu.com/news/politics/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-wants-to-fix-dysfunction-in-run-for-multnomah-co-commissioner","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams wants to fix dysfunction in run for county commissioner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040401182250/http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meet Sam\""},{"Link":"http://samforpdx.com/MeetSam.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/01/portlandia_mayor_sam_adams_pla.html","external_links_name":"\"It's official: Portlandia': Mayor Sam Adams plays an assistant to ... the mayor of Portland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106024016/http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/01/portlandia_mayor_sam_adams_pla.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2012/11/grimm_fall_finale_everybody_ne.html","external_links_name":"\"'Grimm' fall finale: Everybody needs to talk, and where's that key?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062747/https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2012/11/grimm_fall_finale_everybody_ne.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.basicrights.org/?page_id=26","external_links_name":"Basic Rights Oregon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208051107/http://www.basicrights.org/?page_id=26","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111837/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/02/bro_suit_pits_sam_adams_and_hi.php","external_links_name":"\"BRO Suit Pits Sam Adams And His Former Partner Against The State\""},{"Link":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/02/bro_suit_pits_sam_adams_and_hi.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gayrightswatch.com/2007/02/sam-adams-sues-oregon-for.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams Sues Oregon for Discriminatory Policy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129141655/http://www.gayrightswatch.com/2007/02/sam-adams-sues-oregon-for.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams 'very passionate' about new climate job; observer says it's 'astute political move'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035842/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/01/former_portland_mayor_sam_adam_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090130075326/http://egan.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/the-great-gay-hope/","external_links_name":"\"The Great Gay Hope\""},{"Link":"http://egan.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/the-great-gay-hope/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11256-magnificent-7.html","external_links_name":"\"Magnificent 7\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062747/https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-11256-magnificent-7.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19449-a-is-for-adams.html","external_links_name":"\"A is for Adams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003058/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19449-a-is-for-adams.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123162813/http://wweek.com/editorial/3510/12093","external_links_name":"\"Adams' Admission: Mayor Sam Adams Tells WW He Lied About Not Having Sex With Beau Breedlove\""},{"Link":"http://wweek.com/editorial/3510/12093/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/us/26portland.html?ref=us","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Mayor in Sex Dispute Is Staying Put\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404034457/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/us/26portland.html?ref=us","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/19/sam_adams_issues_statement_on","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams Issues Statement on Sex Scandal Admission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035950/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/19/sam_adams_issues_statement_on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123105604/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jvwY0RIxZNyu3R49LuwtvETqDe2gD95QMHRO0","external_links_name":"\"Portland mayor admits past relationship with teen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jvwY0RIxZNyu3R49LuwtvETqDe2gD95QMHRO0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/23/mayors-scandal-divides-portland/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor's scandal divides Portland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202212/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/23/mayors-scandal-divides-portland/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721042340/http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=19857","external_links_name":"\"Updated with AG Statement: Adams' Admission Reaction—Oregon Attorney General To Announce Investigation\""},{"Link":"http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=19857","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628190227/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/06/22/attorney-general-to-take-questions-on-adams","external_links_name":"\"Attorney General Releases Report On Adams: Mayor In The Clear\""},{"Link":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/06/22/attorney-general-to-take-questions-on-adams","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/01/sam_adams_and_his_fight_with_t.html","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams and his fight with the truth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124053811/http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/01/sam_adams_and_his_fight_with_t.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://columbian.com/article/20090122/OPINION02/701229974/-1/OPINION","external_links_name":"\"In our view Jan. 22: Resign, Mayor Adams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125143958/http://columbian.com/article/20090122/OPINION02/701229974/-1/OPINION","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123234650/http://portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123252244248976800","external_links_name":"\"Tribune Editorial: Adams must resign\""},{"Link":"http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123252244248976800","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124072744/http://blogout.justout.com/?p=5945","external_links_name":"\"Just Out Editorial Board Asks Portland Mayor Sam Adams To Resign From Office\""},{"Link":"http://blogout.justout.com/?p=5945","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133441/http://blogout.justout.com/?p=6031","external_links_name":"\"LGBTQ Chamber Wants Sam to Stay\""},{"Link":"http://blogout.justout.com/?p=6031","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/24/why_adams_should_stay%26cb%3Dce106787eae3741fcab11e4aadac5b6a%26sort%3Ddesc#readerComments","external_links_name":"\"Why Adams Should Stay\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715110144/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2009/01/24/why_adams_should_stay%26cb%3Dce106787eae3741fcab11e4aadac5b6a%26sort%3Ddesc#readerComments","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/07/recall_petition_filed_against.html","external_links_name":"\"Recall Petition Filed Against Portland Mayor Sam Adams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141231032301/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/07/recall_petition_filed_against.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124699801516207461","external_links_name":"\"Campaign Begins to Recall Portland's Mayor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150410060929/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124699801516207461","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wweek.com/editorial/3535/12779/","external_links_name":"Willamette Week"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091204121357/http://wweek.com/editorial/3535/12779/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/10/05/daily6.html","external_links_name":"\"Adams recall fails, second effort, with the help of business, ready to begin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017005140/http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/10/05/daily6.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/10/a_second_business_backer_ident.html","external_links_name":"\"A second business backer identified in Mayor Sam Adams recall effort\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020032448/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/10/a_second_business_backer_ident.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010103109/http://blogs.wweek.com/news/2009/10/05/wurster-confirms-new-recall-group-will-start-and-get-the-signatures-hes-gathered/","external_links_name":"\"Wurster Confirms New Recall Group Will Start And Get The Signatures He's Gathered\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.wweek.com/news/2009/10/05/wurster-confirms-new-recall-group-will-start-and-get-the-signatures-hes-gathered/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/04/its_official_second_attempt_to.html","external_links_name":"\"It's official: Second attempt to recall Portland Mayor Sam Adams fails\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104112311/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/04/its_official_second_attempt_to.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2017/11/03/former-assistant-says-ex-portland-mayor-sam-adams-routinely-sexually-harassed-him/","external_links_name":"\"Former Assistant Says Ex-Portland Mayor Sam Adams Routinely Sexually Harassed Him\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230112074755/https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2017/11/03/former-assistant-says-ex-portland-mayor-sam-adams-routinely-sexually-harassed-him/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","external_links_name":"\"Sam Adams Wants Another Chance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303181153/https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/10/02/sam-adams-wants-another-chance/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/sam-adams-sex-harassment-cleared-798bb051e6b746cef5dbdd9fa387e242","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Portland mayor Adams cleared in sexual harassment probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2023/05/former-portland-mayor-sam-adams-cleared-of-years-old-sexual-harassment-allegations-by-2021-city-hr-investigation.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Portland Mayor Sam Adams cleared of years-old sexual harassment allegations by 2021 city HR investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?97198","external_links_name":"Appearances"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Wredei%27 | Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei' | ["1 Description","2 Pests and diseases","3 Cultivation","4 Notable trees","5 Etymology","6 Synonymy","7 Accessions","8 Nurseries","9 References"] | Hybrid elm cultivar
Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei''Wredei', Stadspark, Groningen.Hybrid parentageU. glabra × U. minorCultivar'Wredei'OriginGermany
The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei', also known as Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea' and sometimes marketed as Golden Elm, originated as a sport of the cultivar 'Dampieri' at the Alt-Geltow Arboretum, near Potsdam, Germany, in 1875.
Not to be confused with two other popular cultivars named 'Golden Elm', Ulmus glabra 'Lutescens' and Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte'.
Description
The tree is fastigiate when young, but like its parent 'Dampieri' can become more spreading with age. It has broad, crinkled leaves clustered on short shoots; when these are young they are suffused yellow, but as the tree ages they revert to green.
Young 'Dampieri Aurea', Morningside, Edinburgh
Long shoots
Pests and diseases
'Wredei' is susceptible to Dutch elm disease.
Cultivation
'Wredei' was distributed by the Louis van Houtte and Späth nurseries in the late 19th century (Louis van Houtte described it in 1881 as a "superbe nouveauté"). Späth supplied one tree, as U. montana fastigiata aurea, to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, in 1893, and three in 1902 to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. montana fastigiata Dampieri Wredei. 'Dampieri Aurea' appears in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey, and in Kelsey's 1904 catalogue, New York. Ulmus Wredei aurea was introduced to Australia in the early 20th century. 'Wredei' is currently one of the most popular elms on sale in Europe owing to its colourful foliage and modest size.
For the 'Golden Elm' at Great Dixter Gardens, Northiam, East Sussex, apparently miscalled 'Dampieri Aurea' by the horticulturalist Christopher Lloyd, see U. minor 'Dicksonii'.
Notable trees
In the UK, the Tree Register of the British Isles (TROBI) Champion is at Blakers Park, Brighton, measuring 17 m high and 57 cm d.b.h. in 2009, when the leaf colour was reverting to green.
Etymology
The tree is named for Joseph Wrede (1831–1912), Royal Horticultural Inspector at the Royal State Nursery, Alt-Geltow, Potsdam, and curator of the Alt-Geltow Arboretum.
Synonymy
Ulmus campestris 'Wredei' Hort. ex Lauche, Deutsch. Dendr. 347 (1880).
Ulmus carpinifolia var. Dampieri f. Wredei Juhlke
Ulmus dampieri 'Wredei': Krüssmann, in Parey's Blumengartn, ed. 2.1: 519, 1958.
Ulmus dampieri var. Wredei: Juhlke , in Hamburg Gart.- & Blumenzeit, 33: 485, 1877.
Ulmus Dippeliana f. Wredei (Hort.) Schneider, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, 1:218, fig. 136p, 1904.
Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea'
Ulmus montana var. Dampieri aurea Wrede ex Jaeger & Beissner , Ziergeh. ed. 2, 403 (1884).
Ulmus montana var. Dampieri Wredei Ruempler, Gartenbau-Lex. 930(1890). - Rehder in Miller's Deutsch Gartn.-Zeit. 13: 160, fig. (1898).
Ulmus montana var. fastigiata aurea Hort. ex Nicholson Kew Hand-list Trees Shrubs, 2: 141 (1896).
Ulmus montana pyramidalis Wredei – Catalogue de Louis van Houtte, 1881-2
Ulmus scabra var. Dampieri var. Wredei (Juhlke) Hartwig Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch 393 (1892).
Ulmus nitens f. Wredei Rehder in Mitteilungen der Deutschen dendrologischen gesellschaft 24(1915): 218 (1916).
Ulmus foliacca var. Wredei Rehder in Bailey, Stand. Cvcl. Hort. 6: 3413 (1917).
Ulmus Wreedi aurea: Leach, ex Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, 16: lxi, 1893.
Accessions
North America
Dominion Arboretum, Canada. No details available.
Morton Arboretum, Illinois, US. Acc. no. 269–57 (as Smooth-leaved Elm, U. carpinifolia 'Wredei')
Europe
Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection , listed as U. minor 'Wredei'. Old tree in Blakers Park; newly planted trees at Wild Park and Withdean.
Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 525 (as Ulmus wredei 'Aurea')
Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. no. 18119 (as U × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea')
Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, Wisley, UK. No details available.
South Park Gardens, Wimbledon, London, UK. TROBI champion: 14 m high, 59 cm d.b.h. in 2001.
University of Copenhagen Botanic Gardens, Denmark. No details available.
Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection. 2 planted (around 1980) playground Rembrandt van Rijnlaan, Loosdrecht.
Australasia
Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (Melbourne), Australia
Ballarat Botanical Gardens, Australia. Listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust.
Eastwoodhill Arboretum , Gisborne, New Zealand. One tree (as U. minor 'Wredei'), details not known.
Nurseries
Widely available.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'.
References
^ Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1894.
^ Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ "Ulmus hollandica 'Wredei'". www.esveld.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
^ Photograph of 'Wredei' beginning to lose its fastigiate outline. Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Cultures de Louis van Houtte: Plantes Vivaces de Pleine Terre, Catalogue de Louis van Houtte, 1881-2, p.303
^ Katalog (PDF). Vol. 108. Berlin, Germany: L. Späth Baumschulenweg. 1902–1903. pp. 132–133.
^ Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899). Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). Ottawa. pp. 74–75.
^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
^ Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J. 1902. p. 51.
^ General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc. New York: Frederick W. Kelsey. 1904. p. 18.
^ Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), p. 112
^ Paul Gillett, The Long Border, Great Dixter, www.geograph.org.uk
^ Lloyd, Christopher (1993). Christopher Lloyd's flower garden. Dorling Kindersley. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-56458-167-9.
^ a b Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5
^ Gartenkultur in Brandenburg und Berlin. Herausgegeben vom Ministerium für LUR des Landes Brandenburg.
^ U. carpinifolia 'Wredei' at Morton Arboretum, Tree Family Ulmaceae
^ RBGV (Melbourne) Elm list
vteElm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivarsSpecies, varieties and subspecies
U. alata (Winged elm)
U. americana (American elm)
U. americana var. floridana (Florida elm)
U. bergmanniana (Bergmann's elm)
U. bergmanniana var. bergmanniana
U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla
U. castaneifolia (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
U. changii (Hangzhou elm)
U. changii var. changii
U. changii var. kunmingensis (Kunming elm)
U. chenmoui (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
U. chumlia
U. crassifolia (Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
U. davidiana (David or Father David elm)
U. davidiana var. davidiana
U. davidiana var. japonica (Japanese elm)
U. elongata (Long raceme elm)
U. gaussenii (Anhui or hairy elm)
U. glabra (Wych or scots elm)
U. glaucescens (Gansu elm)
U. glaucescens var. glaucescens
U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
U. harbinensis (Harbin elm)
U. ismaelis
U. laciniata (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
U. laciniata var. nikkoensis (Nikko elm)
U. laevis (European white elm)
U. laevis var. celtidea
U. laevis var. parvifolia
U. laevis var. simplicidens
U. lamellosa (Hebei elm)
U. lanceifolia (Vietnam elm)
U. macrocarpa (Large-fruited elm)
U. macrocarpa var. glabra
U. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa
U. mexicana (Mexican elm)
U. microcarpa (Tibetan elm)
U. minor (Field elm)
U. minor subsp. minor
U. minor var. italica
U. parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm)
U. parvifolia var. coreana (Korean elm)
U. prunifolia (Cherry-leafed elm)
U. pseudopropinqua (Harbin spring elm)
U. pumila (Siberian elm)
U. rubra (Slippery elm)
U. serotina (September elm)
U. szechuanica (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
U. thomasii (Rock or cork elm)
U. uyematsui (Alishan elm)
U. villosa (Cherry-bark or marn elm)
U. wallichiana (Himalayan or kashmir elm)
U. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana
U. wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma
U. wallichiana var. tomentosa
Disputed species, varieties and subspecies
U. boissieri
U. minor subsp. canescens (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
U. elliptica
Hybrids
U. davidiana var. japonica × U. minor
U. × arbuscula
U. × arkansana
U. × brandisiana
U. × diversifolia
U. × hollandica (Dutch elm)
U. × hollandica var. insularum
U. × intermedia
U. × mesocarpa
Species cultivarsAmerican elm
American Liberty
Ascendens
Augustine
Aurea
Beaverlodge
Beebe's Weeping
Brandon
Burgoyne
JFS Prince II
College
Columnaris
Creole Queen
Deadfree
Delaware
Exhibition
Fiorei
Flick's Spreader
Folia Aurea Variegata
Great Plains
Hines
Incisa
Independence
Iowa State
Jackson
Jefferson
Kimley
Klehmii
L'Assomption
Lake City
Lewis & Clark
Littleford
Maine
Markham
Miller Park
Minneapolis Park
Moline
Morden
New Harmony
Nigricans
Patmore
Pendula
Penn Treaty
Princeton
Pyramidata
Queen City
Sheyenne
Skinner Upright
St. Croix
Star
Valley Forge
Variegata
Vase
Washington
Cedar elm
Brazos Rim
Chinese elm
A-1
A. Ross Central Park
Blizzard
BSNUPF
Burgundy
Burnley Select
Catlin
Chessins
Churchyard
Cork Bark
D. B. Cole
Drake
Dynasty
Ed Wood
Elsmo
Emer I
Emer II
Emerald Prairie
Frosty
Garden City Clone
Geisha
Glory
Golden Rey
Hallelujah
Hokkaido
Jade Empress
King's Choice
Littleleaf
Lois Hole
Matthew
Milliken
Nire-keyaki
Ohio
Orange Ribbon
Pathfinder
Pendens
Prairie Shade
Prince Richard
Red Fall
Sabamiki
Sagei
Seiju
Select 380
Sempervirens
Small Frye
State Fair
Stone's Dwarf
Taiwan
The Thinker
Todd
True Green
UPMTF
Ware's
Yarralumla
Yatsubusa
Zettler
Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata
European white elm
Aureovariegata
Colorans
Helena
Ornata
Pendula
Punctata
Urticifolia
Field elm
Ademuz
Albo-Dentata
Amplifolia
Argenteo-Variegata
Atinia
Atinia Pyramidalis
Atinia Variegata
Bea Schwarz
Biltii
Christine Buisman
Concavaefolia
Coritana
Cretensis
Cucullata
Cucullata Variegata
Dehesa de Amaniel
Dehesa de la Villa
Dicksonii
Dijkwel
Erecta
Folia Alba-Punctata
Glandulosa
Goodyeri
Hoersholmiensis
Holmstruph
Hunnybunii
Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
Laciniata
Lanuginosa
Majadahonda
Microphylla Pendula
Microphylla Purpurea
Microphylla Rubra
Monumentalis
Pendula
Picturata
Plotii
Propendens
Punctata
Purpurascens
Purpurea
Retiro
Reverti
Rugosa
Rueppellii
Sarniensis
Schuurhoek
Silvery Gem
Sowerbyi
Stricta
Suberosa
Umbraculifera Gracilis
Umbraculifera
Viminalis
Viminalis Aurea
Viminalis Betulaefolia
Viminalis Gracilis
Viminalis Incisa
Viminalis Marginata
Viminalis Pendula
Viminalis Pulverulenta
Viminalis Stricta
Virgata
Webbiana
Japanese elm
Discovery
Freedom
Jacan
JFS-Bieberich
Mitsui Centennial
Prospector
Reperta
Reseda
Thomson
Validation
Siberian elm
Ansaloni
Aurea
Aurescens
Chinkota
Dropmore
Dwarf Weeper
Green King
Hansen
Harbin
Manchu
Mauro
Mr. Buzz
Park Royal
Pendula
Pinnato-ramosa
Poort Bulten
Puszta
Pyramidalis Fiorei
Zhonghua Jinye
Winged elm
Lace Parasol
Wych elm
Albo-Variegata
Australis
Camperdownii
Cebennensis
Concavaefolia
Cornuta
Corylifolia Purpurea
Corylifolia
Fastigiata Macrophylla
Fastigiata Stricta
Fastigiata Variegata
Firma
Flava
Gigantea
Gittisham
Grandidentata
Holgeri
Horizontalis
Insularis
Latifolia
Latifolia Aurea
Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
Latifolia Nigricans
Luteo Variegata
Lutescens
Macrophylla
Maculata
Minor
Nana
Nigra
Nitida
Oblongata
Pendula Macrophylla
Pendula Variegata
Pyrenaica
Spectabilis
Superba
Tomentosa
Hybrid cultivars
Androssowii
Amsterdam
Arno
Cathedral
Clusius
Columella
Den Haag
Dodoens
Escaillard
Fiorente
Frontier
Fuente Umbria
Homestead
Karagatch
Lobel
Morfeo
Morton
Morton Glossy
Morton Plainsman
Morton Red Tip
Morton Stalwart
Nanguen
New Horizon
Patriot
Plantyn
Plinio
Rebella
Rebona
Recerta
Regal
Repura
Revera
San Zanobi
Sapporo Autumn Gold
Sapporo Gold 2
Stavast
Toledo
Urban
Wanoux
Wingham
Dutch elm
Alba
Angustifolia
Balder
Belgica
Blandford
Canadian Giant
Cicestria
Cinerea
Commelin
Dampieri
Dauvessei
Daveyi
Dovaei
Dumont
Elegantissima
Eleganto-Variegata
Etrusca
Fastigiata
Fjerrestad
Folia Rhomboidea
Freja
Fulva
Gaujardii
Groeneveld
Haarlemensis
Klemmer
Loke
Macrophylla Aurea
Major
Microphylla
Modiolina
Muscaviensis
Odin
Pioneer
Pitteurs
Serpentina
Smithii
Superba
Tricolor
Tyr
Vegeta
Viminalis
Viscosa
Wentworthii Pendula
Wredei
Ypreau
U. × intermedia
Coolshade
Fremont
Improved Coolshade
Lincoln
Rosehill
Willis
Unconfirmed derivation cultivars
aff. Plotii
Acutifolia
Alata
Alksuth
Argenteo-Marginata
Aspera
Atropurpurea
Australis
Berardii
Betulaefolia Nigrescens
Crispa
Crispa Aurea
Crispa Pendula
Densa
Exoniensis
Fastigiata Glabra
Folia Aurea
Folia Rubra
Folia Variegata Pendula
Gallica
Glabra
Globosa
Hamburg
Hertfordensis Angustifolia
Hertfordensis Latifolia
Hillieri
Jalaica
Jacqueline Hillier
Kansas Hybrid
Klemmer Blanc
Koopmannii
Lombartsii
Louis van Houtte
Marmorata
Monstrosa
Myrtifolia
Myrtifolia Purpurea
Nemoralis
Nigrescens
Planeroides
Planifolia
Purpurea
Pyramidalis Bertini
Ramulosa
Rotundifolia
Rubra
Rufa
Rugosa
Scampstoniensis
Sericea
Tiliaefolia
Tortuosa
Turkestanica
Variegata Nova
Virens
Fossil elms
U. okanaganensis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"'Dampieri'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Dampieri%27"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elwes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-2"},{"link_name":"Ulmus glabra 'Lutescens'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Lutescens%27"},{"link_name":"Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Louis_van_Houtte%27"}],"text":"The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei', also known as Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea' and sometimes marketed as Golden Elm, originated as a sport of the cultivar 'Dampieri' at the Alt-Geltow Arboretum, near Potsdam, Germany, in 1875.[1][2]Not to be confused with two other popular cultivars named 'Golden Elm', Ulmus glabra 'Lutescens' and Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte'.","title":"Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_x_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_Morningside_Road,_Edinburgh_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Morningside, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside,_Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wredei_leaves.jpg"}],"text":"The tree is fastigiate when young,[3] but like its parent 'Dampieri' can become more spreading with age.[4] It has broad, crinkled leaves clustered on short shoots; when these are young they are suffused yellow, but as the tree ages they revert to green.Young 'Dampieri Aurea', Morningside, Edinburgh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLong shoots","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch elm disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease"}],"text":"'Wredei' is susceptible to Dutch elm disease.","title":"Pests and diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis van Houtte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_van_Houtte"},{"link_name":"Späth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4th_nursery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spath1903-6"},{"link_name":"Dominion Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ottawa1899-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edinburgh-8"},{"link_name":"Rutherford, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobink-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"elms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"link_name":"Great Dixter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dixter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd_(gardener)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd1993p25-13"},{"link_name":"U. minor 'Dicksonii'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Dicksonii%27"}],"text":"'Wredei' was distributed by the Louis van Houtte and Späth nurseries in the late 19th century (Louis van Houtte described it in 1881 as a \"superbe nouveauté\").[5][6] Späth supplied one tree, as U. montana fastigiata aurea, to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, in 1893,[7] and three in 1902 to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. montana fastigiata Dampieri Wredei.[8] 'Dampieri Aurea' appears in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey,[9] and in Kelsey's 1904 catalogue, New York.[10] Ulmus Wredei aurea was introduced to Australia in the early 20th century.[11] 'Wredei' is currently one of the most popular elms on sale in Europe owing to its colourful foliage and modest size.For the 'Golden Elm' at Great Dixter Gardens, Northiam, East Sussex,[12] apparently miscalled 'Dampieri Aurea' by the horticulturalist Christopher Lloyd,[13] see U. minor 'Dicksonii'.","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tree Register of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_Register_of_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Blakers Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blakers_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"d.b.h.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-14"}],"text":"In the UK, the Tree Register of the British Isles (TROBI) Champion is at Blakers Park, Brighton, measuring 17 m high and 57 cm d.b.h. in 2009, when the leaf colour was reverting to green.[14]","title":"Notable trees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gartenkultur-15"}],"text":"The tree is named for Joseph Wrede (1831–1912), Royal Horticultural Inspector at the Royal State Nursery, Alt-Geltow, Potsdam, and curator of the Alt-Geltow Arboretum.[15]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krüssmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gerd_Kr%C3%BCssmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=29526"},{"link_name":"Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, 1:218, fig. 136p, 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/illustrierteshan01schnuoft#page/218/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, 16: lxi, 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/journalofroyalho16roya#page/n329/mode/2up"}],"text":"Ulmus campestris 'Wredei' Hort. ex Lauche, Deutsch. Dendr. 347 (1880).\nUlmus carpinifolia var. Dampieri f. Wredei Juhlke\nUlmus dampieri 'Wredei': Krüssmann, in Parey's Blumengartn, ed. 2.1: 519, 1958.\nUlmus dampieri var. Wredei: Juhlke [1], in Hamburg Gart.- & Blumenzeit, 33: 485, 1877.\nUlmus Dippeliana f. Wredei (Hort.) Schneider, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, 1:218, fig. 136p, 1904.\nUlmus × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea'\nUlmus montana var. Dampieri aurea Wrede ex Jaeger & Beissner , Ziergeh. ed. 2, 403 (1884).\nUlmus montana var. Dampieri Wredei Ruempler, Gartenbau-Lex. 930(1890). - Rehder in Miller's Deutsch Gartn.-Zeit. 13: 160, fig. (1898).\nUlmus montana var. fastigiata aurea Hort. ex Nicholson Kew Hand-list Trees Shrubs, 2: 141 (1896).\nUlmus montana pyramidalis Wredei – Catalogue de Louis van Houtte, 1881-2[5]\nUlmus scabra var. Dampieri var. Wredei (Juhlke) Hartwig Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch 393 (1892).\nUlmus nitens f. Wredei Rehder in Mitteilungen der Deutschen dendrologischen gesellschaft 24(1915): 218 (1916).\nUlmus foliacca var. Wredei Rehder in Bailey, Stand. Cvcl. Hort. 6: 3413 (1917).\nUlmus Wreedi aurea: Leach, ex Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, 16: lxi, 1893.","title":"Synonymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominion Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Morton Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove"},{"link_name":"NCCPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCCPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection"},{"link_name":"Grange Farm Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Farm_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Salaspils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaspils"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Wisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisley"},{"link_name":"South Park Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park_Gardens,_Wimbledon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"TROBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_Register_of_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"d.b.h.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.b.h."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-14"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Wijdemeren City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijdemeren_City_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (Melbourne)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Botanical_Gardens"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eastwoodhill Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwoodhill_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080311122431/http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus"},{"link_name":"Gisborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"North AmericaDominion Arboretum, Canada. No details available.\nMorton Arboretum, Illinois, US. Acc. no. 269–57 (as Smooth-leaved Elm, U. carpinifolia 'Wredei')[16]EuropeBrighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection [2], listed as U. minor 'Wredei'. Old tree in Blakers Park; newly planted trees at Wild Park and Withdean.\nGrange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 525 (as Ulmus wredei 'Aurea')\nHortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. no. 18119 (as U × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea')\nRoyal Horticultural Society Gardens, Wisley, UK. No details available.\nSouth Park Gardens, Wimbledon, London, UK. TROBI champion: 14 m high, 59 cm d.b.h. in 2001.[14]\nUniversity of Copenhagen Botanic Gardens, Denmark. No details available.\nWijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection. 2 planted (around 1980) playground Rembrandt van Rijnlaan, Loosdrecht.AustralasiaRoyal Botanic Gardens Victoria (Melbourne), Australia[17]\nBallarat Botanical Gardens, Australia. Listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust.\nEastwoodhill Arboretum [3], Gisborne, New Zealand. One tree (as U. minor 'Wredei'), details not known.","title":"Accessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Wredei%27"}],"text":"Widely available.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'.","title":"Nurseries"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Elwes","url_text":"Elwes, Henry John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Henry","url_text":"Henry, Augustine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1894/mode/2up","url_text":"The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland"}]},{"reference":"Green, Peter Shaw (1964). \"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Green","url_text":"Green, Peter Shaw"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/arnoldiaarno_21#page/40/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum","url_text":"Arnold Arboretum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"}]},{"reference":"\"Ulmus hollandica 'Wredei'\". www.esveld.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esveld.nl/htmldia/u/ulcwre.htm","url_text":"\"Ulmus hollandica 'Wredei'\""}]},{"reference":"Katalog (PDF). Vol. 108. Berlin, Germany: L. Späth Baumschulenweg. 1902–1903. pp. 132–133.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L._Sp%C3%A4th_Baumschulenweg_Katalog_1903_pages_131-133.pdf","url_text":"Katalog"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899). Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). Ottawa. pp. 74–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bulletinissues00ottogoog#page/n80/mode/2up/","url_text":"Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm"}]},{"reference":"Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg","url_text":"Accessions book"}]},{"reference":"Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J. 1902. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/CAT31285383#page/51/mode/2up","url_text":"Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J."}]},{"reference":"General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc. New York: Frederick W. Kelsey. 1904. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/CAT31286703#page/18/mode/2up","url_text":"General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Christopher (1993). Christopher Lloyd's flower garden. Dorling Kindersley. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-56458-167-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LglIAAAAYAAJ&q=dickson%27s","url_text":"Christopher Lloyd's flower garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56458-167-9","url_text":"978-1-56458-167-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=29526","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/illustrierteshan01schnuoft#page/218/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, 1:218, fig. 136p, 1904"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalho16roya#page/n329/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, 16: lxi, 1893"},{"Link":"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080311122431/http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1894/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/arnoldiaarno_21#page/40/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"\"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\""},{"Link":"http://www.esveld.nl/htmldia/u/ulcwre.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ulmus hollandica 'Wredei'\""},{"Link":"http://www.florapictures.com/photodetail.php?dir=1&photocount=4&plants=ULHWREDE&photoid=1002378300","external_links_name":"Photograph of 'Wredei' beginning to lose its fastigiate outline"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711012010/http://www.florapictures.com/photodetail.php?dir=1&photocount=4&plants=ULHWREDE&photoid=1002378300","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/vHoutte195Arbr#page/n47/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Cultures de Louis van Houtte: Plantes Vivaces de Pleine Terre"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L._Sp%C3%A4th_Baumschulenweg_Katalog_1903_pages_131-133.pdf","external_links_name":"Katalog"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bulletinissues00ottogoog#page/n80/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg","external_links_name":"Accessions book"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/CAT31285383#page/51/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford. N.J."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/CAT31286703#page/18/mode/2up","external_links_name":"General catalogue, 1904 : choice hardy trees, shrubs, evergreens, roses, herbaceous plants, fruits, etc"},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3970801","external_links_name":"Paul Gillett, The Long Border, Great Dixter, www.geograph.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LglIAAAAYAAJ&q=dickson%27s","external_links_name":"Christopher Lloyd's flower garden"},{"Link":"http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Ulmaceae.htm","external_links_name":"Tree Family Ulmaceae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_operations | Covert operation | ["1 US law","1.1 Impact","2 Domestic settings","2.1 History","2.2 Participation in criminal activities","2.3 Risks","2.4 Plainclothes law enforcement","2.5 Controversies","3 Examples","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Military operation
"Covert operative" redirects here. For the legal definition of covert agents or operatives, see covert agent.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Covert operation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
A covert operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible.
US law
Under US law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947. President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according to one author. The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.
Impact
According to a 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.
Domestic settings
To go "undercover" (that is, to go on an undercover operation) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or evidence. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by law enforcement agencies and private investigators; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents.
History
Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la Sûreté ("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.
Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even simulated his own death.
In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established a formal plainclothes detective division.
Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911
The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch, formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques.
Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches.
In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1908.
Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.
Participation in criminal activities
Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.
Risks
There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.
Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.
Stress can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the organized crime, increase the likelihood for corruption.
This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an addiction as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.
There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.
The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard.
Other risks include capture, death and torture.
Plainclothes law enforcement
Not to be confused with Plain dress.
Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes—that is, to wear civilian clothing, instead of wearing a uniform, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation).
Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.
Controversies
Furtherinformation
Country
Approximatetime period
Details
ATF fictional sting operations
USA
2011 – 2014
Government agents enticed targeted victims and incited them to commit crimes of a type and scale calculated to procure specific sentences, for which they would then be prosecuted and jailed, typically for around 15 years.
UK undercover policing relationships scandal
UK
? – 2010
Undercover officers infiltrating protest groups, deceived protesters into long-term relationships and in some cases, fathered children with them on false pretences, only to vanish later without explanation. Units disbanded and unreserved apology given as part of settlement, noting that the women had been deceived. Legal action continues as of 2016, and a public inquiry examining officer conduct, the Undercover Policing Inquiry, is underway.
Examples
Black operations
COINTELPRO
Creation of Bangladesh
False flag
Huston Plan
Iran–Contra affair
Lavon Affair
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group
Operation Anthropoid
Operation CHAOS
Operation Gladio
Operation Storm-333
Operation Wrath of God
Palace Dog
Project MKULTRA
Raven Forward Air Controllers
Vang Pao's clandestine army
See also
America Undercover, television series
Black project
Bob Lambert, undercover police officer
Central Intelligence Agency
Church Committee
Counterintelligence
Counterintelligence Field Activity
Cover (intelligence gathering)
Covert policing in the United Kingdom
Covert Warfare
Detective
Donnie Brasco, undercover federal agent
Espionage
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Filibuster (military)
HUMINT (clandestine (operational techniques))
Manhunt (military)
MI5
Military intelligence
Operation Cyclone
Paul Manning, undercover police officer
Secret identity
SO10
Special agent
Spy fiction
Spy film
Task Force Falcon
Vice
References
^ Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.
^ a b Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, page 25.
^ a b William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, University of Kentucky Press, 2004.
^ All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces, Colonel Kathryn Stone, Professor Anthony R. Williams (Project Advisor), United States Army War College (USAWC), 7 April 2003, page 7
^ Daugherty, 2004, page 28.
^ Daugherty, 2004, page 29.
^ a b c Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.
^ Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928). Vidocq. A Master of Crime. London: Selwyn & Blount.
^ Morton, James (2004), The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq (in German), Ebury Press, ISBN 978-0-09-190337-4
^ Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001). Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-313-30560-3.
^ Tim Newburn; Peter Neyroud (2013). Dictionary of Policing. Routledge. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-134-01155-1.
^ Anne T. Romano (2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9.
^ Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
^ Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
^
Shelley, Louise (12 October 1995). "Soviet Undercover Work". In Fijnaut, Cyrille; Marx, Gary T. (eds.). Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166. ISBN 9789041100153. Retrieved 3 December 2020. For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country . Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers, most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.
^ Joh 2009, p. 157.
^ Joh 2009, p. 165.
^ {{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen., The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations, {{{volume}}} {{{journal}}} {{{page}}}, 12 (2002).
^ Joh 2009, p. 168.
^ Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179 (10), 626–630.
^ a b Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
^ a b c d e Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
^ Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). "Sources of occupational stress in the police". Work & Stress. 4 (4): 305–318. doi:10.1080/02678379008256993.
^ Girodo, M. (1991). Drug corruptions in undercover agents: Measuring the risks. Behavioural Science and the Law, 9, 361–370.
^ Girodo, M. (1991). Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 6 (7), 375–390.
^ Code3Paris. "Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Further reading
Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML) – Congressional Research Service
Joh, Elizabeth (2009). "Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime" (PDF). Stanford Law Review.
Channel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Documentary about Mark Kennedy (policeman).
Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). "Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop". The Guardian.
Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). "Confessions of an Undercover Cop". America Undercover. HBO. Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the Genovese crime family, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senator
Johnson, Loch K. The third option: covert action and American foreign policy (Oxford University Press, 2022).
Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8.
Whited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG.
External links
RAW and Bangladesh
Richard Hersh Statement to House Judiciary Democratic Congressional Briefing, 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
Full Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power" 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
"Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection (includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
Steath Network Operations Centre – Covert Communication Support System | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covert agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_agent"},{"link_name":"covert agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_agent"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Covert operative\" redirects here. For the legal definition of covert agents or operatives, see covert agent.A covert operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible.[1]","title":"Covert operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004,_page_25-2"},{"link_name":"National Security Act of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004-3"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 12333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12333"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Authorization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Authorization_Act"},{"link_name":"Title 50 of the United States Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hughes-Ryan amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes-Ryan_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004,_page_25-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Special Activities Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)"}],"text":"Under US law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress.[2] The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947.[3] President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as \"special activities\", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e).[3][4] The CIA must have a \"Presidential Finding\" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act.[2] These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives.[5] As a result of this framework, the CIA \"receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government\", according to one author.[6] The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, responsible for Covert Action and \"Special Activities\". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.","title":"US law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"According to a 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars.[7] He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained.[7] He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.[7]","title":"US law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"assumed identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumed_identity"},{"link_name":"evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies"},{"link_name":"private investigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investigators"}],"text":"To go \"undercover\" (that is, to go on an undercover operation) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or evidence. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by law enforcement agencies and private investigators; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents.","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugène François Vidocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq"},{"link_name":"First Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Sûreté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Prefecture of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cuckold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckold"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Henderson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special_Irish_Branch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"London Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docks"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"Special Irish Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Irish_Branch"},{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department"},{"link_name":"MPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"police commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"William McAdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"Charles Joseph Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano2010-14"},{"link_name":"Secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la Sûreté (\"Security Brigade\"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.[8]Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even simulated his own death.[9]In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established a formal plainclothes detective division.[10]Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch, formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques.Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches.[11]In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods.[12][self-published source] Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1908.[13][14]Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.[15]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confidential informants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009157-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009165-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009168-19"}],"sub_title":"Participation in criminal activities","text":"Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants.[16] These criminal activities are primarily used to \"provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime\" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime.[17] The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others.[18] Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.[19]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marx,_G._1988-21"},{"link_name":"Stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marx,_G._1988-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"}],"sub_title":"Risks","text":"There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake.[20] The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.[21]Stress can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress.[22] The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy.[23] As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the organized crime, increase the likelihood for corruption.[22]This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an addiction as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible.[22] Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor.[22] The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal exposure to the consumption of alcohol,[24] which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.[21]The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette rules.[25] So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard.[22]\nOther risks include capture, death and torture.","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plain dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_dress"},{"link_name":"law enforcement officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer"},{"link_name":"civilian clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_(dress)"},{"link_name":"uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform"},{"link_name":"sting operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_operation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Plainclothes law enforcement","text":"Not to be confused with Plain dress.Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes—that is, to wear civilian clothing, instead of wearing a uniform, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation).Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.[26]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Controversies","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_operation"},{"link_name":"COINTELPRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO"},{"link_name":"Creation of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"False flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag"},{"link_name":"Huston Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huston_Plan"},{"link_name":"Iran–Contra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Lavon Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavon_Affair"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam_%E2%80%93_Studies_and_Observations_Group"},{"link_name":"Operation Anthropoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid"},{"link_name":"Operation CHAOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_CHAOS"},{"link_name":"Operation Gladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm-333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm-333"},{"link_name":"Operation Wrath of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wrath_of_God"},{"link_name":"Palace Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Dog"},{"link_name":"Project MKULTRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKULTRA"},{"link_name":"Raven Forward Air Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Forward_Air_Controllers"},{"link_name":"Vang Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vang_Pao"}],"text":"Black operations\nCOINTELPRO\nCreation of Bangladesh\nFalse flag\nHuston Plan\nIran–Contra affair\nLavon Affair\nMilitary Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group\nOperation Anthropoid\nOperation CHAOS\nOperation Gladio\nOperation Storm-333\nOperation Wrath of God\nPalace Dog\nProject MKULTRA\nRaven Forward Air Controllers\nVang Pao's clandestine army","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/m011806.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/03/Joh.pdf"},{"link_name":"Confessions of an Undercover Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filmsforaction.org/watch/confessions-of-an-undercover-cop-2011/"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"Mark Kennedy (policeman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(policeman)"},{"link_name":"\"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist"},{"link_name":"\"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463502/Confessions-of-an-Undercover-Cop/#"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-250-00587-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00587-8"},{"link_name":"Whited, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Whited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006CA0QG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CA0QG"}],"text":"Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML) – Congressional Research Service\nJoh, Elizabeth (2009). \"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\" (PDF). Stanford Law Review.\nChannel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Documentary about Mark Kennedy (policeman).\nHattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). \"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\". The Guardian.Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). \"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\". America Undercover. HBO. Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the Genovese crime family, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senatorJohnson, Loch K. The third option: covert action and American foreign policy (Oxford University Press, 2022).Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8.\nWhited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Special_Irish_Branch.jpg/220px-Special_Irish_Branch.jpg"}] | [{"title":"America Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Undercover"},{"title":"Black project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project"},{"title":"Bob Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lambert_(undercover_police_officer)"},{"title":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"title":"Church Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee"},{"title":"Counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence"},{"title":"Counterintelligence Field Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Field_Activity"},{"title":"Cover (intelligence gathering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"title":"Covert policing in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Covert Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_Warfare"},{"title":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"title":"Donnie Brasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Brasco"},{"title":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"title":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"title":"Filibuster (military)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster_(military)"},{"title":"HUMINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUMINT"},{"title":"clandestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT"},{"title":"operational techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques"},{"title":"Manhunt (military)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(military)"},{"title":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"title":"Military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"title":"Operation Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone"},{"title":"Paul Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Manning_(police_officer,_born_1973)"},{"title":"Secret identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_identity"},{"title":"SO10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO10"},{"title":"Special agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"title":"Spy fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_fiction"},{"title":"Spy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"title":"Task Force Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Falcon_(United_States)"},{"title":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice#Vice_squad"}] | [{"reference":"Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"j.ctv346p45"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"j.ctv346p45"}]},{"reference":"Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928). Vidocq. A Master of Crime. London: Selwyn & Blount.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morton, James (2004), The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq (in German), Ebury Press, ISBN 978-0-09-190337-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-190337-4","url_text":"978-0-09-190337-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001). Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-313-30560-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wIf5w6BJOmQC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30560-3","url_text":"978-0-313-30560-3"}]},{"reference":"Tim Newburn; Peter Neyroud (2013). Dictionary of Policing. Routledge. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-134-01155-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Newburn","url_text":"Tim Newburn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Neyroud","url_text":"Peter Neyroud"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1fqAZzIDlgYC","url_text":"Dictionary of Policing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01155-1","url_text":"978-1-134-01155-1"}]},{"reference":"Anne T. Romano (2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC","url_text":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-5882-9","url_text":"978-1-4535-5882-9"}]},{"reference":"Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9. Retrieved 30 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC&pg=PA33","url_text":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-5882-9","url_text":"978-1-4535-5882-9"}]},{"reference":"Shelley, Louise (12 October 1995). \"Soviet Undercover Work\". In Fijnaut, Cyrille; Marx, Gary T. (eds.). Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166. ISBN 9789041100153. Retrieved 3 December 2020. For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at [...] potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country [...]. Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers, most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Shelley","url_text":"Shelley, Louise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_T._Marx","url_text":"Marx, Gary T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TcUkI8A6QW0C","url_text":"Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041100153","url_text":"9789041100153"}]},{"reference":"{{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen., The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations, {{{volume}}} {{{journal}}} {{{page}}}, 12 (2002).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2013/09/24/undercover-fbi-operations.pdf","url_text":"The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). \"Sources of occupational stress in the police\". Work & Stress. 4 (4): 305–318. doi:10.1080/02678379008256993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02678379008256993","url_text":"10.1080/02678379008256993"}]},{"reference":"Code3Paris. \"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs4T19m8a18","url_text":"\"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gs4T19m8a18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joh, Elizabeth (2009). \"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\" (PDF). Stanford Law Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/03/Joh.pdf","url_text":"\"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\""}]},{"reference":"Channel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/confessions-of-an-undercover-cop-2011/","url_text":"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"}]},{"reference":"Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). \"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist","url_text":"\"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\""}]},{"reference":"Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). \"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\". America Undercover. HBO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463502/Confessions-of-an-Undercover-Cop/#","url_text":"\"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00587-8","url_text":"978-1-250-00587-8"}]},{"reference":"Whited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Whited&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Whited, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CA0QG","url_text":"B0006CA0QG"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covert_operation&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Covert+operation%22","external_links_name":"\"Covert operation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Covert+operation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Covert+operation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Covert+operation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Covert+operation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Covert+operation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"j.ctv346p45"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","external_links_name":"j.ctv346p45"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wIf5w6BJOmQC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1fqAZzIDlgYC","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Policing"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC","external_links_name":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TcUkI8A6QW0C","external_links_name":"Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2013/09/24/undercover-fbi-operations.pdf","external_links_name":"The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02678379008256993","external_links_name":"10.1080/02678379008256993"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs4T19m8a18","external_links_name":"\"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gs4T19m8a18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/m011806.pdf","external_links_name":"Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)"},{"Link":"https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/03/Joh.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/confessions-of-an-undercover-cop-2011/","external_links_name":"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist","external_links_name":"\"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463502/Confessions-of-an-Undercover-Cop/#","external_links_name":"\"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CA0QG","external_links_name":"B0006CA0QG"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090116203108/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/feb/raw.htm","external_links_name":"RAW and Bangladesh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051027/http://thewall.civiblog.org/rsf/hershstmt12006.html","external_links_name":"Richard Hersh Statement to House Judiciary Democratic Congressional Briefing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908050045/http://thewall.civiblog.org/rsf/nsabrieftranscript12006.html","external_links_name":"Full Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing \"Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070707201837/http://thewall.civiblog.org/rsf/big_brother_talons_on_you.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110724191036/http://snoc.shacknet.nu/","external_links_name":"Steath Network Operations Centre"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-59063 | RU-59063 | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Chemical compound
RU-59063Clinical dataDrug classNonsteroidal androgen; Selective androgen receptor modulatorIdentifiers
IUPAC name
4--2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile
CAS Number155180-53-3PubChem CID197655ChemSpider171095ChEMBLChEMBL331820Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H18F3N3O2SMolar mass385.41 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CC1(C(=O)N(C(=S)N1CCCCO)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)C#N)C(F)(F)F)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H18F3N3O2S/c1-16(2)14(25)23(15(26)22(16)7-3-4-8-24)12-6-5-11(10-21)13(9-12)17(18,19)20/h5-6,9,24H,3-4,7-8H2,1-2H3Key:FIDNKDVRTLFETI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
RU-59063 is a nonsteroidal androgen or selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) which was first described in 1994 and was never marketed. It was originally thought to be a potent antiandrogen, but subsequent research found that it actually possesses dose-dependent androgenic activity, albeit with lower efficacy than dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The drug is an N-substituted arylthiohydantoin and was derived from the first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) nilutamide. The second-generation NSAAs enzalutamide, RD-162, and apalutamide were derived from RU-59063.
RU-59063 has high affinity for the human androgen receptor (AR) (Ki = 2.2 nM; Ka = 5.4 nM) and 1,000-fold selectivity for the AR over other nuclear steroid hormone receptors, including the PRTooltip progesterone receptor, ERTooltip estrogen receptor, GRTooltip glucocorticoid receptor, and MRTooltip mineralocorticoid receptor. It shows 3- and 8-fold higher affinity than testosterone for the rat and human AR, respectively, and up to 100-fold higher affinity for the rat AR than the first-generation NSAAs flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide. It also has slightly higher affinity for the AR than DHT and nearly equal affinity to that of the very-high-affinity AR ligand metribolone (R-1881). In addition, RU-59063, unlike testosterone and DHT, shows no specific binding to human plasma.
See also
Cyanonilutamide
RU-58642
RU-58841
References
^ a b c d e Teutsch G, Goubet F, Battmann T, Bonfils A, Bouchoux F, Cerede E, Gofflo D, Gaillard-Kelly M, Philibert D (January 1994). "Non-steroidal antiandrogens: synthesis and biological profile of high-affinity ligands for the androgen receptor". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 (1): 111–9. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90257-7. PMID 8136296. S2CID 31404295.
^ a b Cadilla R, Turnbull P (2006). "Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential". Curr Top Med Chem. 6 (3): 245–70. doi:10.2174/156802606776173456. PMID 16515480.
^ a b Liu B, Su L, Geng J, Liu J, Zhao G (2010). "Developments in nonsteroidal antiandrogens targeting the androgen receptor". ChemMedChem. 5 (10): 1651–61. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201000259. PMID 20853390. S2CID 23228778.
^ a b Ran F, Xing H, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li P, Zhao G (2015). "Recent Developments in Androgen Receptor Antagonists". Archiv der Pharmazie. 348 (11): 757–775. doi:10.1002/ardp.201500187. PMID 26462013. S2CID 11483849.
^ Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, Chen Y, Watson PA, Arora V, Wongvipat J, Smith-Jones PM, Yoo D, Kwon A, Wasielewska T, Welsbie D, Chen CD, Higano CS, Beer TM, Hung DT, Scher HI, Jung ME, Sawyers CL (2009). "Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer". Science. 324 (5928): 787–90. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..787T. doi:10.1126/science.1168175. PMC 2981508. PMID 19359544.
^ Lim AC, Attard G (2013). "Improved therapeutic targeting of the androgen receptor: rational drug design improves survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer". Curr Drug Targets. 14 (4): 408–19. doi:10.2174/1389450111314040003. PMID 23565754.
External links
Sarms & Bodybuilding
MK 677 Sarm For Research
MK 677 25mg
MK-677 Dosage, Results, Bodybuilding, Reviews, Cycle and Benefits
vteAndrogen receptor modulatorsARTooltip Androgen receptorAgonists
Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol
4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
4-Hydroxytestosterone
4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
5-Androstenedione
11-Ketotestosterone
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
Androstenediol 3β-acetate
Androstenediol 17β-acetate
Androstenediol diacetate
Androstenediol dipropionate
Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
Atamestane
Boldenone
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
Clostebol
Clostebol acetate
Clostebol caproate
Clostebol propionate
Cloxotestosterone
Cloxotestosterone acetate
Dehydroandrosterone
DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
DHEA sulfate
Exemestane
Formestane
Plomestane
Quinbolone
Silandrone
Testosterone# (+dutasteride)
Testosterone esters
Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate
5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol
1-Androstenedione
1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
1-Testosterone
3α-Androstanediol
5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
Androsterone
Bolazine
Bolazine capronate
Dihydroethyltestosterone
Dihydrofluoxymesterone
Dihydromethylandrostenediol
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone)
Dihydrotestosterone esters
Drostanolone
Drostanolone propionate
Epiandrosterone
Epitiostanol
Mepitiostane
Mesabolone
Mesterolone
Mesterolone cipionate
Methyldiazinol
Nisterime
Nisterime acetate
Prostanozol
Stenbolone
Stenbolone acetate
Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters
Norclostebol
Norclostebol acetate
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
Oxabolone
Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
Trenbolone
Trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone enanthate
Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
Trenbolone undecanoate
Trendione
Trestolone (MENT)
Trestolone acetate
Trestolone enanthate
5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronandrolone
5α-Dihydrotrestolone
19-Norandrosterone
17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone
Calusterone
Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
Enestebol
Ethyltestosterone
Fluoxymesterone
Formebolone
Hydroxystenozole
Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
Methandriol diacetate
Methandriol dipropionate
Methandriol propionate
Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
Methyltestosterone (+esterified estrogens)
Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
Oxymesterone
Penmesterol
Tiomesterone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
Desoxymethyltestosterone
Furazabol
Mebolazine (dimethazine)
Mestanolone
Metenolone
Metenolone acetate
Metenolone enanthate
Methasterone
Methyl-1-testosterone
Methylepitiostanol
Methylstenbolone
Oxandrolone
Oxymetholone
Stanozolol
17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol
Methyldienolone
Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
Metribolone
Mibolerone
Norboletone
Norethandrolone
Propetandrol
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
5α-Dihydronormethandrone
17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Vinyltestosterone
17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Danazol
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethandrostate
Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
Dihydroethisterone
17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone
Desogestrel
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate)
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Norethisterone
Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
5α-Dihydronorethisterone
Progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methylprogesterone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
5α-Androstane
Alternariol
Cl-4AS-1
Drupanol
Trilostane
ZM-182345
SARMsTooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator
Nonsteroidal: 198RL26
ACP-105
AC-262,536
Acetothiolutamide
Acetoxolutamide
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
BMS-564,929
DTIB
Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
FTBU-1
GLPG-0492
GSK2881078
GSK-4336A
GSK-8698
LG121071 (LGD-121071)
LGD-2226
LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
LGD-3303
LGD-4033
LY305
JNJ-26146900
JNJ-28330835
JNJ-37654032
OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)
ORM-11984
PF-06260414
R-1
RU-59063
S-1
S-23
S-40503
S-101479
Vosilasarm
Steroidal: EM-9017
MK-0773
TFM-4AS-1
YK-11
Antagonists
Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone
7α-Thiospironolactone
7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
Allyltestosterone
Benorterone
BOMT
Canrenoic acid
Canrenone
Chlormadinone acetate
Clascoterone
Clometerone
Cyproheptadine
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Delanterone
Delmadinone acetate
Dicirenone
Dienogest
Drospirenone
DU-41165
Edogestrone
EM-4350
EM-5854
EM-5855
EM-6537
Epitestosterone
Galeterone
Guggulsterone
Ludaterone
Medrogestone
Megestrol acetate
Mespirenone
Metogest
Mexrenone
Mifepristone
Nomegestrol acetate
Nordinone
Osaterone
Osaterone acetate
Oxendolone
Potassium canrenoate
Promegestone
Prorenone
Rosterolone
RU-15328
SC-5233 (spirolactone)
Spironolactone
Spirorenone
Spiroxasone
Topterone
Trimegestone
Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
Zanoterone
Nonsteroidal: 5N-Bicalutamide
AA560
Antarlides
Arabilin
Apalutamide
Atraric acid
AZD-3514
Bakuchiol
Bavdegalutamide
BAY-1024767
Bicalutamide
Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S)
BMS-501949
BMS-570511
BMS-641988
CH5137291
Cimetidine
Cioteronel
Cyanonilutamide
Darolutamide
DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE)
Dieldrin
DIMP
Endosulfan
Enzalutamide
EPI-001
Fenarimol
Flutamide
Hydroxyflutamide
Inocoterone
Inocoterone acetate
Ketoconazole
Ketodarolutamide
Lavender oil
LG-105
LG-120907
LGD-1331
Linuron
Masofaniten
Methiocarb
N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
N-Desmethylapalutamide
N-Desmethylenzalutamide
Nilutamide
ONC1-13B
Pentomone
PF-998425
Phenothrin
Prochloraz
Procymidone
Proxalutamide
Pyrilutamide
Ralaniten (EPI-002)
Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
RD-162
Rezvilutamide
Ro 2-7239
Ro 5-2537
RU-22930
RU-56187
RU-57073
RU-58642
RU-58841
Seviteronel
Thalidomide
Topilutamide (fluridil)
Valproic acid
Vinclozolin
YM-580
YM-92088
YM-175735
GPRC6AAgonists
Cations (incl. aluminium, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc)
Dehydroandrosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Estradiol
L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine)
Osteocalcin
SHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
Testosterone
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of androgens and anabolic steroids
This drug article relating to the genito-urinary system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonsteroidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal"},{"link_name":"androgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"selective androgen receptor modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8136296-1"},{"link_name":"potent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"antiandrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen"},{"link_name":"androgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy"},{"link_name":"dihydrotestosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8136296-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16515480-2"},{"link_name":"substituted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"aryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_group"},{"link_name":"thio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thio-"},{"link_name":"hydantoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydantoin"},{"link_name":"first-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen#First-generation"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal antiandrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen"},{"link_name":"nilutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8136296-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20853390-3"},{"link_name":"second-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen#Second-generation"},{"link_name":"enzalutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzalutamide"},{"link_name":"RD-162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-162"},{"link_name":"apalutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalutamide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26462013-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19359544-5"},{"link_name":"affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"androgen receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor"},{"link_name":"selectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor"},{"link_name":"steroid hormone receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor"},{"link_name":"PR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor"},{"link_name":"GR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20853390-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16515480-2"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"flutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutamide"},{"link_name":"nilutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide"},{"link_name":"bicalutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicalutamide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8136296-1"},{"link_name":"metribolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metribolone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26462013-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23565754-6"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8136296-1"}],"text":"RU-59063 is a nonsteroidal androgen or selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) which was first described in 1994 and was never marketed.[1] It was originally thought to be a potent antiandrogen, but subsequent research found that it actually possesses dose-dependent androgenic activity, albeit with lower efficacy than dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[1][2] The drug is an N-substituted arylthiohydantoin and was derived from the first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) nilutamide.[1][3] The second-generation NSAAs enzalutamide, RD-162, and apalutamide were derived from RU-59063.[4][5]RU-59063 has high affinity for the human androgen receptor (AR) (Ki = 2.2 nM; Ka = 5.4 nM) and 1,000-fold selectivity for the AR over other nuclear steroid hormone receptors, including the PRTooltip progesterone receptor, ERTooltip estrogen receptor, GRTooltip glucocorticoid receptor, and MRTooltip mineralocorticoid receptor.[3][2] It shows 3- and 8-fold higher affinity than testosterone for the rat and human AR, respectively, and up to 100-fold higher affinity for the rat AR than the first-generation NSAAs flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide.[1] It also has slightly higher affinity for the AR than DHT and nearly equal affinity to that of the very-high-affinity AR ligand metribolone (R-1881).[4][6] In addition, RU-59063, unlike testosterone and DHT, shows no specific binding to human plasma.[1]","title":"RU-59063"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cyanonilutamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanonilutamide"},{"title":"RU-58642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-58642"},{"title":"RU-58841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-58841"}] | [{"reference":"Teutsch G, Goubet F, Battmann T, Bonfils A, Bouchoux F, Cerede E, Gofflo D, Gaillard-Kelly M, Philibert D (January 1994). \"Non-steroidal antiandrogens: synthesis and biological profile of high-affinity ligands for the androgen receptor\". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 (1): 111–9. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90257-7. PMID 8136296. S2CID 31404295.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0960-0760%2894%2990257-7","url_text":"10.1016/0960-0760(94)90257-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8136296","url_text":"8136296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31404295","url_text":"31404295"}]},{"reference":"Cadilla R, Turnbull P (2006). \"Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential\". Curr Top Med Chem. 6 (3): 245–70. doi:10.2174/156802606776173456. PMID 16515480.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1154960","url_text":"\"Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156802606776173456","url_text":"10.2174/156802606776173456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515480","url_text":"16515480"}]},{"reference":"Liu B, Su L, Geng J, Liu J, Zhao G (2010). \"Developments in nonsteroidal antiandrogens targeting the androgen receptor\". ChemMedChem. 5 (10): 1651–61. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201000259. PMID 20853390. S2CID 23228778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcmdc.201000259","url_text":"10.1002/cmdc.201000259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20853390","url_text":"20853390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23228778","url_text":"23228778"}]},{"reference":"Ran F, Xing H, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li P, Zhao G (2015). \"Recent Developments in Androgen Receptor Antagonists\". Archiv der Pharmazie. 348 (11): 757–775. doi:10.1002/ardp.201500187. PMID 26462013. S2CID 11483849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fardp.201500187","url_text":"10.1002/ardp.201500187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26462013","url_text":"26462013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11483849","url_text":"11483849"}]},{"reference":"Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, Chen Y, Watson PA, Arora V, Wongvipat J, Smith-Jones PM, Yoo D, Kwon A, Wasielewska T, Welsbie D, Chen CD, Higano CS, Beer TM, Hung DT, Scher HI, Jung ME, Sawyers CL (2009). \"Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer\". Science. 324 (5928): 787–90. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..787T. doi:10.1126/science.1168175. PMC 2981508. PMID 19359544.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981508","url_text":"\"Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..787T","url_text":"2009Sci...324..787T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1168175","url_text":"10.1126/science.1168175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981508","url_text":"2981508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19359544","url_text":"19359544"}]},{"reference":"Lim AC, Attard G (2013). \"Improved therapeutic targeting of the androgen receptor: rational drug design improves survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer\". Curr Drug Targets. 14 (4): 408–19. doi:10.2174/1389450111314040003. PMID 23565754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1389450111314040003","url_text":"10.2174/1389450111314040003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23565754","url_text":"23565754"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=155180-53-3","external_links_name":"155180-53-3"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/197655","external_links_name":"197655"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.171095.html","external_links_name":"171095"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL331820","external_links_name":"ChEMBL331820"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%28C%28%3DO%29N%28C%28%3DS%29N1CCCCO%29C2%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC2%29C%23N%29C%28F%29%28F%29F%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0960-0760%2894%2990257-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/0960-0760(94)90257-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8136296","external_links_name":"8136296"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31404295","external_links_name":"31404295"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1154960","external_links_name":"\"Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156802606776173456","external_links_name":"10.2174/156802606776173456"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515480","external_links_name":"16515480"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcmdc.201000259","external_links_name":"10.1002/cmdc.201000259"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20853390","external_links_name":"20853390"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23228778","external_links_name":"23228778"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fardp.201500187","external_links_name":"10.1002/ardp.201500187"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26462013","external_links_name":"26462013"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11483849","external_links_name":"11483849"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981508","external_links_name":"\"Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..787T","external_links_name":"2009Sci...324..787T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1168175","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1168175"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981508","external_links_name":"2981508"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19359544","external_links_name":"19359544"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1389450111314040003","external_links_name":"10.2174/1389450111314040003"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23565754","external_links_name":"23565754"},{"Link":"https://wi-doc.com/","external_links_name":"Sarms & Bodybuilding"},{"Link":"https://www.melanotanexpress.com/product/mk-677-25mg-per-ml-30ml-bottle/","external_links_name":"MK 677 Sarm For Research"},{"Link":"https://www.melanotanexpress.com/product/mk-677-25mg-per-ml-30ml-bottle/","external_links_name":"MK 677 25mg"},{"Link":"https://www.99sarms.com/mk677.html/","external_links_name":"MK-677 Dosage, Results, Bodybuilding, Reviews, Cycle and Benefits"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RU-59063&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia_(Rome_Metro) | Venezia (Rome Metro) | ["1 Location","2 History","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°53′44″N 12°28′58″E / 41.895528°N 12.482778°E / 41.895528; 12.482778VeneziaConstruction site on the square, 23 December 2023General informationCoordinates41°53′44″N 12°28′58″E / 41.895528°N 12.482778°E / 41.895528; 12.482778Owned byATACLine(s) Line CTracks2ConstructionStructure typeundergroundHistoryOpening2032; 8 years' time (2032)
Venezia is a metro station under construction on Line C of the Rome Metro system in Piazza Venezia, in the heart of the city.
Construction works started on 22 June 2023.
The station will sink 40 meters below street level with 8 underground levels. The construction of the station represents a major engineering challenge, involving meticulous archaeological excavations to restore the treasures long buried beneath the square to their former glory. The station will enjoy three strategically positioned main entrances: Palazzo Venezia, Hadrian's Athenaeum and Vittoriano. The new station will be part of the archeostations circuit of the Rome Metro and will constitute a large underground museum complex.
The expected cost of the work is 700 million euros compared to an average expenditure normally necessary for a subway station of 100-150 million euros, due to the complexity of the composition of the terrain and the archaeological state which made it necessary to plan the removal of 66 thousand cubic meters of material with the procedures of an archaeological excavation. The station will be equipped with 6 lifts, 27 escalators and 110 meters of platforms.
Location
Venezia station will be located underneath the Piazza Venezia, a large square in Pigna, rione IX of Rome. Upon its completion, it will be the closest station to the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, Roman Forum and Capitoline Hill.
The masterplan includes the connection with the future Line D and the intersection with Line C at the Venezia metro station.
History
In 2009, as part of preliminary works for the station, a series of archaeological excavations were carried out. During these digs, archaeologists unearthed the remains of Emperor Hadrian's Athenaeum.
Construction works started on 22 June 2023. The station is expected to become operational in 2032
References
^ a b "Metro C Station - Piazza Venezia - Roma". crew.it Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
^ a b Giampiero Valenza (23 June 2023). "Roma, la metro C arriverà fino alla Farnesina: lavori al via a piazza Venezia". Il Messaggero.
^ "A piazza Venezia arriva la Metro". TGR Lazio RAI News (in Italian). 23 June 2023.
^ "Nuove linee del metrò, tra gli obiettivi del Campidoglio c'è anche la linea D". romamobilita.it (in Italian).
^ "Archaeologists uncover the Athenaeum of Hadrian", 10 October 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Line C (Rome metro).
(in Italian) Official Line C site
sito istituzionale ATAC (in Italian)
ATAC institutional site (in English)
This article about an Italian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Rome Metro article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Line C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_C_(Rome_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Rome Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Metro"},{"link_name":"Piazza Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Venezia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venezia_line_C-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messaggero-2"},{"link_name":"archaeological excavations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavations"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Vittoriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoriano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venezia_line_C-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Venezia is a metro station under construction on Line C of the Rome Metro system in Piazza Venezia, in the heart of the city.\nConstruction works started on 22 June 2023.[1][2]The station will sink 40 meters below street level with 8 underground levels. The construction of the station represents a major engineering challenge, involving meticulous archaeological excavations to restore the treasures long buried beneath the square to their former glory. The station will enjoy three strategically positioned main entrances: Palazzo Venezia, Hadrian's Athenaeum and Vittoriano. The new station will be part of the archeostations circuit of the Rome Metro and will constitute a large underground museum complex.[1]The expected cost of the work is 700 million euros compared to an average expenditure normally necessary for a subway station of 100-150 million euros, due to the complexity of the composition of the terrain and the archaeological state which made it necessary to plan the removal of 66 thousand cubic meters of material with the procedures of an archaeological excavation. The station will be equipped with 6 lifts, 27 escalators and 110 meters of platforms.[3]","title":"Venezia (Rome Metro)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piazza Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Pigna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigna_(rione_of_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Vittorio_Emanuele_II"},{"link_name":"Roman Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Hill"},{"link_name":"Line D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_D_(Rome_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Venezia station will be located underneath the Piazza Venezia, a large square in Pigna, rione IX of Rome. Upon its completion, it will be the closest station to the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, Roman Forum and Capitoline Hill.The masterplan includes the connection with the future Line D and the intersection with Line C at the Venezia metro station.[4]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messaggero-2"}],"text":"In 2009, as part of preliminary works for the station, a series of archaeological excavations were carried out. During these digs, archaeologists unearthed the remains of Emperor Hadrian's Athenaeum.[5]Construction works started on 22 June 2023. The station is expected to become operational in 2032[2]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Metro C Station - Piazza Venezia - Roma\". crew.it Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crew.it/metro-c-station-piazza-venezia-roma","url_text":"\"Metro C Station - Piazza Venezia - Roma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane","url_text":"Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane"}]},{"reference":"Giampiero Valenza (23 June 2023). \"Roma, la metro C arriverà fino alla Farnesina: lavori al via a piazza Venezia\". Il Messaggero.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/centro_storico/metro_c_roma_piazza_venezia_fermate_orari_piazzale_clodio_farnesina-7478399.html","url_text":"\"Roma, la metro C arriverà fino alla Farnesina: lavori al via a piazza Venezia\""}]},{"reference":"\"A piazza Venezia arriva la Metro\". TGR Lazio RAI News (in Italian). 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rainews.it/tgr/lazio/articoli/2023/06/a-piazza-venezia-arriva-la-metro-522551c6-cffb-4a48-bfc8-bb86595d9f65.html","url_text":"\"A piazza Venezia arriva la Metro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI","url_text":"RAI"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuove linee del metrò, tra gli obiettivi del Campidoglio c'è anche la linea D\". romamobilita.it (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://romamobilita.it/it/media/pp/nuove-linee-metr-obiettivi-campidoglio-c-linea-d","url_text":"\"Nuove linee del metrò, tra gli obiettivi del Campidoglio c'è anche la linea D\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezia_(Rome_Metro)¶ms=41.895528_N_12.482778_E_type:railwaystation_region:IT-RM","external_links_name":"41°53′44″N 12°28′58″E / 41.895528°N 12.482778°E / 41.895528; 12.482778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezia_(Rome_Metro)¶ms=41.895528_N_12.482778_E_type:railwaystation_region:IT-RM","external_links_name":"41°53′44″N 12°28′58″E / 41.895528°N 12.482778°E / 41.895528; 12.482778"},{"Link":"https://www.crew.it/metro-c-station-piazza-venezia-roma","external_links_name":"\"Metro C Station - Piazza Venezia - Roma\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/centro_storico/metro_c_roma_piazza_venezia_fermate_orari_piazzale_clodio_farnesina-7478399.html","external_links_name":"\"Roma, la metro C arriverà fino alla Farnesina: lavori al via a piazza Venezia\""},{"Link":"https://www.rainews.it/tgr/lazio/articoli/2023/06/a-piazza-venezia-arriva-la-metro-522551c6-cffb-4a48-bfc8-bb86595d9f65.html","external_links_name":"\"A piazza Venezia arriva la Metro\""},{"Link":"https://romamobilita.it/it/media/pp/nuove-linee-metr-obiettivi-campidoglio-c-linea-d","external_links_name":"\"Nuove linee del metrò, tra gli obiettivi del Campidoglio c'è anche la linea D\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20091013100631/http://eternallycool.net/2009/10/archaeologists-uncover-the-athenaeum-of-hadrian/","external_links_name":"\"Archaeologists uncover the Athenaeum of Hadrian\""},{"Link":"http://www.romametropolitane.it/menu.asp?CodMenu=1","external_links_name":"Official Line C site"},{"Link":"http://atac.roma.it/","external_links_name":"sito istituzionale ATAC"},{"Link":"https://www.atac.roma.it/en","external_links_name":"ATAC institutional site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezia_(Rome_Metro)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezia_(Rome_Metro)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Tarantino | Bobby Tarantino | ["1 Background and release","2 Commercial performance","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"] | 2016 mixtape by LogicBobby TarantinoMixtape by LogicReleasedJuly 1, 2016Recorded2015–2016GenreHip hoptrapLength32:24Label
Visionary
Def Jam
Producer
6ix (also exec.)
Logic (also exec.)
Logic chronology
The Incredible True Story(2015)
Bobby Tarantino(2016)
Everybody(2017)
Singles from Bobby Tarantino
"Flexicution"Released: June 14, 2016
"Wrist"Released: June 24, 2016
Bobby Tarantino is the fifth mixtape by American rapper Logic. It was released on July 1, 2016, through Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings. It was released to various digital platforms without prior announcement. Bobby Tarantino serves as Logic's first mixtape since Young Sinatra: Welcome to Forever (2013). The mixtape and its production was handled primarily by Logic and 6ix, with the duo focusing on a similar style to that of their previous independent projects, working on reinstating previous elements considered missing from Logic's commercial releases.
Bobby Tarantino was preceded by the release of "Flexicution" and "Wrist", released ten days apart from one another. The mixtape received generally positive reviews from critics, with particular attention being drawn to its production and varied nature, as well as Logic's newly found braggadocio. Criticism was directed at basic lyricism and a lack of depth that was associated with Logic's preceding releases. It was labeled the "perfect fill in for his junior album".
Background and release
Upon the conclusion of "The Incredible World Tour" that took place earlier in 2016, Logic announced the future tours of the United States alongside G-Eazy and ProdaG. Dubbing the "Endless Summer Tour", it would feature Yo Gotti and YG as opening acts, with other special guests. The group appeared at 22 shows across the United States, with a singular show in Toronto.
Preceding the announcement of the summer tour, Logic suffered a panic attack when waiting to view Star Wars: The Force Awakens. After being rushed to a nearby hospital, Logic deemphasized the impact of his attack by attributing it to attacks he would receive as a child. Remaining insistent to continue the tour, Logic's health deteriorated further, eventually inducing him into a state of derealization. Doctors attributed his poor state of health due to the consistent touring, performing and high pressure situations associated with music and its live environment. Logic soon took time off, and detailed its rationale in an interview, stating: " gone my entire life, especially the last seven years, professionally, without a break. Literally, I got married and a week later, I jumped on a tour bus instead of taking my wife to an awesome exotic place my fans, over the span of two weeks, over the entire country, playing my album before it came out, for the fans. I put the fans before my health, the music before my health, and the work ethic before my health. There was so much on my shoulders that it really began to weigh down, and ."
Commercial performance
In his home country of United States, Bobby Tarantino debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with 19,000 album-equivalent units (including 8,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week. This became the third highest debut of the week. In its third week, the mixtape jumped to number 12 on the chart, earning 26,000 album-equivalent units. It was the eighth best-selling album and second best-selling digital album of the week, selling 16,000 copies. In its fourth week, the mixtape dropped to number 20 on the chart, earning 16,000 more units. On August 7, 2020, the mixtape was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units over 500,000 units in the United States.
Track listing
Credits adapted from Genius, which have since been verified by Logic.
No.TitleLength1."Illuminatro"0:482."Flexicution"3:393."The Jam"3:584."Slave II"3:175."A Word from Our Sponsor"3:026."Wrist" (featuring Pusha T)3:267."Super Mario World"2:588."Studio Ambience at Night: Malibu"0:569."44 Bars"3:0210."Slave"3:0011."Deeper Than Money"4:18Total length:32:24
Notes
"Illuminatro" is stylized in lowercase
"Illuminatro" features additional vocals from John Lindahl and background vocals from Jessica Andrea
"Flexicution" features additional vocals from Jessica Andrea and John Lindahl
"A Word From Our Sponsor" features additional vocals by George DeNoto
Sample credits
"The Jam" contains samples of "Mad Crew" performed by KRS-One; and "Gang Related" performed by Logic.
"Slave II" originally contains a sample of "Rambo" performed by Bryson Tiller; however, Logic and 6ix were forced to alter the beat due to complications with Def Jam.
"44 Bars" contains a sample of "Vibes Is Right" performed by Barrington Levy.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2016)
Peak position
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
50
New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)
1
US Billboard 200
12
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
2
Year-end charts
Chart (2016)
Position
US Billboard 200
162
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
51
Certifications
Certifications for Bobby Tarantino
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Lee, Craig (July 1, 2016). "Logic Releases Surprise Mixtape, 'Bobby Tarantino'". BluntIQ. Archived from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
^ a b Goddard, Kevin (June 14, 2016). "Logic - Flexicution ". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
^ a b Smith, Trevor (June 21, 2016). "Logic - Wrist feat. Pusha T ". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
^ Glaysher, Scott. "Logic - Bobby Tarantino Review". HipHopDX. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
^ Meister, Peter. "Logic - Bobby Tarantino". SputnikMusic. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
^ Lilah, Rose. "Logic Announces "The Incredible True Story" World Tour". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ Knock, Hard. "Logic Talks BOBBY TARANTINO, Battling Anxiety, Not Smoking + More". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
^ Schwartz, Danny. "G-Eazy, Logic, YG, & Yo Gotti Announce "Endless Summer" Tour". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ a b "Drake Bounced From Top Spot Of Billboard Album Chart". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ "Drake's "VIEWS" Sits At #1 For 11th Week". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ "Top Album Sales | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ "Digital Albums Chart | Billboard". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-09-28. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ Victoria Hernandez (August 1, 2016). "Drake Tops Billboard Top 200 Chart for 12th Week with Gucci Mane Following Close". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ "Gold & Platinum". RIAA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
^ "Logic on Genius". genius.com. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
^ "Logic Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ "NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
^ "Logic Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ "Logic Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ "American album certifications – Logic – Bobby Tarantino". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteLogic
Discography
Studio albums
Under Pressure (2014)
The Incredible True Story (2015)
Everybody (2017)
YSIV (2018)
Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2019)
No Pressure (2020)
Vinyl Days (2022)
College Park (2023)
Mixtapes
Young Sinatra: Welcome to Forever (2013)
Bobby Tarantino (2016)
Bobby Tarantino II (2018)
Bobby Tarantino III (2021)
Soundtracks
Supermarket (2019)
Singles
"Fade Away"
"Flexicution"
"Wrist"
"Sucker for Pain"
"Everybody"
"Black Spiderman"
"1-800-273-8255"
"44 More"
"Overnight"
"Everyday"
"One Day"
"Keanu Reeves"
"Confessions of a Dangerous Mind"
"Homicide"
"Perfect"
Featured singles
"Pray"
"Start Again"
"ISIS"
Other songs
"Wu Tang Forever"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Visionary Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Def Jam Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IQ-1"},{"link_name":"Young Sinatra: Welcome to Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Sinatra:_Welcome_to_Forever"},{"link_name":"6ix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6ix_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Flexicution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexicution"},{"link_name":"Wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_(Logic_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flexicution-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrist-3"},{"link_name":"braggadocio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/braggadocio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bobby Tarantino is the fifth mixtape by American rapper Logic. It was released on July 1, 2016, through Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings. It was released to various digital platforms without prior announcement.[1] Bobby Tarantino serves as Logic's first mixtape since Young Sinatra: Welcome to Forever (2013). The mixtape and its production was handled primarily by Logic and 6ix, with the duo focusing on a similar style to that of their previous independent projects, working on reinstating previous elements considered missing from Logic's commercial releases.Bobby Tarantino was preceded by the release of \"Flexicution\" and \"Wrist\", released ten days apart from one another.[2][3] The mixtape received generally positive reviews from critics, with particular attention being drawn to its production and varied nature, as well as Logic's newly found braggadocio. Criticism was directed at basic lyricism and a lack of depth that was associated with Logic's preceding releases. It was labeled the \"perfect fill in for his junior album\".[4][5]","title":"Bobby Tarantino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G-Eazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Eazy"},{"link_name":"Yo Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Gotti"},{"link_name":"YG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"panic attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Force Awakens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"derealization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derealization"},{"link_name":"wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(musician)#Personal_life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flexicution-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrist-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schwartz-8"}],"text":"Upon the conclusion of \"The Incredible World Tour\" that took place earlier in 2016, Logic announced the future tours of the United States alongside G-Eazy and ProdaG. Dubbing the \"Endless Summer Tour\", it would feature Yo Gotti and YG as opening acts, with other special guests. The group appeared at 22 shows across the United States, with a singular show in Toronto.[6]Preceding the announcement of the summer tour, Logic suffered a panic attack when waiting to view Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[7] After being rushed to a nearby hospital, Logic deemphasized the impact of his attack by attributing it to attacks he would receive as a child. Remaining insistent to continue the tour, Logic's health deteriorated further, eventually inducing him into a state of derealization. Doctors attributed his poor state of health due to the consistent touring, performing and high pressure situations associated with music and its live environment. Logic soon took time off, and detailed its rationale in an interview, stating: \"[I've] gone my entire life, especially the last seven years, professionally, without a break. Literally, I got married and a week later, I jumped on a tour bus instead of taking my wife to an awesome exotic place [in favor of] [seeing] my fans, over the span of two weeks, over the entire country, playing my album before it came out, for the fans. I put the fans before my health, the music before my health, and the work ethic before my health. There was so much on my shoulders that it really began to weigh down, and [that's not good].\"[2][3][8]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_units"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In his home country of United States, Bobby Tarantino debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with 19,000 album-equivalent units (including 8,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week.[9] This became the third highest debut of the week.[9] In its third week, the mixtape jumped to number 12 on the chart, earning 26,000 album-equivalent units.[10] It was the eighth best-selling album and second best-selling digital album of the week, selling 16,000 copies.[11][12] In its fourth week, the mixtape dropped to number 20 on the chart, earning 16,000 more units.[13] On August 7, 2020, the mixtape was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units over 500,000 units in the United States.[14]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verification-15"},{"link_name":"Flexicution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexicution"},{"link_name":"Wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist_(Logic_song)"},{"link_name":"Pusha T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bryson Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Tiller"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Barrington Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Levy"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Genius, which have since been verified by Logic.[15]No.TitleLength1.\"Illuminatro\"0:482.\"Flexicution\"3:393.\"The Jam\"3:584.\"Slave II\"3:175.\"A Word from Our Sponsor\"3:026.\"Wrist\" (featuring Pusha T)3:267.\"Super Mario World\"2:588.\"Studio Ambience at Night: Malibu\"0:569.\"44 Bars\"3:0210.\"Slave\"3:0011.\"Deeper Than Money\"4:18Total length:32:24Notes\"Illuminatro\" is stylized in lowercase\n\"Illuminatro\" features additional vocals from John Lindahl and background vocals from Jessica Andrea\n\"Flexicution\" features additional vocals from Jessica Andrea and John Lindahl\n\"A Word From Our Sponsor\" features additional vocals by George DeNotoSample credits\"The Jam\" contains samples of \"Mad Crew\" performed by KRS-One; and \"Gang Related\" performed by Logic.\n\"Slave II\" originally contains a sample of \"Rambo\" performed by Bryson Tiller; however, Logic and 6ix were forced to alter the beat due to complications with Def Jam.\n\"44 Bars\" contains a sample of \"Vibes Is Right\" performed by Barrington Levy.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Tarantino&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Logic-16"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Logic-18"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Logic-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Tarantino&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[16]\n\n50\n\n\nNew Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[18]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[19]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[20]\n\n162\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[21]\n\n51","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, Craig (July 1, 2016). \"Logic Releases Surprise Mixtape, 'Bobby Tarantino'\". BluntIQ. Archived from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160705203357/http://bluntiq.com/2016/07/01/logic-bobby-tarantino/","url_text":"\"Logic Releases Surprise Mixtape, 'Bobby Tarantino'\""},{"url":"http://bluntiq.com/2016/07/01/logic-bobby-tarantino/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goddard, Kevin (June 14, 2016). \"Logic - Flexicution [New Song]\". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-flexicution-new-song.1970196.html","url_text":"\"Logic - Flexicution [New Song]\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Trevor (June 21, 2016). \"Logic - Wrist feat. Pusha T [New Song]\". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-wrist-feat-pusha-t-new-song.1970285.html","url_text":"\"Logic - Wrist feat. Pusha T [New Song]\""}]},{"reference":"Glaysher, Scott. \"Logic - Bobby Tarantino Review\". HipHopDX. Retrieved July 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.2752/title.logic-bobby-tarantino-review","url_text":"\"Logic - Bobby Tarantino Review\""}]},{"reference":"Meister, Peter. \"Logic - Bobby Tarantino\". SputnikMusic. Retrieved July 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/71109/Logic-Bobby-Tarantino","url_text":"\"Logic - Bobby Tarantino\""}]},{"reference":"Lilah, Rose. \"Logic Announces \"The Incredible True Story\" World Tour\". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved December 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-announces-the-incredible-true-story-world-tour-news.18902.html","url_text":"\"Logic Announces \"The Incredible True Story\" World Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Knock, Hard. \"Logic Talks BOBBY TARANTINO, Battling Anxiety, Not Smoking + More\". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDUJx6uyxZ4","url_text":"\"Logic Talks BOBBY TARANTINO, Battling Anxiety, Not Smoking + More\""}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Danny. \"G-Eazy, Logic, YG, & Yo Gotti Announce \"Endless Summer\" Tour\". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/g-eazy-logic-yg-and-yo-gotti-announce-endless-summer-tour-news.21050.html","url_text":"\"G-Eazy, Logic, YG, & Yo Gotti Announce \"Endless Summer\" Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drake Bounced From Top Spot Of Billboard Album Chart\". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39580/title.drake-bounced-from-top-spot-of-billboard-album-chart","url_text":"\"Drake Bounced From Top Spot Of Billboard Album Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_DX","url_text":"Hip Hop DX"}]},{"reference":"\"Drake's \"VIEWS\" Sits At #1 For 11th Week\". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39751/title.drakes-views-sits-at-1-for-11th-week","url_text":"\"Drake's \"VIEWS\" Sits At #1 For 11th Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_DX","url_text":"Hip Hop DX"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Album Sales | Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/top-album-sales/2016-08-06","url_text":"\"Top Album Sales | Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Digital Albums Chart | Billboard\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2016-09-28. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928175808/http://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-albums/2016-08-06","url_text":"\"Digital Albums Chart | Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-albums/2016-08-06","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Victoria Hernandez (August 1, 2016). \"Drake Tops Billboard Top 200 Chart for 12th Week with Gucci Mane Following Close\". Hip Hop DX. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39751/title.drakes-views-sits-at-1-for-11th-week","url_text":"\"Drake Tops Billboard Top 200 Chart for 12th Week with Gucci Mane Following Close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_DX","url_text":"Hip Hop DX"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". RIAA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Logic on Genius\". genius.com. Retrieved February 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Logic","url_text":"\"Logic on Genius\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4255","url_text":"\"NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums - Year-End 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums - Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Logic – Bobby Tarantino\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Logic&ti=Bobby+Tarantino&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Logic – Bobby Tarantino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160705203357/http://bluntiq.com/2016/07/01/logic-bobby-tarantino/","external_links_name":"\"Logic Releases Surprise Mixtape, 'Bobby Tarantino'\""},{"Link":"http://bluntiq.com/2016/07/01/logic-bobby-tarantino/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-flexicution-new-song.1970196.html","external_links_name":"\"Logic - Flexicution [New Song]\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-wrist-feat-pusha-t-new-song.1970285.html","external_links_name":"\"Logic - Wrist feat. Pusha T [New Song]\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.2752/title.logic-bobby-tarantino-review","external_links_name":"\"Logic - Bobby Tarantino Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/71109/Logic-Bobby-Tarantino","external_links_name":"\"Logic - Bobby Tarantino\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/logic-announces-the-incredible-true-story-world-tour-news.18902.html","external_links_name":"\"Logic Announces \"The Incredible True Story\" World Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDUJx6uyxZ4","external_links_name":"\"Logic Talks BOBBY TARANTINO, Battling Anxiety, Not Smoking + More\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/g-eazy-logic-yg-and-yo-gotti-announce-endless-summer-tour-news.21050.html","external_links_name":"\"G-Eazy, Logic, YG, & Yo Gotti Announce \"Endless Summer\" Tour\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39580/title.drake-bounced-from-top-spot-of-billboard-album-chart","external_links_name":"\"Drake Bounced From Top Spot Of Billboard Album Chart\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39751/title.drakes-views-sits-at-1-for-11th-week","external_links_name":"\"Drake's \"VIEWS\" Sits At #1 For 11th Week\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/top-album-sales/2016-08-06","external_links_name":"\"Top Album Sales | Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928175808/http://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-albums/2016-08-06","external_links_name":"\"Digital Albums Chart | Billboard\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-albums/2016-08-06","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.39751/title.drakes-views-sits-at-1-for-11th-week","external_links_name":"\"Drake Tops Billboard Top 200 Chart for 12th Week with Gucci Mane Following Close\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Logic","external_links_name":"\"Logic on Genius\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Logic/chart-history/CNA","external_links_name":"\"Logic Chart History (Canadian Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4255","external_links_name":"\"NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Logic/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Logic Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Logic/chart-history/BLP","external_links_name":"\"Logic Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums - Year-End 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Logic&ti=Bobby+Tarantino&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Logic – Bobby Tarantino\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a08b2ff1-e367-4ee2-bb65-d860a5e2c31e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_R._Chang-Diaz | Franklin Chang-Díaz | ["1 Family and education","2 NASA career","3 Post-NASA career","4 Awards and honors","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Costa Rican-American astronaut and entrepreneur (born 1950)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Chang and the second or maternal family name is Díaz.
Franklin Chang-DíazChang-Díaz in 1997BornFranklin Ramón Chang-Díaz (1950-04-05) April 5, 1950 (age 74)San José, Costa RicaEducationUniversity of Connecticut (BS)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MS, ScD)ChildrenSoniaSpace careerNASA astronautTime in space66d 18h 16mSelectionNASA Group 9 (1980)MissionsSTS-61-CSTS-34STS-46STS-60STS-75STS-91STS-111Mission insignia
Franklin Ramón Chang-Díaz (born April 5, 1950, San José, Costa Rica) is an American mechanical engineer, physicist and former NASA astronaut. He is the sole founder and CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company as well as a member of Cummins' board of directors. He became an American citizen in 1977.
He is a veteran of seven Space Shuttle missions, tying the record, as of 2021 for the most spaceflights (a record set two months earlier by Jerry L. Ross). He was the third Latin American, but the first Latin American immigrant NASA Astronaut selected to go into space. Chang-Díaz is a member of the NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame.
Family and education
Franklin Ramón Chang-Díaz was born in San José, Costa Rica on April 5, 1950, to Ramón Ángel Chang Morales, an oil worker whose own father fled China during the Boxer Rebellion, and María Eugenia Díaz. One of six children, he has a younger sister, Sonia Rosa (born December 1952) and his mother, brothers and sisters still reside in Costa Rica. His two eldest daughters with his ex-wife Candice Chang, include Sonia Rosa, who is a member of the Massachusetts Senate. He married in the United States, on December 17, 1984, Dr. Peggy Marguerite Doncaster (née Stafford, of Alexandria, Louisiana), with whom he has two daughters, both born in Houston, Texas.
He graduated from Colegio de La Salle in San Jose with an "A" in November 1967, then moved to the United States to finish his high school education at Hartford Public High School in Connecticut, in 1969. He went on to attend the University of Connecticut, where he earned a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering and joined the federal TRIO Student Support Services program in 1973. He then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Ph.D. degree in applied plasma physics in 1977. For his graduate research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Chang-Díaz worked in the field of fusion technology and plasma-based rocket propulsion.
NASA career
Chang-Díaz was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1980 and first flew aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-61-C in 1986. Subsequent missions included STS-34 (1989), STS-46 (1992), STS-60 (1994), STS-75 (1996), STS-91 (1998), and STS-111 (2002). During STS-111, he performed three extravehicular activities (EVAs) with Philippe Perrin as part of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). He was also director of the Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center from 1993 to 2005. Chang-Díaz retired from NASA in 2005.
Post-NASA career
Dr. Chang with students during the filming of Odyssey 2050 The Movie at Ad Astra Rocket Company, 2010.
After leaving NASA, Chang-Díaz set up the Ad Astra Rocket Company, which became dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology. Years of research and development have produced the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR), an electrical propulsion device for use in space. With a flexible mode of operation, the rocket can achieve very high exhaust speeds, and with a sufficiently powerful electrical supply even has the theoretical capability to take a crewed rocket to Mars in 39 days.
Chang-Díaz also is active in environmental protection and raising awareness about climate change, notably in his role in Odyssey 2050 The Movie in which he encourages young people to get motivated about environmental issues.
In addition, Chang-Díaz is an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Rice University. He has been on the board of directors of Cummins since December 8, 2009.
He is also the father of Democratic candidate for the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election Sonia Chang-Díaz.
Awards and honors
In 1986, Franklin Chang-Díaz was one of twelve recipients of the Medal of Liberty. He was inducted into the NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 5, 2012 in a ceremony that took place in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Also, due to his career and scientific success, he has been decorated multiple times in Costa Rica and named Honor Citizen by the national legislature. The Costa Rican National High Technology Center (CeNAT), among other institutions, is named after him. In 2014, Chang-Díaz was awarded the "Buzz Aldrin Quadrennial Space Award" by The Explorers Club. Buzz Aldrin, whom Chang-Díaz called a childhood hero, presented the award.
See also
List of Asian American astronauts
List of Hispanic astronauts
Space exploration
References
^ "Chang-Díaz, Franklin". Current Biography Yearbook 2011. Ipswich, MA: H.W. Wilson. 2011. pp. 121–124. ISBN 9780824211219.
^ "Board of Directors". Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ "Board of Directors". Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ a b c "Franklin Chang-Diaz: Astronaut and Rocket Scientist". PBS. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Wired Science, November 14, 2007
^ NOVA Science Now. "Profile: Franklin Chang-Diaz". PBS. Retrieved April 21, 2011. The first Latin American to go into space was Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez from Cuba in 1980 (through the Soviet Union) and second was Rodolfo Neri Vela from Mexico in 1985.
^ Chang-Díaz, Franklin R.: 1950—: Astronaut, Physicist Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved: May 5, 2012
^ a b c d "Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)" (PDF). NASA. September 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ "Sonia Chang-Diaz grabs Senate seat - BostonHerald.com". Boston Herald. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
^ Drake, John C. (September 17, 2008). "A Senate fixture toppled: Chang-Díaz defeats embattled Wilkerson in primary". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
^ Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz – Keynote Speaker Archived March 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Babson. Retrieved: May 5, 2012
^ Consultas de hechos y actos civiles y electorales Archived May 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved: May 5, 2012 (in Spanish)
^ La familia Díaz de San José La Nación. Retrieved: May 5, 2012 (in Spanish)
^ Space Shuttle Mission STS-75 Press Kit Archived October 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine NASA February 1996
^ a b Spacefacts Biography of Franklin Chang-Diaz Spacefacts Retrieved July 18, 2011
^ "NASA - Propulsion Systems of the Future". NASA. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
^ Billings, Lee (September 29, 2009). "Former astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz explains how his plasma rocket engine could revolutionize space travel and why we need nuclear power in space". seedmagazine.com. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Whelan, Ben. "Odyssey 2050". British Embassy Costa Rica. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
^ "Franklin Chang-Diaz". Faculty Information System. Rice University. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
^ "Cummins.com > News Article". December 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
^ "Collect Space". Collect Space. May 6, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
^ Address: Building Dr. Franklin Chang Diaz, 1.3 km, North American Embajada Pavas, San Jose, Costa Rica Archived October 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Centro Nacional de Alta de Tecnología (CeNAT), 2011
^ "Grupo científico mundial premia a Franklin Chang". La Nacion. March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franklin Chang-Diaz.
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz (CeNAT)
"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)" (PDF). NASA. September 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
vteNASA Astronaut Group 9, "19+80", 1980 NASA Astronaut Group 8 ← NASA Astronaut Group 9 → NASA Astronaut Group 10Pilots
John Blaha
Charles Bolden
Roy Bridges
Guy Gardner
Ronald Grabe
Bryan O'Connor
Richard N. Richards
Michael J. Smith
Mission specialists
James Bagian
Franklin Chang-Díaz
Mary Cleave
Bonnie Dunbar
William Fisher
David Hilmers
David Leestma
John Lounge
Jerry Ross
Sherwood Spring
Robert Springer
International mission specialists
Claude Nicollier (Switzerland)
Wubbo Ockels (Netherlands)
vte
NASA Astronaut Groups
NASA Astronaut Corps
Groups
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Related
List of astronauts by year of selection
Astronaut ranks and positions
List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
List of United States Space Force astronauts
vteUnited States Astronaut Hall of FameMembers
Buzz Aldrin
Joseph P. Allen
Scott Altman
William Anders
Neil Armstrong
Alan Bean
John E. Blaha
Guion Bluford
Karol J. Bobko
Charles Bolden
Frank Borman
Ken Bowersox
Vance D. Brand
Daniel Brandenstein
Roy Bridges Jr.
Curtis Brown
James Buchli
Robert D. Cabana
Scott Carpenter
Gerald Carr
Gene Cernan
Roger B. Chaffee
Franklin Chang-Díaz
Kevin P. Chilton
Michael Coats
Eileen Collins
Michael Collins
Pete Conrad
Gordon Cooper
Richard O. Covey
Robert Crippen
Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
Walter Cunningham
Brian Duffy
Charles Duke
Bonnie J. Dunbar
Donn F. Eisele
Joe Engle
Ronald Evans
Christopher Ferguson
Michael Foale
C. Gordon Fullerton
Owen Garriott
Edward Gibson
Robert L. Gibson
John Glenn
Richard F. Gordon Jr.
Frederick D. Gregory
Gus Grissom
John M. Grunsfeld
Fred Haise
Henry Hartsfield
Frederick Hauck
Steven Hawley
Susan Helms
David C. Hilmers
Jeffrey A. Hoffman
James Irwin
Marsha Ivins
Thomas David Jones
Janet L. Kavandi
Mark Kelly
Scott Kelly
Joseph P. Kerwin
David Leestma
Steven Lindsey
Michael López-Alegría
Jack Lousma
Jim Lovell
Shannon Lucid
Sandra Magnus
Ken Mattingly
Bruce McCandless II
James McDivitt
Pamela Melroy
Edgar Mitchell
Story Musgrave
George Nelson
Ellen Ochoa
Bryan D. O'Connor
Scott E. Parazynski
William Pogue
Charles J. Precourt
Sally Ride
Kent Rominger
Stuart Roosa
Jerry L. Ross
Wally Schirra
Harrison Schmitt
Rusty Schweickart
Dick Scobee
David Scott
Rhea Seddon
Brewster H. Shaw
Alan Shepard
William Shepherd
Loren Shriver
Deke Slayton
Thomas P. Stafford
Kathryn D. Sullivan
Jack Swigert
Norman Thagard
Kathryn C. Thornton
Richard H. Truly
Paul J. Weitz
Jim Wetherbee
Ed White
Alfred Worden
John Young
Related
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
NASA Astronaut Corps
Astronaut
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"San José, Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curr_Bio-1"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra Rocket Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_Rocket_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws20071114-4"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_missions"},{"link_name":"spaceflights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflights"},{"link_name":"two months earlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-110"},{"link_name":"Jerry L. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Astronaut Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Chang and the second or maternal family name is Díaz.Franklin Ramón Chang-Díaz (born April 5, 1950, San José, Costa Rica)[1] is an American mechanical engineer, physicist and former NASA astronaut. He is the sole founder and CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company[2] as well as a member of Cummins' board of directors.[3] He became an American citizen in 1977.[4]He is a veteran of seven Space Shuttle missions, tying the record, as of 2021 for the most spaceflights (a record set two months earlier by Jerry L. Ross). He was the third Latin American, but the first Latin American immigrant NASA Astronaut selected to go into space.[5] Chang-Díaz is a member of the NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame.","title":"Franklin Chang-Díaz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San José, Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasabio-7"},{"link_name":"Sonia Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Chang-D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tse-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d%C3%ADaz-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kit-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasabio-7"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Hartford Public High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Public_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasabio-7"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"TRIO Student Support Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_TRIO_Programs#Student_Support_Services"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-14"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"plasma physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-14"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"rocket propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propulsion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws20071114-4"}],"text":"Franklin Ramón Chang-Díaz was born in San José, Costa Rica on April 5, 1950, to Ramón Ángel Chang Morales, an oil worker whose own father fled China during the Boxer Rebellion,[6] and María Eugenia Díaz. One of six children, he has a younger sister, Sonia Rosa (born December 1952) and his mother, brothers and sisters still reside in Costa Rica.[7] His two eldest daughters with his ex-wife Candice Chang, include Sonia Rosa, who is a member of the Massachusetts Senate.[8][9] He married in the United States, on December 17, 1984, Dr. Peggy Marguerite Doncaster (née Stafford, of Alexandria, Louisiana), with whom he has two daughters,[10] both born in Houston, Texas.[11][12][13][7]He graduated from Colegio de La Salle in San Jose with an \"A\" in November 1967, then moved to the United States to finish his high school education at Hartford Public High School in Connecticut, in 1969.[7] He went on to attend the University of Connecticut, where he earned a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering and joined the federal TRIO Student Support Services program in 1973.[14] He then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Ph.D. degree in applied plasma physics in 1977.[14] For his graduate research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Chang-Díaz worked in the field of fusion technology and plasma-based rocket propulsion.[4]","title":"Family and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"STS-61-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-C"},{"link_name":"STS-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-34"},{"link_name":"STS-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-46"},{"link_name":"STS-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-60"},{"link_name":"STS-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-75"},{"link_name":"STS-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-91"},{"link_name":"STS-111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-111"},{"link_name":"extravehicular activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity"},{"link_name":"Philippe Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Perrin"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Johnson Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws20071114-4"}],"text":"Chang-Díaz was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1980 and first flew aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-61-C in 1986. Subsequent missions included STS-34 (1989), STS-46 (1992), STS-60 (1994), STS-75 (1996), STS-91 (1998), and STS-111 (2002). During STS-111, he performed three extravehicular activities (EVAs) with Philippe Perrin as part of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). He was also director of the Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center from 1993 to 2005. Chang-Díaz retired from NASA in 2005.[4]","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiaFilmacionFranklinChangconEstudiantes.JPG"},{"link_name":"Odyssey 2050 The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_2050_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra Rocket Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_Rocket_Company"},{"link_name":"plasma rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_rocket"},{"link_name":"propulsion technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion"},{"link_name":"Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"awareness about climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_education"},{"link_name":"Odyssey 2050 The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_2050_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Sonia Chang-Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Chang-D%C3%ADaz"}],"text":"Dr. Chang with students during the filming of Odyssey 2050 The Movie at Ad Astra Rocket Company, 2010.After leaving NASA, Chang-Díaz set up the Ad Astra Rocket Company, which became dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology. Years of research and development have produced the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR), an electrical propulsion device for use in space.[15] With a flexible mode of operation, the rocket can achieve very high exhaust speeds, and with a sufficiently powerful electrical supply even has the theoretical capability to take a crewed rocket to Mars in 39 days.[16]Chang-Díaz also is active in environmental protection and raising awareness about climate change, notably in his role in Odyssey 2050 The Movie in which he encourages young people to get motivated about environmental issues.[17]In addition, Chang-Díaz is an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Rice University.[18] He has been on the board of directors of Cummins since December 8, 2009.[19]He is also the father of Democratic candidate for the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election Sonia Chang-Díaz.","title":"Post-NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medal of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Astronaut Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex"},{"link_name":"national legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasabio-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Buzz Aldrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin"},{"link_name":"The Explorers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Explorers_Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1986, Franklin Chang-Díaz was one of twelve recipients of the Medal of Liberty. He was inducted into the NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 5, 2012[20] in a ceremony that took place in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Also, due to his career and scientific success, he has been decorated multiple times in Costa Rica and named Honor Citizen by the national legislature.[7] The Costa Rican National High Technology Center (CeNAT), among other institutions, is named after him.[21] In 2014, Chang-Díaz was awarded the \"Buzz Aldrin Quadrennial Space Award\" by The Explorers Club. Buzz Aldrin, whom Chang-Díaz called a childhood hero, presented the award.[22]","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [{"image_text":"Dr. Chang with students during the filming of Odyssey 2050 The Movie at Ad Astra Rocket Company, 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DiaFilmacionFranklinChangconEstudiantes.JPG/220px-DiaFilmacionFranklinChangconEstudiantes.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of Asian American astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_American_astronauts"},{"title":"List of Hispanic astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_astronauts"},{"title":"Space exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chang-Díaz, Franklin\". Current Biography Yearbook 2011. Ipswich, MA: H.W. Wilson. 2011. pp. 121–124. ISBN 9780824211219.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/121","url_text":"\"Chang-Díaz, Franklin\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/121","url_text":"121–124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824211219","url_text":"9780824211219"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Retrieved October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adastrarocket.com/aarc/board-of-directors","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Retrieved October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cummins.com/company/leadership/board-of-directors","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz: Astronaut and Rocket Scientist\". PBS. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071115161244/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/wiredscience/story/80-franklin_chang_diaz_astronaut_and_rocket_scientist.html","url_text":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz: Astronaut and Rocket Scientist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"NOVA Science Now. \"Profile: Franklin Chang-Diaz\". PBS. Retrieved April 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/profile-chang-diaz.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Franklin Chang-Diaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\" (PDF). NASA. September 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chang-diaz_franklin_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonia Chang-Diaz grabs Senate seat - BostonHerald.com\". Boston Herald. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910134923/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view.bg?articleid=1130129","url_text":"\"Sonia Chang-Diaz grabs Senate seat - BostonHerald.com\""},{"url":"http://news.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view.bg?articleid=1130129","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Drake, John C. (September 17, 2008). \"A Senate fixture toppled: Chang-Díaz defeats embattled Wilkerson in primary\". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/09/17/a_senate_fixture_toppled/","url_text":"\"A Senate fixture toppled: Chang-Díaz defeats embattled Wilkerson in primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA - Propulsion Systems of the Future\". NASA. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210053636/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html","url_text":"\"NASA - Propulsion Systems of the Future\""},{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Billings, Lee (September 29, 2009). \"Former astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz explains how his plasma rocket engine could revolutionize space travel and why we need nuclear power in space\". seedmagazine.com. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161229164938/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/a_rocket_for_the_21st_century","url_text":"\"Former astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz explains how his plasma rocket engine could revolutionize space travel and why we need nuclear power in space\""}]},{"reference":"Whelan, Ben. \"Odyssey 2050\". British Embassy Costa Rica. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140621062946/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjFG-v82Sew","url_text":"\"Odyssey 2050\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjFG-v82Sew","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz\". Faculty Information System. Rice University. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213140149/http://report.rice.edu/sir/faculty.detail?p=D50705E91B4F8D4FC665EBF1DEA48659","url_text":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz\""},{"url":"http://report.rice.edu/sir/faculty.detail?p=D50705E91B4F8D4FC665EBF1DEA48659","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cummins.com > News Article\". December 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170509162533/http://investor.cummins.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112916&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1363388","url_text":"\"Cummins.com > News Article\""},{"url":"http://investor.cummins.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112916&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1363388","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collect Space\". Collect Space. May 6, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050612a.html","url_text":"\"Collect Space\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo científico mundial premia a Franklin Chang\". La Nacion. March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/vivir/ciencia/Grupo-cientifico-mundial-Franklin-Chang_0_1403059688.html","url_text":"\"Grupo científico mundial premia a Franklin Chang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\" (PDF). NASA. September 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chang-diaz_franklin_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/121","external_links_name":"\"Chang-Díaz, Franklin\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/121","external_links_name":"121–124"},{"Link":"http://www.adastrarocket.com/aarc/board-of-directors","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.cummins.com/company/leadership/board-of-directors","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071115161244/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/wiredscience/story/80-franklin_chang_diaz_astronaut_and_rocket_scientist.html","external_links_name":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz: Astronaut and Rocket Scientist\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/profile-chang-diaz.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Franklin Chang-Diaz\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3433800026.html","external_links_name":"Chang-Díaz, Franklin R.: 1950—: Astronaut, Physicist"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chang-diaz_franklin_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910134923/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view.bg?articleid=1130129","external_links_name":"\"Sonia Chang-Diaz grabs Senate seat - BostonHerald.com\""},{"Link":"http://news.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view.bg?articleid=1130129","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/09/17/a_senate_fixture_toppled/","external_links_name":"\"A Senate fixture toppled: Chang-Díaz defeats embattled Wilkerson in primary\""},{"Link":"http://www.babsonlatinamerica.com/forum2012/work/dr-franklin-r-chang-diaz/","external_links_name":"Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz – Keynote Speaker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329131711/http://www.babsonlatinamerica.com/forum2012/work/dr-franklin-r-chang-diaz/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tse.go.cr/consulta_persona/consulta_nombres.aspx","external_links_name":"Consultas de hechos y actos civiles y electorales"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100510131149/http://www.tse.go.cr/consulta_persona/consulta_nombres.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/raices/diazmunoz1.html","external_links_name":"La familia Díaz de San José"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/presskit/1996/STS-75_Press_Kit.txt","external_links_name":"Space Shuttle Mission STS-75 Press Kit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008094819/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/presskit/1996/STS-75_Press_Kit.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/chang-diaz_franklin.htm","external_links_name":"Spacefacts Biography of Franklin Chang-Diaz"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210053636/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA - Propulsion Systems of the Future\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161229164938/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/a_rocket_for_the_21st_century","external_links_name":"\"Former astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz explains how his plasma rocket engine could revolutionize space travel and why we need nuclear power in space\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140621062946/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjFG-v82Sew","external_links_name":"\"Odyssey 2050\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjFG-v82Sew","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213140149/http://report.rice.edu/sir/faculty.detail?p=D50705E91B4F8D4FC665EBF1DEA48659","external_links_name":"\"Franklin Chang-Diaz\""},{"Link":"http://report.rice.edu/sir/faculty.detail?p=D50705E91B4F8D4FC665EBF1DEA48659","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170509162533/http://investor.cummins.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112916&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1363388","external_links_name":"\"Cummins.com > News Article\""},{"Link":"http://investor.cummins.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112916&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1363388","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050612a.html","external_links_name":"\"Collect Space\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenat.ac.cr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:contactenos&catid=34:demo&Itemid=78","external_links_name":"Address: Building Dr. Franklin Chang Diaz, 1.3 km, North American Embajada Pavas, San Jose, Costa Rica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185657/http://www.cenat.ac.cr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:contactenos&catid=34:demo&Itemid=78","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/vivir/ciencia/Grupo-cientifico-mundial-Franklin-Chang_0_1403059688.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo científico mundial premia a Franklin Chang\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenat.ac.cr/","external_links_name":"Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz (CeNAT)"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chang-diaz_franklin_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biographical data: FRANKLIN R. CHANG-DÍAZ (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/277954/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039713682","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1640452","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311702243","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVbmyVvJwBDxtm6RqcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131929550","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90714026","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1062255364.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pd3rds","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakes | Dynamic braking | ["1 Principle of operation","2 Rheostatic braking","3 Regenerative braking","4 Blended braking","5 Plug Braking","6 Self-load test","7 Hydrodynamic braking","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Dynamic braking is the use of the traction motors as generators when slowing a vehicle.This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Dynamic braking" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023)Norfolk Southern 5348 diesel-electric locomotive employs dynamic braking. The cooling grill for the brake grid resistors is at the top center of the locomotive.
Dynamic braking is the use of an electric traction motor as a generator when slowing a vehicle such as an electric or diesel-electric locomotive. It is termed "rheostatic" if the generated electrical power is dissipated as heat in brake grid resistors, and "regenerative" if the power is returned to the supply line. Dynamic braking reduces wear on friction-based braking components, and regeneration lowers net energy consumption. Dynamic braking may also be used on railcars with multiple units, light rail vehicles, electric trams, trolleybuses, and electric and hybrid electric automobiles.
Principle of operation
Converting electrical energy to the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (electric motor) is the inverse of converting the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft to electrical energy (electric generator). Both are accomplished through the interactions of armature windings with a (relatively) moving external magnetic field, with the armature connected to an electrical circuit with either a power supply (motor) or power receptor (generator). Since the role of the electrical/mechanical energy converting device is determined by which interface (mechanical or electrical) provides or receives energy, the same device can fulfill the role of either a motor or a generator. In dynamic braking, the traction motor is switched into the role of a generator by switching from a supply circuit to a receptor circuit while applying electric current to the field coils that generate the magnetic field (excitation).
The amount of resistance applied to the rotating shaft (braking power) equals the rate of electrical power generation plus some efficiency loss. That is in turn proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, controlled by the current in the field coils, and the rate at which the armature and magnetic field rotate against each other, determined by the rotation of the wheels and the ratio of power shaft to wheel rotation. The amount of braking power is controlled by varying the strength of the magnetic field through the amount of current in the field coils. As the rate of electrical power generation, and conversely braking power, are proportional to the rate at which the power shaft is spinning, a stronger magnetic field is required to maintain braking power as speed decreases and there is a lower limit at which dynamic braking can be effective depending on the current available for application to the field coils.
The two main methods of managing the electricity generated during dynamic braking are rheostatic braking and regenerative braking, as described below.
For permanent magnet motors, dynamic braking is easily achieved by shorting the motor terminals, thus bringing the motor to a fast abrupt stop. This method, however, dissipates all the energy as heat in the motor itself, and so cannot be used in anything other than low-power intermittent applications due to cooling limitations, such as in cordless power tools. It is not suitable for traction applications.
Rheostatic braking
The electrical energy produced by the motors is dissipated as heat by a bank of onboard resistors, referred to as the braking grid. Large cooling fans are necessary to protect the resistors from damage. Modern systems have thermal monitoring, so that if the temperature of the bank becomes excessive it will be switched off, and the braking will revert to being by friction only.
Regenerative braking
Main article: Regenerative brake
In electrified systems the process of regenerative braking is employed whereby the current produced during braking is fed back into the power supply system for use by other traction units, instead of being wasted as heat. It is normal practice to incorporate both regenerative and rheostatic braking in electrified systems. If the power supply system is not "receptive", i.e. incapable of absorbing the current, the system will default to rheostatic mode in order to provide the braking effect.
Yard locomotives with onboard energy storage systems which allow the recovery of some of the energy which would otherwise be wasted as heat are now available. The Green Goat model, for example, is being used by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific Railroad.
On modern passenger locomotives equipped with AC inverters pulling trains with sufficient head-end power (HEP) loads, braking energy can be used to power the train's on board systems via regenerative braking if the electrification system is not receptive or even if the track is not electrified to begin with. The HEP load on modern passenger trains is so great that some new electric locomotives such as the ALP-46 were designed without the traditional resistance grids.
Blended braking
A Connex South Eastern Class 466 EMU at London Blackfriars station in 2006, which has been fitted with dynamic blended braking
Dynamic braking alone is not enough to stop a locomotive, because its braking effect rapidly diminishes below about 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h). Therefore, it is always used in conjunction with the regular air brake. This combined system is called blended braking. Li-ion batteries have also been used to store energy for use in bringing trains to a complete halt.
Although blended braking combines both dynamic and air braking, the resulting braking force is designed to be the same as the air brakes on their own provide. This is achieved by maximizing the dynamic brake portion, and automatically regulating the air brake portion, because the main purpose of dynamic braking is to reduce the amount of air braking required. That conserves air and minimizes the risks of over-heated wheels. One locomotive manufacturer, Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD), estimates that dynamic braking provides between 50% and 70% of the braking force during blended braking.
Plug Braking
A third method of electric braking is plug braking or 'plugging', under which a reverse torque is applied for a short time. It is the most rapid form of electric braking, but comes at the disadvantage of applying significant transient stresses to motors and mechanical components. It is typically abrupt and 'jerky', the braking equivalent of a 'jog' in forward motion, and plug braking is never applied in electric traction applications. Nonetheless, it has been applied widely to applications such as long-travel and cross-travel drives of direct current and alternating-current powered overhead traveling cranes; hoist drives on such cranes typically use rheostatic braking. Reversing drives with (intentional) plug braking typically use rheostatic control for acceleration, and always have resistance in the motor circuit, when plug breaking is applied, to limit the reverse (braking) torque. Plugging is usually achieved by moving the controller, briefly, to the first step of the opposite direction, and then back to the off position. After zero speed is reached, plugging must cease to avoid the drive running in reverse, and this function may be provided automatically, by a 'plugging relay'. Plugging does not fit well with inverter-controlled drives; it is becoming less common, and it is actively discouraged in modern crane operation.
Self-load test
It is possible to use the brake grids as a form of dynamometer or load bank to perform a self-load test of the power output of a locomotive. With the locomotive stationary, the main generator (MG) output is connected to the grids instead of the traction motors. The grids are normally large enough to absorb the full engine power output, which is calculated from MG voltage and current output.
Hydrodynamic braking
Diesel locomotives with hydraulic transmission may be equipped for hydrodynamic braking. In this case, the torque converter or fluid coupling acts as a retarder in the same way as a water brake. Braking energy heats the hydraulic fluid, and the heat is dissipated (via a heat exchanger) by the engine cooling radiator. The engine will be idling (and producing little heat) during braking, so the radiator is not overloaded.
See also
Counter-pressure brake
Retarder (mechanical engineering)
Eddy current brake
References
^ Professor Satoru Sone, Kogakuin University (2007-07-02). "Wayside and on-board storage can capture more regenerated energy". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
^ "What is plugging for electric motors?". www.motioncontroltips.com. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
^ "Overhead crane terminology | Konecranes". www.konecranes.com. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
^ "What is the impact of crane plugging? | Konecranes". www.konecranes.com. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
^ Dunville, Larry (10 July 2003). "Six dangerous misconceptions about crane safety". The Fabricator.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dynamic braking.
Blended braking Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
Regenerative braking boosts green credentials Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Railway Gazette International July 2007
vteRailway brakesTypes
Counter-pressure brake
Countersteam brake
Dynamic brake
Eddy current brake
Electromagnetic brake
Exhaust brake
Heberlein brake
Hand brake
Kunze-Knorr brake
Railway air brake
Disc brake
Railway disc brake
Regenerative brake
Steam brake
Track brake
Vacuum brake
Manufacturers
Faiveley Transport
Knorr-Bremse (New York Air Brake)
Westinghouse Air Brake Company
Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
Other aspects
Brake van
Diesel brake tender
Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains
Emergency brake (train)
Retarder
Dowty retarders
Related topics
Air brake
Bicycle brake
Brake
Dead man's switch
Drum brake
Engine braking
Hydraulic brake
Pearson's Coupling
Pneumatics
Railroad Safety Appliance Act (United States) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSLocoNo.5348.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"traction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motor"},{"link_name":"generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"rheostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor#Adjustable_resistors"},{"link_name":"resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"regenerative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"railcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcar"},{"link_name":"multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"light rail vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail_vehicle"},{"link_name":"electric trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_automobile"},{"link_name":"hybrid electric automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_automobile"}],"text":"Norfolk Southern 5348 diesel-electric locomotive employs dynamic braking. The cooling grill for the brake grid resistors is at the top center of the locomotive.Dynamic braking is the use of an electric traction motor as a generator when slowing a vehicle such as an electric or diesel-electric locomotive. It is termed \"rheostatic\" if the generated electrical power is dissipated as heat in brake grid resistors, and \"regenerative\" if the power is returned to the supply line. Dynamic braking reduces wear on friction-based braking components, and regeneration lowers net energy consumption. Dynamic braking may also be used on railcars with multiple units, light rail vehicles, electric trams, trolleybuses, and electric and hybrid electric automobiles.","title":"Dynamic braking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy"},{"link_name":"mechanical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy"},{"link_name":"armature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical)"},{"link_name":"field coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_coils"},{"link_name":"excitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)"}],"text":"Converting electrical energy to the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (electric motor) is the inverse of converting the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft to electrical energy (electric generator). Both are accomplished through the interactions of armature windings with a (relatively) moving external magnetic field, with the armature connected to an electrical circuit with either a power supply (motor) or power receptor (generator). Since the role of the electrical/mechanical energy converting device is determined by which interface (mechanical or electrical) provides or receives energy, the same device can fulfill the role of either a motor or a generator. In dynamic braking, the traction motor is switched into the role of a generator by switching from a supply circuit to a receptor circuit while applying electric current to the field coils that generate the magnetic field (excitation).The amount of resistance applied to the rotating shaft (braking power) equals the rate of electrical power generation plus some efficiency loss. That is in turn proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, controlled by the current in the field coils, and the rate at which the armature and magnetic field rotate against each other, determined by the rotation of the wheels and the ratio of power shaft to wheel rotation. The amount of braking power is controlled by varying the strength of the magnetic field through the amount of current in the field coils. As the rate of electrical power generation, and conversely braking power, are proportional to the rate at which the power shaft is spinning, a stronger magnetic field is required to maintain braking power as speed decreases and there is a lower limit at which dynamic braking can be effective depending on the current available for application to the field coils.The two main methods of managing the electricity generated during dynamic braking are rheostatic braking and regenerative braking, as described below.For permanent magnet motors, dynamic braking is easily achieved by shorting the motor terminals, thus bringing the motor to a fast abrupt stop. This method, however, dissipates all the energy as heat in the motor itself, and so cannot be used in anything other than low-power intermittent applications due to cooling limitations, such as in cordless power tools. It is not suitable for traction applications.","title":"Principle of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake#Frictional"}],"text":"The electrical energy produced by the motors is dissipated as heat by a bank of onboard resistors, referred to as the braking grid. Large cooling fans are necessary to protect the resistors from damage. Modern systems have thermal monitoring, so that if the temperature of the bank becomes excessive it will be switched off, and the braking will revert to being by friction only.","title":"Rheostatic braking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrified systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking"},{"link_name":"Green Goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Goat"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"inverters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)"},{"link_name":"head-end power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-end_power"},{"link_name":"ALP-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALP-46"}],"text":"In electrified systems the process of regenerative braking is employed whereby the current produced during braking is fed back into the power supply system for use by other traction units, instead of being wasted as heat. It is normal practice to incorporate both regenerative and rheostatic braking in electrified systems. If the power supply system is not \"receptive\", i.e. incapable of absorbing the current, the system will default to rheostatic mode in order to provide the braking effect.Yard locomotives with onboard energy storage systems which allow the recovery of some of the energy which would otherwise be wasted as heat are now available. The Green Goat model, for example, is being used by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific Railroad.On modern passenger locomotives equipped with AC inverters pulling trains with sufficient head-end power (HEP) loads, braking energy can be used to power the train's on board systems via regenerative braking if the electrification system is not receptive or even if the track is not electrified to begin with. The HEP load on modern passenger trains is so great that some new electric locomotives such as the ALP-46 were designed without the traditional resistance grids.","title":"Regenerative braking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Connex_EMU%60.png"},{"link_name":"Connex South Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connex_South_Eastern"},{"link_name":"Class 466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_466"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_station"},{"link_name":"air brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Li-ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-ion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgi-1"},{"link_name":"Electro-Motive Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel"}],"text":"A Connex South Eastern Class 466 EMU at London Blackfriars station in 2006, which has been fitted with dynamic blended brakingDynamic braking alone is not enough to stop a locomotive, because its braking effect rapidly diminishes below about 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h). Therefore, it is always used in conjunction with the regular air brake. This combined system is called blended braking. Li-ion batteries have also been used to store energy for use in bringing trains to a complete halt.[1]Although blended braking combines both dynamic and air braking, the resulting braking force is designed to be the same as the air brakes on their own provide. This is achieved by maximizing the dynamic brake portion, and automatically regulating the air brake portion, because the main purpose of dynamic braking is to reduce the amount of air braking required. That conserves air and minimizes the risks of over-heated wheels. One locomotive manufacturer, Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD), estimates that dynamic braking provides between 50% and 70% of the braking force during blended braking.","title":"Blended braking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"overhead traveling cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_traveling_crane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A third method of electric braking is plug braking or 'plugging', under which a reverse torque is applied for a short time. It is the most rapid form of electric braking, but comes at the disadvantage of applying significant transient stresses to motors and mechanical components. It is typically abrupt and 'jerky',[2] the braking equivalent of a 'jog' in forward motion, and plug braking is never applied in electric traction applications. Nonetheless, it has been applied widely to applications such as long-travel and cross-travel drives of direct current and alternating-current powered overhead traveling cranes; hoist drives on such cranes typically use rheostatic braking. Reversing drives with (intentional) plug braking typically use rheostatic control for acceleration, and always have resistance in the motor circuit, when plug breaking is applied, to limit the reverse (braking) torque. Plugging is usually achieved by moving the controller, briefly, to the first step of the opposite direction, and then back to the off position. After zero speed is reached, plugging must cease to avoid the drive running in reverse, and this function may be provided automatically, by a 'plugging relay'. Plugging does not fit well with inverter-controlled drives; it is becoming less common, and it is actively discouraged in modern crane operation.[3][4][5]","title":"Plug Braking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamometer"},{"link_name":"load bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_bank"}],"text":"It is possible to use the brake grids as a form of dynamometer or load bank to perform a self-load test of the power output of a locomotive. With the locomotive stationary, the main generator (MG) output is connected to the grids instead of the traction motors. The grids are normally large enough to absorb the full engine power output, which is calculated from MG voltage and current output.","title":"Self-load test"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diesel locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"torque converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_converter"},{"link_name":"fluid coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_coupling"},{"link_name":"retarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder_(mechanical_engineering)"},{"link_name":"water brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_brake"},{"link_name":"hydraulic fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid"},{"link_name":"radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)"}],"text":"Diesel locomotives with hydraulic transmission may be equipped for hydrodynamic braking. In this case, the torque converter or fluid coupling acts as a retarder in the same way as a water brake. Braking energy heats the hydraulic fluid, and the heat is dissipated (via a heat exchanger) by the engine cooling radiator. The engine will be idling (and producing little heat) during braking, so the radiator is not overloaded.","title":"Hydrodynamic braking"}] | [{"image_text":"Norfolk Southern 5348 diesel-electric locomotive employs dynamic braking. The cooling grill for the brake grid resistors is at the top center of the locomotive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/NSLocoNo.5348.jpg/220px-NSLocoNo.5348.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Connex South Eastern Class 466 EMU at London Blackfriars station in 2006, which has been fitted with dynamic blended braking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/New_Connex_EMU%60.png/175px-New_Connex_EMU%60.png"}] | [{"title":"Counter-pressure brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-pressure_brake"},{"title":"Retarder (mechanical engineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder_(mechanical_engineering)"},{"title":"Eddy current brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_brake"}] | [{"reference":"Professor Satoru Sone, Kogakuin University (2007-07-02). \"Wayside and on-board storage can capture more regenerated energy\". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//wayside-and-on-board-storage-can-capture-more-regenerated-energy.html","url_text":"\"Wayside and on-board storage can capture more regenerated energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180710141424/http://www.railwaygazette.com:80/news/single-view/view/wayside-and-on-board-storage-can-capture-more-regenerated-energy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What is plugging for electric motors?\". www.motioncontroltips.com. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motioncontroltips.com/what-is-plugging-for-electric-motors/","url_text":"\"What is plugging for electric motors?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overhead crane terminology | Konecranes\". www.konecranes.com. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.konecranes.com/discover/overhead-crane-terminology","url_text":"\"Overhead crane terminology | Konecranes\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the impact of crane plugging? | Konecranes\". www.konecranes.com. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.konecranes.com/discover/what-is-the-impact-of-crane-plugging","url_text":"\"What is the impact of crane plugging? | Konecranes\""}]},{"reference":"Dunville, Larry (10 July 2003). \"Six dangerous misconceptions about crane safety\". The Fabricator.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/article/safety/six-dangerous-misconceptions-about-crane-safety","url_text":"\"Six dangerous misconceptions about crane safety\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_braking&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dynamic+braking%22","external_links_name":"\"Dynamic braking\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dynamic+braking%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dynamic+braking%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dynamic+braking%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dynamic+braking%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dynamic+braking%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//wayside-and-on-board-storage-can-capture-more-regenerated-energy.html","external_links_name":"\"Wayside and on-board storage can capture more regenerated energy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180710141424/http://www.railwaygazette.com:80/news/single-view/view/wayside-and-on-board-storage-can-capture-more-regenerated-energy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.motioncontroltips.com/what-is-plugging-for-electric-motors/","external_links_name":"\"What is plugging for electric motors?\""},{"Link":"https://www.konecranes.com/discover/overhead-crane-terminology","external_links_name":"\"Overhead crane terminology | Konecranes\""},{"Link":"https://www.konecranes.com/discover/what-is-the-impact-of-crane-plugging","external_links_name":"\"What is the impact of crane plugging? | Konecranes\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/article/safety/six-dangerous-misconceptions-about-crane-safety","external_links_name":"\"Six dangerous misconceptions about crane safety\""},{"Link":"http://www.railroad.net/articles/columns/shopnotes/blendedbrake/index.php","external_links_name":"Blended braking"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054341/http://www.railroad.net/articles/columns/shopnotes/blendedbrake/index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/features_view/article/2007/07/7577/regenerative_braking_boosts_green_credentials.html","external_links_name":"Regenerative braking boosts green credentials"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015041556/http://www.railwaygazette.com/features_view/article/2007/07/7577/regenerative_braking_boosts_green_credentials.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_era | Reagan era | ["1 Dates","2 Rise","3 Reagan's presidency","4 Reagan's successors","5 Popular culture","6 International","7 Historiography","8 See also","9 References","10 Works cited","11 Further reading"] | Period in the history of the United States, 1981–1991
This article is about a periodization of recent American history. For the presidency, see Presidency of Ronald Reagan. For the song by Kendrick Lamar, see Ronald Reagan Era (Kendrick Lamar song).
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article's lead section may be too long. Please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article's body. (February 2023)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reagan era" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Reagan era1980 – see belowRonald Reagan (right) and George H. W. Bush, 1982LocationUnited StatesIncludingHistory of the United States (1980–1991)Post-Cold War EraPresident(s)Ronald ReaganGeorge H. W. Bush(see below)Key eventsReaganomicsIran-Contra ScandalInvasion of GrenadaReagan DoctrineEscalation and end of the Cold WarInvasion of PanamaGulf WarChronology
New Deal Era-1964-1980
Post-Cold War Era
This article is part of a series on theHistory of the United States
Timeline and periodsPrehistoric and Pre-Columbian Erauntil 1607Colonial Era 1607–17651776–1789 American Revolution 1765–1783 Confederation Period 1783–17881789–1815 Federalist Era 1788–1801 Jeffersonian Era1801–18171815–1849 Era of Good Feelings 1817–1825 Jacksonian Era1825–18491849–1865 Civil War Era 1849–18651865–1917 Reconstruction Era 1865–1877 Gilded Age 1877–1896 Progressive Era 1896–19171917–1945 World War I 1917–1918 Roaring Twenties 1918–1929 Great Depression 1929–1941 World War II 1941–19451945–1964 Post-World War II Era 1945–1964 Civil Rights Era 1954–19681964–1980 Civil Rights Era 1954–1968 Vietnam War 1964–19751980–1991 Reagan Era 1981–19911991–2008 Post-Cold War Era 1991–20082008–present Modern Era2008–present
Topics
American Century
Antisemitism
Civil unrest
Cultural
Cinema
Music
Newspapers
Sports
Demography
Immigration
Economy
Banking
Education
Higher education
Flag
Government
Abortion
Capital punishment
Civil rights
Corruption
The Constitution
Debt ceiling
Direct democracy
Foreign policy
Law enforcement
Postal service
Taxation
Voting rights
Journalism
Merchant Marine
Military
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Space Force
Coast Guard
Party Systems
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Religion
Social class
Slavery
Sexual slavery
Technology and industry
Agriculture
Labor
Lumber
Medicine
Railway
Groups
African American
Asian American
Chinese American
Filipino American
Indian American
Japanese American
Korean American
Thai American
Vietnamese American
European American
Albanian American
English American
Estonian American
Finnish American
German American
Irish American
Italian American
Lithuanian American
Polish American
Serbian American
Hispanic and Latino American
Mexican American
Jewish American
Middle Eastern American
Egyptian American
Iranian American
Iraqi American
Lebanese American
Palestinian American
Saudi American
Native Americans
Cherokee
Comanche
Women
LGBT
Gay men
Lesbians
Transgender people
Places
Territorial evolution
Admission to the Union
Historic regions
American frontier
Manifest destiny
Indian removal
Regions
New England
The South
The West Coast
States
AL
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Territories
DC
AS
GU
MP
PR
VI
Cities
Urban history
Cities
Outline
List of years
Historiography
Category
Portalvte
This article is part of a series aboutRonald Reagan
Personal life
Filmography
Bibliography
Death
Residences
Birthplace of Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home
Rancho del Cielo
668 St. Cloud Road
Speeches
A Time for Choosing
States' rights
Evil Empire
Tear down this wall!
33rd Governor of California
Elections
1966
1970
Governorship
1969 People's Park protest
40th President of the United States
Presidency
timeline
Transition
Inaugurations
Polls
Scandals
Tenure
Assassination attempt
Invasion of Grenada
Bombing of Libya
Iran–Contra affair
AIDS
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
Policies
Domestic
Reaganomics
Foreign
Reagan Doctrine
international trips
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court candidates
O'Connor
Rehnquist
Scalia
Bork
Ginsburg
Kennedy
Presidential campaigns
1968
primaries
convention
1976
primaries
convention
1980
election
primaries
convention
debates
1984
election
primaries
convention
debates
Legacy
Library
Accolades
Eponyms
Depictions
music
vte
The Reagan era or the Age of Reagan is a periodization of recent American history used by historians and political observers to emphasize that the conservative "Reagan Revolution" led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a lasting impact. It overlaps with what political scientists call the Sixth Party System. Definitions of the Reagan era universally include the 1980s, while more extensive definitions may also include the late 1970s, the 1990s, and even the 2000s. In his 2008 book, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008, historian and journalist Sean Wilentz argues that Reagan dominated this stretch of American history in the same way that Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal legacy dominated the four decades that preceded it.
Ronald Reagan with a cowboy hat at Rancho Del Cielo.
The Reagan era included ideas and personalities beyond Reagan himself; he is usually characterized as the leader of a broadly-based conservative movement whose ideas dominated national policy-making in areas such as taxes, welfare, defense, the federal judiciary, and the Cold War. Other major conservative figures and organizations of the Reagan era include Jerry Falwell, Phyllis Schlafly, Newt Gingrich, and The Heritage Foundation. The Rehnquist Court, which was inaugurated during Reagan's presidency, handed down several conservative decisions. The Reagan era coincides with the presidency of Reagan, and, in more extensive definitions, the presidencies of Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. Liberals generally lament the Reagan era, while conservatives generally praise it and call for its continuation in the 21st century. Liberals were significantly influenced as well, leading to the Third Way.
Upon taking office, the Reagan administration implemented an economic policy based on the theory of supply-side economics. Taxes were reduced through the passage of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, while the administration also cut domestic spending and increased military spending. Increasing deficits motivated the passage of tax increases during the George H. W. Bush and Clinton administrations, but taxes were cut again with the passage of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. During Clinton's presidency, Republicans won passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, a bill which placed several new limits on those receiving federal assistance.
Campaigning for the Democratic nomination in 2008, Barack Obama interpreted how Reagan changed the nation's trajectory:
I think Ronald Reagan changed the trajectory of America in a way that Richard Nixon did not and in a way that Bill Clinton did not. He put us on a fundamentally different path because the country was ready for it. I think they felt like with all the excesses of the 1960s and 1970s and government had grown and grown but there wasn't much sense of accountability in terms of how it was operating. I think that people . . . he just tapped into what people were already feeling, which was we want clarity, we want optimism, we want a return to that sense of dynamism and entrepreneurship that had been missing.
Dates
Most historians begin the era in 1980, when Reagan was elected president, and usually probe back into the 1970s for the origins of the Reagan era. For example, Kalman (2010) explores multiple crises of the 1970s that eroded confidence in liberal solutions: the rise of the Christian right and the reaction against the gay rights movement, feminism, and the Equal Rights Amendment, grassroots reactions against busing ordered by federal judges, the American defeat in the Vietnam War, the collapse of détente and fears of Soviet power, the challenge of imported cars and textiles, the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt, soaring inflation, stagflation, and the energy crisis, as well as the humiliation the nation suffered during the Iran hostage crisis and the sense of malaise as the nation wondered if its glory days had passed. Kalman shows step by step the process by which one political alternative after another collapsed, leaving Reagan standing.
The term "Reagan era" is often used to refer to the United States only during Reagan's presidency, but it has also taken on an extended meaning that incorporates other periods. The George H. W. Bush presidency (1989–1993), the Clinton presidency (1993–2001), and the George W. Bush presidency (2001–2009) are often treated as extensions of the Reagan era. Wilentz additionally includes the Ford presidency (1974–1977) and the Carter presidency (1977–1981).
The endpoint of the Reagan era is often seen as the election of Democrat Barack Obama in 2008. The sweeping policies pursued by the Obama administration constituted a clear break with Reagan era social issues, as Americans became more supportive of social issues like gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.
The 2016 election victory of President Donald Trump has stirred debate over whether his rise signifies the continuation of the Reagan era or represents a paradigm shift for American politics. Political scientist Stephen Skowronek argues that Trump's election shows that the Reagan era continues. Skowronek compares Obama to former presidents like Woodrow Wilson and Richard Nixon, who governed at a time when their own party was generally in the minority at the federal level. Julia Azari, by contrast, argues that Trump's election signifies the end of the Reagan era and the beginning of a new cycle in politics, including Trump's support for protectionism and opposition to support for Ukraine in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.
Rise
See also: Presidency of Gerald Ford, Presidency of Jimmy Carter, and Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign
Wilentz traces the start of the Reagan era to the Watergate scandal, which ended the presidency of Richard Nixon and created an opening for a new Republican leader. Along with the Watergate scandal, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, and poor economic conditions created widespread public alienation from political leaders in the mid-1970s. A mass movement of population from the cities to the suburbs led to the creation of a new group of voters less attached to New Deal economic policies and machine politics. Reagan and other conservatives successfully presented conservative ideas as an alternative to a public that had grown disillusioned with New Deal liberalism. Reagan's charisma and speaking skills helped him frame conservatism as an optimistic, forward-looking vision for the country. Reagan challenged Nixon's successor, incumbent President Gerald Ford, in the 1976 Republican presidential primaries. Ford defeated Reagan to win the presidential nomination at the 1976 Republican National Convention, but he lost in the general election to the Democratic nominee, Jimmy Carter.
During his presidency, Carter alienated many of those who had voted for him in 1976, including many in his own party. In the 1980 Democratic primaries, Carter defeated a strong challenge from the left in the form of Senator Ted Kennedy, who had clashed with Carter over the establishment of a national health insurance system. Carter, and the Democratic Party as a whole, also alienated other voters, while the conservative movement gathered strength. A continually poor economy bred frustration over taxes, and voters became increasingly receptive to those advocating for a smaller government. A backlash also developed against affirmative action programs, as some whites claimed that the programs constituted reverse discrimination. The president had won a majority of evangelical Protestant voters in 1976, but the increasingly-politicized Christian right came to strongly oppose his presidency. Many of these religious voters were swayed by the public campaigns of leaders such as Jerry Falwell of the Moral Majority and Phyllis Schlafly, who opposed ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Another important conservative organization, The Heritage Foundation, emerged as an important conservative think tank that developed and advocated conservative policies.
With the backing of many in the conservative movement, Reagan defeated establishment favorite George H. W. Bush, moderate Congressman John B. Anderson, and others in the 1980 Republican primaries. To ensure party unity, Reagan named Bush as his running mate at the 1980 Republican National Convention, even though Bush had characterized Reagan's supply-side economics as "voodoo economics". Reagan mobilized his base by campaigning on his conservative positions, while the Carter campaign sought to portray Reagan as a dangerous extremist. An improving economy helped Carter overtake Reagan in the October polling, but Reagan won a decisive victory in an October 28 debate. On election day, Reagan narrowly won a majority in the popular vote but took the electoral vote by a wide margin, carrying 44 states. In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans won several seats in the House of Representatives and took control of the Senate for the first time since the 1950s.
Reagan's presidency
Main articles: Presidency of Ronald Reagan and Reaganomics
Ronald Reagan, the 40th president (1981–1989)George H. W. Bush, the 41st president (1989–1993)
Upon taking office, Reagan argued that the United States faced a dire crisis, and that the best way to address this crisis was through conservative reforms. His major policy priorities were increasing military spending, cutting taxes, reducing non-military federal spending, and restricting federal regulations. Reagan believed that reducing the role of the government would lead to increased economic growth, which in turn would lead to higher revenues that would help pay down the national debt. Working with Congressman Jack Kemp, the Reagan administration introduced a major tax cut bill that won the support of enough Republicans and conservative Democrats to pass both houses of Congress. In August 1981, Reagan signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which enacted a 27% across-the-board federal income tax cut over three years, as well as a separate bill that reduced federal spending, especially in anti-poverty programs.
A recession in the early part of Reagan's term, combined with tax cuts and increased military spending, led to an increasing deficit. Democrats won several seats in the House of Representatives in the 1982 mid-term elections. Reagan's approval ratings fell to 35%, and many Democrats believed that their party could defeat Reagan in the 1984 presidential election and roll back some of the Reagan administration policies. A strong economic recovery that began in 1983 boosted Reagan's approval ratings, and the administration argued that the tax cuts had been the primary factor in turning the economy around. In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan won his party's re-nomination without facing a serious challenge, while former Vice President Walter Mondale won the Democratic nomination. On election day, Reagan won 59% of the popular vote and carried 49 states, leading to speculation of a permanent realignment in U.S. politics towards the Republican Party.
Despite his re-election, Reagan faced significantly more difficulties in enacting conservative policies in his second term. His domestic agenda was hindered by growing deficits and the fallout of the Iran–Contra affair. However, the administration did win a significant foreign policy success when Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev reached the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty INF Treaty in 1987. Reagan also appointed numerous conservative judges, including Associate Justices Antonin Scalia and Sandra Day O'Connor and William Rehnquist, who Reagan elevated to the position of Chief Justice. The Rehnquist Court would hand down several conservative decisions in ensuing years. Vice President Bush defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the 1988 Republican primaries. Aided by Reagan's renewed popularity, Bush defeated Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election.
Reagan's successors
See also: Presidency of George H. W. Bush, Presidency of Bill Clinton, Presidency of George W. Bush, Presidency of Barack Obama, Presidency of Donald Trump, and Presidency of Joe Biden
Bill Clinton, the 42nd president (1993–2001)George W. Bush, the 43rd president (2001–2009)Barack Obama, the 44th president (2009–2017)
Donald Trump, the 45th president (2017–2021)Joe Biden, the 46th president (2021–present)
Bush's presidency focused largely on foreign affairs, and he faced a series of major foreign policy issues as the Eastern Bloc collapsed. Many of Bush's top foreign policy appointments, including National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, were realists who were influenced by Henry Kissinger. While the Berlin Wall fell and other Soviet-aligned countries experienced turmoil, Bush pursued friendly relations with Gorbachev, which played a part in the Soviet Union's assent to the reunification of Germany.
Bush launched a successful invasion of Panama in 1989 and led a multinational coalition against Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War. After the quick U.S. victory in the Gulf War, Bush's approval ratings soared. However, the Bush administration found less success in domestic policy, where deficits continued to be a major issue. Though Bush had promised not to raise taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention, his hand was forced in part by the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act, a 1985 law that purportedly required a balanced budget by 1993. After a long battle with the Democratic Congress, Bush agreed to sign the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, which contained a mix of tax increases and spending cuts. Conservative Republicans, who had never fully accepted Bush despite his move towards the right during the 1980s, were outraged by the deal.
Adding to the administration's challenges, the country entered a recession in 1990, with the national unemployment rate rising to 7.8%. Even the fall of the Soviet Union in December 1991 did not greatly help Bush, as many conservatives credited Reagan's policies for the collapse of the U.S. long-time rival. Bush won his party's re-nomination after defeating a challenge from right-wing commentator and former Reagan official Pat Buchanan in the 1992 Republican presidential primaries. In the general election, Bush faced Democratic Governor Bill Clinton and an independent candidate, Ross Perot. Perot ran a populist campaign that focused on opposing the North American Free Trade Agreement and Bush's failure to balance the budget. Clinton, a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), focused on the poor economic conditions. In the three-way race, Clinton won a majority of the electoral vote and took 43% of the popular vote, while Bush 37.4% of the popular vote and Perot took 18.9%.
Clinton's victory made him the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter left office in 1981, and he began his term with a Democratic Congress. Though Clinton won early legislative victories such as passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, his administration was damaged by a series of minor scandals and the failure of his health care reform proposal. In the 1994 mid-term elections, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress. In response, Clinton hired political consultant Dick Morris, who advocated a strategy of Triangulation between the Republican and Democratic members of Congress. In a major budget stand-off that involved two government shutdowns, Clinton won congressional approval of his own budget proposal, which avoided the deep cuts Medicare and other programs that had been sought by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and other congressional Republicans. In 1996, Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, a Republican-authored bill which placed several new limits on those receiving federal assistance. Clinton had called for a reform of the welfare system during his 1992 campaign, wanting to add changes such as work requirements for recipients.
In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton defeated Republican nominee Bob Dole by a wide margin in both the popular vote and the electoral vote. As Republicans retained control of Congress, he was unable to advance much of his domestic agenda. Economic growth was especially strong during Clinton's second term, and the unemployment dropped to 4% in 2000. In 1998, the government experienced its first budget surplus since the 1960s. Much of Clinton's second term was dominated by impeachment proceedings against Clinton, which stemmed from his affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Though the House voted to impeach Clinton, he was acquitted by the Senate, as all Senate Democrats and several Senate Republicans voted not guilty on both impeachment charges. Due to the strong economy, most Washington pundits viewed Clinton's vice president, Al Gore, as the early favorite in the 2000 presidential election. However, in an extremely close and contested election that ended in a controversial Supreme Court decision, Governor George W. Bush of Texas, the son of former President Bush, defeated Gore.
Bush's administration included many prominent figures from previous Republican administrations, including Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, and Colin Powell. Upon taking office, Bush signed a major tax cut, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. After the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration launched the Afghanistan War and the War on Terror, a global conflict against al-Qaeda and other groups. In 2003, the administration launched the Iraq War, which deposed Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Despite the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War, Bush defeated Democrat John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election. In the two years after Bush's re-election, the Jack Abramoff scandals, the administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina, Bush's failed attempt to reform Social Security, and the Iraq War's continued unpopularity all weakened Bush's public standing. Aided by Bush's unpopularity and the Mark Foley scandal, Democrats won control of Congress in the 2006 elections. A collapse in housing prices led to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, which marked the start of a prolonged economic downturn known as the Great Recession. In the 2008 presidential election, held in the midst of the financial crisis, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain. Obama defeated Republican nominee Mitt Romney and won re-election in 2012. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, despite losing the popular vote. In the 2020 presidential election, held in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Democratic nominee and former Vice President Joe Biden defeated Trump.
Popular culture
Statue of President Reagan in Budapest, Hungary.
Tom Clancy wrote three best-selling novels that illuminate the Reagan era: The Hunt for Red October (1984), Red Storm Rising (1986), and The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988), which reflect Reagan-era Cold War values. The Soviet Union as an evil empire and the superiority of American values and technology are all themes both of Clancy's thrillers and Reagan's rhetoric. Policy elites used these novels (and the filming of one of them) to promote their ideas of national security to the American public. Kendrick Lamar has a song titled "Ronald Reagan Era" off of his 2011 album Section.80, and Killer Mike has a song titled "Reagan" off his 2012 album R.A.P. Music.
Reagan appears as a character in the comic books The Dark Knight Returns (1986) and Legends (1986–87).
International
Many scholars take an international perspective, linking the Reagan era with the Thatcher era in Britain. As one scholar explained:
Throughout many of the capitalist democracies in Western Europe and in North America, the recession that began with the sharp rise in petroleum prices in 1973–1974 signaled an epochal shift in the patchwork of growth- based economic and social policies....The demise of Keynesianism which followed meant far more than the obsolescence of an economic doctrine that had been used to justify a broad range of economic policies. It represented a significant retreat from a vision of society—the Keynesian welfare state—that had motivated state strategies to harmonise interests through social policy, to politically regulate the market economy and thereby reduce class and diverse social conflicts, and to promulgate for the state a tutelary role in securing business and trade union acquiescence (and less commonly approval) for a limited set of important economic policies.
Historiography
Historian Doug Rossinow reported in 2007, "As of this writing, among academic historians, the Reagan revisionists—who view the 1980s as an era of mixed blessings at worst, and of great forward strides in some renditions—hold the field". Other scholars agree on the importance of the Reagan era.
According to John Kenneth White, the Reagan era ended in the early 21st century, as typified by the election and reelection of Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. White argues that the Reagan coalition was shrinking in size and in self-confidence. The weak Republican response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis was a major blow. White argues that major cultural and demographic changes helped end the Reagan era. Besides the rapid growth in college-educated voters, White emphasizes revolutions in terms of race, family, gay rights, and religion. The very rapid growth of immigration from Asia and Latin America changed the American population structure, and had a special impact on California. The once sacrosanct ideal of the nuclear family gave way to new tolerance regarding premarital sex, easy divorce, single parenting, and cohabitation. The religious conservatives tried to hold the line on abortion and gay rights. The conservative fundamentalist religious denominations had been rapidly expanding before and during the Reagan years, and were a key base of his support. Their growth suddenly stopped and decline began, producing a rapid growth of secularization. The combination of these factors, White argues, produced, "the death of the Reagan coalition."
See also
Portals: United States 1980s Conservatism
Conservatism in the United States
History of conservatism in the United States
History of the United States (1980–1991)
History of the United States (1991–2008)
Neoliberalism
Political positions of Ronald Reagan
Sixth Party System
References
^ Quoted in "In Their Own Words: Obama on Reagan," New York Times
^ Laura Kalman, Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980 (Norton, 2010).
^ Jack Godwin, Clintonomics: How Bill Clinton Reengineered the Reagan Revolution (2009)
^ Wilentz, pp. 1–2
^ John Kenneth White, Barack Obama's America: How New Conceptions of Race, Family, and Religion Ended the Reagan Era (2009); Marjorie Williams and Timothy Noah, Reputation: portraits in power (2008) Page xiv
^ Kreitner, Richard (22 November 2016). "What Time Is It? Here's What the 2016 Election Tells Us About Obama, Trump, and What Comes Next". The Nation. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Azari, Julia (1 December 2016). "Trump's presidency signals the end of the Reagan era". Vox. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Trump says he can end war in 24 hours; Zelenskyy says Biden could in 5 minutes: Ukraine live updates". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
^ Wilentz, pp. 4–5
^ Wilentz, pp. 23–24
^ Wilentz, pp. 4–7
^ Wilentz, pp. 137–138
^ Wilentz, pp. 64–72
^ Wilentz, pp. 84, 116–121
^ Wilentz, pp. 83–93
^ Wilentz, pp. 120–125
^ Wilentz, pp. 127–129
^ Wilentz, pp. 139–144
^ Wilentz, pp. 146–147
^ Wilentz, pp. 168–169
^ Wilentz, pp. 170–175
^ Wilentz, pp. 176–177
^ Wilentz, pp. 187–189
^ Wilentz, pp. 264–266
^ Wilentz, pp. 269–273
^ Wilentz, pp. 290–296.
^ Wilentz, pp. 293–294, 297–303
^ Wilentz, pp. 288–289, 307–310.
^ Wilentz, p. 310.
^ Wilentz, pp. 313–314.
^ Wilentz, pp. 316–317.
^ Wilentz, pp. 318–322
^ Wilentz, pp. 326–336, 341–346
^ Wilentz, pp. 350–351
^ Wilentz, pp. 357–364
^ Wilentz, pp. 364–367
^ Wilentz, pp. 370–371
^ Wilentz, pp. 371–372
^ Wilentz, pp. 382–398
^ Wilentz, pp. 398–400
^ Wilentz, pp. 413–414
^ Wilentz, pp. 418–429
^ a b Wilentz, pp. 437–438
^ Wilentz, pp. 440–442
^ Wilentz, pp. 443–444
^ Wilentz, pp. 446–447
^ Wilentz, pp. 449–450
^ Walter L. Hixson, "'Red Storm Rising': Tom Clancy novels and the cult of national security", Diplomatic History, Fall 1993, Vol. 17 Issue 4, pp 599–613
^ J. Krieger, "Social policy in the age of Reagan and Thatcher," Socialist Register 1987
^ Doug Rossinow, "Talking Points Memo," in American Quarterly 59.4 (2007) p. 1279.
^ Troy, Gil. The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (2009)
^ Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009)
^ Charles L. Ponce de Leon, "The New Historiography of the 1980s", Reviews in American History, Volume 36, Number 2, June 2008, pp. 303–314
^ Whitney Strub, "Further into the Right: The Ever-Expanding Historiography of the U.S. New Right," Journal of Social History, Volume 42, Number 1, Fall 2008, pp. 183–194
^ Kim Phillips-Fein, "Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and Making of History," Enterprise & Society, Volume 8, Number 4, December 2007, pp. 986–988.
^ John Kenneth White, Barack Obama's America: how new conceptions of race, family, and religion ended the Reagan era (University of Michigan Press 2009), pp 185, 213-236.
Works cited
Wilentz, Sean (2008). The Age of Reagan. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074480-9.
Further reading
Carlisle, Rodney P. and J. Geoffrey Golson. Turning Points—Actual and Alternate Histories: The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo (2007)
Collins, Robert M. Transforming America: Politics and Culture during the Reagan Years (2007)
Conlin, Joseph R. "Morning in America: The Age of Reagan 1980–1993", ch. 50 in Conlin, The American Past: A Survey of American History (2008)
Critchlow, Donald T. (2011). The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2 ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700617951.
Ehrman, John. The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005)
Fried, Amy, and Douglas B. Harris. "Chapter Three. Here to Help? Movement Conservatism and the State in the Reagan Era." in At War with Government ( Columbia University Press, 2021) pp. 46–85.
Green, John C., and James L. Guth. "Who Is Right and Who Is Left?: Activist Coalitions in the Reagan Era." in Do Elections Matter? (Routledge, 2020) pp. 32–56.
Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980 (2007); vol 2: The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009)
Hixson, Walter L. "'Red Storm Rising': Tom Clancy novels and the cult of national security," Diplomatic History, (1993) 17#4 pp 599–613
Lavanty, Donald F. "The Reagan Era of Politics and Healthcare." in Political Aspects of Health Care ( Palgrave Pivot, 2018) pp. 53–64.
Patterson, James (2005). Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195122169.
Pearlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1476782416.
Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and Making of History," Enterprise and Society, Volume 8, Number 4, December 2007, pp. 986–988.
Ponce de Leon, Charles L. "The New Historiography of the 1980s", Reviews in American History Volume 36, Number 2, June 2008, pp. 303–314
Rossinow, Doug. The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s (2015)
Seib, Gerald F. We Should Have Seen it Coming: From Reagan to Trump--a Front-row Seat to a Political Revolution (Random House, 2021).
Sinclair, Barbara (2006). Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806137797.
Straub, Whitney. "Further into the Right: The Ever-Expanding Historiography of the U.S. New Right," Journal of Social History, Volume 42, Number 1, Fall 2008, pp. 183–194
Troy, Gil. The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (2009)
Vogel, Joseph. James Baldwin and the 1980s: Witnessing the Reagan Era (University of Illinois Press, 2018) James Baldwin was a famous black writer.
White, John. Barack Obama's America: How New Conceptions of Race, Family, and Religion Ended the Reagan Era (U of Michigan Press, 2018) excerpt
Wirls, Daniel. Buildup: The Politics of Defense in the Reagan Era (1992). 247 pp.
Woods, Randall B. "Chapter 13: The Culture of Narcissism: The Reagan Era," in Woods, Quest for Identity: The U.S. Since 1945 (2005)
vteRonald Reagan
40th President of the United States (1981–1989)
33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)
Life andpolitics
Birthplace
Pitney Store
Boyhood home
General Electric Showcase House
668 St. Cloud Road
Rancho del Cielo
Filmography
Political positions
Governorship of California
1969 People's Park protest
Tyler Prize
Rockefeller Commission
Citizens for the Republic
Presidential Library and Museum
Reagan era
Reagan coalition
1989 trip to Japan
Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute
Death and state funeral
Presidency(timeline)
Transition
First inauguration and Release of hostages
Second inauguration
Assassination attempt
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Administration scandals
AIDS
Bush transition
Impeachment efforts
Opinion polling
Executive orders
Presidential proclamations
Foreign policy
Reagan Doctrine
Cold War
1st term
2nd term
Soviet Union summits
Geneva
Reykjavík
Washington
INF Treaty
Moscow
Governors Island
Constructive engagement
Invasion of Grenada
Iran–Contra affair
Libya bombing
Strategic Defense Initiative
International trips
"We begin bombing in five minutes"
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
Goldwater–Nichols Act
Montreal Protocol
Executive Order 12333
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
Form I-9
H-2A visa
H-2B visa
American Homecoming Act
Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
Exon–Florio Amendment
Domestic policy
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
Cannabis policy
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Coastal Barrier Resources Act
Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
Armed Career Criminal Act
Sentencing Reform Act
United States Sentencing Commission
Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Toxics Release Inventory
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
Grace Commission
Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Medical Waste Tracking Act
Minerals Management Service
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1982 VRA Amendments
Water Quality Act of 1987
Water Resources Development Act of 1986
Water Resources Development Act of 1988
Economic policy
Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
Agriculture Mediation Program
Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
Expedited Funds Availability Act
Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
Food Security Act of 1985
Conservation Reserve Program
Dairy Export Incentive Program
Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
Internal Revenue Code of 1986
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
Reagan tax cuts
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
Tax Reform Act of 1986
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
MACRS
Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
Surface Transportation Assistance Act
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
Video Privacy Protection Act
Speeches
Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine (1961)
"A Time for Choosing" (1964)
States' rights speech (1980)
Inaugural address
1981
1985
"Ash heap of history" (1982)
"Evil empire" (1983)
"Tear down this wall!" (1987)
Joint session of Congress (1981)
State of the Union Address
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Books
An American Life
The Reagan Diaries
ElectionsGubernatorial
1966
1970
Presidential
1976 campaign
primaries
convention
1980 campaign
"Let's make America great again"
"There you go again"
primaries
running mate selection
convention
debates
election
1984 campaign
"Morning in America"
"Bear in the woods"
primaries
convention
debates
election
Cultural depictions
Bibliography
In music
Let Them Eat Jellybeans! (1981)
U.S. Postage stamps
Rap Master Ronnie
Ed the Happy Clown (1983 comic series)
Spitting Image (TV series) (1984)
A Mind Forever Voyaging (1985 game)
The Dark Knight Returns (1986)
film adaptation
Pizza Man (1991 film)
The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film)
Reagan's War (2002 book)
The Reagans (2003 film)
Reagan (2011 documentary)
The Butler (2013 film)
Killing Reagan (2015 book)
Killing Reagan (2016 film)
Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020 game)
The Reagans (2020 miniseries)
Reagan (2024 film)
"What would Reagan do?"
Legacy
Namesakes and memorials
U.S. Capitol statue
USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
Ronald Reagan Day
Reagan Day Dinner
Accolades
Family
Jane Wyman (first wife)
Nancy Reagan (second wife)
Maureen Reagan (daughter)
Michael Reagan (adopted son)
Patti Davis (daughter)
Ron Reagan (son)
Jack Reagan (father)
Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother)
Neil Reagan (brother)
Rex (dog)
← Jimmy Carter
George H. W. Bush →
Category
vteHistory of the United States
Timeline
Outline
EventsPre-Colonial
Prehistoric
Pre-Columbian Era
Colonial
Exploration of North America
European colonization
Native American epidemics
Settlement of Jamestown
Thirteen Colonies
Atlantic slave trade
King William's War
Queen Anne's War
Dummer's War
First Great Awakening
War of Jenkins' Ear
King George's War
Prelude to Revolution
American Enlightenment
French and Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act
Stamp Act Congress
Sons of Liberty
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
Continental Association
1776–1789
American Revolution
War
Second Continental Congress
Lee Resolution
Declaration of Independence
Treaty of Paris
Confederation period
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Pennsylvania Mutiny
Shays' Rebellion
Northwest Ordinance
Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
1789–1815
Bill of Rights
Federalist Era
Whiskey Rebellion
Quasi-War
Jeffersonian era
Louisiana Purchase
War of 1812
1815–1849
Era of Good Feelings
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
Jacksonian era
Trail of Tears
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification crisis
Westward expansion
Mexican–American War
Seneca Falls Convention
First Industrial Revolution
Second Great Awakening
1849–1865
Antebellum Era
California Gold Rush
Prelude to War
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Dred Scott decision
Election of Lincoln
Secession
Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1865–1917
Reconstruction era
Amendments
First transcontinental railroad
Ku Klux Klan
Enforcement Acts
Compromise of 1877
Second Industrial Revolution
Gilded Age
The Gospel of Wealth
Chinese Exclusion Act
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Haymarket affair
Sherman Antitrust Act
Progressive Era
Spanish–American War
Imperialism
Square Deal
Nadir of American race relations
1917–1945
World War I
Paris Peace Conference
First Red Scare
Roaring Twenties
Prohibition
Women's suffrage
Tulsa race massacre
Second Klan
Harlem Renaissance
Great Depression
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Dust Bowl
New Deal
World War II
home front
Manhattan Project
1945–1964
Strike wave of 1945–1946
Start of Cold War
Truman Doctrine
Early Cold War
North Atlantic Treaty
Korean War
Ivy Mike
McCarthyism
Postwar Boom
Civil Rights Movement
Early–mid Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
1964–1980
Great Society
Mid Cold War
Détente
Space Race
Vietnam War
Fall of Saigon
Counterculture
Second-wave feminism
Gay liberation
Stonewall riots
Watergate scandal
Iran hostage crisis
Moral Majority
1980–1991
Reagan era
Reaganomics
Iran–Contra affair
Late Cold War
Invasion of Grenada
Reagan Doctrine
End of the Cold War
War on drugs
Invasion of Panama
1991–2008
Gulf War
NAFTA
Los Angeles riots
WTC bombing
Republican Revolution
Oklahoma City bombing
Columbine
Bush v. Gore
September 11 attacks
War on terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Hurricane Katrina
2008–present
Great Recession
Killing of Osama bin Laden
Rise in mass shootings
Black Lives Matter
Obergefell v. Hodges
Unite the Right rally
COVID-19 pandemic
recession
January 6 insurrection
Afghanistan withdrawal
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
Support of Ukraine
Indictments of Donald Trump
Topics
American Century
Antisemitism
Cultural
Cinema
Music
Newspapers
Sports
Demography
Immigration
Economy
Banking
Education
Higher education
Flag
Government
Abortion
Capital punishment
Civil Rights
Corruption
The Constitution
Debt ceiling
Direct democracy
Foreign policy
Law enforcement
Postal service
Taxation
Voting rights
Journalism
Merchant Marine
Military
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Space Force
Coast Guard
Party Systems
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Religion
Genocide
Slavery
Sexual slavery
Technology and industry
Agriculture
Labor
Lumber
Medicine
Railway
Groups
African American
Asian American
Chinese American
Filipino American
Indian American
Japanese American
Korean American
Thai American
Vietnamese American
European American
Albanian American
English American
Estonian American
Finnish American
Irish American
Italian American
Lithuanian American
Polish American
Serbian American
Hispanic and Latino American
Mexican American
Jewish American
Middle Eastern American
Egyptian American
Iranian American
Iraqi American
Lebanese American
Palestinian American
Saudi American
Native Americans
Cherokee
Comanche
Women
LGBT
Gay men
Lesbians
Transgender people
PlacesTerritorial evolution
Admission to the Union
Historical regions
American frontier
Manifest destiny
Indian removal
Regions
New England
The South
The West Coast
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal DistrictWashington, D.C.Insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Navassa Island
Palmyra Atoll
Wake Island
Cities
Urban history
Cities
List of years
Historiography
Category
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidency of Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Era (Kendrick Lamar song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Era_(Kendrick_Lamar_song)"},{"link_name":"American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Reagan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"Sixth Party System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Sean Wilentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Wilentz"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_with_cowboy_hat_12-0071M_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Schlafly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Rehnquist Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehnquist_Court"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Third Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way"},{"link_name":"supply-side economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981"},{"link_name":"Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001"},{"link_name":"Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act"},{"link_name":"federal assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_federal_assistance_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about a periodization of recent American history. For the presidency, see Presidency of Ronald Reagan. For the song by Kendrick Lamar, see Ronald Reagan Era (Kendrick Lamar song).The Reagan era or the Age of Reagan is a periodization of recent American history used by historians and political observers to emphasize that the conservative \"Reagan Revolution\" led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a lasting impact. It overlaps with what political scientists call the Sixth Party System. Definitions of the Reagan era universally include the 1980s, while more extensive definitions may also include the late 1970s, the 1990s, and even the 2000s. In his 2008 book, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008, historian and journalist Sean Wilentz argues that Reagan dominated this stretch of American history in the same way that Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal legacy dominated the four decades that preceded it.Ronald Reagan with a cowboy hat at Rancho Del Cielo.The Reagan era included ideas and personalities beyond Reagan himself; he is usually characterized as the leader of a broadly-based conservative movement whose ideas dominated national policy-making in areas such as taxes, welfare, defense, the federal judiciary, and the Cold War. Other major conservative figures and organizations of the Reagan era include Jerry Falwell, Phyllis Schlafly, Newt Gingrich, and The Heritage Foundation. The Rehnquist Court, which was inaugurated during Reagan's presidency, handed down several conservative decisions. The Reagan era coincides with the presidency of Reagan, and, in more extensive definitions, the presidencies of Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. Liberals generally lament the Reagan era, while conservatives generally praise it and call for its continuation in the 21st century. Liberals were significantly influenced as well, leading to the Third Way.Upon taking office, the Reagan administration implemented an economic policy based on the theory of supply-side economics. Taxes were reduced through the passage of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, while the administration also cut domestic spending and increased military spending. Increasing deficits motivated the passage of tax increases during the George H. W. Bush and Clinton administrations, but taxes were cut again with the passage of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. During Clinton's presidency, Republicans won passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, a bill which placed several new limits on those receiving federal assistance.Campaigning for the Democratic nomination in 2008, Barack Obama interpreted how Reagan changed the nation's trajectory:I think Ronald Reagan changed the trajectory of America in a way that Richard Nixon did not and in a way that Bill Clinton did not. He put us on a fundamentally different path because the country was ready for it. I think they felt like with all the excesses of the 1960s and 1970s and government had grown and grown but there wasn't much sense of accountability in terms of how it was operating. I think that people . . . he just tapped into what people were already feeling, which was we want clarity, we want optimism, we want a return to that sense of dynamism and entrepreneurship that had been missing.[1]","title":"Reagan era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reagan was elected president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"gay rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"détente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente"},{"link_name":"Soviet power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"deindustrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindustrialization"},{"link_name":"Rust Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt"},{"link_name":"stagflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation"},{"link_name":"Iran hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Clinton presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ford presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Carter presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2016 election victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Stephen Skowronek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Skowronek"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkreitner1-6"},{"link_name":"Julia Azari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Azari"},{"link_name":"protectionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Russian Invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azari1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Most historians begin the era in 1980, when Reagan was elected president, and usually probe back into the 1970s for the origins of the Reagan era. For example, Kalman (2010) explores multiple crises of the 1970s that eroded confidence in liberal solutions: the rise of the Christian right and the reaction against the gay rights movement, feminism, and the Equal Rights Amendment, grassroots reactions against busing ordered by federal judges, the American defeat in the Vietnam War, the collapse of détente and fears of Soviet power, the challenge of imported cars and textiles, the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt, soaring inflation, stagflation, and the energy crisis, as well as the humiliation the nation suffered during the Iran hostage crisis and the sense of malaise as the nation wondered if its glory days had passed. Kalman shows step by step the process by which one political alternative after another collapsed, leaving Reagan standing.[2]The term \"Reagan era\" is often used to refer to the United States only during Reagan's presidency, but it has also taken on an extended meaning that incorporates other periods. The George H. W. Bush presidency (1989–1993), the Clinton presidency (1993–2001), and the George W. Bush presidency (2001–2009) are often treated as extensions of the Reagan era.[3] Wilentz additionally includes the Ford presidency (1974–1977) and the Carter presidency (1977–1981).[4]The endpoint of the Reagan era is often seen as the election of Democrat Barack Obama in 2008.[5] The sweeping policies pursued by the Obama administration constituted a clear break with Reagan era social issues, as Americans became more supportive of social issues like gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.\nThe 2016 election victory of President Donald Trump has stirred debate over whether his rise signifies the continuation of the Reagan era or represents a paradigm shift for American politics. Political scientist Stephen Skowronek argues that Trump's election shows that the Reagan era continues. Skowronek compares Obama to former presidents like Woodrow Wilson and Richard Nixon, who governed at a time when their own party was generally in the minority at the federal level.[6] Julia Azari, by contrast, argues that Trump's election signifies the end of the Reagan era and the beginning of a new cycle in politics, including Trump's support for protectionism and opposition to support for Ukraine in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.[7][8]","title":"Dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidency of Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"assassination of John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"machine politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"1976 Republican presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"1976 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1980 Democratic primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"national health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_health_insurance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"reverse discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_discrimination"},{"link_name":"evangelical Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell"},{"link_name":"Moral Majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Majority"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Schlafly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John B. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson"},{"link_name":"1980 Republican primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980"},{"link_name":"1980 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"supply-side economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(politics)"},{"link_name":"electoral vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"congressional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_1980"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"See also: Presidency of Gerald Ford, Presidency of Jimmy Carter, and Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaignWilentz traces the start of the Reagan era to the Watergate scandal, which ended the presidency of Richard Nixon and created an opening for a new Republican leader.[9] Along with the Watergate scandal, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, and poor economic conditions created widespread public alienation from political leaders in the mid-1970s. A mass movement of population from the cities to the suburbs led to the creation of a new group of voters less attached to New Deal economic policies and machine politics.[10] Reagan and other conservatives successfully presented conservative ideas as an alternative to a public that had grown disillusioned with New Deal liberalism.[11] Reagan's charisma and speaking skills helped him frame conservatism as an optimistic, forward-looking vision for the country.[12] Reagan challenged Nixon's successor, incumbent President Gerald Ford, in the 1976 Republican presidential primaries. Ford defeated Reagan to win the presidential nomination at the 1976 Republican National Convention, but he lost in the general election to the Democratic nominee, Jimmy Carter.[13]During his presidency, Carter alienated many of those who had voted for him in 1976, including many in his own party. In the 1980 Democratic primaries, Carter defeated a strong challenge from the left in the form of Senator Ted Kennedy, who had clashed with Carter over the establishment of a national health insurance system.[14] Carter, and the Democratic Party as a whole, also alienated other voters, while the conservative movement gathered strength. A continually poor economy bred frustration over taxes, and voters became increasingly receptive to those advocating for a smaller government. A backlash also developed against affirmative action programs, as some whites claimed that the programs constituted reverse discrimination. The president had won a majority of evangelical Protestant voters in 1976, but the increasingly-politicized Christian right came to strongly oppose his presidency. Many of these religious voters were swayed by the public campaigns of leaders such as Jerry Falwell of the Moral Majority and Phyllis Schlafly, who opposed ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Another important conservative organization, The Heritage Foundation, emerged as an important conservative think tank that developed and advocated conservative policies.[15]With the backing of many in the conservative movement, Reagan defeated establishment favorite George H. W. Bush, moderate Congressman John B. Anderson, and others in the 1980 Republican primaries. To ensure party unity, Reagan named Bush as his running mate at the 1980 Republican National Convention, even though Bush had characterized Reagan's supply-side economics as \"voodoo economics\". Reagan mobilized his base by campaigning on his conservative positions, while the Carter campaign sought to portray Reagan as a dangerous extremist. An improving economy helped Carter overtake Reagan in the October polling, but Reagan won a decisive victory in an October 28 debate. On election day, Reagan narrowly won a majority in the popular vote but took the electoral vote by a wide margin, carrying 44 states. In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans won several seats in the House of Representatives and took control of the Senate for the first time since the 1950s.[16]","title":"Rise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1980s_recession"},{"link_name":"1982 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1984 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Walter Mondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale"},{"link_name":"permanent realignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realigning_election"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Iran–Contra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Antonin Scalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"},{"link_name":"Sandra Day O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"William Rehnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Rehnquist Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehnquist_Court"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"Pat Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson"},{"link_name":"1988 Republican primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Michael Dukakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis"},{"link_name":"1988 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Ronald Reagan, the 40th president (1981–1989)George H. W. Bush, the 41st president (1989–1993)Upon taking office, Reagan argued that the United States faced a dire crisis, and that the best way to address this crisis was through conservative reforms.[17] His major policy priorities were increasing military spending, cutting taxes, reducing non-military federal spending, and restricting federal regulations. Reagan believed that reducing the role of the government would lead to increased economic growth, which in turn would lead to higher revenues that would help pay down the national debt. Working with Congressman Jack Kemp, the Reagan administration introduced a major tax cut bill that won the support of enough Republicans and conservative Democrats to pass both houses of Congress. In August 1981, Reagan signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which enacted a 27% across-the-board federal income tax cut over three years, as well as a separate bill that reduced federal spending, especially in anti-poverty programs.[18]A recession in the early part of Reagan's term, combined with tax cuts and increased military spending, led to an increasing deficit. Democrats won several seats in the House of Representatives in the 1982 mid-term elections.[19] Reagan's approval ratings fell to 35%, and many Democrats believed that their party could defeat Reagan in the 1984 presidential election and roll back some of the Reagan administration policies.[20] A strong economic recovery that began in 1983 boosted Reagan's approval ratings, and the administration argued that the tax cuts had been the primary factor in turning the economy around. In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan won his party's re-nomination without facing a serious challenge, while former Vice President Walter Mondale won the Democratic nomination. On election day, Reagan won 59% of the popular vote and carried 49 states, leading to speculation of a permanent realignment in U.S. politics towards the Republican Party.[21]Despite his re-election, Reagan faced significantly more difficulties in enacting conservative policies in his second term. His domestic agenda was hindered by growing deficits and the fallout of the Iran–Contra affair. However, the administration did win a significant foreign policy success when Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev reached the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty INF Treaty in 1987.[22] Reagan also appointed numerous conservative judges, including Associate Justices Antonin Scalia and Sandra Day O'Connor and William Rehnquist, who Reagan elevated to the position of Chief Justice. The Rehnquist Court would hand down several conservative decisions in ensuing years.[23] Vice President Bush defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the 1988 Republican primaries.[24] Aided by Reagan's renewed popularity, Bush defeated Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election.[25]","title":"Reagan's presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidency of George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Presidency of George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Brent Scowcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft"},{"link_name":"realists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"promised not to raise taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes"},{"link_name":"Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Pat Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"1992 Republican presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Ross Perot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"North American Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Democratic Leadership Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993"},{"link_name":"health care reform proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"1994 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Dick Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Morris"},{"link_name":"Triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"government shutdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdowns_of_1995%E2%80%931996"},{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act"},{"link_name":"federal assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_federal_assistance_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1996 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"impeachment proceedings against Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Monica Lewinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"2000 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"controversial Supreme Court decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Colin Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jack Abramoff scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_scandals"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Mark Foley scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Foley_scandal"},{"link_name":"2006 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"won re-election in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"losing the popular vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2020 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Presidency of George H. W. Bush, Presidency of Bill Clinton, Presidency of George W. Bush, Presidency of Barack Obama, Presidency of Donald Trump, and Presidency of Joe BidenBill Clinton, the 42nd president (1993–2001)George W. Bush, the 43rd president (2001–2009)Barack Obama, the 44th president (2009–2017)Donald Trump, the 45th president (2017–2021)Joe Biden, the 46th president (2021–present)Bush's presidency focused largely on foreign affairs, and he faced a series of major foreign policy issues as the Eastern Bloc collapsed. Many of Bush's top foreign policy appointments, including National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, were realists who were influenced by Henry Kissinger. While the Berlin Wall fell and other Soviet-aligned countries experienced turmoil, Bush pursued friendly relations with Gorbachev, which played a part in the Soviet Union's assent to the reunification of Germany.[26]Bush launched a successful invasion of Panama in 1989 and led a multinational coalition against Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War. After the quick U.S. victory in the Gulf War, Bush's approval ratings soared.[27] However, the Bush administration found less success in domestic policy, where deficits continued to be a major issue. Though Bush had promised not to raise taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention, his hand was forced in part by the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act, a 1985 law that purportedly required a balanced budget by 1993. After a long battle with the Democratic Congress, Bush agreed to sign the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, which contained a mix of tax increases and spending cuts. Conservative Republicans, who had never fully accepted Bush despite his move towards the right during the 1980s, were outraged by the deal.[28]Adding to the administration's challenges, the country entered a recession in 1990, with the national unemployment rate rising to 7.8%.[29] Even the fall of the Soviet Union in December 1991 did not greatly help Bush, as many conservatives credited Reagan's policies for the collapse of the U.S. long-time rival.[30] Bush won his party's re-nomination after defeating a challenge from right-wing commentator and former Reagan official Pat Buchanan in the 1992 Republican presidential primaries. In the general election, Bush faced Democratic Governor Bill Clinton and an independent candidate, Ross Perot. Perot ran a populist campaign that focused on opposing the North American Free Trade Agreement and Bush's failure to balance the budget.[31] Clinton, a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), focused on the poor economic conditions. In the three-way race, Clinton won a majority of the electoral vote and took 43% of the popular vote, while Bush 37.4% of the popular vote and Perot took 18.9%.[32]Clinton's victory made him the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter left office in 1981, and he began his term with a Democratic Congress. Though Clinton won early legislative victories such as passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, his administration was damaged by a series of minor scandals and the failure of his health care reform proposal.[33] In the 1994 mid-term elections, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress. In response, Clinton hired political consultant Dick Morris, who advocated a strategy of Triangulation between the Republican and Democratic members of Congress.[34] In a major budget stand-off that involved two government shutdowns, Clinton won congressional approval of his own budget proposal, which avoided the deep cuts Medicare and other programs that had been sought by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and other congressional Republicans.[35] In 1996, Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, a Republican-authored bill which placed several new limits on those receiving federal assistance.[36] Clinton had called for a reform of the welfare system during his 1992 campaign, wanting to add changes such as work requirements for recipients.[citation needed]In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton defeated Republican nominee Bob Dole by a wide margin in both the popular vote and the electoral vote. As Republicans retained control of Congress, he was unable to advance much of his domestic agenda.[37] Economic growth was especially strong during Clinton's second term, and the unemployment dropped to 4% in 2000. In 1998, the government experienced its first budget surplus since the 1960s.[38] Much of Clinton's second term was dominated by impeachment proceedings against Clinton, which stemmed from his affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[39] Though the House voted to impeach Clinton, he was acquitted by the Senate, as all Senate Democrats and several Senate Republicans voted not guilty on both impeachment charges.[40] Due to the strong economy, most Washington pundits viewed Clinton's vice president, Al Gore, as the early favorite in the 2000 presidential election.[41] However, in an extremely close and contested election that ended in a controversial Supreme Court decision, Governor George W. Bush of Texas, the son of former President Bush, defeated Gore.[42]Bush's administration included many prominent figures from previous Republican administrations, including Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, and Colin Powell.[43] Upon taking office, Bush signed a major tax cut, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001.[43] After the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration launched the Afghanistan War and the War on Terror, a global conflict against al-Qaeda and other groups.[44] In 2003, the administration launched the Iraq War, which deposed Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Despite the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War, Bush defeated Democrat John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election.[45] In the two years after Bush's re-election, the Jack Abramoff scandals, the administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina, Bush's failed attempt to reform Social Security, and the Iraq War's continued unpopularity all weakened Bush's public standing.[46] Aided by Bush's unpopularity and the Mark Foley scandal, Democrats won control of Congress in the 2006 elections.[47] A collapse in housing prices led to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, which marked the start of a prolonged economic downturn known as the Great Recession.[citation needed] In the 2008 presidential election, held in the midst of the financial crisis, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain.[citation needed] Obama defeated Republican nominee Mitt Romney and won re-election in 2012.[citation needed] In the 2016 presidential election, Republican nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, despite losing the popular vote.[citation needed] In the 2020 presidential election, held in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Democratic nominee and former Vice President Joe Biden defeated Trump.[citation needed]","title":"Reagan's successors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szabads%C3%A1g_Square,_statue_of_Ronald_Reagan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy"},{"link_name":"The Hunt for Red October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October"},{"link_name":"Red Storm Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Storm_Rising"},{"link_name":"The Cardinal of the Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cardinal_of_the_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"evil empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Section.80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section.80"},{"link_name":"Killer Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Mike"},{"link_name":"R.A.P. Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A.P._Music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_(comics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Statue of President Reagan in Budapest, Hungary.Tom Clancy wrote three best-selling novels that illuminate the Reagan era: The Hunt for Red October (1984), Red Storm Rising (1986), and The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988), which reflect Reagan-era Cold War values. The Soviet Union as an evil empire and the superiority of American values and technology are all themes both of Clancy's thrillers and Reagan's rhetoric. Policy elites used these novels (and the filming of one of them) to promote their ideas of national security to the American public.[48] Kendrick Lamar has a song titled \"Ronald Reagan Era\" off of his 2011 album Section.80, and Killer Mike has a song titled \"Reagan\" off his 2012 album R.A.P. Music.[citation needed]Reagan appears as a character in the comic books The Dark Knight Returns (1986) and Legends (1986–87).[citation needed]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thatcher era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher_era"},{"link_name":"sharp rise in petroleum prices in 1973–1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Many scholars take an international perspective, linking the Reagan era with the Thatcher era in Britain. As one scholar explained:Throughout many of the capitalist democracies in Western Europe and in North America, the recession that began with the sharp rise in petroleum prices in 1973–1974 signaled an epochal shift in the patchwork of growth- based economic and social policies....The demise of Keynesianism which followed meant far more than the obsolescence of an economic doctrine that had been used to justify a broad range of economic policies. It represented a significant retreat from a vision of society—the Keynesian welfare state—that had motivated state strategies to harmonise interests through social policy, to politically regulate the market economy and thereby reduce class and diverse social conflicts, and to promulgate for the state a tutelary role in securing business and trade union acquiescence (and less commonly approval) for a limited set of important economic policies.[49]","title":"International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"nuclear family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"premarital sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital_sex"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"single parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parenting"},{"link_name":"cohabitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitation"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist"},{"link_name":"secularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Historian Doug Rossinow reported in 2007, \"As of this writing, among academic historians, the Reagan revisionists—who view the 1980s as an era of mixed blessings at worst, and of great forward strides in some renditions—hold the field\".[50] Other scholars agree on the importance of the Reagan era.[51][52][53][54][55]According to John Kenneth White, the Reagan era ended in the early 21st century, as typified by the election and reelection of Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. White argues that the Reagan coalition was shrinking in size and in self-confidence. The weak Republican response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis was a major blow. White argues that major cultural and demographic changes helped end the Reagan era. Besides the rapid growth in college-educated voters, White emphasizes revolutions in terms of race, family, gay rights, and religion. The very rapid growth of immigration from Asia and Latin America changed the American population structure, and had a special impact on California. The once sacrosanct ideal of the nuclear family gave way to new tolerance regarding premarital sex, easy divorce, single parenting, and cohabitation. The religious conservatives tried to hold the line on abortion and gay rights. The conservative fundamentalist religious denominations had been rapidly expanding before and during the Reagan years, and were a key base of his support. Their growth suddenly stopped and decline began, producing a rapid growth of secularization. The combination of these factors, White argues, produced, \"the death of the Reagan coalition.\"[56]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ageofreaganhisto00wile"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-074480-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9"}],"text":"Wilentz, Sean (2008). The Age of Reagan. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074480-9.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conlin, Joseph R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Conlin"},{"link_name":"The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conservativeasce22crit"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0700617951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700617951"},{"link_name":"Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195122169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1476782416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476782416"},{"link_name":"Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/partywarspolariz00sinc_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0806137797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137797"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Barack-Obamas-America-Conceptions-Contemporary-dp-0472114506/dp/0472114506/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"40th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"33rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California"},{"link_name":"Governor of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Pitney Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._Pitney_Variety_Store_Building"},{"link_name":"Boyhood home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Boyhood_Home"},{"link_name":"General Electric Showcase House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Showcase_House"},{"link_name":"668 St. Cloud Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/668_St._Cloud_Road"},{"link_name":"Rancho del Cielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo"},{"link_name":"Filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_filmography"},{"link_name":"Political positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Governorship of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"1969 People's Park protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_People%27s_Park_protest"},{"link_name":"Tyler Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Citizens for the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library"},{"link_name":"Reagan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Reagan coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_coalition"},{"link_name":"1989 trip to Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan%27s_1989_trip_to_Japan"},{"link_name":"Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Death and state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency"},{"link_name":"Transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"First inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Release of hostages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Second inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Assassination attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan#Administration_and_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Judicial appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates"},{"link_name":"controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Administration scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_and_AIDS"},{"link_name":"Bush transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Impeachment efforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Opinion polling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"Executive orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Executive_orders"},{"link_name":"Presidential proclamations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Presidential_Proclamations"},{"link_name":"Foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"Reagan Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"1st term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"2nd term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)"},{"link_name":"INF Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)"},{"link_name":"Governors Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Island_Summit"},{"link_name":"Constructive engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_engagement"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Iran–Contra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Libya bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Strategic Defense Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative"},{"link_name":"International trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"We begin bombing in five minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Basin_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Anti-Apartheid_Act"},{"link_name":"Goldwater–Nichols Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act"},{"link_name":"Montreal Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 12333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12333"},{"link_name":"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Form I-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_I-9"},{"link_name":"H-2A visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2A_visa"},{"link_name":"H-2B visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2B_visa"},{"link_name":"American Homecoming Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act"},{"link_name":"Trade and Tariff Act of 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act"},{"link_name":"Exon–Florio Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon%E2%80%93Florio_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Domestic policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos_Hazard_Emergency_Response_Act"},{"link_name":"Cannabis policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Restoration_Act_of_1987"},{"link_name":"Coastal Barrier Resources Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Barrier_Resources_Act"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Crime_Control_Act_of_1984"},{"link_name":"Armed Career Criminal Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Career_Criminal_Act"},{"link_name":"Sentencing Reform Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentencing_Reform_Act"},{"link_name":"United States Sentencing Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sentencing_Commission"},{"link_name":"Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Food_Assistance_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Food_Assistance_and_Soup_Kitchen-Food_Bank_Program"},{"link_name":"Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act"},{"link_name":"Toxics Release Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory"},{"link_name":"Emergency Wetlands Resources Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Employees_Liability_Reform_and_Tort_Compensation_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Grace Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Commission"},{"link_name":"Hunger Prevention Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Prevention_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"},{"link_name":"Medical Waste Tracking Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Waste_Tracking_Act"},{"link_name":"Minerals Management Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service"},{"link_name":"National Appliance Energy Conservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Appliance_Energy_Conservation_Act"},{"link_name":"National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fishing_Enhancement_Act_of_1984"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Waste Policy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Waste_Policy_Act"},{"link_name":"Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Emergency_Food_Assistance_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Emergency_Food_Assistance_Program"},{"link_name":"Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act"},{"link_name":"Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act"},{"link_name":"1982 VRA Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Water Quality Act of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Development Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Development Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Economic policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics"},{"link_name":"Agriculture and Food Act of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Food_Act_of_1981"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Credit Act of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Credit_Act_of_1987"},{"link_name":"Agriculture Mediation Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_Mediation_Program"},{"link_name":"Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agricultural_Mortgage_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985"},{"link_name":"Deficit Reduction Act of 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_1984"},{"link_name":"Expedited Funds Availability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act"},{"link_name":"Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-Long_Staple_Cotton_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Food Security Act of 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985"},{"link_name":"Conservation Reserve Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Reserve_Program"},{"link_name":"Dairy Export Incentive Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Export_Incentive_Program"},{"link_name":"Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garn%E2%80%93St._Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act"},{"link_name":"Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_and_Dividend_Tax_Compliance_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Code of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1981"},{"link_name":"Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid_Home_and_Community-Based_Services_Waivers"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1987"},{"link_name":"Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Solvency_Act_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Reagan tax cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_tax_cuts"},{"link_name":"Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981"},{"link_name":"Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982"},{"link_name":"Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Beckett_Medicaid_waiver"},{"link_name":"Tax Reform Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Low-Income Housing Tax Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit"},{"link_name":"MACRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACRS"},{"link_name":"Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Mortgage_Market_Enhancement_Act"},{"link_name":"Surface Transportation Assistance Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Assistance_Act"},{"link_name":"Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Transportation_and_Uniform_Relocation_Assistance_Act"},{"link_name":"Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_Miscellaneous_Revenue_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Video Privacy Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Privacy_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"Speeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_and_debates_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Speaks_Out_Against_Socialized_Medicine"},{"link_name":"\"A Time for Choosing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing"},{"link_name":"States' rights speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights_speech"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"\"Ash heap of history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history"},{"link_name":"\"Evil empire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech"},{"link_name":"\"Tear down this wall!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!"},{"link_name":"Joint session of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"An American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Life"},{"link_name":"The Reagan Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reagan_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"1976 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1980 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"\"Let's make America great again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again"},{"link_name":"\"There you go again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_you_go_again"},{"link_name":"primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"running mate selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1984 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"\"Morning in America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_in_America"},{"link_name":"\"Bear in the woods\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_in_the_woods"},{"link_name":"primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Cultural depictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"In music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_in_music"},{"link_name":"Let Them Eat Jellybeans!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Jellybeans!"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Rap Master Ronnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Master_Ronnie"},{"link_name":"Ed the Happy Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_the_Happy_Clown"},{"link_name":"Spitting Image (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image"},{"link_name":"A Mind Forever Voyaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mind_Forever_Voyaging"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pizza Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Man_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"The Day Reagan Was Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_Reagan_Was_Shot"},{"link_name":"Reagan's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan%27s_War"},{"link_name":"The Reagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reagans"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"The Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butler"},{"link_name":"Killing Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Killing Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Reagan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"The Reagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reagans_(2020_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_(2024_film)"},{"link_name":"\"What would Reagan do?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_would_Reagan_do%3F"},{"link_name":"Namesakes and memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"U.S. Capitol statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ronald_Reagan_(U.S._Capitol)"},{"link_name":"USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day"},{"link_name":"Reagan Day Dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Dinner"},{"link_name":"Accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reagan_family"},{"link_name":"Jane Wyman (first wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reagan (second wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Maureen Reagan (daughter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Michael Reagan (adopted son)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Patti Davis (daughter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ron Reagan (son)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Jack Reagan (father)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_Wilson_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Neil Reagan (brother)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Rex (dog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_(Ronald_Reagan%27s_dog)"},{"link_name":"← Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_history"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_history"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history"},{"link_name":"History of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Exploration of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"European colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Native American epidemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics"},{"link_name":"Settlement of Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Dummer's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummer%27s_War"},{"link_name":"First Great Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening"},{"link_name":"War of Jenkins' Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear"},{"link_name":"King George's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Prelude to Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin"},{"link_name":"American Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763"},{"link_name":"Sugar Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Act"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sons of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Boston Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Boston Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"Intolerable Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts"},{"link_name":"First Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Continental Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association"},{"link_name":"1776–1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Second Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Lee Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"Confederation period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_period"},{"link_name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"and Perpetual Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Union"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783"},{"link_name":"Shays' Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Northwest Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"Drafting and ratification of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1789–1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"Federalist Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Era"},{"link_name":"Whiskey Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Quasi-War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"1815–1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)"},{"link_name":"Era of Good Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings"},{"link_name":"Missouri Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Monroe Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Jacksonian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Trail of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"Nat Turner's slave rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"Westward expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Seneca Falls Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention"},{"link_name":"First Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States"},{"link_name":"Second Great Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening"},{"link_name":"1849–1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)"},{"link_name":"Antebellum Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Prelude to War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"Fugitive Slave Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850"},{"link_name":"Kansas–Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"link_name":"Election of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"1865–1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments"},{"link_name":"First transcontinental railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Enforcement Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement_Acts"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877"},{"link_name":"Second Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States"},{"link_name":"Gilded Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"},{"link_name":"The Gospel of Wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth"},{"link_name":"Chinese Exclusion Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act"},{"link_name":"Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"},{"link_name":"Haymarket affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair"},{"link_name":"Sherman Antitrust Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act"},{"link_name":"Progressive Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism"},{"link_name":"Square Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Deal"},{"link_name":"Nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"link_name":"1917–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach"},{"link_name":"First Red Scare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Red_Scare"},{"link_name":"Roaring Twenties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Twenties"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tulsa race massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre"},{"link_name":"Second Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915%E2%80%931944"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"home front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"1945–1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)"},{"link_name":"Strike wave of 1945–1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946"},{"link_name":"Start of Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)"},{"link_name":"Truman Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Early Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Ivy Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"Postwar Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Early–mid Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"1964–1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)"},{"link_name":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"link_name":"Mid Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"Détente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"Second-wave feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"Gay liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_liberation"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"Iran hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Moral Majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Majority"},{"link_name":"1980–1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"Reagan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Reaganomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics"},{"link_name":"Iran–Contra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Late Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Reagan Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"End of the Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"War on drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"1991–2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"NAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots"},{"link_name":"WTC bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing"},{"link_name":"Republican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing"},{"link_name":"Columbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"Bush v. Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"War on terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"2008–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"Killing of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Rise in mass shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"Obergefell v. Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"},{"link_name":"Unite the Right rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession"},{"link_name":"January 6 insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Support of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Indictments of Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits"},{"link_name":"American Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Century"},{"link_name":"Antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Debt ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling"},{"link_name":"Direct democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Postal service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Voting rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_journalism"},{"link_name":"Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Party Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Party_System"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Sexual slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Technology and industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history"},{"link_name":"Asian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Chinese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Filipino American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Indian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian-American_history"},{"link_name":"Japanese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Korean American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans"},{"link_name":"Thai American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans"},{"link_name":"European American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American#History"},{"link_name":"Albanian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans"},{"link_name":"English American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Estonian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Finnish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Irish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans#History"},{"link_name":"Italian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American#History"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Polish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Serbian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Hispanic and Latino American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Mexican American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans"},{"link_name":"Jewish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans"},{"link_name":"Egyptian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Iranian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Iraqi American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans"},{"link_name":"Lebanese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Palestinian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Saudi American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_history"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_history"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gay men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lesbians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Transgender people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Territorial evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Admission to the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union"},{"link_name":"Historical regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Manifest destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny"},{"link_name":"Indian removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"The South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"The West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Baker Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island"},{"link_name":"Howland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island"},{"link_name":"Johnston Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Kingman Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef"},{"link_name":"Midway Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Navassa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island"},{"link_name":"Palmyra Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Urban history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_urban_history"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"List of years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}],"text":"Carlisle, Rodney P. and J. Geoffrey Golson. Turning Points—Actual and Alternate Histories: The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo (2007)\nCollins, Robert M. Transforming America: Politics and Culture during the Reagan Years (2007)\nConlin, Joseph R. \"Morning in America: The Age of Reagan 1980–1993\", ch. 50 in Conlin, The American Past: A Survey of American History (2008)\nCritchlow, Donald T. (2011). The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2 ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700617951.\nEhrman, John. The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005)\nFried, Amy, and Douglas B. Harris. \"Chapter Three. Here to Help? Movement Conservatism and the State in the Reagan Era.\" in At War with Government ( Columbia University Press, 2021) pp. 46–85.\nGreen, John C., and James L. Guth. \"Who Is Right and Who Is Left?: Activist Coalitions in the Reagan Era.\" in Do Elections Matter? (Routledge, 2020) pp. 32–56.\nHayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980 (2007); vol 2: The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009)\nHixson, Walter L. \"'Red Storm Rising': Tom Clancy novels and the cult of national security,\" Diplomatic History, (1993) 17#4 pp 599–613\nLavanty, Donald F. \"The Reagan Era of Politics and Healthcare.\" in Political Aspects of Health Care ( Palgrave Pivot, 2018) pp. 53–64.\nPatterson, James (2005). Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195122169.\nPearlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1476782416.\nPhillips-Fein, Kim. \"Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and Making of History,\" Enterprise and Society, Volume 8, Number 4, December 2007, pp. 986–988.\nPonce de Leon, Charles L. \"The New Historiography of the 1980s\", Reviews in American History Volume 36, Number 2, June 2008, pp. 303–314\nRossinow, Doug. The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s (2015)\nSeib, Gerald F. We Should Have Seen it Coming: From Reagan to Trump--a Front-row Seat to a Political Revolution (Random House, 2021).\nSinclair, Barbara (2006). Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806137797.\nStraub, Whitney. \"Further into the Right: The Ever-Expanding Historiography of the U.S. New Right,\" Journal of Social History, Volume 42, Number 1, Fall 2008, pp. 183–194\nTroy, Gil. The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (2009)\nVogel, Joseph. James Baldwin and the 1980s: Witnessing the Reagan Era (University of Illinois Press, 2018) James Baldwin was a famous black writer.\nWhite, John. Barack Obama's America: How New Conceptions of Race, Family, and Religion Ended the Reagan Era (U of Michigan Press, 2018) excerpt\nWirls, Daniel. Buildup: The Politics of Defense in the Reagan Era (1992). 247 pp.\nWoods, Randall B. \"Chapter 13: The Culture of Narcissism: The Reagan Era,\" in Woods, Quest for Identity: The U.S. Since 1945 (2005)vteRonald Reagan\n40th President of the United States (1981–1989)\n33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)\nLife andpolitics\nBirthplace\nPitney Store\nBoyhood home\nGeneral Electric Showcase House\n668 St. Cloud Road\nRancho del Cielo\nFilmography\nPolitical positions\nGovernorship of California\n1969 People's Park protest\nTyler Prize\nRockefeller Commission\nCitizens for the Republic\nPresidential Library and Museum \nReagan era\nReagan coalition\n1989 trip to Japan\nRonald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute\nDeath and state funeral\nPresidency(timeline)\nTransition\nFirst inauguration and Release of hostages\nSecond inauguration\nAssassination attempt\nCabinet\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court\ncontroversies\nAdministration scandals\nAIDS\nBush transition\nImpeachment efforts\nOpinion polling\nExecutive orders\nPresidential proclamations\nForeign policy\nReagan Doctrine\nCold War\n1st term\n2nd term\nSoviet Union summits\nGeneva\nReykjavík\nWashington\nINF Treaty\nMoscow\nGovernors Island\nConstructive engagement\nInvasion of Grenada\nIran–Contra affair\nLibya bombing\nStrategic Defense Initiative\nInternational trips\n\"We begin bombing in five minutes\"\nCaribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983\nComprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act\nGoldwater–Nichols Act\nMontreal Protocol\nExecutive Order 12333\nImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986\nForm I-9\nH-2A visa\nH-2B visa\nAmerican Homecoming Act\nTrade and Tariff Act of 1984\nCanada–United States Free Trade Agreement\nIsrael–United States Free Trade Agreement\nOmnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act\nExon–Florio Amendment\nDomestic policy\nAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986\nAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nAsbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act\nCannabis policy\nCivil Rights Restoration Act of 1987\nCoastal Barrier Resources Act\nComprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984\nArmed Career Criminal Act\nSentencing Reform Act\nUnited States Sentencing Commission\nEmergency Food Assistance Act of 1983\nEmergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program\nEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act\nToxics Release Inventory\nEmergency Wetlands Resources Act\nFederal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988\nGrace Commission\nHunger Prevention Act of 1988\nMartin Luther King Jr. Day\nMedical Waste Tracking Act\nMinerals Management Service\nNational Appliance Energy Conservation Act\nNational Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984\nNuclear Waste Policy Act\nSafe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986\nSuperfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986\nTemporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983\nTemporary Emergency Food Assistance Program\nUniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act\nVoting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act\n1982 VRA Amendments\nWater Quality Act of 1987\nWater Resources Development Act of 1986\nWater Resources Development Act of 1988\nEconomic policy\nAgriculture and Food Act of 1981\nAgricultural Credit Act of 1987\nAgriculture Mediation Program\nFederal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation\nCable Communications Policy Act of 1984\nConsolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985\nDeficit Reduction Act of 1984\nExpedited Funds Availability Act\nExtra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983\nFood Security Act of 1985\nConservation Reserve Program\nDairy Export Incentive Program\nGarn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act\nInterest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983\nInternal Revenue Code of 1986\nOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981\nMedicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers\nOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987\nRailroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983\nReagan tax cuts\nEconomic Recovery Tax Act of 1981\nTax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982\nKatie Beckett Medicaid waiver\nTax Reform Act of 1986\nLow-Income Housing Tax Credit\nMACRS\nSecondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act\nSurface Transportation Assistance Act\nSurface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act\nTechnical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988\nVideo Privacy Protection Act\n\nSpeeches\nRonald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine (1961)\n\"A Time for Choosing\" (1964)\nStates' rights speech (1980)\nInaugural address\n1981\n1985\n\"Ash heap of history\" (1982)\n\"Evil empire\" (1983)\n\"Tear down this wall!\" (1987)\nJoint session of Congress (1981)\nState of the Union Address\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\nBooks\nAn American Life\nThe Reagan Diaries\nElectionsGubernatorial\n1966\n1970\nPresidential\n1976 campaign\nprimaries\nconvention\n1980 campaign\n\"Let's make America great again\"\n\"There you go again\"\nprimaries\nrunning mate selection\nconvention\ndebates\nelection\n1984 campaign\n\"Morning in America\"\n\"Bear in the woods\"\nprimaries\nconvention\ndebates\nelection\nCultural depictions\nBibliography\nIn music\nLet Them Eat Jellybeans! (1981)\nU.S. Postage stamps\nRap Master Ronnie\nEd the Happy Clown (1983 comic series)\nSpitting Image (TV series) (1984)\nA Mind Forever Voyaging (1985 game)\nThe Dark Knight Returns (1986)\nfilm adaptation\nPizza Man (1991 film)\nThe Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film)\nReagan's War (2002 book)\nThe Reagans (2003 film)\nReagan (2011 documentary)\nThe Butler (2013 film)\nKilling Reagan (2015 book)\nKilling Reagan (2016 film)\nCall of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020 game)\nThe Reagans (2020 miniseries)\nReagan (2024 film)\n\"What would Reagan do?\"\nLegacy\nNamesakes and memorials\nU.S. Capitol statue\nUSS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)\nRonald Reagan Day\nReagan Day Dinner\nAccolades\nFamily\nJane Wyman (first wife)\nNancy Reagan (second wife)\nMaureen Reagan (daughter)\nMichael Reagan (adopted son)\nPatti Davis (daughter)\nRon Reagan (son)\nJack Reagan (father)\nNelle Wilson Reagan (mother)\nNeil Reagan (brother)\nRex (dog)\n\n← Jimmy Carter\nGeorge H. W. Bush →\n CategoryvteHistory of the United States\nTimeline\nOutline\nEventsPre-Colonial\nPrehistoric\nPre-Columbian Era\nColonial\nExploration of North America\nEuropean colonization\nNative American epidemics\nSettlement of Jamestown\nThirteen Colonies\nAtlantic slave trade\nKing William's War\nQueen Anne's War\nDummer's War\nFirst Great Awakening\nWar of Jenkins' Ear\nKing George's War\nPrelude to Revolution\nAmerican Enlightenment\nFrench and Indian War\nProclamation of 1763\nSugar Act\nStamp Act Congress\nSons of Liberty\nBoston Massacre\nBoston Tea Party\nIntolerable Acts\nFirst Continental Congress\nContinental Association\n1776–1789\nAmerican Revolution\nWar\nSecond Continental Congress\nLee Resolution\nDeclaration of Independence\nTreaty of Paris\nConfederation period\nArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union\nPennsylvania Mutiny\nShays' Rebellion\nNorthwest Ordinance\nDrafting and ratification of the Constitution\n1789–1815\nBill of Rights\nFederalist Era\nWhiskey Rebellion\nQuasi-War\nJeffersonian era\nLouisiana Purchase\nWar of 1812\n1815–1849\nEra of Good Feelings\nMissouri Compromise\nMonroe Doctrine\nJacksonian era\nTrail of Tears\nNat Turner's slave rebellion\nNullification crisis\nWestward expansion\nMexican–American War\nSeneca Falls Convention\nFirst Industrial Revolution\nSecond Great Awakening\n1849–1865\nAntebellum Era\nCalifornia Gold Rush\nPrelude to War\nCompromise of 1850\nFugitive Slave Act\nKansas–Nebraska Act\nBleeding Kansas\nDred Scott decision\nElection of Lincoln\nSecession\nCivil War\nEmancipation Proclamation\nAssassination of Abraham Lincoln\n1865–1917\nReconstruction era\nAmendments\nFirst transcontinental railroad\nKu Klux Klan\nEnforcement Acts\nCompromise of 1877\nSecond Industrial Revolution\nGilded Age\nThe Gospel of Wealth\nChinese Exclusion Act\nPendleton Civil Service Reform Act\nHaymarket affair\nSherman Antitrust Act\nProgressive Era\nSpanish–American War\nImperialism\nSquare Deal\nNadir of American race relations\n1917–1945\nWorld War I\nParis Peace Conference\nFirst Red Scare\nRoaring Twenties\nProhibition\nWomen's suffrage\nTulsa race massacre\nSecond Klan\nHarlem Renaissance\nGreat Depression\nWall Street Crash of 1929\nDust Bowl\nNew Deal\nWorld War II\nhome front\nManhattan Project\n1945–1964\nStrike wave of 1945–1946\nStart of Cold War\nTruman Doctrine\nEarly Cold War\nNorth Atlantic Treaty\nKorean War\nIvy Mike\nMcCarthyism\nPostwar Boom\nCivil Rights Movement\nEarly–mid Cold War\nCuban Missile Crisis\nAssassination of John F. Kennedy\n1964–1980\nGreat Society\nMid Cold War\nDétente\nSpace Race\nVietnam War\nFall of Saigon\nCounterculture\nSecond-wave feminism\nGay liberation\nStonewall riots\nWatergate scandal\nIran hostage crisis\nMoral Majority\n1980–1991\nReagan era\nReaganomics\nIran–Contra affair\nLate Cold War\nInvasion of Grenada\nReagan Doctrine\nEnd of the Cold War\nWar on drugs\nInvasion of Panama\n1991–2008\nGulf War\nNAFTA\n Los Angeles riots\nWTC bombing\nRepublican Revolution\nOklahoma City bombing\nColumbine\nBush v. Gore\nSeptember 11 attacks\nWar on terror\nWar in Afghanistan\nIraq War\nHurricane Katrina\n2008–present\nGreat Recession\nKilling of Osama bin Laden\nRise in mass shootings\nBlack Lives Matter\nObergefell v. Hodges\nUnite the Right rally\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nrecession\nJanuary 6 insurrection\nAfghanistan withdrawal\nDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\nSupport of Ukraine\nIndictments of Donald Trump\nTopics\nAmerican Century\nAntisemitism\nCultural\nCinema\nMusic\nNewspapers\nSports\nDemography\nImmigration\nEconomy\nBanking\nEducation\nHigher education\nFlag\nGovernment\nAbortion\nCapital punishment\nCivil Rights\nCorruption\nThe Constitution\nDebt ceiling\nDirect democracy\nForeign policy\nLaw enforcement\nPostal service\nTaxation\nVoting rights\nJournalism\nMerchant Marine\nMilitary\nArmy\nMarine Corps\nNavy\nAir Force\nSpace Force\nCoast Guard\nParty Systems\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nReligion\nGenocide\nSlavery\nSexual slavery\nTechnology and industry\nAgriculture\nLabor\nLumber\nMedicine\nRailway\nGroups\nAfrican American\nAsian American\nChinese American\nFilipino American\nIndian American\nJapanese American\nKorean American\nThai American\nVietnamese American\nEuropean American\nAlbanian American\nEnglish American\nEstonian American\nFinnish American\nIrish American\nItalian American\nLithuanian American\nPolish American\nSerbian American\nHispanic and Latino American\nMexican American\nJewish American\nMiddle Eastern American\nEgyptian American\nIranian American\nIraqi American\nLebanese American\nPalestinian American\nSaudi American\nNative Americans\nCherokee\nComanche\nWomen\nLGBT\nGay men\nLesbians\nTransgender people\nPlacesTerritorial evolution\nAdmission to the Union\nHistorical regions\nAmerican frontier\nManifest destiny\nIndian removal\nRegions\nNew England\nThe South\nThe West Coast\nStates\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nFederal DistrictWashington, D.C.Insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico \nU.S. Virgin Islands\nOutlying islands\nBaker Island\nHowland Island\nJarvis Island\nJohnston Atoll\nKingman Reef\nMidway Atoll\nNavassa Island\nPalmyra Atoll\nWake Island\nCities\nUrban history\n Cities\n\nList of years\nHistoriography\n Category\n Portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ronald Reagan with a cowboy hat at Rancho Del Cielo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ronald_Reagan_with_cowboy_hat_12-0071M_edit.jpg/160px-Ronald_Reagan_with_cowboy_hat_12-0071M_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of President Reagan in Budapest, Hungary.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Szabads%C3%A1g_Square%2C_statue_of_Ronald_Reagan.jpg/220px-Szabads%C3%A1g_Square%2C_statue_of_Ronald_Reagan.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"title":"1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"title":"Conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Conservatism"},{"title":"Conservatism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"History of conservatism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"History of the United States (1980–1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)"},{"title":"History of the United States (1991–2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)"},{"title":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"title":"Political positions of Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"title":"Sixth Party System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Party_System"}] | [{"reference":"Kreitner, Richard (22 November 2016). \"What Time Is It? Here's What the 2016 Election Tells Us About Obama, Trump, and What Comes Next\". The Nation. Retrieved 9 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenation.com/article/what-time-is-it-heres-what-the-2016-election-tells-us-about-obama-trump-and-what-comes-next/","url_text":"\"What Time Is It? Here's What the 2016 Election Tells Us About Obama, Trump, and What Comes Next\""}]},{"reference":"Azari, Julia (1 December 2016). \"Trump's presidency signals the end of the Reagan era\". Vox. Retrieved 9 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Azari","url_text":"Azari, Julia"},{"url":"https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/12/1/13794680/trump-presidency-reagan-era-end","url_text":"\"Trump's presidency signals the end of the Reagan era\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump says he can end war in 24 hours; Zelenskyy says Biden could in 5 minutes: Ukraine live updates\". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/ukraine/2023/07/09/ukraine-russia-war-live-updates/70395471007/","url_text":"\"Trump says he can end war in 24 hours; Zelenskyy says Biden could in 5 minutes: Ukraine live updates\""}]},{"reference":"Wilentz, Sean (2008). The Age of Reagan. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074480-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofreaganhisto00wile","url_text":"The Age of Reagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9","url_text":"978-0-06-074480-9"}]},{"reference":"Critchlow, Donald T. (2011). The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2 ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700617951.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conservativeasce22crit","url_text":"The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700617951","url_text":"978-0700617951"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, James (2005). Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195122169.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0","url_text":"Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122169","url_text":"978-0195122169"}]},{"reference":"Pearlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1476782416.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476782416","url_text":"978-1476782416"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Barbara (2006). Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806137797.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partywarspolariz00sinc_0","url_text":"Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137797","url_text":"978-0806137797"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reagan_era&action=edit","external_links_name":"move details into the article's body"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reagan+era%22","external_links_name":"\"Reagan era\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reagan+era%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reagan+era%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reagan+era%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reagan+era%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reagan+era%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/ref/us/politics/21seelye-text.html","external_links_name":"\"In Their Own Words: Obama on Reagan,\" New York Times"},{"Link":"https://www.thenation.com/article/what-time-is-it-heres-what-the-2016-election-tells-us-about-obama-trump-and-what-comes-next/","external_links_name":"\"What Time Is It? Here's What the 2016 Election Tells Us About Obama, Trump, and What Comes Next\""},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/12/1/13794680/trump-presidency-reagan-era-end","external_links_name":"\"Trump's presidency signals the end of the Reagan era\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/ukraine/2023/07/09/ukraine-russia-war-live-updates/70395471007/","external_links_name":"\"Trump says he can end war in 24 hours; Zelenskyy says Biden could in 5 minutes: Ukraine live updates\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ageofreaganhisto00wile","external_links_name":"The Age of Reagan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conservativeasce22crit","external_links_name":"The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0","external_links_name":"Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partywarspolariz00sinc_0","external_links_name":"Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Barack-Obamas-America-Conceptions-Contemporary-dp-0472114506/dp/0472114506/","external_links_name":"excerpt"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaked_(surname) | Shaked (surname) | ["1 See also"] | Shaked (Hebrew: שָׁקֵד, meaning almond) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ayelet Shaked (born 1976), Israeli activist and politician
Emmanuel Shaked (1930–2018), Israeli general
Gershon Shaked (1929–2006), Austrian-Israeli scholar and critic of Hebrew literature
Mor Shaked (born 1986), Israeli footballer
Moshe Shaked (1945–2014), American mathematician and statistician
Shira Shaked (born 1981), Israeli concert pianist and musician
Tal Shaked (born 1978), American chess grandmaster
Uri Shaked (born 1943), Israeli professor of Electrical Engineering at Tel Aviv University
Ziki Shaked (born 1955), Israeli round-the-world sailor and sailing instructor
See also
Mandel
Mandelbaum
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Shaked. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayelet Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Gershon Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Mor Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Moshe Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Shira Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shira_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Tal Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Uri Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Shaked"},{"link_name":"Ziki Shaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziki_Shaked"}],"text":"Ayelet Shaked (born 1976), Israeli activist and politician\nEmmanuel Shaked (1930–2018), Israeli general\nGershon Shaked (1929–2006), Austrian-Israeli scholar and critic of Hebrew literature\nMor Shaked (born 1986), Israeli footballer\nMoshe Shaked (1945–2014), American mathematician and statistician\nShira Shaked (born 1981), Israeli concert pianist and musician\nTal Shaked (born 1978), American chess grandmaster\nUri Shaked (born 1943), Israeli professor of Electrical Engineering at Tel Aviv University\nZiki Shaked (born 1955), Israeli round-the-world sailor and sailing instructor","title":"Shaked (surname)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel"},{"title":"Mandelbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbaum"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Shaked_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Shaked_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup | 2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup | ["1 Teams and qualification","2 Group stage","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","2.3 Group C","2.4 Group D","3 Plate competition","3.1 Group 1","3.2 Group 2","3.3 Semi-finals","3.4 Final","4 Super League","4.1 Group 1","4.2 Group 2","4.3 Semi-finals","4.4 Final","5 Future senior players","6 Venues","7 References","8 External Reference"] | Cricket tournament
Cricket tournament
2004 ICC Under-19 Cricket World CupDates15 February – 5 March 2004Administrator(s)ICCCricket formatLimited-overs (50 overs)Host(s) BangladeshChampions Pakistan (1st title)Runners-up West IndiesParticipants16Matches54Player of the series Shikhar DhawanMost runs Shikhar Dhawan (505)Most wickets Enamul Haque (22)← 20022006 →
The 2004 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited-overs cricket tournament played in Bangladesh from 15 February to 5 March 2004. It was the fifth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup and the first to be held in Bangladesh.
The 2004 World Cup was contested by sixteen teams, including one (Uganda) making its tournament debut. After an initial group stage, the top eight teams played off in a super league to decide the tournament champions, with the non-qualifiers playing a separate "plate" competition. Pakistan and the West Indies eventually progressed to the final, played at the Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka, where Pakistan won by 25 runs to claim their maiden title. The West Indies had been making their first appearance in the final. Indian batsman Shikhar Dhawan was named player of the tournament and was the leading run-scorer, while Bangladesh's Enamul Haque was the leading wicket-taker.
Teams and qualification
Main article: 2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads
The ten full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) qualified automatically:
Australia
Bangladesh
England
India
New Zealand
Pakistan
South Africa
Sri Lanka
West Indies
Zimbabwe
Another six teams qualified through regional qualification tournaments:
2003 Africa/EAP U19 Championship
Papua New Guinea (1st place)
Uganda (2nd place)
2003 Americas U19 Championship
Canada (1st place)
2003 European U19 Championship
Ireland (1st place)
Scotland (2nd place)
2003 Youth Asia Cup
Nepal (1st place)
Group stage
Group A
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.268
2
Zimbabwe
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.039
3
Australia
3
2
1
0
0
4
−0.306
4
Canada
3
0
3
0
0
0
−2.500
Source: CricketArchive
19 February Scorecard
Zimbabwe 161 (49.3 overs)
v
Sri Lanka162/8 (38.2 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 2 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra
16 February Scorecard
Canada 164 (45.1 overs)
v
Australia165/4 (28.4 overs)
Australia won by 6 wickets Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi
17 February Scorecard
Canada 81 (31.1 overs)
v
Sri Lanka84/1 (16 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi
18 February Scorecard
Australia 73 (19 overs)
v
Zimbabwe74/3 (17.1 overs)
Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra
19 February Scorecard
Canada 180/9 (50 overs)
v
Zimbabwe183/2 (36.2 overs)
Zimbabwe won by 8 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra
20 February Scorecard
Australia 186/9 (50 overs)
v
Sri Lanka184 (49.1 overs)
Australia won by 2 runs Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi
Group B
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
England
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.581
2
South Africa
3
2
1
0
0
4
0.607
3
Nepal
3
2
1
0
0
4
−0.110
4
Uganda
3
0
3
0
0
0
−2.164
Source: CricketArchive
28 February Scorecard
Nepal 191/8 (50 overs)
v
England192/2 (43 overs)
England won by 8 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
16 February Scorecard
Uganda 125 (48.4 overs)
v
South Africa126/2 (28 overs)
South Africa won by 8 wickets Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
17 February Scorecard
England 259/7 (50 overs)
v
Uganda46 (30.4 overs)
England won by 213 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
18 February Scorecard
South Africa 156 (50 overs)
v
Nepal158/9 (49.4 overs)
Nepal won by 1 wicket Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
19 February Scorecard
Uganda 194 (49.5 overs)
v
Nepal195/5 (48.1 overs)
Nepal won by 5 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
20 February Scorecard
England 189 (48.3 overs)
v
South Africa190/9 (47.3 overs)
South Africa won by 1 wicket Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
Group C
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
India
3
3
0
0
0
6
3.133
2
New Zealand
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.175
3
Bangladesh (H)
3
1
2
0
0
2
0.166
4
Scotland
3
0
3
0
0
0
−5.441
Source: CricketArchive(H) Host
15 February Scorecard
Bangladesh 202 (46.3 overs)
v
New Zealand204/8 (49.2 overs)
New Zealand won by 2 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
16 February Scorecard
India 425/3 (50 overs)
v
Scotland155/8 (50 overs)
India won by 270 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
17 February Scorecard
Scotland 95 (30.2 overs)
v
Bangladesh96/1 (12.2 overs)
Bangladesh won by 9 wickets Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
18 February Scorecard
India 215 (47.2 overs)
v
New Zealand146 (44.5 overs)
India won by 69 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
19 February Scorecard
New Zealand 389/2 (50 overs)
v
Scotland149 (33 overs)
New Zealand won by 240 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar
20 February Scorecard
India 309/7 (50 overs)
v
Bangladesh178 (40.3 overs)
India won by 131 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
Group D
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
Pakistan
3
3
0
0
0
6
3.168
2
West Indies
3
2
1
0
0
4
−0.033
3
Ireland
3
1
2
0
0
2
−0.326
4
Papua New Guinea
3
0
3
0
0
0
−2.819
Source: CricketArchive
15 February Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 60 (17.5 overs)
v
Pakistan63/2 (14.5 overs)
Pakistan won by 8 wickets Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
16 February Scorecard
West Indies 265/8 (50 overs)
v
Ireland259/9 (50 overs)
West Indies won by 6 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
17 February Scorecard
Ireland 142 (47.5 overs)
v
Pakistan146/2 (25.2 overs)
Pakistan won by 8 wickets Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
18 February Scorecard
West Indies 371/3 (50 overs)
v
Papua New Guinea219 (44.2 overs)
West Indies won by 152 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
19 February Scorecard
Ireland 212 (49 overs)
v
Papua New Guinea142 (38.2 overs)
Ireland won by 70 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
20 February Scorecard
Pakistan 251/9 (50 overs)
v
West Indies88 (27.3 overs)
Pakistan won by 163 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna
Plate competition
The plate competition was contested by the eight teams that failed to qualify for the Super League.
Group 1
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
Australia
3
3
0
0
0
6
2.820
2
Scotland
3
2
1
0
0
4
−0.550
3
Nepal
3
1
2
0
0
2
−0.139
4
Papua New Guinea
3
0
3
0
0
0
−1.942
Source: CricketArchive
22 February Scorecard
Scotland 22 (22.3 overs)
v
Australia23/0 (3.5 overs)
Australia won by 10 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
Scotland's total is the lowest in any Under-19 World Cup match.
22 February Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 168/9 (50 overs)
v
Nepal169/3 (39.2 overs)
Nepal won by 7 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
24 February Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 83 (35 overs)
v
Australia85/1 (18.2 overs)
Australia won by 9 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
24 February Scorecard
Nepal 200/9 (50 overs)
v
Scotland204/7 (49.5 overs)
Scotland won by 3 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
26 February Scorecard
Nepal 154/9 (50 overs)
v
Australia158/4 (36.2 overs)
Australia won by 6 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
26 February Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 114 (32.2 overs)
v
Scotland115/3 (26.4 overs)
Scotland won by 7 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
Group 2
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
Bangladesh
3
3
0
0
0
6
1.897
2
Ireland
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.369
3
Uganda
3
1
2
0
0
2
−1.810
4
Canada
3
0
3
0
0
0
−1.655
Source: CricketArchive
23 February Scorecard
Canada 136 (37.2 overs)
v
Bangladesh139/6 (34.5 overs)
Bangladesh won by 4 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
23 February Scorecard
Ireland 329/9 (50 overs)
v
Uganda206 (45.2 overs)
Ireland won by 123 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
25 February Scorecard
Uganda 78 (33.3 overs)
v
Bangladesh79/6 (19.5 overs)
Bangladesh won by 4 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
25 February Scorecard
Ireland 265/9 (50 overs)
v
Canada110 (34.3 overs)
Ireland won by 155 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
27 February Scorecard
Ireland 141 (46.4 overs)
v
Bangladesh143/2 (30 overs)
Bangladesh won by 8 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
27 February Scorecard
Canada 231 (50 overs)
v
Uganda235/5 (47.2 overs)
Uganda won by 5 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
Semi-finals
29 February Scorecard
Australia 340/5 (50 overs)
v
Ireland291/9 (50 overs)
Matthew Harrison 91 (78) Greg Thompson 2/48 (10 overs)
Eoin Morgan 65 (69) Gary Putland 3/71 (10 overs)
Australia won by 49 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong
Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
1 March Scorecard
Bangladesh 197 (49.5 overs)
v
Scotland106 (33.3 overs)
Abul Bashar 29 (25) Ian Young 1/23 (4 overs)
Kyle Coetzer 41 (71) Nazmul Hossain 4/11 (6.3 overs)
Bangladesh won by 91 runs Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong
Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
Final
4 March Scorecard
Bangladesh 257/9 (50 overs)
v
Australia249 (49.3 overs)
Naeem Islam 66 (100) Ahillen Beadle 2/26 (5 overs)
Steve O'Keefe 65 (66) Enamul Haque 5/31 (9.3 overs)
Bangladesh won by 8 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
Super League
Group 1
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
India
3
2
1
0
0
4
0.993
2
West Indies
3
2
1
0
0
4
−0.287
3
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0
0
2
−0.307
4
South Africa
3
1
2
0
0
2
−0.400
Source: CricketArchive
22 February Scorecard
South Africa 226/5 (50 overs)
v
India223 (47.1 overs)
South Africa won by 3 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
22 February Scorecard
West Indies 200/7 (50 overs)
v
Sri Lanka181 (49 overs)
West Indies won by 19 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
24 February Scorecard
India 253/9 (50 overs)
v
West Indies157 (39.1 overs)
India won by 96 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
24 February Scorecard
Sri Lanka 277/5 (50 overs)
v
South Africa248 (48.3 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 29 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
26 February Scorecard
India 316/5 (50 overs)
v
Sri Lanka260 (46 overs)
India won by 56 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
26 February Scorecard
West Indies 284/6 (50 overs)
v
South Africa250 (50 overs)
West Indies won by 34 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
Group 2
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
NRR
1
England
3
3
0
0
0
6
0.719
2
Pakistan
3
2
1
0
0
4
1.077
3
Zimbabwe
3
1
2
0
0
2
0.005
4
New Zealand
3
0
3
0
0
0
−1.872
Source: CricketArchive
23 February Scorecard
England 306/2 (50 overs)
v
New Zealand209 (42.2 overs)
England won by 97 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
23 February Scorecard
Zimbabwe 141 (47.4 overs)
v
Pakistan143/1 (30 overs)
Pakistan won by 9 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar
25 February Scorecard
Zimbabwe 218/9 (50 overs)
v
England219/4 (49 overs)
England won by 6 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar
25 February Scorecard
New Zealand 181/8 (50 overs)
v
Pakistan184/2 (34.2 overs)
Pakistan won by 8 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
27 February Scorecard
England 196 (50 overs)
v
Pakistan191 (47.4 overs)
England won by 5 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah
27 February Scorecard
Zimbabwe 272/8 (50 overs)
v
New Zealand180 (42 overs)
Zimbabwe won by 92 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
Semi-finals
29 February Scorecard
India 169 (47.3 overs)
v
Pakistan171/5 (44.5 overs)
Robin Uthappa 33 (67) Sulaman Qadir 2/27 (10 overs)
Tariq Mahmood 45* (61) R. P. Singh 2/25 (10 overs)
Pakistan won by 5 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
India won the toss and elected to bat.
2 March Scorecard
West Indies 249/6 (50 overs)
v
England155 (39.1 overs)
Denesh Ramdin 72 (85) Adam Harrison 3/28 (10 overs)
Tim Bresnan 41 (40) Ravi Rampaul 3/27 (7.1 overs)
West Indies won by 94 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
Final
5 March Scorecard
Pakistan 230/9 (50 overs)
v
West Indies205 (47.1 overs)
Asif Iqbal 54 (72) Rishi Bachan 3/34 (10 overs)
Denesh Ramdin 36 (61) Tariq Mahmood 3/34 (10 overs)
Pakistan won by 25 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Jeremy Lloyds (Eng) and Peter Parker (Aus) Player of the match: Asif Iqbal (Pak)
Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
Future senior players
Future players that featured for their national team in the tournament were:
Team
Future senior cricketers
Australia
Tim Paine
Moises Henriques
Steve O'Keefe
Bangladesh
Aftab Ahmed
Dhiman Ghosh
Enamul Haque
Mahmudullah Riyad
Nadif Chowdhury
Naeem Islam
Nafees Iqbal
Nazimuddin
Nazmul Hossain
Shahadat Hossain
Talha Jubair
Canada
Umar Bhatti
Trevin Bastiampillai
Shaheed Keshvani
Mohammad Qazi
Durand Soraine
England
Samit Patel
Ravi Bopara
Tim Bresnan
Alastair Cook
Steven Davies
Liam Plunkett
Luke Wright
India
Ambati Rayudu
Shikhar Dhawan
Dinesh Karthik
Suresh Raina
R. P. Singh
V. R. V. Singh
Robin Uthappa
• Faiz Fazal
Ireland
William Porterfield
Gary Kidd
Eoin Morgan
Kevin O'Brien
Boyd Rankin
Greg Thompson
Gary Wilson
Nepal
Shakti Gauchan
Paras Khadka
Basanta Regmi
Sharad Vesawkar
New Zealand
Anton Devcich
Daniel Flynn
BJ Watling
Pakistan
Khalid Latif
Abid Ali
Fawad Alam
Mansoor Amjad
Riaz Afridi
Wahab Riaz
Zulqarnain Haider
Papua New Guinea
Chris Amini
Mahuru Dai
Assad Vala
Jack Vare
Scotland
Kyle Coetzer
Gordon Goudie
Omer Hussain
Moneeb Iqbal
Ross Lyons
South Africa
Vernon Philander
Roelof van der Merwe
Vaughn van Jaarsveld
Sri Lanka
Farveez Maharoof
Kosala Kulasekara
Angelo Mathews
Suraj Randiv
Kaushal Silva
Upul Tharanga
West Indies
Denesh Ramdin
Lionel Baker
Kirk Edwards
Assad Fudadin
Xavier Marshall
Ravi Rampaul
Lendl Simmons
Zimbabwe
Tino Mawoyo
Elton Chigumbura
Graeme Cremer
Colin de Grandhomme
Craig Ervine
Tafadzwa Mufambisi
Tinashe Panyangara
Ed Rainsford
Brendan Taylor
Prosper Utseya
Sean Williams
Venues
Rajshahi
Bogra
Dhaka
Fatullah
Chattogram
Chattogram
Khulna
Savar
Shaheed Qamaruzzaman Stadium
Shaheed Chandu Stadium
Bangabandhu National Stadium
Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium
MA Aziz Stadium
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium
Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium
Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan cricket grounds
Capacity: 15,000
Capacity: 18,000
Capacity: 36,000
Capacity: 25,000
Capacity: 20,000
Capacity: 20,000
Capacity: 15,600
Capacity:
Matches: 3
Matches: 3
Matches: 13
Matches: 6
Matches: 10
Matches: 10
Matches: 6
Matches: 3
Shaheed Kamruzzaman Stadium Entrance
BograDhakaFatullahSavarKhulnaChittagongChittagong
References
^ Under-19 World Cup lowest team totals – CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
External Reference
EspnCricinfo
vteMen's Under-19 Cricket World CupTournaments
Australia 1988
South Africa 1998
Sri Lanka 2000
New Zealand 2002
Bangladesh 2004
Sri Lanka 2006
Malaysia 2008
New Zealand 2010
Australia 2012
UAE 2014
Bangladesh 2016
New Zealand 2018
South Africa 2020
West Indies 2022
South Africa 2024
Zimbabwe and Namibia 2026
Squads
1988
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Qualification
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
Regional
Africa
Americas
Asia
East Asia-Pacific
Europe
See also
List of centuries | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited-overs cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-overs_cricket"},{"link_name":"Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"super league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Super_League"},{"link_name":"\"plate\" competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Plate_competition"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Final_2"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Shikhar Dhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikhar_Dhawan"},{"link_name":"Enamul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamul_Haque_(cricketer,_born_1986)"}],"text":"Cricket tournamentCricket tournamentThe 2004 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited-overs cricket tournament played in Bangladesh from 15 February to 5 March 2004. It was the fifth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup and the first to be held in Bangladesh.The 2004 World Cup was contested by sixteen teams, including one (Uganda) making its tournament debut. After an initial group stage, the top eight teams played off in a super league to decide the tournament champions, with the non-qualifiers playing a separate \"plate\" competition. Pakistan and the West Indies eventually progressed to the final, played at the Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka, where Pakistan won by 25 runs to claim their maiden title. The West Indies had been making their first appearance in the final. Indian batsman Shikhar Dhawan was named player of the tournament and was the leading run-scorer, while Bangladesh's Enamul Haque was the leading wicket-taker.","title":"2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members"},{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2003 Africa/EAP U19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_ICC_Africa/East_Asia-Pacific_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2003 European U19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_European_Under-19_Cricket_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2003 Youth Asia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Youth_Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"}],"text":"The ten full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) qualified automatically:Australia\n Bangladesh\n England\n India\n New Zealand\n\n\n Pakistan\n South Africa\n Sri Lanka\n West Indies\n ZimbabweAnother six teams qualified through regional qualification tournaments:2003 Africa/EAP U19 Championship\n Papua New Guinea (1st place)\n Uganda (2nd place)\n2003 Americas U19 Championship\n Canada (1st place)\n\n\n2003 European U19 Championship\n Ireland (1st place)\n Scotland (2nd place)\n2003 Youth Asia Cup\n Nepal (1st place)","title":"Teams and qualification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79085.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Chandu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Chandu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79092.html"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79101.html"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79106.html"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Chandu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Chandu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79114.html"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Chandu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Chandu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79124.html"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: CricketArchive19 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 161 (49.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka162/8 (38.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 2 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra16 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCanada 164 (45.1 overs)\n\nv\n\n Australia165/4 (28.4 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nAustralia won by 6 wickets Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi17 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCanada 81 (31.1 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka84/1 (16 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 9 wickets Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi18 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nAustralia 73 (19 overs)\n\nv\n\n Zimbabwe74/3 (17.1 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nZimbabwe won by 7 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra19 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCanada 180/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Zimbabwe183/2 (36.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nZimbabwe won by 8 wickets Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra20 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nAustralia 186/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka184 (49.1 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nAustralia won by 2 runs Rajshahi Divisional Stadium, Rajshahi","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79083.html"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79095.html"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohur_Ahmed_Chowdhury_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79102.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79108.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohur_Ahmed_Chowdhury_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79116.html"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79126.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohur_Ahmed_Chowdhury_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: CricketArchive28 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNepal 191/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n England192/2 (43 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nEngland won by 8 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong16 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUganda 125 (48.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa126/2 (28 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSouth Africa won by 8 wickets Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong17 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 259/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda46 (30.4 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nEngland won by 213 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong18 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa 156 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Nepal158/9 (49.4 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nNepal won by 1 wicket Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong19 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUganda 194 (49.5 overs)\n\nv\n\n Nepal195/5 (48.1 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nNepal won by 5 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong20 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 189 (48.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa190/9 (47.3 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSouth Africa won by 1 wicket Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330036/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-New-Zealand-Under-19s-Group-C"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330041/India-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330044/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330049/India-Under-19s-vs-New-Zealand-Under-19s-Group-C/"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330055/New-Zealand-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shikkha_Protisthan_cricket_grounds"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330057/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-India-Under-19s-Group-C/"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"Source: CricketArchive(H) Host15 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 202 (46.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n New Zealand204/8 (49.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nNew Zealand won by 2 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka16 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 425/3 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Scotland155/8 (50 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIndia won by 270 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka17 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nScotland 95 (30.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh96/1 (12.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 9 wickets Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah18 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 215 (47.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n New Zealand146 (44.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIndia won by 69 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka19 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNew Zealand 389/2 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Scotland149 (33 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nNew Zealand won by 240 runs Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar20 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 309/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh178 (40.3 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIndia won by 131 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79084.html"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79094.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79103.html"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79106.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79115.html"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79127.html"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khulna Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"Source: CricketArchive15 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPapua New Guinea 60 (17.5 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan63/2 (14.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nPakistan won by 8 wickets Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna16 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 265/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Ireland259/9 (50 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 6 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna17 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIreland 142 (47.5 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan146/2 (25.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nPakistan won by 8 wickets Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna18 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 371/3 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Papua New Guinea219 (44.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 152 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna19 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIreland 212 (49 overs)\n\nv\n\n Papua New Guinea142 (38.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIreland won by 70 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna20 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPakistan 251/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies88 (27.3 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nPakistan won by 163 runs Khulna Divisional Stadium, Khulna","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Super_League"}],"text":"The plate competition was contested by the eight teams that failed to qualify for the Super League.","title":"Plate competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79143.html"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79145.html"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79161.html"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79163.html"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79179.html"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79181.html"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"sub_title":"Group 1","text":"Source: CricketArchive22 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nScotland 22 (22.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n Australia23/0 (3.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nAustralia won by 10 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong \n\n \nScotland's total is the lowest in any Under-19 World Cup match.[1]22 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPapua New Guinea 168/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Nepal169/3 (39.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nNepal won by 7 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong24 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPapua New Guinea 83 (35 overs)\n\nv\n\n Australia85/1 (18.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nAustralia won by 9 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong24 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNepal 200/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Scotland204/7 (49.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nScotland won by 3 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong26 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNepal 154/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Australia158/4 (36.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nAustralia won by 6 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong26 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPapua New Guinea 114 (32.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n Scotland115/3 (26.4 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nScotland won by 7 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong","title":"Plate competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79153.html"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79155.html"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79168.html"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79169.html"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79188.html"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79189.html"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"sub_title":"Group 2","text":"Source: CricketArchive23 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCanada 136 (37.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh139/6 (34.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 4 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong23 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIreland 329/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda206 (45.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIreland won by 123 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong25 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUganda 78 (33.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh79/6 (19.5 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 4 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong25 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIreland 265/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Canada110 (34.3 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIreland won by 155 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong27 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIreland 141 (46.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh143/2 (30 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 8 wickets Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong27 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCanada 231 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda235/5 (47.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nUganda won by 5 wickets M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong","title":"Plate competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79203.html"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Matthew Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Harrison_(cricketer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greg Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Thompson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Eoin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Gary Putland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Putland"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79209.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Abul Bashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Bashar_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ian Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Young_(cricketer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyle Coetzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Coetzer"},{"link_name":"Nazmul Hossain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazmul_Hossain"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Divisional Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"29 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nAustralia 340/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Ireland291/9 (50 overs)\n\n\nMatthew Harrison 91 (78) Greg Thompson 2/48 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nEoin Morgan 65 (69) Gary Putland 3/71 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nAustralia won by 49 runs M. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong \n\n\nAustralia won the toss and elected to bat.1 March Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 197 (49.5 overs)\n\nv\n\n Scotland106 (33.3 overs)\n\n\nAbul Bashar 29 (25) Ian Young 1/23 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nKyle Coetzer 41 (71) Nazmul Hossain 4/11 (6.3 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 91 runs Chittagong Divisional Stadium, Chittagong \n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Plate competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79236.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Naeem Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naeem_Islam"},{"link_name":"Ahillen Beadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahillen_Beadle"},{"link_name":"Steve O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"Enamul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamul_Haque_(cricketer,_born_1986)"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"4 March Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 257/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Australia249 (49.3 overs)\n\n\nNaeem Islam 66 (100) Ahillen Beadle 2/26 (5 overs)\n\n\n\nSteve O'Keefe 65 (66) Enamul Haque 5/31 (9.3 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 8 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah \n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Plate competition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Super League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-south-africa-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330061/full-scorecard"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79146.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-west-indies-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330069/full-scorecard"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79164.html"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-sri-lanka-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330077/full-scorecard"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79182.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"}],"sub_title":"Group 1","text":"Source: CricketArchive22 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa 226/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n India223 (47.1 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSouth Africa won by 3 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka22 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 200/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka181 (49 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 19 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah24 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 253/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies157 (39.1 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIndia won by 96 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka24 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka 277/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa248 (48.3 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 29 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah26 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 316/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka260 (46 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nIndia won by 56 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka26 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 284/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa250 (50 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 34 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah","title":"Super League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79154.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79156.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shikkha_Protisthan_cricket_grounds"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79170.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shikkha_Protisthan_cricket_grounds"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79171.html"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79190.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Fatullah Osmani Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah_Osmani_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79191.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"}],"sub_title":"Group 2","text":"Source: CricketArchive23 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 306/2 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n New Zealand209 (42.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nEngland won by 97 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka23 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 141 (47.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan143/1 (30 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nPakistan won by 9 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar25 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 218/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n England219/4 (49 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nEngland won by 6 wickets Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan Ground, Savar25 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNew Zealand 181/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan184/2 (34.2 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nPakistan won by 8 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka27 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 196 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan191 (47.4 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nEngland won by 5 runs Fatullah Osmani Stadium, Fatullah27 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 272/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n New Zealand180 (42 overs)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nZimbabwe won by 92 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka","title":"Super League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-semi-final-330085/full-scorecard"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Robin Uthappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Uthappa"},{"link_name":"Sulaman Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaman_Qadir"},{"link_name":"Tariq Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Mahmood_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"R. P. Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._P._Singh"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79213.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Denesh Ramdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denesh_Ramdin"},{"link_name":"Adam Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Tim Bresnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bresnan"},{"link_name":"Ravi Rampaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Rampaul"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"29 February Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 169 (47.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n Pakistan171/5 (44.5 overs)\n\n\nRobin Uthappa 33 (67) Sulaman Qadir 2/27 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nTariq Mahmood 45* (61) R. P. Singh 2/25 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nPakistan won by 5 wickets Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka \n\n\nIndia won the toss and elected to bat.2 March Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 249/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n England155 (39.1 overs)\n\n\nDenesh Ramdin 72 (85) Adam Harrison 3/28 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nTim Bresnan 41 (40) Ravi Rampaul 3/27 (7.1 overs)\n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 94 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka \n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Super League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79243.html"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Asif Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Asif_Iqbal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rishi Bachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Bachan"},{"link_name":"Denesh Ramdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denesh_Ramdin"},{"link_name":"Tariq Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Mahmood_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Lloyds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Lloyds"},{"link_name":"Peter Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Parker_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Asif Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Asif_Iqbal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"5 March Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nPakistan 230/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies205 (47.1 overs)\n\n\nAsif Iqbal 54 (72) Rishi Bachan 3/34 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nDenesh Ramdin 36 (61) Tariq Mahmood 3/34 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nPakistan won by 25 runs Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Jeremy Lloyds (Eng) and Peter Parker (Aus) Player of the match: Asif Iqbal (Pak)\n\n\nPakistan won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Super League"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Future players that featured for their national team in the tournament were:","title":"Future senior players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Chattogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattogram"},{"link_name":"Chattogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattogram"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Qamaruzzaman Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Qamaruzzaman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Chandu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Chandu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangabandhu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaheb_Osman_Ali_Stadium"},{"link_name":"MA Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA_Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohur_Ahmed_Chowdhury_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Divisional_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan cricket grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shikkha_Protisthan_cricket_grounds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangabandhu_National_Stadium,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._A._Aziz_Stadium_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zacs_rain.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangladesh_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Chandu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Fatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatullah"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"text":"Rajshahi\n\nBogra\n\nDhaka\n\nFatullah\n\nChattogram\n\nChattogram\n\nKhulna\n\nSavar\n\n\nShaheed Qamaruzzaman Stadium\n\nShaheed Chandu Stadium\n\nBangabandhu National Stadium\n\nKhan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium\n\nMA Aziz Stadium\n\nZohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium\n\nSheikh Abu Naser Stadium\n\nBangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan cricket grounds\n\n\nCapacity: 15,000\n\nCapacity: 18,000\n\nCapacity: 36,000\n\nCapacity: 25,000\n\nCapacity: 20,000\n\nCapacity: 20,000\n\nCapacity: 15,600\n\nCapacity:\n\n\n\n\nMatches: 3\n\nMatches: 3\n\nMatches: 13\n\nMatches: 6\n\nMatches: 10\n\nMatches: 10\n\nMatches: 6\n\nMatches: 3\n\n\nShaheed Kamruzzaman Stadium Entrance\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBograDhakaFatullahSavarKhulnaChittagongChittagong","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EspnCricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/i/engine/series/125288.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Men's Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Youth_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Africa 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Malaysia 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UAE 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Africa 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"West Indies 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Africa 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe and Namibia 2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Youth_Cricket_World_Cup#Squads"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_U19_Cricket_World_Cup_Africa_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_U19_Cricket_World_Cup_Americas_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACC_Under-19_Cup"},{"link_name":"East Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_U19_Cricket_World_Cup_EAP_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_U19_Cricket_World_Cup_Europe_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"List of centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_centuries"}],"text":"EspnCricinfovteMen's Under-19 Cricket World CupTournaments\nAustralia 1988\nSouth Africa 1998\nSri Lanka 2000\nNew Zealand 2002\nBangladesh 2004\nSri Lanka 2006\nMalaysia 2008\nNew Zealand 2010\nAustralia 2012\nUAE 2014\nBangladesh 2016\nNew Zealand 2018\nSouth Africa 2020\nWest Indies 2022\nSouth Africa 2024\nZimbabwe and Namibia 2026\nSquads\n1988\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\n2024\nQualification\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\n2024\n2026\nRegional\nAfrica\nAmericas\nAsia\nEast Asia-Pacific\nEurope\nSee also\nList of centuries","title":"External Reference"}] | [{"image_text":"Shaheed Kamruzzaman Stadium Entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium.jpg/220px-Shaheed_Kamruzzaman_Stadium.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79085.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79092.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79101.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79106.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79114.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79124.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79083.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79095.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79102.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79108.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79116.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79126.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330036/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-New-Zealand-Under-19s-Group-C","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330041/India-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330044/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330049/India-Under-19s-vs-New-Zealand-Under-19s-Group-C/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330055/New-Zealand-Under-19s-vs-Scotland-Under-19s-Group-C/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/scorecard/330057/Bangladesh-Under-19s-vs-India-Under-19s-Group-C/","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79084.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79094.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79103.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79106.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79115.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79127.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79143.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79145.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79161.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79163.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79179.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79181.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79153.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79155.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79168.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79169.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79188.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79189.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79203.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79209.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79236.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-south-africa-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330061/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79146.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-west-indies-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330069/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79164.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-sri-lanka-under-19s-super-league-group-one-330077/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79182.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/3/ICC_Under-19_World_Cup_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79154.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79156.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79170.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79171.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79190.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79191.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2003-04-125288/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-semi-final-330085/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79213.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79243.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/Under_19_World_Cup/Overall/Team/Lowest_Team_Totals.html","external_links_name":"Under-19 World Cup lowest team totals"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/i/engine/series/125288.html","external_links_name":"EspnCricinfo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baug%C3%A9 | Baugé | ["1 Geography and transport","2 Culture","3 History","4 Population","5 Politics","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°32′31″N 0°06′11″W / 47.542°N 0.103°W / 47.542; -0.103Part of Baugé-en-Anjou in Pays de la Loire, FranceBaugéPart of Baugé-en-Anjou Location of Baugé
BaugéShow map of FranceBaugéShow map of Pays de la LoireCoordinates: 47°32′31″N 0°06′11″W / 47.542°N 0.103°W / 47.542; -0.103CountryFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentMaine-et-LoireArrondissementSaumurCantonBaugéCommuneBaugé-en-Anjou Area18.55 km2 (3.30 sq mi)Population (2019)3,689 • Density430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal code49150Elevation41–102 m (135–335 ft) (avg. 56 m or 184 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Baugé (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire département in western France. On 1 January 2013, it was merged with the former communes of Montpollin, Pontigné, Saint-Martin-d'Arcé and Le Vieil-Baugé to create the commune of Baugé-en-Anjou. Since then it is a commune déléguée of this commune.
Geography and transport
Baugé is located 40 km east of Angers, 280 km from Paris, and 70 km from Tours.
Bus connections are available at SNCF railway stations in Saumur, Angers, La Flèche and Le Mans.
The closest airport is Angers - Loire Airport, while the larger Tours Loire Valley Airport is also within easy driving distance.
Culture
The annual festival Opéra de Baugé is held near the town.
History
The Battle of Baugé was fought on the bridge here in 1421.
The 14th century Château de Baugé is located in the centre of the town, as is a 16th-century apothecary. The town has several Roman roads.
Baugé is the twin town of Milngavie (near Glasgow) in Scotland and of Kelsterbach in Germany.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% 17933,150— 18003,003−4.7% 18063,150+4.9% 18213,405+8.1% 18313,553+4.3% 18363,400−4.3% 18413,278−3.6% 18463,220−1.8% 18513,329+3.4% 18563,356+0.8% 18613,546+5.7% 18663,562+0.5% 18723,419−4.0% 18763,448+0.8% 18813,449+0.0% 18863,569+3.5% 18913,623+1.5% 18963,344−7.7%YearPop.±% 19013,325−0.6% 19063,199−3.8% 19113,235+1.1% 19212,868−11.3% 19262,848−0.7% 19312,738−3.9% 19362,916+6.5% 19463,484+19.5% 19543,510+0.7% 19623,363−4.2% 19683,657+8.7% 19753,807+4.1% 19823,898+2.4% 19903,748−3.8% 19993,663−2.3% 20063,454−5.7% 20093,672+6.3%
Politics
The centre-right candidate Philippe Chalopin defeated the incumbent Guy Delepine in the 2008 mayoral elections.
In the 2007 presidential elections, Baugé supported Nicolas Sarkozy.
See also
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department
References
^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE
^ Préfecture de Maine-et-Loire, Arrêté n° 2012090-0002 portant création de la commune nouvelle de Baugé en Anjou Archived 2013-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, du 30 mars 2012
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baugé.
Town website (in French)
Town tourism page
Golf de Baugé
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
IdRef
This Maine-et-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[boʒe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Hsarrazin-Baug%C3%A9.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Hsarrazin-Baug%C3%A9.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Hsarrazin-Baug%C3%A9.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Maine-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Montpollin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpollin"},{"link_name":"Pontigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-d'Arcé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-d%27Arc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Le Vieil-Baugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vieil-Baug%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Baugé-en-Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baug%C3%A9-en-Anjou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnba-2"}],"text":"Part of Baugé-en-Anjou in Pays de la Loire, FranceBaugé (French pronunciation: [boʒe] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire département in western France. On 1 January 2013, it was merged with the former communes of Montpollin, Pontigné, Saint-Martin-d'Arcé and Le Vieil-Baugé to create the commune of Baugé-en-Anjou.[2] Since then it is a commune déléguée of this commune.","title":"Baugé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"},{"link_name":"Saumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumur"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"La Flèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Angers - Loire Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers_-_Loire_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tours Loire Valley Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours_Loire_Valley_Airport"}],"text":"Baugé is located 40 km east of Angers, 280 km from Paris, and 70 km from Tours.Bus connections are available at SNCF railway stations in Saumur, Angers, La Flèche and Le Mans.The closest airport is Angers - Loire Airport, while the larger Tours Loire Valley Airport is also within easy driving distance.","title":"Geography and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opéra de Baugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Baug%C3%A9"}],"text":"The annual festival Opéra de Baugé is held near the town.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Baugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Château de Baugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Baug%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Roman roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads"}],"text":"The Battle of Baugé was fought on the bridge here in 1421.The 14th century Château de Baugé is located in the centre of the town, as is a 16th-century apothecary. The town has several Roman roads.Baugé is the twin town of Milngavie (near Glasgow) in Scotland and of Kelsterbach in Germany.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"}],"text":"The centre-right candidate Philippe Chalopin defeated the incumbent Guy Delepine in the 2008 mayoral elections.In the 2007 presidential elections, Baugé supported Nicolas Sarkozy.","title":"Politics"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Maine-et-Loire_department"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baug%C3%A9¶ms=47.542_N_0.103_W_type:city(3689)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°32′31″N 0°06′11″W / 47.542°N 0.103°W / 47.542; -0.103"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baug%C3%A9¶ms=47.542_N_0.103_W_type:city(3689)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°32′31″N 0°06′11″W / 47.542°N 0.103°W / 47.542; -0.103"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011070/ensemble.pdf","external_links_name":"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019"},{"Link":"http://www.pays-de-la-loire.territorial.gouv.fr/actes3/files/fichieracte26002.pdf","external_links_name":"Arrêté n° 2012090-0002 portant création de la commune nouvelle de Baugé en Anjou"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521065724/http://www.pays-de-la-loire.territorial.gouv.fr/actes3/files/fichieracte26002.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026045026/http://www.ville-bauge.fr/","external_links_name":"Town website"},{"Link":"http://pagesperso-orange.fr/tourisme.bauge/page35.html","external_links_name":"Town tourism page"},{"Link":"http://www.golf-bauge.fr/","external_links_name":"Golf de Baugé"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239539962","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13114140f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13114140f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4243248-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge550353&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/37e62d30-66a2-48c4-8994-4cb897f114b3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027533425","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baug%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Madness_(novel) | Divine Madness (novel) | ["1 Plot","2 Development","2.1 Censored section","2.2 Extra story","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | 2006 novel by Robert Muchamore
Divine Madness First edition coverAuthorRobert MuchamoreLanguageEnglishSeriesCHERUBGenreChildren's, Thriller, Spy novelPublisherHodder and StoughtonPublication date6 April 2006Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (paperback)Pages368 pp (first edition, paperback)ISBN0-340-89434-2 (first edition, paperback)OCLC62796249Dewey Decimal823.92 22LC ClassPZ7.M869647 Di 2006Preceded byThe Killing Followed byMan vs Beast
Divine Madness is the fifth novel in the CHERUB series by Robert Muchamore. In this novel, CHERUB agents James, Lauren, and Dana go to Australia to investigate a religious cult called the Survivors.
Plot
Kerry Chang, Bruce Norris and Kyle Blueman are on a mission in Hong Kong to befriend Clyde Xu, a teenage environmentalist who has been recruited by Help Earth to assassinate an oil executive. After Clyde meets with Help Earth operative Barry Cox, Bruce follows Barry back to his hotel room and incapacitates him before stealing his documents, while Kerry thwarts the assassination attempt by swapping out the explosives Cox had given Clyde. An MI5 investigation into Cox's activities uncovers that Help Earth are being funded by wealthy Australian cult The Survivors, who are in turn profiting from terrorist attacks committed by Help Earth. James and Lauren Adams and Dana Smith are sent on a mission to infiltrate The Survivors, with the aim of infiltrating the higher echelons of the cult and discovering the extent of their connection with Help Earth. Before James leaves, he and Kerry agree to give their relationship another try when he returns.
The cherubs go undercover in Australia and are soon recruited by the cult. James and Lauren are sent to the Survivor's elite boarding school in the Ark, the Survivors' isolated Outback headquarters. Meanwhile, Dana and another young Survivor, Eve Stannis, are recruited to aid Barry and his fellow Help Earth operative Nina Richards in a terrorist attack on a LNG terminal. Dana manages to alert mission controller John Jones of the target. However, Barry kills the ASIS agents following them and reveals that the facility to be attacked is not in Australia as originally assumed, but instead in Indonesia.
In the Ark, James befriends Rathbone "Rat" Regan, the cynical son of Survivors founder Joel Regan who sees through the cult's brainwashing techniques. Rat introduces James to Joel's wife Susie, who Lauren discovers is embezzling from the Survivors to bankroll Help Earth; Rat also reveals that Susie is having an affair with Brian "Bungle" Evans, a Help Earth operative whom James had previously encountered. With Help Earth's attack imminent, the Australian military prepares to storm the Ark, and James and Lauren attempt to retrieve Susie's data before the assault. They are followed by Rat and are forced to reveal CHERUB's existence to him. They enter Joel's quarters to find that Susie has killed him, destroyed her data and fled the Ark, and the Ark is put into lockdown before the trio can escape. The raid begins, but the military are forced to fall back after one of their helicopters is shot down by the Survivors. James, Lauren and Rat are caught trying to escape and locked in a room with several young children. When the order comes for the Survivors to fall back into the Ark's fortified church, Rat suggests escaping through a sewage tank. Lauren refuses to leave without taking the children with them, and the group manages to escape the Ark before it is destroyed when explosives laid by the Survivors are accidentally detonated. Meanwhile, with no backup coming and no way of warning mission control, Dana incapacitates Barry and Nina herself while their boat sails across the Arafura Sea, but is too late to stop Eve leaving in their dinghy in an attempt to complete the attack herself; Eve ultimately drowns at sea. Susie and Brian are apprehended before they can leave Australia.
The cherubs visit former CHERUB Amy Collins to recuperate. Rat is accepted into CHERUB, Dana is awarded her navy shirt, while, to James' disbelief, Lauren is awarded her black shirt for saving the children from the Ark.
Development
Censored section
Divine Madness is one of two CHERUB stories where part of a scene had been cut out. The scene in question was the segment where Kyle and Bruce were chasing a suspected member of Help Earth. In the original version of the scene, Bruce beats up a passenger who calls him names while boarding the train. In the published book, this is not shown due to excessive violence. The cover is Bruce ignoring the comment.
Extra story
On the CHERUB website, there is a bonus chapter entitled "Disconnected". It is set during Chapter 44 of Divine Madness, and introduces James' father.
Awards
Divine Madness won the Lancashire Children's Book of the Year in 2007.
References
^ —— (2006). Divine Madness. CHERUB. Vol. 5. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-89434-7.
^ "CHERUB: Divine Madness Outtake Chapter 5 – Excerpt with added violence by Bruce Norris!". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ Muchamore, Robert. "CHERUB: Disconnected". www.cherubcampus.co. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
^ "News : 'Divine Madness' named Lancashire's Children's Book of the Year". Lancashire.gov.uk. 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
External links
Official CHERUB page for book
CHERUB official website
vteWorks by Robert MuchamoreCHERUBCHERUB novels
The Recruit
Class A
Maximum Security
The Killing
Divine Madness
Man vs Beast
The Fall
Mad Dogs
The Sleepwalker
Dark Sun (novella)
The General
Brigands M.C.
Shadow Wave
Aramov novels
People's Republic
Guardian Angel
Black Friday
Lone Wolf
New Guard
Characters
James Adams
Aramov Clan
Henderson's BoysNovels
The Escape
Eagle Day
Secret Army
Grey Wolves
The Prisoner
One Shot Kill
Scorched Earth
Characters
Charles Henderson
Paul Clarke
Marc Kilgour
P. T. Bivott
Rock War
Rock War
The Audition (novella)
Boot Camp
Gone Wild
Crash Landing
Robin Hood
Hacking Heists & Flaming Arrows
Piracy, Paintballs & Zebras
Jetskis, Swamps & Smugglers
Drones, Dams & Destruction
Ransoms, Raids & Revenge
Other
Killer T
Arctic Zoo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CHERUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHERUB"},{"link_name":"Robert Muchamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muchamore"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Adams_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lauren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Adams_(character)"},{"link_name":"Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CHERUB_characters#Dana_Smith"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"2006 novel by Robert MuchamoreDivine Madness is the fifth novel in the CHERUB series by Robert Muchamore. In this novel, CHERUB agents James, Lauren, and Dana go to Australia to investigate a religious cult called the Survivors.","title":"Divine Madness (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback"},{"link_name":"LNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"ASIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"previously encountered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recruit_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Arafura Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DivMad-1"}],"text":"Kerry Chang, Bruce Norris and Kyle Blueman are on a mission in Hong Kong to befriend Clyde Xu, a teenage environmentalist who has been recruited by Help Earth to assassinate an oil executive. After Clyde meets with Help Earth operative Barry Cox, Bruce follows Barry back to his hotel room and incapacitates him before stealing his documents, while Kerry thwarts the assassination attempt by swapping out the explosives Cox had given Clyde. An MI5 investigation into Cox's activities uncovers that Help Earth are being funded by wealthy Australian cult The Survivors, who are in turn profiting from terrorist attacks committed by Help Earth. James and Lauren Adams and Dana Smith are sent on a mission to infiltrate The Survivors, with the aim of infiltrating the higher echelons of the cult and discovering the extent of their connection with Help Earth. Before James leaves, he and Kerry agree to give their relationship another try when he returns.The cherubs go undercover in Australia and are soon recruited by the cult. James and Lauren are sent to the Survivor's elite boarding school in the Ark, the Survivors' isolated Outback headquarters. Meanwhile, Dana and another young Survivor, Eve Stannis, are recruited to aid Barry and his fellow Help Earth operative Nina Richards in a terrorist attack on a LNG terminal. Dana manages to alert mission controller John Jones of the target. However, Barry kills the ASIS agents following them and reveals that the facility to be attacked is not in Australia as originally assumed, but instead in Indonesia.In the Ark, James befriends Rathbone \"Rat\" Regan, the cynical son of Survivors founder Joel Regan who sees through the cult's brainwashing techniques. Rat introduces James to Joel's wife Susie, who Lauren discovers is embezzling from the Survivors to bankroll Help Earth; Rat also reveals that Susie is having an affair with Brian \"Bungle\" Evans, a Help Earth operative whom James had previously encountered. With Help Earth's attack imminent, the Australian military prepares to storm the Ark, and James and Lauren attempt to retrieve Susie's data before the assault. They are followed by Rat and are forced to reveal CHERUB's existence to him. They enter Joel's quarters to find that Susie has killed him, destroyed her data and fled the Ark, and the Ark is put into lockdown before the trio can escape. The raid begins, but the military are forced to fall back after one of their helicopters is shot down by the Survivors. James, Lauren and Rat are caught trying to escape and locked in a room with several young children. When the order comes for the Survivors to fall back into the Ark's fortified church, Rat suggests escaping through a sewage tank. Lauren refuses to leave without taking the children with them, and the group manages to escape the Ark before it is destroyed when explosives laid by the Survivors are accidentally detonated. Meanwhile, with no backup coming and no way of warning mission control, Dana incapacitates Barry and Nina herself while their boat sails across the Arafura Sea, but is too late to stop Eve leaving in their dinghy in an attempt to complete the attack herself; Eve ultimately drowns at sea. Susie and Brian are apprehended before they can leave Australia.The cherubs visit former CHERUB Amy Collins to recuperate. Rat is accepted into CHERUB, Dana is awarded her navy shirt, while, to James' disbelief, Lauren is awarded her black shirt for saving the children from the Ark.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Censored section","text":"Divine Madness is one of two CHERUB stories where part of a scene had been cut out. The scene in question was the segment where Kyle and Bruce were chasing a suspected member of Help Earth. In the original version of the scene, Bruce beats up a passenger who calls him names while boarding the train. In the published book, this is not shown due to excessive violence. The cover is Bruce ignoring the comment.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHERUB:_Disconnected-3"}],"sub_title":"Extra story","text":"On the CHERUB website, there is a bonus chapter entitled \"Disconnected\". It is set during Chapter 44 of Divine Madness, and introduces James' father.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancashire Children's Book of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Children%27s_Book_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Divine Madness won the Lancashire Children's Book of the Year in 2007.[4]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"—— (2006). Divine Madness. CHERUB. Vol. 5. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-89434-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/divinemadnessche00robe","url_text":"Divine Madness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-89434-7","url_text":"978-0-340-89434-7"}]},{"reference":"\"CHERUB: Divine Madness Outtake Chapter 5 – Excerpt with added violence by Bruce Norris!\". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417035514/http://www.cherubcampus.com/dm%20outtake.htm","url_text":"\"CHERUB: Divine Madness Outtake Chapter 5 – Excerpt with added violence by Bruce Norris!\""},{"url":"http://www.cherubcampus.com/dm%20outtake.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muchamore, Robert. \"CHERUB: Disconnected\". www.cherubcampus.co. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310155313/http://www.cherubcampus.com/bonus.htm","url_text":"\"CHERUB: Disconnected\""},{"url":"http://www.cherubcampus.com/bonus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News : 'Divine Madness' named Lancashire's Children's Book of the Year\". Lancashire.gov.uk. 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325040933/http://www3.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/news/press_releases/y/m/release.asp?id=200706&r=PR07%2F0321","url_text":"\"News : 'Divine Madness' named Lancashire's Children's Book of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/news/press_releases/y/m/release.asp?id=200706&r=PR07/0321","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62796249","external_links_name":"62796249"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/divinemadnessche00robe","external_links_name":"Divine Madness"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417035514/http://www.cherubcampus.com/dm%20outtake.htm","external_links_name":"\"CHERUB: Divine Madness Outtake Chapter 5 – Excerpt with added violence by Bruce Norris!\""},{"Link":"http://www.cherubcampus.com/dm%20outtake.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310155313/http://www.cherubcampus.com/bonus.htm","external_links_name":"\"CHERUB: Disconnected\""},{"Link":"http://www.cherubcampus.com/bonus.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325040933/http://www3.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/news/press_releases/y/m/release.asp?id=200706&r=PR07%2F0321","external_links_name":"\"News : 'Divine Madness' named Lancashire's Children's Book of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/news/press_releases/y/m/release.asp?id=200706&r=PR07/0321","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202065552/http://cherubcampus.com/book5.htm","external_links_name":"Official CHERUB page for book"},{"Link":"http://www.cherubcampus.com/","external_links_name":"CHERUB official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n | Zócalo | ["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Pre-conquest","2.2 Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)","2.3 Independence and the 1828 Parián Riot","2.4 Era of the Porfiriato","2.5 20th century","2.6 21st century","3 As a political hub","4 As an artistic venue","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 19°25′58″N 99°7′59″W / 19.43278°N 99.13306°W / 19.43278; -99.13306Plaza de la Constitución, Mexico City
"Plaza de la Constitución" redirects here. For the square in Santiago de Chile, see Plaza de la Constitución (Santiago de Chile). For the Metro station serving the square, see Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station.
For the square in Puebla, Puebla, see Zócalo (Puebla City). For the square in Cholula, see Plaza de la Concordia.
ZócaloPlaza de la ConstituciónPlaza de la Constitución19°25′58″N 99°7′59″W / 19.43278°N 99.13306°W / 19.43278; -99.13306LocationMexico City, CityBeginning date1521Completion date1523Opening date1524
Zócalo (Spanish pronunciation: ) is the common name of the main square in central Mexico City. Prior to the colonial period, it was the main ceremonial center in the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. The plaza used to be known simply as the "Main Square" (Plaza Mayor) or "Arms Square" (Plaza de Armas), and today its formal name is Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square). This name does not come from any of the Mexican constitutions that have governed the country but rather from the Cádiz Constitution, which was signed in Spain in the year 1812. Even so, it is almost always called the Zócalo today. Plans were made to erect a column as a monument to independence, but only the base, or zócalo (meaning "plinth"), was built. The plinth was buried long ago, but the name has lived on. Many other Mexican towns and cities, such as Oaxaca, Mérida, and Guadalajara, have adopted the word zócalo to refer to their main plazas, but not all.
It has been a gathering place for Mexicans since Aztec times, having been the site of Mexican ceremonies, the swearing-in of viceroys, royal proclamations, military parades, Independence ceremonies, and modern religious events such as the festivals of Holy Week and Corpus Christi. It has received foreign heads of state and is the main venue for both national celebrations and national protests. The Zócalo and surrounding blocks have played a central role in the city's planning and geography for almost 700 years. The site is just one block southwest of the Templo Mayor, which, according to Aztec legend and mythology, was considered the center of the universe.
Description
The modern Zócalo in Mexico City is 57,600 m2 (240 m × 240 m). It is bordered by the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral to the north, the National Palace to the east, the Federal District buildings to the south and the Old Portal de Mercaderes to the west, the Nacional Monte de Piedad building at the northwest corner, with the Templo Mayor site to the northeast, just outside view. In the centre is a flagpole with an enormous Mexican flag ceremoniously raised and lowered each day and carried into the National Palace. There is an entrance to the Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station located at the northeast corner of the square, but no sign above ground indicates its presence.
Panoramic view of the Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución), Mexico City. Looking east from the rooftop restaurant on the Portal de Mercaderes to the Palacio Nacional
History
See also: History of Mexico City
Pre-conquest
Model of Templo Mayor and Zócalo prior to the conquest. Mexico City Metro Zócalo/Tenochtitlan station
Prior to the conquest, the area that the Zócalo occupies was open space, in the center of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. It was bordered to the east by Moctezuma II's "New Houses" or Palace (which would become the National Palace) and to the west by the "Old Houses", the palace of Axayacatl (1469–1481) where the Emperor Ahuitzotl, Moctezuma's uncle and immediate predecessor also lived. A European-style plaza was not part of the conquered Aztec Tenochtitlan; the old city had a sacred precinct or teocalli which was the absolute center of the city (and the universe, according to Aztec belief), but it was located to the immediate north and northeast of the modern-day Zócalo.
The current Zócalo occupies a space south-southwest of the intersection of roads that oriented Tenochtitlan. The north–south road was called Tepeyac–Iztapalapa (for the locations north and south it led to). The Tlacopan road led west and stretched east a little before leading into the lake that surrounded the city at the time. These roads were the width of three jousting lances according to Hernán Cortés. This intersection divided the city into four neighborhoods. The sacred precinct, containing the Templo Mayor, was located to the northeast of this intersection and walled off from the open area for commoners. As to this area's relationship to the teocalli proper, some historians say that it was part of it, but others say no.
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)
The modern plaza of Mexico City was placed by Alonso Garcia Bravo shortly after the invasion when he laid out what is now the historic center. After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, Cortés had the city redesigned for symbolic purposes. He kept the four major neighborhoods or "capullis" but he had a church, now the Cathedral of Mexico City, built at the place the four adjoined. He had the Temo become the cathedral. The southern half was called the "Plaza Mayor" (Main Square) and the northern one was called the "Plaza Chica" (Small Square). Fairly early in the colonial period, the Plaza Chica would be swallowed up by the growing city.
During early colonial times, the plaza was bordered to the north by the new church, and to the east by Cortés's new palace, built over and with the ruins of Moctezuma's palace. On the west side of the plaza, the Portales de Mercaderes (Merchants' Portals) were built, south of Cortés' other palace, the Palace of the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. On the south side, was the Portal of the Flowers (Flores), named so after its owner, Maria Gutierrez Flores de Caballerias. Next to this portal was the House of the Ayuntamiento, a government building for the city. Both of these were behind a small drainage canal that ran east–west.
Flooding was always an issue for the plaza and the city in general. The plaza was flooded in 1629 with water two meters deep, ruining many of the merchants located there and requiring many of the portals to be rebuilt. The drainage project to control flooding, known as the desagüe, drafted Indian men over nearly the whole colonial period, to work on this major infrastructure project. Controlling flooding meant health benefits for Mexico City residents by preventing human waste from polluting the city during floods and controlling mosquitoes, which spread disease. It also changed the ecological system that supported birds and fish populations and allowed for Indian cultivation of crops.
View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico city (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando, painting currently located at Corsham Court, England
After the cathedral was constructed in the latter half of the 16th century, the look of the plaza changed. The old church faced east and not to the plaza itself. The new cathedral's three portals towered south over the plaza and giving the area a north–south orientation, which exists to this day.
Over much of the 17th century, the plaza became overrun with market stalls. After a mob burned the Viceregal Palace in 1692, depicted in the famous 1696 painting by Cristóbal de Villalpando, authorities attempted to completely clear the plaza to make way for the "Parian", a set of shops set in the southwest corner of the plaza used to warehouse and sell products brought by galleons from Europe and Asia. This was opened in 1703. The Parián is shown at the bottom of Villalpando's painting; it was later destroyed in an 1828 riot.
This, however, did not keep the rest of the plaza from becoming filled again with makeshift stalls such as the group known as "San José" located next to the Parian itself. This prompted historian Francisco Sedano to comment that it was ugly and unsightly. He claimed it was very difficult to walk around here at the time because of its uneven pavement, mud in the rainy season, aggressive street dogs, mounds of trash and human excrement tossed among the corn husks and other discarded wrappings.
Model of Mexico City in early 19th century, with Parian and statue of Charles IV in the Zócalo
Again the plaza was cleared (with exception of the Parian) by proclamation of Charles IV of Spain in December 1789. Then-viceroy Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco had the plaza repaved and the open gutters covered with stone blocks. He also had a fountain installed in each corner. During this work, the Aztec Calendar was unearthed, as well as a statue of the goddess Coatlicue. The Calendar was put on display on the west side of the cathedral, where it remained until about 1890 when it was moved to the old "Centro Museum". It now resides in the Museum of Anthropology. The statue eventually made its way to this museum, but not until it was practically buried in one of the back patios of the Royal and Pontifical University until after Independence. The former merchants of the plaza were moved primarily to a new building called the Mercado de Volador (Market of the Flyer), located southeast of the plaza where the Supreme Court building stands today.
The plaza was converted into a public space with 64 lamps. The cathedral was separated from the plaza by iron grating; 124 stone benches were placed and the plaza was marked off by low iron poles connected by an iron chain. The main feature of the redesigned plaza was an equestrian statue of Charles IV by Manuel Tolsá. It was first placed in the southeastern corner of the plaza, first on a gilded wood base to inaugurate it in December 1803. When the monument was finished, the wooden base was replaced by an oval one of stone measuring 113 meters by 95.5 meters, with its own balustrade and fountains at the corners created by José del Mazo.
This was the backdrop when Viceroy Don Felix Maria Calleja, other authorities and assembled people swore allegiance to the Constitution of Cadiz, and fealty to the Spanish Crown on 22 May 1813 as the Mexican War of Independence raged. This event also resulted in renaming the square as the "Plaza of the Constitution." The last changes to the plaza before Independence in 1821 were done by Manuel Tolsá placing the Cross of Mañozca at the southeast corner and placing another, similar cross to the northwest. Both of these were set on stone Neoclassical pedestals.
Independence and the 1828 Parián Riot
The Parián Market, completed in 1703
A symbolic move upon independence was the dismantling and removal of the equestrian monument to Charles IV from Plaza. The statue itself can still be seen in front of the National Art Museum, where its current—and much smaller—base states that it is preserved solely for its artistic value. The statue's former oval base was moved to what was then the university building and the balustrade was moved to the Alameda Central. This left the plaza bare except for the Parian.
On 4 and 5 December 1828, the Parián market, the most active of Mexico City's markets, was looted and damaged by a popular uprising. Several merchants died and most were ruined. President Santa Anna finally had the Parián demolished in 1843. This left the plaza bare again, except for some ash trees and flower gardens that were planted and protected by stone borders. Santa Anna wanted to build a monument to Mexican Independence in the center of the plaza but his project got only as far as the base (zócalo), which stayed there for decades and gave the plaza its current popular name. It stayed this way until 1866 when the Paseo (path) del Zócalo was created in response to the numbers of people who were using the plaza to take walks. A garden with footpaths was created; fountains were placed at each corner; 72 iron benches were installed and the area was lighted by hydrogen gas lamps. Santa Anna's base, however, was not removed.
Era of the Porfiriato
Model of the Zócalo circa 1910, with gardens and footpaths
In 1878, Antonio Escandon donated a kiosk to the city which was set over and on top of Santa Anna's base. It was lit with four large iron candelabras and designed to be similar to one in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Soon afterward, the company Ferrocarriles del Distrito Federal ("Trains of the Federal District") converted part of the Zócalo into a streetcar station with ticket kiosk and stand. The streetcars and lighting were converted to electric power in 1894, and the Zócalo's paths were paved with asphalt in 1891.
From the latter half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, the Zócalo again filled with market stalls, including the "Centro Mercantil" which sold fabric, clothing, and Art Nouveau stonework. The other stalls concentrated on more mundane merchandise. This caused pedestrians to take their walks on Alameda Central or on San Francisco and Madero streets, to the west of the Zócalo.
20th century
Aerial view of the Zócalo, taken between 1918 and 1920
During the Decena Trágica (the ten days from 9 to 19 February 1913), the National Palace was bombarded from the nearby military fort, incidentally damaging the Zócalo. In 1914, the ash trees planted in the previous century (which meanwhile had grown considerably) were taken out; new footpaths, grassy areas, and garden space were created; and palm trees were planted in each corner of the plaza.
The Zócalo was a meeting place for protests for 1 May. In 1968, students protested against the authoritarian measures taken by then-president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. It was also the starting point of the marathon run in the 1968 Summer Olympics. The plaza deteriorated until, by the 1970s, all that was left were light poles and a large flagpole in the center. Then the ground was leveled again, the train tracks taken out, and the whole plaza cemented over. Automobile parking was prohibited and the plaza's shape was squared to 200 meters on each side. Later in the 1970s, the Zócalo was repaved with pink cobblestones; small trees protected by metal grates were planted; and small areas of grass were seeded around the flagpole.
As the end of the twentieth century neared, the Zócalo, along with most of the city center (called the Colonia Centro) was in massive disrepair. This caused The Economist magazine to remark that the Zócalo and the area surrounding it "... should be one of the most compelling architectural destinations in the Americas. Instead, much of it is a slum of gutted buildings, dark and dirty streets blocked by milling vendors, and garbage-strewn vacant lots."
In the late 1990s, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, then mayor of Mexico City, and Dr. Rene Coulomb, general director of the Historic Center Trust, launched a $300,000,000 renovation of the Zócalo and the surrounding city center, with the aim of attracting businesses and residents back to the area. There were plans to remove the iron grating separating the cathedral from the Zócalo, but there was so much public opposition to the idea that it was eventually scrapped.
21st century
In 2009, former mayor Marcelo Ebrard launched a campaign to perform maintenance works in the Historic Center (which, because of Congressional reduction of the annual budget of the local government, was largely supported with the money collected in the streets for that purpose by government officials). The campaign had satisfactory results.
In 2010, a replica of the Angel de la Independencia was brought to Zócalo as a way of spreading out the protesters from the original Angel site. This is because the original site of the Angel is located in a financial area, with a high traffic flow, making policing more difficult than the Zócalo.
A Day of the Dead parade has been held at the square since 2016 after the James Bond film Spectre featured a parade there.
As a political hub
The Zócalo is the center of government of both the nation and of the capital, where the powers-that-be are. This makes it a popular place for protests, and it is often dotted with protesters in makeshift camps and banners. As the plaza can hold more than 100,000 people, it is also the scene of major political rallies. Thousands rallied here in protest when Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas lost against Carlos Salinas in a presidential election widely believed to have been rigged in 1988. In 2001, followers of Zapatista leader Subcomandante Marcos, mostly poor Chiapan indigenous people, marched into the Zócalo to support a bill that would give them greater political autonomy. Following Cárdenas' lead, Andrés Manuel López Obrador staged major protests here after the 2006 Mexican presidential elections as well as a rally with thousands of participants against President Calderón's initiative to allow private and foreign investment in Mexico's state-owned energy company, PEMEX. On 30 August 2008, a peaceful protest against crime and violence filled the Zócalo to capacity.
Protesters and Mexican army during 1968 protests
The plaza is also home to regularly occurring political events. Just before 11 pm on each 15 September, the president of Mexico comes out onto the central balcony of the National Palace to perform the Grito de Dolores to the crowd gathered in the plaza. Even this is sometimes subject to the political winds of the country. For the 2006 Grito, the crowd in the Zócalo was addressed not by then-President Vicente Fox, who had gone to Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato to deliver the Grito, but by Alejandro Encinas, then-mayor of Mexico City. This was done to avoid mass protests in the Zócalo following the disputed presidential election between Felipe Calderón and López Obrador. Under the unpopular rule of Enrique Peña Nieto, the ceremony has been subjected to widespread criticism —mostly from left-leaning sources— for the government's notorious use of acarreados (people who are literally carried into the square by bus and paid for with food or other minor goods) in order to boost attendance numbers and simulate popular enthusiasm.
An alternative expression of Mexican pride is the celebration of the spring equinox on the Zócalo. This is done by groups looking to reassert the superiority of indigenous ethnic bloodlines (La Raza) and pre-Hispanic culture. They choose to do the ceremony here not only because it is close to where such rites used to be performed before the Spaniards came, but also because they are right next to the symbols of "Spanish" ecclesiastical and secular power (the cathedral and National Palace, respectively), which they oppose.
The Zócalo area has been, since 2014, where large rallies have been held in the aftermath of the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping, an event that has become symbolic for the climate of widespread criminality, impunity and governmental corruption that many feel the country faces.
As an artistic venue
A kid wearing the typical clothing to perform an Aztec Dance in the Zócalo
Since 1982, due to efforts to revitalize the city center, the Zócalo has become the scene of a number of artistic and cultural events. There are daily impromptu shows of Aztec dancers dancing to drums, wearing feathered headdresses and anklets made of concha shells. On a grander scale, some examples of events held here recently are Spencer Tunick's photo shoot where nearly 18,000 Mexicans bared all for the artist, surpassing the record set earlier in Barcelona and artist Gregory Colbert's Ashes and Snow Nomadic Museum. One curious event was the building of a temporary ice-skating rink of about 3,200 m2 in the middle of the Zócalo, for use by the city's residents for free in the winter of 2007. Since then, the rink has been repeatedly built up for several winter seasons.
The Festival de México is an annual event with programs dedicated to art (popular and fine) and academia held in the Zócalo and some other venues in the historic center. In 2008, the 24th Festival had 254 performances and shows from over 20 countries in 65 plazas and other locations near the plaza.
The Zócalo is often the site of major parades in the city, including the Mexico City Alebrije Parade.
Concerts by popular singers and groups have also been held here. Café Tacuba drew almost 100,000 people to the plaza in 2005 and Colombian superstar Shakira drew a crowd of about 210,000 according to Mexico's Civil Protection. In August 2008, a skateboarding/BMX event drew 50,000 young people on a Sunday afternoon. Paul McCartney drew an attendance of 250,000 people for a free concert played on the plaza on 10 May 2012 as a part of his On the Run Tour. Justin Bieber also offered a free show on 11 July 2012, where he performed in front of 210,000 people as part of the tour for his 2012 album Believe. On 1 October 2016, Roger Waters performed in the square before 170,000 people, once again for free and with a strong political message against Donald Trump and Enrique Peña Nieto included in sections of the show, which consisted of outtakes from his Pink Floyd years.
In popular culture
The sci-fi series Babylon 5 uses the name "Zocalo" as the station's main gathering place.
Dutch trance music producer Armin Van Buuren has a song called "Zocalo" on his 2005 album Shivers, which, Josh Gabriel, of Gabriel & Dresden, recounts is named after Zocalo Coffeehouse in San Leandro, California, which Armin visited while recording the song, and which is itself named after the Zócalo in Mexico City.
The pre-title sequence of the 2015 James Bond film Spectre takes place largely above the Zócalo, as Bond takes command of a SPECTRE getaway helicopter. The scene is set against a Day of the Dead parade, which actually had never been held at the square before. However, after the film's release, the city officials decided to hold a Day of the Dead parade starting at the Angel of Independence and finishing at the Zócalo on 29 October 2016, using props and wardrobe from the film. The parade has been held every year since.
The release of the acoustic version of the Twenty One Pilots song "Chlorine" contains the coordinates to this location.
See also
Statues of Pegasus, Mexico City, formerly installed in the plaza
Zócalo (Puebla)
References
^ a b c d e Galindo, Carmen; Magdalena Galindo (2002). Mexico City Historic Center. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. p. 20. ISBN 978-968-5437-29-5.
^ "Hallado el verdadero zócalo de Ciudad de México". El País. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ a b c d e f Noble, John (2000). Lonely Planet Mexico City. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-86450-087-5.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Zócalo". Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 16. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. pp. 8273–8280.
^ "Mexico City – Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)". PlanetWare Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
^ "Palacio Nacional". Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 11. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. pp. 6141–2. ISBN 978-968-457-180-8.
^ Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico. Pearson 2003:106–107, 151.
^ "Imágenes: La ciudad de México". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervante.
^ R. Douglas Cope, "Parián", in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 313. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
^ "The National Place: A Traveling, Unmovable Structure". Retrieved 19 September 2008.
^ Bueno de Ariztegui, Patricia, ed. (1984). Guia turistica de Mexico – Centro III Distrito Federal (in Spanish). Mexico City: Promex. pp. 50–54. ISBN 978-968-34-0319-3.
^ R. Douglas Cope, "Parián" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture vol.4, p. 313. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
^ Silvia Arrom, "Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Parián Riot 1828," Hispanic American Historical Review 68 (1985): 245–270.
^ Cope, "Parián", p. 313.
^ Sports-reference.com Mexico City Summer Olympics athletics 20 October 1968 men's marathon results. Accessed 4 November 2010.
^ "Centre of belated attention". The Economist. Vol. 364, no. 8290. 2002. p. 37. 00130613.
^ Butler, Ron (November–December 1999). "A New Face for the Zocalo". Americas. 51 (6): 4–6. 03790940.
^ "Lanzará GDF campaña "Yo quiero al Centro Histórico"". Secretaría de Turismo. Ciudad de México. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
^ "El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México entre los 10 puntos más visitados del planeta". MXCITY (in Spanish). 19 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^ a b Shepherd, Jack (27 October 2016). "James Bond: Mexico City to hold first Day of the Dead parade thanks to Spectre". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
^ a b "2 parades will celebrate Day of the Dead in Mexico City". Mexico News Daily. 12 October 2019.
^ "Also ran". The Economist. Vol. 332, no. 7875. August 1994. pp. 36–38. 00130613.
^ "Masks of Rebellion". Current Events. 101 (8): 1–5. October 2001. 00113492.
^ "Leftist's supporters paralyze Mexico City Center". NBC News. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
^ Hawley, Chris (14 April 2008). "Mexicans protest plan to end oil monopoly". USA Today.
^ "Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave". Fox News. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
^ Jaramillo, Angel (Winter 2007). "Angel Jaramillo in the Mexican Labyrinth: The elections, the Left and the fight for the Mexican soul". Dissent: 17–22. doi:10.1353/dss.2007.0002. S2CID 144173268.
^ "Llegan camiones de acarreados al Zócalo previo al Grito". www.animalpolitico.com. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ Galinier, Jacques (2004). "From Savage to the Imperial Indian: Identity Quests in Contemporary Mexico". History and Anthropology. 15 (3): 223–231. doi:10.1080/0275720042000257476.
^ "Spencer Tunick en Mexico". Archived from the original on 31 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
^ Hawley, Chris (5 July 2007). "Mexican throng bares all for the record". USA Today.
^ Pacheco, Istra (6 May 2007). "18,000 Mexicans Strip for Artist's Photo". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
^ "Exposicion Ciudad de Mexico". Retrieved 31 August 2008.
^ Grillo (December 2007). "Postcard Mexico City". Time. Vol. 170, no. 26. p. 13.
^ Hinojosa, Beatriz (April 2008). "Festival de Centro Historico". Mexico Desconocida. 374: 8.
^ Silva, Gustavo (28 May 2007). "Canta Shakira ante 210 mil personas en el Zócalo, reporta SSP". El Universal. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
^ Barba, Jesus (24 August 2008). "Concierto del Zocalo dejó 70 jovenes lesionados". Noticias Televisa. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
^ "El Zócalo recibirá a 250 mil personas para concierto de Paul McCartney". www.animalpolitico.com. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ "Deleita Justin Bieber a 210 mil fans en el Zócalo – 12/06/2012 | Periódico Zócalo". www.zocalo.com.mx. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ "El 'show' de Roger Waters en el Zócalo – La Jornada". www.jornada.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
^ Bassom, D., Straczynski, J. M. (1997:25). The A-Z of Babylon 5. United Kingdom: Dell Publishing.
^ Simon, Johnny (30 October 2016). "A centuries-old Mexican tradition has been transformed by James Bond". Quartz.
External links
Media related to Plaza de la Constitución (Mexico City) at Wikimedia Commons
vteHistoric center of Mexico CityZócaloand immediate vicinity
Administrative buildings
Metropolitan Cathedral
Cruz de Mañozca
Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas
Monument to Pope John Paul II
Nacional Monte de Piedad
National Palace
Old Portal de Mercaderes
Templo Mayor
Schools and colleges
Academia Mexicana de la Historia
Academy of San Carlos
Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia
Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas
El Colegio Nacional
University of the Cloister of Sor Juana
Government buildings
Library of the Congress of Mexico
Old Customs Building
Palace of the Marqués del Apartado
Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
Religious buildings
Church of Jesus Nazareno
Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa"
Church of San Hipólito
Church of Santa Inés
Convent of La Merced
Convent of San Francisco
Convent of Santa Inés
Corpus Christi Church
Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71
Iglesia de San Bernardo
La Enseñanza Church
La Santísima Church
Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church
Regina Coeli Convent Church
Royal Convent of Jesús María and Our Lady of Mercy
Santa Teresa la Antigua
Santa Veracruz Monastery
Santo Domingo
Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús
Valvanera Cathedral
Museums
Caricature Museum
Casa Talavera Cultural Center
Centro Cultural de España
Colegio de San Ildefonso
Franz Mayer Museum
House of the First Print Shop in the Americas
Interactive Museum of Economics
José Luis Cuevas Museum
Museo de Arte Popular
Museo de Charrería
Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
Museo del Estanquillo
Museo Mural Diego Rivera
Museo Nacional de Arte
Museo Nacional de la Estampa
Museo Nacional de las Culturas
Museum of Light
Museum of Mexico City
Palace of the Inquisition
Palacio de Minería
San Pedro y San Pablo College
Palaces
Borda House
Casa de los Azulejos
Palace of Iturbide
Palacio de Bellas Artes
Palacio de Correos de México
Palacio de la Autonomía
Palacio del Marqués del Apartado
Historic houses
House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina
House of the Marquis of Uluapa
Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero
Saint Augustine House
Tlaxcala House
Traditional markets
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market
Ciudadela Market
La Merced Market
San Juan Market
Streets
Avenida Bucareli
Avenida Juárez
Calle de República de Argentina
Calle de República de Guatemala
Madero Street
Parks and plazas
Alameda Central
Garden of the Triple Alliance
Plaza Garibaldi
Tlaxcoaque
Transportation
Mexico City Metrobús Line 4
Allende metro station
Bellas Artes metro station
Hidalgo metro station
Isabel la Católica metro station
Merced metro station
Pino Suárez metro station
San Juan de Letrán metro station
Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station
Other
Barrio Chino
Chapultepec aqueduct
Edificio Miguel E. Abed
Hospital de Jesús Nazareno
Hospital San Hipólito
Teatro de la Ciudad
Teatro Fru Fru
Torre Latinoamericana
vteOlympic venues in athletics19th century
1896: Marathon (city), Panathenaic Stadium
20th century
1900: Croix-Catelan Stadium
1904: Francis Field
1908: White City Stadium
1912: Stockholm Olympic Stadium
1920: Olympisch Stadion
1924: Stade Yves-du-Manoir
1928: Olympic Stadium
1932: Olympic Stadium, Riverside Drive at Griffith Park
1936: Avus Motor Road, Olympic Stadium
1948: Empire Stadium
1952: Olympic Stadium
1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground
1960: Arch of Constantine, Raccordo Anulare, Stadio Olimpico, Via Appia Antica, Via Cristoforo Colombo
1964: Fuchu City, Karasuyama-machi, National Stadium, Sasazuka-machi, Shinjuku
1968: Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Zócalo
1972: Olympiastadion
1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Stadium, Streets of Montreal
1980: Grand Arena, Streets of Moscow
1984: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Santa Monica College, Streets of Los Angeles, Streets of Santa Monica
1988: Seoul Olympic Stadium, Streets of Seoul
1992: Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc, Marathon course, Mataró, Walking course
1996: Marathon course, Olympic Stadium, Walking course
21st century
2000: Marathon course, North Sydney, Olympic Stadium
2004: Marathon (city), Olympic Stadium, Panathenaic Stadium, Stadium at Olympia
2008: Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green Promenade Walking course, Streets of Beijing Marathon course
2012: Marathon Course, Olympic Stadium
2016: Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Pontal, Sambódromo
2020: Japan National Stadium, Odori Park
2024: Stade de France, Champs-Élysées
2028: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium, Grand Park
2032: Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre, Alexandra Headland
vte Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics (Mexico City)
Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome
Arena México
Avándaro Golf Club
Campo Marte
Campo Militar 1
Club de Yates de Acapulco
Estadio Azteca
Estadio Cuauhtémoc
Estadio Nou Camp
Estadio Olímpico Universitario
Fernando Montes de Oca Fencing Hall
Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool
Insurgentes Ice Rink
Insurgentes Theatre
Jalisco Stadium
Juan de la Barrera Olympic Gymnasium
Juan Escutia Sports Palace
Magdalena Mixhuca Sports City
Municipal Stadium
National Auditorium
Revolution Ice Rink
Satellite Circuit
University City Swimming Pool
Vicente Suárez Shooting Range
Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course
Zócalo
Authority control databases
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaza de la Constitución (Santiago de Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_(Santiago_de_Chile)"},{"link_name":"Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo/Tenochtitlan_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Zócalo (Puebla City)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo_(Puebla_City)"},{"link_name":"Plaza de la Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Concordia"},{"link_name":"[ˈsokalo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"main square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"Mexican constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cádiz Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca,_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"viceroys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"}],"text":"Plaza de la Constitución, Mexico City\"Plaza de la Constitución\" redirects here. For the square in Santiago de Chile, see Plaza de la Constitución (Santiago de Chile). For the Metro station serving the square, see Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station.For the square in Puebla, Puebla, see Zócalo (Puebla City). For the square in Cholula, see Plaza de la Concordia.Zócalo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsokalo]) is the common name of the main square in central Mexico City. Prior to the colonial period, it was the main ceremonial center in the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. The plaza used to be known simply as the \"Main Square\" (Plaza Mayor) or \"Arms Square\" (Plaza de Armas), and today its formal name is Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square).[1] This name does not come from any of the Mexican constitutions that have governed the country but rather from the Cádiz Constitution, which was signed in Spain in the year 1812. Even so, it is almost always called the Zócalo today. Plans were made to erect a column as a monument to independence, but only the base, or zócalo (meaning \"plinth\"), was built.[1] The plinth was buried[2] long ago, but the name has lived on. Many other Mexican towns and cities, such as Oaxaca, Mérida, and Guadalajara, have adopted the word zócalo to refer to their main plazas, but not all.[1][3]It has been a gathering place for Mexicans since Aztec times, having been the site of Mexican ceremonies, the swearing-in of viceroys, royal proclamations, military parades, Independence ceremonies, and modern religious events such as the festivals of Holy Week and Corpus Christi. It has received foreign heads of state and is the main venue for both national celebrations and national protests.[4] The Zócalo and surrounding blocks have played a central role in the city's planning and geography for almost 700 years. The site is just one block southwest of the Templo Mayor, which, according to Aztec legend and mythology, was considered the center of the universe.","title":"Zócalo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetware-5"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Federal District buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_buildings"},{"link_name":"Old Portal de Mercaderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Portal_de_Mercaderes_(Mexico_City)"},{"link_name":"Nacional Monte de Piedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_Monte_de_Piedad"},{"link_name":"Templo Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Mexican flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo/Tenochtitlan_metro_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zocalo_Panorama_seen_from_rooftop_restaurant.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zocalo_Panorama_seen_from_rooftop_restaurant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portal de Mercaderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Portal_de_Mercaderes_(Mexico_City)"},{"link_name":"Palacio Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"}],"text":"The modern Zócalo in Mexico City is 57,600 m2 (240 m × 240 m).[5] It is bordered by the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral to the north, the National Palace to the east, the Federal District buildings to the south and the Old Portal de Mercaderes to the west, the Nacional Monte de Piedad building at the northwest corner, with the Templo Mayor site to the northeast, just outside view. In the centre is a flagpole with an enormous Mexican flag ceremoniously raised and lowered each day[1] and carried into the National Palace.[3] There is an entrance to the Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station located at the northeast corner of the square, but no sign above ground indicates its presence.[4]Panoramic view of the Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución), Mexico City. Looking east from the rooftop restaurant on the Portal de Mercaderes to the Palacio Nacional","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City"}],"text":"See also: History of Mexico City","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zocalo_temple_mayor_metro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Templo Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro"},{"link_name":"Zócalo/Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo/Tenochtitlan_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"Moctezuma II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_II"},{"link_name":"Axayacatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axayacatl"},{"link_name":"Ahuitzotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuitzotl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex1993-6"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs"},{"link_name":"teocalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocalli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Tepeyac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeyac"},{"link_name":"Iztapalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa"},{"link_name":"Tlacopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacopan"},{"link_name":"jousting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting"},{"link_name":"lances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance"},{"link_name":"Hernán Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Templo Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Mayor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"}],"sub_title":"Pre-conquest","text":"Model of Templo Mayor and Zócalo prior to the conquest. Mexico City Metro Zócalo/Tenochtitlan stationPrior to the conquest, the area that the Zócalo occupies was open space, in the center of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. It was bordered to the east by Moctezuma II's \"New Houses\" or Palace (which would become the National Palace) and to the west by the \"Old Houses\", the palace of Axayacatl (1469–1481) where the Emperor Ahuitzotl, Moctezuma's uncle and immediate predecessor also lived.[6] A European-style plaza was not part of the conquered Aztec Tenochtitlan; the old city had a sacred precinct or teocalli which was the absolute center of the city (and the universe, according to Aztec belief), but it was located to the immediate north and northeast of the modern-day Zócalo.[3]The current Zócalo occupies a space south-southwest of the intersection of roads that oriented Tenochtitlan. The north–south road was called Tepeyac–Iztapalapa (for the locations north and south it led to). The Tlacopan road led west and stretched east a little before leading into the lake that surrounded the city at the time. These roads were the width of three jousting lances according to Hernán Cortés. This intersection divided the city into four neighborhoods. The sacred precinct, containing the Templo Mayor, was located to the northeast of this intersection and walled off from the open area for commoners. As to this area's relationship to the teocalli proper, some historians say that it was part of it, but others say no.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"historic center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_(Mexico_City)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"Portales de Mercaderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Portal_de_Mercaderes_(Mexico_City)"},{"link_name":"Ayuntamiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"desagüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desag%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_de_la_Plaza_Mayor_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Cristobal_de_Villalpando.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Villalpando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando"},{"link_name":"Corsham Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Villalpando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando"},{"link_name":"galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModelZocaloWParian.JPG"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_de_G%C3%BCemes_Padilla_Horcasitas_y_Aguayo,_2nd_Count_of_Revillagigedo"},{"link_name":"Aztec Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar_stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zedillo-10"},{"link_name":"Coatlicue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatlicue"},{"link_name":"Museum of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Royal and Pontifical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guia-11"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"equestrian statue of Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Charles_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Manuel Tolsá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"balustrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"Felix Maria Calleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Maria_Calleja"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Manuel Tolsá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"}],"sub_title":"Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)","text":"The modern plaza of Mexico City was placed by Alonso Garcia Bravo shortly after the invasion when he laid out what is now the historic center. After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, Cortés had the city redesigned for symbolic purposes. He kept the four major neighborhoods or \"capullis\" but he had a church, now the Cathedral of Mexico City, built at the place the four adjoined. He had the Temo become the cathedral. The southern half was called the \"Plaza Mayor\" (Main Square) and the northern one was called the \"Plaza Chica\" (Small Square). Fairly early in the colonial period, the Plaza Chica would be swallowed up by the growing city.[4]During early colonial times, the plaza was bordered to the north by the new church, and to the east by Cortés's new palace, built over and with the ruins of Moctezuma's palace. On the west side of the plaza, the Portales de Mercaderes (Merchants' Portals) were built, south of Cortés' other palace, the Palace of the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. On the south side, was the Portal of the Flowers (Flores), named so after its owner, Maria Gutierrez Flores de Caballerias. Next to this portal was the House of the Ayuntamiento, a government building for the city. Both of these were behind a small drainage canal that ran east–west.[4]Flooding was always an issue for the plaza and the city in general. The plaza was flooded in 1629 with water two meters deep, ruining many of the merchants located there and requiring many of the portals to be rebuilt.[4] The drainage project to control flooding, known as the desagüe, drafted Indian men over nearly the whole colonial period, to work on this major infrastructure project. Controlling flooding meant health benefits for Mexico City residents by preventing human waste from polluting the city during floods and controlling mosquitoes, which spread disease. It also changed the ecological system that supported birds and fish populations and allowed for Indian cultivation of crops.[7]View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico city (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando, painting currently located at Corsham Court, England[8]After the cathedral was constructed in the latter half of the 16th century, the look of the plaza changed. The old church faced east and not to the plaza itself. The new cathedral's three portals towered south over the plaza and giving the area a north–south orientation, which exists to this day.[4]Over much of the 17th century, the plaza became overrun with market stalls. After a mob burned the Viceregal Palace in 1692, depicted in the famous 1696 painting by Cristóbal de Villalpando, authorities attempted to completely clear the plaza to make way for the \"Parian\", a set of shops set in the southwest corner of the plaza used to warehouse and sell products brought by galleons from Europe and Asia. This was opened in 1703. The Parián is shown at the bottom of Villalpando's painting; it was later destroyed in an 1828 riot.[9]This, however, did not keep the rest of the plaza from becoming filled again with makeshift stalls such as the group known as \"San José\" located next to the Parian itself. This prompted historian Francisco Sedano to comment that it was ugly and unsightly. He claimed it was very difficult to walk around here at the time because of its uneven pavement, mud in the rainy season, aggressive street dogs, mounds of trash and human excrement tossed among the corn husks and other discarded wrappings.[4]Model of Mexico City in early 19th century, with Parian and statue of Charles IV in the ZócaloAgain the plaza was cleared (with exception of the Parian) by proclamation of Charles IV of Spain in December 1789. Then-viceroy Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco had the plaza repaved and the open gutters covered with stone blocks. He also had a fountain installed in each corner. During this work, the Aztec Calendar was unearthed,[4][10] as well as a statue of the goddess Coatlicue. The Calendar was put on display on the west side of the cathedral, where it remained until about 1890 when it was moved to the old \"Centro Museum\". It now resides in the Museum of Anthropology. The statue eventually made its way to this museum, but not until it was practically buried in one of the back patios of the Royal and Pontifical University until after Independence.[11] The former merchants of the plaza were moved primarily to a new building called the Mercado de Volador (Market of the Flyer), located southeast of the plaza where the Supreme Court building stands today.[4]The plaza was converted into a public space with 64 lamps. The cathedral was separated from the plaza by iron grating; 124 stone benches were placed and the plaza was marked off by low iron poles connected by an iron chain. The main feature of the redesigned plaza was an equestrian statue of Charles IV by Manuel Tolsá. It was first placed in the southeastern corner of the plaza, first on a gilded wood base to inaugurate it in December 1803. When the monument was finished, the wooden base was replaced by an oval one of stone measuring 113 meters by 95.5 meters, with its own balustrade and fountains at the corners created by José del Mazo.[4]This was the backdrop when Viceroy Don Felix Maria Calleja, other authorities and assembled people swore allegiance to the Constitution of Cadiz, and fealty to the Spanish Crown on 22 May 1813 as the Mexican War of Independence raged. This event also resulted in renaming the square as the \"Plaza of the Constitution.\" The last changes to the plaza before Independence in 1821 were done by Manuel Tolsá placing the Cross of Mañozca at the southeast corner and placing another, similar cross to the northwest. Both of these were set on stone Neoclassical pedestals.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Parian_-_18th_century_in_New_Spain.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Alameda Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Alameda_Central"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ash trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_tree"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"}],"sub_title":"Independence and the 1828 Parián Riot","text":"The Parián Market, completed in 1703A symbolic move upon independence was the dismantling and removal of the equestrian monument to Charles IV from Plaza. The statue itself can still be seen in front of the National Art Museum, where its current—and much smaller—base states that it is preserved solely for its artistic value.[3] The statue's former oval base was moved to what was then the university building and the balustrade was moved to the Alameda Central. This left the plaza bare except for the Parian.[4]On 4 and 5 December 1828, the Parián market, the most active of Mexico City's markets, was looted and damaged by a popular uprising. Several merchants died and most were ruined.[12][13] President Santa Anna finally had the Parián demolished in 1843.[14] This left the plaza bare again, except for some ash trees and flower gardens that were planted and protected by stone borders. Santa Anna wanted to build a monument to Mexican Independence in the center of the plaza but his project got only as far as the base (zócalo), which stayed there for decades and gave the plaza its current popular name. It stayed this way until 1866 when the Paseo (path) del Zócalo was created in response to the numbers of people who were using the plaza to take walks. A garden with footpaths was created; fountains were placed at each corner; 72 iron benches were installed and the area was lighted by hydrogen gas lamps. Santa Anna's base, however, was not removed.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModelDF1910Zocalo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Antonio Escandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Escandon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"candelabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelabra"},{"link_name":"Bois de Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"}],"sub_title":"Era of the Porfiriato","text":"Model of the Zócalo circa 1910, with gardens and footpathsIn 1878, Antonio Escandon donated a kiosk to the city which was set over and on top of Santa Anna's base. It was lit with four large iron candelabras and designed to be similar to one in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Soon afterward, the company Ferrocarriles del Distrito Federal (\"Trains of the Federal District\") converted part of the Zócalo into a streetcar station with ticket kiosk and stand. The streetcars and lighting were converted to electric power in 1894, and the Zócalo's paths were paved with asphalt in 1891.[4]From the latter half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, the Zócalo again filled with market stalls, including the \"Centro Mercantil\" which sold fabric, clothing, and Art Nouveau stonework. The other stalls concentrated on more mundane merchandise. This caused pedestrians to take their walks on Alameda Central or on San Francisco and Madero streets, to the west of the Zócalo.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zocalo_ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Decena Trágica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_decena_tr%C3%A1gica"},{"link_name":"authoritarian measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Díaz Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-4"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belated-16"},{"link_name":"Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face-17"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Aerial view of the Zócalo, taken between 1918 and 1920During the Decena Trágica (the ten days from 9 to 19 February 1913), the National Palace was bombarded from the nearby military fort, incidentally damaging the Zócalo. In 1914, the ash trees planted in the previous century (which meanwhile had grown considerably) were taken out; new footpaths, grassy areas, and garden space were created; and palm trees were planted in each corner of the plaza.The Zócalo was a meeting place for protests for 1 May. In 1968, students protested against the authoritarian measures taken by then-president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. It was also the starting point of the marathon run in the 1968 Summer Olympics.[15] The plaza deteriorated until, by the 1970s, all that was left were light poles and a large flagpole in the center. Then the ground was leveled again, the train tracks taken out, and the whole plaza cemented over. Automobile parking was prohibited and the plaza's shape was squared to 200 meters on each side. Later in the 1970s, the Zócalo was repaved with pink cobblestones; small trees protected by metal grates were planted; and small areas of grass were seeded around the flagpole.[4]As the end of the twentieth century neared, the Zócalo, along with most of the city center (called the Colonia Centro) was in massive disrepair. This caused The Economist magazine to remark that the Zócalo and the area surrounding it \"... should be one of the most compelling architectural destinations in the Americas. Instead, much of it is a slum of gutted buildings, dark and dirty streets blocked by milling vendors, and garbage-strewn vacant lots.\"[16]In the late 1990s, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, then mayor of Mexico City, and Dr. Rene Coulomb, general director of the Historic Center Trust, launched a $300,000,000 renovation of the Zócalo and the surrounding city center, with the aim of attracting businesses and residents back to the area. There were plans to remove the iron grating separating the cathedral from the Zócalo, but there was so much public opposition to the idea that it was eventually scrapped.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcelo Ebrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SECTURDF-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Angel de la Independencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_de_la_Independencia"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parade-21"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2009, former mayor Marcelo Ebrard launched a campaign to perform maintenance works in the Historic Center (which, because of Congressional reduction of the annual budget of the local government, was largely supported with the money collected in the streets for that purpose by government officials). The campaign had satisfactory results.[18][19]\nIn 2010, a replica of the Angel de la Independencia was brought to Zócalo as a way of spreading out the protesters from the original Angel site. This is because the original site of the Angel is located in a financial area, with a high traffic flow, making policing more difficult than the Zócalo.A Day of the Dead parade has been held at the square since 2016 after the James Bond film Spectre featured a parade there.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-22"},{"link_name":"Zapatista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Subcomandante Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Chiapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masks-23"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"2006 Mexican presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_of_the_2006_Mexican_general_election"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-24"},{"link_name":"President Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"PEMEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEMEX"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg"},{"link_name":"1968 protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre"},{"link_name":"president of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Grito de Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"Dolores Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Encinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Encinas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissent-27"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"spring equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)"},{"link_name":"La Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raza"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aztec-29"},{"link_name":"2014 Iguala mass kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping"}],"text":"The Zócalo is the center of government of both the nation and of the capital, where the powers-that-be are. This makes it a popular place for protests, and it is often dotted with protesters in makeshift camps and banners.[3] As the plaza can hold more than 100,000 people, it is also the scene of major political rallies. Thousands rallied here in protest when Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas lost against Carlos Salinas in a presidential election widely believed to have been rigged in 1988.[22] In 2001, followers of Zapatista leader Subcomandante Marcos, mostly poor Chiapan indigenous people, marched into the Zócalo to support a bill that would give them greater political autonomy.[23] Following Cárdenas' lead, Andrés Manuel López Obrador staged major protests here after the 2006 Mexican presidential elections[24] as well as a rally with thousands of participants against President Calderón's initiative to allow private and foreign investment in Mexico's state-owned energy company, PEMEX.[25] On 30 August 2008, a peaceful protest against crime and violence filled the Zócalo to capacity.[26]Protesters and Mexican army during 1968 protestsThe plaza is also home to regularly occurring political events. Just before 11 pm on each 15 September, the president of Mexico comes out onto the central balcony of the National Palace to perform the Grito de Dolores to the crowd gathered in the plaza.[1] Even this is sometimes subject to the political winds of the country. For the 2006 Grito, the crowd in the Zócalo was addressed not by then-President Vicente Fox, who had gone to Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato to deliver the Grito, but by Alejandro Encinas, then-mayor of Mexico City. This was done to avoid mass protests in the Zócalo following the disputed presidential election between Felipe Calderón and López Obrador.[27] Under the unpopular rule of Enrique Peña Nieto, the ceremony has been subjected to widespread criticism —mostly from left-leaning sources— for the government's notorious use of acarreados (people who are literally carried into the square by bus and paid for with food or other minor goods) in order to boost attendance numbers and simulate popular enthusiasm.[28]An alternative expression of Mexican pride is the celebration of the spring equinox on the Zócalo. This is done by groups looking to reassert the superiority of indigenous ethnic bloodlines (La Raza) and pre-Hispanic culture. They choose to do the ceremony here not only because it is close to where such rites used to be performed before the Spaniards came, but also because they are right next to the symbols of \"Spanish\" ecclesiastical and secular power (the cathedral and National Palace, respectively), which they oppose.[29]The Zócalo area has been, since 2014, where large rallies have been held in the aftermath of the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping, an event that has become symbolic for the climate of widespread criminality, impunity and governmental corruption that many feel the country faces.","title":"As a political hub"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DanzantezocaloDF.JPG"},{"link_name":"concha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tunick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tunick"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNAM-30"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-throng-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gregory Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Ashes and Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_and_Snow"},{"link_name":"Nomadic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_Museum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashes-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rink-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MexDes-35"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Alebrije Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Alebrije_Parade"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universal-36"},{"link_name":"skateboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Televisa-37"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"On the Run Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Run_(Paul_McCartney)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Justin_Bieber_album)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A kid wearing the typical clothing to perform an Aztec Dance in the ZócaloSince 1982, due to efforts to revitalize the city center, the Zócalo has become the scene of a number of artistic and cultural events. There are daily impromptu shows of Aztec dancers dancing to drums, wearing feathered headdresses and anklets made of concha shells.[3] On a grander scale, some examples of events held here recently are Spencer Tunick's photo shoot[30] where nearly 18,000 Mexicans bared all for the artist, surpassing the record set earlier in Barcelona[31][32] and artist Gregory Colbert's Ashes and Snow Nomadic Museum.[33] One curious event was the building of a temporary ice-skating rink of about 3,200 m2 in the middle of the Zócalo, for use by the city's residents for free in the winter of 2007.[34] Since then, the rink has been repeatedly built up for several winter seasons.The Festival de México is an annual event with programs dedicated to art (popular and fine) and academia held in the Zócalo and some other venues in the historic center. In 2008, the 24th Festival had 254 performances and shows from over 20 countries in 65 plazas and other locations near the plaza.[35]The Zócalo is often the site of major parades in the city, including the Mexico City Alebrije Parade.Concerts by popular singers and groups have also been held here. Café Tacuba drew almost 100,000 people to the plaza in 2005 and Colombian superstar Shakira drew a crowd of about 210,000 according to Mexico's Civil Protection.[36] In August 2008, a skateboarding/BMX event drew 50,000 young people on a Sunday afternoon.[37] Paul McCartney drew an attendance of 250,000 people for a free concert played on the plaza on 10 May 2012 as a part of his On the Run Tour.[38] Justin Bieber also offered a free show on 11 July 2012, where he performed in front of 210,000 people as part of the tour for his 2012 album Believe.[39] On 1 October 2016, Roger Waters performed in the square before 170,000 people, once again for free and with a strong political message against Donald Trump and Enrique Peña Nieto included in sections of the show, which consisted of outtakes from his Pink Floyd years.[40]","title":"As an artistic venue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sci-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Babylon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5"},{"link_name":"the station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5_(space_station)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"trance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"Armin Van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Shivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivers_(album)"},{"link_name":"Josh Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Gabriel & Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_%26_Dresden"},{"link_name":"San Leandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro,_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Angel of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-20"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parade-21"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_(Twenty_One_Pilots_song)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The sci-fi series Babylon 5 uses the name \"Zocalo\" as the station's main gathering place.[41]Dutch trance music producer Armin Van Buuren has a song called \"Zocalo\" on his 2005 album Shivers, which, Josh Gabriel, of Gabriel & Dresden, recounts is named after Zocalo Coffeehouse in San Leandro, California, which Armin visited while recording the song, and which is itself named after the Zócalo in Mexico City.[citation needed]The pre-title sequence of the 2015 James Bond film Spectre takes place largely above the Zócalo, as Bond takes command of a SPECTRE getaway helicopter. The scene is set against a Day of the Dead parade, which actually had never been held at the square before. However, after the film's release, the city officials decided to hold a Day of the Dead parade starting at the Angel of Independence and finishing at the Zócalo on 29 October 2016, using props and wardrobe from the film.[20][42] The parade has been held every year since.[21]The release of the acoustic version of the Twenty One Pilots song \"Chlorine\" contains the coordinates to this location.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Model of Templo Mayor and Zócalo prior to the conquest. Mexico City Metro Zócalo/Tenochtitlan station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zocalo_temple_mayor_metro.jpg/170px-Zocalo_temple_mayor_metro.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico city (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando, painting currently located at Corsham Court, England[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vista_de_la_Plaza_Mayor_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Cristobal_de_Villalpando.jpg/170px-Vista_de_la_Plaza_Mayor_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Cristobal_de_Villalpando.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of Mexico City in early 19th century, with Parian and statue of Charles IV in the Zócalo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ModelZocaloWParian.JPG/170px-ModelZocaloWParian.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Parián Market, completed in 1703","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/El_Parian_-_18th_century_in_New_Spain.jpg/170px-El_Parian_-_18th_century_in_New_Spain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of the Zócalo circa 1910, with gardens and footpaths","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ModelDF1910Zocalo.JPG/170px-ModelDF1910Zocalo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the Zócalo, taken between 1918 and 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zocalo_ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg/170px-Zocalo_ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protesters and Mexican army during 1968 protests","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg/170px-Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg"},{"image_text":"A kid wearing the typical clothing to perform an Aztec Dance in the Zócalo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DanzantezocaloDF.JPG/170px-DanzantezocaloDF.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Statues of Pegasus, Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statues_of_Pegasus,_Mexico_City"},{"title":"Zócalo (Puebla)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo_(Puebla)"}] | [{"reference":"Galindo, Carmen; Magdalena Galindo (2002). Mexico City Historic Center. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. p. 20. ISBN 978-968-5437-29-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/20","url_text":"Mexico City Historic Center"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/20","url_text":"20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-5437-29-5","url_text":"978-968-5437-29-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallado el verdadero zócalo de Ciudad de México\". El País. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/05/mexico/1499289170_031120.html","url_text":"\"Hallado el verdadero zócalo de Ciudad de México\""}]},{"reference":"Noble, John (2000). Lonely Planet Mexico City. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-86450-087-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-087-5","url_text":"978-1-86450-087-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Zócalo\". Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 16. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. pp. 8273–8280.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mexico City – Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)\". PlanetWare Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetware.com/mexico-city/zocalo-plaza-de-la-constitucion-mex-df-z.htm","url_text":"\"Mexico City – Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palacio Nacional\". Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 11. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. pp. 6141–2. ISBN 978-968-457-180-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-457-180-8","url_text":"978-968-457-180-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Imágenes: La ciudad de México\". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervante.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/sor_juana_ines_de_la_cruz/imagenes_mexico/imagen/imagenes_mexico_09_zocalo_mexico_villalpando/","url_text":"\"Imágenes: La ciudad de México\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Place: A Traveling, Unmovable Structure\". Retrieved 19 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/pages/culture/note_pal.html","url_text":"\"The National Place: A Traveling, Unmovable Structure\""}]},{"reference":"Bueno de Ariztegui, Patricia, ed. (1984). Guia turistica de Mexico – Centro III Distrito Federal (in Spanish). Mexico City: Promex. pp. 50–54. ISBN 978-968-34-0319-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-34-0319-3","url_text":"978-968-34-0319-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Centre of belated attention\". The Economist. Vol. 364, no. 8290. 2002. p. 37. 00130613.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Butler, Ron (November–December 1999). \"A New Face for the Zocalo\". Americas. 51 (6): 4–6. 03790940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lanzará GDF campaña \"Yo quiero al Centro Histórico\"\". Secretaría de Turismo. Ciudad de México. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225807/https://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/contenidos.php?cat=41400&sub=212","url_text":"\"Lanzará GDF campaña \"Yo quiero al Centro Histórico\"\""},{"url":"https://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/contenidos.php?cat=41400&sub=212","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México entre los 10 puntos más visitados del planeta\". MXCITY (in Spanish). 19 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mxcity.mx/2018/12/zocalo-la-ciudad-mexico-los-10-puntos-mas-visitados-del-planeta/","url_text":"\"El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México entre los 10 puntos más visitados del planeta\""}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Jack (27 October 2016). \"James Bond: Mexico City to hold first Day of the Dead parade thanks to Spectre\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/james-bond-spectre-mexico-city-day-of-the-dead-parade-a7382471.html","url_text":"\"James Bond: Mexico City to hold first Day of the Dead parade thanks to Spectre\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/james-bond-spectre-mexico-city-day-of-the-dead-parade-a7382471.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2 parades will celebrate Day of the Dead in Mexico City\". Mexico News Daily. 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/2-parades-will-celebrate-day-of-the-dead-in-mexico-city/","url_text":"\"2 parades will celebrate Day of the Dead in Mexico City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Also ran\". The Economist. Vol. 332, no. 7875. August 1994. pp. 36–38. 00130613.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Masks of Rebellion\". Current Events. 101 (8): 1–5. October 2001. 00113492.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leftist's supporters paralyze Mexico City Center\". NBC News. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/14119697","url_text":"\"Leftist's supporters paralyze Mexico City Center\""}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Chris (14 April 2008). \"Mexicans protest plan to end oil monopoly\". USA Today.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave\". Fox News. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080901172212/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,414064,00.html","url_text":"\"Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave\""},{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,414064,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jaramillo, Angel (Winter 2007). \"Angel Jaramillo in the Mexican Labyrinth: The elections, the Left and the fight for the Mexican soul\". Dissent: 17–22. doi:10.1353/dss.2007.0002. S2CID 144173268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdss.2007.0002","url_text":"10.1353/dss.2007.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144173268","url_text":"144173268"}]},{"reference":"\"Llegan camiones de acarreados al Zócalo previo al Grito\". www.animalpolitico.com. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animalpolitico.com/2016/09/acarreados-zocalo-cdmx-grito/","url_text":"\"Llegan camiones de acarreados al Zócalo previo al Grito\""}]},{"reference":"Galinier, Jacques (2004). \"From Savage to the Imperial Indian: Identity Quests in Contemporary Mexico\". History and Anthropology. 15 (3): 223–231. doi:10.1080/0275720042000257476.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0275720042000257476?journalCode=ghan20","url_text":"\"From Savage to the Imperial Indian: Identity Quests in Contemporary Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0275720042000257476","url_text":"10.1080/0275720042000257476"}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer Tunick en Mexico\". Archived from the original on 31 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080831100852/https://www.spencertunickmexico.unam.mx/","url_text":"\"Spencer Tunick en Mexico\""},{"url":"https://www.spencertunickmexico.unam.mx/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Chris (5 July 2007). \"Mexican throng bares all for the record\". USA Today.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pacheco, Istra (6 May 2007). \"18,000 Mexicans Strip for Artist's Photo\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/06/AR2007050600598.html?nav=rss_artsandliving/entertainmentnews","url_text":"\"18,000 Mexicans Strip for Artist's Photo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Exposicion Ciudad de Mexico\". Retrieved 31 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ashesandsnow.org/es/info/?module=page&idsection=1","url_text":"\"Exposicion Ciudad de Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"Grillo (December 2007). \"Postcard Mexico City\". Time. Vol. 170, no. 26. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hinojosa, Beatriz (April 2008). \"Festival de Centro Historico\". Mexico Desconocida. 374: 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mexicodesconocido/","url_text":"\"Festival de Centro Historico\""}]},{"reference":"Silva, Gustavo (28 May 2007). \"Canta Shakira ante 210 mil personas en el Zócalo, reporta SSP\". El Universal. Retrieved 18 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/427691.html","url_text":"\"Canta Shakira ante 210 mil personas en el Zócalo, reporta SSP\""}]},{"reference":"Barba, Jesus (24 August 2008). \"Concierto del Zocalo dejó 70 jovenes lesionados\". Noticias Televisa. Retrieved 31 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/008550/concierto-del-zocalo-deja-70-jovenes-lesionados","url_text":"\"Concierto del Zocalo dejó 70 jovenes lesionados\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Zócalo recibirá a 250 mil personas para concierto de Paul McCartney\". www.animalpolitico.com. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animalpolitico.com/2012/04/el-zocalo-recibira-a-250-mil-personas-para-concierto-de-paul-mccartney/","url_text":"\"El Zócalo recibirá a 250 mil personas para concierto de Paul McCartney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deleita Justin Bieber a 210 mil fans en el Zócalo [Justin Bieber] – 12/06/2012 | Periódico Zócalo\". www.zocalo.com.mx. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161002111746/https://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/concierto-de-justin-bieber-minuto-a-minuto","url_text":"\"Deleita Justin Bieber a 210 mil fans en el Zócalo [Justin Bieber] – 12/06/2012 | Periódico Zócalo\""},{"url":"https://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/concierto-de-justin-bieber-minuto-a-minuto","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El 'show' de Roger Waters en el Zócalo – La Jornada\". www.jornada.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161003143937/https://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/10/01/fanaticos-a-la-espera-de-roger-waters","url_text":"\"El 'show' de Roger Waters en el Zócalo – La Jornada\""},{"url":"https://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/10/01/fanaticos-a-la-espera-de-roger-waters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Johnny (30 October 2016). \"A centuries-old Mexican tradition has been transformed by James Bond\". Quartz.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/823043/day-of-the-dead-parade-in-mexico-city-shows-how-james-bond-and-spectre-changed-centuries-of-mexican-culture/","url_text":"\"A centuries-old Mexican tradition has been transformed by James Bond\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%B3calo¶ms=19_25_58_N_99_7_59_W_region:MX-MC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°25′58″N 99°7′59″W / 19.43278°N 99.13306°W / 19.43278; -99.13306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%B3calo¶ms=19_25_58_N_99_7_59_W_region:MX-MC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°25′58″N 99°7′59″W / 19.43278°N 99.13306°W / 19.43278; -99.13306"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/20","external_links_name":"Mexico City Historic Center"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/20","external_links_name":"20"},{"Link":"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2017/07/05/mexico/1499289170_031120.html","external_links_name":"\"Hallado el verdadero zócalo de Ciudad de México\""},{"Link":"https://www.planetware.com/mexico-city/zocalo-plaza-de-la-constitucion-mex-df-z.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mexico City – Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/sor_juana_ines_de_la_cruz/imagenes_mexico/imagen/imagenes_mexico_09_zocalo_mexico_villalpando/","external_links_name":"\"Imágenes: La ciudad de México\""},{"Link":"https://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/pages/culture/note_pal.html","external_links_name":"\"The National Place: A Traveling, Unmovable Structure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173747/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1968/ATH/mens-marathon.html","external_links_name":"Sports-reference.com Mexico City Summer Olympics athletics 20 October 1968 men's marathon results."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225807/https://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/contenidos.php?cat=41400&sub=212","external_links_name":"\"Lanzará GDF campaña \"Yo quiero al Centro Histórico\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/contenidos.php?cat=41400&sub=212","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mxcity.mx/2018/12/zocalo-la-ciudad-mexico-los-10-puntos-mas-visitados-del-planeta/","external_links_name":"\"El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México entre los 10 puntos más visitados del planeta\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/james-bond-spectre-mexico-city-day-of-the-dead-parade-a7382471.html","external_links_name":"\"James Bond: Mexico City to hold first Day of the Dead parade thanks to Spectre\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/james-bond-spectre-mexico-city-day-of-the-dead-parade-a7382471.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/2-parades-will-celebrate-day-of-the-dead-in-mexico-city/","external_links_name":"\"2 parades will celebrate Day of the Dead in Mexico City\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/14119697","external_links_name":"\"Leftist's supporters paralyze Mexico City Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080901172212/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,414064,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,414064,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdss.2007.0002","external_links_name":"10.1353/dss.2007.0002"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144173268","external_links_name":"144173268"},{"Link":"https://www.animalpolitico.com/2016/09/acarreados-zocalo-cdmx-grito/","external_links_name":"\"Llegan camiones de acarreados al Zócalo previo al Grito\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0275720042000257476?journalCode=ghan20","external_links_name":"\"From Savage to the Imperial Indian: Identity Quests in Contemporary Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0275720042000257476","external_links_name":"10.1080/0275720042000257476"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080831100852/https://www.spencertunickmexico.unam.mx/","external_links_name":"\"Spencer Tunick en Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.spencertunickmexico.unam.mx/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/06/AR2007050600598.html?nav=rss_artsandliving/entertainmentnews","external_links_name":"\"18,000 Mexicans Strip for Artist's Photo\""},{"Link":"https://www.ashesandsnow.org/es/info/?module=page&idsection=1","external_links_name":"\"Exposicion Ciudad de Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.mexicodesconocido/","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Centro Historico\""},{"Link":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/427691.html","external_links_name":"\"Canta Shakira ante 210 mil personas en el Zócalo, reporta SSP\""},{"Link":"https://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/008550/concierto-del-zocalo-deja-70-jovenes-lesionados","external_links_name":"\"Concierto del Zocalo dejó 70 jovenes lesionados\""},{"Link":"https://www.animalpolitico.com/2012/04/el-zocalo-recibira-a-250-mil-personas-para-concierto-de-paul-mccartney/","external_links_name":"\"El Zócalo recibirá a 250 mil personas para concierto de Paul McCartney\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161002111746/https://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/concierto-de-justin-bieber-minuto-a-minuto","external_links_name":"\"Deleita Justin Bieber a 210 mil fans en el Zócalo [Justin Bieber] – 12/06/2012 | Periódico Zócalo\""},{"Link":"https://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/concierto-de-justin-bieber-minuto-a-minuto","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161003143937/https://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/10/01/fanaticos-a-la-espera-de-roger-waters","external_links_name":"\"El 'show' de Roger Waters en el Zócalo – La Jornada\""},{"Link":"https://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2016/10/01/fanaticos-a-la-espera-de-roger-waters","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://qz.com/823043/day-of-the-dead-parade-in-mexico-city-shows-how-james-bond-and-spectre-changed-centuries-of-mexican-culture/","external_links_name":"\"A centuries-old Mexican tradition has been transformed by James Bond\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1712076/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315530715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8mh64T3XGqjBTD8jgrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Slovenia | 2014 Tour of Slovenia | ["1 Teams","1.1 UCI ProTeams","1.2 UCI Professional Continental","1.3 UCI Continental","1.4 National","2 Route and stages","2.1 Stage 1","2.2 Stage 2","2.3 Stage 3","2.4 Stage 4","3 Classification leadership","4 Final classification standings","4.1 General classification","4.2 Points classification","4.3 Mountains classification","4.4 Young rider classification","4.5 Team classification","5 References","6 External links"] | Cycling race
2014 Tour of Slovenia2014 UCI Europe Tour (2.1 race)Stage 4 near Spodnji HotičRace detailsDates19–22 June 2014Stages4Distance514.5 km (319.7 mi)Winning time12h 44' 58"Results
Winner
Tiago Machado
(NetApp–Endura)
Second
Ilnur Zakarin
(RusVelo)
Third
Matteo Rabottini
(Neri Sottoli)
Points
Michael Matthews
(Orica–GreenEDGE)
Mountains
Klemen Štimulak
(Adria Mobil)
Youth
Simon Yates
(Orica–GreenEDGE)
Team
Bardiani–CSF
← 2013 2015 →
The 2014 Tour of Slovenia (Slovene: Dirka po Sloveniji) was the 21st edition of the Tour of Slovenia, categorized as 2.1 stage race (UCI Europe Tour) held between 19 and 22 June 2014.
Points classification which changed many colors over the years, introduced the red jersey.
The race consisted of 4 stages with 514.5 km (319.7 mi) in total.
Teams
Total 139 riders (126 finished it) from 18 teams started the race.
UCI ProTeams
Lampre–Merida
Team Katusha
Orica–GreenEDGE
Neri Sottoli
Cannondale
UCI Professional Continental
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
Bardiani–CSF
Colombia
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
RusVelo
NetApp–Endura
UCI Continental
Adria Mobil
Radenska
Meridiana–Kamen
Synergy Baku
Area Zero Pro Team
Vini Fantini–Nippo
National
Slovenia
Route and stages
Stage characteristics and winners
Stage
Date
Course
Distance
Type
Winner
1
19 June
Ljubljana – Ljubljana
8.8 km (5 mi)
Individual time trial
Michael Matthews
2
20 June
Ribnica – Kočevje
160.7 km (100 mi)
Intermediate stage
Sonny Colbrelli
3
21 June
Rogaška Slatina - Trije kralji
192 km (119 mi)
Mountain stage
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
4
22 June
Škofja Loka – Novo mesto
153 km (95 mi)
Flat stage
Elia Viviani
Total
514.5 km (319.7 mi)
Stage 1
19 June 2014 — Ljubljana, 8.8 km (5.5 mi), individual time trial (ITT)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Official results
1
Michael Matthews
Orica–GreenEDGE
10' 05"
2
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
+ 6"
3
Diego Ulissi
Lampre–Merida
+ 10"
4
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
+ 11"
5
Brett Lancaster
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 14"
6
Pavel Brutt
Team Katusha
+ 15"
7
Artem Ovechkin
RusVelo
+ 16"
8
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
+ 16"
9
Andrea Fedi
Neri Sottoli
+ 18"
10
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 20"
Stage 2
20 June 2014 — Ribnica to Kočevje, 160.7 km (99.9 mi)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Official results
1
Sonny Colbrelli
Bardiani–CSF
4h 01' 09"
2
Michael Matthews
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 0"
3
Grega Bole
Vini Fantini–Nippo
+ 0"
4
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 0"
5
Manuele Mori
Lampre–Merida
+ 0"
6
Enrico Battaglin
Bardiani–CSF
+ 0"
7
Jarlinson Pantano
Colombia
+ 0"
8
Davide Villella
Cannondale
+ 0"
9
Pavel Kochetkov
Team Katusha
+ 0"
10
Paul Voss
NetApp–Endura
+ 0"
General classificaton after the stage
1
Michael Matthews
Orica–GreenEDGE
4h 11' 14"
2
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
+ 6"
3
Diego Ulissi
Lampre–Merida
+ 10"
4
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
+ 11"
5
Artem Ovechkin
RusVelo
+ 16"
6
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
+ 16"
7
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 20"
8
Paul Voss
NetApp–Endura
+ 21"
9
Mauro Finetto
Neri Sottoli
+ 21"
10
David de la Cruz
NetApp–Endura
+ 22"
Stage 3
21 June 2014 — Rogaška Slatina to Trije kralji, 192 km (119.3 mi)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Official results
1
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
5h 09' 17"
2
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
+ 1"
3
Ilnur Zakarin
RusVelo
+ 7"
4
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
+ 29"
5
Simon Yates
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 41"
6
Emanuele Sella
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
+ 41"
7
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
+ 41"
8
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 44"
9
Angelo Pagani
Bardiani–CSF
+ 44"
10
Eliot Lietaer
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
+ 56"
General classificaton after the stage
1
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
9h 20' 43"
2
Ilnur Zakarin
RusVelo
+ 23"
3
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
+ 33"
4
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
+ 35"
5
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
+ 37"
6
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 52"
7
Simon Yates
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 55"
8
Eliot Lietaer
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
+ 1' 10"
9
Jure Golčer
Slovenia (national team)
+ 1' 27"
10
Artem Ovechkin
RusVelo
+ 1' 37"
Stage 4
22 June 2014 — Škofja Loka to Novo mesto, 153 km (95.1 mi)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Official results
1
Elia Viviani
Cannondale
3h 24' 15"
2
Eduard-Michael Grosu
Vini Fantini–Nippo
+ 0"
3
Michael Matthews
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 0"
4
Borut Božič
Slovenia (national team)
+ 0"
5
Tom Van Asbroeck
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
+ 0"
6
Blaž Jarc
NetApp–Endura
+ 0"
7
Niccolò Bonifazio
Lampre–Merida
+ 0"
8
Vyacheslav Kuznetsov
Team Katusha
+ 0"
9
Andrea Fedi
Neri Sottoli
+ 0"
10
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 0"
Classification leadership
Classification leadership by stage
Stage
Winner
Generalclassification
Pointsclassification
Mountainsclassification
Young riderclassification
Teamclassification
1
Michael Matthews
Michael Matthews
Michael Matthews
not awarded
Simon Yates
Orica–GreenEDGE
2
Sonny Colbrelli
Davide Villella
NetApp–Endura
3
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Tiago Machado
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
4
Elia Viviani
Klemen Štimulak
Final
Tiago Machado
Michael Matthews
Klemen Štimulak
Simon Yates
Bardiani–CSF
Final classification standings
Legend
Denotes the winner of the General classification
Denotes the winner of the Young rider classification
Denotes the winner of the Points classification
Denotes the winner of the Mountains classification
General classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
12h 44' 58"
2
Ilnur Zakarin
RusVelo
+ 23"
3
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
+ 33"
4
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
+ 35"
5
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
+ 37"
6
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
+ 52"
7
Simon Yates
Orica–GreenEDGE
+ 55"
8
Eliot Lietaer
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
+ 1' 10"
9
Jure Golčer
Slovenia (national team)
+ 1' 27"
10
Artem Ovechkin
RusVelo
+ 1' 37"
Points classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Michael Matthews
Orica–GreenEDGE
61
2
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
34
3
Damiano Caruso
Cannondale
34
4
Andrea Fedi
Neri Sottoli
34
5
Kristijan Koren
Cannondale
32
6
Elia Viviani
Cannondale
25
7
Sonny Colbrelli
Bardiani–CSF
25
8
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
25
9
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
22
10
Pavel Kochetkov
Team Katusha
21
Mountains classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Klemen Štimulak
Adria Mobil
18
2
Francesco Manuel Bongiorno
Bardiani–CSF
12
3
Tiago Machado
NetApp–Endura
12
4
Ilnur Zakarin
RusVelo
12
5
Robinson Chalapud
Colombia
8
6
Alessandro Malaguti
Vini Fantini–Nippo
6
7
Pavel Brutt
Team Katusha
4
8
Matteo Rabottini
Neri Sottoli
4
9
Emanuele Sella
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
3
10
Primož Roglič
Adria Mobil
2
Young rider classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Simon Yates
Orica–GreenEDGE
12h 45' 53"
2
Simone Petilli
Area Zero Pro Team
+ 2' 42"
3
Jan Polanc
Lampre–Merida
+ 10' 05"
4
Luka Pibernik
Radenska
+ 11' 00"
5
Domen Novak
Adria Mobil
+ 11' 16"
6
Luka Kovačič
Slovenia (national team)
+ 21' 51"
7
Matej Mohorič
Cannondale
+ 24' 15"
8
Kim Anton Magnusson
Vini Fantini–Nippo
+ 24' 19"
9
Stefano Tonin
Area Zero Pro Team
+ 25' 18"
10
Marco Tecchio
Area Zero Pro Team
+ 25' 21"
Team classification
Rank
Team
Time
1
Bardiani–CSF
38h 18' 09"
2
RusVelo
+ 1' 45"
3
NetApp–Endura
+ 3' 44"
4
Neri Sottoli
+ 7' 46"
5
Cannondale
+ 8' 40"
6
Lampre–Merida
+ 15' 37"
7
Adria Mobil
+ 18' 50"
8
Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
+ 19' 36"
9
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
+ 25' 01"
10
Colombia
+ 27' 17"
References
^ "Tour of Slovenia: Presentation of 2014 race stages". adria-mobil-cycling.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ "Matthews wins Tour of Slovenia prologue". Cycling News. Future plc. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "Tour of Slovenia: Colbrelli wins stage 2 sprint". Cycling News. Future plc. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "Bongiorno victorious in Trije Kralji". Cycling News. Future plc. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "Machado wins Tour de Slovénie". Cycling News. Future plc. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ "Kristjana Korena do rumene majice ločilo le šest sekund". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 19 June 2014.
^ "Dež razveselil Colbrellija; konec sanj za Polanca". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 20 June 2014.
^ "Na Tri Kralje najmočnejši Bongiorno, Machado pred skupno zmago". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 21 June 2014.
^ "Video: Dirko po Sloveniji dobil velik navijač Jana Oblaka". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 22 June 2014.
External links
Official website
wvcycling.com
procyclingstats.com
cyclingarchives.com
Official results (all)
vteTour of SloveniaBy year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Classifications("Jerseys")
General(skupno)
Points(po točkah)
Mountains(gorski cilji)
Young rider(mladi kolesarji)
Team(ekipno) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Tour of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adria-mobil-cycling-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 2014 Tour of Slovenia (Slovene: Dirka po Sloveniji) was the 21st edition of the Tour of Slovenia, categorized as 2.1 stage race (UCI Europe Tour) held between 19 and 22 June 2014.Points classification which changed many colors over the years, introduced the red jersey.The race consisted of 4 stages with 514.5 km (319.7 mi) in total.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"2014 Tour of Slovenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Total 139 riders (126 finished it) from 18 teams started the race.[7][8][9]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Orica–GreenEDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Neri Sottoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini_Zab%C3%B9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cannondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquigas"}],"sub_title":"UCI ProTeams","text":"Lampre–Merida\n Team Katusha\n Orica–GreenEDGE\n Neri Sottoli\n Cannondale","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bardiani–CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_Group%E2%80%93Bardiani%E2%80%93CSF%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_(cycling_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Flanders%E2%80%93Baloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"RusVelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom%E2%80%93RusVelo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"NetApp–Endura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"}],"sub_title":"UCI Professional Continental","text":"Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela\n Bardiani–CSF\n Colombia\n Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise\n RusVelo\n NetApp–Endura","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Adria Mobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria_Mobil_(cycling_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Radenska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Ljubljana_Gusto_Santic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Meridiana–Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridiana%E2%80%93Kamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Synergy Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_Baku_Cycling_Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Area Zero Pro Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Amico%E2%80%93UM_Tools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Vini Fantini–Nippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippo%E2%80%93Vini_Fantini%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"}],"sub_title":"UCI Continental","text":"Adria Mobil\n Radenska\n Meridiana–Kamen\n Synergy Baku\n Area Zero Pro Team\n Vini Fantini–Nippo","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Cycling_Federation"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Slovenia","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"individual time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"}],"sub_title":"Stage 1","text":"19 June 2014 — Ljubljana, 8.8 km (5.5 mi), individual time trial (ITT)","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ribnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribnica,_Ribnica"},{"link_name":"Kočevje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Devje"}],"sub_title":"Stage 2","text":"20 June 2014 — Ribnica to Kočevje, 160.7 km (99.9 mi)","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rogaška Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roga%C5%A1ka_Slatina"},{"link_name":"Trije kralji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenska_Bistrica"}],"sub_title":"Stage 3","text":"21 June 2014 — Rogaška Slatina to Trije kralji, 192 km (119.3 mi)","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"Novo mesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Mesto"}],"sub_title":"Stage 4","text":"22 June 2014 — Škofja Loka to Novo mesto, 153 km (95.1 mi)","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General classification","title":"Final classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Points classification","title":"Final classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mountains classification","title":"Final classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Young rider classification","title":"Final classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team classification","title":"Final classification standings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Presentation of 2014 race stages\". adria-mobil-cycling.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701094530/http://www.adria-mobil-cycling.com/si/dirke/dirka-po-sloveniji-2014/predstavitev-dirke-po-sloveniji-2014","url_text":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Presentation of 2014 race stages\""},{"url":"http://www.adria-mobil-cycling.com/si/dirke/dirka-po-sloveniji-2014/predstavitev-dirke-po-sloveniji-2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matthews wins Tour of Slovenia prologue\". Cycling News. Future plc. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-1/results","url_text":"\"Matthews wins Tour of Slovenia prologue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_News","url_text":"Cycling News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Colbrelli wins stage 2 sprint\". Cycling News. Future plc. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-2/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Colbrelli wins stage 2 sprint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_News","url_text":"Cycling News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Bongiorno victorious in Trije Kralji\". Cycling News. Future plc. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-3/results","url_text":"\"Bongiorno victorious in Trije Kralji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_News","url_text":"Cycling News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Machado wins Tour de Slovénie\". Cycling News. Future plc. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-4/results","url_text":"\"Machado wins Tour de Slovénie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_News","url_text":"Cycling News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristjana Korena do rumene majice ločilo le šest sekund\". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/kristjana-korena-do-rumene-majice-locilo-le-sest-sekund/339851","url_text":"\"Kristjana Korena do rumene majice ločilo le šest sekund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija","url_text":"MMC RTV Slovenija"}]},{"reference":"\"Dež razveselil Colbrellija; konec sanj za Polanca\". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/dez-razveselil-colbrellija-konec-sanj-za-polanca/339911","url_text":"\"Dež razveselil Colbrellija; konec sanj za Polanca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija","url_text":"MMC RTV Slovenija"}]},{"reference":"\"Na Tri Kralje najmočnejši Bongiorno, Machado pred skupno zmago\". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 21 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/na-tri-kralje-najmocnejsi-bongiorno-machado-pred-skupno-zmago/339977","url_text":"\"Na Tri Kralje najmočnejši Bongiorno, Machado pred skupno zmago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija","url_text":"MMC RTV Slovenija"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Dirko po Sloveniji dobil velik navijač Jana Oblaka\". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/video-dirko-po-sloveniji-dobil-velik-navijac-jana-oblaka/340035","url_text":"\"Video: Dirko po Sloveniji dobil velik navijač Jana Oblaka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija","url_text":"MMC RTV Slovenija"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701094530/http://www.adria-mobil-cycling.com/si/dirke/dirka-po-sloveniji-2014/predstavitev-dirke-po-sloveniji-2014","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Presentation of 2014 race stages\""},{"Link":"http://www.adria-mobil-cycling.com/si/dirke/dirka-po-sloveniji-2014/predstavitev-dirke-po-sloveniji-2014","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-1/results","external_links_name":"\"Matthews wins Tour of Slovenia prologue\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-2/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Slovenia: Colbrelli wins stage 2 sprint\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-3/results","external_links_name":"\"Bongiorno victorious in Trije Kralji\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-slovenie-2014/stage-4/results","external_links_name":"\"Machado wins Tour de Slovénie\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/kristjana-korena-do-rumene-majice-locilo-le-sest-sekund/339851","external_links_name":"\"Kristjana Korena do rumene majice ločilo le šest sekund\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/dez-razveselil-colbrellija-konec-sanj-za-polanca/339911","external_links_name":"\"Dež razveselil Colbrellija; konec sanj za Polanca\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/na-tri-kralje-najmocnejsi-bongiorno-machado-pred-skupno-zmago/339977","external_links_name":"\"Na Tri Kralje najmočnejši Bongiorno, Machado pred skupno zmago\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/video-dirko-po-sloveniji-dobil-velik-navijac-jana-oblaka/340035","external_links_name":"\"Video: Dirko po Sloveniji dobil velik navijač Jana Oblaka\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourofslovenia.si/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/111/result/2014/","external_links_name":"wvcycling.com"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-of-slovenia/2014/gc","external_links_name":"procyclingstats.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/ritfiche.php?ritid=235788#ucira","external_links_name":"cyclingarchives.com"},{"Link":"http://siol.sdn.si/sn/doc/2014/6/4_bilten_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Official results (all)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China | Ministry of National Defense (China) | ["1 Overview","2 Structure","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 External links"] | Chinese government ministry
Not to be confused with Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China).
Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国防部Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó GuófángbùEmblem of the People's Republic of ChinaAugust 1st BuildingAgency overviewFormed28 September 1954; 69 years ago (1954-09-28)TypeConstituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level executive department)JurisdictionGovernment of ChinaHeadquartersMinistry of National Defense Compound ("August 1st Building"), Fuxing Road, BeijingMinister responsibleAdmiral Dong Jun, Minister of National DefenseParent agencyCentral Military CommissionWebsiteeng.mod.gov.cn (in English)
People's Liberation Army
Executive departments
Central Military Commission
Ministry of National Defense
Staff
Chairman of the CMC
Joint Staff Department of the CMC
Political Work Department of the CMC
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CMC
Services
Ground Force
Navy
Air Force
Rocket Force
Arms
Aerospace Force
Cyberspace Force
Information Support Force
Joint Logistics Support Force
Domestic troops
People's Armed Police
China Coast Guard
Militia
Maritime Militia
Special operations force
PLA Special Operations Forces
Special Police Unit of the PAP
Snow Leopard Commando Unit
Mountain Eagle Commando Unit
Military districts
Eastern Theater Command
Southern Theater Command
Western Theater Command
Northern Theater Command
Central Theater Command
History of the Chinese military
Military history of China
Military ranks of China
Ranks of the PLA Ground Force
Ranks of the PLA Navy
Ranks of the PLA Air Force
vte
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012)
Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017)
Xi Administration (since 2017)
4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping
20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping
14th State Council: Li Qiang
Current state leaders
Current provincial leaders
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Paramount leader: Xi Jinping
First lady: Peng Liyuan
Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping
State representative: Xi Jinping
Head of government: Li Qiang
Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji
Conference Chairman: Wang Huning
Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
Related systems
Unified power
Democratic centralism
Collective leadership
Organization Department
Elections
Civil service
ConstitutionLaw
Constitution
Previous constitutions
195419751978
"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
Democratic centralism (Article 3)
Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
Protection of human rights (Article 33)
Freedom of religion (Article 36)
Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
Chinese legal system
Civil law tradition
Socialist law tradition
Laws
Legislation Law
List of statutes
General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020)
Civil Code (From 2021)
Marriage Law
Labour law
Labour Law
Labour Contract Law
Property law
Property Law
Intellectual property law
Patent law
Administrative law
Administrative Procedure Law
Criminal law
Capital punishment
Capital offences
Death sentence with reprieve
Communist Party
History
Principal leaders
Constitution & ideology
Admission Oath (Article 6)
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Primary stage of socialism
Four Cardinal Principles
Three Represents
Scientific Outlook on Development
Harmonious Socialist Society
Xi Jinping Thought
Chinese Dream
Four Comprehensives
Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
Democracy
Organization
National Party Congress (20th)
Central Committee (20th)
General Secretary (list)
Xi Jinping
Central Politburo (20th)
Standing Committee (20th)
Central Secretariat (20th)
Central Military Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong
National Security Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi
Office Chief: Cai Qi
Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi
Secretary-General: Wang Huning
Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Director: Li Qiang
Office Chief: He Lifeng
General Office
Director: Cai Qi
Office of the General Secretary
Chief: Cai Qi
Central Guard Bureau
Central Guard Unit
Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
Organization Department
Head: Li Ganjie
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th)
Standing Committee (20th)
Secretary: Li Xi
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
Leader: Li Xi
Provincial committee
Standing committee
Secretary
Deputy secretaries
Party group
National People's Congress (14th)
Elections
Standing Committee (14th)
Council of Chairpersons
Chairman: Zhao Leji
Vice-Chairpersons
Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong
Secretary-General: Liu Qi
Special Committees
Ethnic Affairs
Constitution and Law
Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
Financial and Economic Affairs
Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
Foreign Affairs
Overseas Chinese Affairs
Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Social Development Affairs
Presidium
State representative
President (list): Xi Jinping
Presidential Office
Chief: Cai Qi
Vice President: Han Zheng
Executive organ
State Council (Central People's Government)
Li Qiang Cabinet
Premier (list): Li Qiang
Vice-Premiers (list)
Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong
State Councilors
Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin
Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong
Cabinet-level departments
National Development & Reform Commission
Central bank
National Audit Office
General Office
Secretary-General
Deputy Secretaries-General
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
most Central Enterprises
Military organ
Central Military Commission (CMC)
Chairman (supreme commander):
Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen:
Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong
Members:
Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin
Departments:
General Office
Director: Zhong Shaojun
Joint Staff Dept.
Chief: Liu Zhenli
Political Work Dept.
Director: Miao Hua
Logistic Support Dept.
Director: Zhang Lin
Equipment Development Dept.
Director: Xu Xueqiang
Training and Administration Dept.
Director: Wang Peng
National Defense Mobilization Dept.
Director: Liu Faqing
Discipline Inspection Commission
Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
Science and Technology Commission
Strategic Planning Office
Reform & Organizational Structure Office
Int'l Military Cooperation Office
Audit Office
Offices Administration Agency
National armed forces:
People's Liberation Army
Theater commands
People's Armed Police
China Coast Guard
Militia
State Council
National Defense Mobilization Commission
Chairman: Li Qiang
Ministry of National Defense
Minister: Dong Jun
Ministry of Veterans Affairs
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
Military history
Armed conflicts
Military modernization
Military reform since 2015
CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
Leader: Xi Jinping
Supervisory organ
National Supervisory Commission
Director: Liu Jinguo
Corruption in China
Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
Judicial organs
Supreme People's Court
President: Zhang Jun
People's Courts Judicial Police
Supreme People's Procuratorate
Prosecutor General: Ying Yong
People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
Judiciary of Hong Kong
Court of Final Appeal
Department of Justice
Prosecutions Division
Law enforcement in Hong Kong
Security Bureau
Regular Disciplined Services
Hong Kong Police Force
Judiciary of Macau
Court of Final Appeal
Public Prosecutions Office
Secretariat for Security
Macau Security Force
Unitary Police Services
Public Security Police
Judiciary Police
United front
Political Consultative Conference
National Committee
Chairman: Wang Huning
Vice-Chairpersons
Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng
Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng
Political parties:
CCP (ruling)
United Front Work Department
Head: Shi Taifeng
RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL
Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP
Federation of Industry and Commerce
People's organizations
Law enforcement
CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
Secretary: Chen Wenqing
Ministry of Public Security
Minister: Wang Xiaohong
Public Security Organs People's Police
State Immigration Administration
Local public security bureaus
Ministry of State Security
Minister: Chen Yixin
State Security Organs People's Police
Ministry of Justice
Minister: He Rong
Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
Bureau of Prison Administration
Office for Safeguarding National Security
Urban Management (chengguan)
Propaganda
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
Leader: Cai Qi
Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
Director: Cai Qi
Deputy Director: Li Shulei
Central Propaganda Department
Head: Li Shulei
National Press and Publication Administration
China Film Administration
State Council Information Office
China Daily
Ministry of Culture and Tourism
National Radio and Television Administration
China Media Group
China Central Television
China Global Television Network
China National Radio
China Radio International
Xinhua News Agency
Reference News
China News Service
People's Daily
Global Times
China Today
Censorship in China
Radio jamming
Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
Media of China
Internal media
Publishing industry in China
Internet in China
Internet censorship
Great Firewall
Great Cannon
Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
Director: Cai Qi
Cyberspace Administration of China
Director: Zhuang Rongwen
Hong KongMacau
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
Leader: Ding Xuexiang
HK & Macau Affairs Office
Director: Xia Baolong
Hong Kong Liaison Office
Macau Liaison Office
One country, two systems
Special administrative regions
Hong Kong Basic Law
Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu
Hong Kong SAR Government
Politics of Hong Kong
Pro-Beijing camp
Pro-democracy camp
Independence movement
Mainland & HK CEPA
Macao Basic Law
Chief Executive: Ho Iat-seng
Macau SAR Government
Politics of Macau
Mainland & Macau CEPA
Cross-Strait relations
Cross-Strait relations
Chinese Civil War
One China
Political status of Taiwan
Republic of China on Taiwan
Taiwan Area
"Taiwan Province", PRC
Taiwan independence movement
Anti-Secession Law
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
Chinese unification
Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
Leader: Xi Jinping
Deputy Leader: Wang Huning
Taiwan Affairs Office
Director: Song Tao
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
Foreign relations
Central Foreign Affairs Commission
Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Director: Li Qiang
Secretary-General: Wang Yi
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister: Wang Yi
Spokespersons
Diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions of China / in China
Foreign aid from China / to China
International Development Cooperation Agency
Ministry of Commerce
Exim Bank of China
China Development Bank
Belt and Road Initiative
Silk Road Fund
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
BRICS
New Development Bank
Ministry of National Defense
International Military Cooperation Office
NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
CCP International Department
State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
Chinese nationality law
Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau)
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau)
Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau)
National Immigration Administration
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Panda diplomacy
Beijing Consensus
Community of Common Destiny
China and the United Nations
China and the World Trade Organization
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
China–Africa relations
China–Arab relations
China–Caribbean relations
China–European Union relations
China–Latin America relations
China–Pacific relations
China–Russia relations
China–United States relations
Related topics
Administrative divisions
Hukou system
Family planning
Ethnic minorities
China portal
Other countries
vte
The Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国防部; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guófángbù), or the "National Defense Ministry" (Chinese: 国防部; pinyin: Guófángbù) for short, is the second-ranked constituent department under the State Council. It is headed by the Minister of National Defense.
Unlike in other countries, the Ministry of National Defense does not have operational command over the Chinese military including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which is instead commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC). The work of the Ministry and the Minister are primarily diplomatic in nature, generally functioning as the a liaison representing the CMC and PLA when dealing with foreign militaries.
Overview
The MND was set up according to a decision adopted by the 1st Session of the 1st National People's Congress in 1954. In contrast to practice in other nations, the MND does not exercise command authority over the army including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which is instead subordinate to the Central Military Commission (CMC). The MND serves as a liaison representing the CMC and PLA when dealing with foreign militaries in military exchange and cooperation. It has the primary responsibility for China's defense attachés and is the institutional point of contact for foreign defense attachés assigned to China.: 220 It is additionally responsible for publishing news about military affairs.
Structure
The Ministry is headed by a Minister of National Defense; unlike in other countries, the minister does not have command authority over the army, generally exercising diplomatic functions. However, the office has always been held by a member of the CMC.
See also
China portal
Defense diplomacy
References
Citations
^ Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
^ Morris, Lyle J. (27 October 2022). "What China's New Central Military Commission Tells Us About Xi's Military Strategy". Asia Society. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ Torode, Greg; Tian, Yew Lun (2023-09-18). "China's military hierarchy under spotlight after defence minister disappears". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
^ Liu, Zhen (18 October 2022). "What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
Sources
"Ministry of National Defence". SinoDefence.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
External links
Official website
vte State Council of the People's Republic of ChinaIncumbent (14th): Li Qiang CabinetState CouncilMembersExecutivemeeting
Premier
Vice Premiers
State Councilors
Secretary-General
Ministers in charge of ministries/commissions
Auditor-General
Departments
Foreign
Defense
Development
Education
Science
Industry and Information Tech
Ethnic
Public Security
State Security
Civil
Justice
Finance
Human Resources and Social Security
Natural Resources
Ecology and Environment
Housing
Transport
Water
Agriculture
Commerce
Culture and Tourism
Health
Veterans
Emergency
People's Bank
Audit Office
AgenciesGeneral Office
Secretary-General
Deputy Secretaries-General
SpecialState AssetsAffiliated
Customs
Taxation
Market Regulation
Anti-Monopoly
Standardization
Cert. & Accred.
Financial Regulation
Securities
Radio and TV
Sport
Complaints & Proposals
Statistics
Intellectual Property
International Development
Healthcare Security
Counsellors
Government Offices
Press and Publication(☭ Publicity Dept.)
Religious(☭ United Front Dept.)
Offices
Research
Hong Kong and Macau(☭ Leading Group)
Overseas Chinese(☭ United Front Dept.)
Taiwan(☭ Leading Group)
Cyberspace(☭ Cyberspace)
Information(☭ Publicity)
Institutions
Xinhua News Agency
Development Research
China Media Group
Meteorology
Academies
Sciences
Engineering
Social Sciences
Governance (a.k.a. ☭ Central Party School)
Bureaus
Food and Strategic Reserves
Energy
Data
Defense Industry
Tobacco
Immigration
Forestry and Grassland
Railway
Civil Aviation
Post
Cultural Heritage
Traditional Medicine
Disease Control
Mine Safety
Fire & Rescue
Foreign Exchange
Medical Products
State Secrets(☭ Secrecy Comm.)
National Archives (a.k.a. ☭ Central Archives)
Civil Service(☭ Org. Dept.)
Cryptography(☭ Leading Group)
State Council = Central People's Government (constitutionally since 1954)
☭ denotes name reserved by Communist Party agencies.
vteNational security and law enforcement in ChinaNational
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
National Security Commission
Central Military Commission
People's Liberation Army
Militia
Maritime Militia
NDMC
United Front Work Department
State Council
Ministry of State Security
Ministry of Public Security
National Defense Mobilization Commission
Ministry of National Defense
Taiwan Affairs Office
Mainland
Supervisory Commissions
People's Police
Public Security PP
provincial Public Security Departments
city/county Public Security Bureaus
Internet police
Immigration
Inspection
State Security PP
Judicial Administrative PP
People's Courts Judicial Police
People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
People's Armed Police
Coast Guard
Customs
State Secrets Protection
Cyberspace Admin
Urban Admin
Hong Kong
Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR
Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
PLA Hong Kong Garrison
Independent Commission Against Corruption
Hong Kong Disciplined Services
Police
National Security Department
Fire
Correction
Customs
Immigration
Macau
PLA Macau Garrison
Commission Against Corruption
Macau Security Force
Unitary Police Service
Public Security Police (including Migration Service)
Judicial Police
Fire Services Bureau
Correctional Services Bureau
Macau Customs Service
Operations
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–53)
Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns (1951–52)
Sufan movement (1955–57)
Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957–59)
Red August (1966)
Shadian incident (1975)
1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign (1983–87)
Persecution of Falun Gong (1999)
6521 Project (2009)
Anti-corruption campaign (2012–)
Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism (2014–)
Operation Fox Hunt (2014–)
709 crackdown (2015)
Abroad
Information operations and information warfare
United States
Other topics
2011 crackdown
610 Office
Black jails
Capital punishment
Censorship
Central Case Examination Group
Civil Servant-Family Pair Up
Death sentence with reprieve
Great Cannon
Grid-style social management
Hong Kong national security law
List of Hong Kong national security cases
Human rights
Tibet
Macao
Hong Kong
Internet censorship
Inciting subversion of state power
Judicial system
Judiciary of Hong Kong
Judiciary of Macau
Laogai
Life imprisonment
Penal system
PLA Unit 61398
Political offences
Picking quarrels and provoking trouble
Re-education through labor
Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location
Soft detention
Shuanggui
Two-faced person
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Xinjiang internment camps
Holistic security concept
vte People's Liberation ArmyGeneral
History
Modernization
Budget
Equipment
Decorations
Generals
Weapons of mass destruction
Information operations and information warfare
BranchesGround
Structure
Equipment
Infantry
Armored forces
Artillery
Air defense
Aviation
aircraft
Engineers
Chemical defense
Special operations units
Navy
Organization
Weaponry
History
Branches: Surface
ships
aircraft carriers
Submarine
Coastal Defense
Naval Air
aircraft
Marine Corps
special operations units
Fleets: North Sea
East Sea
South Sea
Air
Aviation
aircraft
airbases
Air Defense
Airborne Corps
special operations units
Rocket
Missile operation units
Rocket Force corps of engineers
Special operations units
ArmsAerospace
Astronaut Corps
astronauts
Deep Space Network
Cyberspace
Cyberspace Force
Network Systems Department
Information
Information Support Force
Joint Logistics Support
Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base
Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: Wuxi; Guilin; Xining; Shenyang; Zhengzhou
StructureCentral Military Commission
Chairman
Vice-Chairmen
General Office
Joint Staff
Intelligence Bureau
Guard Bureau
Guard Unit
Political Work
Logistic Support
Equipment Development
Manned Space Agency
Training and Administration
National Defense Mobilization
Discipline Inspection
Strategic Planning
Reform and Organizational Structure
International Military Cooperation
Audit Office
Offices Administration
Theater Commands
Eastern
Southern
Hong Kong
Macau
Western
Tibet
Northern
Central
Military regions (defunct)
Shenyang
Beijing
Lanzhou
Jinan
Nanjing
Guangzhou
Chengdu
Ranks
Ground Force
Navy
Air Force
Uniform
Xingkong (camouflage)
Type 07
Type 99 (camouflage)
Type 97 Service Dress
Institutions
Academy of Military Science
National Defence University
National University of Defense Technology
Army Command College
PLA Air Force Aviation University
Academic institutions of the armed forces of China
Publications
PLA Daily
August First Film Studio
CCTV-7
The Science of Military Strategy
Defense White Paper
Paramilitary
People's Armed Police
China Coast Guard
Special police units
Snow Leopard Commando Unit
Mountain Eagle Commando Unit
Militia
Maritime Militia
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Contractors
China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation
China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation
Norinco
China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation
China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
Poly Technologies
Seven Sons of National Defence
Armed conflicts
Korean War
Authorized defense products dealer
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"constituent department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China).The Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国防部; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guófángbù), or the \"National Defense Ministry\" (Chinese: 国防部; pinyin: Guófángbù) for short, is the second-ranked constituent department under the State Council. It is headed by the Minister of National Defense.Unlike in other countries, the Ministry of National Defense does not have operational command over the Chinese military including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which is instead commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC). The work of the Ministry and the Minister are primarily diplomatic in nature, generally functioning as the a liaison representing the CMC and PLA when dealing with foreign militaries.","title":"Ministry of National Defense (China)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The MND was set up according to a decision adopted by the 1st Session of the 1st National People's Congress in 1954. In contrast to practice in other nations, the MND does not exercise command authority over the army including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which is instead subordinate to the Central Military Commission (CMC). The MND serves as a liaison representing the CMC and PLA when dealing with foreign militaries in military exchange and cooperation. It has the primary responsibility for China's defense attachés and is the institutional point of contact for foreign defense attachés assigned to China.[1]: 220 It is additionally responsible for publishing news about military affairs.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ministry is headed by a Minister of National Defense; unlike in other countries, the minister does not have command authority over the army, generally exercising diplomatic functions.[3] However, the office has always been held by a member of the CMC.[4]","title":"Structure"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/150px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Defense diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_diplomacy"}] | [{"reference":"Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Shinn","url_text":"Shinn, David H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0","url_text":"978-0-231-21001-0"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Lyle J. (27 October 2022). \"What China's New Central Military Commission Tells Us About Xi's Military Strategy\". Asia Society. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/what-chinas-new-central-military-commission-tells-us-about-xis-military-strategy","url_text":"\"What China's New Central Military Commission Tells Us About Xi's Military Strategy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Society","url_text":"Asia Society"}]},{"reference":"Torode, Greg; Tian, Yew Lun (2023-09-18). \"China's military hierarchy under spotlight after defence minister disappears\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-military-hierarchy-under-spotlight-after-defence-minister-disappears-2023-09-18/","url_text":"\"China's military hierarchy under spotlight after defence minister disappears\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Zhen (18 October 2022). \"What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3196360/what-chinas-central-military-commission-and-why-it-so-powerful","url_text":"\"What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of National Defence\". SinoDefence.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071109102112/http://www.sinodefence.com/organisation/command/mnd.asp","url_text":"\"Ministry of National Defence\""},{"url":"http://www.sinodefence.com/organisation/command/mnd.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://eng.mod.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"eng.mod.gov.cn"},{"Link":"https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/what-chinas-new-central-military-commission-tells-us-about-xis-military-strategy","external_links_name":"\"What China's New Central Military Commission Tells Us About Xi's Military Strategy\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-military-hierarchy-under-spotlight-after-defence-minister-disappears-2023-09-18/","external_links_name":"\"China's military hierarchy under spotlight after defence minister disappears\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3196360/what-chinas-central-military-commission-and-why-it-so-powerful","external_links_name":"\"What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071109102112/http://www.sinodefence.com/organisation/command/mnd.asp","external_links_name":"\"Ministry of National Defence\""},{"Link":"http://www.sinodefence.com/organisation/command/mnd.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eng.mod.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403697456","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimur | Chimur | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 Local attractions","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 20°29′49″N 79°22′36″E / 20.49694°N 79.37667°E / 20.49694; 79.37667
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chimur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town & Sub District in Maharashtra, IndiaChimurTown & Sub DistrictNickname: Kranti BhoomiChimurLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaCoordinates: 20°29′49″N 79°22′36″E / 20.49694°N 79.37667°E / 20.49694; 79.37667Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictChandrapurGovernment • TypeCity Council (नगरपरिषद)Elevation260 m (850 ft)Languages • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN442903Vehicle registrationMH 34Nearest cityNagpur 94 km (58 mi)
Chimur is a city and a municipal council in Chandrapur District, in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is one of the Indian Parliamentary Constituencies and a Vidhan Sabha constituency.
Overview
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chimur (tos) is a tehsil of Chandrapur district in Maharashtra, India, with a population of about 170,000. There are offices of the Tehsildar, SDO, and Additional Collectorate's.
Chimur (tos) can be reached by road from Warora, which is also the nearest railway station on the Wardha-Ballarpur-Hyderabad link. From Warora, it is 55 kilometres (34 mi) and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Chandrapur. A regular bus service runs between Chimur and Nagpur, which is 94 kilometres (58 mi) away.
Chimur has a large market because it is so apart from other towns and cities. Chimur does not have much education institutions as it has English and Marathi medium schools.
People can graduate from Gondwana University.
Chimur is located between Wardha, Chandrapur, Gondiya, Bhandara, Gadchiroli, and Nagpur. It is about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from all these district places.
History
Chimur is famous for its active participation in the Indian Freedom Struggle during the Quit India Movement of 1942.
In Chimur there is temple of Shri Hari Balaji Maharaj.
History of Ghoda yatra-
The Ghoda Yatra festival was started on the day of Vasant Panchami with Balaji Navratra. The Ghoda Ratha Yatra will conclude on February 9 with Rudra Swahakar Yadnya and Navratri will conclude on February 10. The festival will conclude on February 22 on Mahashivratri
Local attractions
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The famous Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project & National Park is at a distance of 14 km (8.7 mi) from Chimur. This park is a successful example of the conservation of the tiger, the national animal of India. The other animal species found in Tadoba are Bear, Gava (Indian Bison), and Chital (Indian Spotted Dear). The park is also famous for its biodiversity. Hospitality services are available in the park.
See also
Chimur Lok Sabha constituency
Gadpipari
References
^ Election Commission of India
^ 2011 Indian Census
vteChandrapur district topicsHistory
Nagpur kingdom
Geography
Painganga River
Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve
Wainganga River
Wardha River
Cities and towns
Ballarpur
Bhadravati
Bramhapuri
Chandrapur
Chimur
Ghugus
Rajura
Warora
Lok Sabha constituencies
Chandrapur
Gadchiroli–Chimur
Vidhan Sabha constituencies
Rajura
Warora | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_District"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian Parliamentary Constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Vidhan Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimur_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town & Sub District in Maharashtra, IndiaChimur is a city and a municipal council in Chandrapur District, in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is one of the Indian Parliamentary Constituencies and a Vidhan Sabha constituency.[1]","title":"Chimur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tehsildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsildar"},{"link_name":"Warora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warora"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Wardha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardha"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur"},{"link_name":"Gondiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondiya"},{"link_name":"Bhandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandara_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gadchiroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadchiroli"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"}],"text":"Chimur (tos) is a tehsil of Chandrapur district in Maharashtra, India, with a population of about 170,000.[2] There are offices of the Tehsildar, SDO, and Additional Collectorate's.Chimur (tos) can be reached by road from Warora, which is also the nearest railway station on the Wardha-Ballarpur-Hyderabad link. From Warora, it is 55 kilometres (34 mi) and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Chandrapur. A regular bus service runs between Chimur and Nagpur, which is 94 kilometres (58 mi) away.Chimur has a large market because it is so apart from other towns and cities. Chimur does not have much education institutions as it has English and Marathi medium schools. \nPeople can graduate from Gondwana University.Chimur is located between Wardha, Chandrapur, Gondiya, Bhandara, Gadchiroli, and Nagpur. It is about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from all these district places.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quit India Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement"}],"text":"Chimur is famous for its active participation in the Indian Freedom Struggle during the Quit India Movement of 1942.In Chimur there is temple of Shri Hari Balaji Maharaj.History of Ghoda yatra-\nThe Ghoda Yatra festival was started on the day of Vasant Panchami with Balaji Navratra. The Ghoda Ratha Yatra will conclude on February 9 with Rudra Swahakar Yadnya and Navratri will conclude on February 10. The festival will conclude on February 22 on Mahashivratri","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Project"},{"link_name":"Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"Chital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital"}],"text":"The famous Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project & National Park is at a distance of 14 km (8.7 mi) from Chimur. This park is a successful example of the conservation of the tiger, the national animal of India. The other animal species found in Tadoba are Bear, Gava (Indian Bison), and Chital (Indian Spotted Dear). The park is also famous for its biodiversity. Hospitality services are available in the park.","title":"Local attractions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Chimur Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"title":"Gadpipari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadpipari"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimur¶ms=20_29_49_N_79_22_36_E_type:city_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"20°29′49″N 79°22′36″E / 20.49694°N 79.37667°E / 20.49694; 79.37667"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chimur%22","external_links_name":"\"Chimur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chimur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chimur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chimur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chimur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chimur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimur¶ms=20_29_49_N_79_22_36_E_type:city_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"20°29′49″N 79°22′36″E / 20.49694°N 79.37667°E / 20.49694; 79.37667"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S13/partycomp25.htm","external_links_name":"Election Commission of India"},{"Link":"https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/chandrapur/chimur-population.html","external_links_name":"2011 Indian Census"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Brazil | SKY Brasil | ["1 History","2 Services","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Direct broadcast satellite company
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SKY BrasilSKY Brasil logo (March 2007–present)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationPredecessorDirecTV BrasilFoundedNovember 11, 1996; 27 years ago (1996-11-11)FounderRoberto MarinhoSkyHeadquartersSantana de Parnaíba, São Paulo, BrazilProductsPay television4G LTEParentVrioWebsitewww.sky.com.br
SKY Brasil is a company, owned by Vrio, which operates a subscription television service in Brazil. It produces TV content, and owns several TV channels.
History
SKY Mexico was founded on 25 July 1996, a joint venture between British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), News Corporation, Liberty Media and Grupo Televisa and was later launched on 15 December 1996. At the same time it was being set up in Brazil, where it involved BSkyB, News Corporation, Liberty Media and Organizações Globo. By May 2000, the company had extended throughout the rest of Latin America, launching in Central America, Argentina and Colombia but during Argentina's economic crisis, on 10 July 2002, with over 52,000 subscribers, Sky Argentina ceased all operations.
During the course of the decade, most Sky operations in Latin America were rebranded to DirecTV, with the exception of the Mexican and Brazilian operations, that in 2005 absorbed the DirecTV keeping the Sky name.
In May 2009, Sky Brazil launched its first ten HDTV channels in 1080i resolution (with the exception of ESPN HD (today ESPN+), which broadcasts in 720p). Currently, Sky Brazil has 57 channels in HDTV in total (note: Sex Zone HD is optional).
In 2016, Sky Brazil has reached more than 5.3 million subscribers, ranking as second in number of subscribers in Brazil.
In 2022, Grupo Globo divested their 7% stake in SKY Brasil, making Vrio their full 100% owner.
Services
Cine SKY - Movie rental service
Cine SKY HD - Video On Demand service (Exclusive to Sky HDTV Plus subscribers) (used to be Sky On Demand)
SKY Online - TV Everywhere service
SKY Banda Larga (Sky Broadband) - 4G Internet via LTE routers
SKY Tunes - Online audio channels via iOS
TVRO SKY Free SATHDR (TVRO Sky free SATHDR) - Digital decoder with free TV 24 channels UHF and DTH TV Globo, SBT, Record, RedeTV!, Band, TV Verdes Mares CE Nacional and Regional.
Viva SKY - Loyalty program
See also
SKY México
References
^ "Sky Argentina cesa operaciones el 10 de julio". Archived from the original on 30 July 2012.
^ México, Medios. "Octubre de 2004: DirecTV se va de México". Medios México. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "SKY - HDTV é isso!". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
^ Lucotti, Francisco (26 May 2016). "Pay-TV subscribers in Brazil fell 0.8% during 1Q 2016". Nextv News. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ "Discretamente, Globo se desfaz de participação na Sky após 26 anos". Notícias da TV (in Portuguese). 26 March 2022.
External links
Sky Brazil official website (in Portuguese)
SKY Master Dealer at Facebook (in Portuguese)
vtePay television providers in the AmericasvteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in CanadaTerrestrial and satelliteSatellite
Bell Satellite TV
Shaw Direct
CableMajor1
Cogeco (ON, QC)
Eastlink (Atlantic, Northern Ontario, Western Canada)
Rogers Cable (ON, NB, NL, Western Canada)
Vidéotron (QC)
Minor
Access (SK)
Cable Axion (Magog, QC)
Cablevision (Val-d'Or, QC)
CityWest (Prince Rupert, BC)
DERYtelecom (Saguenay, QC)
MTS (MB)
Novus Cable (select areas of BC Lower Mainland)
Source (Hamilton, ON)
Westman (Brandon, MB)
See also : Defunct cable and DBS companies of CanadaFiber/ IPTV
Bell
Fibe (Aliant)
Fibe TV (ON/QC)
MTS TV (MB)
Comwave
SaskTel MaxTV
TekSavvy TV
Telus Optik TV
Tbaytel TV
TotalTV
VMedia
MMDS
Craig Wireless
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Europe
1More than 400,000 television service subscribers.
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Ibero/Latin America and the CaribbeanSatelliteRegional
Claro TV
DirecTV
Movistar TV
Canal+ Caraïbes (Caribbean)
CANTV (Venezuela)
Dish (Mexico)
Entel (Chile)
Green Dot (Caribbean)
Inter Satélital (Venezuela)
Oi TV (Brazil)
SKY Brasil (Brazil)
Sky México (Mexico & Central America)
Vivo TV (Brazil)
Cable
Claro TV (Brazil & Colombia)
Columbus/FLOW (Caribbean)
Izzi Telecom (Mexico)
Megacable (Mexico)
Movistar TV (Argentina & Peru)
Personal Flow (Argentina)
Totalplay (Mexico)
TV-Cable (Ecuador)
Une (Colombia)
VTR (Chile)
Fiber/IPTV
bmobile (Trinidad and Tobago)
Claro tv+ (Brazil)
Digicel (Caribbean)
Flow (Caribbean)
Movistar TV (Argentina and Chile)
Oi TV (Brazil)
Sky+ (Brazil)
Vivo TV (Brazil)
Zapping (Brazil and Chile)
Defunct satellite
DirecTV Brazil
DirecTV Mexico
GVT TV (Brazil)
Sky Argentina
Sky Chile
Sky Colombia
Sky Ecuador
Sky Peru
Sky Venezuela
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Canada
Europe
United States
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (multi-channel video programming distributors) in the United StatesCable
Adams Cable
Altice USA
Optimum (TV/Internet)
Suddenlink Communications
Service Electric
Armstrong
Astound Broadband
Grande Communications
RCN Corporation
Wave Broadband
AT&T Alascom
Blue Ridge Communications
Blue Stream
Breezeline
Broadstripe
Buckeye Broadband
Cable One
Hargray
Comcast Xfinity
Consolidated Communications
Cox Communications
Docomo Pacific
Emery Telcom
Full Channel
GCI
Mediacom
Midco
Northland Communications
Liberty Puerto Rico
Satview Broadband
Shentel
Spectrum
SRT Communications
TDS Telecom
Troy Cablevision
TruVista Communications
WOW!
Satellite
Claro Puerto Rico
Dish Network
DirecTV
Glorystar
Headend in the Sky
Fiber/ IPTV
Cincinnati Bell Fioptics
Claro
Consolidated Communications
EPB
Frontier FiberOptic
GTA Teleguam
Hawaiian Telcom
Lumen
Prism TV
Midco
NEP Datastream TV
North State Communications
Sonic.net
TDS Telecom
Verizon FiOS
Whidbey Telecom
Windstream Kinetic
Ziply Fiber
VirtualMVPD
DirecTV Stream
Frndly TV
FuboTV
Hulu + Live TV
LocalBTV
Philo
Sling TV
Spectrum TV Stream
Vidgo
Xfinity Flex
YouTube TV
Over-the-topVOD
A&E Networks
Crime Central
History Vault
Lifetime Movie Club
Amazon
Prime Video
MGM+
Freevee
ScreenPix
AMC Networks
Acorn TV
AMC+
HIDIVE
IFC Films Unlimited
Shudder
Sundance Now
Allblk
WE TV+
Angel Studios
Apple TV+
BritBox
Brown Sugar
BroadwayHD
Crackle Plus
Crackle
Chicken Soup for the Soul
Popcornflix
Truli
Cineverse
CONtv
Docurama
Dove Channel
Fandor
Screambox
The Criterion Channel
Curiosity Stream
CW Seed
Dekkoo
Disney
Disney+
Hulu
ESPN+
DOGTV
Dropout
Eros Now
Facebook Watch
FilmRise
Fox Corporation
Fox Nation
Tubi
Hallmark Movies Now
Here TV
Kino Lorber
MHz Choice
Kino Film Collection
Kocowa
Local Now
MUBI
Netflix
NBCUniversal
Peacock
Vudu
Xumo
NFL+
Paramount Global
BET+
Paramount+
Noggin
Pluto TV
Showtime
Racetrack Television Network
Redbox
Revry
Roku Channel
Sony
Crunchyroll
Samsung TV Plus
Shout! Factory TV
Starz
Stirr
Univision
Pantaya
Univision NOW
ViX
Tivo Stream 4k
Topic
UFC Fight Pass
Viaplay
Viki
ViX
Warner Bros. Discovery
Boomerang
Cinemax
Discovery+
Food Network Kitchen
Max
Rooster Teeth
WOW Presents Plus
WWE Network
YuppTV
DefunctCable
Adelphia Communications Corporation
Alameda Power and Telecom
Astound Broadband
AT&T Broadband
MediaOne/Continental Cablevision
Tele-Communications Inc.
Baja Broadband
US Cable
Bresnan Communications
Bright House Networks
Cablevision
Champion Broadband
Cobridge Communications
Community Home Entertainment
FairPoint Communications
Graceba Total Communications
Insight Communications
Jones Intercable
King Videocable
Knology
Marcus Cable
NPG Cable
Paragon Cable
Rapid Communications
TelePrompTer/Group W Cable
Time Warner Cable
UA-Columbia Cablevision
Windjammer Communications
Satellite
AlphaStar
GlobeCast World TV
Orby TV
PrimeStar
United States Satellite Broadcasting
Voom HD Networks
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
Sky Angel
Virtual Digital Cable
Google Fiber (television)
Terrestrial
USDTV
MovieBeam
Virtual MVPD
HD HomeRun Premium TV
Lumen Technologies
TVision Live TV+
PlayStation Vue
Over-the-top
Aereo
Anime Network
CNN+
Comedy Central Now
DC Universe
DramaFever
FilmStruck
Funimation
FX+
go90
Locast
MTV Hits
NickHits
Quibi
Seeso
Smithsonian Channel Plus
SnagFilms
vteAdditional resources on North American televisionNorth America
List of local television stations in North America
DTV transition
North American TV mini-template
Canada
Canadian networks
List of Canadian television networks
List of Canadian television channels
List of Canadian specialty channels
Local Canadian TV stations
List of United States stations available in Canada
2001 Vancouver TV realignment
2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
Mexico
Mexican networks
Local Mexican TV stations
United States
American networks
List of American cable and satellite networks
List of American over-the-air networks
Local American TV stations (W)
Local American TV stations (K)
Spanish-language TV networks
1989 South Florida television affiliation switch
1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment
2006 U.S. TV realignment
List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Europe
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Europe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrio_Corp."}],"text":"SKY Brasil is a company, owned by Vrio, which operates a subscription television service in Brazil. It produces TV content, and owns several TV channels.","title":"SKY Brasil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SKY Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"British Sky Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Media"},{"link_name":"Grupo Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Organizações Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Globo"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999%E2%80%932002)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"1080i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i"},{"link_name":"ESPN HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"720p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720p"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"SKY Mexico was founded on 25 July 1996, a joint venture between British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), News Corporation, Liberty Media and Grupo Televisa and was later launched on 15 December 1996. At the same time it was being set up in Brazil, where it involved BSkyB, News Corporation, Liberty Media and Organizações Globo. By May 2000, the company had extended throughout the rest of Latin America, launching in Central America, Argentina and Colombia but during Argentina's economic crisis, on 10 July 2002, with over 52,000 subscribers, Sky Argentina ceased all operations.[1]During the course of the decade, most Sky operations in Latin America were rebranded to DirecTV, with the exception of the Mexican and Brazilian operations, that in 2005 absorbed the DirecTV keeping the Sky name.[2]In May 2009, Sky Brazil launched its first ten HDTV channels in 1080i resolution (with the exception of ESPN HD (today ESPN+), which broadcasts in 720p). Currently, Sky Brazil has 57 channels in HDTV in total (note: Sex Zone HD is optional).[3]In 2016, Sky Brazil has reached more than 5.3 million subscribers, ranking as second in number of subscribers in Brazil.[4]In 2022, Grupo Globo divested their 7% stake in SKY Brasil, making Vrio their full 100% owner.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video On Demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_On_Demand"},{"link_name":"TV Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Everywhere"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Loyalty program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_program"}],"text":"Cine SKY - Movie rental service\nCine SKY HD - Video On Demand service (Exclusive to Sky HDTV Plus subscribers) (used to be Sky On Demand)\nSKY Online - TV Everywhere service\nSKY Banda Larga (Sky Broadband) - 4G Internet via LTE routers\nSKY Tunes - Online audio channels via iOS\nTVRO SKY Free SATHDR (TVRO Sky free SATHDR) - Digital decoder with free TV 24 channels UHF and DTH TV Globo, SBT, Record, RedeTV!, Band, TV Verdes Mares CE Nacional and Regional.\nViva SKY - Loyalty program","title":"Services"}] | [] | [{"title":"SKY México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_M%C3%A9xico"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sky Argentina cesa operaciones el 10 de julio\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120730231252/http://www.bnamericas.com/news/telecomunicaciones/Sky_Argentina_cesa_operaciones_el_10_de_julio","url_text":"\"Sky Argentina cesa operaciones el 10 de julio\""},{"url":"http://www.bnamericas.com/news/telecomunicaciones/Sky_Argentina_cesa_operaciones_el_10_de_julio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"México, Medios. \"Octubre de 2004: DirecTV se va de México\". Medios México. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediosenmexico.blogspot.com/2007/09/octubre-de-2004-directv-se-va-de-mxico.html","url_text":"\"Octubre de 2004: DirecTV se va de México\""}]},{"reference":"\"SKY - HDTV é isso!\". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120910125744/http://www.sky.com.br/servicos/Guiadatv/gradecanais.aspx","url_text":"\"SKY - HDTV é isso!\""},{"url":"http://www.sky.com.br/servicos/Guiadatv/gradecanais.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lucotti, Francisco (26 May 2016). \"Pay-TV subscribers in Brazil fell 0.8% during 1Q 2016\". Nextv News. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nextvnews.com/pay-tv-subscribers-brazil-fell-0-8-1q-2016/","url_text":"\"Pay-TV subscribers in Brazil fell 0.8% during 1Q 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discretamente, Globo se desfaz de participação na Sky após 26 anos\". Notícias da TV (in Portuguese). 26 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/mercado/discretamente-globo-se-desfaz-de-participacao-na-sky-apos-26-anos-77921","url_text":"\"Discretamente, Globo se desfaz de participação na Sky após 26 anos\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKY_Brasil&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.sky.com.br/","external_links_name":"www.sky.com.br"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120730231252/http://www.bnamericas.com/news/telecomunicaciones/Sky_Argentina_cesa_operaciones_el_10_de_julio","external_links_name":"\"Sky Argentina cesa operaciones el 10 de julio\""},{"Link":"http://www.bnamericas.com/news/telecomunicaciones/Sky_Argentina_cesa_operaciones_el_10_de_julio","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mediosenmexico.blogspot.com/2007/09/octubre-de-2004-directv-se-va-de-mxico.html","external_links_name":"\"Octubre de 2004: DirecTV se va de México\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120910125744/http://www.sky.com.br/servicos/Guiadatv/gradecanais.aspx","external_links_name":"\"SKY - HDTV é isso!\""},{"Link":"http://www.sky.com.br/servicos/Guiadatv/gradecanais.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nextvnews.com/pay-tv-subscribers-brazil-fell-0-8-1q-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Pay-TV subscribers in Brazil fell 0.8% during 1Q 2016\""},{"Link":"https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/mercado/discretamente-globo-se-desfaz-de-participacao-na-sky-apos-26-anos-77921","external_links_name":"\"Discretamente, Globo se desfaz de participação na Sky após 26 anos\""},{"Link":"http://www.sky.com.br/","external_links_name":"Sky Brazil official website (in Portuguese)"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ComprarSKY","external_links_name":"SKY Master Dealer at Facebook (in Portuguese)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Danckerts_de_Ry | Cornelis Danckerts de Ry | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Dutch Golden Age architect and sculptor
Portrait of Cornelis Danckerts de Ry in Het Gulden Cabinet, by Pieter de Jode II after a portrait by his son Pieter.
Cornelis Danckerts de Ry (1561–1634) was a Dutch Golden Age architect and sculptor.
Biography
Peter's portraits of his parents.
Danckerts was born and died in Amsterdam. According to the RKD he was the son of the architect Cornelis Danckerts (1536–1595), brother of the builder Hendrick Danckerts I, and father of the painter Pieter Danckerts de Rij, who painted a portrait of both his parents.
In 1634 his son Pieter painted pendant portraits of himself and his wife on the occasion of their 50th anniversary. His wife's portrait hangs in Johannesburg Art Gallery, and Cornelis's portrait hangs in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.
According to Cornelis de Bie in his book Het Gulden Cabinet, he built houses and churches in Haarlem. The engraver Pieter de Jode II made an engraving for that book based on Pieter's painting of him.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cornelis Danckerts de Ry.
References
^ Cornelis Danckerts in the RKD
^ Het Gulden Cabinet page 447
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie
This article about a Dutch painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulden_Cabinet_-_Cornelis_Dankerts_de_Ry_p_447.jpg"},{"link_name":"Het Gulden Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Gulden_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Pieter de Jode II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_de_Jode_II"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"}],"text":"Portrait of Cornelis Danckerts de Ry in Het Gulden Cabinet, by Pieter de Jode II after a portrait by his son Pieter.Cornelis Danckerts de Ry (1561–1634) was a Dutch Golden Age architect and sculptor.","title":"Cornelis Danckerts de Ry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parents_of_Pieter_Dankerts_de_Rij.JPG"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Danckerts I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrick_Danckerts_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pieter Danckerts de Rij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Danckerts_de_Rij"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-1"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Cornelis de Bie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bie"},{"link_name":"Het Gulden Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Gulden_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Pieter de Jode II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_de_Jode_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Danckerts de Ry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cornelis_Danckerts_de_Ry"}],"text":"Peter's portraits of his parents.Danckerts was born and died in Amsterdam. According to the RKD he was the son of the architect Cornelis Danckerts (1536–1595), brother of the builder Hendrick Danckerts I, and father of the painter Pieter Danckerts de Rij, who painted a portrait of both his parents.[1]In 1634 his son Pieter painted pendant portraits of himself and his wife on the occasion of their 50th anniversary. His wife's portrait hangs in Johannesburg Art Gallery, and Cornelis's portrait hangs in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.According to Cornelis de Bie in his book Het Gulden Cabinet, he built houses and churches in Haarlem. The engraver Pieter de Jode II made an engraving for that book based on Pieter's painting of him.[2]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cornelis Danckerts de Ry.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Cornelis Danckerts de Ry in Het Gulden Cabinet, by Pieter de Jode II after a portrait by his son Pieter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gulden_Cabinet_-_Cornelis_Dankerts_de_Ry_p_447.jpg/220px-Gulden_Cabinet_-_Cornelis_Dankerts_de_Ry_p_447.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter's portraits of his parents.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Parents_of_Pieter_Dankerts_de_Rij.JPG/220px-Parents_of_Pieter_Dankerts_de_Rij.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/368015","external_links_name":"Cornelis Danckerts"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44273174","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136116051","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015126037","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/368015","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/22907355","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136116051.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Danckerts_de_Ry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_Queensland | Soccer in Queensland | ["1 History","2 Administration of football in Queensland","2.1 Football Queensland","2.2 Queensland Zones","3 National representation","3.1 National Soccer League (NSL) 1977-2004","3.2 A-League (2005-present)","4 Club competitions","4.1 Queensland statewide competitions","4.2 Regional competitions","5 Seasons in Queensland soccer","6 Women's football","7 Footnotes","8 See also","9 External links"] | Soccer in QueenslandBrisbane Roar at Suncorp StadiumGoverning bodyFootball QueenslandRepresentative teamQueenslandNickname(s)soccer, footballFirst played1867 in BrisbaneRegistered players211,923 (2022)Audience recordsSingle match51,153 (2014) Brisbane Roar vs Western Sydney Wanderers Suncorp Stadium 2014 A-League Grand Final (Lang Park, Brisbane)
Soccer was first played in Queensland on a regular basis in Brisbane, in 1884. The game in Queensland is administered by the peak body, Football Queensland, together with several subordinate zone councils, each representing regions of Queensland.
History
Main article: History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane team ca 1870 playing London Association (soccer) rules
The Brisbane Football Club (Queensland's first football club) formed in 1866 under Australian Rules football rules but dabbled in both soccer and rugby football for much of its history, but appears to have been involved in many of the early soccer matches in Brisbane from 1867 to 1870.
The earliest mention of matches under London Association rules is a July 1867 match Between Brisbane FC and the Volunteer Artillery World eleven. Volunteer Aritllery later switched to Australian rules.
Brisbane FC also played soccer at Woogaroo (now Goodna), west of Brisbane, in 1875 against the inmates and warders of the Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum."
The following year at a meeting at the Railway Hotel, Petrie Terrace in April 1876, a new club was being formed in Brisbane to play under London Association rules is made with the intention of starting a neighbourhood league.
The Anglo-Queensland Football Association (a predecessor of Football Queensland) began in 1884. The Brisbane Courier reported in early May 1884:
A MEETING of those favourable to the "Association" game of football as played in the home countries was held at the Australian Hotel last night ... t was resolved that it was desirable to form an Anglo-Queensland Football Association, and as a beginning the meeting formed the first club, the name selected being "St. Andrew's Football Club." ... It was announced that already from twenty-seven to thirty promises to join the club had been received, and it was resolved to play a practice match tomorrow afternoon, if possible, in the Queen's Park.
The first fixture match was played on 7 June 1884, on the Pineapple Sportsfield (now part of Raymond Park), Kangaroo Point (refer to History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland for more information).
By 1886, the game had spread west to Ipswich and then to other regional centres.
Administration of football in Queensland
Football Queensland
Football Queensland was preceded by a number of organisations:
1884-1889: Anglo-Queensland Football Association
1890-1919: Queensland British Football Association
1920-1927: Queensland Football Association
1928-1939: Queensland Soccer Council
1940-1961: Queensland Soccer Football Association
1962-2005: Queensland Soccer Federation
2006-Present: Football Queensland
Queensland Zones
The game is administered locally by zone councils:
Zone
Site
Football Queensland Central Coast
Football Queensland Darling Downs
Football Queensland Far North & Gulf
Football Queensland Metro North & South
Football Queensland North
Football Queensland South Coast
Football Queensland Sunshine Coast
Football Queensland Whitsunday Coast
Football Queensland Wide Bay
National representation
National Soccer League (NSL) 1977-2004
There were a number of Queensland teams that played in the now defunct National Soccer League.
Club name
Years in the NSL
Premierships
Cups
Brisbane City
1977-1986 (10)
--
1977, 1978
Brisbane Lions
1977-1986 & 1988 (10)
--
1981
Brisbane Strikers
1992-2004 (12)
1997
--
A-League (2005-present)
The Brisbane Roar, a privately owned football club (originally formed by the Brisbane-based Queensland Lions FC), was the only Queensland team to compete in the inaugural season of the national A-League (2005).
In the 2009-10 Hyundai A-League season, two other clubs joined the Roar, Gold Coast United FC and the North Queensland Fury FC (Townsville). However, the Fury team withdrew from the competition after season 2010-11, citing financial difficulties. Gold Coast United also left the A-league after the 2011-12 season. They have now reformed in August 2017 and currently compete in the National Premier Leagues Queensland.
Club competitions
Queensland statewide competitions
The Queensland State League (QSL) was established in 2008 to provide a second tier competition between the A-League and the Queensland regional competitions. The QSL consisted of a single division, comprising nine teams without provision for promotion or relegation.
In 2013 the QSL was replaced by the National Premier Leagues Queensland (NPL Qld) which forms a division within the National Premier Leagues (NPL). The winner (top of the table after the regular season) enters a national finals series against the winners of the other NPL divisions. In 2018 the NPL Queensland will introduce promotion from and relegation to, a new league the Football Queensland Premier League.
Regional competitions
Below the NPL Qld there are local competitions run in each of the zones.
Seasons in Queensland soccer
1880s
1884
1890s
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900s
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910s
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920s
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930s
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940s
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
Women's football
Brisbane Roar have a team in the national W-League that represent Queensland's female footballers.
Footnotes
^ "Football/soccer Report". Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ Bilton, Dean (5 May 2014). "Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers". ABC News.
^ "Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland". Football Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "TELEGRAPHIC". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXII, no. 3, 057. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1867. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Syson, Ian. "The genesis of soccer in Australia". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "ADELAIDE". The Telegraph. No. 1, 110. Queensland, Australia. 29 April 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "The Brisbane Courier". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 8, 209. Queensland, Australia. 2 May 1884. p. 4. Retrieved 20 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt". 3 March 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod". 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
^ "Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United". 3 August 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
See also
Football Queensland
History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland
Association football in Australia
External links
Football Queensland official website
vte Soccer in Australia
Football Australia
Australian Professional Leagues
National teamsMen's
Senior
B
U-23
U-20
U-17
Futsal
Beach
Paralympic
Women's
Senior
U-23
U-20
U-17
Futsal
League competitionsMen'sLevel 1
A-League Men
Level 2
National Second Division
National Premier Leagues
ACT
NSW
Northern NSW
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Northern Territory
NorZone Premier League
Southern Zone Premier League
Level 3–9
Capital Football
Premier League
State League
NSW
League One
League Two
Northern NSW
State League 1
Northern Territory
Division 1
Queensland
Premier League
Premier League 2
South Australia
State League 1
State League 2
Tasmania
Northern Championship
Northern Social League
Southern Championship
Southern League One
Southern League Two
Southern League Three
Southern League Four
Victoria
VPL 1
VPL 2
State League 1
State League 2
State League 3
State League 4
State League 5
Western Australia
State League 1
State League 2
Women'sLevel 1
A-League Women
Level 2
National Premier Leagues Women's
ACT
NSW
Northern NSW
Queensland
South Australia
Victoria
WA
Cup competitionsNational
Australia Cup
State
Capital Football Federation Cup
Waratah Cup
NNSWF State Cup
Football SA Federation Cup
Milan Lakoseljac Cup
Dockerty Cup
Football West State Cup
Others
Youth soccer
Defunct leagues
Defunct cups
Professional Footballers Australia
Women's soccer in Australia
History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland
Lists
Appearances (300+)
Clubs
Honours won
Champions
Clubs in international competitions
Goals (100+)
Record home attendances
Stadiums by capacity
Venues
Competitions
Records
vteSoccer in Australia by state and territoryAustralian Capital Territory
Capital Football
New South Wales
Northern NSW Football
Football NSW
Northern Territory
Football Federation Northern Territory
Queensland
Football Queensland
South Australia
Football South Australia
Tasmania
Football Tasmania
Victoria
Football Victoria
Western Australia
Football West
vte Men's soccer in QueenslandFootball Queensland2023–24 clubsA-League Men
Brisbane Roar
2024 clubsNPL Queensland
Brisbane City
Brisbane Roar Youth
Gold Coast Knights
Gold Coast United
Lions FC
Moreton City Excelsior
Olympic
Peninsula Power
Redlands United
Rochedale Rovers
Sunshine Coast Wanderers
Wynnum Wolves
Football QueenslandPremier League
Moreton City Excelsior Reserves
Brisbane Strikers
Broadbeach United
Caboolture Sports
Capalaba FC
Eastern Suburbs
Logan Lightning
Mitchelton FC
Southside Eagles
SWQ Thunder
St George Willawong
Western Pride
Football QueenslandPremier League 2
Bayside United
Grange Thistle
Holland Parks Hawks
Ipswich Knights
Magic United
Maroochydore
North Lakes United
North Star
Pine Hills
Samford Rangers
Souths United
Taringa Rovers
Regionalassociation zones
CEQ
Wide Bay
Central Coast
NQ
Far North & Gulf
Northern
Whitsunday Coast
SEQ
Darling Downs
Metro
South Coast
Sunshine Coast
Cup competition
Australia Cup
Canale Cup
Former teams
Bundaberg Spirit
Cairns FC
Capricorn Cougars
Central Queensland FC
Logan United
Magpies Crusaders United
Northern Fury
QAS NTC
Sunshine Coast FC
Southern Cross United
Surfers Paradise Apollo
Tugan Jets / Twin Towns
Whitsunday Miners
Wide Bay Buccaneers
Former competitions
Queensland State League (2008–2012)
League seasonsRegional Era
1884−1991
State Cup era
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
QSL era
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
NPL era
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Football Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Soccer was first played in Queensland on a regular basis in Brisbane, in 1884. The game in Queensland is administered by the peak body, Football Queensland, together with several subordinate zone councils, each representing regions of Queensland.[3]","title":"Soccer in Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_soccer_team_c1870.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Football_Club_(1866%E2%80%931887)"},{"link_name":"Australian Rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Woogaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woogaroo"},{"link_name":"Goodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodna,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Courier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Raymond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Park,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Point,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_association_football_in_Brisbane,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland"}],"text":"Brisbane team ca 1870 playing London Association (soccer) rulesThe Brisbane Football Club (Queensland's first football club) formed in 1866 under Australian Rules football rules but dabbled in both soccer and rugby football for much of its history, but appears to have been involved in many of the early soccer matches in Brisbane from 1867 to 1870.The earliest mention of matches under London Association rules is a July 1867 match Between Brisbane FC and the Volunteer Artillery World eleven.[4] Volunteer Aritllery later switched to Australian rules.Brisbane FC also played soccer at Woogaroo (now Goodna), west of Brisbane, in 1875 against the inmates and warders of the Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum.\"[5]The following year at a meeting at the Railway Hotel, Petrie Terrace in April 1876, a new club was being formed in Brisbane to play under London Association rules is made with the intention of starting a neighbourhood league.[6]The Anglo-Queensland Football Association (a predecessor of Football Queensland) began in 1884. The Brisbane Courier reported in early May 1884:A MEETING of those favourable to the \"Association\" game of football as played in the home countries was held at the Australian Hotel last night ... [I]t was resolved that it was desirable to form an Anglo-Queensland Football Association, and as a beginning the meeting formed the first club, the name selected being \"St. Andrew's Football Club.\" ... It was announced that already from twenty-seven to thirty promises to join the club had been received, and it was resolved to play a practice match tomorrow afternoon, if possible, in the Queen's Park.[7]The first fixture match was played on 7 June 1884, on the Pineapple Sportsfield (now part of Raymond Park), Kangaroo Point (refer to History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland for more information).By 1886, the game had spread west to Ipswich and then to other regional centres.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration of football in Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football Queensland","text":"Football Queensland was preceded by a number of organisations:1884-1889: Anglo-Queensland Football Association\n1890-1919: Queensland British Football Association\n1920-1927: Queensland Football Association\n1928-1939: Queensland Soccer Council\n1940-1961: Queensland Soccer Football Association\n1962-2005: Queensland Soccer Federation\n2006-Present: Football Queensland","title":"Administration of football in Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Queensland Zones","text":"The game is administered locally by zone councils:","title":"Administration of football in Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soccer_League"}],"sub_title":"National Soccer League (NSL) 1977-2004","text":"There were a number of Queensland teams that played in the now defunct National Soccer League.","title":"National representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Roar"},{"link_name":"Queensland Lions FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Lions_Soccer_Club"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"2009-10 Hyundai A-League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_2009%E2%80%9310"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_United_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Queensland Fury FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensland_Fury_FC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Premier Leagues Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"A-League (2005-present)","text":"The Brisbane Roar, a privately owned football club (originally formed by the Brisbane-based Queensland Lions FC), was the only Queensland team to compete in the inaugural season of the national A-League (2005).In the 2009-10 Hyundai A-League season, two other clubs joined the Roar, Gold Coast United FC and the North Queensland Fury FC (Townsville).[8] However, the Fury team withdrew from the competition after season 2010-11, citing financial difficulties.[9] Gold Coast United also left the A-league after the 2011-12 season. They have now reformed in August 2017 and currently compete in the National Premier Leagues Queensland.[10][11]","title":"National representation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_League_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"National Premier Leagues Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland"},{"link_name":"National Premier Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Football Queensland Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Queensland_Premier_League"}],"sub_title":"Queensland statewide competitions","text":"The Queensland State League (QSL) was established in 2008 to provide a second tier competition between the A-League and the Queensland regional competitions. The QSL consisted of a single division, comprising nine teams without provision for promotion or relegation.In 2013 the QSL was replaced by the National Premier Leagues Queensland (NPL Qld) which forms a division within the National Premier Leagues (NPL). The winner (top of the table after the regular season) enters a national finals series against the winners of the other NPL divisions. In 2018 the NPL Queensland will introduce promotion from and relegation to, a new league the Football Queensland Premier League.","title":"Club competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regional competitions","text":"Below the NPL Qld there are local competitions run in each of the zones.","title":"Club competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons in Queensland soccer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Roar_FC_(W-League)"},{"link_name":"W-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-League_(Australia)"}],"text":"Brisbane Roar have a team in the national W-League that represent Queensland's female footballers.","title":"Women's football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Football/soccer Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9"},{"link_name":"Australian Sports Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210613143843/https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-04/roar-win-a-league-grand-final/5429262?nw=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121002040615/http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"TELEGRAPHIC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1286196"},{"link_name":"The Brisbane Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The genesis of soccer in Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120716042646/http://theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"ADELAIDE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169495766"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_(Brisbane)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Brisbane Courier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3429648"},{"link_name":"The Brisbane Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171120013307/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/fury-owner-bows-out-as-a-league-stares-at-20m-debt/news-story/39c7458e7d430d65737ef5fd25cf7ec4?nk=5b807a1f2c1be8df9390605a1d71d44f-1511087238"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171201235804/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//goldcoastunitedfc.com.au/gold-coast-united-back/"}],"text":"^ \"Football/soccer Report\". Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n\n^ Bilton, Dean (5 May 2014). \"Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers\". ABC News.\n\n^ \"Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland\". Football Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.\n\n^ \"TELEGRAPHIC\". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXII, no. 3, 057. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1867. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ Syson, Ian. \"The genesis of soccer in Australia\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.\n\n^ \"ADELAIDE\". The Telegraph. No. 1, 110. Queensland, Australia. 29 April 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ \"The Brisbane Courier\". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 8, 209. Queensland, Australia. 2 May 1884. p. 4. Retrieved 20 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ \"Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League\". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt\". 3 March 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod\". 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United\". 3 August 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Brisbane team ca 1870 playing London Association (soccer) rules","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brisbane_soccer_team_c1870.jpg/220px-Brisbane_soccer_team_c1870.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Football Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Queensland"},{"title":"History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_association_football_in_Brisbane,_Queensland"},{"title":"Association football in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_in_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Football/soccer Report\". Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9","url_text":"\"Football/soccer Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission","url_text":"Australian Sports Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613143843/https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bilton, Dean (5 May 2014). \"Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-04/roar-win-a-league-grand-final/5429262?nw=0","url_text":"\"Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland\". Football Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476","url_text":"\"Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002040615/http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TELEGRAPHIC\". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXII, no. 3, 057. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1867. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1286196","url_text":"\"TELEGRAPHIC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"Syson, Ian. \"The genesis of soccer in Australia\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466","url_text":"\"The genesis of soccer in Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716042646/http://theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ADELAIDE\". The Telegraph. No. 1, 110. Queensland, Australia. 29 April 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169495766","url_text":"\"ADELAIDE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_(Brisbane)","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brisbane Courier\". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 8, 209. Queensland, Australia. 2 May 1884. p. 4. Retrieved 20 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3429648","url_text":"\"The Brisbane Courier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League\". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132","url_text":"\"Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171120013307/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt\". 3 March 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/fury-owner-bows-out-as-a-league-stares-at-20m-debt/news-story/39c7458e7d430d65737ef5fd25cf7ec4?nk=5b807a1f2c1be8df9390605a1d71d44f-1511087238","url_text":"\"Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod\". 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html","url_text":"\"Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201235804/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United\". 3 August 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldcoastunitedfc.com.au/gold-coast-united-back/","url_text":"\"Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://footballqueensland.com.au/zones/","external_links_name":"Site"},{"Link":"https://fqcentralcoast.com.au/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://fqdarlingdowns.com.au/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://fqfarnorthgulf.com.au/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.fqmetro.com.au/","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://fqnorth.com.au/","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://fqsouthcoast.com.au/","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://fqsunshinecoast.com.au/","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://websites.mygameday.app/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-9337-0-0-0","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"https://fqwidebay.com/","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9","external_links_name":"\"Football/soccer Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613143843/https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDQ3NjFlN2MtMDNlYi00OTI3LTliMTEtM2QwODJkOGQ4MTdjIiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-04/roar-win-a-league-grand-final/5429262?nw=0","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane Roar win third A-League championship with thrilling 2-1 extra-time win over Western Sydney Wanderers\""},{"Link":"http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476","external_links_name":"\"Football Queensland: The Home of Football in Queensland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002040615/http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/index.php?display=item&id=476","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1286196","external_links_name":"\"TELEGRAPHIC\""},{"Link":"http://theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466","external_links_name":"\"The genesis of soccer in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716042646/http://theconversation.edu.au/the-genesis-of-soccer-in-australia-2466","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169495766","external_links_name":"\"ADELAIDE\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3429648","external_links_name":"\"The Brisbane Courier\""},{"Link":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132","external_links_name":"\"Gold Coast And Townsville Set For A-League\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171120013307/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/gold-coast-and-townsville-set-for-a-league-121132","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/fury-owner-bows-out-as-a-league-stares-at-20m-debt/news-story/39c7458e7d430d65737ef5fd25cf7ec4?nk=5b807a1f2c1be8df9390605a1d71d44f-1511087238","external_links_name":"\"Fury owner bows out as A-League faces $20m debt\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html","external_links_name":"\"Then there were 10 again: Gold Coast to Fod\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201235804/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/a-league/then-there-were-10-again-gold-coast-to-fold-20100408-rvl1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://goldcoastunitedfc.com.au/gold-coast-united-back/","external_links_name":"\"Gold Coast United is Back. – Gold Coast United\""},{"Link":"http://www.footballqueensland.com.au/","external_links_name":"Football Queensland official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_renewal | Charismatic movement | ["1 History","2 Beliefs","3 Denominations influenced","3.1 Anglicanism","3.2 Lutheranism","3.3 Reformed","3.4 Roman Catholicism","3.5 Methodism","3.6 Moravianism","3.7 Adventism","3.8 Eastern Orthodoxy","3.9 Nondenominational","4 Theologians and scholars","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | For other uses, see Charismatic (disambiguation).
For the broader movement, see Charismatic Christianity.
Religious trend
Part of a series onChristianity
JesusChrist
Nativity
Baptism
Ministry
Crucifixion
Resurrection
Ascension
BibleFoundations
Old Testament
New Testament
Gospel
Canon
Church
Creed
New Covenant
Theology
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
Apologetics
Baptism
Christology
History of theology
Mission
Salvation
Universalism
HistoryTradition
Apostles
Peter
Paul
Mary
Early Christianity
Church Fathers
Constantine
Councils
Augustine
Ignatius
East–West Schism
Crusades
Aquinas
Reformation
Luther
Denominations(full list)
Nicene
Catholic
Latin
Eastern
Old Catholic
Independent Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Church of the East
Protestant
Adventist
Anabaptist
Anglican
Baptist
Free Evangelical
Lutheran
Methodist
Moravian
Pentecostal
Plymouth Brethren
Quaker
Reformed
United Protestant
Waldensian
Nondenominational Christianity
Restorationist
Christadelphians
Iglesia ni Cristo
Irvingians
Jehovah's Witness
Latter Day Saints
Members Church of God International
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The New Church (Swedenborgian)
Unitarians and Universalists
Related topics
Civilization
Criticism
Culture
Ecumenism
Glossary
Index
Liturgy
Other religions
Outline
Prayer
Sermon
Symbolism
Worship
Glossary
Index
Outline
Christianity portalvte
The charismatic movement in Christianity is a movement within established or mainstream Christian denominations to adopt beliefs and practices of Charismatic Christianity, with an emphasis on baptism with the Holy Spirit, and the use of spiritual gifts (charismata). It has affected most denominations in the United States, and has spread widely across the world.
The movement is deemed to have begun in 1960 in Anglicanism, and spread to other mainstream Protestant denominations, including Lutherans and Presbyterians by 1962, and to Roman Catholicism by 1967. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.
The movement was not initially influential in evangelical churches. Although this changed in the 1980s in the so-called Third Wave, the charismatic movement was often expressed in the formation of separate evangelical churches such as the Vineyard Movement—neo-charismatic organisations that mirrored the establishment of Pentecostal churches. Many traditional evangelical churches remain opposed to the movement and teach a cessationist theology.
History
See also: History of Pentecostalism and Charismatic Christianity § History
The classic Pentecostalism movement usually traces its origin to the early twentieth century, with the ministry of Charles F. Parham and the subsequent ministry of William Joseph Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival. Its unique doctrine involved a dramatic encounter with God, termed baptism with the Holy Spirit. Some believed that speaking in tongues was evidence for having had this experience.
Before 1955 the religious mainstream did not embrace Pentecostal doctrines. If a church member or clergyman openly expressed such views, they would (either voluntarily or involuntarily) separate from their existing denomination. However, by the 1960s many of the characteristic teachings were gaining acceptance among Christians within mainline Protestant denominations.
The charismatic movement represented a reversal of the previous pattern, as those influenced by Pentecostal spirituality chose to remain in their original denominations. The popularization and broader acceptance of charismatic teachings and ideas are linked to the Healing Revival that occurred from 1946 to 1958. The revivalists of the time, including William Branham, Oral Roberts, and A. A. Allen, held large interdenominational meetings which emphasized the gifts of the spirit. This global revival led to greater awareness and acceptance of Pentecostal teachings and practices.
The high church wing of the American Episcopal Church became the first traditional ecclesiastical organization to be affected internally by the new movement. The beginning of the charismatic movement is usually dated to Sunday, April 3, 1960, when Dennis J. Bennett, rector of St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California recounted his Pentecostal experience to his parish; he repeated it on the next two Sundays, including Easter (April 17), during which many of his congregation also shared the experience of spirit. He was forced to resign.
The resulting controversy and press coverage spread an awareness of the emerging charismatic movement. The movement grew to embrace other mainline churches, where clergy began receiving and publicly announcing their Pentecostal experiences. These clergy began holding meetings for seekers and healing services, which included praying over and anointing of the sick. The charismatic movement reached Lutherans and Presbyterians in 1962.
The Catholic Charismatic Renewal began in 1967 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.
The charismatic movement led to the founding of many covenant communities, such as Sword of the Spirit and Word of God. They are a force of ecumenism in that they have members from many major Christian denominations, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, Reformed and Methodists, who live and pray together.
Despite the fact that Pentecostals tend to share more in common with evangelicals than with either Roman Catholics or non-evangelical wings of the church, the charismatic movement was not initially influential among evangelical churches. C. Peter Wagner traces the spread of the charismatic movement within evangelicalism to around 1985. He termed this movement the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit. The Third Wave has expressed itself through the formation of churches and denomination-like organizations. These groups are referred to as "neo-charismatic" and are distinct from the charismatic movement of the historic Christian churches. The Vineyard Movement and the British New Church Movement exemplify Third Wave or neo-charismatic organizations.
Beliefs
Charismatic Christians believe in an experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit and that spiritual gifts (Greek charismata χαρίσματα, from charis χάρις, grace) of the Holy Spirit as described in the New Testament are available to contemporary Christians through the infilling or baptism of the Holy Spirit, with or without the laying on of hands.
The charismatic movement holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life." Additionally, "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism." Baptism with the Holy Spirit "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life." Rev. Brenton Cordeiro teaches that those who have received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness."
Although the Bible lists many gifts from God through his Holy Spirit, there are nine specific gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 that are supernatural in nature and are the focus of and distinguishing feature of the charismatic movement: word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, gifts of healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in different tongues (languages), and interpretation of tongues.
While Pentecostals and charismatics share these beliefs, there are differences. Many in the charismatic movement deliberately distanced themselves from Pentecostalism for cultural and theological reasons. Foremost among theological reasons is the tendency of many Pentecostals to insist that speaking in tongues is always the initial physical sign of receiving Spirit baptism. Although specific teachings will vary by denomination, charismatics generally believe that the Holy Spirit has already been present in a person from the time of regeneration and prefer to call subsequent encounters with the Holy Spirit by other names, such as "being filled". In contrast to Pentecostals, charismatics tend to accept a range of supernatural experiences (such as prophecy, miracles, healing, or "physical manifestations of an altered state of consciousness") as evidence of having been baptized or filled with the Holy Spirit.
Pentecostals are also distinguished from the charismatic movement on the basis of style. Also, Pentecostals have traditionally placed a high value on evangelization and missionary work. Charismatics, on the other hand, have tended to see their movement as a force for revitalization and renewal within their own church traditions.
Cessationists argue these sign and revelatory gifts were manifested in the New Testament for a specific purpose, upon which once accomplished, these signs were withdrawn and no longer function. Cessationists support this claim by suggesting there was a rapid decline in reports of such gifts from the time of the Church Fathers onwards. Non-cessationists argue that testimonial claims of God doing signs, wonders and miracles can especially be found in the first three centuries of the church. Sacramental charismatics also point out that the means of distribution of charismatic gifts in the early church, was not limited to the laying on of hands of the canonical apostles, but was tethered to the receptivity of prayer connected to the sacrament of baptism. The Charismatic movement is based on a belief that these gifts are still available today.
Denominations influenced
Part of a series onProtestantism
Outline
Concepts
Anti-Protestantism
Bible
Criticism
Culture
Demographics
Ecclesiology
Liturgy
Relations with Catholics
Theologies
Five Solas
History
Proto-Protestantism
Bohemian Reformation
Reformation
Magisterial
Radical
Counter
Martin Luther
Ninety-five Theses
Augsburg Confession
Huldrych Zwingli
John Calvin
Arminianism
Crypto-Protestantism
Nonconformists
Dissenters
Puritans
John Wesley
Pietism
Great Awakenings in America
Revival meetings
Branches
Proto-Protestants
Hussites
Waldensians
Lutherans
Reformed
Continental
Presbyterians
Congregational
Anglicans
Continuing
Anabaptists
Amish
Hutterites
Mennonites
Quakers
Baptists
Methodists
Radical Pietism
Shakers
Stone-Campbell
Plymouth Brethren
Adventist
Irvings
Holiness
Keswickians
Eastern Protestant
Pentecostals
United and uniting churches
Nondenominational
Movements
Augsburg Catholics
Charismatics
Confessionalism
Confessing Movement
Convergence
Church Growth
Ecumenism
Emerging church
Evangelicalism
Fundamentalism
High church
Liberalism
Mainlines
Neo-charismatics
Neo-orthodoxy
New Calvinism
Paleo-orthodoxy
Progressivism
Spiritual Christianity
Christianity portalvte
Anglicanism
In the United States, Episcopalian priest Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influences. Bennett was the rector at St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California when he announced to the congregation in 1960 that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Soon after this he ministered in Seattle, where he ran many workshops and seminars about the work of the Holy Spirit.
In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments.
The Massey University conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller. He invited Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.
As of the early 21st century, a "charismatic evangelical" wing or school of thought is commonly identified in the Church of England, contrasted with the conservative evangelical, Anglo-Catholic and other tendencies. An influential local church in this movement has been London's Holy Trinity Brompton. Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury since 2013, has a background in charismatic evangelicalism.
Lutheranism
Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference was held in Minneapolis during those years. Some Lutheran charismatics in the US formed the Alliance of Renewal Churches.
Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit (1974) played a major role in the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. Another Lutheran charismatic leader is Morris Vaagenes. In Finland the emergence of charismatic congregations has reversed, in some places, a decline in attendance among Lutheran congregations.
Reformed
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology, there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies that could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival.
Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the United States. In Great Britain the Newfrontiers churches and movement, founded by Terry Virgo, are among Reformed charismatic churches .
Roman Catholicism
Part of a series on theCatholic ChurchSt. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Overview
Pope: Francis
Hierarchy
History (timeline)
Theology
Liturgy
Sacraments
Mary
Background
Jesus
Crucifixion
Resurrection
Ascension
Early Christianity
Peter
Paul
Fathers
History of the Catholic Church
History of the papacy
Ecumenical councils
Magisterium
Four Marks of the Church
One true church
Apostolic succession
Organisation
Holy See
Roman Curia
College of Cardinals
Ecumenical councils
Episcopal polity
Latin Church
Eastern Churches
Canon law
TheologiesDoctrine
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Ghost
Consubstantialitas
Filioque
Divinum illud munus
Divine law
Decalogus
Ex Cathedra
Deificatio
Realms beyond the States of the Church
Heaven
Purgatory
Limbo
Hell
Paschal mystery
Passion of Jesus
Crucifixion of Jesus
Harrowing of Hell
Resurrection
Ascension
Blessed Virgin Mary
Mariology
Veneration
Immaculate Conception
Mater Dei
Perpetual virginity
Assumption
Dormition
Titles
Queen
Apparition
Mediatrix
Salvation
Baptism of desire
Baptism of blood
Divine grace
Outside the Church there is no salvation
Infused righteousness
Invincible ignorance
Justification
Means of grace
Merit
Mortal sin
Satisfaction
Moral influence
Sanctification
Synergism
Venial sin
Ecclesiology
College of Bishops
Deposit of faith
Infallibility of the Church
Mystical Body of Christ
Papal primacy
People of God
Perfect community
Subsistit in
Other teachings
Josephology
Morality
Body
Lectures
Sexuality
Apologetics
Amillennialism
Original sin
Hypostatic union
Predestination
Seven deadly sins
Beatific vision
Saints
Dogma
Texts
Bible
Old Testament
New Testament
Official Bible
Vulgate
Sixtine Vulgate
Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
Nova Vulgata
Peshitta
Apostles' Creed
Nicene Creed
Athanasian Creed
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Papal bull
Apostolic exhortation
Epistula Encyclica
Philosophy
Cardinal Virtues
Just war
Natural law
Catholic ethics
Personalism
Probabilism
Social teaching
Philosophy of canon law
Philosophers
Virtue ethics
Schools
Augustinianism
Scholasticism
Thomism
Scotism
Occamism
Christian humanism
Molinism
Neo-scholasticism
Worship
Liturgy
Eastern Catholic liturgy
Mass
Divine Liturgy
Holy Qurbana
Holy Qurbono
Liturgy of the Hours
Liturgical year
Sacraments
Baptism
Penance
Eucharist
Confirmation
Anointing of the Sick
Matrimony
Holy orders
Prayer
Devotions
Bible
Biblical canon
Rites
Latin liturgy:
Roman
Post-Vatican II
Tridentine
Use of Sarum
Anglican Use
Zaire Use
Gallican
Ambrosian
Braga
Mozarabic
Eastern Catholic liturgy:
Alexandrian
Antiochene
West Syriac
Malankara
East Syriac
Armenian
Byzantine
Miscellaneous
Antipopes
Anti-Catholicism
Criticism
Deism/Pandeism
Ecumenism
Monasticism
Relations with:
Islam
Judaism
Orthodoxy
Protestantism
Societal issues
Art
Evolution
Health care
HIV/AIDS
Homosexuality
Sexual abuse
Music
Nazi Germany
Politics (in the United States)
Role in civilization
Science
Sex and gender roles
Slavery
the Age of Discovery
Links and resources
Index
Outline
Glossary
Category
Media
Templates
WikiProject
Vatican City portal
Catholic Church portalvte
Main article: Catholic charismatic renewal
Praise and Worship during a Catholic charismatic renewal Healing Service.
In the United States the Catholic charismatic renewal was led by individuals such as Kevin Ranaghan and others at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, which was founded by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a Catholic religious community, began hosting charismatic revivals in 1977.
In a foreword to a 1983 book by Léon Joseph Cardinal Suenens, at that time the Pope's delegate to the Catholic charismatic renewal, the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), comments on the Post Second Vatican Council period stating,
At the heart of a world imbued with a rationalistic skepticism, a new experience of the Holy Spirit suddenly burst forth. And, since then, that experience has assumed a breadth of a worldwide Renewal movement. What the New Testament tells us about the Charisms—which were seen as visible signs of the coming of the Spirit—is not just ancient history, over and done with, for it is once again becoming extremely topical.
and
to those responsible for the ecclesiastical ministry—from parish priests to bishops—not to let the Renewal pass them by but to welcome it fully; and on the other (hand) ... to the members of the Renewal to cherish and maintain their link with the whole Church and with the Charisms of their pastors.
In the Roman Catholic church, the movement became particularly popular in the Filipino, Korean, and Hispanic communities of the United States; in the Philippines; and in Latin America, mainly Brazil. Traveling priests and lay people associated with the movement often visit parishes and sing what are known as charismatic masses. It is thought to be the second-largest distinct sub-movement (some 120 million members) within global Catholicism, along with Traditional Catholicism.
A difficulty is the tendency for many charismatic Catholics to take on what others in their church might consider sacramental language and assertions of the necessity of "Baptism in the Holy Spirit," as a universal act. There is little to distinguish the "Baptism" from the sacrament of confirmation. In this regard, a Study seminar organized jointly in São Paulo by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Bishops Conference of Brazil raised these issues. Technically, among Catholics, the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit" is neither the highest nor fullest manifestation of the Holy Spirit.
Thus "Baptism of the Spirit" is one experience among many within Christianity (as are the extraordinary manifestations of the Spirit in the lives of the saints, notably St. Francis of Assisi and St. Teresa of Avila, who levitated). Because of this, Catholic charismatics do not hold this experience as dogmatically as do Pentecostals.
Possibly, Padre Pio (now St. Pio) provides a modern-day Catholic example of this experience. Describing his confirmation, when he was 12 years old, Padre Pio said that he "wept with consolation" whenever he thought of that day because "I remember what the Most Holy Spirit caused me to feel that day, a day unique and unforgettable in all my life! What sweet raptures the Comforter made me feel that day! At the thought of that day, I feel aflame from head to toe with a brilliant flame that burns, consumes, but gives no pain." In this experience, Padre Pio said he was made to feel God's "fullness and perfection." Thus a case can be made that he was "baptized by the Spirit" on his confirmation day in 1899. It was one spiritual experience among many that he would have.
The Compendium to the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
160. What are Charisms? 799–801. Charisms are special gifts of the Holy Spirit which are bestowed on individuals for the good of others, the needs of the world, and in particular for the building up of the Church. The discernment of charisms is the responsibility of the Magisterium.Recent Popes (John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis) have all emphasised the importance of a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit for all Catholics, and have spoken encouragingly to the Catholic charismatic renewal organisation on many occasions. On June 8, 2019, Pope Francis encouraged everyone in Charismatic Renewal "to share baptism in the Holy Spirit with everyone in the Church." On June 6, 2019, the CHARIS (Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service) service was officially inaugurated by Pope Francis. CHARIS has a "public juridic personality" within the Roman Catholic Church and has come into being as a direct initiative of the highest ecclesiastical authority, Pope Francis. The primary objectives of CHARIS are "To help deepen and promote the grace of baptism in the Holy Spirit throughout the Church and to promote the exercise of charisms not only in Catholic Charismatic Renewal but also in the whole Church."
Methodism
In the Methodist tradition (inclusive of the holiness movement), baptism with the Holy Spirit traditionally refers to the second work of grace subsequent to the New Birth and is called entire sanctification, in which original sin is removed and the person is made perfect in love (Christian perfection).
Entire sanctification, which may be received instantaneously or gradually, "cleanses the heart of the recipient from all sin (I John 1:7, 9; Acts 15:8, 9), sets him apart and endows him with power for the accomplishment of all to which he is called (Luke 24:49; Acts 1:8)."
When the Methodist movement was initiated, "many individuals in London, Oxford and Bristol reported supernatural healings, visions, dreams, spiritual impressions, power in evangelizing, extraordinary bestowments of wisdom". John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, "firmly maintained that the Spiritual gifts are a natural consequence of genuine holiness and dwelling of God's Spirit in a man." As such, Methodist Churches hold to the theological position of continuationism. With its history of promoting holiness and experiential faith, many Methodist congregations now engage in charismatic worship since the arrival of the charismatic movement to Methodism, though other Methodist connexions and their congregations eschew it.
In the latter case, the Pentecostal doctrine of a third work of grace accompanied by glossolalia is condemned by some connexions in the Methodist tradition, such as the Pilgrim Holiness Church, which teaches that the state of Christian perfection (in which a person is perfect in love) is the goal for humans:
Those who teach that some special phenomena such as speaking with unknown tongues constitutes a witness to the Baptism with the Spirit expose themselves and their hearers to peril of dangerous fanaticism. Perhaps no wiser counsel has been given on this matter then that of John Wesley who wrote long before the modern "tongues" movement appeared: "The grounds of a thousand mistakes is the not considering, deeply that love is the highest gift of God - humble, gentle, patient love - that all visions, revelation, manifestations whatsoever are little things compared to love. It were well you should be thoroughly sensible of this. The heaven of heavens is love. There is nothing higher in religion; there is in effect, nothing else. If you look for anything but more love you are looking wide of the mark, you are getting out of the royal way. And when you are asking others, "Have you received this or that blessing," if you mean anything but more love you, you mean wrong; you are leading them out of the way, and putting them upon a false scent. Settle it then in your heart, that from the moment God has saved you from all sin, you are to aim at nothing but more of that love described in the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians. You can go no higher than this till you are carried into Abraham's bosom." ―Doctrine, Pilgrim Holiness Church
Charismatic Methodists in the United States allied with the Good News caucus and those in Great Britain have been supported by the Lay Witness Movement, which works with Methodist Evangelicals Together. In the United Methodist Church, the charismatic apostolate Aldersgate Renewal Ministries was formed "to pray and work together for the renewal of the church by the power of the Holy Spirit". It runs events at local United Methodist, Free Methodist and Global Methodist churches, as well as the Methodist School for Supernatural Ministry.
Moravianism
Some members of the Moravian Church accepted certain elements from the charismatic movement as it spread.
Adventism
Main article: Charismatic Adventism
A minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more "progressive" Adventist beliefs. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.
Eastern Orthodoxy
Part of a series on theEastern Orthodox ChurchMosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia
Overview
Structure
Theology (History of theology)
Liturgy
Church history
Holy Mysteries
View of salvation
View of Mary
View of icons
Background
Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascensionof Jesus
Christianity
Christian Church
Apostolic succession
Four Marks of the Church
Orthodoxy
Organization
Autonomy
Autocephaly
Patriarchate
Ecumenical Patriarch
Episcopal polity
Canon law
Clergy
Bishops
Priests
Deacons
Monasticism
Degrees
Bratstvo
Autocephalous jurisdictionsAutocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:
Constantinople
Alexandria
Antioch
Jerusalem
Russia
Serbia
Romania
Bulgaria
Georgia
Cyprus
Greece
Poland
Albania
Czech Lands and Slovakia
North Macedonia
Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:
America
Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:
Ukraine (OCU)
Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:
Ukraine (UOC)
Autonomous jurisdictions
Sinai
Finland
Estonia (EP)
Japan (MP)
China (MP)
Americas (RP)
Bessarabia (RP)
Moldova (MP)
Semi-Autonomous:
Crete (EP)
Estonia (MP)
ROCOR (MP)
Episcopal assemblies
Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
Austria
Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg
Canada
France
Germany
Great Britain and Ireland
Italy and Malta
Latin America
Scandinavia
Spain and Portugal
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
United States of America
Noncanonical jurisdictions
Old Believers
Spiritual Christianity
True Orthodoxy
Catacomb Church
Old Calendarists
American Orthodox Catholic Church
American World Patriarchs
National churches:
Abkhazia
Belarus
Italy
Latvia
Montenegro
Turkey
UOC–KP
Evangelical Orthodox
Ecumenical councils
First Seven Ecumenical Councils:
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Other possible ecumenical councils:
Eighth
Ninth
Other important councils:
Quinisext Council
Jassy
Moscow
Jerusalem
Constantinople (1872)
History
Church Fathers
Pentarchy
Byzantine Empire
Christianization of Georgia
Christianization of Bulgaria
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
Great Schism
Russia
Ottoman Empire
North America
Moscow–Constantinople schism
15th–16th c.
1996
2018
Theology
History of Eastern Orthodox theology
(20th century (Neo-Palamism))
Apophaticism
Chrismation
Contemplative prayer
Essence vs. Energies
Hesychasm
Holy Trinity
Hypostatic union
Icons
Metousiosis
Mystical theology
Nicene Creed
Nepsis
Oikonomia vs Akribeia
Ousia
Palamism
Philokalia
Phronema
Sin
Theosis
Theotokos
Differences from the Catholic Church
Opposition to the Filioque
Opposition to papal supremacy
Liturgy and worship
Divine Liturgy
Divine Services
Akathist
Apolytikion
Artos
Ectenia
Euchologion
Holy Water
Iconostasis
Jesus Prayer
Kontakion
Liturgical entrances
Liturgical fans
Lity
Memorial service
Memory Eternal
Omophorion
Eastern Orthodox bowing
Eastern Orthodox marriage
Praxis
Paraklesis
Paschal greeting
Paschal Homily
Paschal troparion
Prayer rope
Prosphora
Russian bell ringing
Semantron
Sign of the cross
Sticheron
Troparion
Vestments
Use of incense
Liturgical calendar
Paschal cycle
12 Great Feasts
Other feasts:
Feast of Orthodoxy
Intercession of the Theotokos
The four fasting periods:
Nativity Fast
Great Lent
Apostles' Fast
Dormition Fast
Major figures
Athanasius of Alexandria
Ephrem the Syrian
Basil of Caesarea
Cyril of Jerusalem
Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory of Nyssa
John Chrysostom
Cyril of Alexandria
John Climacus
Maximus the Confessor
John of Damascus
Theodore the Studite
Kassiani
Cyril and Methodius
Photios I of Constantinople
Gregory Palamas
Other topics
Architecture
Folk
Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
Eastern Orthodox cross
Saint titles
Statistics by country
vte
Although most Laestadians are Lutheran and they are often termed Apostolic Lutherans, it is an interdenominational movement, so some are Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as Ushkovayzet. Laestadian charismaticism has been attributed to influences from the shamanistic ecstatic religious practices of the Sami, many who are Laestadians today.
The charismatic movement has not exerted the same influence on the Eastern Orthodox Church that it has on other mainstream Christian denominations. Although some Eastern Orthodox priests have advanced Charismatic practice in their congregations, the movement is seen as incompatible with Orthodoxy by writers within the church. For instance, an article published in the journal Orthodox Tradition says,
"There is nothing Orthodox about the charismatic movement. It is incompatible with Orthodoxy, in that it justifies itself only by perverting the message of the Fathers, suggesting that the Church of Christ needs renewal, and indulging in the theological imagery of, Pentecostal cultism."
Despite this some priests forward Charismatic renewal in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, the Brotherhood of St. Symeon, and other orthodox churches.
Nondenominational
An evangelical charismatic worship service at Lakewood Church, Houston, Texas, in 2013
The movement led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with the revival of the Holy Spirit. These churches are often nondenominational. Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa, California, was one of the first evangelical charismatic churches, founded in 1965. Victory Outreach International was founded in east Los Angeles in 1967. In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the influence outside the United States. Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.
Theologians and scholars
See also: Renewal theologian
Jack Deere (Presbyterian)
Paul Fiddes (Baptist)
Hobart Freeman (Non-denominational)
Wayne Grudem (Reformed / Vineyard)
Derek Prince (Non-denominational)
Kevin Ranaghan (Roman Catholic)
James Robison (Baptist)
J. Rodman Williams (Presbyterian)
See also
Cessationism versus Continuationism
Charismatic Christianity
Direct revelation
Glossolalia
Neo-charismatic movement
Pentecostalism
Christianity portal
References
^ Reid; Linder; Shelley; Stout (1990). Dictionary of Christianity in America. InterVarsity Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 0-8308-1776-X.
^ Robeck, Cecil M. (2006) The Azusa Street Mission And Revival: The Birth Of The Global Pentecostal Movement, Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9780785216933 pgs. 2, 12
^ Michael G. Moriarty (1992) The New Charismatics, Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-310-53431-0 pgs. 20,70
^ Reid et al. 1990, pp. 241–242.
^ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 38–39.
^ Moriarty, Michael (1992). The New Charismatics. Zondervan. pp. 40–51. ISBN 978-0-310-53431-0.
^ Bill J. Leonard, Jill Y. Crainshaw, Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 165
^ "DENNIS BENNETT BIOGRAPHY". emotionallyfree.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Suenens, Leo Joseph (1978). Ecumenism and Charismatic Renewal: Theological and Pastoral Orientations. Servant Books. p. 21.
^ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 38–41.
^ Csordas, Thomas J. (January 8, 2021). Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-520-36602-2.
^ Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (September 24, 2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-160743-1.
^ Synan, Vinson (January 30, 2012). The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901-2001. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-4185-8753-6. The Word of God community in Ann Arbor, Michigan, had pioneered a model for denominational fellowships within an ecumenical covenant community, forming Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, and nondenominational fellowships.
^ Brown, Candy Gunther (2011). Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing. Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-19-539340-8.
^ Lewis, Jeanne Gerlach (1995). Headship and Hierarchy. University of Michigan. p. 1. The Word of God is an ecumenical Christian charismatic community the majority of whose members live in Ann Arbor, Michigan ... the group was particularly influential within that part of the movement devoted to the creation of covenant communities, highly organized, tightly disciplined groups whose members are committed to live, pray, and work together on a daily basis
^ Kay, William K (2004). "Pentecostals and the Bible" (PDF). Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association (1): 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. Pentecostalism emerged out of the matrix of holiness and revivalist culture within the United States. In Britain its emergence was related to the evangelical edge of the church, whether this was established (Anglican) or nonconformist (for instance, the Salvation Army), though there were also elements of Keswick holiness adding to the acceptability of an experience rich religious movement.
^ Menzies & Menzies 2000, pp. 43–44.
^ Burgess, Stanley M; van der Maas, Eduard M, eds. (2002), "Neocharismatics", The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, pp. 286–87.
^ a b c Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. The charismatic movement has affected almost every historic church and has spread to many churches and countries beyond the United States. ... Particular emphases are reflected variously in the charismatic movement. Baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is common recognition of baptism with the Holy Spirit as a distinctive Christian experience. It is viewed as an event wherein the believer is "filled with" the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to result from "the gift of the Holy Spirit," wherein the Spirit is freely "poured out," "falls upon," "comes on," "anoints," "endues" the believer with "power from on high." ... Baptism with the Holy Spirit, accordingly, is not identified with conversion. It is viewed as an experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit that brings about powerful witness to Jesus Christ. Through this Spirit baptism the exalted Christ carries forward his ministry in the church and world.
^ a b Menzies & Menzies 2000, p. 39.
^ a b c Cordeiro, Brenton (May 29, 2017). "Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It". Catholic Link. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^ a b "Baptism in the Holy Spirit". Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^ Poloma, Margaret M; Green, John C (2010), The Assemblies of God: Godly Love and the Revitalization of American Pentecostalism, New York: New York University Press, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-8147-6783-2.
^ Saunders, Theodore 'Teddy'; Sansom, Hugh (1992), David Watson, a Biography, Sevenoaks: Hodder, p. 71.
^ Menzies & Menzies 2000, p. 40.
^ a b Masters, Peter; Whitcomb, John (June 1988). Charismatic Phenomenon. London: Wakeman. p. 39. ISBN 9781870855013.
^ Warfield, B B (1972). Counterfeit miracles. Banner of Truth Trust. p. 23. ISBN 085151166X. Retrieved December 10, 2019. "The connection of the supernatural gifts with the Apostles is so obvious that one wonders that so many students have missed it, and have sought an account of them in some other quarter. The true account has always been recognized, however, by some of the more careful students of the subject It has been clearly set forth, for example, by Bishop Kaye. 'I may be allowed to state the conclusion,' he writes, 'to which I have myself been led by a comparison of the statements in the Book of Acts with the writings of the Fathers of the second century. My conclusion then is, that the power of working miracles was not extended beyond the disciples upon whom the Apostles conferred it by the imposition of their hands.'
^ Kydd, Ronald (1984). Charismatic Gifts in the Early Church. An Exploration into the Gifts of the Spirit during the first Three Centuries of the Christian Church. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.
^ McDonnell (o.s.b.), Kilian; Montague, George T. (1991). Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5009-7.
^ Balmer, Randall (2004), "Charismatic Movement", Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and Expanded Edition (2nd ed.), Waco: Baylor.
^ Dennis J. Bennett, Nine O'Clock in the Morning (Gainesville; 1970. Reprinted 2001, 2004)
^ "Anglican Pioneer in Renewal". Telus. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Sherwood, Harriet; Siddique, Haroon (January 21, 2019). "I pray in tongues every day, says archbishop of Canterbury". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
^ Strand, Paul (December 28, 2017). "Charismatic Renewal Pioneer Larry Christenson Dies from Icy Fall". CBN News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^ Haapalainen, Anna (May 2015). "An emerging trend of charismatic religiosity in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". Approaching Religion. 5 (1): 98–113. doi:10.30664/ar.67568. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^ Masters, Peter; Wright, Professor Verna (1988). Healing Epidemic. London: Wakeman Trust. p. 227. ISBN 9781870855006.
^ "Presbyterian and Reformed Churches". tateville.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
^ Suenens, Léon Joseph (1983). Renewal and the Powers of Darkness (Malines document). Darton, Longman & Todd. ISBN 978-0-232-51591-6.
^ Barrett, David, "Christian World Communions: Five Overviews of Global Christianity, AD 1800–2025", International Bulletin of Missionary Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 25–32.
^ McDonnell, Killian; Montague, George T (1994), Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries, Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier Books.
^ "Study Seminar organized in Brazil", L'Osservatore romano (Italian ed.), p. 4, November 4, 2005.
^ Ruffin, C Bernard (1991), Padre Pio: The True Story, Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, pp. 312–13.
^ "To participants in the International Conference of Leaders of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service - Charis (8 June 2019) | Francis". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ "Memorandum | CHARIS". Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ "Statuts_Charis (1).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ "Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement". The United Methodist Church. 2012. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019. The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their "baptism" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.
^ Stokes, Mack B. (1998). Major United Methodist Beliefs. Abingdon Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780687082124.
^ Buschart, W. David (August 20, 2009). Exploring Protestant Traditions. InterVarsity Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780830875146.
^ a b c "Doctrine". Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York, Inc. December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
^ a b c Živadinović, Dojcin (2015). "Wesley and Charisma: An Analysis of John Wesley's View of Spiritual Gifts". Andrews University Seminary Student Journal. 1 (2): 53–71.
^ a b Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel; Spittler, Russell P.; Wacker, Grant A. (1999). Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780252067563.
^ "Tongues Speaking: Study Commission On Doctrine". Free Methodist Church. 1989. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ Methodist Evangelicals Together, Lay Witness Movement Archived December 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 19, 2017
^ a b Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jeanne Miller (October 1, 2012). American Methodism: A Compact History. Abingdon Press. p. 232. ISBN 9781426765179.
^ Sawyer, Edwin A. (1990). All about the Moravians: History, Beliefs, and Practices of a Worldwide Church. Moravian Church in America. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-878422-00-2.
^ Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). "Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
^ Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). "Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
^ "Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet". Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
^ "The Charismatic Movement and Orthodoxy". Orthodox Tradition. 1 (4&5): 29–32. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^ "What is Renewal?". Orthodox Christian Laity. July 30, 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^ Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, U.S., 2005, pp. 150–51
^ Simon Cooper, Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
^ "Understanding the Charismatic Movement". The Exchange – A Blog by Ed Stetzer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Bibliography
Menzies, William W; Menzies, Robert P (2000), Spirit and Power: Foundations of Pentecostal Experience, Zondervan, ISBN 978-0-310-86415-8.
Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33. Annual Reviews: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.
Further reading
Clement, Arthur J. Pentecost or Pretense?: an Examination of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Publishing House, 1981. 255, p. ISBN 0-8100-0118-7
Fiddes, Paul (1980), Charismatic renewal: a Baptist view: a report received by the Baptist Union Council with commentary, London: Baptist Publications.
Fiddes, Paul (1984), Martin, David; Mullen, Peter (eds.), The theology of the charismatic movement, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 19–40.
Parry, David (1979). "Not Mad, Most Noble Festus": Essays on the Renewal Movement. London: Dartman, Longman & Todd. 103 p. N.B.: Approaches the Charismatic Movement from a Roman Catholic perspective.
Sherrill, John and Elizabeth (2011). They Speak With Other Tongues. Chosen Books.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charismatic Movement.
Renewal Theology: Charismatic Pentecostal Theology.
"Charismatic Renewal", By denomination, Big church directory.
"What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?", Forward in Christ, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, October 1996, archived from the original on January 1, 2015 (Confessional Lutheran perspective)
Pentecostalism and The Charismatic Movement, archived from the original on April 24, 2013, retrieved May 31, 2013: Perspective of Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals.
Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service (CHARIS)
vteNew religious movementsMajor groups
Adi Dharm/Brahmoism
Adventism
CoG7
SDA
Aetherius Society
Ahmadiyya
Lahore Ahmadiyya
Ananda Marga
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
Anthroposophy
Antoinism
Armstrongism
Bábism
Baháʼí Faith
Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses
Black Hebrew Israelites
Brahma Kumaris
Branch Davidians
Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
Caodaism
Chabad
Noahidism
Charismatic Christianity
Pentecostal (Oneness)
Charismatic
Neo-charismatic
Chinese salvationist religions
Chinmaya Mission
Christadelphians
Christian Science
Church of Divine Science
Church of Scientology
Church of the Guanche People
Creativity
Discordianism
Falun Gong
The Family International
Friends of Man
Fourth Way
Fung Loy Kok
Goddess
Godianism
Heaven's Gate
Humanistic Judaism
Iglesia ni Cristo
International Peace Mission movement
ISKCON
Invitation to Life
Jewish Renewal
Kingdom of Jesus Christ
Kopimism
Latter Day Saints/Mormonism
Maha Bodhi Society
Messianic Judaism
Modern paganism
Druidry
Heathenry
Rodnovery
Moorish Science Temple of America
Nation of Islam
New Acropolis
New Apostolic Church
The New Church
New Confucianism
New Kadampa Tradition
New Thought
Religious Science
Unity Church
Nuwaubian Nation
Oomoto
Opus Dei
Peoples Temple
Pilgrims of Arès
The Process Church
Raëlism
Rajneesh movement
Ramakrishna Mission
Rastafari
Risshō Kōsei Kai
Sahaja Yoga
Sant Mat
Radha Soami
Santa Muerte
Santo Daime
Satanism
LaVeyan
Church of Satan
Temple of Set
The Satanic Temple
Theistic
Joy of Satan Ministries
Sathya Sai Baba
Shakers
Shambhala Buddhism
Shri Ram Chandra Mission
Soka Gakkai
Spiritualism
Spiritism
Sukyo Mahikari
Tenrikyo
Thelema
Theosophy
Theosophical Society
Transcendental Meditation
True Buddha School
Twelve Tribes communities
Unarius Academy of Science
Unification Church
Unitarian Universalist Association
United Submitters International
Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
Universal White Brotherhood
Vipassana movement
Eastern Lightning
The Way International
Weixinjiao
Wicca
Word of Faith
World Mission Society Church of God
Notable figures
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Noble Drew Ali
Marshall Applewhite
Herbert W. Armstrong
Shoko Asahara
Sri Aurobindo
Báb
Sathya Sai Baba
Baháʼu'lláh
Alice Bailey
Chinmayananda Saraswati
David Berg
Helena Blavatsky
Sri Chinmoy
Aleister Crowley
Mary Baker Eddy
Josemaría Escrivá
Louis Farrakhan
Charles Fillmore
Kelsang Gyatso
Hak Ja Han
L. Ron Hubbard
Li Hongzhi
David Koresh
Anton LaVey
Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
Lu Sheng-yen
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Meher Baba
Nikkyō Niwano
Sun Myung Moon
Elijah Muhammad
Nakayama Miki
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
Raël
Rajneesh
Ramakrishna
Prem Rawat
Helena Roerich
Charles Taze Russell
Joseph Franklin Rutherford
Ahn Sahng-hong
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Shiv Dayal Singh
Joseph Smith
Nirmala Srivastava
Emanuel Swedenborg
Rudolf Steiner
Joseph W. Tkach
Chögyam Trungpa
Ellen G. White
By region
Pacific Northwest
Concepts
African-initiated church
Buddhist modernism
Chabad messianism
Christian denomination
Classifications of religious movements
Conspiracy theories
Cult
Cybersectarianism
Doomsday cult
Heresy
Hindu reform movements
In-group favoritism
Japanese new religions
Neoshamanism
New Age
Open-source religion
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Prosperity theology
Religious conversion
Religious syncretism
Schism
Sect
Self religion
Spiritual evolution
UFO religion
Public education
CESNUR
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
World Religions and Spirituality Project
Scholarship
Academic study of new religious movements
Anthropology of religion
History of religion
Journal of Contemporary Religion
Nova Religio
Philosophy of religion
Psychology of religion
Religious studies
Sociology of religion
When Prophecy Fails
Opposition
Anti-cult movement
Christian countercult movement
Anti-Mormonism
Persecution of Ahmadis
Persecution of Baháʼís
Persecution of Falun Gong
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
Persecution of Rastafari
Religious discrimination against modern pagans
Lists
Academic study
In popular culture
New religious movements
Authority control databases National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
2
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charismatic (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"baptism with the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"spiritual gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"charismata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charism"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Third Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Wave_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Vineyard Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard_Movement"},{"link_name":"cessationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism_versus_continuationism"}],"text":"For other uses, see Charismatic (disambiguation).For the broader movement, see Charismatic Christianity.Religious trendThe charismatic movement in Christianity is a movement within established or mainstream Christian denominations to adopt beliefs and practices of Charismatic Christianity, with an emphasis on baptism with the Holy Spirit, and the use of spiritual gifts (charismata). It has affected most denominations in the United States, and has spread widely across the world.The movement is deemed to have begun in 1960 in Anglicanism, and spread to other mainstream Protestant denominations, including Lutherans and Presbyterians by 1962, and to Roman Catholicism by 1967. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.The movement was not initially influential in evangelical churches. Although this changed in the 1980s in the so-called Third Wave, the charismatic movement was often expressed in the formation of separate evangelical churches such as the Vineyard Movement—neo-charismatic organisations that mirrored the establishment of Pentecostal churches. Many traditional evangelical churches remain opposed to the movement and teach a cessationist theology.","title":"Charismatic movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Christianity § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity#History"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Parham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Joseph Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Seymour"},{"link_name":"Azusa Street Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"baptism with the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"speaking in tongues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidLinderShelleyStout1990241%E2%80%93242-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200038%E2%80%9339-5"},{"link_name":"Healing Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_Revival"},{"link_name":"William Branham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Branham"},{"link_name":"Oral Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Roberts"},{"link_name":"A. A. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Allen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"high church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_church"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dennis J. Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bennett_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"link_name":"anointing of the sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suenens1978-9"},{"link_name":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal"},{"link_name":"Duquesne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200038%E2%80%9341-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csordas2021-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-12"},{"link_name":"Sword of the Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Word of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_God_(community)"},{"link_name":"ecumenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Synan2012-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2011-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis1995-15"},{"link_name":"evangelicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"C. Peter Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Peter_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Third Wave of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Wave_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200043%E2%80%9344-17"},{"link_name":"\"neo-charismatic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIDPCM-18"},{"link_name":"Vineyard Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard_Movement"},{"link_name":"British New Church Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement"}],"text":"See also: History of Pentecostalism and Charismatic Christianity § HistoryThe classic Pentecostalism movement usually traces its origin to the early twentieth century, with the ministry of Charles F. Parham[1] and the subsequent ministry of William Joseph Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival.[2] Its unique doctrine involved a dramatic encounter with God, termed baptism with the Holy Spirit. Some believed that speaking in tongues was evidence for having had this experience.[3]Before 1955 the religious mainstream did not embrace Pentecostal doctrines. If a church member or clergyman openly expressed such views, they would (either voluntarily or involuntarily) separate from their existing denomination. However, by the 1960s many of the characteristic teachings were gaining acceptance among Christians within mainline Protestant denominations.[4]The charismatic movement represented a reversal of the previous pattern, as those influenced by Pentecostal spirituality chose to remain in their original denominations.[5] The popularization and broader acceptance of charismatic teachings and ideas are linked to the Healing Revival that occurred from 1946 to 1958. The revivalists of the time, including William Branham, Oral Roberts, and A. A. Allen, held large interdenominational meetings which emphasized the gifts of the spirit. This global revival led to greater awareness and acceptance of Pentecostal teachings and practices.[6]The high church wing of the American Episcopal Church became the first traditional ecclesiastical organization to be affected internally by the new movement. The beginning of the charismatic movement is usually dated to Sunday, April 3, 1960, when Dennis J. Bennett, rector of St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California recounted his Pentecostal experience to his parish; he repeated it on the next two Sundays, including Easter (April 17), during which many of his congregation also shared the experience of spirit. He was forced to resign.[7][8]The resulting controversy and press coverage spread an awareness of the emerging charismatic movement. The movement grew to embrace other mainline churches, where clergy began receiving and publicly announcing their Pentecostal experiences. These clergy began holding meetings for seekers and healing services, which included praying over and anointing of the sick. The charismatic movement reached Lutherans and Presbyterians in 1962.[9]The Catholic Charismatic Renewal began in 1967 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[10][11] Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.[12]The charismatic movement led to the founding of many covenant communities, such as Sword of the Spirit and Word of God. They are a force of ecumenism in that they have members from many major Christian denominations, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, Reformed and Methodists, who live and pray together.[13][14][15]Despite the fact that Pentecostals tend to share more in common with evangelicals than with either Roman Catholics or non-evangelical wings of the church,[16] the charismatic movement was not initially influential among evangelical churches. C. Peter Wagner traces the spread of the charismatic movement within evangelicalism to around 1985. He termed this movement the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit.[17] The Third Wave has expressed itself through the formation of churches and denomination-like organizations. These groups are referred to as \"neo-charismatic\" and are distinct from the charismatic movement of the historic Christian churches.[18] The Vineyard Movement and the British New Church Movement exemplify Third Wave or neo-charismatic organizations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baptism with the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"laying on of hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elwell2001-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200039-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elwell2001-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cordeiro2017-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cordeiro2017-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elwell2001-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCR2021-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cordeiro2017-21"},{"link_name":"gifts from God through his Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200039-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCR2021-22"},{"link_name":"altered state of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GodlyLove64-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelization"},{"link_name":"missionary work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_work"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenziesMenzies200040-25"},{"link_name":"Cessationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism_versus_continuationism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phen-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warfield2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Charismatic Christians believe in an experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit and that spiritual gifts (Greek charismata χαρίσματα, from charis χάρις, grace) of the Holy Spirit as described in the New Testament are available to contemporary Christians through the infilling or baptism of the Holy Spirit, with or without the laying on of hands.[19][20]The charismatic movement holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the \"sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life.\"[19][21] Additionally, \"baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism.\"[21] Baptism with the Holy Spirit \"equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life.\"[19][22] Rev. Brenton Cordeiro teaches that those who have received Baptism with the Holy Spirit \"testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness.\"[21]Although the Bible lists many gifts from God through his Holy Spirit, there are nine specific gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 that are supernatural in nature and are the focus of and distinguishing feature of the charismatic movement: word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, gifts of healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in different tongues (languages), and interpretation of tongues.While Pentecostals and charismatics share these beliefs, there are differences. Many in the charismatic movement deliberately distanced themselves from Pentecostalism for cultural and theological reasons. Foremost among theological reasons is the tendency of many Pentecostals to insist that speaking in tongues is always the initial physical sign of receiving Spirit baptism. Although specific teachings will vary by denomination, charismatics generally believe that the Holy Spirit has already been present in a person from the time of regeneration and prefer to call subsequent encounters with the Holy Spirit by other names, such as \"being filled\".[20][22] In contrast to Pentecostals, charismatics tend to accept a range of supernatural experiences (such as prophecy, miracles, healing, or \"physical manifestations of an altered state of consciousness\") as evidence of having been baptized or filled with the Holy Spirit.[23]Pentecostals are also distinguished from the charismatic movement on the basis of style.[24] Also, Pentecostals have traditionally placed a high value on evangelization and missionary work. Charismatics, on the other hand, have tended to see their movement as a force for revitalization and renewal within their own church traditions.[25]Cessationists argue these sign and revelatory gifts were manifested in the New Testament for a specific purpose, upon which once accomplished, these signs were withdrawn and no longer function.[26] Cessationists support this claim by suggesting there was a rapid decline in reports of such gifts from the time of the Church Fathers onwards.[27] Non-cessationists argue that testimonial claims of God doing signs, wonders and miracles can especially be found in the first three centuries of the church.[28] Sacramental charismatics also point out that the means of distribution of charismatic gifts in the early church, was not limited to the laying on of hands of the canonical apostles, but was tethered to the receptivity of prayer connected to the sacrament of baptism.[29] The Charismatic movement is based on a belief that these gifts are still available today.","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bennett_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Colin Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Urquhart"},{"link_name":"Michael Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Harper_(priest)"},{"link_name":"David Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watson_(evangelist)"},{"link_name":"Massey University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_University"},{"link_name":"Bill Subritzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Subritzky"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"conservative evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_evangelicalism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Brompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Brompton"},{"link_name":"Justin Welby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Welby"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Anglicanism","text":"In the United States, Episcopalian priest Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influences.[30] Bennett was the rector at St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California when he announced to the congregation in 1960 that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.[31] Soon after this he ministered in Seattle, where he ran many workshops and seminars about the work of the Holy Spirit.[32]In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments.The Massey University conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller. He invited Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.As of the early 21st century, a \"charismatic evangelical\" wing or school of thought is commonly identified in the Church of England, contrasted with the conservative evangelical, Anglo-Catholic and other tendencies. An influential local church in this movement has been London's Holy Trinity Brompton. Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury since 2013, has a background in charismatic evangelicalism.[33]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Jensen"},{"link_name":"Morris Vaagenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_George_Cornell_Vaagenes"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Lutheranism","text":"Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference was held in Minneapolis during those years.[34] Some Lutheran charismatics in the US formed the Alliance of Renewal Churches.Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit (1974) played a major role in the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. Another Lutheran charismatic leader is Morris Vaagenes. In Finland the emergence of charismatic congregations has reversed, in some places, a decline in attendance among Lutheran congregations.[35]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Reformed theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_theology"},{"link_name":"continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuationism"},{"link_name":"cessation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism"},{"link_name":"charismata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phen-26"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epidemic-36"},{"link_name":"Word of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blessing"},{"link_name":"Brownsville Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville_Revival"},{"link_name":"Lakeland Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Revival"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Grace Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Grace_Churches"},{"link_name":"Every Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Nation"},{"link_name":"Newfrontiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfrontiers"},{"link_name":"Terry Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Virgo"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Reformed","text":"In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology, there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit.[26][36] Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies that could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival.Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the United States. In Great Britain the Newfrontiers churches and movement, founded by Terry Virgo, are among Reformed charismatic churches .[37]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarxien_erwieh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kevin Ranaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ranaghan"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Duquesne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Léon Joseph Cardinal Suenens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens"},{"link_name":"Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Traditional Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity"},{"link_name":"Bishops Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Conference"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"St. Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"St. Teresa of Avila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Teresa_of_Avila"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Padre Pio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_Pio"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Catechism of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Magisterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterium"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.charis.international/en/home/"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Roman Catholicism","text":"Praise and Worship during a Catholic charismatic renewal Healing Service.In the United States the Catholic charismatic renewal was led by individuals such as Kevin Ranaghan and others at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, which was founded by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a Catholic religious community, began hosting charismatic revivals in 1977.In a foreword to a 1983 book by Léon Joseph Cardinal Suenens, at that time the Pope's delegate to the Catholic charismatic renewal, the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), comments on the Post Second Vatican Council period stating,At the heart of a world imbued with a rationalistic skepticism, a new experience of the Holy Spirit suddenly burst forth. And, since then, that experience has assumed a breadth of a worldwide Renewal movement. What the New Testament tells us about the Charisms—which were seen as visible signs of the coming of the Spirit—is not just ancient history, over and done with, for it is once again becoming extremely topical.andto those responsible for the ecclesiastical ministry—from parish priests to bishops—not to let the Renewal pass them by but to welcome it fully; and on the other (hand) ... to the members of the Renewal to cherish and maintain their link with the whole Church and with the Charisms of their pastors.[38]In the Roman Catholic church, the movement became particularly popular in the Filipino, Korean, and Hispanic communities of the United States; in the Philippines; and in Latin America, mainly Brazil. Traveling priests and lay people associated with the movement often visit parishes and sing what are known as charismatic masses. It is thought to be the second-largest distinct sub-movement (some 120 million members) within global Catholicism, along with Traditional Catholicism.[39]A difficulty is the tendency for many charismatic Catholics to take on what others in their church might consider sacramental language and assertions of the necessity of \"Baptism in the Holy Spirit,\" as a universal act. There is little to distinguish the \"Baptism\" from the sacrament of confirmation.[40] In this regard, a Study seminar organized jointly in São Paulo by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Bishops Conference of Brazil[which?] raised these issues. Technically, among Catholics, the \"Baptism of the Holy Spirit\" is neither the highest nor fullest manifestation of the Holy Spirit.[vague]Thus \"Baptism of the Spirit\" is one experience among many within Christianity (as are the extraordinary manifestations of the Spirit in the lives of the saints, notably St. Francis of Assisi and St. Teresa of Avila, who levitated). Because of this, Catholic charismatics do not hold this experience as dogmatically as do Pentecostals.[41]Possibly, Padre Pio (now St. Pio) provides a modern-day Catholic example of this experience. Describing his confirmation, when he was 12 years old, Padre Pio said that he \"wept with consolation\" whenever he thought of that day because \"I remember what the Most Holy Spirit caused me to feel that day, a day unique and unforgettable in all my life! What sweet raptures the Comforter made me feel that day! At the thought of that day, I feel aflame from head to toe with a brilliant flame that burns, consumes, but gives no pain.\" In this experience, Padre Pio said he was made to feel God's \"fullness and perfection.\" Thus a case can be made that he was \"baptized by the Spirit\" on his confirmation day in 1899. It was one spiritual experience among many that he would have.[42]The Compendium to the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:160. What are Charisms? 799–801. Charisms are special gifts of the Holy Spirit which are bestowed on individuals for the good of others, the needs of the world, and in particular for the building up of the Church. The discernment of charisms is the responsibility of the Magisterium.Recent Popes (John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis) have all emphasised the importance of a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit for all Catholics, and have spoken encouragingly to the Catholic charismatic renewal organisation on many occasions. On June 8, 2019, Pope Francis encouraged everyone in Charismatic Renewal \"to share baptism in the Holy Spirit with everyone in the Church.\"[43] On June 6, 2019, the CHARIS (Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service) service was officially inaugurated by Pope Francis. CHARIS has a \"public juridic personality\" within the Roman Catholic Church and has come into being as a direct initiative of the highest ecclesiastical authority, Pope Francis.[44] The primary objectives of CHARIS are \"To help deepen and promote the grace of baptism in the Holy Spirit throughout the Church and to promote the exercise of charisms not only in Catholic Charismatic Renewal but also in the whole Church.\"[45]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"holiness movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_movement"},{"link_name":"baptism with the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Methodist_and_Holiness_Christianity"},{"link_name":"second work of grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_work_of_grace"},{"link_name":"New Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again#Methodism"},{"link_name":"entire sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_sanctification"},{"link_name":"original sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin"},{"link_name":"Christian perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_perfection"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMC2012-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stokes1998-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buschart2009-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHC2000-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%BDivadinovi%C4%872015-50"},{"link_name":"John Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%BDivadinovi%C4%872015-50"},{"link_name":"continuationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuationism"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%BDivadinovi%C4%872015-50"},{"link_name":"connexions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexionalism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlumhoferSpittler1999-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"glossolalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Holiness Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_perfection"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHC2000-49"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Holiness Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHC2000-49"},{"link_name":"Good News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessing_Movement#Methodist"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlumhoferSpittler1999-51"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RicheyRowe2012-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RicheyRowe2012-54"}],"sub_title":"Methodism","text":"In the Methodist tradition (inclusive of the holiness movement), baptism with the Holy Spirit traditionally refers to the second work of grace subsequent to the New Birth and is called entire sanctification, in which original sin is removed and the person is made perfect in love (Christian perfection).[46][47]Entire sanctification, which may be received instantaneously or gradually, \"cleanses the heart of the recipient from all sin (I John 1:7, 9; Acts 15:8, 9), sets him apart and endows him with power for the accomplishment of all to which he is called (Luke 24:49; Acts 1:8).\"[48][49]When the Methodist movement was initiated, \"many individuals in London, Oxford and Bristol reported supernatural healings, visions, dreams, spiritual impressions, power in evangelizing, [and] extraordinary bestowments of wisdom\".[50] John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, \"firmly maintained that the Spiritual gifts are a natural consequence of genuine holiness and dwelling of God's Spirit in a man.\"[50] As such, Methodist Churches hold to the theological position of continuationism.[50] With its history of promoting holiness and experiential faith, many Methodist congregations now engage in charismatic worship since the arrival of the charismatic movement to Methodism, though other Methodist connexions and their congregations eschew it.[51][52]In the latter case, the Pentecostal doctrine of a third work of grace accompanied by glossolalia is condemned by some connexions in the Methodist tradition, such as the Pilgrim Holiness Church, which teaches that the state of Christian perfection (in which a person is perfect in love) is the goal for humans:[49]Those who teach that some special phenomena such as speaking with unknown tongues constitutes a witness to the Baptism with the Spirit expose themselves and their hearers to peril of dangerous fanaticism. Perhaps no wiser counsel has been given on this matter then that of John Wesley who wrote long before the modern \"tongues\" movement appeared: \"The grounds of a thousand mistakes is the not considering, deeply that love is the highest gift of God - humble, gentle, patient love - that all visions, revelation, manifestations whatsoever are little things compared to love. It were well you should be thoroughly sensible of this. The heaven of heavens is love. There is nothing higher in religion; there is in effect, nothing else. If you look for anything but more love you are looking wide of the mark, you are getting out of the royal way. And when you are asking others, \"Have you received this or that blessing,\" if you mean anything but more love you, you mean wrong; you are leading them out of the way, and putting them upon a false scent. Settle it then in your heart, that from the moment God has saved you from all sin, you are to aim at nothing but more of that love described in the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians. You can go no higher than this till you are carried into Abraham's bosom.\" ―Doctrine, Pilgrim Holiness Church[49]Charismatic Methodists in the United States allied with the Good News caucus and those in Great Britain have been supported by the Lay Witness Movement,[53] which works with Methodist Evangelicals Together.[51] In the United Methodist Church, the charismatic apostolate Aldersgate Renewal Ministries was formed \"to pray and work together for the renewal of the church by the power of the Holy Spirit\".[54] It runs events at local United Methodist, Free Methodist and Global Methodist churches, as well as the Methodist School for Supernatural Ministry.[54]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moravian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawyer1990-55"}],"sub_title":"Moravianism","text":"Some members of the Moravian Church accepted certain elements from the charismatic movement as it spread.[55]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"\"progressive\" Adventist beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Adventism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Adventism","text":"A minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more \"progressive\" Adventist beliefs. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.[56][57]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laestadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laestadian"},{"link_name":"Ushkovayzet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushkovayzet"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Orthodoxy","text":"Although most Laestadians are Lutheran and they are often termed Apostolic Lutherans, it is an interdenominational movement, so some are Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as Ushkovayzet.[58] Laestadian charismaticism has been attributed to influences from the shamanistic ecstatic religious practices of the Sami, many who are Laestadians today.The charismatic movement has not exerted the same influence on the Eastern Orthodox Church that it has on other mainstream Christian denominations. Although some Eastern Orthodox priests have advanced Charismatic practice in their congregations, the movement is seen as incompatible with Orthodoxy by writers within the church. For instance, an article published in the journal Orthodox Tradition says,\"There is nothing Orthodox about the charismatic movement. It is incompatible with Orthodoxy, in that it justifies itself only by perverting the message of the Fathers, suggesting that the Church of Christ needs renewal, and indulging in the theological imagery of, Pentecostal cultism.\"[59]Despite this some priests forward Charismatic renewal in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, the Brotherhood of St. Symeon, and other orthodox churches.[60]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakewood_worship.jpg"},{"link_name":"evangelical charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"worship service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)"},{"link_name":"Lakewood Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_Church"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"nondenominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Calvary Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Costa Mesa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Jesus Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Army"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Nondenominational","text":"An evangelical charismatic worship service at Lakewood Church, Houston, Texas, in 2013The movement led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with the revival of the Holy Spirit. These churches are often nondenominational. Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa, California, was one of the first evangelical charismatic churches, founded in 1965.[61] Victory Outreach International was founded in east Los Angeles in 1967. In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the influence outside the United States.[62] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[63]","title":"Denominations influenced"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renewal theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theologian"},{"link_name":"Jack Deere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Deere"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Paul Fiddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fiddes"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Hobart Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grudem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grudem"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_tradition"},{"link_name":"Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches"},{"link_name":"Derek Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Prince"},{"link_name":"Non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational"},{"link_name":"Kevin Ranaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ranaghan"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"James Robison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robison_(televangelist)"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"J. Rodman Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rodman_Williams"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"}],"text":"See also: Renewal theologianJack Deere (Presbyterian)\nPaul Fiddes (Baptist)\nHobart Freeman (Non-denominational)\nWayne Grudem (Reformed / Vineyard)\nDerek Prince (Non-denominational)\nKevin Ranaghan (Roman Catholic)\nJames Robison (Baptist)\nJ. Rodman Williams (Presbyterian)","title":"Theologians and scholars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-310-86415-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86415-8"},{"link_name":"Brenneis, Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brenneis"},{"link_name":"Strier, Karen B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_B._Strier"},{"link_name":"Annual Review of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Annual Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093421"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1545-4290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-4290"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25064848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25064848"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145722188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722188"}],"text":"Menzies, William W; Menzies, Robert P (2000), Spirit and Power: Foundations of Pentecostal Experience, Zondervan, ISBN 978-0-310-86415-8.\nRobbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). \"The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity\". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33. Annual Reviews: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8100-0118-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8100-0118-7"}],"text":"Clement, Arthur J. Pentecost or Pretense?: an Examination of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Publishing House, 1981. 255, [1] p. ISBN 0-8100-0118-7\nFiddes, Paul (1980), Charismatic renewal: a Baptist view: a report received by the Baptist Union Council with commentary, London: Baptist Publications.\nFiddes, Paul (1984), Martin, David; Mullen, Peter (eds.), The theology of the charismatic movement, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 19–40.\nParry, David (1979). \"Not Mad, Most Noble Festus\": Essays on the Renewal Movement. London: Dartman, Longman & Todd. 103 p. N.B.: Approaches the Charismatic Movement from a Roman Catholic perspective.\nSherrill, John and Elizabeth (2011). They Speak With Other Tongues. Chosen Books.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Praise and Worship during a Catholic charismatic renewal Healing Service.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tarxien_erwieh.jpg/220px-Tarxien_erwieh.jpg"},{"image_text":"An evangelical charismatic worship service at Lakewood Church, Houston, Texas, in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lakewood_worship.jpg/220px-Lakewood_worship.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cessationism versus Continuationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessationism_versus_Continuationism"},{"title":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"title":"Direct revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_revelation"},{"title":"Glossolalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia"},{"title":"Neo-charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement"},{"title":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"}] | [{"reference":"Reid; Linder; Shelley; Stout (1990). Dictionary of Christianity in America. InterVarsity Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 0-8308-1776-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1776-X","url_text":"0-8308-1776-X"}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, Michael (1992). The New Charismatics. Zondervan. pp. 40–51. ISBN 978-0-310-53431-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53431-0","url_text":"978-0-310-53431-0"}]},{"reference":"\"DENNIS BENNETT BIOGRAPHY\". emotionallyfree.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211731/http://www.emotionallyfree.org/DBbio.html","url_text":"\"DENNIS BENNETT BIOGRAPHY\""},{"url":"http://www.emotionallyfree.org/DBbio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suenens, Leo Joseph (1978). Ecumenism and Charismatic Renewal: Theological and Pastoral Orientations. Servant Books. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens","url_text":"Suenens, Leo Joseph"}]},{"reference":"Csordas, Thomas J. (January 8, 2021). Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-520-36602-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-36602-2","url_text":"978-0-520-36602-2"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (September 24, 2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-160743-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160743-1","url_text":"978-0-19-160743-1"}]},{"reference":"Synan, Vinson (January 30, 2012). The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901-2001. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-4185-8753-6. The Word of God community in Ann Arbor, Michigan, had pioneered a model for denominational fellowships within an ecumenical covenant community, forming Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, and nondenominational fellowships.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8753-6","url_text":"978-1-4185-8753-6"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Candy Gunther (2011). Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing. Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-19-539340-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539340-8","url_text":"978-0-19-539340-8"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Jeanne Gerlach (1995). Headship and Hierarchy. University of Michigan. p. 1. The Word of God is an ecumenical Christian charismatic community the majority of whose members live in Ann Arbor, Michigan ... the group was particularly influential within that part of the movement devoted to the creation of covenant communities, highly organized, tightly disciplined groups whose members are committed to live, pray, and work together on a daily basis","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kay, William K (2004). \"Pentecostals and the Bible\" (PDF). Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association (1): 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. Pentecostalism emerged out of the matrix of holiness and revivalist culture within the United States. In Britain its emergence was related to the evangelical edge of the church, whether this was established (Anglican) or nonconformist (for instance, the Salvation Army), though there were also elements of Keswick holiness adding to the acceptability of an experience rich religious movement.","urls":[{"url":"https://glyndwr.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/365/1/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"\"Pentecostals and the Bible\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204102919/https://glyndwr.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/365/1/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Stanley M; van der Maas, Eduard M, eds. (2002), \"Neocharismatics\", The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, pp. 286–87","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_International_Dictionary_of_Pentecostal_and_Charismatic_Movements","url_text":"The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements"}]},{"reference":"Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. The charismatic movement has affected almost every historic church and has spread to many churches and countries beyond the United States. ... Particular emphases are reflected variously in the charismatic movement. Baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is common recognition of baptism with the Holy Spirit as a distinctive Christian experience. It is viewed as an event wherein the believer is \"filled with\" the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to result from \"the gift of the Holy Spirit,\" wherein the Spirit is freely \"poured out,\" \"falls upon,\" \"comes on,\" \"anoints,\" \"endues\" the believer with \"power from on high.\" ... Baptism with the Holy Spirit, accordingly, is not identified with conversion. It is viewed as an experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit that brings about powerful witness to Jesus Christ. Through this Spirit baptism the exalted Christ carries forward his ministry in the church and world.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2075-9","url_text":"978-0-8010-2075-9"}]},{"reference":"Cordeiro, Brenton (May 29, 2017). \"Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It\". Catholic Link. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/","url_text":"\"Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526034030/https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baptism in the Holy Spirit\". Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/","url_text":"\"Baptism in the Holy Spirit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal","url_text":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526035145/http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poloma, Margaret M; Green, John C (2010), The Assemblies of God: Godly Love and the Revitalization of American Pentecostalism, New York: New York University Press, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-8147-6783-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6783-2","url_text":"978-0-8147-6783-2"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Theodore 'Teddy'; Sansom, Hugh (1992), David Watson, a Biography, Sevenoaks: Hodder, p. 71","urls":[]},{"reference":"Masters, Peter; Whitcomb, John (June 1988). Charismatic Phenomenon. London: Wakeman. p. 39. ISBN 9781870855013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/39","url_text":"Charismatic Phenomenon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/39","url_text":"39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870855013","url_text":"9781870855013"}]},{"reference":"Warfield, B B (1972). Counterfeit miracles. Banner of Truth Trust. p. 23. ISBN 085151166X. Retrieved December 10, 2019. \"The connection of the supernatural gifts with the Apostles is so obvious that one wonders that so many students have missed it, and have sought an account of them in some other quarter. The true account has always been recognized, however, by some of the more careful students of the subject It has been clearly set forth, for example, by Bishop Kaye. 'I may be allowed to state the conclusion,' he writes, 'to which I have myself been led by a comparison of the statements in the Book of Acts with the writings of the Fathers of the second century. My conclusion then is, that the power of working miracles was not extended beyond the disciples upon whom the Apostles conferred it by the imposition of their hands.'","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/counterfeitmirac00warf","url_text":"Counterfeit miracles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/counterfeitmirac00warf/page/n38","url_text":"23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085151166X","url_text":"085151166X"}]},{"reference":"Kydd, Ronald (1984). Charismatic Gifts in the Early Church. An Exploration into the Gifts of the Spirit during the first Three Centuries of the Christian Church. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McDonnell (o.s.b.), Kilian; Montague, George T. (1991). Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5009-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNfrm3h-_JgC","url_text":"Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5009-7","url_text":"978-0-8146-5009-7"}]},{"reference":"Balmer, Randall (2004), \"Charismatic Movement\", Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and Expanded Edition (2nd ed.), Waco: Baylor","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Anglican Pioneer in Renewal\". Telus. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182701/http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/arm12.htm","url_text":"\"Anglican Pioneer in Renewal\""},{"url":"http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/arm12.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sherwood, Harriet; Siddique, Haroon (January 21, 2019). \"I pray in tongues every day, says archbishop of Canterbury\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/21/i-pray-in-tongues-every-day-says-archbishop-of-canterbury","url_text":"\"I pray in tongues every day, says archbishop of Canterbury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190121031336/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/21/i-pray-in-tongues-every-day-says-archbishop-of-canterbury","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strand, Paul (December 28, 2017). \"Charismatic Renewal Pioneer Larry Christenson Dies from Icy Fall\". CBN News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2017/december/charismatic-renewal-pioneer-larry-christenson-dies-from-icy-fall","url_text":"\"Charismatic Renewal Pioneer Larry Christenson Dies from Icy Fall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204103903/https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2017/december/charismatic-renewal-pioneer-larry-christenson-dies-from-icy-fall","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haapalainen, Anna (May 2015). \"An emerging trend of charismatic religiosity in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland\". Approaching Religion. 5 (1): 98–113. doi:10.30664/ar.67568. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.fi/ar/article/view/67568/27864","url_text":"\"An emerging trend of charismatic religiosity in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.67568","url_text":"10.30664/ar.67568"}]},{"reference":"Masters, Peter; Wright, Professor Verna (1988). Healing Epidemic. London: Wakeman Trust. p. 227. ISBN 9781870855006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870855006","url_text":"9781870855006"}]},{"reference":"\"Presbyterian and Reformed Churches\". tateville.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html","url_text":"\"Presbyterian and Reformed Churches\""},{"url":"http://www.tateville.com/churches.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suenens, Léon Joseph (1983). Renewal and the Powers of Darkness (Malines document). Darton, Longman & Todd. ISBN 978-0-232-51591-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens","url_text":"Suenens, Léon Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-232-51591-6","url_text":"978-0-232-51591-6"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, David, \"Christian World Communions: Five Overviews of Global Christianity, AD 1800–2025\", International Bulletin of Missionary Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 25–32","urls":[]},{"reference":"McDonnell, Killian; Montague, George T (1994), Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries, Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier Books","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Study Seminar organized in Brazil\", L'Osservatore romano (Italian ed.), p. 4, November 4, 2005","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ruffin, C Bernard (1991), Padre Pio: The True Story, Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, pp. 312–13","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"To participants in the International Conference of Leaders of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service - Charis (8 June 2019) | Francis\". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/june/documents/papa-francesco_20190608_charis.html","url_text":"\"To participants in the International Conference of Leaders of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service - Charis (8 June 2019) | Francis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808160948/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/june/documents/papa-francesco_20190608_charis.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorandum | CHARIS\". Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charis.international/en/memorandum/","url_text":"\"Memorandum | CHARIS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002031634/https://www.charis.international/en/memorandum/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statuts_Charis (1).pdf\". Google Docs. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ksPhbowvMNa4aRCycyHtrntzV22szppI/view?usp=embed_facebook","url_text":"\"Statuts_Charis (1).pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement\". The United Methodist Church. 2012. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019. The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their \"baptism\" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement","url_text":"\"Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church","url_text":"The United Methodist Church"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190731112659/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Mack B. (1998). Major United Methodist Beliefs. Abingdon Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780687082124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687082124","url_text":"9780687082124"}]},{"reference":"Buschart, W. David (August 20, 2009). Exploring Protestant Traditions. InterVarsity Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780830875146.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830875146","url_text":"9780830875146"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctrine\". Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York, Inc. December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm","url_text":"\"Doctrine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180502115615/http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Živadinović, Dojcin (2015). \"Wesley and Charisma: An Analysis of John Wesley's View of Spiritual Gifts\". Andrews University Seminary Student Journal. 1 (2): 53–71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel; Spittler, Russell P.; Wacker, Grant A. (1999). Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780252067563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252067563","url_text":"9780252067563"}]},{"reference":"\"Tongues Speaking: Study Commission On Doctrine\". Free Methodist Church. 1989. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://scod.fmcusa.org/tongues-speaking/","url_text":"\"Tongues Speaking: Study Commission On Doctrine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church","url_text":"Free Methodist Church"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923005425/https://scod.fmcusa.org/tongues-speaking/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jeanne Miller (October 1, 2012). American Methodism: A Compact History. Abingdon Press. p. 232. ISBN 9781426765179.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426765179","url_text":"9781426765179"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Edwin A. (1990). All about the Moravians: History, Beliefs, and Practices of a Worldwide Church. Moravian Church in America. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-878422-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878422-00-2","url_text":"978-1-878422-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). \"Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives\". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Patrick","url_text":"Patrick, Arthur"},{"url":"http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm","url_text":"\"Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181007140636/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Arthur (c. 1999). \"Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives\". Spiritual Discernment Conference. SDAnet AtIssue. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Patrick","url_text":"Patrick, Arthur"},{"url":"http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm","url_text":"\"Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011052704/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet\". Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/karelskoe-religioznoe","url_text":"\"Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182457/http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/karelskoe-religioznoe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Charismatic Movement and Orthodoxy\". Orthodox Tradition. 1 (4&5): 29–32. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/charmov.aspx","url_text":"\"The Charismatic Movement and Orthodoxy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191123054441/http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/charmov.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Renewal?\". Orthodox Christian Laity. July 30, 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ocl.org/what-is-renewal/","url_text":"\"What is Renewal?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204113257/https://ocl.org/what-is-renewal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding the Charismatic Movement\". The Exchange – A Blog by Ed Stetzer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html","url_text":"\"Understanding the Charismatic Movement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150825050944/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Menzies, William W; Menzies, Robert P (2000), Spirit and Power: Foundations of Pentecostal Experience, Zondervan, ISBN 978-0-310-86415-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86415-8","url_text":"978-0-310-86415-8"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). \"The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity\". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33. Annual Reviews: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brenneis","url_text":"Brenneis, Don"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_B._Strier","url_text":"Strier, Karen B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology","url_text":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)","url_text":"Annual Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093421","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-4290","url_text":"1545-4290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064848","url_text":"25064848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722188","url_text":"145722188"}]},{"reference":"Fiddes, Paul (1980), Charismatic renewal: a Baptist view: a report received by the Baptist Union Council with commentary, London: Baptist Publications","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fiddes, Paul (1984), Martin, David; Mullen, Peter (eds.), The theology of the charismatic movement, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 19–40","urls":[]},{"reference":"Renewal Theology","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renewaltheology.net/","url_text":"Renewal Theology"}]},{"reference":"\"Charismatic Renewal\", By denomination, Big church directory","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigchurchdirectory.com/category/By-Denomination/Charismatic-Renewal/","url_text":"By denomination"}]},{"reference":"\"What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?\", Forward in Christ, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, October 1996, archived from the original on January 1, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101115057/http://wels.prometdev.com/news-events/forward-in-christ/october-1996/what-can-we-learn-charismatic-movement?page=0%2C0","url_text":"\"What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?\""},{"url":"http://wels.prometdev.com/news-events/forward-in-christ/october-1996/what-can-we-learn-charismatic-movement?page=0,0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pentecostalism and The Charismatic Movement, archived from the original on April 24, 2013, retrieved May 31, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021615/http://wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/Pentecostalism#","url_text":"Pentecostalism and The Charismatic Movement"},{"url":"http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/Pentecostalism","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.charis.international/en/home/","external_links_name":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211731/http://www.emotionallyfree.org/DBbio.html","external_links_name":"\"DENNIS BENNETT BIOGRAPHY\""},{"Link":"http://www.emotionallyfree.org/DBbio.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://glyndwr.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/365/1/fulltext.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pentecostals and the Bible\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204102919/https://glyndwr.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/365/1/fulltext.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/","external_links_name":"\"Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526034030/https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/","external_links_name":"\"Baptism in the Holy Spirit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526035145/http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/39","external_links_name":"Charismatic Phenomenon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/39","external_links_name":"39"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/counterfeitmirac00warf","external_links_name":"Counterfeit miracles"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/counterfeitmirac00warf/page/n38","external_links_name":"23"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNfrm3h-_JgC","external_links_name":"Christian Initiation and Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Evidence from the First Eight Centuries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182701/http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/arm12.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anglican Pioneer in Renewal\""},{"Link":"http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/arm12.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/21/i-pray-in-tongues-every-day-says-archbishop-of-canterbury","external_links_name":"\"I pray in tongues every day, says archbishop of Canterbury\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190121031336/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/21/i-pray-in-tongues-every-day-says-archbishop-of-canterbury","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2017/december/charismatic-renewal-pioneer-larry-christenson-dies-from-icy-fall","external_links_name":"\"Charismatic Renewal Pioneer Larry Christenson Dies from Icy Fall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204103903/https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2017/december/charismatic-renewal-pioneer-larry-christenson-dies-from-icy-fall","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://journal.fi/ar/article/view/67568/27864","external_links_name":"\"An emerging trend of charismatic religiosity in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.67568","external_links_name":"10.30664/ar.67568"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html","external_links_name":"\"Presbyterian and Reformed Churches\""},{"Link":"http://www.tateville.com/churches.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/june/documents/papa-francesco_20190608_charis.html","external_links_name":"\"To participants in the International Conference of Leaders of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service - Charis (8 June 2019) | Francis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808160948/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/june/documents/papa-francesco_20190608_charis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.charis.international/en/memorandum/","external_links_name":"\"Memorandum | CHARIS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002031634/https://www.charis.international/en/memorandum/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ksPhbowvMNa4aRCycyHtrntzV22szppI/view?usp=embed_facebook","external_links_name":"\"Statuts_Charis (1).pdf\""},{"Link":"http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement","external_links_name":"\"Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190731112659/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm","external_links_name":"\"Doctrine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180502115615/http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scod.fmcusa.org/tongues-speaking/","external_links_name":"\"Tongues Speaking: Study Commission On Doctrine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923005425/https://scod.fmcusa.org/tongues-speaking/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.methodistevangelicals.org.uk/resources/lay-witness-movement","external_links_name":"Lay Witness Movement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171136/http://www.methodistevangelicals.org.uk/resources/lay-witness-movement","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm","external_links_name":"\"Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181007140636/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm","external_links_name":"\"Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011052704/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/karelskoe-religioznoe","external_links_name":"\"Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182457/http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/karelskoe-religioznoe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/charmov.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Charismatic Movement and Orthodoxy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191123054441/http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/charmov.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ocl.org/what-is-renewal/","external_links_name":"\"What is Renewal?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204113257/https://ocl.org/what-is-renewal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html","external_links_name":"\"Understanding the Charismatic Movement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150825050944/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093421","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-4290","external_links_name":"1545-4290"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064848","external_links_name":"25064848"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722188","external_links_name":"145722188"},{"Link":"http://www.renewaltheology.net/","external_links_name":"Renewal Theology"},{"Link":"http://www.bigchurchdirectory.com/category/By-Denomination/Charismatic-Renewal/","external_links_name":"By denomination"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101115057/http://wels.prometdev.com/news-events/forward-in-christ/october-1996/what-can-we-learn-charismatic-movement?page=0%2C0","external_links_name":"\"What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?\""},{"Link":"http://wels.prometdev.com/news-events/forward-in-christ/october-1996/what-can-we-learn-charismatic-movement?page=0,0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021615/http://wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/Pentecostalism#","external_links_name":"Pentecostalism and The Charismatic Movement"},{"Link":"http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/Pentecostalism","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.charis.international/en/home/","external_links_name":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service (CHARIS)"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113211-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533821505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099634","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119127&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119128&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/042747","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watts_McNair | William Watts McNair | ["1 Early life","2 Journey to Kafiristan","3 Royal Geographical Society lecture","4 Later life","5 Impact","6 Reputation","7 McNair and Kipling","8 References","9 External links"] | William Watts McNairMcNair in disguise (centre)Born(1849-09-13)13 September 1849Died(1889-08-13)13 August 1889MussoorieOccupationGeographerAwardsMurchison Award (1884)
William Watts McNair (13 September 1849 – 13 August 1889) was a British surveyor, the first British explorer of Kafiristan (now Nuristan).
Early life
Portrait
Details of McNair's life up to the time of his 1883 journey are sketchy. According to John Keay, he was "country bred" (born and educated in India). He joined the Survey of India on 1 September 1867, just before his 18th birthday, and was posted to the Rajputana Topographical Party. "The first twelve years of his service were passed on topographical duty with this party under Major G. Strahan, R.E., and in the Mysore Party under Majors G. Strahan and H. R. Thuillier, R.E."
J. E. Howard, who compiled a memoir of McNair, mentioned his "ardent, buoyant, somewhat impulsive early manhood" and fondness for cricket. Howard made no comment about McNair's father, but did note that he had a sister and two younger brothers, John (who worked for the Indian Government's Finance Department before dying in his early twenties of small-pox contracted at Lahore), and George (who became a solicitor in Calcutta). In later years William lived with his mother and sister in Mussoorie. "A more united or more tenderly-knit family, of strong religious feeling, I have never known", Howard wrote.
With the Second Anglo-Afghan War under way, "in the autumn of 1879 he was selected to accompany the Khyber Column of the Afghan Field Force, and was present with that force during the severe fighting that occurred before Kabul in the winter of 1879–80, and the subsequent defence of Sharpur."
A plane table surveyor
"Whilst in Afghanistan he mapped a very large portion of hitherto unknown country, including the Lughman Valley and approaches to Kafiristan, and the Logar and Wardak Valleys to the south of Kabul. He explored the Adrak-Badrak Pass with a native escort, and made himself acquainted with the route from Kabul to Jalalabad, via Lughman, which was explored by no other European officer."
"At the close of the war he was attached to the Kohat Survey, under Major Holdich, R.E., and was specially employed in the risky work of mapping the frontier line from Kohat to Bannu, including a wide strip of trans-frontier country, and much of the hitherto unmapped Tochi Valley."
In spite of his contributions, he was never promoted beyond the third grade. He never married. According to Keay, he was fond of cricket.
"McNair possessed the rare faculty of commanding the confidence of natives", wrote Holdich. "He was not a specially good linguist, but he understood local idiosyncrasies." He made his day trips over the border into Afghanistan under the protection of "Mani Khan, a well-known Darwesh Khel chief of gigantic stature" with whom he maintained "a great friendship."
Sir Robert Warburton recalled an encounter with McNair in early 1880 at a Laghman Valley shrine near Mihtarlam:
The head keeper rushed up to us in great alarm and said, 'Here is a Sahib taking a picture of the ziarat, and he has only two men with him. This is Thursday, and hundreds of Talibs will come and say their prayers here this day; they may mob the gentleman, and then you will come and hang me. Please take him away.' We found the intruder to be Mr. McNair, of the Survey Department, quietly sketching, with two troopers of the 17th Bengal Cavalry behind him, but we persuaded him to come away with us. Some days afterwards I sent a few men with Mr. McNair to conduct him over the Adrak Badrak Pass, and having effected this with safety, he appeared before the General commanding the Gandamak Brigade, then on tour near Seh-Baba, much to that officer's astonishment, who would hardly credit that he had accomplished such a dangerous trip without a large escort."
Journey to Kafiristan
1881 map of Kafiristan, RGS
The idea for McNair's 1883 journey into Kafiristan came from a pundit associate known as "the Saiad." This was Syed Shah, "MacNair's assistant during the recent operations in Afghanistan."
"The Saiad, whose name I need not mention, had been made over to me more than a year ago by Major Holdich to instruct. This led to a mutual friendship, and on his explaining to me that he had a plan of getting into the Kafir country, which was by accompanying Meahs Hosein Shah and Sahib Gul (who yearly go to Chitral either through Dir or via the Kunar Valley) as far as Birkot and then following up the Arnawai stream, crossing the hills to the westward and returning to Jalalabad either by the Alingar or Alishang rivers, I suggested accompanying him in the guise of a Hakim or Tabib, i.e., native doctor. He was to be accompanied by Meah Gul, a Kafir convert."
McNair's surveying in Afghanistan had been limited to day trips since, as Holdich noted, "strict orders had been issued that on no account was any European officer or assistant to sleep on the wrong side of the frontier line." To get around the restriction, McNair applied for a one-year leave in March 1883.
On 9 April I was at Nowshera, where "by three o'clock on the following morning, with head shaved, a weak solution of caustic and walnut juice applied to hands and face, and wearing the dress peculiar to the Meahs or Kaka Khels, and in company with Hosein Shah, I sallied out as Mir Mahomed or Hakim Sahib." Three days later at Ganderi, he joined his three associates "our party then consisting of forty, including muleteers, and fifteen baggage animals", loaded with articles for trade: "cloths of English manufacture, musical boxes, binoculars, time-pieces, a spare revolver or two with a few rounds of ammunition, salt, glass beads, shells, needles, country-made looking-glasses, shoes, and lungis, as well as several phials and galipots of medicines", and for provisions "nothing but sugar and tea."
Prismatic compass
As McNair explained,
In addition to these I had secreted a prismatic and magnetic compass, a boiling point and aneroid thermometer, and a plane-table which I had constructed for the occasion. . . . It answered, in case of a surprise, to pass off for a tabib book of prescriptions; all that was necessary was to slip off the paper that was in use inside one of the folds and expose to the gaze of the inquisitive individual merely a book or rather the outer case of one, in which I had written several recipes in Urdu. The instruments were either carried by the Saiad or myself in a gooda, i.e., untanned skin of goat or sheep invariably used by travellers in this region."
Rumbur Valley, 1929
On 23 May, McNair left Chitral in the morning of and by evening had arrived at Balankaru, in the Rumbur Valley. "The people are the Kalash section of the Kafirs, inferior in appearance, manner, and disposition to their neighbours situated westwards; they pay a small tribute in kind to Chitral, and are allowed to retain their own manners and customs. To Daras Karu, in the Bamburath Vale, famed for its pears, I next proceeded; here also are Kalash Kafirs, and some Bashgali settlers. The valley is very narrow, and the cultivation restricted principally to terraced fields on the hill-slopes. Kakar was the next march; beyond it no trace of habitation. ..head of the pass (the difference in elevation between our night's encampment and the crest was 7,000 feet)... The view on the Kotal as the sun was rising was a sight never to be forgotten." In the heavy snow, McNair and his companions entered the valley by "adopting a sort of 'tobogging' system." "At the Ludhe villages" they "were well received." But news arrived that a rival who had been spreading rumours alleging their party contained two Europeans in disguise, and "within a day or two of crossing the Shawal, Aman ul-Mulk summoned him back to Chitral; fearing for the safety of his colleagues, he obliged." They returned to India via Kashmir.
An early report of the trip, published in The Pioneer, was summarised by The Athenaeum in London on 15 September 1883:
Further intelligence respecting Mr. McNair's journey to Kafiristan has been supplied by The Pioneer. He appears to have been treated with hospitality and friendliness by the Khan of Dir, and, though opposed by the mullahs of Swat, was passed onwards to Chitral with honours and attendants. Using that point as a base of operations, Mr. McNair was enabled to pass into Kafiristan and reach the Dora Pass over the Hindu Kush, known to us from the journey of the native explorer, usually called the "Havildar." From this pass he contemplated proceeding into Badakhshan and making a detour to explore the little known region round Farajghan; but the moment happened to be unfavourable, and he was told that, on the whole, he had better keep to the southern side of the watershed. So he returned to Chitral, and followed a northern route to the foot of the Baroghil or Zeibak Pass, and thence diverged by a well-known route to Yassin and Gilgit, where he was enabled to join on his survey work to Col. Tanner's surveys of two years ago.
After his return, McNair submitted a confidential report. He was also invited to present his findings to the Royal Geographical Society in London.
Royal Geographical Society lecture
McNair's 10 December 1883 lecture attracted considerable interest and discussion. "Colonel Yule said he had for thirty or forty years looked with intense interest at the dark spot of Kafiristan on the map of Asia, and had therefore listened with great pleasure to Mr. McNair's modest account of one of the most adventurous journeys that had ever been described before the Society." He "rejoiced that had lived to see Kafiristan partially revealed by an Englishman and not by a Russian."
G. W. Leitner stated that "there are at least five distinct dialects spoken by the tribes" and insisted that "no one should be sent out on a geographical, anthropological, or ethnographical mission who was not something of a linguist or who was not accompanied by a linguist."
Sir Henry Rawlinson
Sir Henry Rawlinson expressed high appreciation of the value of McNair's exploration, which "was not a mere holiday trip, or an every-day reconnaissance survey; on the contrary, it was a serious undertaking, and opened up what he (Sir Henry), for twenty years had maintained to be the great natural highroad from India to Central Asia." Rawlinson believed "Mr. McNair was the first European who had ever crossed the Hindu Kush upon this line, or had gained such an acquaintance with the different ranges as would enable geographers to map the country scientifically, and delineate its physical features." The antique seal McNair had brought back "could only be explained by supposing it to have belonged to one of Alexander's soldiers who brought it from Babylon."
At the May 26, 1884 meeting the Society awarded McNair the Murchison Award for his contribution to geographical science.
Later life
Officially reprimanded but privately commended by his superiors, McNair returned to surveying duty. "His worldly prospects were never advanced in the slightest", but he expressed no disappointment.
Sir Robert Warburton wrote, "when I saw him last at Peshawar, having escaped all dangers in Swat and Dir, he was trying to induce the Panjab Government to punish Rahat Shah Mia", the Kakakhel informant.
"A very serious horse accident" in the summer of 1888 was the beginning of a series of health troubles. When his request for leave was finally sanctioned in July 1889, he left Quetta, arriving in early August at his mountain home in Mussoorie. His mother and sister "had no knowledge of the dangerous character of the fever from which he had been suffering for nearly a fortnight before he started from Quetta", which was soon discovered to be typhoid. His brother George, a solicitor, was called from Calcutta, but arrived after the burial.
Impact
McNair's confidential report was "a most valuable report to Government", according to Thomas Holdich. "When our relief force from India advanced through Swat to Chitral" in the 1895 Chitral Expedition, they were not "traversing unexplored and unknown ground", as was often supposed. "With but a small exception the route followed by our forces was that which was first followed by McNair."
Reputation
Whether McNair had actually reached Kafiristan was later questioned.
Col. William Lockhart, in the area in 1885–6, wrote, "the map . . . is all wrong. This Shawal is the furthest point reached by McNair. He never was in the Lut-dih valley, or in Kafiristan proper, his experience of Kafirs being confined to the subject Kalash."
George Scott Robertson stated that McNair "never entered the real Kafir country at all; he only succeeded in reaching some of the Kalash villages of Chitral, which he mistook for the true Kafiristan. The Kalash referred to are an idol-worshipping tribe, slaves to the Mehtar of Chitral, and must not be confounded with the independent mountaineers of Kafiristan, from whom they differ in language, dress, manners, and customs."
Keay suggests that Robertson's comments were probably motivated by "professional pique" and explains that "much importance was attached to the distinction between the Kalash, who came under the administration of Chitral, and the true Kati Kafirs of what had been independent Kafiristan. In MacNair's day the distinction was less noteworthy, and he might well have crossed the Shawal without appreciating the extent to which it was a political and ethnological watershed."
McNair's vagueness regarding the Kafir villages is also difficult to explain. "Though he speaks of 'Ludhe villages' referring to Bragamatal in the upper Bashgal valley", Schuyler Jones notes, "he does not describe or name the village or villages he visited"
McNair and Kipling
Rudyard Kipling
McNair's story has been proposed as a model for some of Rudyard Kipling's stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888), and less frequently, Kim (1901).
In 1882 Kipling returned to India to help edit Lahore's Civil and Military Gazette, a newspaper affiliated with The Pioneer in Allahabad, where Kipling worked from 1887 to early 1889. McNair's expedition was covered by both papers. As noted above, the Pioneer's early article on the expedition was summarised in The Athenaeum in September 1883. And "in 1883 and 1884, there were at least two reports in the CMG of journeys to Kafiristan, one by 'Mr. McNair, of the survey department,' disguised as a native hakim." McNair's lengthy obituary in The Pioneer (reprinted in Howard's Memoir), showed the editors' familiarity with McNair's accomplishments.
In a 1988 reprint of "The Man Who Would Be King", Hugh Haughton wrote, "There was in fact one precedent for the duo's daredevil journey, and in composing the story I suspect that Kipling may have drawn upon the account of a visit to Kafiristan made by W. W. McNair, which was read to the Royal Geographical Society in December 1883. McNair, an officer in the Indian Survey, disobeyed government orders forbidding Europeans to cross the frontier without permission, and made his way to Kafiristan disguised as a Muhammedan hakim, or native doctor."
"The conditions of McNair's journey", Edward Marx argued, "exhibit some striking similarities to those of Kipling's story, and certain details in McNair's account, as well, might have suggested ideas to Kipling, such as the 'antique seal' McNair brought to the Society's meeting, which he was inclined to think Egyptian." McNair noted that "the men shave the whole of the head, except a circular patch on the crown, where the hair is allowed to grow"; Dravot "shaved his head into patterns." Kipling's story follows McNair's description of the Kafirs as "incessantly engaged in petty warfare with the Mahommedans" but "exceedingly well disposed towards the British." "As regards their religion", McNair writes, "one Supreme Being (Imbra) is universally acknowledged. . . . Priests preside at their temples, in which stones are set up, but to neither priests nor idols is undue reverence paid." In Kipling's story the men encounter "half a dozen big stone idols . . . the biggest—a fellow they call Imbra." McNair's account, "give or take a few chiefs, is entirely consistent with the depiction of the Kafirs' arms and military abilities in Kipling's story, down to the matchlocks", Marx argued. "A final resemblance between McNair's account and Kipling's story is his abrupt departure from the country, precipitated by the arrival of an informant who was likely to alert authorities to McNair's identity, an eventuality that, as he had noted earlier, would likely have resulted in his death."
References
^ a b John Keay, The Gilgit Game: Explorers of the Western Himalayas, 1865–95 (London: John Murray, 1979), 114.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n J. E. Howard, ed., Memoir of William Watts McNair: The First European Explorer of Kafiristan (London: D.J. Keymer, 1890)
^ Keay 114
^ a b c d T. Hungerford Holdich, Indian Borderland: 1880–1900 (London: Methuen 1901), 265.
^ Sir Robert Warburton, Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879–1898 (London: John Murray, 1900), 96–7.
^ Keay, The Gilgit Game, 115.
^ W. W. McNair, "A Visit to Kafiristan" Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 6:1 (Jan. 1884): 1–18
^ Keay, The Gilgit Game, 120.
^ "Geographical Notes", The Athenæum, 15 Sept 1883, 341-2.
^ W. W. Macnair, Confidential Report on the explorations in part of Eastern Afghanistan and in Kafiristan during 1883. Dehra Dun, 1883.
^ Sir Robert Warburton, Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879–1898 (London: John Murray, 1900), 96.
^ W. S. A. Lockhart and R. G. Woothorpe, The Gilgit Mission, 1885–86 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 325.
^ G. S. Robertson, "Kafiristan", Geographical Journal 4:3 (1894), 193–218.
^ Keay 120.
^ Schuyler Jones, "Lost Horizon – A Glimpse of Nuristan," SAALG Newsletter, 1997, 18.
^ CMG, 4 February 1884, 1, cited in Peter Havholm, Politics and Awe in Rudyard Kipling's Fiction (London: Ashgate, 2008).
^ Rudyard Kipling, Wee Willie Winkie, ed. Hugh Haughton (London: Penguin, 1988), 40.
^ Edward Marx, "How We Lost Kafiristan." Representations 67 (Summer 1999), page 54
^ a b c Edward Marx, "How We Lost Kafiristan." Representations 67 (Summer 1999), page 55
External links
Memoir of William Watts McNair (McNair's Royal Geographical Society lecture)
J. E. Howard, ed., Memoir of William Watts McNair: The First European Explorer of Kafiristan (London: D.J. Keymer, 1890).
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"Kafiristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafiristan"},{"link_name":"Nuristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuristan"}],"text":"William Watts McNair (13 September 1849 – 13 August 1889) was a British surveyor, the first British explorer of Kafiristan (now Nuristan).","title":"William Watts McNair"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W_W_McNair.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Keay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Keay_1979-1"},{"link_name":"Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Rajputana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"Topographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"G. Strahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strahan_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"H. R. Thuillier, R.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ravenshaw_Thuillier"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_(game)"},{"link_name":"Mussoorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoorie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Afghan Field Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Field_Force"},{"link_name":"defence of Sharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Debenham.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lughman Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghman_Province"},{"link_name":"Kafiristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafiristan"},{"link_name":"Logar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_River"},{"link_name":"Wardak Valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardak_Valley"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Adrak-Badrak Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrak-Badrak_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Kohat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohat"},{"link_name":"Major Holdich, R.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich"},{"link_name":"Bannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannu"},{"link_name":"Tochi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochi_Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Keay_1979-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Holdich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Hungerford_Holdich_1901-4"},{"link_name":"Darwesh Khel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darweshkhel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Hungerford_Holdich_1901-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Laghman Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghman_Province"},{"link_name":"Mihtarlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihtarlam"},{"link_name":"ziarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat"},{"link_name":"Talibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibe"},{"link_name":"Gandamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandamak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"PortraitDetails of McNair's life up to the time of his 1883 journey are sketchy. According to John Keay, he was \"country bred\" (born and educated in India).[1] He joined the Survey of India on 1 September 1867, just before his 18th birthday, and was posted to the Rajputana Topographical Party. \"The first twelve years of his service were passed on topographical duty with this party under Major G. Strahan, R.E., and in the Mysore Party under Majors G. Strahan and H. R. Thuillier, R.E.\"J. E. Howard, who compiled a memoir of McNair, mentioned his \"ardent, buoyant, somewhat impulsive early manhood\" and fondness for cricket. Howard made no comment about McNair's father, but did note that he had a sister and two younger brothers, John (who worked for the Indian Government's Finance Department before dying in his early twenties of small-pox contracted at Lahore), and George (who became a solicitor in Calcutta). In later years William lived with his mother and sister in Mussoorie. \"A more united or more tenderly-knit family, of strong religious feeling, I have never known\", Howard wrote.[2]With the Second Anglo-Afghan War under way, \"in the autumn of 1879 he was selected to accompany the Khyber Column of the Afghan Field Force, and was present with that force during the severe fighting that occurred before Kabul in the winter of 1879–80, and the subsequent defence of Sharpur.\"[2]A plane table surveyor\"Whilst in Afghanistan he mapped a very large portion of hitherto unknown country, including the Lughman Valley and approaches to Kafiristan, and the Logar and Wardak Valleys to the south of Kabul. He explored the Adrak-Badrak Pass with a native escort, and made himself acquainted with the route from Kabul to Jalalabad, via Lughman, which was explored by no other European officer.\"[2]\"At the close of the war he was attached to the Kohat Survey, under Major Holdich, R.E., and was specially employed in the risky work of mapping the frontier line from Kohat to Bannu, including a wide strip of trans-frontier country, and much of the hitherto unmapped Tochi Valley.\"[2]In spite of his contributions, he was never promoted beyond the third grade. He never married.[1] According to Keay, he was fond of cricket.[3]\"McNair possessed the rare faculty of commanding the confidence of natives\", wrote Holdich. \"He was not a specially good linguist, but he understood local idiosyncrasies.\"[4] He made his day trips over the border into Afghanistan under the protection of \"Mani Khan, a well-known Darwesh Khel chief of gigantic stature\" with whom he maintained \"a great friendship.\"[4]Sir Robert Warburton recalled an encounter with McNair in early 1880 at a Laghman Valley shrine near Mihtarlam:The head keeper rushed up to us in great alarm and said, 'Here is a Sahib taking a picture of the ziarat, and he has only two men with him. This is Thursday, and hundreds of Talibs will come and say their prayers here this day; they may mob the gentleman, and then you will come and hang me. Please take him away.' We found the intruder to be Mr. McNair, of the Survey Department, quietly sketching, with two troopers of the 17th Bengal Cavalry behind him, but we persuaded him to come away with us. Some days afterwards I sent a few men with Mr. McNair to conduct him over the Adrak Badrak Pass, and having effected this with safety, he appeared before the General commanding the Gandamak Brigade, then on tour near Seh-Baba, much to that officer's astonishment, who would hardly credit that he had accomplished such a dangerous trip without a large escort.\"[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Kafiristan_WDL12996.png"},{"link_name":"RGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"pundit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Major Holdich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Kunar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Valley"},{"link_name":"Birkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkot"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"Alingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alingar_River"},{"link_name":"Alishang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alishang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"frontier line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Hungerford_Holdich_1901-4"},{"link_name":"Nowshera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera_district"},{"link_name":"Kaka Khels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakakhel_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Ganderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganderi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lungis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungi"},{"link_name":"phials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vial"},{"link_name":"galipots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrated_catalogue_and_price-list_of_drawing_and_tracing_papers,_sun_print_papers_and_equipments,_drawing_instruments_and_materials,_surveying_instruments,_accessories,_etc._-_Kolesch_and_Company._(14760920616).jpg"},{"link_name":"prismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic_compass_(surveying)"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"plane-table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NO-NB_BLDSA_GM2b142n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balankaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balankaru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rumbur Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumbur_Valley"},{"link_name":"Kalash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people"},{"link_name":"Daras Karu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daras_Karu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bamburath Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamburath_Vale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people"},{"link_name":"Bashgali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landai_Sin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Kakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakar"},{"link_name":"Kotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiwar_Pass"},{"link_name":"tobogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toboggan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Aman ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"The Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)"},{"link_name":"The Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"mullahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_district"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral"},{"link_name":"Dora Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorah_Pass"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Havildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havildar"},{"link_name":"Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan"},{"link_name":"Baroghil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broghil_Pass"},{"link_name":"Yassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Gilgit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"}],"text":"1881 map of Kafiristan, RGSThe idea for McNair's 1883 journey into Kafiristan came from a pundit associate known as \"the Saiad.\"[2] This was Syed Shah, \"MacNair's assistant during the recent operations in Afghanistan.\"[6]\"The Saiad, whose name I need not mention, had been made over to me more than a year ago by Major Holdich to instruct. This led to a mutual friendship, and on his explaining to me that he had a plan of getting into the Kafir country, which was by accompanying Meahs Hosein Shah and Sahib Gul (who yearly go to Chitral either through Dir or via the Kunar Valley) as far as Birkot and then following up the Arnawai stream, crossing the hills to the westward and returning to Jalalabad either by the Alingar or Alishang rivers, I suggested accompanying him in the guise of a Hakim or Tabib, i.e., native doctor. He was to be accompanied by Meah Gul, a Kafir convert.\"[7]McNair's surveying in Afghanistan had been limited to day trips since, as Holdich noted, \"strict orders had been issued that on no account was any European officer or assistant to sleep on the wrong side of the frontier line.\"[4] To get around the restriction, McNair applied for a one-year leave in March 1883.On 9 April I was at Nowshera, where \"by three o'clock on the following morning, with head shaved, a weak solution of caustic and walnut juice applied to hands and face, and wearing the dress peculiar to the Meahs or Kaka Khels, and in company with Hosein Shah, I sallied out as Mir Mahomed or Hakim Sahib.\"[2] Three days later at Ganderi, he joined his three associates \"our party then consisting of forty, including muleteers, and fifteen baggage animals\", loaded with articles for trade: \"cloths of English manufacture, musical boxes, binoculars, time-pieces, a spare revolver or two with a few rounds of ammunition, salt, glass beads, shells, needles, country-made looking-glasses, shoes, and lungis, as well as several phials and galipots of medicines\", and for provisions \"nothing but sugar and tea.\"[2]Prismatic compassAs McNair explained,In addition to these I had secreted a prismatic and magnetic compass, a boiling point and aneroid thermometer, and a plane-table which I had constructed for the occasion. . . . It answered, in case of a surprise, to pass off for a tabib book of prescriptions; all that was necessary was to slip off the paper that was in use inside one of the folds and expose to the gaze of the inquisitive individual merely a book or rather the outer case of one, in which I had written several recipes in Urdu. The instruments were either carried by the Saiad or myself in a gooda, i.e., untanned skin of goat or sheep invariably used by travellers in this region.\"[2]Rumbur Valley, 1929On 23 May, McNair left Chitral in the morning of and by evening had arrived at Balankaru, in the Rumbur Valley. \"The people are the Kalash section of the Kafirs, inferior in appearance, manner, and disposition to their neighbours situated westwards; they pay a small tribute in kind to Chitral, and are allowed to retain their own manners and customs. To Daras Karu, in the Bamburath Vale, famed for its pears, I next proceeded; here also are Kalash Kafirs, and some Bashgali settlers. The valley is very narrow, and the cultivation restricted principally to terraced fields on the hill-slopes. Kakar was the next march; beyond it no trace of habitation. ..head of the pass (the difference in elevation between our night's encampment and the crest was 7,000 feet)... The view on the Kotal as the sun was rising was a sight never to be forgotten.\" In the heavy snow, McNair and his companions entered the valley by \"adopting a sort of 'tobogging' system.\" \"At the Ludhe villages\" they \"were well received.\"[2] But news arrived that a rival who had been spreading rumours alleging their party contained two Europeans in disguise, and \"within a day or two of crossing the Shawal, Aman ul-Mulk summoned him back to Chitral; fearing for the safety of his colleagues, he obliged.\"[8] They returned to India via Kashmir.An early report of the trip, published in The Pioneer, was summarised by The Athenaeum in London on 15 September 1883:Further intelligence respecting Mr. McNair's journey to Kafiristan has been supplied by The Pioneer. He appears to have been treated with hospitality and friendliness by the Khan of Dir, and, though opposed by the mullahs of Swat, was passed onwards to Chitral with honours and attendants. Using that point as a base of operations, Mr. McNair was enabled to pass into Kafiristan and reach the Dora Pass over the Hindu Kush, known to us from the journey of the native explorer, usually called the \"Havildar.\" From this pass he contemplated proceeding into Badakhshan and making a detour to explore the little known region round Farajghan; but the moment happened to be unfavourable, and he was told that, on the whole, he had better keep to the southern side of the watershed. So he returned to Chitral, and followed a northern route to the foot of the Baroghil or Zeibak Pass, and thence diverged by a well-known route to Yassin and Gilgit, where he was enabled to join on his survey work to Col. Tanner's surveys of two years ago.[9]After his return, McNair submitted a confidential report.[10] He was also invited to present his findings to the Royal Geographical Society in London.","title":"Journey to Kafiristan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Yule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"G. W. Leitner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Wilhelm_Leitner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Henry_Rawlinson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Murchison Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Award"}],"text":"McNair's 10 December 1883 lecture attracted considerable interest and discussion. \"Colonel Yule said he had for thirty or forty years looked with intense interest at the dark spot of Kafiristan on the map of Asia, and had therefore listened with great pleasure to Mr. McNair's modest account of one of the most adventurous journeys that had ever been described before the Society.\" He \"rejoiced that had lived to see Kafiristan partially revealed by an Englishman and not by a Russian.\"[2]G. W. Leitner stated that \"there are at least five distinct dialects spoken by the tribes\" and insisted that \"no one should be sent out on a geographical, anthropological, or ethnographical mission who was not something of a linguist or who was not accompanied by a linguist.\"[2]Sir Henry RawlinsonSir Henry Rawlinson expressed high appreciation of the value of McNair's exploration, which \"was not a mere holiday trip, or an every-day reconnaissance survey; on the contrary, it was a serious undertaking, and opened up what he (Sir Henry), for twenty years had maintained to be the great natural highroad from India to Central Asia.\" Rawlinson believed \"Mr. McNair was the first European who had ever crossed the Hindu Kush upon this line, or had gained such an acquaintance with the different ranges as would enable geographers to map the country scientifically, and delineate its physical features.\" The antique seal McNair had brought back \"could only be explained by supposing it to have belonged to one of Alexander's soldiers who brought it from Babylon.\"[2]At the May 26, 1884 meeting the Society awarded McNair the Murchison Award for his contribution to geographical science.","title":"Royal Geographical Society lecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_district"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_district"},{"link_name":"Panjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Kakakhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakakhel_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"Mussoorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoorie"},{"link_name":"typhoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowardMemoir-2"}],"text":"Officially reprimanded but privately commended by his superiors, McNair returned to surveying duty. \"His worldly prospects were never advanced in the slightest\", but he expressed no disappointment.[2]Sir Robert Warburton wrote, \"when I saw him last at Peshawar, having escaped all dangers in Swat and Dir, he was trying to induce the Panjab Government to punish Rahat Shah Mia\", the Kakakhel informant.[11]\"A very serious horse accident\" in the summer of 1888 was the beginning of a series of health troubles. When his request for leave was finally sanctioned in July 1889, he left Quetta, arriving in early August at his mountain home in Mussoorie. His mother and sister \"had no knowledge of the dangerous character of the fever from which he had been suffering for nearly a fortnight before he started from Quetta\", which was soon discovered to be typhoid. His brother George, a solicitor, was called from Calcutta, but arrived after the burial.[2]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Holdich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holdich"},{"link_name":"Chitral Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._Hungerford_Holdich_1901-4"}],"text":"McNair's confidential report was \"a most valuable report to Government\", according to Thomas Holdich. \"When our relief force from India advanced through Swat to Chitral\" in the 1895 Chitral Expedition, they were not \"traversing unexplored and unknown ground\", as was often supposed. \"With but a small exception the route followed by our forces was that which was first followed by McNair.\"[4]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lockhart_(Indian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Kalash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"George Scott Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scott_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Mehtar of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kati Kafirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bragamatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barg-i_Matal_District"},{"link_name":"Schuyler Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Jones"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Whether McNair had actually reached Kafiristan was later questioned.Col. William Lockhart, in the area in 1885–6, wrote, \"the map . . . is all wrong. This Shawal is the furthest point reached by McNair. He never was in the Lut-dih valley, or in Kafiristan proper, his experience of Kafirs being confined to the subject Kalash.\"[12]George Scott Robertson stated that McNair \"never entered the real Kafir country at all; he only succeeded in reaching some of the Kalash villages of Chitral, which he mistook for the true Kafiristan. The Kalash referred to are an idol-worshipping tribe, slaves to the Mehtar of Chitral, and must not be confounded with the independent mountaineers of Kafiristan, from whom they differ in language, dress, manners, and customs.\"[13]Keay suggests that Robertson's comments were probably motivated by \"professional pique\" and explains that \"much importance was attached to the distinction between the Kalash, who came under the administration of Chitral, and the true Kati Kafirs of what had been independent Kafiristan. In MacNair's day the distinction was less noteworthy, and he might well have crossed the Shawal without appreciating the extent to which it was a political and ethnological watershed.\"[14]McNair's vagueness regarding the Kafir villages is also difficult to explain. \"Though he speaks of 'Ludhe villages' referring to Bragamatal in the upper Bashgal valley\", Schuyler Jones notes, \"he does not describe or name the village or villages he visited\"[15]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Would Be King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Civil and Military Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_Military_Gazette"},{"link_name":"The Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_Military_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Haughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Haughton"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_Marx_1999-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_Marx_1999-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_Marx_1999-19"}],"text":"Rudyard KiplingMcNair's story has been proposed as a model for some of Rudyard Kipling's stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888), and less frequently, Kim (1901).In 1882 Kipling returned to India to help edit Lahore's Civil and Military Gazette, a newspaper affiliated with The Pioneer in Allahabad, where Kipling worked from 1887 to early 1889. McNair's expedition was covered by both papers. As noted above, the Pioneer's early article on the expedition was summarised in The Athenaeum in September 1883. And \"in 1883 and 1884, there were at least two reports in the CMG of journeys to Kafiristan, one by 'Mr. McNair, of the survey department,' disguised as a native hakim.\"[16] McNair's lengthy obituary in The Pioneer (reprinted in Howard's Memoir), showed the editors' familiarity with McNair's accomplishments.In a 1988 reprint of \"The Man Who Would Be King\", Hugh Haughton wrote, \"There was in fact one precedent for the duo's daredevil journey, and in composing the story I suspect that Kipling may have drawn upon the account of a visit to Kafiristan made by W. W. McNair, which was read to the Royal Geographical Society in December 1883. McNair, an officer in the Indian Survey, disobeyed government orders forbidding Europeans to cross the frontier without permission, and made his way to Kafiristan disguised as a Muhammedan hakim, or native doctor.\"[17]\"The conditions of McNair's journey\", Edward Marx argued, \"exhibit some striking similarities to those of Kipling's story, and certain details in McNair's account, as well, might have suggested ideas to Kipling, such as the 'antique seal' McNair brought to the Society's meeting, which he was inclined to think Egyptian.\"[18] McNair noted that \"the men shave the whole of the head, except a circular patch on the crown, where the hair is allowed to grow\"; Dravot \"shaved his head into patterns.\"[19] Kipling's story follows McNair's description of the Kafirs as \"incessantly engaged in petty warfare with the Mahommedans\" but \"exceedingly well disposed towards the British.\" \"As regards their religion\", McNair writes, \"one Supreme Being (Imbra) is universally acknowledged. . . . Priests preside at their temples, in which stones are set up, but to neither priests nor idols is undue reverence paid.\" In Kipling's story the men encounter \"half a dozen big stone idols . . . the biggest—a fellow they call Imbra.\" McNair's account, \"give or take a few chiefs, is entirely consistent with the depiction of the Kafirs' arms and military abilities in Kipling's story, down to the matchlocks\", Marx argued.[19] \"A final resemblance between McNair's account and Kipling's story is his abrupt departure from the country, precipitated by the arrival of an informant who was likely to alert authorities to McNair's identity, an eventuality that, as he had noted earlier, would likely have resulted in his death.\"[19]","title":"McNair and Kipling"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/W_W_McNair.jpg/220px-W_W_McNair.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plane table surveyor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frank_Debenham.jpg/150px-Frank_Debenham.jpg"},{"image_text":"1881 map of Kafiristan, RGS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Kafiristan_WDL12996.png/220px-Map_of_Kafiristan_WDL12996.png"},{"image_text":"Prismatic compass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Illustrated_catalogue_and_price-list_of_drawing_and_tracing_papers%2C_sun_print_papers_and_equipments%2C_drawing_instruments_and_materials%2C_surveying_instruments%2C_accessories%2C_etc._-_Kolesch_and_Company._%2814760920616%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumbur Valley, 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NO-NB_BLDSA_GM2b142n.jpg/170px-NO-NB_BLDSA_GM2b142n.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir Henry Rawlinson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson.jpg/130px-Sir_Henry_Rawlinson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rudyard Kipling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg/130px-Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10382/10382.txt","external_links_name":"J. E. Howard, ed., Memoir of William Watts McNair: The First European Explorer of Kafiristan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3i4RAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"W. W. McNair, \"A Visit to Kafiristan\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b29351194","external_links_name":"W. S. A. Lockhart and R. G. Woothorpe, The Gilgit Mission, 1885–86"},{"Link":"https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/apac/saalg/issue1.pdf","external_links_name":"Schuyler Jones, \"Lost Horizon – A Glimpse of Nuristan,\" SAALG Newsletter, 1997, 18."},{"Link":"http://www.mahraka.com/mcnair.html","external_links_name":"Memoir of William Watts McNair"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10382/10382.txt","external_links_name":"J. E. Howard, ed., Memoir of William Watts McNair: The First European Explorer of Kafiristan (London: D.J. Keymer, 1890)."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6924199","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDfQmvYXgrKmxkrXd4v3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008007771","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Westrum | Ron Westrum | ["1 Education","2 Works","3 Recent work","4 Honors","5 References"] | American sociologist
Ron Westrum (born November 23, 1945) is an American sociologist.
Education
Born in Chicago in 1945, Westrum earned a B.A. (cum laude) in Social Relations in 1966 from Harvard University and a Ph.D. in Sociology in 1972 from the University of Chicago.
Works
He is the author of
Complex Organizations: Growth, Struggle, and Change, (with Kamil Samaha), Prentice-Hall, 1984;
Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999. 33l pp.;
and of Technologies: The Shaping of People and Things & Society.Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth Publishing,1991. 394 pp.
Recent work
As of 1987, he was professor of Sociology and Interdisciplinary Technology at Eastern Michigan University.
His recent papers include:
“The Three Cultures Model,” presentation at Symposium on Patient Safety for Improving Florida’s Medical Education, January 2004.
“Increasing the Number of Guards at Nuclear Power Plants,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2004, pp. 959–961.
“Models of Bureaucratic Failure,” in Innovation and Consolidation in Aviation, (Eds., Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)
Interested in unidentified flying object reports, Westrum was a MUFON consultant.
Westrum is said to be a frequent critic of CSICOP and other skeptical organizations.
Honors
He was the Scientist Guest of Honor at ConFusion XXX (January 23–25, 2004).
References
^ UFOs, 1947 - 1987: The 40-Year Search for an Explanation; London: Fortean Times, 1987, ISBN 1-870021-02-9
^ "Limited Access: Six Natural Scientists and the UFO Phenomenon," in David M. Jacobs, Editor, UFOs and Abductions (University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2000)
^ "ASP Test Page".
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"}],"text":"Ron Westrum (born November 23, 1945) is an American sociologist.","title":"Ron Westrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"}],"text":"Born in Chicago in 1945, Westrum earned a B.A. (cum laude) in Social Relations in 1966 from Harvard University and a Ph.D. in Sociology in 1972 from the University of Chicago.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He is the author of\nComplex Organizations: Growth, Struggle, and Change, (with Kamil Samaha), Prentice-Hall, 1984;\nSidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999. 33l pp.;\nand of Technologies: The Shaping of People and Things & Society.Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth Publishing,1991. 394 pp.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"unidentified flying object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MUFON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUFON"},{"link_name":"CSICOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSICOP"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As of 1987,[1] he was professor of Sociology and Interdisciplinary Technology at Eastern Michigan University.His recent papers include:\n“The Three Cultures Model,” presentation at Symposium on Patient Safety for Improving Florida’s Medical Education, January 2004.\n“Increasing the Number of Guards at Nuclear Power Plants,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2004, pp. 959–961.\n“Models of Bureaucratic Failure,” in Innovation and Consolidation in Aviation, (Eds., Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)Interested in unidentified flying object reports,[2] Westrum was a MUFON consultant.Westrum is said to be a frequent critic of CSICOP and other skeptical organizations.[3]","title":"Recent work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ConFusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConFusion"}],"text":"He was the Scientist Guest of Honor at ConFusion XXX (January 23–25, 2004).","title":"Honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ASP Test Page\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cohenufo.org/Weber/westrmpaper.htm","url_text":"\"ASP Test Page\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cohenufo.org/Weber/westrmpaper.htm","external_links_name":"\"ASP Test Page\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084088660","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/111595863","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqqgy8rD3G9GPfDrCJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13598037k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13598037k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1145563910","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461354105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83208310","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073650870","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.