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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fires_of_Innocence | Fires of Innocence | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1922 British silent drama film
Fires of InnocenceDirected bySidney MorganWritten byGeorge Stevenson (novel) Sidney MorganProduced byFrank E. SpringStarringJoan Morgan Bobbie Andrews Arthur Lennard Madge TreeProductioncompanyProgress FilmsDistributed byButcher's Film ServiceRelease date
September 1922 (1922-09)
CountryUnited KingdomLanguagesSilent English intertitles
Fires of Innocence is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by Sidney Morgan and starring Joan Morgan, Bobbie Andrews and Arthur Lennard. It was based on George Stevenson's novel A Little World Apart.
Cast
Joan Morgan as Helen Dalmaine
Bobbie Andrews as Arthur Dalmaine
Arthur Lennard as Rev. Dalmaine
Marie Illington as Lady Crane
Madge Tree as Bella Blackburn
Nell Emerald as Lydia Blackburn
References
^ Low p.364
Bibliography
Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.
External links
Fires of Innocence at IMDb
vteThe films of Sidney Morgan
The Brass Bottle (1914)
The World's Desire (1915)
Iron Justice (1915)
Light (1915)
Our Boys (1915)
What's Bred... Comes Out in the Flesh (1916)
The Stolen Sacrifice (1916)
The Charlatan (1916)
Auld Lang Syne (1917)
A Bid for Fortune (1917)
Drink (1917)
Derelicts (1917)
Democracy (1918)
Because (1918)
Sweet and Twenty (1919)
All Men Are Liars (1919)
After Many Days (1919)
Two Little Wooden Shoes (1920)
The Woman of the Iron Bracelets (1920)
The Scarlet Wooing (1920)
The Children of Gibeon (1920)
The Black Sheep (1920)
Little Dorrit (1920)
Lady Noggs (1920)
By Berwin Banks (1920)
A Man's Shadow (1920)
Moth and Rust (1921)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1921)
The Lilac Sunbonnet (1922)
Fires of Innocence (1922)
A Lowland Cinderella (1922)
The Woman Who Obeyed (1923)
Shadow of Egypt (1924)
Miriam Rozella (1924)
Bulldog Drummond's Third Round (1925)
A Murderous Girl (1927)
The Thoroughbred (1928)
A Window in Piccadilly (1928)
Her Reputation (1931)
Contraband Love (1931)
Mixed Doubles (1933)
Chelsea Life (1933)
Faces (1934)
The Minstrel Boy (1937)
This article related to a British film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Sidney Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Joan Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lennard"},{"link_name":"George Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_John_Stevenson"}],"text":"Fires of Innocence is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by Sidney Morgan and starring Joan Morgan, Bobbie Andrews and Arthur Lennard. It was based on George Stevenson's novel A Little World Apart.","title":"Fires of Innocence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lennard"},{"link_name":"Marie Illington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Illington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madge Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Tree"},{"link_name":"Nell Emerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Emerald"}],"text":"Joan Morgan as Helen Dalmaine\nBobbie Andrews as Arthur Dalmaine\nArthur Lennard as Rev. Dalmaine\nMarie Illington as Lady Crane\nMadge Tree as Bella Blackburn\nNell Emerald as Lydia Blackburn","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0325382/","external_links_name":"Fires of Innocence"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fires_of_Innocence&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Mosul | List of rulers of Mosul | ["1 Umayyad governors","2 Abbasid governors","3 Hamdanid emirs","4 Uqaylid emirs","5 Seljuk Atabegs","6 Zengid emirs","7 Lu'lu'id emirs","8 Mongol Governors","9 Jalayirid","10 Ottoman governors","11 References","12 Sources"] | This is a list of the rulers of the Iraqi city of Mosul.
Umayyad governors
See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Umayyad Caliphate
Muhammad ibn Marwan (ca. 685–705)
Yusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam (ca. 685–705)
Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik (ca. 685–705)
Yahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani (719–720)
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (720–724)
Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf (727–731/32)
Yahya ibn al-Hurr (732/33)
Al-Walid ibn Talid (733–739)
Abu Quhafa ibn al-Walid (739–743)
Al Qatiran ibn Akmad ibn al-Shaybani (744–745)
Hisham ibn Amr-al Zubayr (745–750)
Abbasid governors
See also: Abbasid Caliphate
Muhammad ibn Sawl (750–751)
Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali (c. 751)
Ismail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah (751–759)
Malik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai (759–762)
Ja'far ibn Abu Jafar (762–764)
Khalid ibn Barmak (764–766)
Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Yazid (768–770)
Yazid ibn Usayd ibn Zafir al-Sulami (770)
Musa ibn Ka'b (771–772)
Khalid ibn Barmak and Musa ibn Mus'ab (772–775)
Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (776)
Hassan al Sarawi (776–777)
Abd al-Samad ibn Ali (778)
Muhammed ibn al-Fadl (779–780)
Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali (781–782)
Musa ibn Mus'ab (782–783)
Hashim ibn Sa'id (785)
Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (785–787)
Ishaq ibn Muhammed (787–778)
Saíd ibn al-Salm (778–789)
Abd Allah ibn Malik (789–791)
al-Hakam ibn Sulayman (791)
Muhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi (791–796)
Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi (796–797)
Harthama ibn A'yan (798–802), with various deputies
Nadal ibn Rifa's (804–805)
Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Hatim (806)
Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar (c. 806)
Muhammed ibn al-Fadl (806–809)
Ibrahim ibn al-Abbas (809)
Khalid ibn Yazid (810)
al-Muttalib ibn Abd Allah (811)
al-Hasan ibn Umar (812)
Tahir ibn Husayn (813)
Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Sailh (814–817)
al-Sayyid ibn Anas (817–826)
Muhammed ibn Humayd al-Tusi (826–827)
Harun ibn Abu Khalid (827)
Muhammed ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (827–828)
Malik ibn Tawk (829–831)
Mansur ibn Bassam (c.834)
Abd Allah ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (c. 838)
Akaba ibn Muhammad (before 868)
Hasan ibn Ayyub (before 868)
Abd Allah ibn Sulayman (c. 868)
Musawir: Kharijite rebel (868)
Azugitin (873–874), with deputies
Khidr bin Ahmad (c. 874)
Autonomous:
Ishaq ibn Kundaj (879–891)
Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj (891–892)
Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (892–893)
Hamdan ibn Hamdun, rebel Hamdanid (892–895)
Direct Abbasid control
Hasan ibn Ali (c. 895)
Abu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid (c. 899–902)
Hamdanid emirs
See also: Anarchy at Samarra, Al-Muqtadir, and Hamdanid Dynasty
Abdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan, 905–913, 914–916 926–929, as Abbasid governor
Nasir al-Dawla, 929–930 and 935–967
Sa'id ibn Hamdan, 931–934
Abu Taghlib, 967–978
Directly administered as part of the Buyid emirate of Iraq, 978–989
Abu Tahir Ibrahim and Abu Abdallah Husayn, 989–990
Uqaylid emirs
Main article: Uqaylid Dynasty
Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab ca. 990–991/2
Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj (Buyid governor) 991/2–996
Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab 996–1001
Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad 1001–1050
Baraka ibn al-Muqallad 1050–1052
Quraysh ibn Baraka 1052–1061
Under Seljuk suzerainty 1055–1096
Muslim ibn Quraysh 1061–1085
Ibrahim ibn Quraysh 1085–1089/90
Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir (vizier of Malik-Shah I) 1089/90–1092
Ali ibn Muslim 1092
Ibrahim ibn Quraysh 1092–1093
Ali ibn Muslim 1093–1096
Seljuk Atabegs
See also: Seljuk Sultanate
Kerbogha, 1096–1102
Sunqurjah, officer of Kerbogha, 1102.
Musa al-Turkomani, Kerbogha's deputy at Hisn Kaifa, 1102.
Jikirmish 1102–1106
Jawali Saqawa, 1106–1109
Mawdud, 1109–1113
Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1113–1114
Juyûsh-Beg, 1114–1124
Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, second rule, 1124–1126
Mas’ûd ibn Bursuqî, son of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1126–1127.
Zengid emirs
Main article: Zengid dynasty
Imad al-Din Zengi 1127–1146
Saif ad-Din Ghazi I 1146–1149
Qutb ad-Din Mawdud 1149–1169
Ghazi II Saif ud-Din 1169–1180
Mas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din 1180–1193 and:
Sanjar Shah (at Jazira) 1176–1208 and:
Arslan I Shah Nur ud-Din 1193–1211 and:
Mahmud Muizz ad-Din (at Jazira) 1208–1241 and:
Mas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din 1211–1218 and afterwards:
Arslan II Shah Nur ud-Din 1218–1219 and afterwards:
Nasir ad-Din Mahmud 1219–1234.
Lu'lu'id emirs
Badr al-Din Lu'lu', former atabeg to Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, 1234–1259
As-Salih Isma'il, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Mosul and Sinjar, 1259–1262
Al-Muzaffar 'Ala' al-Din 'Ali, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Sinjar, 1259
Sayf al-Din Ishāq, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, 1259-1262.
Mongol Governors
See also: Ilkhanate and Jalayirid Sultanate
Mulay Noyan c. 1296–1312
Amīr Sūtāy 1312–1331/1332, Sutayid
Alī Pādshāh, Oirat 1332–1336
Ḥājī Ṭaghāy ibn Sūtāy 1336–c. 1342, Sutayid
Ibrahim Shah 1342–1347, Sutayid, nephew of Ḥājī Ṭaghāy
To the house of Jalayirid of Baghdad 1340s–1383
Jalayirid
Main article: Jalairid Sultanate
Bayazid 1382–1383
To the Horde of the Black Sheep 1383–1401
To the Timurid Empire 1401–1405
To the Horde of the Black Sheep 1405–1468
To the Horde of the White Sheep 1468–1508
To Persia 1508–1534
To the Ottoman Empire 1534–1623
To Persia 1623–1638
To the Ottoman Empire 1638–1917
Ottoman governors
See also: Ottoman Empire
Ezidi Mirza (1649-1650)
Hatibzade Yahya Pasha (1748)
Hüseyin Pasha 1758–?
Murad Pasha ?
Sa'dullah Pasha ?
Hasan Pasha of Mosul ?
Mehmed Pasha of Mosul ?
Süleyman Pasha ?
Mehmed Amin Pasha ?
Mahmud Pasha ?
Abdurrahman Pasha ?
Ahmed Pasha ?
Osman Pasha ?
Naman Pasha ?–1831
Omari Pasha 1831–1833
Yahya Pasha 1833–1834
Injal Pasha 1835–1840
? 1840–1844
Sherif Pasha 1844–1845
Tayyar Pasha 1846
Esad Pasha 1847
Vechihi Pasha 1848
Kâmil Pasha 1848–1855
Within the eyalet of Van 1855–1865
Within the vilayet of Iraq 1865–1875
? 1875–1889
Kürd Reshid Pasha 1889
? 1889–1894
Aziz Pasha 1894–1895
Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 1896
Zihdi Bey 1897
Abdülwahib Pasha 1898
Hüseyin Hazim Pasha 1898–1900
Hadji Reshid Pasha 1901
Nuri Pasha 1902–1904
Mustafa Bey 1905–1908
Fazil Pasha 1909
Tahir Pasha 1910–1912
Süleyman Nasif Bey 1913–1916
Haydar Bey 1916–1918
References
^ Forand, Paul G. (Jan–Mar 1969). "The Governors of Mosul According to Al-Azdī's Ta'rīkh Almawṣil". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 88–105. doi:10.2307/598281. JSTOR 598281.
^ a b c d Grousset 1934, pp. 438–9.
^ a b Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130. ISBN 9004097902.
^ a b Richards, D. S., Editor, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 1, 1097–1146., Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK, 2010, pp. 58-59.
^ Maalouf 1983, pp. 92–4.
^ Grousset 1934, pp. 697–9.
^ Bosworth, Clifford E., The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, p. 193.
^ Patrick Wing (2007). "The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier" (PDF). University of Chicago. p. 78.
Sources
Grousset, René (1934). History of the Crusades and the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem. Paris: Perrin.
Maalouf, Amin (1983). The Crusades seen by the Arabs. ISBN 978-2-290-11916-7.
vteLists of Ottoman governorsEyalets
Algeria Eyalet
Bosnia Eyalet
Crete Eyalet
Egypt Eyalet
Damascus Eyalet
Tripolitania Eyalet
Mosul Eyalet
vteIslamic dynasties in Mashriq region
Rashiduns (632–661)
Umayyads (661–750)
Abbasids (750–1258)
Tulunids (868–905)
Hamdanids (890–1004)
Hadhabani (10th–11th century)
Fatimids (909–1171)
Ikhsidids (935–969)
Jarrahids (970–11th/12th century)
Numayrids (990–1081)
Marwanids (990–1085)
Uqaylids (990–1096)
Mirdasids (1024–1080)
Artuqids (11th–12th century)
Burids (1104–1154)
Zengids (1127–1250)
Ayyubids (1171–1341)
Lu'lu'ids (1234–1262)
Bahri (1250–1382)
Bahdinan (1376–1843)
Burji (1382–1517)
Harfush (15th–19th century)
Soran (16th–19th century)
Ridwan (1560s–1690)
Baban (1649–1850)
Shihabs (1697–1842)
Mamluks (1704–1831)
Jalilis (1726–1834)
Alawiyya (1805–1952)
Hashemites of Iraq (1921–1958)
Hashemites of Jordan (1921–present) | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of rulers of Mosul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_ibn_Yahya_ibn_al-Hakam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Yahya_al-Ghassani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_II"},{"link_name":"Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hurr_ibn_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn al-Hurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_al-Hurr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid ibn Talid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Walid_ibn_Talid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu Quhafa ibn al-Walid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Quhafa_ibn_al-Walid&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Umayyad CaliphateMuhammad ibn Marwan (ca. 685–705)\nYusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam (ca. 685–705)\nSa'id ibn Abd al-Malik (ca. 685–705)\nYahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani (719–720)[1]\nMarwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (720–724)\nAl-Hurr ibn Yusuf (727–731/32)\nYahya ibn al-Hurr (732/33)\nAl-Walid ibn Talid (733–739)\nAbu Quhafa ibn al-Walid (739–743)\nAl Qatiran ibn Akmad ibn al-Shaybani (744–745)\nHisham ibn Amr-al Zubayr (745–750)","title":"Umayyad governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Sawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Sawl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ismail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malik_ibn_al-Haytham_al-Khuzai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ja'far ibn Abu Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abdallah_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn Barmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn Barmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Mus'ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Mus%27ab_al-Khath%27ami"},{"link_name":"Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Sulayman_al-Hashimi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Ismail_ibn_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Mus'ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Mus%27ab_al-Khath%27ami"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Malik ibn Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Salih"},{"link_name":"Muhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammed_ibn_al-Abbas_al-Hashimi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Harashi"},{"link_name":"Harthama ibn A'yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthama_ibn_A%27yan"},{"link_name":"Tahir ibn Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Tawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Tawk"},{"link_name":"Ishaq ibn Kundaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Kundaj"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ishaq_ibn_Kundaj"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_al-Shaybani"},{"link_name":"Hamdan ibn Hamdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_ibn_Hamdun"},{"link_name":"Abu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi"}],"text":"See also: Abbasid CaliphateMuhammad ibn Sawl (750–751)\nYahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali (c. 751)\nIsmail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah (751–759)\nMalik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai (759–762)\nJa'far ibn Abu Jafar (762–764)\nKhalid ibn Barmak (764–766)\nIsmail ibn Abd Allah ibn Yazid (768–770)\nYazid ibn Usayd ibn Zafir al-Sulami (770)\nMusa ibn Ka'b (771–772)\nKhalid ibn Barmak and Musa ibn Mus'ab (772–775)\nIshaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (776)\nHassan al Sarawi (776–777)\nAbd al-Samad ibn Ali (778)\nMuhammed ibn al-Fadl (779–780)\nAhmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali (781–782)\nMusa ibn Mus'ab (782–783)\nHashim ibn Sa'id (785)\nAbd al-Malik ibn Salih (785–787)\nIshaq ibn Muhammed (787–778)\nSaíd ibn al-Salm (778–789)\nAbd Allah ibn Malik (789–791)\nal-Hakam ibn Sulayman (791)\nMuhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi (791–796)\nYahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi (796–797)\nHarthama ibn A'yan (798–802), with various deputies\nNadal ibn Rifa's (804–805)\nKhalid ibn Yazid ibn Hatim (806)\nAli ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar (c. 806)\nMuhammed ibn al-Fadl (806–809)\nIbrahim ibn al-Abbas (809)\nKhalid ibn Yazid (810)\nal-Muttalib ibn Abd Allah (811)\nal-Hasan ibn Umar (812)\nTahir ibn Husayn (813)\nAli ibn al-Hasan ibn Sailh (814–817)\nal-Sayyid ibn Anas (817–826)\nMuhammed ibn Humayd al-Tusi (826–827)\nHarun ibn Abu Khalid (827)\nMuhammed ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (827–828)\nMalik ibn Tawk (829–831)\nMansur ibn Bassam (c.834)\nAbd Allah ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (c. 838)\nAkaba ibn Muhammad (before 868)\nHasan ibn Ayyub (before 868)\nAbd Allah ibn Sulayman (c. 868)\nMusawir: Kharijite rebel (868)\nAzugitin (873–874), with deputies\nKhidr bin Ahmad (c. 874)\nAutonomous:\nIshaq ibn Kundaj (879–891)\nMuhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj (891–892)\nAhmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (892–893)\nHamdan ibn Hamdun, rebel Hamdanid (892–895)\nDirect Abbasid control\nHasan ibn Ali (c. 895)\nAbu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid (c. 899–902)","title":"Abbasid governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anarchy at Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqtadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla"},{"link_name":"Sa'id ibn Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Abu Taghlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Taghlib"},{"link_name":"Buyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid"},{"link_name":"Abu Tahir Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tahir_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu Abdallah Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_Husayn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Anarchy at Samarra, Al-Muqtadir, and Hamdanid DynastyAbdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan, 905–913, 914–916 926–929, as Abbasid governor\nNasir al-Dawla, 929–930 and 935–967\nSa'id ibn Hamdan, 931–934\nAbu Taghlib, 967–978\nDirectly administered as part of the Buyid emirate of Iraq, 978–989\nAbu Tahir Ibrahim and Abu Abdallah Husayn, 989–990","title":"Hamdanid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Musayyab"},{"link_name":"Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Hajjaj"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqallad_ibn_al-Musayyab"},{"link_name":"Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirwash_ibn_al-Muqallad"},{"link_name":"Baraka ibn al-Muqallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baraka_ibn_al-Muqallad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quraysh ibn Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quraysh_ibn_Baraka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muslim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Quraysh"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_ibn_Quraysh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla_ibn_Jahir"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Malik-Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik-Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_ibn_Quraysh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab ca. 990–991/2\nAbu Ja'far al-Hajjaj (Buyid governor) 991/2–996\nAl-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab 996–1001\nQirwash ibn al-Muqallad 1001–1050\nBaraka ibn al-Muqallad 1050–1052\nQuraysh ibn Baraka 1052–1061\nUnder Seljuk suzerainty 1055–1096\nMuslim ibn Quraysh 1061–1085\nIbrahim ibn Quraysh 1085–1089/90\nFakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir (vizier of Malik-Shah I) 1089/90–1092\nAli ibn Muslim 1092\nIbrahim ibn Quraysh 1092–1093\nAli ibn Muslim 1093–1096","title":"Uqaylid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seljuk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kerbogha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbogha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Jikirmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikirmish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"Jawali Saqawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawali_Saqawa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul2-5"},{"link_name":"Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi"},{"link_name":"Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Seljuk SultanateKerbogha, 1096–1102 [2][3]\nSunqurjah, officer of Kerbogha, 1102.[2][3][4]\nMusa al-Turkomani, Kerbogha's deputy at Hisn Kaifa, 1102.[2][4]\nJikirmish 1102–1106 [2]\nJawali Saqawa, 1106–1109 [5]\nMawdud, 1109–1113\nAqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1113–1114\nJuyûsh-Beg, 1114–1124\nAqsunqur al-Bursuqi, second rule, 1124–1126\nMas’ûd ibn Bursuqî, son of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1126–1127.[6]","title":"Seljuk Atabegs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqs"},{"link_name":"Imad al-Din Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"Saif ad-Din Ghazi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ad-Din_Ghazi_I"},{"link_name":"Qutb ad-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Ghazi II Saif ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_II_Saif_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_%27Izz_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Sanjar Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjar_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arslan I Shah Nur ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Arslan_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Muizz ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Muizz_ad-Din"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_II_%27Izz_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Arslan II Shah Nur ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arslan_II_Shah_Nur_ud-Din&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Mahmud"}],"text":"[Under Seljuk sovereignty]\nImad al-Din Zengi 1127–1146\nSaif ad-Din Ghazi I 1146–1149\nQutb ad-Din Mawdud 1149–1169\nGhazi II Saif ud-Din 1169–1180\nMas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din 1180–1193 and:\nSanjar Shah (at Jazira) 1176–1208 and:\nArslan I Shah Nur ud-Din 1193–1211 and:\nMahmud Muizz ad-Din (at Jazira) 1208–1241 and:\nMas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din 1211–1218 and afterwards:\nArslan II Shah Nur ud-Din 1218–1219 and afterwards:\nNasir ad-Din Mahmud 1219–1234.","title":"Zengid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Lu'lu'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_Lu%27lu%27"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As-Salih_Isma%27il&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar"},{"link_name":"Jazirat ibn 'Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"}],"text":"Badr al-Din Lu'lu', former atabeg to Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, 1234–1259[7]\n[Under Mongols suzerainty beginning in 1254]\nAs-Salih Isma'il, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Mosul and Sinjar, 1259–1262\nAl-Muzaffar 'Ala' al-Din 'Ali, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Sinjar, 1259\nSayf al-Din Ishāq, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, 1259-1262.","title":"Lu'lu'id emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Jalayirid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mulay Noyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amīr Sūtāy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutay"}],"text":"See also: Ilkhanate and Jalayirid SultanateMulay Noyan c. 1296–1312[8]\nAmīr Sūtāy 1312–1331/1332, Sutayid\nAlī Pādshāh, Oirat 1332–1336\nḤājī Ṭaghāy ibn Sūtāy 1336–c. 1342, Sutayid\nIbrahim Shah 1342–1347, Sutayid, nephew of Ḥājī Ṭaghāy\nTo the house of Jalayirid of Baghdad 1340s–1383","title":"Mongol Governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_(Jalayirids)"}],"text":"Bayazid 1382–1383\nTo the Horde of the Black Sheep 1383–1401\nTo the Timurid Empire 1401–1405\nTo the Horde of the Black Sheep 1405–1468\nTo the Horde of the White Sheep 1468–1508\nTo Persia 1508–1534\nTo the Ottoman Empire 1534–1623\nTo Persia 1623–1638\nTo the Ottoman Empire 1638–1917","title":"Jalayirid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ezidi Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezidi_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Hatibzade Yahya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatibzade_Yahya_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murad_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sa'dullah Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%27dullah_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hasan Pasha of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Pasha of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Amin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Amin_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdurrahman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osman_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naman_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omari Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omari_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Injal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Injal_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sherif Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherif_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tayyar Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tayyar_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esad_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vechihi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vechihi_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kâmil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha"},{"link_name":"eyalet of Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van"},{"link_name":"vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Kürd Reshid Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCrd_Reshid_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aziz Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kölemen Abdullah Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Zihdi Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zihdi_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdülwahib Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd%C3%BClwahib_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Hazim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Hazim_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadji Reshid Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Reshid_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuri Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Killigil"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Bey_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fazil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazil_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tahir Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_Pasha_(Mosul)"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Nasif Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Nasif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haydar Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydar_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Ottoman EmpireEzidi Mirza (1649-1650)\nHatibzade Yahya Pasha (1748)\nHüseyin Pasha 1758–?\nMurad Pasha ?\nSa'dullah Pasha ?\nHasan Pasha of Mosul ?\nMehmed Pasha of Mosul ?\nSüleyman Pasha ?\nMehmed Amin Pasha ?\nMahmud Pasha ?\nAbdurrahman Pasha ?\nAhmed Pasha ?\nOsman Pasha ?\nNaman Pasha ?–1831\nOmari Pasha 1831–1833\nYahya Pasha 1833–1834\nInjal Pasha 1835–1840\n? 1840–1844\nSherif Pasha 1844–1845\nTayyar Pasha 1846\nEsad Pasha 1847\nVechihi Pasha 1848\nKâmil Pasha 1848–1855\nWithin the eyalet of Van 1855–1865\nWithin the vilayet of Iraq 1865–1875\n? 1875–1889\nKürd Reshid Pasha 1889\n? 1889–1894\nAziz Pasha 1894–1895\nKölemen Abdullah Pasha 1896\nZihdi Bey 1897\nAbdülwahib Pasha 1898\nHüseyin Hazim Pasha 1898–1900\nHadji Reshid Pasha 1901\nNuri Pasha 1902–1904\nMustafa Bey 1905–1908\nFazil Pasha 1909\nTahir Pasha 1910–1912\nSüleyman Nasif Bey 1913–1916\nHaydar Bey 1916–1918","title":"Ottoman governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grousset, René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset"},{"link_name":"Maalouf, Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Maalouf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-290-11916-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-290-11916-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_Ottoman_governors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_Ottoman_governors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_Ottoman_governors"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eyalets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalets"},{"link_name":"Algeria Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Bosnia Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Crete Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Egypt Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Damascus Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Mosul Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"Islamic dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_empires_and_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Mashriq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashriq"},{"link_name":"Rashiduns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Tulunids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids"},{"link_name":"Hamdanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hadhabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhabani"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ikhsidids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jarrahids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrahids"},{"link_name":"Numayrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Marwanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)"},{"link_name":"Uqaylids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mirdasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Artuqids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqids"},{"link_name":"Burids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zengids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ayyubids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lu'lu'ids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lu'lu'id_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bahri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bahdinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahdinan"},{"link_name":"Burji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Harfush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfush_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Soran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Ridwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridwan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Baban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baban"},{"link_name":"Shihabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"Jalilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalili_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alawiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hashemites of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"},{"link_name":"Hashemites of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"}],"text":"Grousset, René (1934). History of the Crusades and the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem. Paris: Perrin.\nMaalouf, Amin (1983). The Crusades seen by the Arabs. ISBN 978-2-290-11916-7.vteLists of Ottoman governorsEyalets\nAlgeria Eyalet\nBosnia Eyalet\nCrete Eyalet\nEgypt Eyalet\nDamascus Eyalet\nTripolitania Eyalet\nMosul EyaletvteIslamic dynasties in Mashriq region\nRashiduns (632–661)\nUmayyads (661–750)\nAbbasids (750–1258)\nTulunids (868–905)\nHamdanids (890–1004)\nHadhabani (10th–11th century)\nFatimids (909–1171)\nIkhsidids (935–969)\nJarrahids (970–11th/12th century)\nNumayrids (990–1081)\nMarwanids (990–1085)\nUqaylids (990–1096)\nMirdasids (1024–1080)\nArtuqids (11th–12th century)\nBurids (1104–1154)\nZengids (1127–1250)\nAyyubids (1171–1341)\nLu'lu'ids (1234–1262)\nBahri (1250–1382)\nBahdinan (1376–1843)\nBurji (1382–1517)\nHarfush (15th–19th century)\nSoran (16th–19th century)\nRidwan (1560s–1690)\nBaban (1649–1850)\nShihabs (1697–1842)\nMamluks (1704–1831)\nJalilis (1726–1834)\nAlawiyya (1805–1952)\nHashemites of Iraq (1921–1958)\nHashemites of Jordan (1921–present)","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Forand, Paul G. (Jan–Mar 1969). \"The Governors of Mosul According to Al-Azdī's Ta'rīkh Almawṣil\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 88–105. doi:10.2307/598281. JSTOR 598281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598281","url_text":"10.2307/598281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/598281","url_text":"598281"}]},{"reference":"Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130. ISBN 9004097902.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&q=Sonkordja&pg=PA1130","url_text":"First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097902","url_text":"9004097902"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Wing (2007). \"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier\" (PDF). University of Chicago. p. 78.","urls":[{"url":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XI-2_2007-Wing.pdf","url_text":"\"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier\""}]},{"reference":"Grousset, René (1934). History of the Crusades and the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem. Paris: Perrin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset","url_text":"Grousset, René"}]},{"reference":"Maalouf, Amin (1983). The Crusades seen by the Arabs. ISBN 978-2-290-11916-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Maalouf","url_text":"Maalouf, Amin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-290-11916-7","url_text":"978-2-290-11916-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598281","external_links_name":"10.2307/598281"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/598281","external_links_name":"598281"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&q=Sonkordja&pg=PA1130","external_links_name":"First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130"},{"Link":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XI-2_2007-Wing.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_is_the_Time_to_Say_%27I_Love_You%27 | Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You' | ["1 Covers","2 References"] | For the Katharine McPhee cover and album of the same name, see Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1981 single by Billy Squier"Christmas is the Time to Say 'I Love You'"Single by Billy SquierA-side"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'"B-side"My Kinda Lover"Released1981 (1981)GenreRock, ChristmasLength2:52LabelCapitolSongwriter(s)Billy SquierProducer(s)Reinhold MackBilly SquierBilly Squier singles chronology
"My Kinda Lover" (1981)
"Christmas is the Time to Say 'I Love You'" (1981)
"Everybody Wants You" (1982)
"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'" is a holiday rock song by Billy Squier, released in 1981 as the B-side of his single "My Kinda Lover" (Capitol 5037). In 1981, a video of the song was recorded with MTV VJs and staff members singing along with a live performance by Squier. VJ Martha Quinn remembers it as her number one moment when working for MTV. A large number of the background singers and revelers was made up of New York and Philadelphia radio and record people, including Anita Gevinson from WMMR.
Covers
The song has been covered by Darlene Love, Alexa Vega, and by SR-71. Katharine McPhee recorded a cover of the song on her Christmas album, Christmas is the Time to Say I Love You, which was released on October 12, 2010.
References
^ Parker, Lyndsey (July 31, 2016). "Martha, Martha, Martha! 35 Years Later, Original VJ Quinn Remembers MTV's Early Days". Yahoo! Music.
vteBilly SquierAlbums
The Tale of the Tape
Don't Say No
Emotions in Motion
Signs of Life
Enough Is Enough
Hear & Now
Creatures of Habit
Tell the Truth
Happy Blue
Singles
"The Stroke"
"In the Dark"
"My Kinda Lover"/"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'"
"Emotions in Motion"
"Everybody Wants You"
"Rock Me Tonite"
"Love Is the Hero"
"Don't Say You Love Me"
Other songs
"The Big Beat"
"Lonely Is the Night"
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Is_the_Time_to_Say_I_Love_You_(album)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Billy Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Squier"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"My Kinda Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kinda_Lover"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"VJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)"},{"link_name":"Martha Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parker-1"}],"text":"For the Katharine McPhee cover and album of the same name, see Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You (album).1981 single by Billy Squier\"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'\" is a holiday rock song by Billy Squier, released in 1981 as the B-side of his single \"My Kinda Lover\" (Capitol 5037). In 1981, a video of the song was recorded with MTV VJs and staff members singing along with a live performance by Squier. VJ Martha Quinn remembers it as her number one moment when working for MTV.[1] A large number of the background singers and revelers was made up of New York and Philadelphia radio and record people, including Anita Gevinson from WMMR.","title":"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darlene Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Love"},{"link_name":"Alexa Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Vega"},{"link_name":"SR-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_(band)"},{"link_name":"Katharine McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_McPhee"},{"link_name":"Christmas is the Time to Say I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Is_the_Time_to_Say_I_Love_You_(Album)"}],"text":"The song has been covered by Darlene Love, Alexa Vega, and by SR-71. Katharine McPhee recorded a cover of the song on her Christmas album, Christmas is the Time to Say I Love You, which was released on October 12, 2010.","title":"Covers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Parker, Lyndsey (July 31, 2016). \"Martha, Martha, Martha! 35 Years Later, Original VJ Quinn Remembers MTV's Early Days\". Yahoo! Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/music/martha-martha-martha-35-years-later-original-vj-quinn-remembers-mtvs-early-days-042906236.html","url_text":"\"Martha, Martha, Martha! 35 Years Later, Original VJ Quinn Remembers MTV's Early Days\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22","external_links_name":"\"Christmas Is the Time to Say 'I Love You'\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christmas+Is+the+Time+to+Say+%27I+Love+You%27%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/music/martha-martha-martha-35-years-later-original-vj-quinn-remembers-mtvs-early-days-042906236.html","external_links_name":"\"Martha, Martha, Martha! 35 Years Later, Original VJ Quinn Remembers MTV's Early Days\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Gladstone | HMAS Gladstone | ["1 Battle honours","2 References"] | Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) have been named HMAS Gladstone, for the port city of Gladstone, Queensland:
HMAS Gladstone (J324), a Bathurst-class corvette commissioned in 1943 and paid off in 1956
HMAS Gladstone (FCPB 216), Fremantle-class patrol boat commissioned in 1984 and decommissioned in 2007
Battle honours
Ships named HMAS Gladstone are entitled to carry two battle honours:
Pacific 1943–45
New Guinea 1943–44
References
^ "Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours". Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
^ "Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gladstone, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"HMAS Gladstone (J324)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Gladstone_(J324)"},{"link_name":"paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"HMAS Gladstone (FCPB 216)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Gladstone_(FCPB_216)"}],"text":"Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) have been named HMAS Gladstone, for the port city of Gladstone, Queensland:HMAS Gladstone (J324), a Bathurst-class corvette commissioned in 1943 and paid off in 1956\nHMAS Gladstone (FCPB 216), Fremantle-class patrol boat commissioned in 1984 and decommissioned in 2007","title":"HMAS Gladstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhonours-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honourslist-2"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"}],"text":"Ships named HMAS Gladstone are entitled to carry two battle honours:[1][2]Pacific 1943–45\nNew Guinea 1943–44","title":"Battle honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\". Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMAS_Gladstone&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt%27s_Department_Store | J. J. Newberry | ["1 John Josiah Newberry","2 J. J. Newberry Company","3 Britt's","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"] | Defunct American five and dime store chain
J. J. Newberry CompanyCompany logo in terrazzo floor at a former store in Los AngelesCompany typeVariety store, Five and dimeFounded1911 (1911) in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.FounderJohn Josiah NewberryDefunct2002FateBankruptSuccessorDollar Zone (2001–02)Area servedNortheast, Southwest, West Coast, United States, CanadaParentMcCrory Stores Corporation (1972–2002)SubsidiariesJ. J. Newberry Canadian, Ltd.
J. J. Newberry's was an American five and dime store chain in the 20th century. It was founded in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1911 by John Josiah Newberry (1877–1954). J. J. Newberry learned the variety store business by working in stores for 17 years between 1894 and 1911. There were seven stores in the chain by 1918.
John Josiah Newberry
John Josiah Newberry (September 26, 1877 – March 6, 1954) was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, Newberry first worked in the railroad business before joining retail store Fowler, Dick and Walker in 1894. In 1899 he joined S. H. Kress & Co. where he stayed until 1911.
He founded the J. J. Newberry chain of five and dime stores in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1911. The first store was a success, and he opened a branch in Freeland, Pennsylvania in 1912. After 1919 he managed the company with his brothers Edgar A. Newberry and C.T. Newberry. At the time of Newberry's death (1954), the J.J. Newberry chain had 475 stores.
J. J. Newberry Company
The company was a family business. J. J. Newberry was joined in management by his brothers C.T. Newberry and Edgar A. Newberry in 1919, at which time there were 17 stores with yearly sales of $500,000.
A 1988 photo of a Newberry's store in Portland, Oregon
Over the years, the Newberry chain acquired other stores including Hested in Wyoming, Missouri, Ohio, North Dakota, Colorado, and Nebraska, and Lee Stores in South Dakota, Minnesota, Maine, and Iowa. At the time of founder J.J. Newberry's death (1954), the chain had 475 stores. By 1961, the company operated 565 stores with total yearly sales of $291 million. The chain also operated a larger department store called Britt's Department Store.
McCrory Stores purchased the 439 unit J. J. Newberry Co. in 1972. McCrory Stores continued to operate it under the Newberry banner as a separate division. McCrory opened additional stores under the Newberry banner especially in the Northeast and California where the name had a strong presence. The company thrived throughout the 1980s but fell on hard times in the early 1990s. The demise of the company became evident following a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in 1992. In 1997, McCrory closed 300 stores including many in the Newberry's division, however several others remained. In the year 2000, most remaining Newberry's and other McCrory-branded five and dime stores had been converted to the Dollar Zone brand, as McCrory's attempted to radically change its business model. The remaining Newberry stores closed along with the whole McCrory's chain in February 2002.
Early J. J. Newberry stores featured a recognizable logo composed of gold or white sans serif letters on a red background that usually occupied the entire width of the store facade. This was similar to the early signage of competitors Woolworth's, Neisner Brothers and the S. S. Kresge. Later stores featured a cursive 1960s modern logo style, dropping the "J. J." altogether.
Poet Donald Hall wrote a poem, Beans and Franks, about the closing of a J.J. Newberry store in Franklin, New Hampshire.
Britt's
Britt's was a division of J. J. Newberry. Founded in the Pacific Northwest in the early 1900s, the J. J. Newberry chain acquired it in December 1928 and all Britts stores were rebranded as J.J. Newberry locations. Newberry revived the Britts name in the early 1960s as a discount store division. During the Birmingham civil rights campaign, activists organized sit-ins at the segregated lunch counters in Britt's Department Stores, which led to the arrest of 20 protesters.
References
^ a b "Discount operation to make last markdown". The Albany Herald. November 30, 2001. p. 12B. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "Company News: 229 Stores To Be Closed By McCrory". The New York Times. December 24, 1991. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "Local Dollar Zone stores shuttered". Dayton Business Journal. December 19, 2001. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
^ "J.J. Newberry Stores to Close". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 1997. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ a b Millman, Christian (November 30, 2001). "McCrory says it's going out of business** The five-and-dime chain joins others in giving up to bigger merchandisers". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ Manning, Joe (1996). "Newberry's North Adams". Mornings on Maple Street. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ "Former J. J. Newberry store photo". RoadsideNut. Archived from the original on April 27, 2005.
^ "A potted history of F.W. Woolworth". The Woolworth's Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ "Postcard". Detroit Historical Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ Morrell, Alan (June 18, 2018). "Whatever Happened To ... Neisner's?". The Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, NY. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ "Beans and Franks". The Writer's Almanac. August 30, 2009. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ Wright, Barnett (January 1, 2013). "1963 in Birmingham, Alabama: A timeline of events". The Birmingham News.
Sources
"Biography of J.J. Newberry". Rootsweb.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
Dye, Elizabeth (July 31, 2001). "J.J. Newberry: A Eulogy". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016.
Halper, Emanuel B. (2001). Shopping Center and Store Leases. Vol. 2. New York City: Law Journal Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-1588520036..
External links
Biography of J.J. Newberry Archived 2005-11-29 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"five and dime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_and_dime"},{"link_name":"Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"variety store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_store"}],"text":"J. J. Newberry's was an American five and dime store chain in the 20th century. It was founded in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1911 by John Josiah Newberry (1877–1954). J. J. Newberry learned the variety store business by working in stores for 17 years between 1894 and 1911. There were seven stores in the chain by 1918.","title":"J. J. Newberry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunbury, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"S. H. Kress & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._H._Kress_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"five and dime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_and_dime"},{"link_name":"Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Freeland, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeland,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"John Josiah Newberry (September 26, 1877 – March 6, 1954) was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, Newberry first worked in the railroad business before joining retail store Fowler, Dick and Walker in 1894. In 1899 he joined S. H. Kress & Co. where he stayed until 1911.He founded the J. J. Newberry chain of five and dime stores in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1911. The first store was a success, and he opened a branch in Freeland, Pennsylvania in 1912. After 1919 he managed the company with his brothers Edgar A. Newberry and C.T. Newberry. At the time of Newberry's death (1954), the J.J. Newberry chain had 475 stores.","title":"John Josiah Newberry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_business"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newberry%27s_-_Downtown_Portland,_Oregon_(1988).jpg"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Britt's Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt%27s_Department_Store"},{"link_name":"McCrory Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCrory_Stores"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Woolworth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"Neisner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisner%27s"},{"link_name":"S. S. Kresge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Donald Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hall"},{"link_name":"Franklin, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The company was a family business. J. J. Newberry was joined in management by his brothers C.T. Newberry and Edgar A. Newberry in 1919, at which time there were 17 stores with yearly sales of $500,000.A 1988 photo of a Newberry's store in Portland, OregonOver the years, the Newberry chain acquired other stores including Hested in Wyoming, Missouri, Ohio, North Dakota, Colorado, and Nebraska, and Lee Stores in South Dakota, Minnesota, Maine, and Iowa. At the time of founder J.J. Newberry's death (1954), the chain had 475 stores. By 1961, the company operated 565 stores with total yearly sales of $291 million. The chain also operated a larger department store called Britt's Department Store.McCrory Stores purchased the 439 unit J. J. Newberry Co. in 1972. McCrory Stores continued to operate it under the Newberry banner as a separate division. McCrory opened additional stores under the Newberry banner especially in the Northeast and California where the name had a strong presence. The company thrived throughout the 1980s but fell on hard times in the early 1990s. The demise of the company became evident following a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in 1992.[2][3] In 1997, McCrory closed 300 stores including many in the Newberry's division, however several others remained.[4] In the year 2000, most remaining Newberry's and other McCrory-branded five and dime stores had been converted to the Dollar Zone brand, as McCrory's attempted to radically change its business model.[5] The remaining Newberry stores closed along with the whole McCrory's chain in February 2002.[5]Early J. J. Newberry stores featured a recognizable logo composed of gold or white sans serif letters on a red background that usually occupied the entire width of the store facade.[6][7] This was similar to the early signage of competitors Woolworth's, Neisner Brothers and the S. S. Kresge.[8][9][10] Later stores featured a cursive 1960s modern logo style, dropping the \"J. J.\" altogether.Poet Donald Hall wrote a poem, Beans and Franks, about the closing of a J.J. Newberry store in Franklin, New Hampshire.[11]","title":"J. J. Newberry Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discount store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_store"},{"link_name":"Birmingham civil rights campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign"},{"link_name":"sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-ins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Britt's was a division of J. J. Newberry. Founded in the Pacific Northwest in the early 1900s, the J. J. Newberry chain acquired it in December 1928 and all Britts stores were rebranded as J.J. Newberry locations. Newberry revived the Britts name in the early 1960s as a discount store division. During the Birmingham civil rights campaign, activists organized sit-ins at the segregated lunch counters in Britt's Department Stores, which led to the arrest of 20 protesters.[12]","title":"Britt's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Biography of J.J. Newberry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051129094134/http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NEWBERRY/1999-10/0940906998"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NEWBERRY/1999-10/0940906998"},{"link_name":"\"J.J. Newberry: A Eulogy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wweek.com/portland/article-238-j-j-newberry-a-eulogy.html"},{"link_name":"Willamette Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160609200608/https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-238-j-j-newberry-a-eulogy.html"},{"link_name":"Shopping Center and Store Leases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v2oQd1HGNekC&q=newberry"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Law Journal Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Journal_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1588520036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588520036"}],"text":"\"Biography of J.J. Newberry\". Rootsweb.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.\nDye, Elizabeth (July 31, 2001). \"J.J. Newberry: A Eulogy\". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016.\nHalper, Emanuel B. (2001). Shopping Center and Store Leases. Vol. 2. New York City: Law Journal Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-1588520036..","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"A 1988 photo of a Newberry's store in Portland, Oregon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Newberry%27s_-_Downtown_Portland%2C_Oregon_%281988%29.jpg/170px-Newberry%27s_-_Downtown_Portland%2C_Oregon_%281988%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Discount operation to make last markdown\". The Albany Herald. November 30, 2001. p. 12B. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YtlDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PLEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3589,5673045&dq=mccrory+newberry+bankrupt&hl=en","url_text":"\"Discount operation to make last markdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Albany_Herald","url_text":"The Albany Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Company News: 229 Stores To Be Closed By McCrory\". The New York Times. December 24, 1991. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/business/company-news-229-stores-to-be-closed-by-mccrory.html?scp=40&sq=Newberry%27s%20stores&st=cse","url_text":"\"Company News: 229 Stores To Be Closed By McCrory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Dollar Zone stores shuttered\". Dayton Business Journal. December 19, 2001. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519224602/http://dayton.bizjournals.com/dayton/stories/2001/12/17/daily23.html","url_text":"\"Local Dollar Zone stores shuttered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"Dayton Business Journal"},{"url":"http://dayton.bizjournals.com/dayton/stories/2001/12/17/daily23.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"J.J. Newberry Stores to Close\". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 1997. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-28/business/fi-22802_1_california-stores","url_text":"\"J.J. Newberry Stores to Close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Millman, Christian (November 30, 2001). \"McCrory says it's going out of business** The five-and-dime chain joins others in giving up to bigger merchandisers\". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2001-11-30-3380054-story.html","url_text":"\"McCrory says it's going out of business** The five-and-dime chain joins others in giving up to bigger merchandisers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Allentown, Pennsylvania"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Joe (1996). \"Newberry's North Adams\". Mornings on Maple Street. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726180310/http://www.morningsonmaplestreet.com/newberrysphoto.html","url_text":"\"Newberry's North Adams\""},{"url":"http://www.morningsonmaplestreet.com/newberrysphoto.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former J. J. Newberry store photo\". RoadsideNut. Archived from the original on April 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050427234604/http://www.roadsidenut.com/bfnewb804.jpg","url_text":"\"Former J. J. Newberry store photo\""},{"url":"http://www.roadsidenut.com/bfnewb804.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A potted history of F.W. Woolworth\". The Woolworth's Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woolworthsmuseum.co.uk/aboutwoolies.html","url_text":"\"A potted history of F.W. Woolworth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcard\". Detroit Historical Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/ss-kresge-company","url_text":"\"Postcard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Historical_Museum","url_text":"Detroit Historical Museum"}]},{"reference":"Morrell, Alan (June 18, 2018). \"Whatever Happened To ... Neisner's?\". The Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, NY. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/rocroots/2014/05/17/whatever-happened-neisners/2211838/","url_text":"\"Whatever Happened To ... Neisner's?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Democrat_and_Chronicle","url_text":"The Democrat and Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Beans and Franks\". The Writer's Almanac. August 30, 2009. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120731014938/http://www.elabs7.com/functions/message_view.html?mid=838078&mlid=499&siteid=20130&uid=a8403e8262","url_text":"\"Beans and Franks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writer%27s_Almanac","url_text":"The Writer's Almanac"},{"url":"http://www.elabs7.com/functions/message_view.html?mid=838078&mlid=499&siteid=20130&uid=a8403e8262","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Barnett (January 1, 2013). \"1963 in Birmingham, Alabama: A timeline of events\". The Birmingham News.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/01/1963_in_birmingham_alabama_a_t.html","url_text":"\"1963 in Birmingham, Alabama: A timeline of events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of J.J. Newberry\". Rootsweb.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051129094134/http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NEWBERRY/1999-10/0940906998","url_text":"\"Biography of J.J. Newberry\""},{"url":"https://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NEWBERRY/1999-10/0940906998","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dye, Elizabeth (July 31, 2001). \"J.J. Newberry: A Eulogy\". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-238-j-j-newberry-a-eulogy.html","url_text":"\"J.J. 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ISBN 978-1588520036.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v2oQd1HGNekC&q=newberry","url_text":"Shopping Center and Store Leases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Journal_Press","url_text":"Law Journal Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588520036","url_text":"978-1588520036"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YtlDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PLEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3589,5673045&dq=mccrory+newberry+bankrupt&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Discount operation to make last markdown\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/business/company-news-229-stores-to-be-closed-by-mccrory.html?scp=40&sq=Newberry%27s%20stores&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Company News: 229 Stores To Be Closed By McCrory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519224602/http://dayton.bizjournals.com/dayton/stories/2001/12/17/daily23.html","external_links_name":"\"Local Dollar Zone stores shuttered\""},{"Link":"http://dayton.bizjournals.com/dayton/stories/2001/12/17/daily23.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-28/business/fi-22802_1_california-stores","external_links_name":"\"J.J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_Wind_Park | Jaisalmer Wind Park | ["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 26°55′12″N 70°54′0″E / 26.92000°N 70.90000°E / 26.92000; 70.90000Wind farm in Rajasthan, India
Jaisalmer Wind ParkLocation of Jaisalmer Wind Park in Rajasthan, IndiaCountryIndiaLocationAmarsagar - Badabaug - Tejuva - Soda Mada, Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, IndiaCoordinates26°55′12″N 70°54′0″E / 26.92000°N 70.90000°E / 26.92000; 70.90000StatusOperationalCommission date2001Wind farm TypeOnshoreSite area5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)Power generation
Units operationalSuzlon’s entire portfolio ranging from 350 kW model to S9X – 2.1 MW seriesMake and modelSuzlonNameplate capacity1,064 MWExternal linksCommonsRelated media on Commons
The Jaisalmer Wind Park is India's second largest and globally the fourth-largest operational onshore wind farm. This project is located in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, Western India.
History
The project was started in August 2002 by developed by Suzlon Energy and comprises Suzlon's entire wind portfolio – ranging from the earliest 350 kW model to the latest S9X – 2.1 MW series. Its installed capacity is 1,064 MW, which makes it one of the world's largest operational onshore wind farms.
By April 2012, its combined installed capacity crossed 1000 MW i.e.,1 GW. At 1064 MW, the wind park became the largest of its kind in India, and one of the largest wind farms in the world.
In 2015, 24 wind turbine generator of 2.1 MW each were installed at Tejuva, taking the overall production to 50.4 MW.
Gallery
View from Jaisalmer's Fort: part of Jaisalmer Wind Park
See also
India portalWeather portalRenewable energy portal
Wind power in India
List of largest power stations in the world
References
^ a b "Top 10 onshore wind farms - Top jaisalmer-wind-park-1064mw | Lists | Energy Digital". www.energydigital.com. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^ "S97-S111_ProductBrochure" (PDF). www.suzlon.com. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^ a b "Suzlon crosses 1 GW capacity at Jaisalmer park". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^ Reporter, B. S. (11 May 2012). "Suzlon creates country's largest wind park". Business Standard India. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^ "Suzlon commissions of 50.40 MW wind power project". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
This article about a wind farm is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth-largest operational onshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world#Wind"},{"link_name":"wind farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-energydigital.com-1"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_district"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Western India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_India"}],"text":"Wind farm in Rajasthan, IndiaThe Jaisalmer Wind Park is India's second largest and globally the fourth-largest operational onshore wind farm.[1] This project is located in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, Western India.","title":"Jaisalmer Wind Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzlon Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzlon_Energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-energydigital.com-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wind turbine generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_generator"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The project was started in August 2002 by developed by Suzlon Energy and comprises Suzlon's entire wind portfolio – ranging from the earliest 350 kW model to the latest S9X – 2.1 MW series.[2] Its installed capacity is 1,064 MW, which makes it one of the world's largest operational onshore wind farms.[1]By April 2012, its combined installed capacity crossed 1000 MW i.e.,1 GW.[3] At 1064 MW, the wind park became the largest of its kind in India,[3] and one of the largest wind farms in the world.[4]In 2015, 24 wind turbine generator of 2.1 MW each were installed at Tejuva, taking the overall production to 50.4 MW.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaisalmer_Wind_Park.jpg"}],"text":"View from Jaisalmer's Fort: part of Jaisalmer Wind Park","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg"},{"title":"Weather portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Weather"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg"},{"title":"Renewable energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy"},{"title":"Wind power in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India"},{"title":"List of largest power stations in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world"}] | [{"reference":"\"Top 10 onshore wind farms - Top jaisalmer-wind-park-1064mw | Lists | Energy Digital\". www.energydigital.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar | Redcar | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Zetland lifeboat","1.3 Victorian Era","1.4 Second World War","1.5 Post war","1.6 Redcar Steelworks","2 Governance","2.1 Wards and areas","2.2 Authority","2.3 Parliament","3 Culture and community","3.1 Culture","3.2 Parks","4 Landmarks","4.1 Towers","4.2 Buildings","4.3 Structures and sculptures","5 Demographics","6 Religion","7 Transport","8 Education","9 Media","10 Sport","11 Notable people","12 Film and television","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°37′05″N 1°04′08″W / 54.618°N 1.069°W / 54.618; -1.069Town in North Yorkshire, England
For other uses, see Redcar (disambiguation).
Town in EnglandRedcarTownleft to right:The seafront and High StreetThe Beacon and Clock TowerThe boating lake and Kirkleatham HallRedcarLocation within North YorkshirePopulation37,073 OS grid referenceNZ601252• London220 mi (350 km) SSEUnitary authorityRedcar and ClevelandCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPlaces
List
CoathamDormanstownKirkleathamWarrenby
Post townREDCARPostcode districtTS10–TS11Dialling code01642PoliceClevelandFireClevelandAmbulanceNorth East
UK ParliamentRedcar
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
54°37′05″N 1°04′08″W / 54.618°N 1.069°W / 54.618; -1.069
Redcar is a seaside town on the Yorkshire Coast in the Redcar and Cleveland unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located 7 miles (11 km) east of Middlesbrough.
The Teesside built-up area's Redcar subdivision had a population of 37,073 at the 2011 Census. The town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland.
It gained a town charter in 1922, from then until 1968 it was governed by the municipal borough of Redcar. Since the abolition of County Borough of Teesside, which existed from 1968 until 1974, the town has been unparished.
History
Origins
Redcar occupies a low-lying site by the sea; the second element of its name is from Old Norse kjarr, meaning 'marsh', and the first may be either Old English (Anglo-Saxon) rēad meaning 'red' or OE hrēod 'reed'. The town originated as a fishing hamlet in the 14th century, trading with the larger adjacent hamlet of Coatham. Until the mid-19th century it was within the parish of Marske-by-the-Sea – mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
Zetland lifeboat
Main article: Zetland (lifeboat)
Numerous ships have foundered off the Redcar coastline and many of their wrecks still exist. The Zetland is the world's oldest surviving lifeboat. It was built by Henry Greathead of South Shields and is housed in a volunteer-led sea-front museum. The lifeboat was first stationed at Redcar in 1802.
Victorian Era
As seaside holidays became fashionable in the early 19th century, Redcar's facilities expanded. By 1841, Redcar had 794 inhabitants. In 1846, work was completed on the Middlesbrough and Redcar Railway and the presently named Redcar Central station, created to attract tourism and trade.
Redcar's population expansion corresponded with Middlesbrough's, with the discovery in 1850 of iron ore in the Eston area of Cleveland Hills. Redcar prospered as a seaside town drawing tourists attracted by eight miles of sands stretching from South Gare to Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
Plans for a pier were drawn up in 1866, but lay dormant until prompted by the announcement of plans to build a pier at Coatham in 1871. Coatham Pier was wrecked before it was completed when two sailing ships were driven through it in a storm. It had to be shortened because of the cost of repairs and was re-opened with an entrance with two kiosks and a roller-skating rink on the Redcar side, and a bandstand halfway along its length.
Redcar Racecourse was created in 1875. Redcar Pier, another pier as well as Coatham Pier, was built in the late 1870s. In October 1880 the brig Luna caused £1,000 worth of damage to this pier. In New Year's Eve 1885 SS Cochrane demolished the landing stage. and in 1897 the schooner Amarant went through the pier. A year later, its head and bandstand burned down.
In October 1898 the Coatham Pier was almost wrecked when the barque Birger struck it and the pier was thereafter allowed to disintegrate. An anchor from the Birger can be seen on the sea front pavement close to the Zetland Lifeboat Museum.
In 1907 a pavilion ballroom was built on Redcar Pier behind the entrance kiosks and in 1928 it was extended. A glass house for concerts was added to the remains of Coatham Pier's entrance. The presently named Redcar East railway station was built in 1929.
In 1929 Coatham Pier's glasshouse was replaced by the New Pavilion theatre. After the war, comedian and entertainer Larry Grayson coined his catchphrase "Shut that Door!" while performing there, since the stage door was open to the cold North Sea breeze.
Second World War
Redcar Pier was deliberately breached (sectioned) in 1940 to prevent its use by enemy invasion forces. As a result of sectioning, damage by a mine explosion and deterioration it was never reconnected and instead allowed to become even more dilapidated.
Post war
Regent Cinema, at the location of Coatham Pier
In 1964 the New Pavilion Theatre was transformed into the Regent Cinema. The Redcar Pier pavilion continued in use after the war but storm damage led to it being declared unsafe and it was demolished in 1980–1981.
Redcar Steelworks
Main article: Teesside SteelworksThe steelworks in 2020 and 2023
The town's main employers in the post-war era were the nearby Teesside Steelworks at Warrenby, founded by Dorman Long in 1917, and the ICI Wilton chemical works. The steel produced at Dorman Long was used to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge and many others. Both the Warrenby and Lackenby sites became part of Tata Steel when Corus was taken over in 2007, but continued to trade under the Corus name until at least February 2008. SSI bought the plant from Tata Steel in February 2011, for £320 million.
After a two-year hiatus following the mothballing of the plant in February 2010, steel was once again being made at Redcar. The Thai owners of the former Corus Plant at Lackenby, Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI), re-ignited the blast furnace, one of the largest in Europe, on 15 April 2012.
On 18 September 2015, production was paused due to the decline in steel prices. On 28 September 2015, the plant was "mothballed" amid poor steel trading conditions across the world and a drop in steel prices. On 2 October, the owner of the site, SSI UK, entered liquidation. On 12 October 2015 the administrator announced that there was no realistic prospect of finding a buyer and the ovens would be extinguished.
Governance
Wards and areas
Wards periodically change, as of 2018 the town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland. Redcar is made up of areas that do not lend their name to a ward: Warrenby, Lakes Estate, Redcar East, The Ings, Ings Farm, Mickledales and Westfield.
On 5 May 2011 Redcar elected its councillors to Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council. There was a by-election on 18 November 2011 for two vacant seats in the Zetland ward, held onto by the Liberal Democrats, and on 19 January 2012 there was a by-election for a vacant seat in Newcomen ward subsequently gained by Labour from the Liberal Democrats.
Authority
Redcar was formerly a township and chapelry in the parishes of Marske and Upleatham, in 1866 Redcar became a separate civil parish. A district in Redcar's name formed in 1885. Three years after the district was formed, the centuries-old Yorkshire authority was replaced by the North Riding of Yorkshire county council. The district became an urban district in 1894.
The County Borough of Teesside shown in red, previous authorities are shown with dotted lines.
The settlement's town charter occurred in 1922, the district was able to be styled as a municipal borough and the settlement as a town. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and merged with Teesside and Marske. On 1 April 1968 the municipal borough was abolished merged into the County Borough of Teesside, part also went to Saltburn and Marske by the Sea Urban District. This removed it from the administrative county however still ceremonially in the area. In 1961 the parish had a population of 31,460.
The 1974 reform created the non-metropolitan County of Cleveland, under the Langbaurgh non-metropolitan district. The county was also inserted into the North East England region. After further changes in 1996, the district became a unitary authority called Redcar & Cleveland in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, the county straddling two regions of England.
The North East England region was sub-divided into combined authorities, in May 2017 the Tees Valley area voted for their first mayor. The Conservative candidate, Ben Houchen, won the election and is now in his second term.
Parliament
From 1987 to 2001, the local Member of Parliament (MP) was Mo Mowlam. From 2001 to 2010 the MP was Vera Baird.
In the 2010 general election there was a swing to the Liberal Democrats with Ian Swales being elected. But, in the 2015 general election, Anna Turley, a Labour MP, won back Redcar. In the snap 2017 general election, Anna Turley held onto that seat. In the general election on 12 December 2019, Anna Turley lost her seat to Conservative candidate Jacob Young with a majority of 3,527 votes. Young becomes the third conservative MP to represent Redcar, the first being Royal Naval Commander Robert Tatton Bower 1931 to 1945 and Scarborough businessman Wilfred Proudfoot between 1959 and 1964 when Redcar was part of the Cleveland constituency.
Culture and community
Culture
The Palace Hub Gallery and business start up centre
Redcar Leisure Centre
The Palace Hub, on the beach front, was built by Redcar and Cleveland Council for the creative and cultural sector of the town. An art gallery and business start up centre are located in the building. The main library is in the Redcar Heart building in the centre of the town and there is a long-standing Redcar Literary Institute, which was founded in 1896.
Redcar is home to the Tuned In! Centre, which opened in 2011 and overlooks the sea front. The multi purpose venue hosts live music as well as creative workshops for young people. The annual event Clubland on the Beach, which showcases dance acts attracting visitors from across the country, has been held at Majuba Road in Redcar for the past three years.
Parks
Coatham Enclosure boating lakeZetland Park, eastern entrance
The town has had several parks built for tourism: Coatham Enclosure, Locke Park, Zetland Park, Lily Park, an Amusement Park with a roller coaster, and a small sea front park known locally as Titty Bottle Park. The Amusement Park near the railway closed decades ago, and Titty Bottle Park was absorbed into the redeveloped sea front around Redcar Beacon.
Landmarks
Towers
Redcar BeaconThe town's clock tower
At the west end of High Street is a Grade II listed clock tower,
a memorial to King Edward VII who was a regular visitor to Redcar. The tower has now been refurbished.
Construction of the Redcar Beacon started in 2011.
In 2013, when the building had been completed, it was nominated for the Building Design Carbuncle Cup for worst new building. It came third in the whole of the UK. In December 2015, the Beacon was damaged by winds from Storm Desmond, with several large pieces of panelling falling onto the beach below. It was also damaged in winter 2016, where a panel from the top fell off in a storm.
Buildings
Zetland Lifeboat Museum, Esplanade
Turner's Hospital, Kirkleatham
Former Coatham Hotel
There are 23 listed buildings in Redcar. The Grade I Listed Sir William Turner's Hospital in Kirkleatham was built between 1674–1676 and listed on the 14 June 1952.
On the Esplanade is the Grade II-Listed Zetland Lifeboat Museum housing the world's oldest lifeboat Zetland Lifeboat.
The Victorian, former Coatham Hotel stands on Newcomen Terrace sea front. The ballroom of the hotel was home to the Redcar Jazz Club, a venue for the up-and-coming bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Structures and sculptures
In the south-east of Redcar is an aircraft listening post built in 1916 during the First World War as part of a regional defence system to detect approaching aircraft, principally Zeppelins, and give early warning.It is an example of an acoustic mirror, of which other examples can be found along the east coast of Britain. The mirror was used up until the invention of radar and although it was built on open fields today a modern housing estate now surrounds it.
Only the concrete sound mirror remains and is now a Grade II listed building.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Tees Valley
Religion
St Peter's Church
To the east of Redcar is the grade II* listed Church of St Peter, designed by Ignatius Bonomi and built 1822–29. In 1818, Lord Dundas gave land for a church, St Peters. The foundation stone was laid by Lady Turner of Kirkleatham in 1823. Initially it was a daughter church of Marske, but became an independent parish in 1867. It has a window commemorating local benefactor Sir William Turner.
Transport
Redcar Central
Redcar has two railway stations, on the Tees Valley line, with trains operated by Northern and TransPennine Express, namely Redcar Central and Redcar East. A third station Redcar British Steel, which closed in December 2019, served the steelworks.
The main roads through the town are the A1085 and the A1042, with the A174 bypassing. Redcar is served primarily by Arriva North East buses, connecting Redcar with the surrounding towns and villages.
The Pangea North and CANTAT-3 submarine telecommunication cables both come ashore between Redcar and Marske-by-the-Sea.
Education
See also: List of schools in Redcar and Cleveland
The town's further education college is Redcar & Cleveland College.
The town's secondary schools are: Outwood Academy Redcar, Sacred Heart Catholic Secondary and Rye Hills Academy.
There are eleven primary schools in Redcar: Coatham, Dormanstown, Green Gates, Ings Farm, John E Batty, Lakes, Newcomen, Riverdale, St Benedict's, Wheatlands and Zetland.
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees, the local television station TalkTeesside also broadcasts to the area. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale TV transmitter.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, Heart North East, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio Teesside, and Zetland FM, a community based radio station which broadcast from its studios on Newcomen Terrace in the town.
The town is served by the local newspapers, East Cleveland Herald & Post which is published by the TeessideLive. The Northern Echo also covers the area.
Sport
In Coatham is Cleveland Golf Club, the first golf club to be formed in Yorkshire. It was established in 1887 and is a links course. Also in Coatham is Redcar Cricket Club, which play in the NYSD league, and Redcar Running Club.
In association football, Redcar Athletic currently compete in the Northern League Division One while Redcar Town play in Northern League Division Two. Redcar Rugby Union Football club play at Mackinlay Park.
Redcar Racecourse
Redcar Racecourse is one of nine thoroughbred horse racecourses in Yorkshire. There is also a motorcycle speedway racing team, the Redcar Bears racing in the SGB Championship. The race track is at the South Tees Motorsport Park in Southbank Street, South Bank and is unusual in that one bend is more highly banked than the other. The team was formerly captained by 1992 World Champion Gary Havelock and was formerly managed by his father Brian.
The town is set to host the 2022 Tour of Britain stage four,
UCI Europe Tour cycling race. The town was previously set to host a stage of the Tour de Yorkshire, the event was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Notable people
See also: Category:People from Redcar
Gertrude Bell, colonial administrator and contemporary of Lawrence of Arabia spent her youthful years at Red Barns House in Coatham, which became, for a time, the Red Barns Hotel and a listed building.
The surviving negatives of Redcar photographer Alfred Edward Graham (1882–1945) were acquired by Redcar Urban District Council's Library and Museum Committee and are now held by the Redcar and Cleveland Museum Service.
Rex Hunt, governor of the Falkland Islands during the 1982 invasion by Argentina, attended Coatham School.
The former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, represented Redcar parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons.
Film and television actors Pip Donaghy, June Laverick, and Wendy Hall, and actor/director/producer Robert Porter were all born in Redcar.
Actor and radio actor Felicity Finch, famous for her part in the Archers BBC Radio 4 drama series, playing Ruth Archer, was also born and grew up in Redcar.
Singer David Coverdale, lead singer with Deep Purple and Whitesnake lived in Redcar as a youth and worked in the Gentry clothes shop on Coatham Road.
Chris Norman, founder member and former lead singer of Smokie was born in Redcar.
Pete York, drummer with the Spencer Davis Group and session drummer was born in Redcar.
Paralympian, Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, originally from Wales, lived in Redcar for a number of years with her husband and daughter.
2011 and 2016 UCI Downhill World Champion Danny Hart was born in and currently lives in Redcar, he is frequently nicknamed "The Redcar Rocket" by commentators.
David Wheater, Bolton Wanderers and England national football team central defender, grew up and still lives in Redcar.
Snooker player Mike Dunn was born in Middlesbrough but lives in Redcar.
Jordan Jones, Rangers FC and Northern Ireland national football team midfielder was born in Redcar.
Hayden Hackney, Middlesbrough F.C. midfielder was born in Redcar
Dylan Cartlidge, singer and multi-instrumentalist grew up in Redcar
Film and television
Atonement
A location from the film Atonement
In 2006, Redcar was used as a location for the film adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel Atonement. The Coatham Hotel, Regent Cinema, a section of Newcomen Terrace and part of the beach were dressed as 1940s Dunkirk. Filming took place across three days in August 2006, with local men playing the soldiers.
The Secret Millionaire
In 2010, Redcar was featured on the Channel 4 television programme The Secret Millionaire. David Jamilly a humanitarian, philanthropist and self-made millionaire, visited the Redcar community and gave £25,000 to Zoë's Place for a sensory room, £25,000 to Redcar Amateur Boxing Club to start an Olympic fund, and £25,000 to Sid's Place for special counselling.
There was a subsequent visit on 14 May to a screening at Redcar's cinema, attended by the mayor and mayoress along with all the charities and people involved.
The feature of the documentary involved the closure of the nearby Corus steelworks as well as the charities. On 9 December 2011, Jamilly opened the new Redcar Education Development centre in Park Avenue, Redcar. The centre provides day care for adults with learning difficulties. He also opened the Redcar Primary Care Hospital on 9 December 2011 and the new Sid's Place on 15 December 2011.
The Mighty Redcar
The town was filmed for the 2018 BBC television documentary The Mighty Redcar. The four-part series followed young people from Redcar and surrounding towns as they completed their studies and looked for work.
See also
Redcar Academy
Redcar Rocks
Roker
Runswick
Robin Hood's Bay
South Gare & Coatham Sands SSSI
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redcar.
Tourist information: this is Redcar & Cleveland
Redcar at Curlie
A Redcar local history site
Tides at the River Tees entrance on the BBC, Easytide, and Tidetimes
Sunrise and sunset times for Redcar.
Links to related articles
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redcar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"seaside town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_town"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Coast"},{"link_name":"Redcar and Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesside"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population-1"},{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"Dormanstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormanstown"},{"link_name":"Kirkleatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkleatham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wards-2"},{"link_name":"town charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_charter"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"County Borough of Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Teesside"},{"link_name":"unparished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unparished_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish-3"}],"text":"Town in North Yorkshire, EnglandFor other uses, see Redcar (disambiguation).Town in EnglandRedcar is a seaside town on the Yorkshire Coast in the Redcar and Cleveland unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located 7 miles (11 km) east of Middlesbrough.The Teesside built-up area's Redcar subdivision had a population of 37,073 at the 2011 Census.[1] The town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland.[2]It gained a town charter in 1922, from then until 1968 it was governed by the municipal borough of Redcar. Since the abolition of County Borough of Teesside, which existed from 1968 until 1974, the town has been unparished.[3]","title":"Redcar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPN-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:HoR-5"},{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:HoR-5"},{"link_name":"Marske-by-the-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marske-by-the-Sea"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Redcar occupies a low-lying site by the sea; the second element of its name is from Old Norse kjarr, meaning 'marsh', and the first may be either Old English (Anglo-Saxon) rēad meaning 'red' or OE hrēod 'reed'.[4][5] The town originated as a fishing hamlet in the 14th century, trading with the larger adjacent hamlet of Coatham.[5] Until the mid-19th century it was within the parish of Marske-by-the-Sea – mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-6"},{"link_name":"lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"Henry Greathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Greathead"},{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNLI:TZLMeane-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZLMaRHC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Zetland lifeboat","text":"Numerous ships have foundered off the Redcar coastline and many of their wrecks still exist.[6] The Zetland is the world's oldest surviving lifeboat. It was built by Henry Greathead of South Shields and is housed in a volunteer-led sea-front museum.[7] The lifeboat was first stationed at Redcar in 1802.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-10"},{"link_name":"Redcar Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NERA+WiNEE-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoN:TSDR-12"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Eston area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_Nab"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Hills"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"},{"link_name":"South Gare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gare"},{"link_name":"Saltburn-by-the-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltburn-by-the-Sea"},{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:EoPS-14"},{"link_name":"Coatham Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham_Pier"},{"link_name":"kiosks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk"},{"link_name":"roller-skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Skating"},{"link_name":"bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandstand"},{"link_name":"Redcar Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Redcar Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Pier"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"Zetland Lifeboat Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetland_(lifeboat)"},{"link_name":"pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:EoPS-14"},{"link_name":"Redcar East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Larry Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Victorian Era","text":"As seaside holidays became fashionable in the early 19th century, Redcar's facilities expanded. By 1841, Redcar had 794 inhabitants.[10] In 1846, work was completed on the Middlesbrough and Redcar Railway and the presently named Redcar Central station, created to attract tourism and trade.[11][12]Redcar's population expansion corresponded with Middlesbrough's, with the discovery in 1850 of iron ore in the Eston area of Cleveland Hills.[13] Redcar prospered as a seaside town drawing tourists attracted by eight miles of sands stretching from South Gare to Saltburn-by-the-Sea.Plans for a pier were drawn up in 1866, but lay dormant until prompted by the announcement of plans to build a pier at Coatham in 1871.[13][14] Coatham Pier was wrecked before it was completed when two sailing ships were driven through it in a storm. It had to be shortened because of the cost of repairs and was re-opened with an entrance with two kiosks and a roller-skating rink on the Redcar side, and a bandstand halfway along its length.Redcar Racecourse was created in 1875. Redcar Pier, another pier as well as Coatham Pier, was built in the late 1870s. In October 1880 the brig Luna caused £1,000 worth of damage to this pier. In New Year's Eve 1885 SS Cochrane demolished the landing stage.[13] and in 1897 the schooner Amarant went through the pier. A year later, its head and bandstand burned down.[13]In October 1898 the Coatham Pier was almost wrecked when the barque Birger struck it and the pier was thereafter allowed to disintegrate. An anchor from the Birger can be seen on the sea front pavement close to the Zetland Lifeboat Museum.In 1907 a pavilion ballroom was built on Redcar Pier behind the entrance kiosks and in 1928 it was extended.[14] A glass house for concerts was added to the remains of Coatham Pier's entrance. The presently named Redcar East railway station was built in 1929.In 1929 Coatham Pier's glasshouse was replaced by the New Pavilion theatre. After the war, comedian and entertainer Larry Grayson coined his catchphrase \"Shut that Door!\" while performing there, since the stage door was open to the cold North Sea breeze.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:EoPS-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNE:YDD-16"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"Redcar Pier was deliberately breached (sectioned) in 1940 to prevent its use by enemy invasion forces.[14] As a result of sectioning, damage by a mine explosion and deterioration it was never reconnected and instead allowed to become even more dilapidated.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regent_Cinema,_Redcar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_370235.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Regent_Cinema,_Redcar_(geograph_7340984).jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:HoR-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"}],"sub_title":"Post war","text":"Regent Cinema, at the location of Coatham PierIn 1964 the New Pavilion Theatre was transformed into the Regent Cinema. The Redcar Pier pavilion continued in use after the war but storm damage led to it being declared unsafe and it was demolished in 1980–1981.[5][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redcar_Steel_Works_(49497793713).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coatham_Sands_(geograph_7407874).jpg"},{"link_name":"Teesside Steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesside_Steelworks"},{"link_name":"Warrenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenby"},{"link_name":"Dorman Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Long"},{"link_name":"ICI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries"},{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Dorman Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Long"},{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tyne Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Auckland Harbour Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Harbour_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tata Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel"},{"link_name":"Lackenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackenby"},{"link_name":"blast furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_Furnace"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC:BSC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Redcar Steelworks","text":"The steelworks in 2020 and 2023The town's main employers in the post-war era were the nearby Teesside Steelworks at Warrenby, founded by Dorman Long in 1917, and the ICI Wilton chemical works. The steel produced at Dorman Long was used to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge and many others. Both the Warrenby and Lackenby sites became part of Tata Steel when Corus was taken over in 2007, but continued to trade under the Corus name until at least February 2008. SSI bought the plant from Tata Steel in February 2011, for £320 million.After a two-year hiatus following the mothballing of the plant in February 2010, steel was once again being made at Redcar. The Thai owners of the former Corus Plant at Lackenby, Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI), re-ignited the blast furnace, one of the largest in Europe, on 15 April 2012.[17]On 18 September 2015, production was paused due to the decline in steel prices.[18] On 28 September 2015, the plant was \"mothballed\" amid poor steel trading conditions across the world and a drop in steel prices.[19] On 2 October, the owner of the site, SSI UK, entered liquidation. On 12 October 2015 the administrator announced that there was no realistic prospect of finding a buyer and the ovens would be extinguished.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"Dormanstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormanstown"},{"link_name":"Kirkleatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkleatham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wards-2"},{"link_name":"Warrenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenby"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May11ER-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoCfZ-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoCfN-22"}],"sub_title":"Wards and areas","text":"Wards periodically change, as of 2018 the town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland.[2] Redcar is made up of areas that do not lend their name to a ward: Warrenby, Lakes Estate, Redcar East, The Ings, Ings Farm, Mickledales and Westfield.On 5 May 2011 Redcar elected its councillors to Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council.[20] There was a by-election on 18 November 2011 for two vacant seats in the Zetland ward, held onto by the Liberal Democrats,[21] and on 19 January 2012 there was a by-election for a vacant seat in Newcomen ward subsequently gained by Labour from the Liberal Democrats.[22]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"Marske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marske-by-the-Sea"},{"link_name":"Upleatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upleatham"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"North Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"urban district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teesside_comm.png"},{"link_name":"County Borough of Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Teesside"},{"link_name":"town charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_charter"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesside"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"County Borough of Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Teesside"},{"link_name":"Saltburn and Marske by the Sea Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltburn_and_Marske_by_the_Sea_Urban_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"administrative county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_county"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youngs-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"County of Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"non-metropolitan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"Redcar & Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_%26_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"ceremonial county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"regions of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_England"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"combined authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_authorities"},{"link_name":"Tees Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tees_Valley"},{"link_name":"Ben Houchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Houchen"}],"sub_title":"Authority","text":"Redcar was formerly a township and chapelry in the parishes of Marske and Upleatham,[23] in 1866 Redcar became a separate civil parish. A district in Redcar's name formed in 1885. Three years after the district was formed, the centuries-old Yorkshire authority was replaced by the North Riding of Yorkshire county council. The district became an urban district in 1894.[3]The County Borough of Teesside shown in red, previous authorities are shown with dotted lines.The settlement's town charter occurred in 1922, the district was able to be styled as a municipal borough and the settlement as a town. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and merged with Teesside and Marske.[24] On 1 April 1968 the municipal borough was abolished merged into the County Borough of Teesside, part also went to Saltburn and Marske by the Sea Urban District.[25] This removed it from the administrative county however still ceremonially in the area.[26] In 1961 the parish had a population of 31,460.[27]The 1974 reform created the non-metropolitan County of Cleveland, under the Langbaurgh non-metropolitan district. The county was also inserted into the North East England region. After further changes in 1996, the district became a unitary authority called Redcar & Cleveland in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, the county straddling two regions of England.[28]The North East England region was sub-divided into combined authorities, in May 2017 the Tees Valley area voted for their first mayor. The Conservative candidate, Ben Houchen, won the election and is now in his second term.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mo Mowlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Mowlam"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Vera Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Baird"},{"link_name":"Ian Swales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Swales"},{"link_name":"Anna Turley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Turley"},{"link_name":"Redcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Robert Tatton Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tatton_Bower"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Proudfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Proudfoot"}],"sub_title":"Parliament","text":"From 1987 to 2001, the local Member of Parliament (MP) was Mo Mowlam. From 2001 to 2010 the MP was Vera Baird.\nIn the 2010 general election there was a swing to the Liberal Democrats with Ian Swales being elected. But, in the 2015 general election, Anna Turley, a Labour MP, won back Redcar. In the snap 2017 general election, Anna Turley held onto that seat. In the general election on 12 December 2019, Anna Turley lost her seat to Conservative candidate Jacob Young with a majority of 3,527 votes. Young becomes the third conservative MP to represent Redcar, the first being Royal Naval Commander Robert Tatton Bower 1931 to 1945 and Scarborough businessman Wilfred Proudfoot between 1959 and 1964 when Redcar was part of the Cleveland constituency.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hub,_Eslanade,_Redcar-1024.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redcar_%26_Cleveland_Leisure_-_Coatham_Road_(geograph_5480398).jpg"},{"link_name":"Clubland on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubland_(dance_brand)"}],"sub_title":"Culture","text":"The Palace Hub Gallery and business start up centreRedcar Leisure CentreThe Palace Hub, on the beach front, was built by Redcar and Cleveland Council for the creative and cultural sector of the town. An art gallery and business start up centre are located in the building. The main library is in the Redcar Heart building in the centre of the town and there is a long-standing Redcar Literary Institute, which was founded in 1896.Redcar is home to the Tuned In! Centre, which opened in 2011 and overlooks the sea front. The multi purpose venue hosts live music as well as creative workshops for young people. The annual event Clubland on the Beach, which showcases dance acts attracting visitors from across the country, has been held at Majuba Road in Redcar for the past three years.","title":"Culture and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Footbridge_at_Coatham_boating_lake_Redcar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1690262.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zetland_Park_(east_gates)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_464016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amusement Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Park"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"Coatham Enclosure boating lakeZetland Park, eastern entranceThe town has had several parks built for tourism: Coatham Enclosure, Locke Park, Zetland Park, Lily Park, an Amusement Park with a roller coaster, and a small sea front park known locally as Titty Bottle Park. The Amusement Park near the railway closed decades ago, and Titty Bottle Park was absorbed into the redeveloped sea front around Redcar Beacon.","title":"Culture and community"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redcar_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3602341.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Town_Clock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_797957.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C:RTC-29"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC:PfRVP-30"},{"link_name":"Carbuncle Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle_Cup"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T:BUNBN-31"},{"link_name":"Storm Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Desmond"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Towers","text":"Redcar BeaconThe town's clock towerAt the west end of High Street is a Grade II listed clock tower,[29]\na memorial to King Edward VII who was a regular visitor to Redcar. The tower has now been refurbished.Construction of the Redcar Beacon started in 2011.[30]\nIn 2013, when the building had been completed, it was nominated for the Building Design Carbuncle Cup for worst new building. It came third in the whole of the UK.[31] In December 2015, the Beacon was damaged by winds from Storm Desmond, with several large pieces of panelling falling onto the beach below. It was also damaged in winter 2016, where a panel from the top fell off in a storm.[32]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Zetland_Lifeboat_Museum_and_Lookout_(geograph_2384422).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner%27s_Hospital,_Kirkleatham_(geograph_5898821).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoathamHotel.JPG"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC:CaLB-33"},{"link_name":"Grade I Listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Sir William Turner's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Turner%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirkleatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkleatham"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB:ZLM-35"},{"link_name":"Zetland Lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetland_Lifeboat"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comm:TCH-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB:TC-37"},{"link_name":"Redcar Jazz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Jazz_Club"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"Zetland Lifeboat Museum, Esplanade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurner's Hospital, Kirkleatham\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Coatham HotelThere are 23 listed buildings in Redcar.[33] The Grade I Listed Sir William Turner's Hospital in Kirkleatham was built between 1674–1676 and listed on the 14 June 1952.[34]On the Esplanade is the Grade II-Listed Zetland Lifeboat Museum[35] housing the world's oldest lifeboat Zetland Lifeboat.The Victorian, former Coatham Hotel stands on Newcomen Terrace sea front.[36][37] The ballroom of the hotel was home to the Redcar Jazz Club, a venue for the up-and-coming bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeppelins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"acoustic mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_mirror"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG:SM-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB:LP-39"}],"sub_title":"Structures and sculptures","text":"In the south-east of Redcar is an aircraft listening post built in 1916 during the First World War as part of a regional defence system to detect approaching aircraft, principally Zeppelins, and give early warning.It is an example of an acoustic mirror, of which other examples can be found along the east coast of Britain. The mirror was used up until the invention of radar and although it was built on open fields today a modern housing estate now surrounds it.\nOnly the concrete sound mirror remains and is now a Grade II listed building.[38][39]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Peters,_the_parish_Church_of_Redcar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35085.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Redcar"},{"link_name":"St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Redcar"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Bonomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Bonomi"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB:CSP-40"},{"link_name":"Lord Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas,_1st_Earl_of_Zetland"},{"link_name":"Lady Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Kirkleatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkleatham"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Sir William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(London_MP)"}],"text":"St Peter's ChurchTo the east of Redcar is the grade II* listed Church of St Peter, designed by Ignatius Bonomi and built 1822–29.[40] In 1818, Lord Dundas gave land for a church, St Peters. The foundation stone was laid by Lady Turner of Kirkleatham in 1823. Initially it was a daughter church of Marske, but became an independent parish in 1867.[41] It has a window commemorating local benefactor Sir William Turner.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redcar_Central_railway_station,_Yorkshire_(geograph_3273705).jpg"},{"link_name":"Redcar Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Central"},{"link_name":"railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tees Valley line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tees_Valley_line"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"TransPennine Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransPennine_Express"},{"link_name":"Redcar Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Redcar East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Redcar British Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_British_Steel_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"A1085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1085_road"},{"link_name":"A1042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1042_road"},{"link_name":"A174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A174_road"},{"link_name":"Arriva North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_North_East"},{"link_name":"Pangea North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea_(cable_system)"},{"link_name":"CANTAT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANTAT-3"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT:C3PN-44"}],"text":"Redcar CentralRedcar has two railway stations, on the Tees Valley line, with trains operated by Northern and TransPennine Express, namely Redcar Central and Redcar East. A third station Redcar British Steel, which closed in December 2019, served the steelworks.[42][43]The main roads through the town are the A1085 and the A1042, with the A174 bypassing. Redcar is served primarily by Arriva North East buses, connecting Redcar with the surrounding towns and villages.The Pangea North and CANTAT-3 submarine telecommunication cables both come ashore between Redcar and Marske-by-the-Sea.[44]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of schools in Redcar and Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Redcar & Cleveland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_%26_Cleveland_College"},{"link_name":"Outwood Academy Redcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwood_Academy_Redcar"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Catholic Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Catholic_Secondary"},{"link_name":"Rye Hills Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_Hills_Academy"},{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"}],"text":"See also: List of schools in Redcar and ClevelandThe town's further education college is Redcar & Cleveland College.The town's secondary schools are: Outwood Academy Redcar, Sacred Heart Catholic Secondary and Rye Hills Academy.There are eleven primary schools in Redcar: Coatham, Dormanstown, Green Gates, Ings Farm, John E Batty, Lakes, Newcomen, Riverdale, St Benedict's, Wheatlands and Zetland.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC North East and Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"ITV Tyne Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees"},{"link_name":"TalkTeesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_TV_Teesside"},{"link_name":"Bilsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilsdale_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Tees"},{"link_name":"Heart North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_North_East"},{"link_name":"Capital North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_North_East"},{"link_name":"Smooth North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_North_East"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Teesside"},{"link_name":"Zetland FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetland_FM"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"East Cleveland Herald & Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_%26_Post_(Teesside)"},{"link_name":"TeessideLive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeessideLive"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The Northern Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Echo"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees, the local television station TalkTeesside also broadcasts to the area. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale TV transmitter.[45]Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, Heart North East, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio Teesside, and Zetland FM, a community based radio station which broadcast from its studios on Newcomen Terrace in the town.[46]The town is served by the local newspapers, East Cleveland Herald & Post which is published by the TeessideLive.[47] The Northern Echo also covers the area. [48]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"links course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(golf)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"NYSD league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSD_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R:PaP-13"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC:RCC-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RRC-51"},{"link_name":"Redcar Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Redcar Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PH:RRUFC-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redcar_Race_Course_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6073564.jpg"},{"link_name":"Redcar Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Redcar Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Redcar Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Bears"},{"link_name":"SGB Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGB_Championship"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC:VG-53"},{"link_name":"World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Gary Havelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Havelock"},{"link_name":"Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Havelock"},{"link_name":"Tour of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tour de Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom#Sport"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"In Coatham is Cleveland Golf Club, the first golf club to be formed in Yorkshire. It was established in 1887 and is a links course.[49] Also in Coatham is Redcar Cricket Club, which play in the NYSD league,[13][50] and Redcar Running Club.[51]In association football, Redcar Athletic currently compete in the Northern League Division One while Redcar Town play in Northern League Division Two. Redcar Rugby Union Football club play at Mackinlay Park.[52]Redcar RacecourseRedcar Racecourse is one of nine thoroughbred horse racecourses in Yorkshire. There is also a motorcycle speedway racing team, the Redcar Bears racing in the SGB Championship. The race track is at the South Tees Motorsport Park in Southbank Street, South Bank and is unusual in that one bend is more highly banked than the other.[53] The team was formerly captained by 1992 World Champion Gary Havelock and was formerly managed by his father Brian.The town is set to host the 2022 Tour of Britain stage four, \nUCI Europe Tour cycling race. The town was previously set to host a stage of the Tour de Yorkshire, the event was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.[54]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Redcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Redcar"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Coatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatham"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPS:QitD-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB:RBH-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC:HP-58"},{"link_name":"Rex Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Hunt_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"invasion by Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mo Mowlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Mowlam"},{"link_name":"Redcar parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G:MoMow-59"},{"link_name":"Pip Donaghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_Donaghy"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-60"},{"link_name":"June Laverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Laverick"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDbS-61"},{"link_name":"Felicity Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Finch"},{"link_name":"the Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"},{"link_name":"Ruth Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Archer"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"David Coverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Coverdale"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Whitesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesnake"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wearside-63"},{"link_name":"Chris Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Norman"},{"link_name":"Smokie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokie_(band)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb:NN-64"},{"link_name":"Pete York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_York"},{"link_name":"Spencer Davis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peteYork-65"},{"link_name":"Tanni Grey-Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanni_Grey-Thompson"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEx-66"},{"link_name":"UCI Downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Danny Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hart_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"David Wheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wheater"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"England national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard:DWheater-68"},{"link_name":"Mike Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dunn_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jordan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Jones_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Rangers FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_FC"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hayden Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dylan Cartlidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Cartlidge"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from RedcarGertrude Bell, colonial administrator and contemporary of Lawrence of Arabia spent her youthful years at Red Barns House in Coatham,[55] which became, for a time, the Red Barns Hotel and a listed building.[56][57]\nThe surviving negatives of Redcar photographer Alfred Edward Graham (1882–1945) were acquired by Redcar Urban District Council's Library and Museum Committee and are now held by the Redcar and Cleveland Museum Service.[58]\nRex Hunt, governor of the Falkland Islands during the 1982 invasion by Argentina, attended Coatham School.\nThe former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, represented Redcar parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons.[59]\nFilm and television actors Pip Donaghy,[60] June Laverick, and Wendy Hall, and actor/director/producer Robert Porter were all born in Redcar.[61]\nActor and radio actor Felicity Finch, famous for her part in the Archers BBC Radio 4 drama series, playing Ruth Archer, was also born and grew up in Redcar.[62]\nSinger David Coverdale, lead singer with Deep Purple and Whitesnake lived in Redcar as a youth and worked in the Gentry clothes shop on Coatham Road.[63]\nChris Norman, founder member and former lead singer of Smokie was born in Redcar.[64]\nPete York, drummer with the Spencer Davis Group and session drummer was born in Redcar.[65]\nParalympian, Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, originally from Wales, lived in Redcar for a number of years with her husband and daughter.[66]\n2011 and 2016 UCI Downhill World Champion Danny Hart was born in and currently lives in Redcar, he is frequently nicknamed \"The Redcar Rocket\" by commentators.[67]\nDavid Wheater, Bolton Wanderers and England national football team central defender, grew up and still lives in Redcar.[68]\nSnooker player Mike Dunn was born in Middlesbrough but lives in Redcar.[citation needed]\nJordan Jones, Rangers FC and Northern Ireland national football team midfielder was born in Redcar.[citation needed]\nHayden Hackney, Middlesbrough F.C. midfielder was born in Redcar\nDylan Cartlidge, singer and multi-instrumentalist grew up in Redcar","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atonement_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Ian McEwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McEwan"},{"link_name":"Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atone-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL:Att-70"},{"link_name":"The Secret Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Millionaire"},{"link_name":"David Jamilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jamilly"},{"link_name":"Zoë's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanby,_Redcar_and_Cleveland#Zo%C3%AB's_Place"},{"link_name":"sensory room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_room"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Corus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Group_plc"},{"link_name":"Redcar Primary Care Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Primary_Care_Hospital"},{"link_name":"The Mighty Redcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Redcar"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NE-71"}],"text":"AtonementA location from the film AtonementIn 2006, Redcar was used as a location for the film adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel Atonement. The Coatham Hotel, Regent Cinema, a section of Newcomen Terrace and part of the beach were dressed as 1940s Dunkirk. Filming took place across three days in August 2006, with local men playing the soldiers.[69][70]The Secret MillionaireIn 2010, Redcar was featured on the Channel 4 television programme The Secret Millionaire. David Jamilly a humanitarian, philanthropist and self-made millionaire, visited the Redcar community and gave £25,000 to Zoë's Place for a sensory room, £25,000 to Redcar Amateur Boxing Club to start an Olympic fund, and £25,000 to Sid's Place for special counselling.There was a subsequent visit on 14 May to a screening at Redcar's cinema, attended by the mayor and mayoress along with all the charities and people involved.[citation needed]\nThe feature of the documentary involved the closure of the nearby Corus steelworks as well as the charities. On 9 December 2011, Jamilly opened the new Redcar Education Development centre in Park Avenue, Redcar. The centre provides day care for adults with learning difficulties. He also opened the Redcar Primary Care Hospital on 9 December 2011 and the new Sid's Place on 15 December 2011.The Mighty RedcarThe town was filmed for the 2018 BBC television documentary The Mighty Redcar. The four-part series followed young people from Redcar and surrounding towns as they completed their studies and looked for work.[71]","title":"Film and television"}] | [{"image_text":"The County Borough of Teesside shown in red, previous authorities are shown with dotted lines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Teesside_comm.png/220px-Teesside_comm.png"},{"image_text":"The Palace Hub Gallery and business start up centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Hub%2C_Eslanade%2C_Redcar-1024.jpg/220px-The_Hub%2C_Eslanade%2C_Redcar-1024.jpg"},{"image_text":"Redcar Leisure Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Redcar_%26_Cleveland_Leisure_-_Coatham_Road_%28geograph_5480398%29.jpg/220px-Redcar_%26_Cleveland_Leisure_-_Coatham_Road_%28geograph_5480398%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Peter's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Peters%2C_the_parish_Church_of_Redcar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35085.jpg/220px-St._Peters%2C_the_parish_Church_of_Redcar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35085.jpg"},{"image_text":"Redcar Central","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Redcar_Central_railway_station%2C_Yorkshire_%28geograph_3273705%29.jpg/220px-Redcar_Central_railway_station%2C_Yorkshire_%28geograph_3273705%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Redcar Racecourse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Redcar_Race_Course_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6073564.jpg/220px-Redcar_Race_Course_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6073564.jpg"},{"image_text":"A location from the film Atonement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atonement_4.jpg/200px-Atonement_4.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Redcar Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Academy"},{"title":"Redcar Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcar_Rocks"},{"title":"Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roker"},{"title":"Runswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runswick"},{"title":"Robin Hood's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Bay"},{"title":"South Gare & Coatham Sands SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gare_%26_Coatham_Sands_SSSI"}] | [{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Redcar Built-up area Sub division (E35000002)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E35000002","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Redcar Built-up area Sub division (E35000002)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Local electoral arrangements finalised for Redcar and Cleveland\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgbce.org.uk/media/local-electoral-arrangements-finalised-for-redcar-and-cleveland","url_text":"\"Local electoral arrangements finalised for Redcar and Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210719115529/https://www.lgbce.org.uk/media/local-electoral-arrangements-finalised-for-redcar-and-cleveland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Redcar Tn/CP\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10465539","url_text":"\"Redcar Tn/CP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210802115042/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10465539","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, David (2009). \"Yorkshire Place-Names P to S\". Yorkshire. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshire-england.co.uk/PlaceNameMeaningsPtoS.html","url_text":"\"Yorkshire Place-Names P to S\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100414060038/http://www.yorkshire-england.co.uk/PlaceNameMeaningsPtoS.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fiona (29 April 2009). \"History of Redcar\". Gazette Live. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130420074856/http://ts10.gazettelive.co.uk/communities/history/history-of-redcar.html","url_text":"\"History of Redcar\""},{"url":"http://ts10.gazettelive.co.uk/communities/history/history-of-redcar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Redcar Rocks\". Dive Norway. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.divenorway.com/wrecks_pages/northseawrecks/redcarrocks.htm","url_text":"\"Redcar Rocks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123101417/http://www.divenorway.com/wrecks_pages/northseawrecks/redcarrocks.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Zetland Lifeboat Museum enters a new era\". RNLI. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://rnli.org/NewsCentre/Pages/The-Zetland-Lifeboat-Museum-enters-a-new-era.aspx","url_text":"\"The Zetland Lifeboat Museum enters a new era\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710071514/http://rnli.org/NewsCentre/Pages/The-Zetland-Lifeboat-Museum-enters-a-new-era.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome – Zetland Lifeboat Museum and Redcar Heritage Centre\". Zetland Lifeboat Museum and Redcar Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zetlandlifeboat.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome – Zetland Lifeboat Museum and Redcar Heritage Centre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018124407/http://www.zetlandlifeboat.co.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World's oldest surviving lifeboat returns to Redcar home\". BBC. 6 April 2019.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Raydon – Redditch Pages 645–652 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848\". British History Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp371-383","url_text":"\"Raydon – Redditch Pages 645–652 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713201732/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp371-383","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Stockton and Darlington Railway\". Newcastle University. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191541/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/m.h.ellison/nera/october_tour_2000.htm","url_text":"\"The Stockton and Darlington Railway\""},{"url":"http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/m.h.ellison/nera/october_tour_2000.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railways and Waggonways in Cleveland\". Waggonways in North East England. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427192802/http://sites.google.com/site/waggonways/railways-cleveland","url_text":"\"Railways and Waggonways in Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/waggonways/railways-cleveland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellison, M. H. \"The Stockton and Darlington Railway\". Newcastle University. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191541/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/m.h.ellison/nera/october_tour_2000.htm","url_text":"\"The Stockton and Darlington Railway\""},{"url":"http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/m.h.ellison/nera/october_tour_2000.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"People & Places\". redcar.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_garden_orb_weaver_spider | Australian garden orb weaver spider | ["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"] | Species of spider
Australian garden orb weaver spider
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Araneae
Infraorder:
Araneomorphae
Family:
Araneidae
Genus:
Hortophora
Species:
H. transmarina
Binomial name
Hortophora transmarina(Keyserling, 1865)
Synonyms
Epeira transmarina
Epeira viridis
Epeira producta
Epeira thyridota
Epeira capitalis
Araneus productus
Aranea producta
Araneus capitalis
Araneus transmarinus
Eriophora transmarina
The Australian garden orb weaver spider (Hortophora transmarina) is a very common species of spider with many variants in size, shape, and colour across the coastal and northern regions of Australia. They have very large abdomens when well-fed and exhibit a tremendous colour-range from off-white through tan, brown to almost black. They have a roughly leaf-shaped pattern on the top of their abdomen with a complex outline that is darker than the surrounding area. There may also be several whitish spots or one or more stripes. The spiders' cephalothoraxes (heads) and proximal (closer to the body) leg segments are usually darker, mostly reddish or reddish brown. They are able to change their colour with each moult to better match the background upon which they rest during the day.
The spiders are notable for the often large and intricate webs which they weave at night. They are usually nocturnal feeders, resting head down in their webs waiting to catch flying insects. They make their sticky rounded orb webs near lights and between trees where insects are likely to fly. During the day the spider will often rest somewhere near the web, usually under a leaf or twig, or in a crevice in bark or rock. They are commonly found around human habitation so may be found resting under leaves and in similar places. When disturbed they will retreat towards this rest area, although under imminent danger the spider will drop to the ground and "play dead". Occasionally individual spiders will remain on the web during the day, possibly when prey has not been caught for a while, but this makes them more vulnerable to predation by birds.
Their bite is not dangerous to humans but may induce mild, local pain, redness, and occasionally swelling for a period of 30 minutes up to three to four hours.
The female is larger than the male, having a body length of 20 – 25 mm compared with 15 – 17 mm for the males. Females may also be distinguished by a needle-like epigynum protruding in the direction of the spinnerets.
Gallery
Garden Orb-weaver spider. Cooktown, Australia
Facial detail
Dorsal and web detail
Ventral side
Male
Camouflaged and sleeping in its nest
In web at night
References
^ Herberstein, M. E.; Elgar, M. A. (December 1994). "Foraging strategies of Eriophora transmarina and Nephila plumipes (Araneae: Araneoidea): Nocturnal and diurnal orb-weaving spiders". Austral Ecology. 19 (4): 451–457. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb00511.x. ISSN 1442-9985.
^ Framenau, Volker W.; Baptista, Renner L. C.; Oliveira, Francisca Sâmia M.; Castanheira, Pedro de S. (2021-02-11). "Taxonomic revision of the new spider genus Hortophora, the Australasian Garden Orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae)". Evolutionary Systematics. 5: 275–334. doi:10.3897/evolsyst.5.72474. ISSN 2535-0730.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eriophora transmarina.
Spiders of Australia
Garden Orb Weaver
Orb Weavers/Garden Spiders
World Spider Catalog - Hortophora transmarina
Australian Spider Photos
Taxon identifiersHortophora transmarina
Wikidata: Q110633668
Wikispecies: Hortophora transmarina
CoL: 98YN5
GBIF: 11386988
WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:015889
Eriophora transmarina
Wikidata: Q1645216
Wikispecies: Eriophora transmarina
ADW: Eriophora_transmarina
AFD: Eriophora_transmarina
BioLib: 467628
BOLD: 228696
CoL: 6GRDC
EoL: 1195170
GBIF: 5171084
iNaturalist: 147008
IRMNG: 10709814
ITIS: 856188
NCBI: 2115798
Open Tree of Life: 3569991
uBio: 2057113
WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:015889
This Araneidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"abdomens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"},{"link_name":"cephalothoraxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalothorax"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"moult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"epigynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigynum_(spider)"},{"link_name":"spinnerets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinneret_(spider)"}],"text":"The Australian garden orb weaver spider (Hortophora transmarina) is a very common species of spider with many variants in size, shape, and colour across the coastal and northern regions of Australia.[1][2] They have very large abdomens when well-fed and exhibit a tremendous colour-range from off-white through tan, brown to almost black. 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Females may also be distinguished by a needle-like epigynum protruding in the direction of the spinnerets.","title":"Australian garden orb weaver spider"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_Orb-weaver_spider._Cooktown,_Australia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriophora_transmarina_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriophora_transmarina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Eriophora_Transmarina.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_garden_orb_weaver_spider_nest.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriophora_transmarina_in_web_at_night.jpg"}],"text":"Garden Orb-weaver spider. Cooktown, Australia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFacial detail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDorsal and web detail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVentral side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMale\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCamouflaged and sleeping in its nest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn web at night","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Herberstein, M. E.; Elgar, M. A. (December 1994). \"Foraging strategies of Eriophora transmarina and Nephila plumipes (Araneae: Araneoidea): Nocturnal and diurnal orb-weaving spiders\". Austral Ecology. 19 (4): 451–457. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb00511.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Place_for_Love | No Place for Love | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1947 film
No Place for LoveHeinz Lausch and Bruni LöbelDirected byHans DeppeWritten by
Margarete Hackebeil
Wolfgang W. Parth
Hans Deppe
StarringBruni LöbelHeinz LauschErnst LegalCinematographyKurt SchulzEdited byLilian SengMusic byHanson Milde-MeissnerProductioncompanyDEFADistributed bySovexport FilmRelease date
31 March 1947 (1947-03-31)
Running time82 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
No Place for Love (German: Kein Platz für Liebe) is a 1947 German comedy film directed by Hans Deppe and starring Bruni Löbel, Heinz Lausch and Ernst Legal. It was made in the Soviet Sector of Berlin by the state-controlled DEFA company. It is part of the post-war tradition of rubble films. Its plot revolves around the shortage of housing in the bombed-out city. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Otto Erdmann and Kurt Herlth.
Synopsis
While on leave in Berlin during the Second World War, a soldier named Hans meets a young woman named Monika. They fall in love and make plans for a future together after the war. Yet their later attempts to find an apartment and get married are hindered by the housing shortage and they have to stay separately with relatives.
Cast
Bruni Löbel as Monika
Heinz Lausch as Hans Winkelmann
Ernst Legal as William Spier
Elsa Wagner as Niobe
Margarete Kupfer as Frau Kruse
Hans Neie as Peter
Wilhelm Bendow as Der Verdrießliche
Franz-Otto Krüger as Der Sehnsüchtige
Walter Gross
Ewald Wenck
Knut Hartwig
Albert Venohr as
Eva Maria Scholz
Günther Lobe
Horst Gentzen
Ingeborg Krebs
Erich Dunskus
Lili Schoenborn-Anspach
Toni Tetzlaff
Hilde Sonntag
Antonie Jaeckel
Else Ehser
Max Paetz
References
^ Karl & Skopal p. 17
Bibliography
Karl, Lars & Skopal, Pavel. Cinema in Service of the State: Perspectives on Film Culture in the GDR and Czechoslovakia, 1945–1960. Berghahn Books, 2015.
External links
No Place for Love at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Hans Deppe
The Rider on the White Horse (1934)
Hubertus Castle (1934)
Holiday From Myself (1934)
A Night of Change (1935)
The Saint and Her Fool (1935)
The Valiant Navigator (1935)
The Three Around Christine (1936)
Street Music (1936)
The Hunter of Fall (1936)
Meiseken (1937)
Silence in the Forest (1937)
Fools in the Snow (1938)
Storms in May (1938)
The Scoundrel (1939)
The War of the Oxen (1943)
A Salzburg Comedy (1943)
A Man Like Maximilian (1945)
No Place for Love (1947)
Don't Play with Love (1949)
How Do We Tell Our Children? (1949)
The Cuckoos (1949)
My Wife's Friends (1949)
One Night Apart (1950)
The Black Forest Girl (1950)
The Heath Is Green (1951)
Not Without Gisela (1951)
Holiday From Myself (1952)
The Prince of Pappenheim (1952)
The Land of Smiles (1952)
Secretly Still and Quiet (1953)
When the White Lilacs Bloom Again (1953)
The Great Lola (1954)
The Seven Dresses of Katrin (1954)
The Country Schoolmaster (1954)
The Ambassador's Wife (1955)
Son Without a Home (1955)
When the Alpine Roses Bloom (1955)
The Priest from Kirchfeld (1955)
Your Life Guards (1955)
The Tour Guide of Lisbon (1956)
My Brother Joshua (1956)
A Thousand Melodies (1956)
As Long as the Roses Bloom (1956)
Beneath the Palms on the Blue Sea (1957)
All Roads Lead Home (1957)
Immer die Radfahrer (1958)
Thirteen Old Donkeys (1958)
Kein Mann zum Heiraten (1959)
The Domestic Tyrant (1959)
That's No Way to Land a Man (1959)
Mandolins and Moonlight (1959)
When the Heath Is in Bloom (1960)
Guitars Sound Softly Through the Night (1960)
Robert and Bertram (1961)
I Must Go to the City (1962)
This article related to a German film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Hans Deppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Deppe"},{"link_name":"Bruni Löbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruni_L%C3%B6bel"},{"link_name":"Heinz Lausch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Lausch"},{"link_name":"Ernst Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Legal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Sector of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Sector"},{"link_name":"DEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFA"},{"link_name":"rubble films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_films"},{"link_name":"Johannisthal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannisthal_Studios"},{"link_name":"on location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Otto Erdmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erdmann_(art_director)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Herlth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Herlth"}],"text":"No Place for Love (German: Kein Platz für Liebe) is a 1947 German comedy film directed by Hans Deppe and starring Bruni Löbel, Heinz Lausch and Ernst Legal.[1] It was made in the Soviet Sector of Berlin by the state-controlled DEFA company. It is part of the post-war tradition of rubble films. Its plot revolves around the shortage of housing in the bombed-out city. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Otto Erdmann and Kurt Herlth.","title":"No Place for Love"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_(military)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"While on leave in Berlin during the Second World War, a soldier named Hans meets a young woman named Monika. They fall in love and make plans for a future together after the war. Yet their later attempts to find an apartment and get married are hindered by the housing shortage and they have to stay separately with relatives.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruni Löbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruni_L%C3%B6bel"},{"link_name":"Heinz Lausch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Lausch"},{"link_name":"Ernst Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Legal"},{"link_name":"Elsa Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Margarete Kupfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_Kupfer"},{"link_name":"Hans Neie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Neie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Bendow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendow"},{"link_name":"Franz-Otto Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Otto_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Walter Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gross_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ewald Wenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Wenck"},{"link_name":"Knut Hartwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knut_Hartwig_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Venohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Venohr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eva Maria Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eva_Maria_Scholz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Günther Lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Lobe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horst Gentzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gentzen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ingeborg Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Krebs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erich Dunskus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Dunskus"},{"link_name":"Lili Schoenborn-Anspach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lili_Schoenborn-Anspach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toni Tetzlaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Tetzlaff"},{"link_name":"Hilde Sonntag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilde_Sonntag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonie Jaeckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_Jaeckel"},{"link_name":"Else Ehser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Ehser"},{"link_name":"Max Paetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Paetz&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Bruni Löbel as Monika\nHeinz Lausch as Hans Winkelmann\nErnst Legal as William Spier\nElsa Wagner as Niobe\nMargarete Kupfer as Frau Kruse\nHans Neie as Peter\nWilhelm Bendow as Der Verdrießliche\nFranz-Otto Krüger as Der Sehnsüchtige\nWalter Gross\nEwald Wenck\nKnut Hartwig\nAlbert Venohr as\nEva Maria Scholz\nGünther Lobe\nHorst Gentzen\nIngeborg Krebs\nErich Dunskus\nLili Schoenborn-Anspach\nToni Tetzlaff\nHilde Sonntag\nAntonie Jaeckel\nElse Ehser\nMax Paetz","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Karl, Lars & Skopal, Pavel. Cinema in Service of the State: Perspectives on Film Culture in the GDR and Czechoslovakia, 1945–1960. Berghahn Books, 2015.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039527/","external_links_name":"No Place for Love"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Place_for_Love&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Gregory_(historian) | Ross Gregory (historian) | ["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"] | American historian
Ross Gregory is an American historian.
Life
He served in the U.S. Army from 1954 to 1956. He graduated from Indiana University Bloomington earned his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. His doctoral advisor was the historian Robert H. Ferrell.
He taught at West Virginia University Institute of Technology, and at Western Michigan University from 1966 to 2005.
Awards
1969 Frederick Jackson Turner Award
Works
Walter Hines Page: Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, University Press of Kentucky, 1970 (reprint ACLS History E-Book Project, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59740-421-1)
The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War, Norton, 1971
Almanacs of American Life: Cold War America 1945-1990. Facts on File. August 1995. ISBN 978-0-8160-2532-9.
References
^ Clifford, J. Garry; Wilson, Theodore A., eds. (2007). "Robert H. Ferrell's Ph.D. Students". Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 327–329. ISBN 978-0-8262-1747-9.
^ "WMU History Department-News". www.wmich.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03.
External links
"Review: Almanacs of American Life", The History Teacher
"Review:Pay and Price", History Teacher, Claudine L. Ferrell, 1997
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This biography of an American historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"}],"text":"Ross Gregory is an American historian.","title":"Ross Gregory (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Ferrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres_diplo_mortals_students-1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia University Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Western Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He served in the U.S. Army from 1954 to 1956. He graduated from Indiana University Bloomington earned his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. His doctoral advisor was the historian Robert H. Ferrell.[1]\nHe taught at West Virginia University Institute of Technology, and at Western Michigan University from 1966 to 2005.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Jackson Turner Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner_Award"}],"text":"1969 Frederick Jackson Turner Award","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59740-421-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59740-421-1"},{"link_name":"Almanacs of American Life: Cold War America 1945-1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernamerica19100greg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8160-2532-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2532-9"}],"text":"Walter Hines Page: Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, University Press of Kentucky, 1970 (reprint ACLS History E-Book Project, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59740-421-1)\nThe Origins of American Intervention in the First World War, Norton, 1971\nAlmanacs of American Life: Cold War America 1945-1990. Facts on File. August 1995. ISBN 978-0-8160-2532-9.","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Almanacs of American Life: Cold War America 1945-1990. Facts on File. August 1995. ISBN 978-0-8160-2532-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernamerica19100greg","url_text":"Almanacs of American Life: Cold War America 1945-1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2532-9","url_text":"978-0-8160-2532-9"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, J. Garry; Wilson, Theodore A., eds. (2007). \"Robert H. Ferrell's Ph.D. Students\". Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 327–329. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Telyatnikov | Leonid Telyatnikov | ["1 Early life","2 Early firefighting career (1968–1986)","2.1 In the Kazakh SSR","2.2 In the Ukrainian SSR","3 Chernobyl disaster","3.1 Hospitalisation and recovery","3.2 Post-recovery honours","3.3 International goodwill tour","4 Post-Chernobyl career (1986–1995)","5 Post-retirement activities and death","6 See also","7 Citations","8 General sources","9 External links"] | Ukrainian firefighter at Chernobyl
Leonid TelyatnikovNative nameЛеонід Петрович ТелятниковBorn25 January 1951Vvedenka, Kostanay Region, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan)Died2 December 2004(2004-12-02) (aged 53)Kyiv, UkraineBuriedBaikove Cemetery, KyivAllegiance Soviet Union→ UkraineService/branchParamilitary Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Ukrainian Interior Ministry State Fire ServiceYears of service1968–1995Rank Major Lieutenant Colonel Major GeneralCommands held
Head, Kustanai Paramilitary Fire Department (1978–1980)
Deputy Head, Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.69, Kustanai (1980–1982)
Senior Engineer Group of the Protected Objects Division of the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky District Fire Safety Department, Kiev Executive Committee (1982–1983)
Head, Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.2, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (1983–1986)
Head, Kiev Fire Test Laboratory (1986–1989)
Head, Regulatory and Fire Safety Department of the Kiev Police Department and Executive Committee (1989–1993)
Deputy chief (1993–1995), Head (1995) State Fire Service of the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs
Head, Kyiv Volunteer Fire Company (1998)
AwardsHero of the Soviet Union (1986) Order of Lenin (1986) Ukrainian Order for Courage, 3rd degree (1996) Spouse(s)Larisa Ivanova TelyatnikovChildrenOleg Telyatnikov, Mikhail TelyatnikovOther workFounder of Kiev "Young Firefighters" organization.
Leonid Petrovych Telyatnikov (Ukrainian: Леонід Петрович Телятніков; 25 January 1951 – 2 December 2004) was a Soviet, and later Ukrainian, fire brigade commander notable for his role in directing the early stages initial response to the Chernobyl disaster. Telyatnikov served many years as an officer in both Soviet and Ukrainian firefighting organizations, working in a variety of junior and senior leadership positions throughout his career.
Early life
Leonid Petrovych Telyatnikov was born on January 25, 1951, in the village of Vvedenka, located in the Kustanay Rayon of the Kazakh SSR of the Soviet Union. (Now the Kostanay Rayon of Kazakhstan.) He completed his primary schooling there. Following his graduation, he worked for a time as an electrician at the Kustanay Auto Repair Plant before beginning his fire fighting career in 1968.
Early firefighting career (1968–1986)
In the Kazakh SSR
Telyatnikov enrolled as a cadet in the Sverdlovsk Fire-Technical Academy in 1968. Having completed the three-year program, he graduated in 1971, becoming a part of the Paramilitary Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD). After his graduation, he became a fire safety inspector in the Kustanay Rayon, serving in this capacity for two years. In 1973, he was reassigned to the MVD of the Rudny Executive Committee, serving as a fire inspector in the city for a year.
In 1974, Telyatnikov enrolled in the Higher Engineering and Fire-Technical Academy of the MVD in Moscow. Finishing the four-year term of study, Telyatnikov graduated in 1978. Telyatnikov then returned to Kustanay and became the head of the Paramilitary Fire Department of the MVD of the Kustanai City Executive Committee, a position he held from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 to 1982, Telyatnikov was the deputy head of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.69 in Kustanay.
In the Ukrainian SSR
In 1982, Telyatnikov moved from Kustanai to Kiev. In his first year there, he served as senior engineer of the group for supervision of special objects of the Fire Safety Department of the ROVD of the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky District Executive Committee of the city of Kiev. In 1983, he was given command of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.2, the fire brigade tasked with the protection of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, moving his family to the nearby city of Pripyat.
Chernobyl disaster
At the time of the Chernobyl disaster, Telyatnikov, now a Major in the MVD, was vacationing with his wife and children at their dacha outside of Pripyat. He and his wife were awake, waiting for the cold water to come on the tap, when several explosions were heard. Unalarmed, they believed that they had heard the sound of supersonic aircraft passing low overhead, which was a common occurrence in the area. Soon after, at around 01:32 or 01:33 in the morning, Telyatnikov was telephoned by the fire dispatcher, informing him of the accident and summoning him to the power station. Telyatnikov quickly put on his uniform and telephoned the Pripyat Militsiya Station, asking the duty officer there to send a car to take him to the station, which was four or five kilometers from his dacha.
Arriving at the station around 1:45 in the morning, Telyatnikov found that the response to the fire had already begun. As commander of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.2, charged with the fire protection of the station, he assumed command of the fire-fighting efforts. One of his first actions was to order a visual survey of the building to determine the locations of the many fires:
"We surveyed the Unit 4 building. Through holes left by concrete panels smashed out we could see cable rooms, where no fires were observed. However, from the central reactor hall we clearly saw something like a blaze or glow... What was it? There is nothing except the reactor's "top face" in the central room, nothing was expected to burn there. We decided that it was the reactor itself that generated the glow. I called FFU-2 (the fire fighting unit serving the Chernobyl NPP only) and reported the situation for further transmission to Kiev... "
Telyatnikov visited the Unit Four control room, and was told by Deputy Chief Engineer Anatoly Dyatlov that with the fire on the roof of the turbine hall under control, the priority must be the roofs of Unit 3 and the ventilation block. Around 02:30, Telyatnikov ordered three firemen to the roof of the ventilation block to relieve the first group of firefighters which had been fighting the fires ignited there since the beginning of the emergency. This initial group, which included Volodymyr Pravyk, Viktor Kibenok, and Vasily Ignatenko, was already suffering from the effects of radiation exposure and descended the fire escape from the roof with difficulty. After their leader, Lieutenant Pravik, reported to Telyatnikov that the fire on the roof of the power station's third power unit had been extinguished, Telyatnikov, noting that he and the men with him appeared very unwell, ordered them into a nearby ambulance for evacuation to the Pripyat hospital. Soon after, on the south side of the station, Telyatnikov ascended the fire escape to the roof of the turbine hall and ordered firefighters there to maintain a fire watch there until relieved.
By 03:30, Telyatnikov was himself beginning to experience nausea and retching, initial symptoms of radiation exposure. He was evacuated to Sanitary Unit No. 126 – the Pripyat Hospital – around this time. Experiencing only the mild initial effects of radiation exposure, and unaware of the extent of his injuries, he was able to talk, smoke, and walk around with fellow firefighters.
Hospitalisation and recovery
As the extent of the disaster and the severity of the radiological injuries sustained by first responders began to be understood, the decision was made to evacuate Telyatnikov and the other hospitalized firefighters and plant staff to Moscow. By bus to Borispol Airport in Kiev, and from there to Moscow by air, he was taken to Hospital No.6, a hospital run by Sredmash (the state ministry for nuclear energy) and the All-Union Physics Institute, which had a specialized department for treating radiation injuries.
By this time, Telyatnikov was beginning to suffer from the more severe effects of his radiation exposure. He had lost consciousness in the course of transfer from Pripyat to Kiev by bus, and his condition continued to deteriorate. His bone marrow had been damaged by ionizing radiation, lowering his white blood cell count, weakening his immune system and leaving him vulnerable to bacteriological infection. He suffered from a fever of over 40°C, and his lungs and respiratory tract became inflamed. His sisters and father were summoned to Moscow as potential bone marrow donors, should Telyatnikov's white blood cell count not recover and it prove necessary to attempt a bone marrow transplant.
However, Telyatnikov did begin to improve. And he was released from the isolation ward and allowed to walk around Hospital No. 6 in July, 1986, on his own, while wearing a gauze mask to protect his lungs from infection. It was at this time that he was first informed of the death of his subordinate Lt. Vladimir Pravik and the other five firemen who succumbed to ARS. He remained there until August, 1986, when he was transferred to a resort on the Latvian coast, and allowed to recuperate in the company of his wife and children. On September 5, 1986, he was released from the convalescent home. That same month, he was able to visit his parents in Kazakhstan. Frequent medication during hospitalization, however, had taken a toll on his liver, and Telyatnikov would return to hospital three times before the end of the year for treatment of this complication. He was released for the last time on December 22, 1986, ending seven months of medical treatment and recovery.
It is unclear what Telyatnikov's accumulated radiation dose was. Telyatnikov stated in a 1987 interview that it was "somewhere from 200 to 400 rem", but other sources claim that Telyatnikov received a dose of 450 to even 520 rem.
Post-recovery honours
The President of the British Fire Services Association presenting the Order of Gallantry, for bravery, to Major Telyatnikov, the Commander of the Chernobyl Fire Brigade.
After his recovery, Telyatnikov was honored in the Soviet media, including a front-page feature in Isvestia and spotlights on television and radio. He was honored with the Order of Lenin and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on September 25, 1986.
International goodwill tour
In 1987, following his release from hospital and the completion of his recovery, Telyatnikov was sent on an international goodwill tour. Visiting Bulgaria, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain, he attended various state receptions, firefighter conventions, and other events. In Great Britain, he met Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and received a medal from the British Firefighter's Union. Visiting the United States, in November 1987, he delivered an address at the Fourth Great National Firehouse Exposition and Muster, a firefighting convention in Baltimore, Maryland. In Japan, Telyatnikov attended a meeting of Doctors Without Borders for Nuclear Disarmament.
Post-Chernobyl career (1986–1995)
Following his recovery and the end of his international tour, Telyatnikov returned to work in the Fire Department as commander of an MVD fire test laboratory. He served in this capacity until 1989. That year he was promoted to become the deputy head of the Regulatory and Technical Department of the Fire Safety Directorate of the Internal Affairs directorate of the Kiev Regional Executive Committee. He would hold this position through the dissolution of the USSR, until 1993.
In newly independent Ukraine, Telyatnikov was promoted to higher positions within the state fire brigade. In 1993, he became the Deputy Head of the Main Fire Directorate of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Ukraine. And in 1995, having attained the rank of Major General, Telyatnikov was promoted to head the State Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, becoming commander of the entire Ukrainian state firefighting apparatus. Telyatnikov retired the same year.
Post-retirement activities and death
Following his retirement, Telyatnikov remained active in firefighting as the chairman of the Kyiv Volunteer Firefighting Society from 1998. In this capacity he was responsible for organizing an annual children's firefighting festival, which would continue to be held after his death, and was subsequently rededicated in his honor. In 1996, by order of Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma, Telyatnikov was awarded the Ukrainian Order for Courage, 3rd class.
In 2003, Telyatnikov was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw. Invited to receive free treatment in Germany, he traveled to the country and underwent six months of treatment, including two operations. Though doctors were optimistic that he would recover, the cancer returned in the fall of 2004, and Teylatnikov died on December 2 of that year, at age 53.
His death was publicized by news agencies and his family received a letter of condolences from President Vladimir Putin of Russia.
See also
Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster
Liquidator (Chernobyl)
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kinzhakov, Ivan Vladimirovich. "Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich". Patriotic Project “Heroes of the Country”. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
^ a b c "Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich: Hero of the Soviet Union, Veteran of Chernobyl". Пожарно-техническая выставка: Виртуальный интерактивный обучающий комплекс. ВДПО. Retrieved 27 February 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rybinskaya, Irina. "Non-Heroic Hero". FACTS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ a b Plokhy, Serhii (2020). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. New York: Basic Books. p. 94. ISBN 9781541617087.
^ Svetlov, Andrei (February 5, 2006). "Firefighters Against the Atom. How it Was". NuclearNo.ru. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ Karplan, Nikolai (2012). From Chernobyl to Fukushima. Kyiv: S. Podgornov. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-966-7853-00-6.
^ Plokhy (2018), p. 107
^ a b Higgenbotham, Adam (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 103. ISBN 9781501134616.
^ Plokhy (2018), p. 95
^ Karplan (2012), p. 16
^ Plokhy (2018), p. 97
^ a b c d e f "Firefight at Chernobyl". omeka.net. Baltimore, MD: Fire Files Digital Library. 17 September 1987. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ Higgenbotham (2019), p. 151
^ a b c d Higgenbotham (2019), p. 300
^ "Telyatnikov, Leonid Petrovich". Book of Memory: Participants in the Liquidation of the Chernobyl Accident (in Ukrainian). National Chornobyl Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ a b Higgenbotham (2019), p. 307
^ a b Higgenbtham (2019), p. 334
General sources
Kinzhakov, Ivan Vladimirovich. "Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich". Patriotic Project “Heroes of the Country”. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
"Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich: Hero of the Soviet Union, Veteran of Chernobyl". Пожарно-техническая выставка: Виртуальный интерактивный обучающий комплекс. ВДПО. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Rybinskaya, Irina. "Non-Heroic Hero". FACTS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Telyatnikov, Leonid Petrovich". Book of Memory: Participants in the Liquidation of the Chernobyl Accident (in Ukrainian). National Chornobyl Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
Svetlov, Andrei (February 5, 2006). "Firefighters Against the Atom. How it Was". NuclearNo.ru. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
Plokhy, Serhii (2020). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9781541617087.
Higgenbotham, Adam (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781501134616.
"Firefight at Chernobyl". omeka.net. Baltimore, MD: Fire Files Digital Library. 17 September 1987. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
External links
(ua) About awarding with a distinction of the President of Ukraine - a ‘cross for courage’, President of Ukraine L. Kuchma, April 26, 1996
(en) Opening of Telyatnikov's monument at Baykove from UNIAN
vteChernobyl disasterEffects
Comparison with other radioactivity releases
Comparison with Fukushima
Cultural impact
Deaths
Elephant's Foot
Groundwater contamination
TORCH report
Individuals
Aleksandr Akimov
Anatoly Dyatlov
Vasily Ignatenko
Valery Khodemchuk
Boris Shcherbina
Valery Legasov
Mykola Melnyk
Vassili Nesterenko
Vladimir Pikalov
Volodymyr Pravyk
Nikolai Tarakanov
Leonid Telyatnikov
Leonid Toptunov
Locations
Exclusion Zone
Chernihiv–Ovruch railway
Chernobyl
power plant
Kopachi
Opachychi
Poliske
Red Forest
Tarasy
Velyki Klishchi
Vilcha
Yaniv
Polesie Reserve
Aravichy
Dzernavichy
Pripyat
amusement park
Azure swimming pool
Avanhard stadium
FC Stroitel
Energetik cultural palace
Jupiter factory
Polissya hotel
Slavutych
Organisations
Chernobyl Children International
Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert
Chernobyl Forum
Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme
Chernobyl Shelter Fund
Friends of Chernobyl's Children
State Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety
Related topics
2022 Russian capture of Chernobyl
Chernobyl: Abyss (2021 film)
Chernobyl (2019 miniseries)
Chernobyl liquidators
Chernobyl necklace
Chernobylite
Sarcophagus
New Safe Confinement
Samosely
National Chernobyl Museum
Category
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"}],"text":"Leonid Petrovych Telyatnikov (Ukrainian: Леонід Петрович Телятніков; 25 January 1951 – 2 December 2004) was a Soviet, and later Ukrainian, fire brigade commander notable for his role in directing the early stages initial response to the Chernobyl disaster. Telyatnikov served many years as an officer in both Soviet and Ukrainian firefighting organizations, working in a variety of junior and senior leadership positions throughout his career.","title":"Leonid Telyatnikov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kustanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustanay"},{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Kostanay Rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanay_Region"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Leonid Petrovych Telyatnikov was born on January 25, 1951, in the village of Vvedenka, located in the Kustanay Rayon of the Kazakh SSR of the Soviet Union.[1][2] (Now the Kostanay Rayon of Kazakhstan.) He completed his primary schooling there. Following his graduation, he worked for a time as an electrician at the Kustanay Auto Repair Plant before beginning his fire fighting career in 1968.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early firefighting career (1968–1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sverdlovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Rudny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudny,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"In the Kazakh SSR","text":"Telyatnikov enrolled as a cadet in the Sverdlovsk Fire-Technical Academy in 1968.[1][2] Having completed the three-year program, he graduated in 1971, becoming a part of the Paramilitary Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD).[1] After his graduation, he became a fire safety inspector in the Kustanay Rayon, serving in this capacity for two years. In 1973, he was reassigned to the MVD of the Rudny Executive Committee, serving as a fire inspector in the city for a year.[1]\nIn 1974, Telyatnikov enrolled in the Higher Engineering and Fire-Technical Academy of the MVD in Moscow.[1] Finishing the four-year term of study, Telyatnikov graduated in 1978. Telyatnikov then returned to Kustanay and became the head of the Paramilitary Fire Department of the MVD of the Kustanai City Executive Committee, a position he held from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 to 1982, Telyatnikov was the deputy head of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.69 in Kustanay.[1]","title":"Early firefighting career (1968–1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Kiev-Svyatoshinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv-Sviatoshyn_Raion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Pripyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pripyat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"In the Ukrainian SSR","text":"In 1982, Telyatnikov moved from Kustanai to Kiev.[1] In his first year there, he served as senior engineer of the group for supervision of special objects of the Fire Safety Department of the ROVD of the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky District Executive Committee of the city of Kiev.[1] In 1983, he was given command of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.2, the fire brigade tasked with the protection of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, moving his family to the nearby city of Pripyat.[1]","title":"Early firefighting career (1968–1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"dacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"supersonic aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"dispatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatcher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Militsiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militsiya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Dyatlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dyatlov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Pravyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Pravyk"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kibenok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kibenok"},{"link_name":"Vasily Ignatenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Ignatenko"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"At the time of the Chernobyl disaster, Telyatnikov, now a Major in the MVD, was vacationing with his wife and children at their dacha outside of Pripyat. He and his wife were awake, waiting for the cold water to come on the tap, when several explosions were heard.[3] Unalarmed, they believed that they had heard the sound of supersonic aircraft passing low overhead, which was a common occurrence in the area.[3] Soon after, at around 01:32 or 01:33 in the morning, Telyatnikov was telephoned by the fire dispatcher, informing him of the accident and summoning him to the power station.[3] Telyatnikov quickly put on his uniform and telephoned the Pripyat Militsiya Station, asking the duty officer there to send a car to take him to the station, which was four or five kilometers from his dacha.[3][4]Arriving at the station around 1:45 in the morning, Telyatnikov found that the response to the fire had already begun.[4][5] As commander of Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.2, charged with the fire protection of the station, he assumed command of the fire-fighting efforts. One of his first actions was to order a visual survey of the building to determine the locations of the many fires:\"We surveyed the Unit 4 building. Through holes left by concrete panels smashed out we could see cable rooms, where no fires were observed. However, from the central reactor hall we clearly saw something like a blaze or glow... What was it? There is nothing except the reactor's \"top face\" in the central room, nothing was expected to burn there. We decided that it was the reactor itself that generated the glow. I called FFU-2 (the fire fighting unit serving the Chernobyl NPP only) and reported the situation for further transmission to Kiev... \"[6]Telyatnikov visited the Unit Four control room, and was told by Deputy Chief Engineer Anatoly Dyatlov that with the fire on the roof of the turbine hall under control, the priority must be the roofs of Unit 3 and the ventilation block.[7] Around 02:30, Telyatnikov ordered three firemen to the roof of the ventilation block to relieve the first group of firefighters which had been fighting the fires ignited there since the beginning of the emergency.[8] This initial group, which included Volodymyr Pravyk, Viktor Kibenok, and Vasily Ignatenko, was already suffering from the effects of radiation exposure and descended the fire escape from the roof with difficulty.[8] After their leader, Lieutenant Pravik, reported to Telyatnikov that the fire on the roof of the power station's third power unit had been extinguished, Telyatnikov, noting that he and the men with him appeared very unwell, ordered them into a nearby ambulance for evacuation to the Pripyat hospital.[9] Soon after, on the south side of the station, Telyatnikov ascended the fire escape to the roof of the turbine hall and ordered firefighters there to maintain a fire watch there until relieved.[10]By 03:30, Telyatnikov was himself beginning to experience nausea and retching, initial symptoms of radiation exposure.[11] He was evacuated to Sanitary Unit No. 126 – the Pripyat Hospital – around this time.[12] Experiencing only the mild initial effects of radiation exposure, and unaware of the extent of his injuries, he was able to talk, smoke, and walk around with fellow firefighters.[3]","title":"Chernobyl disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borispol Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borispol_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Sredmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Medium_Machine_Building"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"white blood cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"bacteriological infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"respiratory tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"},{"link_name":"Lt. Vladimir Pravik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Pravyk"},{"link_name":"ARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_SSR"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"rem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"sub_title":"Hospitalisation and recovery","text":"As the extent of the disaster and the severity of the radiological injuries sustained by first responders began to be understood, the decision was made to evacuate Telyatnikov and the other hospitalized firefighters and plant staff to Moscow. By bus to Borispol Airport in Kiev, and from there to Moscow by air, he was taken to Hospital No.6, a hospital run by Sredmash (the state ministry for nuclear energy) and the All-Union Physics Institute, which had a specialized department for treating radiation injuries.[13]By this time, Telyatnikov was beginning to suffer from the more severe effects of his radiation exposure. He had lost consciousness in the course of transfer from Pripyat to Kiev by bus, and his condition continued to deteriorate.[3] His bone marrow had been damaged by ionizing radiation, lowering his white blood cell count, weakening his immune system and leaving him vulnerable to bacteriological infection. He suffered from a fever of over 40°C, and his lungs and respiratory tract became inflamed.[3] His sisters and father were summoned to Moscow as potential bone marrow donors, should Telyatnikov's white blood cell count not recover and it prove necessary to attempt a bone marrow transplant.[3]However, Telyatnikov did begin to improve. And he was released from the isolation ward and allowed to walk around Hospital No. 6 in July, 1986, on his own, while wearing a gauze mask to protect his lungs from infection.[14] It was at this time that he was first informed of the death of his subordinate Lt. Vladimir Pravik and the other five firemen who succumbed to ARS.[14] He remained there until August, 1986, when he was transferred to a resort on the Latvian coast, and allowed to recuperate in the company of his wife and children.[14] On September 5, 1986, he was released from the convalescent home.[12] That same month, he was able to visit his parents in Kazakhstan.[14] Frequent medication during hospitalization, however, had taken a toll on his liver, and Telyatnikov would return to hospital three times before the end of the year for treatment of this complication.[12] He was released for the last time on December 22, 1986, ending seven months of medical treatment and recovery.[12]It is unclear what Telyatnikov's accumulated radiation dose was. Telyatnikov stated in a 1987 interview that it was \"somewhere from 200 to 400 rem\", but other sources claim that Telyatnikov received a dose of 450 to even 520 rem.[12][15][3]","title":"Chernobyl disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Telyatnikov_(1951-2004)_decorated_in_UK.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isvestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isvestia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-16"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Post-recovery honours","text":"The President of the British Fire Services Association presenting the Order of Gallantry, for bravery, to Major Telyatnikov, the Commander of the Chernobyl Fire Brigade.After his recovery, Telyatnikov was honored in the Soviet media, including a front-page feature in Isvestia and spotlights on television and radio.[16] He was honored with the Order of Lenin and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on September 25, 1986.[1]","title":"Chernobyl disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-16"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"Doctors Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"sub_title":"International goodwill tour","text":"In 1987, following his release from hospital and the completion of his recovery, Telyatnikov was sent on an international goodwill tour. Visiting Bulgaria, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain, he attended various state receptions, firefighter conventions, and other events.[3] In Great Britain, he met Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and received a medal from the British Firefighter's Union.[3][16] Visiting the United States, in November 1987, he delivered an address at the Fourth Great National Firehouse Exposition and Muster, a firefighting convention in Baltimore, Maryland.[12] In Japan, Telyatnikov attended a meeting of Doctors Without Borders for Nuclear Disarmament.[3]","title":"Chernobyl disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Following his recovery and the end of his international tour, Telyatnikov returned to work in the Fire Department as commander of an MVD fire test laboratory.[1] He served in this capacity until 1989.[1] That year he was promoted to become the deputy head of the Regulatory and Technical Department of the Fire Safety Directorate of the Internal Affairs directorate of the Kiev Regional Executive Committee. He would hold this position through the dissolution of the USSR, until 1993.[1]In newly independent Ukraine, Telyatnikov was promoted to higher positions within the state fire brigade. In 1993, he became the Deputy Head of the Main Fire Directorate of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Ukraine.[1] And in 1995, having attained the rank of Major General, Telyatnikov was promoted to head the State Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, becoming commander of the entire Ukrainian state firefighting apparatus.[1][2] Telyatnikov retired the same year.[1]","title":"Post-Chernobyl career (1986–1995)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kuchma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma"},{"link_name":"Order for Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_for_Courage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"President Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Following his retirement, Telyatnikov remained active in firefighting as the chairman of the Kyiv Volunteer Firefighting Society from 1998.[1] In this capacity he was responsible for organizing an annual children's firefighting festival, which would continue to be held after his death, and was subsequently rededicated in his honor.[3] In 1996, by order of Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma, Telyatnikov was awarded the Ukrainian Order for Courage, 3rd class.[1]In 2003, Telyatnikov was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw.[3][17] Invited to receive free treatment in Germany, he traveled to the country and underwent six months of treatment, including two operations.[3] Though doctors were optimistic that he would recover, the cancer returned in the fall of 2004, and Teylatnikov died on December 2 of that year, at age 53.[17]His death was publicized by news agencies and his family received a letter of condolences from President Vladimir Putin of Russia.[3]","title":"Post-retirement activities and 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Patriotic Project “Heroes of the Country”. Retrieved 14 February 2021.\n\n^ a b c \"Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich: Hero of the Soviet Union, Veteran of Chernobyl\". Пожарно-техническая выставка: Виртуальный интерактивный обучающий комплекс. ВДПО. Retrieved 27 February 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rybinskaya, Irina. \"Non-Heroic Hero\". FACTS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n\n^ a b Plokhy, Serhii (2020). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. New York: Basic Books. p. 94. ISBN 9781541617087.\n\n^ Svetlov, Andrei (February 5, 2006). \"Firefighters Against the Atom. How it Was\". NuclearNo.ru. Retrieved 14 March 2021.\n\n^ Karplan, Nikolai (2012). From Chernobyl to Fukushima. Kyiv: S. Podgornov. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-966-7853-00-6.\n\n^ Plokhy (2018), p. 107\n\n^ a b Higgenbotham, Adam (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 103. ISBN 9781501134616.\n\n^ Plokhy (2018), p. 95\n\n^ Karplan (2012), p. 16\n\n^ Plokhy (2018), p. 97\n\n^ a b c d e f \"Firefight at Chernobyl\". omeka.net. Baltimore, MD: Fire Files Digital Library. 17 September 1987. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ Higgenbotham (2019), p. 151\n\n^ a b c d Higgenbotham (2019), p. 300\n\n^ \"Telyatnikov, Leonid Petrovich\". Book of Memory: Participants in the Liquidation of the Chernobyl Accident (in Ukrainian). National Chornobyl Museum. 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Retrieved 27 February 2021.\nRybinskaya, Irina. \"Non-Heroic Hero\". FACTS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n\"Telyatnikov, Leonid Petrovich\". Book of Memory: Participants in the Liquidation of the Chernobyl Accident (in Ukrainian). National Chornobyl Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2021.\nSvetlov, Andrei (February 5, 2006). \"Firefighters Against the Atom. How it Was\". NuclearNo.ru. Retrieved 14 March 2021.\nPlokhy, Serhii (2020). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9781541617087.\nHiggenbotham, Adam (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781501134616.\n\"Firefight at Chernobyl\". omeka.net. Baltimore, MD: Fire Files Digital Library. 17 September 1987. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","title":"General sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The President of the British Fire Services Association presenting the Order of Gallantry, for bravery, to Major Telyatnikov, the Commander of the Chernobyl Fire Brigade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Leonid_Telyatnikov_%281951-2004%29_decorated_in_UK.jpg/220px-Leonid_Telyatnikov_%281951-2004%29_decorated_in_UK.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_due_to_the_Chernobyl_disaster"},{"title":"Liquidator (Chernobyl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidator_(Chernobyl)"}] | [{"reference":"Kinzhakov, Ivan Vladimirovich. \"Telyatnikov Leonid Petrovich\". Patriotic Project “Heroes of the Country”. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_layering | Layering | ["1 Method and process","2 Plants types and benefit","3 Ground layering","4 Air layering","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Plant propagation technique
This article is about the plant propagation techniques. For other uses, see Layering (disambiguation).
For the use of layering in viticulture, see Propagation of grapevines.
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Layering
Layering is a vegetative propagation technique where the stem or branch of a plant is manipulated to promote root development while still attached to the parent plant. Once roots are established, the new plant can be detached from the parent and planted. Layering is utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.
Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots. At a later stage the connection with the parent plant is severed and a new plant is produced as a result.
The horticultural layering process typically involves wounding the target region to expose the inner stem and optionally applying rooting compounds.
In ground layering or simple layering, the stem is bent down and the target region is buried in the soil. This is done in plant nurseries in imitation of natural layering by many plants such as brambles which bow over and touch the tip on the ground, at which point it grows roots and, when separated, can continue as a separate plant. In either case, the rooting process may take from several weeks to a year.
There are two methods of air layering, which do not involve burying the stem. In ring air layering, the exposed wound is covered in a growth medium such as sphagnum moss, and wrapped in a material such as plastic. The roots grow into the medium and after a period of time, the stem is separated from the original plant. Tourniquet air layering has a similar method to air layering, except that instead of creating a wound, a wire is wrapped around the stem and the ends are twisted until it is very tight.
Layering is more complicated than taking cuttings, but has the advantage that the propagated portion continues to receive water and nutrients from the parent plant while it is forming roots. This is important for plants that form roots slowly, or for propagating large pieces. Layering is used quite frequently in the propagation of bonsai; it is also used as a technique for both creating new roots and improving existing roots.
Method and process
A low-growing stem is bent down to touch a hole dug in the ground, then pinned in place using something shaped like a clothes hanger hook and covered over with soil. However, a few inches of leafy growth must remain above the ground for the bent stem to grow into a new plant. Removing a section of skin from the lower-facing stem part before burying may help the rooting process. If using rooting hormone, the stem should be cut just beneath a node. The resultant notch should be wedged open with a toothpick or similar piece of wood and the hormone applied before burying.
The buried stem part then grows new roots which take hold in the soil while the above parts grow as individual new plants. Once the end of the stem has grown long enough the process can be repeated, creating the appearance of a row of plants linked by humped, intermittently buried stems. Better results can be achieved when the top of the plant is closer to the vertical.
Once the process is completed, the buried section should be kept well-watered until roots begin to form. The new individual plant may require one to two years before it is strong enough to survive on its own. When it is, the original stem should be cut where it enters the ground, thereby separating the two plants.
Plants types and benefit
As layering does not involve sexual reproduction, new plants are effectively clones of the original plant and will exhibit the same characteristics. This includes flower, fruit and foliage. Plant selection usually involves plants with a flexible stem.
Simple layering can be more attractive when managing a cascading or spreading plant. These plants tend to propagate in this manner anyway, and potting a new limb will give extra plants without having to sow new seed.
Simple layering can also help when a plant has overgrown its pot and is drooping over the side. The long stem is layered into another pot until it roots, thus bringing it back to soil level.
Ground layering
Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation technique for the popular Malling-Merton series of clonal apple root stocks, in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these are started, the original stem is buried up to some distance from the tip. At the end of the growing season, the side branches will have rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant. Some of these will be used for grafting rootstocks, and some can be reused in the nursery for the next growing season's crop.
Ground layering is used in the formation of visible surface roots, known as "nebari", on bonsai trees.
Air layering
Air layering of Limonium dendroides
Air layer of a pomegranate branch.
In air layering (or marcotting), the target region is wounded by an upward 4 cm long cut and held open with a toothpick or similar, or a strip of bark is removed. The wound is then surrounded with a lump of moisture-retaining medium such as sphagnum moss or cloth, and then further surrounded by a moisture barrier such as plastic film tied or taped to the branch to prevent moisture loss or ingress of too much water as from rain. Rooting hormone is often applied to the wound to encourage root growth. When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem is removed from the parent plant and planted, taking care to shield it from too much sun and to protect it from drying out until the new roots take hold. It can take the layer from a few weeks to one or more growing seasons to produce sufficient roots; this is largely dependent on the plant species and the vigor of the parent plant.
See also
Coppicing
Hedge laying
Cashew of Pirangi
References
^ Bareja, Ben (2021-08-27). "What Is Air Layering, Its Advantages, and Disadvantages". Crops Review. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "Air layering as a Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ Ervin Evans. "Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the Home Gardener - NC State University". ncsu.edu.
^ New Plants From Layering, Department of Horticulture, Purdue University Cooperative Extension
^ Simple Layering of an Indoor Plant Part 1, Missouri Botanical Garden (In depth practical instructions with detailed photographic illustration, specific to indoor varieties)
^ Simple Layering of an Indoor Plant Part 2, Missouri Botanical Garden (In depth practical instructions with detailed photographic illustration, specific to indoor varieties)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Layering.
Information and illustrated step-by-step instructions for air layering
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Layering (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Propagation of grapevines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layer_(PSF).png"},{"link_name":"adventitious roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventitious_roots"},{"link_name":"rooting compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin"},{"link_name":"plant nurseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nursery"},{"link_name":"brambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramble"},{"link_name":"growth medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_medium"},{"link_name":"sphagnum moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum_moss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cuttings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(plant)"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"bonsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai"}],"text":"This article is about the plant propagation techniques. For other uses, see Layering (disambiguation).For the use of layering in viticulture, see Propagation of grapevines.LayeringLayering is a vegetative propagation technique where the stem or branch of a plant is manipulated to promote root development while still attached to the parent plant. Once roots are established, the new plant can be detached from the parent and planted. Layering is utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots. At a later stage the connection with the parent plant is severed and a new plant is produced as a result.The horticultural layering process typically involves wounding the target region to expose the inner stem and optionally applying rooting compounds.In ground layering or simple layering, the stem is bent down and the target region is buried in the soil. This is done in plant nurseries in imitation of natural layering by many plants such as brambles which bow over and touch the tip on the ground, at which point it grows roots and, when separated, can continue as a separate plant. In either case, the rooting process may take from several weeks to a year.There are two methods of air layering, which do not involve burying the stem. In ring air layering, the exposed wound is covered in a growth medium such as sphagnum moss, and wrapped in a material such as plastic. The roots grow into the medium and after a period of time, the stem is separated from the original plant.[1] Tourniquet air layering has a similar method to air layering, except that instead of creating a wound, a wire is wrapped around the stem and the ends are twisted until it is very tight.[2]Layering is more complicated than taking cuttings, but has the advantage that the propagated portion continues to receive water and nutrients from the parent plant while it is forming roots. This is important for plants that form roots slowly, or for propagating large pieces. Layering is used quite frequently in the propagation of bonsai; it is also used as a technique for both creating new roots and improving existing roots.","title":"Layering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"clothes hanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_hanger"},{"link_name":"rooting hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A low-growing stem is bent down to touch a hole dug in the ground, then pinned in place using something shaped like a clothes hanger hook and covered over with soil. However, a few inches of leafy growth must remain above the ground for the bent stem to grow into a new plant. Removing a section of skin from the lower-facing stem part before burying may help the rooting process. If using rooting hormone, the stem should be cut just beneath a node. The resultant notch should be wedged open with a toothpick or similar piece of wood and the hormone applied before burying.The buried stem part then grows new roots which take hold in the soil while the above parts grow as individual new plants. Once the end of the stem has grown long enough the process can be repeated, creating the appearance of a row of plants linked by humped, intermittently buried stems. Better results can be achieved when the top of the plant is closer to the vertical.Once the process is completed, the buried section should be kept well-watered until roots begin to form. The new individual plant may require one to two years before it is strong enough to survive on its own. When it is, the original stem should be cut where it enters the ground, thereby separating the two plants.[3][4]","title":"Method and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As layering does not involve sexual reproduction, new plants are effectively clones of the original plant and will exhibit the same characteristics. This includes flower, fruit and foliage. Plant selection usually involves plants with a flexible stem.Simple layering can be more attractive when managing a cascading or spreading plant.[5] These plants tend to propagate in this manner anyway, and potting a new limb will give extra plants without having to sow new seed.Simple layering can also help when a plant has overgrown its pot and is drooping over the side. The long stem is layered into another pot until it roots, thus bringing it back to soil level.[6]","title":"Plants types and benefit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malling-Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malling_series"},{"link_name":"clonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"grafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"}],"text":"Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation technique for the popular Malling-Merton series of clonal apple root stocks, in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward.[citation needed] After these are started, the original stem is buried up to some distance from the tip. At the end of the growing season, the side branches will have rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant. Some of these will be used for grafting rootstocks, and some can be reused in the nursery for the next growing season's crop.Ground layering is used in the formation of visible surface roots, known as \"nebari\", on bonsai trees.","title":"Ground layering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limonium_dendroides_air_layering.jpg"},{"link_name":"Limonium dendroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonium_dendroides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melograno_margotta.jpg"},{"link_name":"sphagnum moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum_moss"},{"link_name":"cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"Rooting hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_hormone"}],"text":"Air layering of Limonium dendroidesAir layer of a pomegranate branch.In air layering (or marcotting), the target region is wounded by an upward 4 cm long cut and held open with a toothpick or similar, or a strip of bark is removed. The wound is then surrounded with a lump of moisture-retaining medium such as sphagnum moss or cloth, and then further surrounded by a moisture barrier such as plastic film tied or taped to the branch to prevent moisture loss or ingress of too much water as from rain. Rooting hormone is often applied to the wound to encourage root growth. When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem is removed from the parent plant and planted, taking care to shield it from too much sun and to protect it from drying out until the new roots take hold. It can take the layer from a few weeks to one or more growing seasons to produce sufficient roots; this is largely dependent on the plant species and the vigor of the parent plant.","title":"Air layering"}] | [{"image_text":"Layering","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Layer_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Layer_%28PSF%29.png"},{"image_text":"Air layering of Limonium dendroides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Limonium_dendroides_air_layering.jpg/220px-Limonium_dendroides_air_layering.jpg"},{"image_text":"Air layer of a pomegranate branch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Melograno_margotta.jpg/220px-Melograno_margotta.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Coppicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppicing"},{"title":"Hedge laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_laying"},{"title":"Cashew of Pirangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew_of_Pirangi"}] | [{"reference":"Bareja, Ben (2021-08-27). \"What Is Air Layering, Its Advantages, and Disadvantages\". Crops Review. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cropsreview.com/air-layering/","url_text":"\"What Is Air Layering, Its Advantages, and Disadvantages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air layering as a Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire\". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonsaiempire.com/basics/cultivation/air-layering","url_text":"\"Air layering as a Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Ervin Evans. \"Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the Home Gardener - NC State University\". ncsu.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-8701.html","url_text":"\"Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the Home Gardener - NC State University\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Layering%22","external_links_name":"\"Layering\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Layering%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Layering%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Layering%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Layering%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Layering%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.cropsreview.com/air-layering/","external_links_name":"\"What Is Air Layering, Its Advantages, and Disadvantages\""},{"Link":"https://www.bonsaiempire.com/basics/cultivation/air-layering","external_links_name":"\"Air layering as a Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire\""},{"Link":"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-8701.html","external_links_name":"\"Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the Home Gardener - NC State University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010614031022/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/ho-1.pdf","external_links_name":"New Plants From Layering"},{"Link":"http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/visual-guides/simple-layering-of-an-indoor-plant-1.aspx","external_links_name":"Simple Layering of an Indoor Plant Part 1"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/visual-guides/simple-layering-of-an-indoor-plant-2.aspx","external_links_name":"Simple Layering of an Indoor Plant Part 2"},{"Link":"http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/earthkind/landscape/air-layering/","external_links_name":"Information and illustrated step-by-step instructions for air layering"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119801959","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119801959","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294764605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002646","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Song-gwan | Pak Song-gwan | ["1 Goals for Senior National Team","2 References","3 External links"] | North Korean footballer
In this Korean name, the family name is Pak.
Pak Song-gwanPersonal informationFull name
Pak Song-gwanDate of birth
(1980-08-14) August 14, 1980 (age 43)Place of birth
North KoreaPosition(s)
StrikerTeam informationCurrent team
RimyongsuSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2005–
Rimyongsu
International career2003–
Korea DPR
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of September 24, 2008
Pak Song-gwanChosŏn'gŭl박성관Hancha朴成冠Revised RomanizationBak SeonggwanMcCune–ReischauerPak Sŏngkwan
Pak Song-gwan (Korean: 박성관; born 14 August 1980) is a North Korean international football player.
Pak appeared for the Korea DPR national football team in two 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.
Goals for Senior National Team
#
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
March 25, 2005
Pyongyang, Korea DPR
Bahrain
1-2
Lost
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
References
^ Pak Song-Gwan – FIFA competition record (archived)
External links
Pak Song-gwan at National-Football-Teams.com
This biographical article related to North Korean association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_DPR_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Korea DPR national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_DPR_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Pak.Pak Song-gwan (Korean: 박성관; born 14 August 1980) is a North Korean international football player.Pak appeared for the Korea DPR national football team in two 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.[1]","title":"Pak Song-gwan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Goals for Senior National Team"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=210066/index.html","external_links_name":"Pak Song-Gwan"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11152.html","external_links_name":"Pak Song-gwan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pak_Song-gwan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylacetone | Benzylacetone | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Benzylacetone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
4-Phenylbutan-2-one
Other names
4-Phenyl-2-butanoneMethyl 2-phenylethyl ketone
Identifiers
CAS Number
2550-26-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
16422 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.018.044
PubChem CID
17355
UNII
UZM5QH16YW Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID6033241
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H12O/c1-9(11)7-8-10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-6H,7-8H2,1H3 YKey: AKGGYBADQZYZPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C10H12O/c1-9(11)7-8-10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-6H,7-8H2,1H3Key: AKGGYBADQZYZPD-UHFFFAOYAH
SMILES
O=C(CCc1ccccc1)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C10H12O
Molar mass
148.205 g·mol−1
Density
0.989 g/mL
Melting point
−13 °C (9 °F; 260 K)
Boiling point
235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Hazards
Flash point
98 °C (208 °F; 371 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Benzylacetone (IUPAC name: 4-phenylbutan-2-one) is a liquid with a sweet, flowery smell that is considered to be the most abundant attractant compound in flowers (e.g. Coyote Tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata) and one of volatile components of cocoa.
It can be used as an attractant for melon flies (Bactrocera cucurbitae), in perfume, and as an odorant for soap.
It can be prepared by the hydrogenation of benzylideneacetone.
See also
Odor
Pheromone
Fragrances
References
^ Kessler, D. & Baldwin, I.T. (2007). "Making sense of nectar scents: the effects of nectar secondary metabolites on floral visitors of Nicotiana attenuata". The Plant Journal. 49 (5): 840–854. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02995.x. PMID 17316174.
^ Baldwin, I.T.; et al. (1997). "Patterns and Consequences of Benzyl Acetone Floral Emissions from Nicotiana attenuata Plants". J. Chem. Ecol. 23 (100): 2327–2343. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006677.56380.cd. S2CID 25042144.
^ Karl-Georg Fahlbusch, Franz-Josef Hammerschmidt, Johannes Panten, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Dietmar Schatkowski, Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe & Horst Surburg: Flavors and Fragrances, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003. Cited 28.8.2015.
^ "University of Florida Featured Creatures". Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ "Answers.com webpage". Answers.com. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ "The Goods Company webpage". Retrieved 2008-11-18.
External links
Fluka 4-Phenyl-2-butanone
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S2CID 25042144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOEC.0000006677.56380.cd","url_text":"10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006677.56380.cd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25042144","url_text":"25042144"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Florida Featured Creatures\". Retrieved 2008-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/melon_fly.htm","url_text":"\"University of Florida Featured Creatures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Answers.com webpage\". Answers.com. Retrieved 2008-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/benzylacetone","url_text":"\"Answers.com webpage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answers.com","url_text":"Answers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Goods Company webpage\". Retrieved 2008-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1024231.html","url_text":"\"The Goods Company webpage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2550-26-7","external_links_name":"2550-26-7"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28CCc1ccccc1%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.16422.html","external_links_name":"16422"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.018.044","external_links_name":"100.018.044"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/17355","external_links_name":"17355"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/UZM5QH16YW","external_links_name":"UZM5QH16YW"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6033241","external_links_name":"DTXSID6033241"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=396299528&page2=Benzylacetone","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2006.02995.x","external_links_name":"\"Making sense of nectar scents: the effects of nectar secondary metabolites on floral visitors of Nicotiana attenuata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2006.02995.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02995.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17316174","external_links_name":"17316174"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOEC.0000006677.56380.cd","external_links_name":"10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006677.56380.cd"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25042144","external_links_name":"25042144"},{"Link":"http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/melon_fly.htm","external_links_name":"\"University of Florida Featured Creatures\""},{"Link":"http://www.answers.com/topic/benzylacetone","external_links_name":"\"Answers.com webpage\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1024231.html","external_links_name":"\"The Goods Company webpage\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130202152107/http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/FLUKA/13150","external_links_name":"Fluka 4-Phenyl-2-butanone"},{"Link":"http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?InChI=1/C10H12O/c1-9(11)7-8-10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-6H,7-8H2,1H3","external_links_name":"NIST 4-Phenyl-2-butanone"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Oldham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_election | 2007 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election | ["1 Election result","2 Ward results","2.1 Alexandra ward","2.2 Chadderton Central ward","2.3 Chadderton North ward","2.4 Chadderton South ward","2.5 Coldhurst ward","2.6 Crompton ward","2.7 Failsworth East ward","2.8 Failsworth West ward","2.9 Hollinwood ward","2.10 Medlock Vale ward","2.11 Royton North ward","2.12 Royton South ward","2.13 Saddleworth North ward","2.14 Saddleworth South ward","2.15 Saddleworth West and Lees ward","2.16 St James ward","2.17 St Marys ward","2.18 Shaw ward","2.19 Waterhead ward","2.20 Werneth ward","3 References"] | 2007 local election in England, UK
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2007 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham shown within England.
Elections to Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 3 May 2007. One third of the Council was up for election.
The Labour Party lost overall control of the Council.
After the election, the composition of the council was
Labour 30
Liberal Democrat 26
Conservative 3
Independent (politician) 1
Election result
Oldham Local Election Result 2007
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Liberal Democrats
9
1
2
-1
36.3
20,876
+2.3
Labour
9
2
3
-1
34.6
19,863
+5.1
Conservative
2
2
0
+2
21.1
12,147
+0.1
BNP
0
0
0
2.9
1,683
-2.1
Green
0
0
0
2.4
1,367
-3.4
Independent
0
0
0
1.7
967
-3.0
UKIP
0
0
0
0.9
541
+0.9
Ward results
Alexandra ward
Alexandra ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Glynis Shaw
906
44.1
+0.2
Liberal Democrats
Martin Dinoff
765
37.2
+7.6
Conservative
Paul Stephenson
244
11.9
+0.4
Green
Kay Roney
139
6.8
-0.2
Majority
141
6.9
-7.4
Turnout
2,054
Labour hold
Swing
Chadderton Central ward
Chadderton Central ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Eileen Hulme
1,218
51.2
+19.2
Labour
Tony Brownridge
997
41.9
+3.3
Liberal Democrats
Mohammed Ali
164
6.9
-8.7
Majority
221
9.3
Turnout
2,379
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
Chadderton North ward
Chadderton North ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Len Quinn
1,266
44.0
-4.1
Labour
Susan Dean
983
34.2
-2.1
Liberal Democrats
Nazia Raja
317
11.0
+1.0
Independent
Eric Trigg
160
5.6
+5.6
UKIP
David Short
150
5.2
+5.2
Majority
293
9.8
-2.0
Turnout
2,876
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
Chadderton South ward
Chadderton South ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
David Jones
1,080
44.4
+0.3
Conservative
John Berry
602
24.7
-5.0
BNP
Martin Brierley
483
19.8
+19.8
Liberal Democrats
Pat Lord
170
11.1
+0.6
Majority
478
20.5
+6.1
Turnout
2,335
Labour hold
Swing
Coldhurst ward
Coldhurst ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Jilad Miah
1,753
43.2
-6.5
Labour
Mohammed Islam
1,378
33.5
+10.8
Conservative
Abu Choudhury
654
16.1
-11.5
Independent
Nuruz Zaman
220
5.4
+5.4
Independent
Giash Uddin
55
1.4
+1.4
Majority
375
9.2
-12.9
Turnout
4,060
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Crompton ward
Crompton ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
John Dillon
1,550
55.6
+1.5
Conservative
David Dunning
606
21.7
-4.2
Labour
Wyn Dillon
476
17.1
+5.0
Green
Fiona Southall
157
5.6
-2.3
Majority
944
33.8
+5.7
Turnout
2,789
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Failsworth East ward
Failsworth East ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Jim McMahon
1,476
57.9
+9.8
Conservative
Paul Martin
825
32.3
+0.7
Green
John Parker
154
6.0
-8.0
Liberal Democrats
Dorothy Shaw
96
3.8
-2.5
Majority
651
25.5
+9.0
Turnout
2,551
Labour hold
Swing
Failsworth West ward
Failsworth West ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Glenys Butterworth
881
36.2
-13.2
Conservative
Ian Barker
735
30.2
+9.3
Green
Warren Bates
691
28.4
+5.9
Liberal Democrats
Keith Taylor
124
5.1
-2.1
Majority
146
6.0
-20.9
Turnout
2,431
Labour hold
Swing
Hollinwood ward
Hollinwood ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Keith Pendlebury
943
42.3
+1.4
Labour
Steve Williams
905
40.6
+3.9
Conservative
David McDonald
285
12.8
-1.5
Green
David Roney
94
4.2
-4.0
Majority
38
1.7
-2.5
Turnout
2,227
Liberal Democrats gain from Labour
Swing
Medlock Vale ward
Medlock Vale ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Ged Ball
1,284
58.2
+23.7
Conservative
Ken Heeks
490
22.2
+15.6
Liberal Democrats
Philip Bagley
431
19.5
-14.5
Majority
794
36.0
+35.5
Turnout
2,205
Labour hold
Swing
Royton North ward
Royton North ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Tony Larkin
1,207
40.3
+2.2
Conservative
Joseph Farquhar
905
30.2
+5.0
BNP
Anita Corbett
486
16.2
-8.8
Liberal Democrats
Philip Renold
268
9.0
-2.7
UKIP
Trevor Hilton
126
4.2
+4.2
Majority
302
10.1
-2.8
Turnout
2,992
Labour hold
Swing
Royton South ward
Royton South ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steven Bashforth
1,079
37.1
+9.6
Liberal Democrats
Sue Barratt
968
33.3
+0.1
Conservative
Allan Fish
598
20.5
+2.2
UKIP
Chris Shyne
265
9.1
+9.1
Majority
129
4.8
Turnout
2,910
Labour hold
Swing
Saddleworth North ward
Saddleworth North ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Derek Heffernan
1,813
55.7
+0.0
Conservative
Barbara Jackson
794
24.4
-0.3
Labour
Ken Hulme
650
20.0
+6.8
Majority
1,019
31.3
+1.2
Turnout
3,257
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Saddleworth South ward
Saddleworth South ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Christine Wheeler
2,079
55.1
+2.4
Conservative
John Hudson
1,211
32.1
-1.6
Labour
Brian Ames
265
7.0
+0.0
Independent
Christine Beaumont-Rydings
220
5.8
+5.8
Majority
868
23.0
+4.0
Turnout
3,775
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Saddleworth West and Lees ward
Saddleworth West and Lees ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Brian Lord
1,571
55.0
+12.5
Conservative
Graham Sheldon
747
26.2
+1.6
Labour
Paul Hickling
537
18.8
-2.5
Majority
824
28.9
+9.6
Turnout
2,855
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
St James ward
St James ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
James McArdle
1,014
52.5
+15.4
Labour
Adrian Alexander
636
30.0
+6.6
BNP
Craig Lawton
371
17.5
-2.9
Majority
378
18.7
+5.0
Turnout
2,021
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
St Marys ward
St Marys ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Shadab Qumer
2,236
52.2
+32.6
Liberal Democrats
Mohammed Masud
2,044
47.8
+21.2
Majority
192
4.5
Turnout
4,280
Labour gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
Shaw ward
Shaw ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Mark Alcock
1,472
55.9
+15.0
Labour
Dilys Fletcher
350
13.3
-0.3
BNP
Alwyn Stott
343
13.0
-3.0
Conservative
Kevin Howard
337
12.8
+3.1
Independent
David Bentley
131
5.0
-13.6
Majority
1,122
42.6
+20.3
Turnout
2,633
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Waterhead ward
Waterhead ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Kay Knox
1,556
62.0
+13.2
Labour
Jennifer Harrison
642
25.6
-5.8
Independent
Stuart Allsopp
181
7.2
-1.2
Green
Stuart Fielding
132
5.3
-1.9
Majority
914
36.4
+19.0
Turnout
2,511
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Werneth ward
Werneth ward
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Javid Iqbal
1,895
46.2
-2.4
Liberal Democrats
Khurshid Ahmed
1,578
38.5
-4.5
Conservative
Mohammed Jahan
630
15.4
+7.0
Majority
317
7.7
+2.1
Turnout
4,103
Labour gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
References
vteCouncil elections in Greater ManchesterMayor
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Bolton
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Bury
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Manchester
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Oldham
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Rochdale
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Salford
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Stockport
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Tameside
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Trafford
1973
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Wigan
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County Council
1973
1977
1981
See also: Wards
Boundary changes
vte(2006 ←) 2007 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2008)Metropolitan boroughs
Barnsley
Birmingham
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Spelthorne
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Stafford
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Stevenage
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Stroud
Suffolk Coastal
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Swale
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Teignbridge
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Test Valley
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Tonbridge and Malling
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West Devon
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Angus
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East Dunbartonshire
East Lothian
East Renfrewshire
Edinburgh
Falkirk
Fife
Glasgow
Highland
Inverclyde
Midlothian
Moray
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
North Ayrshire
North Lanarkshire
Orkney
Perth and Kinross
Renfrewshire
Scottish Borders
Shetland
South Ayrshire
South Lanarkshire
Stirling
West Dunbartonshire
West Lothian
National Assemblies and Parliament elections
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnglandOldham.png"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Independent (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"}],"text":"The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham shown within England.Elections to Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 3 May 2007. One third of the Council was up for election.The Labour Party lost overall control of the Council.After the election, the composition of the council wasLabour 30\nLiberal Democrat 26\nConservative 3\nIndependent (politician) 1","title":"2007 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alexandra ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chadderton Central ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chadderton North ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chadderton South ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coldhurst ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crompton ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Failsworth East ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Failsworth West ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hollinwood ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medlock Vale ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Royton North ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Royton South ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saddleworth North ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saddleworth South ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saddleworth West and Lees ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St James ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St Marys ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shaw ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Waterhead ward","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Werneth ward","title":"Ward results"}] | [{"image_text":"The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham shown within England.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/EnglandOldham.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22","external_links_name":"\"2007 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222007+Oldham+Metropolitan+Borough+Council+election%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Belgium | List of castles and châteaux in Belgium | ["1 Brussels-Capital Region","2 Flanders","2.1 Antwerp province","2.2 East Flanders","2.3 Flemish Brabant","2.4 Limburg province","2.5 West Flanders","3 Wallonia","3.1 Hainaut province","3.2 Liège province","3.3 Luxembourg province","3.4 Namur province","3.5 Walloon Brabant","4 Bibliography","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | This is an incomplete list of castles and châteaux in Belgium. The Dutch word kasteel and the French word château refer both to fortified defensive buildings (castles proper) and to stately aristocratic homes (châteaux, manor houses or country houses). As a result, it is common to see the name of both types of building translated into English as 'castle', which can sometimes be misleading. Combined with the complication that some aristocratic homes were once intended for defence, here they have not been separated into two groups, and most buildings of both types are labelled as 'castles' in this list. Many members of the old Belgian noble families still live in castles (see Belgian nobility).
Brussels-Capital Region
Name
Location
Other
Belvédère ChâteauChâteau du Belvédère / Kasteel Belvédère
Laeken
Residence of King Albert II
Palace of CoudenbergPalais du Coudenberg / Coudenbergpaleis
City of Brussels
Destroyed in 1731, parts visible underneath the modern city
Egmont PalacePalais d'Egmont / Egmontpaleis
City of Brussels
Château of Val-DuchesseChâteau de Val-Duchesse / Kasteel van Hertoginnedal
Auderghem
Karreveld CastleChâteau de Karreveld / Kasteelhoeve van Karreveld
Molenbeek
Château Malou (Maloukasteel)
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
Rivieren CastleChâteau de Rivieren / Kasteel ter Rivieren
Ganshoren
Royal Palace of BrusselsPalais Royal de Bruxelles / Koninklijk Paleis van Brussel
City of Brussels
Official residence of the Belgian Court
Royal Castle of LaekenChâteau Royal de Laeken / Koninklijk Kasteel van Laken
Laeken
Residence of the King of the Belgians
Stoclet PalacePalais Stoclet / Stocletpaleis
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
Château of StuyvenbergChâteau du Stuyvenberg / Kasteel van Stuyvenberg
Laeken
Official Residence of the Archduke and Archduchess of Austria-Este
Flanders
Antwerp province
Name
Location
Other
Altena Castle (Kasteel van Altena)
Kontich
Arendsnest Castle (Kasteel Arendsnest)
Edegem
Battenbroek Castle (Kasteel Battenbroek)
Walem, Mechelen
De Hof ter Beke
Wilrijk
Befferhof Castle (Kasteel Befferhof)
Bonheiden
Berentrode Castle (Kasteel Berentrode)
Bonheiden
De Berlaarhof
Berlaar
De Beukenhof Castle
Kapellen
De Bist Castle (Ekeren) (Kasteel de Bist)
Ekeren
De Bist Castle (Kessel) (Kasteel de Bist)
Kessel
De Bocht Castel
Willebroek
Boeckenberg Castle (Kasteel Boeckenberg)
Deurne
Hof ter Borght
Westmeerbeek
Borrekens Castle (Kasteel Borrekens)
Vorselaar
Hof ten Bos
Heist-op-den-Berg
Bossenstein Castle (Kasteel Bossenstein)
Broechem
Bouwel Castle (Kasteel van Bouwel)
Bouwel
Kasteel van de hertogen van Brabant
Turnhout
Bouckenborgh Castle (Kasteel Bouckenborgh)
Merksem
De Cijnshof van Boutersem
Zandhoven
De Hof van Bouwel
Bouwel
Brasschaat Castle (Kasteel van Brasschaat)
Brasschaat
Broydenborg Castle (Kasteel Broydenborg)
Hoboken
Buerstede Castle (Kasteel de Buerstede)
Aartselaar
Hof van Busleyden
Mechelen
Cantecroy Castle (Kasteel Cantecroy)
Mortsel
Cappenberg Castle (Kasteel Cappenberg)
Hove
Cleydael Castle (Waterslot Cleydael)
Aartselaar 51°08′18″N 4°21′50″E / 51.13832°N 4.3639°E / 51.13832; 4.3639
Couwelaer Castle (Kasteel de Couwelaer)
Deurne
Doggenhout Castle (Kasteel Doggenhout)
Ranst
Baron Dufour Castle (Kasteel Baron Dufour)
Retie
Dulft Castle (Kasteelmotte De Dulft)
Bornem
Hof ter Elst
Edegem
Ter Elst Castle (Kasteel ter Elst)
Duffel
Ertbrugge Castle (Kasteel Ertbrugge) or Hof van Franck
Deurne
Fruithof Castle (Kasteel Fruithof)
Boechout
Hof van Savoye
Mechelen
De Gestelhof
Gestel, Berlaar
Ginhoven Castle (Kasteel Ginhoven)
Wuustwezel
Gravenhof Castle (Kasteel Gravenhof)
Hoboken
Het Gravenkasteel
Lippelo
's Gravenwezel Castle (Kasteel 's Gravenwezel)
's-Gravenwezel
Groenendaal Castle (Kasteel Groenendaal)
Merksem
De Groeningenhof
Kontich
De Hallehof
Halle, Zoersel
Hemelhof Castle (Kasteel Hemelhof)
Bornem
Hof van Hemiksem
Hemiksem
Herlaar Castle (Kasteel Herlaar)
Herenthout
De Heuvelhof
Boechout
Hof-en-Berg Castle (Kasteel Hof-en-Berg)
Puurs
Hof ter Vijvers Castle (Kasteel Hof ter Vijvers)
Kapellen
Hollaken Castle (Kasteel van Hollaken)
Rijmenam
Hoogstraten Castle (Kasteel van Hoogstraten)
Hoogstraten
Hovorst Castle (Kasteel Hovorst)
Viersel
Hulgenrode Castle (Kasteel Hulgenrode)
Wommelgem
Hof d'Intere
Wechelderzande
Irishof Castle (Kasteel Irishof)
Kapellen
Hof van Kalesberg
Schoten
Kijkuit Castle (Kasteel Kijkuit)
Wijnegem
Klaverblad Castle (Kasteel Klaverblad)
Wilrijk
Koolhem Castle (Kasteel Koolhem)
Puurs
Hof ter Laken
Booischot
Hof van Lasson
Stabroek
Hof van Liere
Zandhoven
Hof ter Linden
Edegem
Castle De Lindenhof
Lint
Hof van Massenhoven
Massenhoven
Meerlaar Castle (Kasteel Meerlaar)
Vorst
Meerlenhof Castle (Kasteel Meerlenhof)
Hoboken
Hof te Melis
Lippelo
Mikhof Castle (Kasteel Mikhof)
Brasschaat
Nieuw Laarhof Castle (Kasteel Nieuw Laarhof)
Ekeren
Bornem Castle(Kasteel de Marnix de Sainte-Aldegonde)
Bornem 51°06′10″N 4°13′00″E / 51.10285°N 4.21671°E / 51.10285; 4.21671
Maxburg Castle (Kasteel Maxburg)
Meer, Hoogstraten
De Meeus d'Argenteuil Castle (Kasteel de Meeus d'Argenteuil)
Westerlo
Het Merodekasteel
Westerlo
Kasteel van gravin Jeanne de Merode or Nieuw Kasteel
Westerlo
De Monnikkenhof
Hemiksem
Mussenborg Castle (Kasteel Mussenborg)
Edegem
Nielerbroek Castle (Kasteel Nielerbroek)
Niel
De Pelgrimhof
Heist-op-den-Berg
Planckendael Castle (Kasteel Domein Planckendael)
Muizen, Mechelen
Pulhof Castle (Kasteel Pulhof)
Wijnegem
Gemeentehuis Putte
Putte
Rameyen Castle
Gestel, Berlaar
Rattennest Castle (Kasteel Rattennest)
Hove
De Ravenhof
Stabroek
Hof van Reet
Reet
Renesse Castle (Kasteel van Renesse)
Oostmalle
Rethy Castle (Kasteel van Rethy)
Retie
De Hof van Riemen
Heist-op-den-Berg
Hof van Ringen
Lier 51°07′05″N 4°32′57″E / 51.11816°N 4.54922°E / 51.11816; 4.54922
Hof van Roosendaal
Merksem
Ruisbroek Castle (Kasteel van Ruisbroek)
Ruisbroek Puurs
Runcvoort Castle (Kasteel Runcvoort)
Merksem
Kasteel van Schilde
Schilde
De Schoonselhof
Wilrijk
Schoten Castle (Kasteel van Schoten)
Schoten
Schravenhage Castle (Kasteel Schravenhage)
Noorderwijk
Selsaette Castle (Kasteel Selsaete)
Wommelgem
De Solhof
Aartselaar
Sorghvliedt Castle (Kasteel Sorghvliedt)
Hoboken
De Spokenhof
Boechout
Het Steen
Antwerp
medieval castle
De Sterckshof
Deurne
Steytelinck Castle (Kasteel Steytelinck)
Wilrijk
Terdonck Castle (Kasteel Terdonck)
Muizen, Mechelen
Tielen Castle
Tielen
Turnhout Castle (Kasteel van Turnhout)
Turnhout
Hingene Castle (Hertogelijk kasteel van Ursel)
Hingene
Ter Varent Castle (Kasteel ter Varent)
Mortsel
De Hof van Veltwijck
Ekeren
Vorselaar Castle (Kasteel van Vorselaar)
Vorselaar
Vorst-Meerlaer Castle (Kasteel van Vorst-Meerlaer)
Laakdal
Veerle Castle (Kasteel van Veerle)
Laakdal
Vredenborch Castle (Kasteel Vredenborch)
Boechout
Vredestein Castle (Kasteel Vredestein)
Bonheiden
De Vrieselhof
Oelegem
Westmalle Castle (Kasteel van Westmalle)
Westmalle
Weyninckhove Castle (Kasteel Weyninckhove)
Hove
Zellaer Castle (Kasteel van Zellaer)
Bonheiden
Het Zoerselhof
Zoersel
Zwarte Arend Castle (Kasteel Zwarte Arend)
Deurne
East Flanders
Name
Location
Other
Achtendries Castle (Kasteel Achtendries)
Oostakker
Acker Castle (Kasteel van Acker)
Destelbergen
Altena Castle (Kasteel van Altena)
Kruibeke
Kasteel van Astene
Astene
Aveschoot Castle (Kasteel van Aveschoot)
Lembeke
Castle of the Barony of Boelare (Kasteel Baronie van Boelare)
Geraardsbergen
Baudries Castle
Gavere
Beerlegem Castle (Kasteel van Beerlegem)
Beerlegem
Beervelde Castle (Kasteel van Beervelde)
Beervelde
Berlare Castle
Berlare
Ten Bieze Castle
Beerlegem
Bueren Castle
Melle-Kwatrecht
Blauwendael Castle
Waasmunster
Blauw Huys Castle
Drongen
de Blondel de Beauregard Castle
Viane
Ten Boekel Castle (Kasteel Ten Boekel)
Evergem
Borgwal Castle
Gavere
Borluut Castle (Kasteel Borluut)
Sint-Denijs-Westrem
Bosdam Castle
Beveren
Braem Castle
Gentbrugge
Breivelde Castle (Kasteel Domein Breivelde)
Grotenberge
Goed ten Broeke
Evergem
Claeys-Bouüaert Castle (Kasteel Claeys-Bouüaert)
Mariakerke
Coninxdonk Castle (Kasteel Coninxdonk)
Gentbrugge
Cortewalle Castle (Kasteel Cortewalle)
Beveren-Waas
Crabbenburg Castle (Kasteel Crabbenburg)
Destelbergen
De Campagne Castle
Drongen
Diepenbroeck Castle (Kasteel Diepenbroeck)
Lovendegem
Doornzele Castle (Kasteel Doornzele)
Doornzele, Evergem
Het Dreefkasteel
Vinderhoute
Gerard de Duivelsteen
Ghent
medieval castle
Egmont Castle (Egmontkasteel)
Zottegem
Elslo Castle (Kasteel te Elslo)
Evergem
De Emerietenhof
Evergem
Gaverkracht Castle (Kasteel Gaverkracht)
Vinderhoute
de Gerlache Castle
Mullem
Het Gravensteen
Ghent
medieval castle
Graventoren Castle (Burchtruïne Graventoren)
Rupelmonde
Kasteel Groeneveld
Evergem
Hansbeke Castle (Kasteel van Hansbeke)
Hansbeke
Herzele Castle (Kasteelruïne van Herzele)
Herzele
Heylwegen Castle (Kasteel Heylwegen)
Evergem
Hof ter Kruizen
Kaprijke
Kruishoutem Castle (Kasteel van Kruishoutem)
Kruishoutem
Laarne Castle (Kasteel van Laarne)
Laarne
Landegem Castle (Kasteel van Landegem)
Landegem
Laresteen Castle (Kasteel Laresteen)
Lovendegem
Leeuwergem Castle (Kasteel van Leeuwergem)
Leeuwergem
Ter Leyen Castle (Kasteel Ter Leyen)
Boekhoute
Kasteel Hof van Lier
Zandbergen
Lippens Castle (Kasteel Lippens)
Moerbeke-Waas
Lozer Castle (Kasteel Lozer)
Lozer, Kruishoutem
Mariahoeve Castle (Kasteel Mariahoeve)
Bellem
Maaltebrugge Castle (Maaltebruggekasteel)
Ghent
Mesen Castle
Lede
Moorsel Castle (Kasteel van Moorsel)
Moorsel
Nazareth Castle
Nazareth
Kasteel van Neigem
Ninove
Nokere Castle (Kasteel van Nokere)
Nokere
Notax Castle (Kasteel Notax)
Destelbergen
Ocket Castle (Kasteel Ocket)
Heusden
Olsene Castle (Kasteel van Olsene)
Olsene, Zulte
Ooidonk Castle (Kasteel van Ooidonk)
Bachte-Maria-Leerne
Ortegat Castle (Kasteel Ortegat)
Waasmunster
Oudeberg Castle (Kasteel Oudeberg)
Geraardsbergen
de Oude Kluis Castle
Gentbrugge
Oudenwal Castle (Kasteel Oudenwal)
Lovendegem
de Pélichy Castle
Gentbrugge
new Petegem-aan-de-Schelde Castle
Wortegem-Petegem
Poeke Castle (Kasteel van Poeke)
Poeke
Puttenhove Castle (Domein Puttenhove)
Sint-Denijs-Westrem
Puyenbroek Castle (Kasteel Domein Puyenbroek)
Wachtebeke
Regelsbrugge Castle
Aalst
Reijvissche Castle (Kasteel Reijvissche)
Zwijnaarde
Rezinghe Castle (Kasteel Rezinghe)
Maldegem
Roborst Castle (Kasteel van Roborst)
Roborst
De Rozerie Castle (Kasteel De Rozerie)
Aalst
Ronse Castle
Ronse
De Roode Poort Castle (Kasteel de Roode Poort)
Lovendegem
Roos Castle
Waasmunster
De Rozerie Castle
Aalst
Ruffo de Bonneval Castle
Nokere
Hof ter saksen Castle (Kasteel Hof ter Saksen)
Beveren-Waas
Schelderode Castle
Schelderode
Scheldevelde Castle
De Pinte
Schaubroek Castle (Kasteel Schaubroek)
Vinderhoute
Slotendries Castle (Kasteel Slotendries)
Oostakker
Smissebroeck Castle (Kasteel Smissebroeck)
Oosterzele
Sombeke Castle
Waasmunster
Kasteel Stas de Richelle
Heusden
Het Succakasteel
Destelbergen
Tieghem de Ten Berghe Castle (Kasteel van Tieghem de Ten Berghe)
Mariakerke
Ten Velde Castle (Kasteel Ten Velde)
Vinderhoute
Goed Ten Velde
Lovendegem
Ten Velde Castle
Merendree
Ter Beken Castle
Mariakerke
Viteux Castle
De Pinte
Voane Castle (Kasteel Viane)
Geraardsbergen
Voorde Castle (Kasteel van Voorde)
Voorde
Het Vurstje Castle (Kasteel het Vurstje)
Evergem
Walburg Castle (Kasteel Walburg)
Sint-Niklaas
Ter Wallen Castle (Kasteel Ter Wallen)
Merendree
Wannegem-Lede Castle (Kasteel van Wannegem-Lede)
Wannegem-Lede
Kasteel Van Wedergrate
Ninove
Welden Castle (Kasteel van Welden)
Zevergem
Ter Weiden Castle (Kasteel Ter Weiden)
Evergem
Wippelgem Castle (Kasteel van Wippelgem)
Wippelgem
Wissekerke Castle (Kasteel Wissekerke)
Bazel
Het Wit Kasteel
Vinderhoute
Flemish Brabant
Name
Location
Other
Arenberg Castle (Kasteel van Arenberg)
Heverlee
Beaulieu Castle (Kasteel Beaulieu)
Machelen
Beersel Castle (Kasteel van Beersel)
Beersel 50°45′56″N 4°18′00″E / 50.76564°N 4.29998°E / 50.76564; 4.29998
medieval castle
Bouchout Castle (Kasteel van Bouchout)
Meise 50°55′41″N 4°19′44″E / 50.92809°N 4.32878°E / 50.92809; 4.32878
medieval castle
Buizingen Castle
Buizingen
Castelhof Castle (Kasteel Castelhof)
Sint-Martens-Bodegem
Cleerbeek Castle (Kasteel van Cleerbeek)
Sint-Joris-Winge
Diependael Castle (Kasteel Diependael)
Elewijt
Coloma Castle (Kasteel van Coloma)
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
Diepensteyn Castle (Kasteel Diepensteyn)
Steenhuffel
Dilbeek Castle (Kasteel van Dilbeek)
Dilbeek
de Eiken Castle
Humbeek
d'Exaerde Castle
Steenokkerzeel
Gaasbeek Castle (Kasteel van Gaasbeek)
Gaasbeek
Gravenhof Castle (Kasteel Gravenhof)
Dworp
Groenhoven Castle (Kasteel Groenhoven)
Malderen
Groot-Bijgaarden Castle (Kasteel Groot-Bijgaarden)
Groot-Bijgaarden
Ham Castle, Belgium (Kasteel van Ham)
Steenokkerzeel
Heerlijckyt van Elsmeren
Geetbets
Heetvelde Castle
Gooik
Hoogpoort
Asse
Horst Castle (Kasteel van Horst)
Sint-Pieters-Rode 50°56′01″N 4°49′56″E / 50.93359°N 4.83216°E / 50.93359; 4.83216
medieval castle
Huldenberg Castle
Huldenberg
Huizingen Castle
Beersel
Humbeek Castle (Kasteel van Humbeek)
Humbeek
Imde Castle
Meise
Isque Castle (Het Isquekasteel)
Overijse
Kruikenburg Castle (Kasteel Kruikenburg)
Ternat
Lint Castle (Lintkasteel)
Grimbergen
Leefdaal Castle (Kasteel van Leefdaal)
Leefdaal
Loonbeek Castle (Kasteel van Loonbeek)
Loonbeek
Marnix Castle (Kasteel de Marnix)
Overijse
Castle de Man
Hoeilaart
Margapavilioen
Diegem
Castle de Maurissens
Lubbeek
Kasteel de Mérode
Everberg
De la Motte Castle (Kasteel de la Motte)
Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle
Neerijse Castle
Huldenberg
Nieuwermolen Castle (Kasteel Nieuwermolen)
Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle
Nieuwland Castle (Kasteel Nieuwland)
Aarschot
Oorbeek Castle
Oorbeek
D'Overschie Castle (Kasteel d'Overschie)
Grimbergen
Pellenberg Castle
Machelen
Petergem Castle
Wortegem-Petegem
Prinsenkasteel
Grimbergen
Quirini Castle
Hoeilaart
Rampelberg Castle
Asse
Rattendaal Castle (Kasteel Rattendaal)
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
Ribeaucourt Castle (Kasteel van Ribeaucourt)
Perk
Rivieren Castle (Kasteel van Rivieren)
Aarschot
the Red Castle
Linden
Schoonhoven Castle (Kasteel van Schoonhoven)
Aarschot
New Sint-Agatha-Rode Castle
Sint-Agatha-Rode
Hof te Sittaert
Asse
Elewijt Castle (Kasteel Het Steen)
Elewijt
Steenhault (Kasteel van Steenhault)
Vollezele
Ter Meeren Castle (Kasteel Ter Meeren)
Sterrebeek
Troostenberg Castle (Kasteel van Troostenberg)
Houwaart
Viron Castle (Kasteel de Viron)
Dilbeek
Vroenevelde Castle
Grimbergen
Waalborre Castle (Kasteel Waalborre)
Asse
Waarbeek Castle
Asse
Walfergem Castle (Kasteel van Walfergem) (Hof te Huseghem)
Asse
Limburg province
Name
Location
Other
Alden Biesen Castle (Landcommanderij Alden Biesen)
Rijkhoven
Altembrouck Castle (Kasteel Altembrouck)
's-Gravenvoeren
Aspremont-Lynden Castle (Kasteel d'Aspremont-Lynden)
Oud-Rekem
Bellevue Castle (Kasteel Bellevue)
Gors-Opleeuw
Bergkelder Castle (Burcht van Bergkelder)
Rotem, Dilsen-Stokkem
Bethania Castle (Bethaniakasteel)
Hoeselt
Betho Castle (Kasteel Betho)
Tongeren
Binderveld Castle (Kasteel van Binderveld)
Binderveld
Blekkom Castle (Kasteel van Blekkom)
Loksbergen
Bommershoven Castle (Kasteel Bommershoven)
Bommershoven
Borghoven Castle (Kasteel Borghoven)
Piringen
Borgitter Castle (Kasteel Borgitter)
Kessenich
De Borman Castle (Kasteel de Borman)
Bree
Kasteel de Brouckmans
Hoeselt
Brustem Castle (Kasteel Brustem)
Brustem
Brustem Tower (De Torenruïne van Brustem Tower)
Brustem
De Burg Castle (Kasteel De Burg)
Lummen
Burghof Castle (Kasteel Burghof)
Hoeselt
Carolinaberg Castle (Burchtruine van Carolinaberg)
Stokkem
De Clee Castle (Kasteel de Clee)
Kuttekoven
Kasteel De Commanderij
Sint-Pieters-Voeren
Daalbroek Castle (Kasteel Daalbroek)
Rekem
De Motte Castle (Kasteel De Motte)
Groot-Gelmen
Dessener Castle (Kasteel Dessener)
Wintershoven
Diepenbeek Castle (Kasteel van Diepenbeek)
Diepenbeek
Ter Dolen Castle (Kasteel Ter Dolen)
Helchteren
De Donnea Castle (Kasteel de Donnea)
Guigoven
Donnea Castle (Kasteel van Donnea)
Veulen
Duras Castle (Kasteel Duras)
Duras, Sint-Truiden
Edelhof Castle (Kasteel Edelhof)
Munsterbilzen
Engelhof Castle (Kasteel Engelhof)
Houthalen
Fauconval Castle (Kasteel de Fauconval)
Kortessem
De Fonteinhof
Gotem
Gasterbos Castle (Kasteel Gasterbos)
Schulen
Genebroek Castle (Jachtslot Genebroek)
Achel
Wijnkasteel Genoels Elderen
Genoelselderen
De Geuzentempel Castle (Kasteel de Geuzentempel)
Alken
Gingelom Castle (Kasteel Gingelom)
Gingelom
Gors Castle (Kasteel van Gors)
Gors-Opleeuw
Groenendaal Castle (Kasteel Groenendaal)
Waltwilder
Groot Peteren Castle (Kasteel Groot Peteren)
Alken
Gruitrode Commandery (Commanderij van Gruitrode)
Gruitrode
Halbeek Castle (Kasteel van Halbeek)
Herk-de-Stad
Hamal Castle (Kasteel Hamal)
Rutten, Tongeren
Het Hamel Castle (Kasteel Het Hamel)
Lummen
Hamont Castle (Kasteel van Hamont)
Herk-de-Stad
Hasselbrouck Castle (Kasteel van Hasselbroek)
Hasselbroek, Jeuk
Heers Castle (Kasteel van Heers)
Heers
Hex Castle (Kasteel van Heks)
Heks
Henegouw Castle (Kasteel Henegouw)
Hasselt
's Herenelderen Castle (Kasteel van 's Herenelderen, Kasteel van Renesse)
's Herenelderen
Heurne Castle (Kasteel van Heurne)
Vechmaal
Hocht Castle (Kasteel van Hocht), the former Hocht Abbey
Lanaken
Hoepertingen Castle (Kasteel van Hoepertingen)
Hoepertingen
Hoof Castle (Kasteel de Hoof)
Teuven
Hoogveld Castle (Kasteel Hoogveld)
Vliermaal
Hulsberg Castle (Kasteel Hulsberg)
Borgloon
Jongenbos Castle (Kasteel Jongenbos)
Vliermaalroot
Jonkholtz Castle (Kasteel Jonkholtz)
Hoelbeek
De Kapelhof
Rekem
Kaulille Castle (Kasteel Kaulille)
Kaulille
Keienheuvel Castle (Kasteel Keienheuvel)
Klein-Gelmen
Kerkom Castle (Kasteel van Kerkom)
Kerkom-bij-Sint-Truiden
Kewith Castle (Kasteel Kewith)
Lanaken
De Klee
Borgloon
Kolmont Castle (Burchtruïne van Kolmont)
Overrepen
Kolmont Castle (Kasteel van Kolmont)
Overrepen
Kortenbos Castle (Kasteel van Kortenbos)
Kortenbos
Lagendal, country house (Kasteel Lagendal)
Lummen
Landwijk Castle (Kasteel van Landwijk)
Donk, Herk-de-Stad
Litzberg Castle (Kasteel Litzberg)
Lanklaar
Loon Castle (Burcht van Loon)
Borgloon
Loye Castle (Kasteel van Loye)
Lummen
Kasteel Luciebos
Houthalen
Magis Castle (Kasteel Magis)
Sint-Pieters-Voeren
De Méan Castle (Kasteelhoeve de Méan)
Zichen-Zussen-Bolder
Meeuwen-Gruitrode Castle
Meeuwen-Gruitrode
Meldert Castle (Waterburcht van Meldert)
Meldert
Melveren Castle (Kasteel van Melveren)
Sint-Truiden
de Menten de Horne Castle (Kasteel de Menten de Horne)
Sint-Truiden
Meylandt Castle (Kasteel Meylandt)
Heusden
Millen Castle (Waterburcht Millen)
Millen, Riemst
Mombeek Castle (Kasteel van Mombeek)
Hasselt
Ter Mottenhof Castle (Kasteel Ter Mottenhof)
Dilsen
Nieuwenhoven Castle (Kasteel van Nieuwenhoven)
Sint-Truiden
Nieuwerkerken Castle (Kasteel van Nieuwerkerken)
Nieuwerkerken
Nonnenmielen Castle (Kasteel van Nonnenmielen)
Sint-Truiden
Obbeek Castle (Kasteel van Obbeek)
Heusden
Ommerstein Castle (Kasteel Ommerstein)
Rotem, Dilsen-Stokkem
Opleeuw Castle (Kasteel Opleeuw)
Gors-Opleeuw
Obsinnich Castle (Kasteel van Obsinnich)
Remersdaal
Ordingen Castle (Kasteel van Ordingen)
Ordingen
Ottegraven Castle (Kasteel van Ottegraven)
's Gravenvoeren, Voeren
Peten Castle (Kasteel Peten)
Velm
De Pierpont Castle (Kasteel de Pierpont)
Herk-de-Stad
Sint-Pietersheim Castle (Kasteel Sint-Pietersheim) and the ruins of the Merode Castle (Merodekasteel)
Lanaken
Prinsenhof Castle (Kasteel Het Prinsenhof)
Kuringen
Printhagen Castle (Kasteel Printhagen)
Kortessem
Quanonen Castle (Kasteel Quanonen)
Koersel
Rentmeesterij van Alden Biesen
Diepenbeek
Repen Castle (Kasteel van Repen)
Neerrepen
Ridderborn Castle (Kasteel Ridderborn)
Vliermaalroot
Rijkel Castle (Kasteel van Rijkel)
Rijkel
Rodenpoel Castle (Kasteel Rodenpoel)
Alken
Het Rood Kasteel
Guigoven
Rooi Castle (Kasteel van Rooi)
Neerrepen
Rootsaert Castle (Kasteel Rootsaert)
Alken
Rosmeulen Castle (Kasteel Rosmeulen)
Nerem
Rullingen Castle (Kasteel van Rullingen)
Kuttekoven
Runkelen Castle (Kasteel Runkelen)
Runkelen
Schalkhoven Castle (Kasteel van Schalkhoven)
Schalkhoven
Schans Castle (Kasteel de Schans)
Opoeteren
Scherpenberg Castle (Kasteel Scherpenberg)
Nerem
Schoonbeek Castle (Waterkasteel van Schoonbeek)
Beverst
Kasteel van Sinnich
Teuven
Saint-Peters-Horne Castle (Kasteel van Sint-Pieters-Horne)
Vechmaal
Sint Pietersvoeren Castle (Kasteel Sint Pietersvoeren)
Sint-Pieters-Voeren
Sipernau Castle (Kasteel Sipernau)
Elen, Dilsen-Stokkem
Stevoort Castle (Het Waterkasteel van Stevoort)
Stevoort
Terbiest Castle (Kasteel van Terbiest)
Sint-Truiden
Terhoven Castle (Kasteel Terhoven)
Bommershoven
Terkoest Castle (Kasteel d'Erckenteel Terkoest)
Alken
Terlaemen Castle (Kasteel Terlaemen)
Bolderberg
De Termottenhof
Dilsen
Trockaert Castle (Kasteel Trockaert)
Ulbeek
Veulen Castle (Kasteel van Veulen)
Heers
Vilain XIII Castle (Kasteel Vilain XIIII)
Leut
Vogelsanck Castle (Kasteel Vogelsanck)
Zolder
Weyer Castle (Kasteel van Weyer)
Wijer
Widooie Castle (Kasteel Widooie)
Widooie
Wimmertingen Castle (Kasteel van Wimmertingen)
Wimmertingen
Het Wit Kasteel
Kerkom
Wurfeld Castle (Kasteel van Wurfeld)
Wurfeld
Zangerheide Castle (Kasteel Zangerheide)
Eigenbilzen
Zinnich Castle (Kasteel van Zinnich)
Teuven
West Flanders
Name
Location
Other
D'Aertrycke Castle (Kasteel d'Aertrycke)
Torhout
Ardooie Castle (Kasteel van Ardooie or Kasteel de Jonghe d'Ardoye)
Ardooie
Beauvoorde Castle (Kasteel Beauvoorde)
Wulveringem
Beisbroek Castle (Kasteel Beisbroek)
Sint-Andries
Ten Berghe Castle (Kasteel Ten Berghe)
Bruges
Kasteel De Blankaart
Diksmuide
Het Blauwhuis Castle (Kasteel Het Blauwhuis)
Wingene
Het Blauwhuis Castle (Kasteel Het Blauwhuis)
Vinkem
Blauw Huis Castle (Kasteel Blauw Huis)
Izegem
Blauwe Torre Castle (Kasteel Blauwe Torre)
Varsenare
De Boeverie Castle (Kasteel de Boeverie)
Varsenare
Ter Borght Castle (Kasteel Ter Borght)
Meulebeke
Bulskamp Castle (Kasteel Bulskamp)
Beernem
Reigerlo Castle (Kasteel Reigerlo)
Beernem
Hontzocht Castle (Kasteel Hontzocht)
Beernem
Hulstlo Castle (Kasteel Hulstlo)
Beernem
Bloemendale Castle (Kasteel Bloemendale)
Beernem
Ten Torre Castle (Kasteel Ten Torre)
Beernem
De Wapenaer Castle (Kasteel De Wapenaer)
Beernem
De Lanier Castle (Kasteel de Lanier)
Beernem
De Vijvers Castle (Kasteel De Vijvers)
Beernem
Beukenhof Vichte
Vichte
Bossuit Castle (Kasteel van Bossuit)
Bossuit
Casier Castle (Kasteel Casier)
Waregem
Cleyhem Castle (Kasteel Cleyhem)
Zuienkerke
Diesvelt Castle
Otegem
Doolbos Castle
Eernegem
Elverdinge Castle
Elverdinge
Elzenwalle Castle
Voormezele
de la Faille Castle
Bruges
Gaver Castle
Deerlijk
Gruuthuse
Oostkamp
De Hernieuwenburg
Wielsbeke
't Hooghe Castle
Kortrijk
Hoogveld Castle (Kasteel Hoogveld)
Veldegem
Ingelmunster Castle (Kasteel van Ingelmunster)
Ingelmunster
Kasteel Kevergem
Assebroek
Drie Koningen Castle ("Three Kings Castle")Kasteel Drie Koningen
Beernem
Bourgondic Kortrijk Castle
Kortrijk
Koude Keuken Castle
Sint-Andries
Lantonnois de Rode Castle
Eernegem
Loppem Castle (Kasteel van Loppem)
Loppem
Ter Lucht Castle
Sint-Andries
De Maere Castle (Kasteel de Maere)
Aartrijke
Male Castle (Kasteel van Male or Het Grafelijk Slot van Male)
Sint-Kruis
Santa Maria Castle (Kasteel Santa Maria)
Varsenare
Marke Castle (Kasteel van Marke)
Marke
Minnewater Castle (Kasteel Minnewater)
Bruges
Moere Le bon Séjour Castle
Moere
Moerkerke Castle (Kasteel van Moerkerke)
Moerkerke
Moorsele Castle (Waterkasteel van Moorsele)
Moorsele
Norenburg Castle
Bruges
Ooigem Castle (Kasteel van Ooigem)
Ooigem
Oostkerke Castle (Kasteel van Oostkerke)
Oostkerke (Damme)
Pecsteen Castle
Ruddervoorde
Ten Poele Castle
Bruges
Potegem Castle (Kasteel van Potegem)
Waregem
Proven Castle (Hof van Proven)
Varsenare
Ravenhof Castle (Torhout)
Torhout
Rooigem Castle (Kasteel van Rooigem)
Sint-Kruis
Rosendahl Castle (Kasteel Rosendahl)
Ichtegem
Rumbeke Castle (Kasteel van Rumbeke)
Rumbeke
Ryckevelde Castle (Kasteel van Ryckevelde)
Assebroek
Spiere Castle (Kasteel van Spiere)
Spiere
Kasteel van Staden
Staden
Château de Surmont
Kortrijk
Tillegem Castle (Kasteel van Tillegem)
Sint-Michiels
De Torelen Castle (Kasteel De Torelen)
Vinkem
Ten Torre Castle (Kasteel Ten Torre)
Oedelem
Tudor Castle (Kasteel Tudor)
Sint-Andries
Vichte Old Castle
Vichte
Vilain Castle
Reninge
Ter Waere Castle (Kasteel Ter Waere)
Gistel
Wakken Castle (Kasteel van Wakken)
Wakken
Warande Castle (Kasteel de Warande)
Kemmel
Wielsbeke Castle
Wielsbeke
Wijnendale Castle (Kasteel van Wijnendale)
Torhout
Zevekote Castle
Assebroek
Wallonia
Hainaut province
Name
Location
Other
Acoz Castle
Acoz, Gerpinnes
Attre Castle
Attre, Brugelette
Antoing Castle
Antoing
Anvaing Castle
Anvaing, Frasnes-lez-Anvaing
Château des Baudry
Roisin
Beaulieu Castle
Havré
Beauregard Castle(Froyennes)
Tournai
Château de Belœil
Belœil
La Berlière Castle
Ath
Saint-Bernard Tower
Brugelette
Biez Castle
Péruwelz
Château de Bitremont
Bury, Péruwelz
Bon Revoir Castle
Ath
Boussu Castle
Boussu
Burbant Castle
Ath
Cartier Castle
Marchienne-au-Pont
Casteau Castle
Casteau
La Catoire Castle
Leuze-en-Hainaut
Castle of the counts of Chastel
Antoing
Château de Chimay
Chimay
Château des Comtes
Mouscron
Château-ferme de Cour-sur-Heure
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
Château-ferme Curgies
Antoing
Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle
Écaussinnes
château fort
Empain Castle
Enghien
Château de l'Ernelle
Monceau-sur-Sambre
Castle of l'Estriverie
Lessines
Farciennes Castle
Farciennes
Château de Feluy
Feluy, Seneffe
Château de la Follie
Écaussinnes
Fontaine-l'Évêque Castle
Fontaine-l'Évêque
Fosteau Castle
Leers-et-Fosteau, Thuin
château fort
Château de Forchies-la-Marche
Forchies-la-Marche,Fontaine-l'Évêque
Château de Ghlin
Ghlin
Château de Gougnies
Gougnies, Gerpinnes
Tour de Gosselies
Gosselies
Ham-sur-Heure Castle
Ham-sur-Heure
Havré Castle
Havré
château fort
Château d'Herchies or Château des comtes d'Egmont
Herchies,Jurbise
Château d'Imbrechies
Monceau-Imbrechies, Momignies
Château d'Irchonwelz
Irchonwelz, Ath
Chateau du Jardin
Chièvres
Chateau du Jardinde Lassus
Blandain, Tournai
Château de Louvignies
Soignies
Château Malaise
Huissignies, Honnelles
Château de Mariemont
Morlanwelz
Château de Monceau-sur-Sambre
Monceau-sur-Sambre
Château de Montignies-sur-Roc
Montignies-sur-Roc
Château de Moulbaix
Ath
Château d'Ossogne
Thuillies, Thuin
Château du Parc
Thieusies
Château de la Poterie
Frameries
Château de Prelle
Manage
Château de Presles
Presles, Aiseau-Presles
Château-ferme de Quirini
Fleurus
Le Rœulx Castle, also known as the Château des Princes de Croÿ
Le Rœulx
Château-ferme de Rampemont
Fayt-le-Franc, Honnelles
château fort
Château de Rianwelz
Courcelles
Château de la Rocq
Arquennes, Seneffe
La Royère Castle
Néchin, Estaimpuis
Sars-la-Bruyère Castle
Frameries
Château de Seneffe
Seneffe
Solre-sur-Sambre Castle
Solre-sur-Sambre, Erquelinnes
Château-ferme de Taravisée
Les Bons Villers
Templeuve Castle
Templeuve, Tournai
Château de Thoricourt
Thoricourt, Silly
Château de Thuillies
Thuillies, Thuin
Château de Thieusies
Thieusies
Trazegnies Castle
Trazegnies, Courcelles
Château de Vaulx
Tournai
Château Villegas
Chaussée-Notre-Dame-Louvignies
Château de Wanfercée
Fleurus
Liège province
Name
Location
Other
Château d'Abée
Abée, Tinlot
Château d'Ahin
Ben-Ahin,Huy
Château d'Aigremont
Flémalle
Vieux Château d'Aineffe
Aineffe,Faimes
Château d'Alensberg
Moresnet,Plombières
Château d’Alsa
Spa
Château d'Altena
Saint-Jean-Sart,Aubel
Château d'Amâs
Ocquier, Clavier
Château d'Amblève
Aywaille
Château d'Amcômont
Amcomont,Lierneux
Haus Amstenrath
Eynatten,Raeren
Château d'Andrimont
Andrimont, Dison
Château-Ferme d'Angoxhe
Rotheux-Rimière,Neupré
Château Antoine
Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Seraing
Avouerie de Anthisnes
Anthisnes
Château d'Argenteau
Liège
Château-ferme d'Attines
Engis
Château d'Avin
Avin,Hannut
Château d'Avionpuits
Esneux
Château d'Awan
Awan, Aywaille
Château d'Awans
Awans
Château de Baelen
Welkenraedt
Château de Bagatelle
Vyle-et-Tharoul, Marchin
Château de Balmoral (B)
Sart-lez-Spa,Jalhay
Château de Banneux
Fraipont, Trooz
Château de Barisart
Spa
Château de Baugnée
Nandrin
Château de Beaufort
Ben-Ahin, Huy
Château de Beaumont
Sclessin,Liège
Château de Beemont
Béemont, Ouffet
Château Béemont
Fraineux, Nandrin
Château de Bellaire-La Motte
Saive, Blegny
Château Belle-Maison
Marchin
Château de Bempt
Moresnet, Plombières
Haus Bergscheid
Raeren
Château de Berlieren
Hombourg, Plombières
Château de Bernalmont
Liège
Prieuré de Bertrée
Bertrée, Hannut
Château de Beusdael
Plombières
Château Biron
Comblain-la-Tour, Hamoir
Château Blanc
Couthuin, Héron
Château Blanc
Lamalle, Wanze
Château Blanc
Mortier, Blegny
Château de Blehen
Blehen, Hannut
Château Bleu
Trooz, Vesder
Château de Boëlhe
Boëlhe, Geer
Château de Boirs
Boirs, Bassenge
Ferme-château de Bois-Borsu
Bois-et-Borsu, Clavier
Château de Bolland
Herve (Bolland)
Château de Bonne-Espérance
Huy (Tihange)
De Borcht
Dalhem
Château de Borset
Vaux-et-Borset, Villers-le-Bouillet
Château-ferme de Borsu
Verlaine
Château de Bracht
Bracht, Burg-Reuland
Château de Braives
Braives
Château de Brialmont
Tilff, Esneux
Château de Broich
Montzen, Plombières
Château Brunsode
Tilff, Esneux
Château des Bruyères
Liège, Liège
Château de Burdinne
Burdinne, Burdinne
Reuland Castle NB in the German-speaking Community of Belgium
Burg-Reuland
Château de Chaineux
Chaineux, Herve
Château de Chaityfontaine
Pepinster
Château de Chanxhe
Chanxhe, Sprimont
Château-ferme de la Chapelle
Anthisnes
Fort de la Chartreuse
Liège
Château de Chevron
Chevron, Stoumont
Château de Chokier
Chokier
Château Cockerill
Seraing
Château Collée
Roclenge-sur-Geer, Bassenge
Château Colonster
Liège
Château Cortils
Mortier, Blegny
Château Coulon
Bas-Oha, Wanze
Château de Courtejoie
Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Seraing
Château de Cras-Avernas
Cras-Avernas, Hannut
Château Crawhez
Thimister-Clermont
Château de Crèvecœur
Battice, Herve
Château de la Croix-Saint-Hubert
Ivoz-Ramet, Flémalle
Château fort de Dalhem
Dalhem, Dalhem
Château de Dieupart
Aywaille
Château de Donceel
Donceel
Château Dorman
Ensival, Verviers
Château Dossin
Hermalle-sous-Argenteau, Oupeye
Château Dupont
Wandre, Liège
Château d'Emblève
Aywaille
Château de l'Enclos
Ligney, Geer
Château d'Englebermont
Rotheux-Rimière,
Neupré
Château d'Envoz
Couthuin, Héron
Château Eulenburg
Moresnet, Plombières
Burg Eyneburg
Kelmis
Château Fabri
Seny, Tinlot
Château Le Facqueval
Vierset-Barse, Modave
Château de Fagne Maron
La Reid, Theux
Château de Fallais
Fallais, Braives
château fort
Château de Famelette
Huccorgne, Wanze
Fanson Castle
Xhoris Ferrières
Château-ferme du Faweux
Ernonheid, Aywaille
Château de Fayenbois
Jupille-sur-Meuse
Château de Fays
Fays, Theux
La Fenderie
Trooz
Château de Ferot
Ferrières, Belgium
Château de Filanneux
Ensival, Spa, Belgium
Château de la Petite Flémalle
Flémalle
Château de Fléron
Ben-Ahin , Huy
Château de Florzé
Florzé, Sprimont
Château de Fond L'Evêque
Tihange, Huy
Château de Fontaine
Fontaine, Grâce-Hollogne
Château Forêt
Trooz
Château de Fosseroule
Huccorgne, Wanze
Château de la Fraineuse
Nivezé, Spa, Belgium
Château de Fraineux
Yernée-Fraineux, Nandrin
Château de Franchimont
Theux
château fort
Château Francotte
Dalhem
Maison de Francquen
Liège
Château de Froidcourt
Stoumont
Château de Fumal
Braives
Château Le Fy
Esneux
Château des Genêts
Blieberg,Plombières
Château de Ghorez
Donceel
Château de Goé
Goé, Limbourg
Château-ferme des Gofes
Pailhe, Clavier
Château de Gomzé
Gomzé-Andoumont, Sprimont
Château de Goreux
Voroux-Goreux, Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher
Château-ferme de la Gotte
Saint-Séverin-en-Condroz, Nandrin
Château de Grand Bru
Sprimont
Château ferme Grandgagnage
Vaux-et-Bordet, Villers-le-Bouillet
Château de Grimonster
Grimonster, Ferrières
Château de Halledet
Clermont-sous-Huy, Engis
Château de Halleur
Stembert, Verviers
Maison forte de Haneffe
Haneffe, Donceel
Château de Hannêche
Hannêche, Burdinne
Harzé Castle
Harzé, Aywaille
Château de Hautepenne
Flémalle
Château de Hautregard
La Reid, Theux
Château Heptia
Ville-en-Hesbaye, Theux
Château de Hermalle-sous-Huy
Hermalle-sous-Huy, Engis
Château d'Herzée
Blehen, Hannut
Château de Heuseux
Cerexhe-Heuseux, Soumagne
Château d'Himbe
Himbe, Ouffet
Château de Hodbomont
Hodbomont, Theux
Château de Hody}
Hody, Anthisnes
Château de Hoegaerden
Esneux
Citadel de Huy
Huy
Château de Hollogne
Hollogne-aux-Pierre, Grâce-Hollogne
Old castle of de Hollogne-sur-Geer
Hollogne-sur-Geer, Geer
Château-ferme de Hombroux
Ans
Château de Horion
Horion, Grâce-Hollogne
Château de l'Horloge
Wanze
Château d'Houchenée
Tavier, Anthisnes
Château-ferme van Housse
Bas-Oha, Blegny
Château de Hoyoux
Hoyoux, Clavier
Château d'Inzegottes
Filot, Hamoir
Jehay-Bodegnée Castle
Amay
Château du Joncmesnil
Lambermont, Verviers
Château Knoppenburg
Raeren
Château-Ferme Là-Bas
Paifve, Juprelle
Château de Lamalle
Bas-Oha, Wanze
Lassus Castle
Hamoir
Château du Lavaux
Esneux
Manoir de Lébioles
Creppe, Spa, Belgium
Château de Lexhy
Lexhy, Grâce-Hollogne
Liberme Castle
Eupen
Donjon de Limont
Limont, Donceel
Château de Limont
Donceel
Château de Lincé
Lincé, Sprimont
Château de Ferme de Lincent
Lincent
Château de Logne
Vieuxville, Ferrierès
Château de Longchamps
Berneau, Dalhem
Château de Longchamps or Château de Sélys-Longchamps
Waremme
Lontzen Castle
Lontzen
Château de la Louvetrie
Limbourg
Château Lovinfosse
Seraing
Château de Magnery
Clermont-sous-Huy, Engis
Château de Mambaye
Spa, Belgium
Château Del Marmol
Ensival, Verviers
Château des Marronniers
Chaineux, Herve
Château de Marsinne
Couthuin, Héron
Château Mayette
Liège
Château des Mazures
Cornesse, Pepinster
Château Méan
Blégny
Château de Megarnie
Engis
Château de Melen
Melen, Soumagne
Château de Merdorp
Merdorp, Hannut
Château de Modave
Modave
Château de Moha
Wanze
château fort
Château de Monceau
Méry, Esneux
Château de Mons
Mons-lez-Liège, Flémalle
Château de Montglyon
Argenteau, Visé
Château de Montjardin
Remouchamps, Aywaille
Château Montplaisir
Spa, Belgium
Château des Montys
Stavelot
Haus Möris
Raeren
Château de la Motte en Gée
Tihange, Huy
Château de Moxhe
Moxhe, Hannut
Haus Mützhof
Walhorn, Lontzen
Château Nagelmackers
Liège
Château de Naveau
Bra, Lierneux
Le Neubois
Nivezé, Spa, Belgium
Château Neufays
Fays, Theux
Château de Neufcour
Beyne-Heusay
Château de Neuville
Tihange
Château de Neuville-en-Condroz
Neuville-en-Condroz, Neupré
Château Nihoul
Hannuit
Schloss Oberhausen
Oberhausen, Burg-Reuland
Château de Ochain
Clavier
Château d'Odeigne
Odeigne, Ouffet
Château d'Odeur
Odeur, Crisnée
Manoir de Omal
Omal, Geer
Château d'Ordange
Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Seraing
Haus Van Orley
Burg-Reuland
Château d'Oteppe
Burdinne
Château de Othée
Elch, Othée
Château d'Otrange
Otrange, Orye
Château d'Otreppe
Aineffe, Faimes
Château d'Ottomont
Andrimont, Dison
Château d'Oudoumont
Verlaine
|-
Château de Ouffet
Huy
Château d'Ouhar
Anthisnes
Château de Oulhaye
Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse
Château de Oultremont
Villers-le-Bouillet
Château d'Oupeye
Oupeye
Château de l'Ourlaine
Jevoumont, Theux
Château de Pailhe
Pailhe, Clavier
Château de Pair
Pair, Clavier
Château Palmers
Glons, Bassenge
Château Pecsteen
Saives, Faimes
Château Peltzer
Verviers
Château Peralta
Liège
Philippenhaus
Kettenis, Eupen
Château Piedboeuf
Jupille-sur-Meuse, Liège
Château-ferme de Pitet
Pitet, Braives
Château de Plainevaux
Plainevaux, Neupré
Château Polet
Fexhe-Slins, Juprelle
Château de Ponthoz
Ponthoz, Clavier
Château-ferme van Pontpierre-Méan
Neufchâteau, Dalhem
Château Poswick
Dolhain, Limbourg
Ancien Château de Potesta
Envoz , Héron
Château Prayon
Trooz
Château Presseux
Liège
Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège)
Liège
Château des Quatre Tourettes
Saint-Léonard, Liège
Raaf Tower
Eynatten, Raeren
Raeren Castle
Raeren
Haus Raeren
Raeren
Château de Ramelot
Ramelot, Tinlot
Château de Ramet
Flémalle
Château de Ramioul
Ivoz-Ramet, Flémalle
Château de Rechain
Petit-Rechain, Verviers
Château Regout
Neufchâteau, Dalhem
Reinhardstein Castle
Waimes
château fort
Château de Renal
Ouffet
Château de Rennes
Hamoir
Château du Rivage
Cras-Avernas, Hannut
Château de Rochée
Lamontzée, Burdinne
Château des Roches
Trooz
Château du Rond-Chêne
Esneux
Château Rorive
Ombret-Rawsa, Amay
Château Roseraie
Nivezé, Spa, Belgium
Château Rouge
Bas-Oha, Wanze
Château Rouge
Herstal
Château de Rouheid
Heusy, Verviers
Château de Royseux
Vierset-Barse , Modave
Château de Ruyff
Henri-Chapelle, Welkenraedt
Château Sagehomme
Herbiester,Jalhay
Château de Saint-Fontaine
Saint-Fontaine, Clavier
Château de Saint-Lambert
Saint-Fontaine, Clavier
Château de Saint-Nicolas Saint-Nicolas
Château de Saint-Vitu
Abée, Tinlot
Château de Sainval
Tilff, Esneux
Vieux Château de Saive
Saive, Blegny
Château-ferme de Saives
Saives, Faimes
Château Sarolea
Cheratte, Visé
Château-Ferme du Sart
Ampsin. Amay
Château du Sart de Marneffe
Marneffe, Burdinne
Château du Sartay
Embourg, Chaudfontaine
Château de la Sarte
Tihange, Huy
Château de la Sauvenière
Huy
Château Schimper
Moresnet, Plombières
Château de Sclassin
Wegnez, Pepinster
Château de Sclessin
Sclessin, Liège
Château de Seraing
Seraing
Château de Seraing-le-Château
Verlaine
Château Snyers
Hannut
Château Sohan
Pepinster
Château-ferme van Soheit
Soheit-Tinlot, Tinlot
Château de Soiron
Soiron, Pepinster
Château de l'Abbaye de Solières
Ben-Ahin, Huy
Château Des Sorbiers
Spa
Château Sous les Haies
Spa, Belgium
Château de Spirlet
Quarreux, Aywaille
Stockem Castle
Eupen
Château de Strée
Strée, Modave
Streversdorp Castle
Plombières
Château de Strivay
Strivay, Neupré
Château de Tancrémont
Pepinster
Château de Targnon
Targnon, Stoumont
Château de Tavier
Tavier, Anthisnes
Chateau du Temple
Wanze
Château de Terwagne
Terwagne, Clavier
Thal Castle
Eupen
Château de Tharoul
Vyle-et-Tharoul, Marchin
Château des Thermes
Vaux-sous-Chèvremont, Chaudfontaine
Château de Thisnes
Thisnes, Hannut
Schloss Thor
Walhorn , Lontzen
Château-ferme de Thys
Thys, Crisnée
Château Thysen
Les Waleffes, Faimes
Château de Tihange
Tihange, Huy
Château de Tillesse
Abée, Tinlot
Chateau de Tinlot
Tinlot
Château de la Tour
Esneux
Manoir de la Tour
Villers-le-Temple, Nandrin
Château Tour au Bois
Villers-le-Temple, Nandrin
Château La Tourelle
Heusy, Verviers
Château Les Tourelles
Petit-Rechain , Verviers
Château Les Tourelles
Spa, Belgium
Château de Trognée
Trognée, Hannut
Haus Trouet
Eynatten, Raeren
Château Trumly
Trooz
Château Ulens
Lincent
Castel du Val d'Or
Ocquier, Clavier
Château de La Vaulx-Renard
Monceau, Stoumont
Château de Vervoz
Vervoz, Clavier
Chateau de Vieljaeren
Hombourg, Plombières
Château de Vien
Vien, Anthisnes
Vierset Castle
Vierset-Barse, Modave
Vieux Château
Fraiture, Tinlot
Château du Vieux Fourneau
Hamoir
Château-ferme de Vieux Waleffe
Vieux-Waleffe, Villers-le-Bouillet
Château de Vieux-Barse
Vierset-Barse, Modave
Château de la Vignette
Couthuin, Héron
Château de Ville
Ferrières, Belgium
Château de Villers
Bilstain, Limbourg
Château de Villers-aux-Tours
Villers-aux-Tours, Anthisnes
Château de Villers-Saint-Siméon
Villers-Saint-Siméon, Juprelle
Château de Vinalmont Wanze
Vinalmont, Wanze
Vlattenhaus
Eynatten, Raeren
Château de Voroux
Voroux-lez-Liers, Juprelle
Ferme-château de Voroux
Voroux-Goreux, Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher
Château Vreuschemen
Membach, Baelen
Château de Vyle
Vyle-et-Tharoul, Marchin
Waldenburghaus
Kettenis, Eupen
Château de Waleffe Saint-Pierre
Les Waleffes
Schloss Wallerode
Wallerode, Saint-Vith
Château de Wanne
Wanne, Trois-Ponts
Château de Wanzoul
Vinalmont, Wanze
Château de Warfusée
Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse
Château de Waroux
Alleur, Ans
Wégimont Castle
Soumagne
Schloss Gross Weims
Kettenis, Eupen
Château Winerotte
Neufchâteau, Dalhem
Château de Wodémont
Dalhem
Xhos Castle
Tavier, Anthisnes
Château de Xhygnez
Sprimont
Château de Yernée
Yernée-Fraineux, Nandrin
Luxembourg province
Name
Location
Other
Chateau des Amerois
Bouillon
Château d'Aye
Aye
Château de Barnich
Autelbas, Arlon
Château les Beaux-arts
Rendeux
Château de Beurthé
Steinbach, Gouvy
Château de Biourge
Biourge, Bertrix
Château de Bleid
Bleid, Virton
Château de Blier
Érezée
Le château de Bomal
Durbuy
Château Borchamps
Marche-en-Famenne
Bouillon Castle
Bouillon
château fort
Château de Casaguy
Bertogne
Domein de Clémarais
Aubange
Chateau Cugnon
Bertrix
Deulin Castle
Fronville, Hotton
Château de Dohan
Dohan
Château-Le-Duc
Bouillon
Château de Durbuy
Durbuy
Château d'Étalle
Étalle
Château de Faing
Chiny
Château Farnières
Vielsalm
Château-ferme de Fisenne
Érezée
Château Forge Roussel
Florenville
Château den Gomery
Virton
Château de Grand-Halleux
Grand-Halleux, Vielsalm
Château de Grune
Grune, Nassogne
Guirsch Castle
Guirsch, Arlon
Château de Habay-la-Neuve
Habay-la-Neuve, Habay
Château d'Hassonville
Aye
Château des comtes d'Herbeumont
Herbeumont
Château d'Izier
Izier, Durbuy
Jemeppe Castle
Hargimont, Marche-en-Famenne
château fort
Château Laclaireau
Virton
Château Laide Fagne
Steinbach
Château de Laittres
Saint-Mard, Virton
La Roche-en-Ardenne Castle
La Roche-en-Ardenne
château fort
Kasteel van Latour
Virton
Laval Castle
Sainte-Ode
Kasteel van Longchamps
Bertogne
Château de Losange
Villers-la-Bonne-Eau, Bastogne
Château de Marcourt
Marcourt, Rendeux
Château de Messancy
Messancy
Mirwart Castle
Mirwart, Saint-Hubert
Château-ferme Monceau
Vaux-sur-Sûre
Montquintin Castle
Montquintin, Rouvroy
Château des Moudreux
Cherain, Gouvy
Château Mohimont
Florenville
Château Montauban
Virton
Château-ferme de Noedelange
Aubange
Château-ferme de Ny
Hotton
Château d'Orval
Villers-devant-Orval
Château de Petite-Somme
Septon, Durbuy
Château de Pinval
Lesse-Redu
Château de Roumont
Libin
Château Pont d'Oye
Habay
Château de Porcheresse
Daverdisse
Château de Remaux
Libramont-Chevigny
Château de Rendeux-Bas
Rendeux
Château de Resteigne
Tellin
Château des comtes de Salm
Salmchâteau, Vielsalm
ruine
Château de Signeulx
Musson
Château de Sohier
Wellin
Château-ferme de Sterpenich
Sterpenich
Tavigny Castle
Tavigny, Houffalize
Château-ferme den Tellin
Tellin
Chateau d'Ursel
Durbuy
Château de Villers-Sainte-Gertrude
Durbuy
Château de Villers-sur-Semois
Étalle
Castle of Waha
Waha
Namur province
Name
Location
Other
Anhaive Castle
Namur
Annevoie Castle
Anhée
Ardenne Castle
Houyet
Château d'Arenberg
Marche-les-Dames, Namur
Château d'Ave
Ave-et-Auffe, Rochefort
Château de Balâtre
Jemeppe-sur-Sambre
Château de Baillonville
Baillonville, Somme-Leuze
Château de Baronville (Belgium)
Baronville (Belgium), Beauraing
Château de Barvaux
Barvaux-Condroz, Havelange
Château de Bayard
Dhuy, Éghezée
Château de Beauraing
Beauraing
Château de Bellaire
Haltinne Gesves
Château de Bioul
Bioul, Anhée
Château de Blocqmont
Houx, Yvoir
Château Bon Baron
Profondeville
Bonneville Castle
Andenne
Château de Bormenville
Flostoy, Havelange
Château-ferm de Bossière
Mettet
Château de Boussu-en-Fagnes
Boussu-en-Fagne, Couvin
Château de Buresse
Hamois
Château de Burmesse
Schaltin, Hamois
Château de Champion
Emptinne, Hamois
Château Castel Alne
Barvaux-Condroz, Havelange
Château de Chérimont
Sclayn, Andenne
Ciergnon Castle
Ciergnon, Houyet
Château de Conjoux
Conjoux, Ciney
Castle of Corroy-le-Château
Corroy-le-Château, Gembloers
château fort
Château-ferme de Courrière
Courrière
Crèvecœur Castle
Bouvignes-sur-Meuse
château fort
Crupet Castle
Crupet
château fort
Dave Castle
Dave, Namur
Château de Doyon
Havelange
Château d'Enhaive
Jambes
Château d'Évrehailles
Évrehailles, Yvoir
Fagnolle Castle
Fagnolle, Philippeville
Falaën Castle
Falaën, Onhaye
Château de La Falize
La Bruyère
Falnuée Castle
Mazy, Gembloux
Château de Faulx-les-Tombes
Faulx-les-Tombes, Gesves
Château de Fenffe
Houyet
Château de Ferage
Houyet
Fernelmont Castle
Noville-les-Bois, Fernelmont
château fort
Château de Flawinne
Flawinne, Namur
Château de Florennes
Florennes
Château de Fontaine
Anthée, Onhaye
Château de Fontaine
Emptinne, Hamois
Château de Fooz
Wépion
Château de la Forge
Onhaye
Franc-Waret Castle
Franc-Waret, Fernelmont
Castle of Freÿr
Hastière
Château de Froidefontaine
Flostoy, Havelange
Château de Gaiffier
Houx, Yvoir
Château de Gesves
Gesves
Château de Goyet
Gesves
Château de Halloy
Halloy, Ciney
Château de Haltinne
Haltinne, Gesves
Château de Hanzinelle
Hanzinelle, Florennes
Château de Harlue
Harlue, Éghezée
Hauteroche Castle
Dourbes, Viroinval
château fort
Haversin Castle
Haversin Ciney
Château de Hérock
Houyet
Château d'Hodoumont
Jallet, Ohey
Jannée Castle
Jannée, Ciney
Château de Jennevaux
Jennevaux, Éghezée
Château de Lamalle
Andenne
Château-ferme Laneffe
Walcourt
Château de Lavaux-Sainte-Anne
Lavaux-Sainte-Anne, Rochefort
château fort
Château de Leignon
Leignon
Château de Lesve
Lesve, Profondeville
Château Licot
Viroinval
Château de Loyers
Loyers
Château de Maibelle
Florée, Assesse
Château-ferme de Maizeret ou du Moisnil
Maizeret, Andenne
Château-ferm de Marchand
Gesves
Château de Marchovelette
Marchovelette
Château de Massogne
Pessoux, Ciney
Château de Mielmont
Onoz, Jemeppe-sur-Sambre
Château Miranda (Château de Noisy)
Celles
Château du Moisnil
Maizeret, Andenne
Montaigle Castle
Falaën, Onhaye
château fort
Morialmé Castle
Morialmé, Florennes
Château de Mouffrin
Gemenne, Hamois
château fort
Château de Namur
Namur
Citadel of Namur
Namur
Château-ferme de Natoye
Hamois
Château d'Onthaine
Achêne, Ciney
Château d'Ostin
La Bruyère
Château de Pesche
Pesche, Couvin
Château de Petit-Leez
Grand-Leez, Gembloers
Poilvache Castle
Houx, Yvoir
château fort
Château Le Porcheresse
Porcheresse, Havelange
Château de Ramezee
Barvaux-Condroz, Havelange
Château de Reux
Conneux, Ciney
Château de Revogne
Revogne, Beauraing
Château comtal de Rochefort
Rochefort
château fort
Roly Castle
Roly (Belgium), Philippeville
château fort
Château de Ronchinne
Maillen
Kasteel van Rougemont
Profondeville
Château de Ry
Mohiville, Hamois
Château Sainte-Marie
Beauraing
Château Saint-Pierre
Beauraing
Château Saint-Roch
Ciney
Samart Castle
Samart, Philippeville
castle farm
Château de Sart-Eustache
Sart-Eustache, Fosses-la-Ville
Château de Schaltin
Hamois
Château de Scry
Mettet
Château de Senzeille
Senzeille, Cerfontaine
Château de Seron
Forville, Fernelmont
Château de Skeuvre
Natoye, Hamois
Sombreffe Castle
Sombreffe
château fort
Château de Sorinnes
Dinant
Spontin Castle
Spontin, Yvoir
château fort
Château de Spy
Spy
Tour Carrée
Sambreville
Castle of Tarcienne
Tarcienne
Château de Forges
Thon-Samson, Andenne
Château de Thozée
Mettet
Castle of Thy-le-Château
Thy-le-Château, Walcourt
château fort
Château de Tour à Filée
Goesnes, Ohey
Trazegnies Castle
Berzée, Walcourt
Castle of Vêves
Celles
château fort
Castle of Vignée
Villers-sur-Lesse, Rochefort
Vierves-sur-Viroin Castle
Viroinval
Château de Villers-lez-Heest
La Bruyère
Château de Villers-sur-Lesse
Villers-sur-Lesse, Rochefort
Château de Vonêche
Vonêche, Beauraing
Château de Walzin
Dréhance, Dinant
Château de Weillen
Onhaye
Walloon Brabant
Name
Location
Other
Château d'Argenteuil
Waterloo
Bacquelaine Castle
Chaumont-Gistoux
Château Baudemont
Ittre
Château de Bierbais
Hévillers, Mont-Saint-Guibert
Blanmont Castle
Blanmont, Chastre
Bois-Seigneur-Isaac Castle
Ophain-Bois-Seigneur-Isaac, Braine-l'Alleud
Bonlez Castle
Bonlez, Chaumont-Gistoux
Château de Bousval
Bousval, Genappe
Braine Castle
Braine-le-Château
Château des Cailloux
Jodoigne
Château de Cense de Glymes
Jodoigne
Château de Dongelberg
Dongelberg, Jodoigne
Château de Fonteneau
Nivelles
Château Genval
Genval
Château de Gentinnes
Gentinnes
Château Ghobert
Jodoigne
Château des Goblet d'Alviella
Court-Saint-Étienne
Château de l’Hermite
Braine-l'Alleud
Houtain-le-Val Castle
Houtain-le-Val, Genappe
Château des Italiens
Clabecq
Château d'Ittre
Ittre
Château de Jauche
Jauche, Orp-Jauche
Château de Linsmeau
Linsmeau, Hélécine
Château-ferme de Moriensart
Céroux-Mousty, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
Opheylissem Castle
Opheylissem, Hélécine
Opprebais Castle
Opprebais, Incourt
Château Pastur
Jodoigne
Château de Piétrebais en Grez
Grez-Doiceau
Château de Quirini
Dion-le-Val, Chaumont-Gistoux
Château de Rixensart
Rixensart
Château Rose
Orp-le-Grand, Orp-Jauche
Château de Savenel
Nethen, Grez-Doiceau
Solvay Castle
La Hulpe
Château de la Tournette
Nivelles
La Vicomté Castle
Jodoigne
Château de Walhain
Walhain-Saint-Paul
Zeebroeck Castle
Nethen, Grez-Doiceau
Zétrud-Lumay Castle
Zétrud-Lumay, Jodoigne
Bibliography
Luc Fr. Genicot (dir.), Châteaux forts et châteaux-fermes, Vokaer, Brussels, 1975
Luc Fr. Genicot (dir.), Châteaux de plaisance, Vokaer, Brussels, 1977
Albert de Visscher (dir.), Les plus beaux châteaux de Belgique, Reader's Digest, Brussels, 1984
Philippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. I, Aparté, Brussels, 2002
Philippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. II, Aparté, Brussels, 2003
Philippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. III, Aparté, Brussels, 2004
Philippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. IV, Aparté, Brussels, 2005
François-Emmanuel de Wasseige, « L’évolution des châteaux belges au XXe siècle », in : Demeures Historiques et Jardins, n° 153–156, Brussels, 2007
François-Emmanuel de Wasseige, La route des châteaux, éd. Institut du Patrimoine wallon (coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine, 6), Namur, 2012
Notes
^ There are about 3,000 castles in Belgium (Eupedia.com 2014).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The French word for castle is "château", be it for an old medieval fortress ("château fort") or a residential castle. The term "château-ferme" means that a medieval castle has been transformed into a farm..."(Eupedia.com 2014).
^ Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v (in French). P. Mardaga, Solédi. 1971. p. 1453. ISBN 978-2-8021-0058-4. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
References
"Castles of Belgium". Eupedia.com. 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
External links
Media related to Castles in Belgium at Wikimedia Commons
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vteList of castles in Europe Sovereign states
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vte Castles in Belgium
Abée Castle
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Alden Biesen Castle
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Annevoie Castle
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Château royal d'Ardenne
Ardooie Castle
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Attre Castle
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La Roche-en-Ardenne Castle
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Zétrud-Lumay Castle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Three_thousand-1"},{"link_name":"castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"manor houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"country houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"Belgian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_nobility"}],"text":"This is an incomplete list of castles and châteaux in Belgium.[a] The Dutch word kasteel and the French word château refer both to fortified defensive buildings (castles proper) and to stately aristocratic homes (châteaux, manor houses or country houses). As a result, it is common to see the name of both types of building translated into English as 'castle', which can sometimes be misleading. Combined with the complication that some aristocratic homes were once intended for defence, here they have not been separated into two groups, and most buildings of both types are labelled as 'castles' in this list. Many members of the old Belgian noble families still live in castles (see Belgian nobility).","title":"List of castles and châteaux in Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Brussels-Capital Region"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Antwerp province","title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East Flanders","title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Flemish Brabant","title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Limburg province","title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"West Flanders","title":"Flanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hainaut province","title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Liège province","title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Luxembourg province","title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Namur province","title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Walloon Brabant","title":"Wallonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Luc Fr. Genicot (dir.), Châteaux forts et châteaux-fermes, Vokaer, Brussels, 1975\nLuc Fr. Genicot (dir.), Châteaux de plaisance, Vokaer, Brussels, 1977\nAlbert de Visscher (dir.), Les plus beaux châteaux de Belgique, Reader's Digest, Brussels, 1984\nPhilippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. I, Aparté, Brussels, 2002\nPhilippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. II, Aparté, Brussels, 2003\nPhilippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. III, Aparté, Brussels, 2004\nPhilippe Farcy, 100 Châteaux de Belgique connus & méconnus, t. IV, Aparté, Brussels, 2005\nFrançois-Emmanuel de Wasseige, « L’évolution des châteaux belges au XXe siècle », in : Demeures Historiques et Jardins, n° 153–156, Brussels, 2007\nFrançois-Emmanuel de Wasseige, La route des châteaux, éd. Institut du Patrimoine wallon (coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine, 6), Namur, 2012","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Three_thousand_1-0"},{"link_name":"Eupedia.com 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEupedia.com2014"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chateau-ferme_2-18"},{"link_name":"Eupedia.com 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEupedia.com2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tzodAAAAIAAJ&q=Vivroux+Neufays"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-8021-0058-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8021-0058-4"}],"text":"^ There are about 3,000 castles in Belgium (Eupedia.com 2014).\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s \"The French word for castle is \"château\", be it for an old medieval fortress (\"château fort\") or a residential castle. The term \"château-ferme\" means that a medieval castle has been transformed into a farm...\"(Eupedia.com 2014).^ Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v (in French). P. Mardaga, Solédi. 1971. p. 1453. ISBN 978-2-8021-0058-4. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v (in French). P. Mardaga, Solédi. 1971. p. 1453. ISBN 978-2-8021-0058-4. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzodAAAAIAAJ&q=Vivroux+Neufays","url_text":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8021-0058-4","url_text":"978-2-8021-0058-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Castles of Belgium\". Eupedia.com. 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eupedia.com/belgium/castles.shtml","url_text":"\"Castles of Belgium\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=51.13832_N_4.3639_E_","external_links_name":"51°08′18″N 4°21′50″E / 51.13832°N 4.3639°E / 51.13832; 4.3639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=51.10285_N_4.21671_E_","external_links_name":"51°06′10″N 4°13′00″E / 51.10285°N 4.21671°E / 51.10285; 4.21671"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=51.11816_N_4.54922_E_","external_links_name":"51°07′05″N 4°32′57″E / 51.11816°N 4.54922°E / 51.11816; 4.54922"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=50.76564_N_4.29998_E_","external_links_name":"50°45′56″N 4°18′00″E / 50.76564°N 4.29998°E / 50.76564; 4.29998"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=50.92809_N_4.32878_E_","external_links_name":"50°55′41″N 4°19′44″E / 50.92809°N 4.32878°E / 50.92809; 4.32878"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_and_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Belgium¶ms=50.93359_N_4.83216_E_","external_links_name":"50°56′01″N 4°49′56″E / 50.93359°N 4.83216°E / 50.93359; 4.83216"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzodAAAAIAAJ&q=Vivroux+Neufays","external_links_name":"Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Province de Liège: arrondissement de Verviers. 2 v"},{"Link":"http://www.eupedia.com/belgium/castles.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Castles of Belgium\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrydd | Penrydd | ["1 History","1.1 Church","1.2 Population and property","2 Notable people","3 Today","4 References"] | Coordinates: 52°00′04″N 4°35′46″W / 52.001°N 4.596°W / 52.001; -4.596Former parish in Pembrokeshire, Wales
Human settlement in WalesPenryddPenryddLocation within PembrokeshireOS grid referenceSN2181836846CommunityBoncathPrincipal areaPembrokeshireCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBoncathPostcode districtSADialling code01239PoliceDyfed-PowysFireMid and West WalesAmbulanceWelsh
UK ParliamentPreseli PembrokeshireSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentPreseli Pembrokeshire
List of places
UK
Wales
Pembrokeshire
52°00′04″N 4°35′46″W / 52.001°N 4.596°W / 52.001; -4.596
Penrydd (variously spelled Penrhydd, Penrhudd, Penrith, Penreth or Penrieth) is a former parish in the Hundred of Kilgerran, north Pembrokeshire, Wales. The parish's history is closely linked with that of Castellan, and included parts of the present villages of Blaenffos and Crymych.
History
Church
The parish, in the 1530s, was unique in Wales in furnishing the title of a suffragan see, namely Bishop of Penrydd, and an Inventory of Ancient Monuments explains how this may have come about. The parish is marked (as Penrith) on a 1578 parish map of Pembrokeshire.
Abandoned Penrydd parish church
The parish church of St Cristiolus (Church in Wales) existed at least as early as 1799, the earliest date from which parish register information has been garnered. From 1799 to 1858 the parish register is "Penrhydd with Castellan", Castellan being a chapelry at that time. The place name and church are recorded by the Royal Commission as historic place names.
The living in 1870 was described as "...a rectory in the diocese of St David's. Value £100. Patron, the Lord Chancellor". The church had been rebuilt in 1841 and restored in 1911; in 1914 it was described as "plain" and "whitewashed".
A survey by Dyfed Archaeological Trust for Cadw in 2011 describes the present churchyard as "...suboval/subrectangular, now poorly defined..." and the church as "...small, comprising chancel, nave and west porch. It is now in private hands...".
The church was described in about 2012 as abandoned.
Population and property
The annual value of the Real property of the parish, including Castellan, was £756 in 1815 when the joint population was 273. By 1821 and 1831 the population of Penrydd parish alone was 190 and 219 respectively.
In 1831-33 the parish (including the chapelry of Castellan) was home to 346 inhabitants and included both enclosed arable land or pasture and unenclosed moorland. About 70% of males over 20 were involved in agriculture with the rest in retail or manufacturing trades. Of those in agriculture, the majority farmed in their own right, as opposed to labouring for others.
Tithe apportionments of 1837 and tithe maps of 1844 are held at the National Archives.
By 1881 the majority of males (about 60%) were still in agriculture, but there were more involved in other occupations such as quarrying. There is an Ordnance Survey-marked disused quarry close to Castellan Farm.
Penrydd was included in the National Farm Survey of 1941-3 during World War 2, the records of which are held at the National Archives.
Notable people
William Richards (1749–1818), a Welsh Baptist minister; he spent much of his life in King's Lynn.
Today
Penrydd was absorbed in 1974 into the community of Boncath.
References
^ a b An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire: VII – County of Pembroke. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.
^ "Penbrok comitat". British Library.
^ "Family Search: Penrhydd with Castellan". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "Dyfed Family History Society: Penrhydd". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ "RCAHMW: Penrydd". Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ "A Vision of Britain Through Time: History of Penrhydd". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Wilson, John Maruis (1872). Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales.
^ Medieval and Early Post-Medieval Churches and Chapels: A Threat-Related Assessment. Dyfed Archaeological Trust. 2011. p. 53.
^ "Geograph UK: Penrydd Parish Church". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Vol.18. HMSO. 1831.
^ Lewis, S (1833). A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.
^ "GENUKI: Penrith (Pen-rhydd) Parish". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ "A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd: Social Structure". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "National Archives: Tithe apportionment of Penrith, including Castellan". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "National Archives: Tithe map of Penrith, including Castellan". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP: Industry Statistics". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "National Archives: Parish 103 Penrydd". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ Gordon, Alexander (1896). "Richards, William (1749-1818)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. pp. 219–221. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Kilgerran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilgerran"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Blaenffos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenffos"},{"link_name":"Crymych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crymych"}],"text":"Former parish in Pembrokeshire, WalesHuman settlement in WalesPenrydd (variously spelled Penrhydd, Penrhudd, Penrith, Penreth or Penrieth) is a former parish in the Hundred of Kilgerran, north Pembrokeshire, Wales. The parish's history is closely linked with that of Castellan, and included parts of the present villages of Blaenffos and Crymych.","title":"Penrydd"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragan see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Penrydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Penrydd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penrydd_Parish_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_650527.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAHMW"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-1"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Church","text":"The parish, in the 1530s, was unique in Wales in furnishing the title of a suffragan see, namely Bishop of Penrydd, and an Inventory of Ancient Monuments explains how this may have come about.[1] The parish is marked (as Penrith) on a 1578 parish map of Pembrokeshire.[2]Abandoned Penrydd parish churchThe parish church of St Cristiolus (Church in Wales) existed at least as early as 1799, the earliest date from which parish register information has been garnered. From 1799 to 1858 the parish register is \"Penrhydd with Castellan\",[3][4] Castellan being a chapelry at that time. The place name and church are recorded by the Royal Commission as historic place names.[5]The living in 1870 was described as \"...a rectory in the diocese of St David's. Value £100. Patron, the Lord Chancellor\".[6][7] The church had been rebuilt in 1841 and restored in 1911; in 1914 it was described as \"plain\" and \"whitewashed\".[1]A survey by Dyfed Archaeological Trust for Cadw in 2011 describes the present churchyard as \"...suboval/subrectangular, now poorly defined...\" and the church as \"...small, comprising chancel, nave and west porch. It is now in private hands...\".[8]The church was described in about 2012 as abandoned.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Population and property","text":"The annual value of the Real property of the parish, including Castellan, was £756 in 1815 when the joint population was 273. By 1821 and 1831 the population of Penrydd parish alone was 190 and 219 respectively.[10]In 1831-33 the parish (including the chapelry of Castellan) was home to 346 inhabitants and included both enclosed arable land or pasture and unenclosed moorland.[11][12] About 70% of males over 20 were involved in agriculture with the rest in retail or manufacturing trades.[13] Of those in agriculture, the majority farmed in their own right, as opposed to labouring for others.[14]Tithe apportionments of 1837[15] and tithe maps of 1844[16] are held at the National Archives.By 1881 the majority of males (about 60%) were still in agriculture, but there were more involved in other occupations such as quarrying.[17] There is an Ordnance Survey-marked disused quarry close to Castellan Farm.Penrydd was included in the National Farm Survey of 1941-3 during World War 2, the records of which are held at the National Archives.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richards_(minister)"},{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"William Richards (1749–1818), a Welsh Baptist minister; he spent much of his life in King's Lynn.[19]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Boncath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boncath"}],"text":"Penrydd was absorbed in 1974 into the community of Boncath.","title":"Today"}] | [{"image_text":"Abandoned Penrydd parish church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Penrydd_Parish_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_650527.jpg/180px-Penrydd_Parish_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_650527.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire: VII – County of Pembroke. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Penbrok comitat\". British Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/p/zoomify83390.html","url_text":"\"Penbrok comitat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Search: Penrhydd with Castellan\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=75&query=%2Bbatch_number%3AC081831","url_text":"\"Family Search: Penrhydd with Castellan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dyfed Family History Society: Penrhydd\". Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dyfedfhs.org.uk/resources/PEM/peny","url_text":"\"Dyfed Family History Society: Penrhydd\""}]},{"reference":"\"RCAHMW: Penrydd\". Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicplacenames.rcahmw.gov.uk/placenames/recordedname/25d00dbe-822c-4305-b3f6-5f77ec9778fd","url_text":"\"RCAHMW: Penrydd\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: History of Penrhydd\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/8465","url_text":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: History of Penrhydd\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, John Maruis (1872). Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Medieval and Early Post-Medieval Churches and Chapels: A Threat-Related Assessment. Dyfed Archaeological Trust. 2011. p. 53.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Geograph UK: Penrydd Parish Church\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/650527","url_text":"\"Geograph UK: Penrydd Parish Church\""}]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Vol.18. HMSO. 1831.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, S (1833). A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/topographicaldic12lewi","url_text":"A Topographical Dictionary of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI: Penrith (Pen-rhydd) Parish\". Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Penrith/index.html","url_text":"\"GENUKI: Penrith (Pen-rhydd) Parish\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/OCC_PAR1831","url_text":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd: Social Structure\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/SOC1831","url_text":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd: Social Structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Archives: Tithe apportionment of Penrith, including Castellan\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details/C2298389-details","url_text":"\"National Archives: Tithe apportionment of Penrith, including Castellan\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Archives: Tithe map of Penrith, including Castellan\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details/C2310248-details","url_text":"\"National Archives: Tithe map of Penrith, including Castellan\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP: Industry Statistics\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/OCC_ORDER1881","url_text":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP: Industry Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Archives: Parish 103 Penrydd\". Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C7292470","url_text":"\"National Archives: Parish 103 Penrydd\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Alexander (1896). \"Richards, William (1749-1818)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. pp. 219–221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(Unitarian)","url_text":"Gordon, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Richards,_William_(1749-1818)","url_text":"\"Richards, William (1749-1818)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penrydd¶ms=52.001_N_4.596_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°00′04″N 4°35′46″W / 52.001°N 4.596°W / 52.001; -4.596"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penrydd¶ms=52.001347_N_4.597121_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Penrydd","external_links_name":"SN2181836846"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penrydd¶ms=52.001_N_4.596_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°00′04″N 4°35′46″W / 52.001°N 4.596°W / 52.001; -4.596"},{"Link":"https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/p/zoomify83390.html","external_links_name":"\"Penbrok comitat\""},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=75&query=%2Bbatch_number%3AC081831","external_links_name":"\"Family Search: Penrhydd with Castellan\""},{"Link":"http://dyfedfhs.org.uk/resources/PEM/peny","external_links_name":"\"Dyfed Family History Society: Penrhydd\""},{"Link":"https://historicplacenames.rcahmw.gov.uk/placenames/recordedname/25d00dbe-822c-4305-b3f6-5f77ec9778fd","external_links_name":"\"RCAHMW: Penrydd\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/8465","external_links_name":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: History of Penrhydd\""},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/650527","external_links_name":"\"Geograph UK: Penrydd Parish Church\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/topographicaldic12lewi","external_links_name":"A Topographical Dictionary of Wales"},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Penrith/index.html","external_links_name":"\"GENUKI: Penrith (Pen-rhydd) Parish\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/OCC_PAR1831","external_links_name":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/SOC1831","external_links_name":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd: Social Structure\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details/C2298389-details","external_links_name":"\"National Archives: Tithe apportionment of Penrith, including Castellan\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details/C2310248-details","external_links_name":"\"National Archives: Tithe map of Penrith, including Castellan\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10290958/cube/OCC_ORDER1881","external_links_name":"\"A Vision of Britain Through Time: Penrhydd CP/AP: Industry Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C7292470","external_links_name":"\"National Archives: Parish 103 Penrydd\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Richards,_William_(1749-1818)","external_links_name":"\"Richards, William (1749-1818)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bishop_(actress) | Kate Bishop (actress) | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early career","1.2 Our Boys and later career","1.3 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"] | English actress
Kate BishopBornKate Alice Bishop1847Bristol, EnglandDied12 June 1923 (aged 75)London, EnglandOccupationActressSpouseLewis J. LöhrChildrenMarie Lohr
Kate Alice Bishop (1847 – 12 June 1923) was an English actress, a member of a theatrical family. Her brother and daughter were also successful actors. She began her career in 1863 and soon was playing roles in Shakespeare and other classic plays. By 1869, she was in the West End performing in both drama and comedy, including originating several roles. Her greatest success was in Our Boys, which ran for more than four years in London. She continued to act in a variety of roles, including in Australia for several seasons in the 1880s. There, she married and temporarily retired from the theatre to raise her daughter, Marie Lohr. She returned to England to play and create character roles in the early years of the twentieth century.
Biography
Bishop was born in Lambeth into a theatrical family, the daughter of Thomas Bishop and his wife Charlotte, née Woulds. She began acting as a child in her mother's native Bristol in 1863. Her brother Alfred also successfully entered the theatrical profession. Their grandfather, James Woulds, shared with William Macready at one time the management of the historic theatre at Bath.
Early career
As a teen Bishop was a member of Mr J. H. Chute's Bristol company, which included Madge Kendal, Henrietta Hodson and Ellen Terry. By 1864 she was in Charles Alexander Calvert's company at Prince's Theatre, Manchester, where she played the title character in Black-Eyed Susan and Cordelia in King Lear, among other roles. She then appeared in Manchester under the management of John Hollingshead as Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing and Clara in Money. In 1868, Bishop appeared with Edward Askew Sothern in a revival of Our American Cousin, in which The Manchester Guardian thought her "arch" and "lacking in dignity".
In the West End she appeared in A Loving Cup at the Royalty Theatre in 1869, and in 1871 at the Royal Court Theatre in a succession of three new comic plays by W. S. Gilbert, playing Edith Temple in Randall's Thumb, Pipette in Creatures of Impulse, and Jessie Blake in On Guard. Of her performance in the last, The Times commented, "The notion of the irresistible flirt is completely realized by Miss Kate Bishop." Bishop played in About Town by Bertie Vyse in 1873 and Ruy Blas Righted and Romulus and Remus, both by Robert Reece, in 1874. She then appeared as Ida in Hermann Vezin's production of David Garrick
Our Boys and later career
Bishop's most famous stage role was Violet Melrose in H. J. Byron's comedy Our Boys at the Vaudeville Theatre, which she originated in January 1875 and played practically continuously throughout its historic run of four years and four months. When Our Boys finally closed, it was by far the longest-running work of theatre up to that time. Byron supplied a successor, The Girls, in which Bishop had another leading role in 1879. The next year, at the Vaudeville, she played Lady Teazle in the The School for Scandal for another long run, followed by Lady Alice in Dion Boucicault's Old Heads and Young Hearts in 1881. Later that year, she was Dora in T. W. Robertson's Home, an adaptation of Émile Augier's comedy L'Aventurière. After this, Bishop moved to Australia to head a company produced by Arthur Garner, playing comedies, including The English Rose. The next season, she moved on to George Rignold's company, as leading lady, in a variety of dramas and comedies, where she stayed for several years, earning strong reviews. In the late 1880s she married and left the stage for more than a decade at the end of the nineteenth century. While there, she taught elocution.
In 1898 Bishop returned to England where, by 1900 she returned to the stage, appearing from May 1900 in Another Man's Wife, a new play, in four acts, by Fenton Mackay at the Grand Theatre, Croydon. Later in the year she appeared in Struwwelpeter (Shock-Headed Peter), at the Garrick Theatre, together with George Grossmith Jr. She played Mrs Percival de Hooley in Jerome K. Jerome's The Passing of the Third Floor Black in 1908. In 1909 she appeared on Broadway in Penelope, by Somerset Maugham, at the Lyceum Theatre. Bishop appeared in Fanny's First Play. She repeated her role in Shock-Headed Peter in 1912 at the Vaudeville Theatre. Her last stage appearance was in 1915, creating the role of Lady Matilda Rye in H. A. Vachell's The Case of Lady Camber at the Savoy Theatre.
Personal life
In the late 1880s, Bishop married Lewis J. Löhr, treasurer of the Melbourne Opera House and an entrepreneur, whom she met on a ship bound for Australia. Their daughter Marie Lohr, who became a leading actress, was born in 1890 in Sydney, Australia.
Bishop died in London, aged 75, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.
References
^ a b c d e "Kate Bishop Dead", The Argus, 14 June 1923, p. 9
^ a b c d e The Times obituary notice, 13 June 1923, p. 14
^ The Times, 23 May 1928, p. 23
^ "Kate Bishop". Staffordshire Sentinel. 13 June 1923. p. 2.
^ "Women of the Day". South Wales Echo. 2 June 1896. p. 3.
^ a b c d e "Dramatic & Musical Notes", Launceston Examiner, 8 October 1892, p. 2
^ The Manchester Guardian, 24 August 1868, p. 2
^ The Times 10 February 1869, p. 7
^ The Times, 27 January 1871, p. 6
^ The Times, 19 April 1871, p. 8
^ The Times, 6 November 1871, p. 10
^ The Times, 16 May 1873, p. 7
^ The Times, 7 January 1874, p. 8
^ Picture History Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 May 2009
^ Booth, Michael R. Review of plays by H. J. Byron including Our Boys in The Modern Language Review, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 716-17 (July 1987; Modern Humanities Research Association)
^ The Times, 21 April 1879, p. 12
^ "Another Man's Wife". The Era. 2 June 1900. p. 11.
^ The Times, 27 December 1900, p. 8
^ The Observer, 6 September 1908, p. 5
^ "Kate Bishop", About the Artists. Retrieved 2 November 2023
^ The Manchester Guardian, 13 June 1923, p. 15
^ Gillan, Don. Lohr at the Stage Beauty website. Retrieved 2 November 2023
^ "Miss Kate Bishop". The Pall Mall Gazette. 15 June 1923. p. 2.
External links
Photos of Bishop at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-1"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Our Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Boys"},{"link_name":"Marie Lohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lohr"}],"text":"Kate Alice Bishop (1847 – 12 June 1923)[1] was an English actress, a member of a theatrical family. Her brother and daughter were also successful actors. She began her career in 1863 and soon was playing roles in Shakespeare and other classic plays. By 1869, she was in the West End performing in both drama and comedy, including originating several roles. Her greatest success was in Our Boys, which ran for more than four years in London. She continued to act in a variety of roles, including in Australia for several seasons in the 1880s. There, she married and temporarily retired from the theatre to raise her daughter, Marie Lohr. 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She began acting as a child in her mother's native Bristol in 1863.[2] Her brother Alfred also successfully entered the theatrical profession.[3] Their grandfather, James Woulds, shared with William Macready at one time the management of the historic theatre at Bath.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bristol company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Madge Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Kendal"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Hodson"},{"link_name":"Ellen Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Alexander Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexander_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Prince's Theatre, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Theatre,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Black-Eyed Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Eyed_Susan"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examiner-6"},{"link_name":"John Hollingshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollingshead"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(play)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examiner-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Askew Sothern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Askew_Sothern"},{"link_name":"Our American Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_American_Cousin"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Royalty Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Randall's Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%27s_Thumb"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Creatures of Impulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatures_of_Impulse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reece"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hermann Vezin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Vezin"},{"link_name":"David Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick_(play)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examiner-6"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"As a teen Bishop was a member of Mr J. H. Chute's Bristol company, which included Madge Kendal, Henrietta Hodson and Ellen Terry.[5] By 1864 she was in Charles Alexander Calvert's company at Prince's Theatre, Manchester, where she played the title character in Black-Eyed Susan and Cordelia in King Lear, among other roles.[6] She then appeared in Manchester under the management of John Hollingshead as Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing and Clara in Money.[6] In 1868, Bishop appeared with Edward Askew Sothern in a revival of Our American Cousin, in which The Manchester Guardian thought her \"arch\" and \"lacking in dignity\".[7]In the West End she appeared in A Loving Cup at the Royalty Theatre in 1869,[8] and in 1871 at the Royal Court Theatre in a succession of three new comic plays by W. S. Gilbert, playing Edith Temple in Randall's Thumb,[9] Pipette in Creatures of Impulse,[10] and Jessie Blake in On Guard. Of her performance in the last, The Times commented, \"The notion of the irresistible flirt is completely realized by Miss Kate Bishop.\"[11] Bishop played in About Town by Bertie Vyse in 1873[12] and Ruy Blas Righted and Romulus and Remus, both by Robert Reece, in 1874.[13][14] She then appeared as Ida in Hermann Vezin's production of David Garrick[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. J. Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._Byron"},{"link_name":"Our Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Boys"},{"link_name":"Vaudeville Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The School for Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Dion Boucicault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Boucicault"},{"link_name":"T. W. 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Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_K._Jerome"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Broadway)"},{"link_name":"Fanny's First Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny%27s_First_Play"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"H. A. Vachell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Annesley_Vachell"},{"link_name":"Savoy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Our Boys and later career","text":"Bishop's most famous stage role was Violet Melrose in H. J. Byron's comedy Our Boys at the Vaudeville Theatre, which she originated in January 1875 and played practically continuously throughout its historic run of four years and four months.[2] When Our Boys finally closed, it was by far the longest-running work of theatre up to that time.[15] Byron supplied a successor, The Girls, in which Bishop had another leading role in 1879.[16] The next year, at the Vaudeville, she played Lady Teazle in the The School for Scandal for another long run, followed by Lady Alice in Dion Boucicault's Old Heads and Young Hearts in 1881. Later that year, she was Dora in T. W. Robertson's Home, an adaptation of Émile Augier's comedy L'Aventurière.[6] After this, Bishop moved to Australia to head a company produced by Arthur Garner, playing comedies, including The English Rose. The next season, she moved on to George Rignold's company, as leading lady, in a variety of dramas and comedies, where she stayed for several years, earning strong reviews.[1] In the late 1880s she married and left the stage for more than a decade at the end of the nineteenth century.[2] While there, she taught elocution.[6]In 1898 Bishop returned to England[1] where, by 1900 she returned to the stage, appearing from May 1900 in Another Man's Wife, a new play, in four acts, by Fenton Mackay at the Grand Theatre, Croydon.[17] Later in the year she appeared in Struwwelpeter (Shock-Headed Peter), at the Garrick Theatre, together with George Grossmith Jr.[18] She played Mrs Percival de Hooley in Jerome K. Jerome's The Passing of the Third Floor Black in 1908.[19] In 1909 she appeared on Broadway in Penelope, by Somerset Maugham, at the Lyceum Theatre. Bishop appeared in Fanny's First Play.[1] She repeated her role in Shock-Headed Peter in 1912 at the Vaudeville Theatre.[20] Her last stage appearance was in 1915, creating the role of Lady Matilda Rye in H. A. Vachell's The Case of Lady Camber at the Savoy Theatre.[21]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-1"},{"link_name":"Marie Lohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lohr"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"Brompton Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"In the late 1880s, Bishop married Lewis J. Löhr, treasurer of the Melbourne Opera House[2] and an entrepreneur, whom she met on a ship bound for Australia.[1] Their daughter Marie Lohr, who became a leading actress, was born in 1890 in Sydney, Australia.[22]Bishop died in London, aged 75,[2] and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.[23]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kate Bishop\". Staffordshire Sentinel. 13 June 1923. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Women of the Day\". South Wales Echo. 2 June 1896. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Another Man's Wife\". The Era. 2 June 1900. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Era"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Kate Bishop\". The Pall Mall Gazette. 15 June 1923. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Gazette","url_text":"The Pall Mall Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2008488","external_links_name":"\"Kate Bishop Dead\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39474946","external_links_name":"\"Dramatic & Musical Notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.picturehistoryprints.com/product/id/19988","external_links_name":"Picture History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083427/http://www.picturehistoryprints.com/product/id/19988","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abouttheartists.com/artists/800093-kate-bishop-2","external_links_name":"\"Kate Bishop\""},{"Link":"http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net/lohr/lohr-m.html","external_links_name":"Lohr"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp100189/kate-bishop","external_links_name":"Photos of Bishop"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5938164298432908630000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1249759870","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Minagawa | Kentaro Minagawa | ["1 Notes and references"] | Japanese alpine skier
Kentaro Minagawa (皆川 賢太郎, Minagawa Kentarō, born May 17, 1977) is a Japanese alpine skier.
Kentaro Minagawa
His first international successes were at the 1996 Junior World Championships in Schwyz, with a 5th rank in Slalom, and a 9th rank in Giant slalom.
Since the 1997 Alpine Skiing World Cup he has been participating regularly in World Cup races, nine times ranking in the top ten.
Shortly before the 2006 Winter Olympics he ranked 4th in Wengen, Switzerland. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy he also ranked 4th, the best result of a Japanese skier since Chiharu Igaya's silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
In June 2009, he married Japanese popular freestyle skier, Aiko Uemura.
Notes and references
^ "Biography, MINAGAWA Kentaro". International Ski Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ "Results, Slalom 1996 FIS Junior World Ski Championships". International Ski Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ "Results, giant slalom 1996 FIS Junior World Ski Championships". International Ski Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ "Results, FIS World Cup, MINAGAWA Kentaro". International Ski Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ "Minagawa close, but shut out of medal in slalom". The Japan Times. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ Olympians Aiko Uemura and Kentaro Minagawa Ties the Knot Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine accessed 2010-06-09
This biographical article relating to alpine skiing in Japan is a stub. 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At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy he also ranked 4th, the best result of a Japanese skier since Chiharu Igaya's silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics.[5]In June 2009, he married Japanese popular freestyle skier, Aiko Uemura.[6]","title":"Kentaro Minagawa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Biography, MINAGAWA Kentaro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526124829/http://www.fis-ski.com/de/606/615.html?type=biog&competitorid=40448§or=AL"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fis-ski.com/de/606/615.html?type=biog&competitorid=40448§or=AL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Results, Slalom 1996 FIS Junior World Ski Championships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526124938/http://www.fis-ski.com/de/606/612.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&raceid=3765"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fis-ski.com/de/606/612.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&raceid=3765"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Results, giant slalom 1996 FIS Junior World Ski Championships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526125033/http://www.fis-ski.com/de/606/612.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&raceid=3763"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fis-ski.com/de/606/612.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&raceid=3763"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Results, FIS World Cup, MINAGAWA Kentaro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526125102/http://www.fis-ski.com/de/606/615.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&type=result&category=WC&season=ALL&sort=P&discipline=ALL&position=&place=&Submit=Search"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fis-ski.com/de/606/615.html?sector=AL&competitorid=40448&type=result&category=WC&season=ALL&sort=P&discipline=ALL&position=&place=&Submit=Search"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Minagawa close, but shut out of medal in slalom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/so20060227a3.html"},{"link_name":"The Japan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Olympians Aiko Uemura and Kentaro Minagawa Ties the Knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.almostjapanese.com/olympians-aiko-uemura-and-kentaro-minagawa-ties-the-knot"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090615045831/http://www.almostjapanese.com/olympians-aiko-uemura-and-kentaro-minagawa-ties-the-knot"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skiicon.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentaro_Minagawa&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japan-alpine-skiing-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japan-alpine-skiing-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan-alpine-skiing-bio-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Biography, MINAGAWA Kentaro\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia | Law enforcement in Malaysia | ["1 Police forces","1.1 Royal Malaysia Police","1.2 Private Security Services","1.3 University Curriculum","2 Coast guards","2.1 Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency","3 Military police","4 Ministries","4.1 Ministry of Human Resources","4.2 Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living","4.3 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security","4.4 Ministry of Home Affairs","4.5 Ministry of Health","4.6 Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change","5 Agencies","5.1 Royal Malaysian Customs","5.2 Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia","5.3 Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission","5.4 Malaysian Prison Department","5.5 Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department","5.6 Immigration Department of Malaysia","5.7 Malaysian Road Transport Department","5.8 Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia","5.9 Malaysia Marine Department","5.10 Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission","5.11 National Anti-Drugs Agency","5.12 Securities Commission Malaysia","6 See also","7 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Law enforcement in Malaysia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014)
This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofMalaysia
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Law enforcement in Malaysia is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies and primarily the responsibility of the Royal Malaysia Police. Like many federal nations, the nature of the Constitution of Malaysia mandates law and order as a subject of a state, which means that local government bodies also have a role to play in law enforcement, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective states and territories of Malaysia. Below are some of the law enforcement bodies and agencies of Malaysia.
Police forces
Royal Malaysia Police
Traffic police officer regulating the traffic at intersection Jalan Pudu / Jalan Imbi.
The Royal Malaysia Police is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967. The Royal Malaysia Police Volunteer Reserve in RMP was formed in 1952, Police Volunteer Reserve. The Police Volunteer Reserve (PVR) (Malay: Sukarelawan Polis) is a special police as well as a supporting unit of the full-time RMP forces where professionals entrepreneur or private sector employees and other civil servant could join the volunteer reserve unit to help to maintain peace and security of their respective formation. RMPVR is also governed by the Police Act 1967.
An occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs, RMP have six departments involved in crime and terrorism prevention and two departments involved in the administration. All departments are led by the directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army Equivalent rank of Three Stars General or Lieutenant-General).
Private Security Services
The Malaysian Government utilises the services of several auxiliary police, volunteer police, and police cadet forces. An auxiliary police in RMP refers to sworn security police serving in autonomous government agencies and key government-linked companies/entities, such as Malaysian Airports Holdings Berhad, Petroleum Nasional Berhad (Petronas), Pos Malaysia Berhad, and Malayan Railways.
University Curriculum
The (Malay: Kor Sukarelawan Siswa-siswi Polis; SUKSIS) is an undergraduate police volunteer organization to undergoing periodic training times to times in three years in their respective university and will be commissioned as Inspector SUKSIS by the Inspector General of Police in the end of the three years training.
Coast guards
Female officers of MMEA.
Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency
The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency is the principal government agency tasked with maintaining law and order and co-ordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas. It is in effect the coast guard of Malaysia. The agency is not part of nor are there any plans for it be integrated into the Malaysian Armed Forces. The Agency and its members are part of the Malaysian Civil Service and report directly to the Prime Minister's Department.
Military police
The Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) has three branches: the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, and Royal Malaysian Air Force. Each branch has its own military police unit, which is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing security within its respective service. This includes Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja, RMAF Provost Unit, and RMN Provost Unit.
Ministries
Ministry of Human Resources
Main article: Ministry of Human Resources (Malaysia)
Ministry of Human Resources is responsible for enforcing various laws related to labor and employment. The ministry is tasked with ensuring that employers and employees comply with relevant laws, regulations, and policies related to employment practices, industrial relations, and social security.
Some of the laws and regulations enforced by the Ministry of Human Resources in Malaysia include the Employment Act, Industrial Relations Act, Trade Unions Act, Minimum Wages Order, and Occupational Safety and Health Act. The ministry also oversees the administration of several social security programs, such as the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Social Security Organization (SOCSO).
Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living
Main article: Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living (Malaysia)
Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living has the authority to enforce laws related to trade and consumer protection. It is responsible for implementing and enforcing various laws and regulations related to trade practices, including the Price Control and Anti-Profiteering Act, the Trade Descriptions Act, and the Consumer Protection Act.
The Ministry also conducts regular inspections and audits to ensure compliance with these laws, and it has the power to take legal action against businesses that violate them. In addition, the Ministry collaborates with other government agencies, such as the police and the customs department, to combat illegal trade activities such as smuggling, counterfeit goods, and other forms of illicit trade.
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Main article: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Malaysia)
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) is responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to agriculture, food, and agro-based industries.
The Ministry has several departments, including the Department of Fisheries and the Department of Veterinary Services, which are responsible for enforcing laws related to their respective areas. The Department of Fisheries, for instance, is responsible for managing the country's fisheries resources and enforcing laws related to fishing activities, while the Department of Veterinary Services is responsible for ensuring that livestock are healthy and that animal products are safe for consumption.
Ministry of Home Affairs
Main article: Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)
MOHA enforces a wide range of laws and regulations related to immigration, passports, printing and publication, film censorship, terrorism, human trafficking, and other matters. It also provides a number of services, such as managing the prison system, providing disaster relief, and countering drug trafficking.
Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) enforces the Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984, which controls the printing and publication of newspapers, books, and other materials. MOHA has the power to seize and detain publications that are considered to be in violation of the Printing Presses and Publication Act.
Ministry of Health
Main article: Ministry of Health (Malaysia)
Ministry of Health is responsible for enforcing laws related to public health and safety. The ministry works to ensure that healthcare services are accessible, affordable, and of high quality, and it has the authority to enforce laws and regulations related to healthcare practices and standards.
Some of the laws enforced by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia include the Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act, the Poisons Act, the Food Act, and the Control of Tobacco Product Regulations. The ministry also oversees the regulation of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other healthcare products and services.
Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change
Main article: Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change (Malaysia)
Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change is responsible for enforcing laws related to the environment and water resources. The ministry works to protect the environment and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources by enforcing laws related to pollution control, conservation, and waste management.
The ministry enforces various laws and regulations related to environmental protection, such as the Environmental Quality Act, the National Forestry Act, and the Wildlife Conservation Act. It also oversees the regulation of water resources, including the management of water supply and the protection of water quality.
Agencies
Officers of Royal Malaysian Customs
Besides the RMP and MMEA, other government agencies that also enforce specific laws are as follows:
Royal Malaysian Customs
Main article: Royal Malaysian Customs
The Royal Malaysian Customs Department is a government agency of the Ministry of Finance. The department is responsible for administrating the nation's indirect tax policy. The department also manage the country's customs, excise, and trade regulations. Its main role is to facilitate international trade while ensuring compliance with the country's laws and regulations.
The department is responsible for enforcing customs regulations, such as the collection of duties and taxes on imports and exports, the control of prohibited and restricted goods, and the prevention of smuggling and other illicit activities. The RMC administers seven main and thirty-nine subsidiary laws. Apart from this, the RMC implements eighteen laws for other government agencies.
Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia
The Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia, also known as Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDN), is responsible for enforcing laws related to taxation in Malaysia. It is an agency under the Ministry of Finance and is responsible for collecting and administering various types of taxes, including income tax, goods and services tax (GST), and real property gains tax.
LHDN has a wide range of powers and functions related to taxation enforcement, including conducting audits and investigations to ensure compliance with tax laws, imposing penalties for non-compliance, and taking legal action against tax evaders.
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
Main article: Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
See also: Corruption in Malaysia
The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission is a government agency in Malaysia that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors. The MACC was modelled after top anti-corruption agencies, such as the Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption and the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia.
The MACC is recognized for its active role in investigating high-profile corruption cases and has contributed to enhancing Malaysia's standing in global corruption perception rankings. However, the agency has been criticized for its perceived lack of autonomy and potential political influence. Currently, the MACC operates under the Prime Minister's Department.
Malaysian Prison Department
Main article: Malaysian Prison Department
The Malaysian Prison Department is a government agency responsible for the management and rehabilitation of prisoners in Malaysia. The department operates under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The main goal of the Malaysian Prison Department is to ensure the safe and secure custody of prisoners while also providing them with opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The department manages various types of correctional institutions throughout the country, including prisons, rehabilitation centers, and detention centers.
Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department
Main article: Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department
The People's Volunteer Corps (Malay: Jabatan Sukarelawan Malaysia), abbreviated RELA, officially the Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department, is a paramilitary civil volunteer corps formed by the Malaysian government. Their main duty is to check the travelling documents and immigration permits of foreigners in Malaysian cities, including tourists, visitors and migrants to reduce the increasing rate of illegal immigrants in Malaysia. RELA has the authority to deal with situations like policemen, such as raiding suspected streets or places such as factories, restaurants and even hotels.
They are also fully authorised to conduct the interrogation and even detaining people who forget to bring their travelling documents, like passports and/or working permits. Besides that they are also tasked with security works at times. During times of war, they are absorbed into the Malaysian Army as support groups despite their law enforcing duties. They are also tasked to do SAR works if needed.
Immigration Department of Malaysia
Main article: Department of Immigration (Malaysia)
The Immigration Department of Malaysia is a government agency responsible for enforcing immigration laws and regulations, as well as managing the movement of people in and out of Malaysia, including issuing visas, work permits, and other travel documents. The department is also responsible for conducting passport checks, preventing illegal immigration, and carrying out enforcement operations against undocumented immigrants. The agency plays a critical role in ensuring national security and maintaining the integrity of the country's borders.
Malaysian Road Transport Department
Main article: Road Transport Department Malaysia
The Malaysian Road Transport Department is a government department under the Malaysian Ministry of Transport. This department is responsible for issuing Malaysian number plates. According to the Road Transport Act, the enforcement is charged with the responsibility of undertaking registration and licensing of drivers and all motor vehicles and trailers in Malaysia.
Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia
Main article: Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia
The Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM) is a regulatory body responsible for the safety and security of civil aviation in Malaysia. CAAM's primary function is to ensure that all civil aviation activities in Malaysia comply with international and national aviation safety standards.
Malaysia Marine Department
Malaysia Marine Department is a regulatory body responsible for the safety and security of shipping in Malaysia. JLM conducts safety audits of ships and ports, issues licenses and permits to shipping personnel and organizations, investigates accidents and incidents involving ships, develops and enforces maritime safety regulations, and promotes maritime safety awareness among the public.
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
Main article: Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) is an agency under the purview of the Ministry of Communications and Digital that is responsible for regulating the country's communications and multimedia industry and enforcing laws related to it. The MCMC has the authority to enforce laws related to content regulation, cybersecurity, and other areas under its purview. This includes the power to issue fines, notices, and summonses to individuals or companies that violate the laws and regulations related to the communications and multimedia industry.
National Anti-Drugs Agency
The National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) of Malaysia is a government agency under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its primary objective is to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking in Malaysia.
NADA is responsible for implementing and coordinating drug prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation programs throughout the country. It also carries out enforcement activities to suppress drug trafficking and abuse, including conducting investigations, seizures, and arrests.
Securities Commission Malaysia
Main article: Securities Commission Malaysia
Securities Commission Malaysia is a statutory body that regulates and develops the Malaysian capital market. The SC has the power to investigate and take action against market participants who violate securities laws. The SC's role is to ensure that the Malaysian capital market is fair, orderly, and transparent. It does this by setting and enforcing rules and regulations, and by monitoring market activity.
See also
Malaysia portal
Crime in Malaysia
Laws of Malaysia
Law enforcement in Singapore
References
^ "Government Directory: Prime Minister's Department". Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police"},{"link_name":"local government bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia"}],"text":"Law enforcement in Malaysia is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies and primarily the responsibility of the Royal Malaysia Police. Like many federal nations, the nature of the Constitution of Malaysia mandates law and order as a subject of a state, which means that local government bodies also have a role to play in law enforcement, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective states and territories of Malaysia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Alcala | Alfredo Alcala | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Selected bibliography","3.1 DC Comics","3.2 Eclipse Comics","3.3 Marvel Comics","3.4 Warren Publishing","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Filipino comic book artist (1925-2000)
Not to be confused with Larry Alcala.
Alfredo AlcalaAlcala in 1977.BornAlfredo P. Alcala(1925-08-23)August 23, 1925Talisay, Negros Occidental, Philippine IslandsDiedApril 8, 2000(2000-04-08) (aged 74)Los Angeles, California, United StatesNationalityFilipino Area(s)Penciller, InkerNotable worksUkalaVoltarSavage Sword of ConanSwamp ThingAwardsInkpot Award, 1977Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA) (2021)
Alfredo P. Alcala (August 23, 1925 – April 8, 2000) was a Filipino comics artist, born in Talisay, Negros Occidental in the Philippines. Alcala was an established illustrator whose works appeared in the Alcala Komix Magazine. His 1963 creation Voltar introduced him to an international audience, particularly in the United States. Alcala garnered awards in science fiction during the early part of the 1970s.
Biography
Alfredo Alcala's lifelong interest in comic books began in childhood. He dropped out of school in his early teens to pursue a career in art, initially as a sign painter and commercial artist. Subsequently he took employment in an ironworker's shop, designing lamps and household furniture, as well as a church pulpit. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II he drew revealing pictures of their gear and position for the American forces.
Inspired by the work of Lou Fine and other cartoonists, Alcala commenced his comic book career in October 1948, beginning with an illustration in Bituin Komiks (Star Comics). By the end of the year he was drawing for Ace Publications, the Philippines' largest publishing company. Ace was the publisher of four titles (Filipino Komiks, Tagalog Klassiks, Espesial Komiks, and Hiwaga Komiks), each featuring his work. Ukala (1950) was one of his first major comics.
Though his career rapidly expanded, Alcala never used assistants to complete his work. He said, "I somehow felt that the minute you let someone else have a hand in your work no matter what, it's not you anymore. It's like riding a bicycle built for two."
He eventually became a star of the Filipino comics scene, so famed that a periodical bore his name, the Alcala Komiks Magasin. In 1963 he created the comic book Voltar whose titular character predated Frazetta's interpretation of Conan the Barbarian which bore a more than passing resemblance. Voltar became an award-winning success at home and abroad. Alcala's mature artistic style reflected his interest in the woodcuts and etchings of Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer and the drawings of Australian illustrator Walter Jardine and U.S. illustrator Franklin Booth which bore the look of engravings. He has also cited the work of British artist Frank Brangwyn as a major influence.
Fellow cartoonist Tony DeZuniga was the first Filipino artist to relocate to the United States to work for DC Comics in 1970, followed by Nestor Redondo and Gerry Talaoc. In 1971 Alcala began a decade of work for both DC and Marvel Comics on horror and fantasy titles, eventually moving to New York City in 1976. He was one of the artists on the licensed movie tie-in series Planet of the Apes and also helped recruit up-and-coming Filipino artists such as Alex Niño to U.S. publishers. In 1975, Alcala and writer Jack Oleck created Kong the Untamed for DC Comics. Later that year, Alcala drew Marvel Treasury of Oz, a comics adaptation of The Marvelous Land of Oz. Alcala joined Warren Publishing in 1977 and drew 39 stories for that publisher from 1977 to 1981. His series Voltar was reprinted in issues #2–9 of The Rook. Alcala executed 12 five panel comic strips for the men's magazine Adam. The strip, Terra O'Hara, was written by Donald (Don) F. Glut and it appeared in 12 successive issues of Adam from December 1979, through November 1980. In the early 1980s he penciled the Star Wars newspaper strip. In 1983 he teamed with the penciller Jack Kirby on Destroyer Duck from Eclipse Comics. and around that same time he also inked comic books such as Conan the Barbarian over John Buscema's pencils and inked Don Newton's pencil artwork in Batman.
With the failure of DC's and Warren's horror titles in the 1980s, many of the Filipino contributors turned to the field of animation in California, and in the 1990s Alcala followed suit. He also illustrated the novel Daddy Cool written by Donald Goines. His last work in comics was for Paradox Press' The Big Book of Thugs in 1996.
On April 8, 2000, Alcala died from cancer in Southern California. He is survived by his wife Lita and two sons, Christian Voltar and Alfred Jr.
Awards
Alcala received an Inkpot Award in 1977. In 2021, he was awarded the Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA) (2021).
Selected bibliography
Comics work (interior pencil art, except where noted) includes:
DC Comics
All-Star Squadron (inks over other artists pencils) #52, 54, 57 (1985–86)
America vs. the Justice Society (inks) #1–4 (1985)
Arak, Son of Thunder (full art): #13–15; (inks): #10–12, 16–25, Annual #1 (1981–84)
Batman (inks) #349, 354–355, 357, 362–381, 383, 385, Annual #10 (1982–1986)
DC Comics Presents (inks) #48 (1982)
Detective Comics (inks) #520, 526, 531, 534, 543–544, 576–577 (1982–87)
Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #10–11, 13 (1973)
Ghosts #9, 15, 17–19, 21, 24–25, 28, 33–34, 52 (1972–77)
Hellblazer (inks) #8–9, 18–22 (1988–89)
House of Mystery #209, 217, 219–220, 222, 224–228, 251–252, 254, 256 (1972–78)
House of Secrets #100, 104–107, 109, 115, 117, 119–120, 122, 125 (1972–74)
Infinity, Inc. (inks) #10, 43, Annual #1 (1985–87)
Kamandi (inks) #47, 49–50 (1976–77)
Kong the Untamed #1–3 (1975)
Masters of the Universe (inks) #1–2 (1982–83)
Our Army at War #251 (1972)
Plop! #1–3 (1973–74)
Secrets of Sinister House #6, 10, 12–14 (1972–73)
The Shadow Annual (inks) #1 (inks) (1987)
Shadow War of Hawkman (inks) #1–4 (miniseries, 1985)
Swamp Thing vol. 2 (inks) #30, 41, 45, 49, 51–52, 54–59, 61–85, 90–93, 95–101 (1984–90)
The Unexpected #138, 140, 144, 150, 151–153, 156–157, 168–169, 177, 191 (1972–79)
Vigilante (inks) #24–25 (1985–86)
Weird Mystery Tales #5, 10, 13–14 (1973–74)
Weird War Tales #9, 11, 15–16, 20, 23, 25–29, 35, 42–44, 72, 74 (1972–79)
Weird Western Tales (El Diablo) #16–17 (1973)
Witching Hour #24, 27, 33, 41, 43 (1972–74)
World of Smallville (inks) #1–4 (miniseries, 1988)
World's Finest Comics (inks) #309, 312–314, 318–321, 323 (1984–86)
Young All-Stars (inks) #5 (1987)
Eclipse Comics
Destroyer Duck (inks) #1–7 (1982–1984)
Marvel Comics
Conan the Barbarian (full art): #137, 225; (inks over other artists pencils): #209–219, 223 (1982–89)
Captain Marvel #35 (1974)
Doctor Strange vol. 2 #19 (1976)
Dracula Lives (inks) #9 (1974)
Freddy Krueger's A Nightmare on Elm Street (inks) #1–2 (1989)
Giant-Size Chillers #1 (1975)
Howard the Duck vol. 2 (inks) #7 (1980)
The Incredible Hulk Annual (inks) #8 (1979); vol.1 #221, 222 (1978 )
Iron Man (inks) #112 (1978)
Ka-Zar (inks) #6, 8 (1974–75)
Kull the Destroyer #17 (1976)
Man-Thing #14, Giant-Size #3 (1975)
Marvel Comics Presents (inks) #16, 53 (1989–90)
Marvel Comics Super Special (inks) #2 (1977)
Marvel Preview #14 (1978)
Marvel Two-in-One (inks) #42 (1978)
Planet of the Apes #7–11, 17–21, 24 (1975–76)
The Rampaging Hulk (then The Hulk!) (inks) #1–3, 5, 8, 15, 17–20, 22–26 (1977–81)
Dazzler (inks) #1 (1981)
Savage Sword of Conan (full art): #55, 75, 80, 83, 89, 216, 223; (inks over John Buscema pencils): #2, 4, 7, 12, 15–20, 23–24, 28, 67, 76; (inks over other artists pencils): #34, 59, 69, 180, 184, 189 (1974–94)
Tales of the Zombie #7–9 (1974–75)
Tarzan (inks) #9–10 (1977–78)
Vampire Tales (full art): #6, 8; (inks): #9–10 (1974–75)
Warren Publishing
Creepy #94, 99, 101–102, 104, 108, 125, 130 (1978–81)
Eerie #96, 99–101, 104–105, 113 (1978–80)
Rook Magazine (full art): #2–9; (inks): #1 (1979–81)
Vampirella #90 (1980)
References
^ a b First Comic News - 2021 INKWELL AWARDS VOTING RESULTS
^ a b 2021 Winners - Inkwell Awards Official Site
^ "Alfredo Alcala". Lambiek Comiclopedia. July 29, 2012. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016.
^ a b c Evanier, Mark (May 5, 2000). "Alfredo Alcala". News From ME. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
^ Spurgeon, Tom (May 30, 2000). "Obituary: Alfredo Alcala, 1925-2000". The Comics Reporter. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "Filipino Artists". The Power of Comics. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
^ a b c d Alfredo Alcala at the Grand Comics Database
^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 166. ISBN 978-0756641238. Marvel launched a new black-and-white magazine based on Twentieth Century Fox's Planet of the Apes movies in August . Doug Moench was the principal writer, and artists included Mike Ploog, Tom Sutton, Alfredo Alcala, and George Tuska. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Writer Jack Oleck and artist Alfredo Alcala focused on a primitive, powerful theme with which to depict the prehistoric warrior Kong in his debut issue: a growing son's bond with his mother. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Abramowitz, Jack (December 2012). "The Secrets of Oz Revealed". Back Issue! (61). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 29–32.
^ Horton, Cole (July 17, 2015). "From World War to Star Wars: Comic Books". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. While comic fans know him for his legendary speed at drawing a page, Star Wars fans might be more familiar with his work on Han Solo at Stars' End, a syndicated strip adaptation of Brian Daley's novel. The strip with Alcala's art ran in newspapers in 1980 and 1981.
^ "Inkpot Award Winners". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
Further reading
McDonald, Heidi and Philip Yeh. Secret Teachings of a Comic Book Master: The Art of Alfredo Alcala (IHAC, 1994; reissued by Dover Publications, 2015)
External links
Alfredo Alcala at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Alfredo Alcala at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
Alfredo Alcala at Wizards Keep Ltd.
Tulad, Victoria Camille (March 23, 2012). "Pinoy comics pioneers celebrated in new docu". GMA News. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
Preceded byKlaus Janson
Batman inker 1982–1985
Succeeded byTom Mandrake
Preceded byJohn Totleben
Swamp Thing inker 1986–1990
Succeeded byPeter Gross
vteInkpot Award (1970s)1974
Forrest J. Ackerman
Ray Bradbury
Kirk Alyn
Milton Caniff
Frank Capra
Bob Clampett
June Foray
Eric Hoffman
Chuck Jones
Jack Kirby
Stan Lee
William R. "Bill" Lund
Russ Manning
Russell Myers
Charles M. Schulz
Phil Seuling
Roy Thomas
Bjo Trimble
1975
Barry Alfonso
Brad Anderson
Robert Bloch
Vaughn Bodé
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Daws Butler
Richard Butner
Shel Dorf
Will Eisner
Mark Evanier
Gil Kane
Alan Light
Dick Moores
George Pal
Rod Serling
Joe Shuster
Jerry Siegel
Barry Windsor-Smith
Jim Starlin
Jim Steranko
Theodore Sturgeon
Larry Vincent
1976
Neal Adams
Sergio Aragonés
Mel Blanc
Frank Brunner
Rick Griffin
Johnny Hart
George Clayton Johnson
Vicky Kelso
Mel Lazarus
Sheldon Mayer
Dale Messick
Alex Niño
Don Rico
Don Thompson
Maggie Thompson
1977
Alfredo Alcala
Carl Barks
C. C. Beck
Howard Chaykin
Lester Dent
Jackie Estrada
Hal Foster
Walter "The Shadow" Gibson
Jim Harmon
Robert A. Heinlein
Gene Henderson
Michael Kaluta
Joe Kubert
Harvey Kurtzman
George Lucas
Stan Lynde
Byron Preiss
Trina Robbins
Stanley Ralph Ross
Bill Scott
David Scroggy
Jay Ward
Len Wein
1978
John Buscema
Al Capp
Gene Colan
Gill Fox
Tom French
Steve Gerber
Chester Gould
Burne Hogarth
Bob Kane
Ken Krueger
Bernie Lansky
Gray Morrow
Clarence Nash
Grim Natwick
Bill Rotsler
Mike Royer
Gilbert Shelton
Dave Sheridan
Bill Stout
Frank Thorne
Boris Vallejo
Mort Weisinger
Elmer Woggon
1979
Craig Anderson
Steve Englehart
Dale Enzenbacher
Kelly Freas
Virginia French
H. R. Giger
Gene Hazelton
Carl Macek
Victor Moscoso
Larry Niven
Dan O'Neill
Virgil Partch
Jerry Pournelle
Nestor Redondo
Marshall Rogers
John Romita Sr.
Bill Spicer
Mort Walker
Marv Wolfman
Complete list
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Other
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He dropped out of school in his early teens to pursue a career in art, initially as a sign painter and commercial artist. Subsequently he took employment in an ironworker's shop, designing lamps and household furniture, as well as a church pulpit. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II he drew revealing pictures of their gear and position for the American forces.[4]Inspired by the work of Lou Fine and other cartoonists, Alcala commenced his comic book career in October 1948, beginning with an illustration in Bituin Komiks (Star Comics). By the end of the year he was drawing for Ace Publications, the Philippines' largest publishing company. Ace was the publisher of four titles (Filipino Komiks, Tagalog Klassiks, Espesial Komiks, and Hiwaga Komiks), each featuring his work. Ukala (1950) was one of his first major comics.Though his career rapidly expanded, Alcala never used assistants to complete his work. He said, \"I somehow felt that the minute you let someone else have a hand in your work no matter what, it's not you anymore. It's like riding a bicycle built for two.\"[5]He eventually became a star of the Filipino comics scene, so famed that a periodical bore his name, the Alcala Komiks Magasin. In 1963 he created the comic book Voltar whose titular character predated Frazetta's interpretation of Conan the Barbarian which bore a more than passing resemblance. Voltar became an award-winning success at home and abroad. Alcala's mature artistic style reflected his interest in the woodcuts and etchings of Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer and the drawings of Australian illustrator Walter Jardine and U.S. illustrator Franklin Booth which bore the look of engravings. He has also cited the work of British artist Frank Brangwyn as a major influence.Fellow cartoonist Tony DeZuniga was the first Filipino artist to relocate to the United States to work for DC Comics in 1970, followed by Nestor Redondo and Gerry Talaoc.[6] In 1971 Alcala began a decade of work for both DC and Marvel Comics on horror and fantasy titles,[7] eventually moving to New York City in 1976.[4] He was one of the artists on the licensed movie tie-in series Planet of the Apes[8] and also helped recruit up-and-coming Filipino artists such as Alex Niño to U.S. publishers. In 1975, Alcala and writer Jack Oleck created Kong the Untamed for DC Comics.[9] Later that year, Alcala drew Marvel Treasury of Oz, a comics adaptation of The Marvelous Land of Oz.[10] Alcala joined Warren Publishing in 1977 and drew 39 stories for that publisher from 1977 to 1981. His series Voltar was reprinted in issues #2–9 of The Rook.[7] Alcala executed 12 five panel comic strips for the men's magazine Adam.[citation needed] The strip, Terra O'Hara, was written by Donald (Don) F. Glut and it appeared in 12 successive issues of Adam from December 1979, through November 1980.[citation needed] In the early 1980s he penciled the Star Wars newspaper strip.[11] In 1983 he teamed with the penciller Jack Kirby on Destroyer Duck from Eclipse Comics. and around that same time he also inked comic books such as Conan the Barbarian over John Buscema's pencils and inked Don Newton's pencil artwork in Batman.[7]With the failure of DC's and Warren's horror titles in the 1980s, many of the Filipino contributors turned to the field of animation in California, and in the 1990s Alcala followed suit. He also illustrated the novel Daddy Cool written by Donald Goines. His last work in comics was for Paradox Press' The Big Book of Thugs in 1996.[7]On April 8, 2000, Alcala died from cancer[4] in Southern California. He is survived by his wife Lita and two sons, Christian Voltar and Alfred Jr.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inkpot Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkpot_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Inkwell Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwell_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstcomicnewsinkwells2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inkwellawardswinners2021-2"}],"text":"Alcala received an Inkpot Award in 1977.[12] In 2021, he was awarded the Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA) (2021).[1][2]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Comics work (interior pencil art, except where noted) includes:","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Star Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star_Squadron"},{"link_name":"America vs. the Justice Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_vs._the_Justice_Society"},{"link_name":"Arak, Son of Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"Detective Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Comics"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Mansion_of_Forbidden_Love"},{"link_name":"Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hellblazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer"},{"link_name":"House of Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mystery"},{"link_name":"House of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Secrets_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Infinity, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Kamandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamandi"},{"link_name":"Kong the Untamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_the_Untamed"},{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Our Army at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Army_at_War"},{"link_name":"Plop!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plop!"},{"link_name":"Secrets of Sinister House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_Sinister_House"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman_(Katar_Hol)"},{"link_name":"Swamp Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Thing_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"The Unexpected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unexpected_(1968_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Weird Mystery Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Mystery_Tales"},{"link_name":"Weird War Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_War_Tales"},{"link_name":"Weird Western Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Western_Tales"},{"link_name":"El Diablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diablo_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Witching Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witching_Hour_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(comics)"},{"link_name":"World's Finest Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Finest_Comics"},{"link_name":"Young All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_All-Stars"}],"sub_title":"DC Comics","text":"All-Star Squadron (inks over other artists pencils) #52, 54, 57 (1985–86)\nAmerica vs. the Justice Society (inks) #1–4 (1985)\nArak, Son of Thunder (full art): #13–15; (inks): #10–12, 16–25, Annual #1 (1981–84)\nBatman (inks) #349, 354–355, 357, 362–381, 383, 385, Annual #10 (1982–1986)\nDC Comics Presents (inks) #48 (1982)\nDetective Comics (inks) #520, 526, 531, 534, 543–544, 576–577 (1982–87)\nForbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #10–11, 13 (1973)\nGhosts #9, 15, 17–19, 21, 24–25, 28, 33–34, 52 (1972–77)\nHellblazer (inks) #8–9, 18–22 (1988–89)\nHouse of Mystery #209, 217, 219–220, 222, 224–228, 251–252, 254, 256 (1972–78)\nHouse of Secrets #100, 104–107, 109, 115, 117, 119–120, 122, 125 (1972–74)\nInfinity, Inc. (inks) #10, 43, Annual #1 (1985–87)\nKamandi (inks) #47, 49–50 (1976–77)\nKong the Untamed #1–3 (1975)\nMasters of the Universe (inks) #1–2 (1982–83)\nOur Army at War #251 (1972)\nPlop! #1–3 (1973–74)\nSecrets of Sinister House #6, 10, 12–14 (1972–73)\nThe Shadow Annual (inks) #1 (inks) (1987)\nShadow War of Hawkman (inks) #1–4 (miniseries, 1985)\nSwamp Thing vol. 2 (inks) #30, 41, 45, 49, 51–52, 54–59, 61–85, 90–93, 95–101 (1984–90)\nThe Unexpected #138, 140, 144, 150, 151–153, 156–157, 168–169, 177, 191 (1972–79)\nVigilante (inks) #24–25 (1985–86)\nWeird Mystery Tales #5, 10, 13–14 (1973–74)\nWeird War Tales #9, 11, 15–16, 20, 23, 25–29, 35, 42–44, 72, 74 (1972–79)\nWeird Western Tales (El Diablo) #16–17 (1973)\nWitching Hour #24, 27, 33, 41, 43 (1972–74)\nWorld of Smallville (inks) #1–4 (miniseries, 1988)\nWorld's Finest Comics (inks) #309, 312–314, 318–321, 323 (1984–86)\nYoung All-Stars (inks) #5 (1987)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Destroyer Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_Duck"}],"sub_title":"Eclipse Comics","text":"Destroyer Duck (inks) #1–7 (1982–1984)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(Mar-Vell)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Dracula Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_Lives"},{"link_name":"Freddy Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Krueger"},{"link_name":"A Nightmare on Elm Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Howard the Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_the_Duck"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Ka-Zar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Zar_(Kevin_Plunder)"},{"link_name":"Kull the Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kull_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Man-Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Thing"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Super Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Super_Special"},{"link_name":"Marvel Preview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Preview"},{"link_name":"Marvel Two-in-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Two-in-One"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(comics)#Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Rampaging Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rampaging_Hulk"},{"link_name":"Dazzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Savage Sword of Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Sword_of_Conan"},{"link_name":"John Buscema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buscema"},{"link_name":"Tales of the Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_the_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_in_comics"},{"link_name":"Vampire Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Tales"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Comics","text":"Conan the Barbarian (full art): #137, 225; (inks over other artists pencils): #209–219, 223 (1982–89)\nCaptain Marvel #35 (1974)\nDoctor Strange vol. 2 #19 (1976)\nDracula Lives (inks) #9 (1974)\nFreddy Krueger's A Nightmare on Elm Street (inks) #1–2 (1989)\nGiant-Size Chillers #1 (1975)\nHoward the Duck vol. 2 (inks) #7 (1980)\nThe Incredible Hulk Annual (inks) #8 (1979); vol.1 #221, 222 (1978 )\nIron Man (inks) #112 (1978)\nKa-Zar (inks) #6, 8 (1974–75)\nKull the Destroyer #17 (1976)\nMan-Thing #14, Giant-Size #3 (1975)\nMarvel Comics Presents (inks) #16, 53 (1989–90)\nMarvel Comics Super Special (inks) #2 (1977)\nMarvel Preview #14 (1978)\nMarvel Two-in-One (inks) #42 (1978)\nPlanet of the Apes #7–11, 17–21, 24 (1975–76)\nThe Rampaging Hulk (then The Hulk!) (inks) #1–3, 5, 8, 15, 17–20, 22–26 (1977–81)\nDazzler (inks) #1 (1981)\nSavage Sword of Conan (full art): #55, 75, 80, 83, 89, 216, 223; (inks over John Buscema pencils): #2, 4, 7, 12, 15–20, 23–24, 28, 67, 76; (inks over other artists pencils): #34, 59, 69, 180, 184, 189 (1974–94)\nTales of the Zombie #7–9 (1974–75)\nTarzan (inks) #9–10 (1977–78)\nVampire Tales (full art): #6, 8; (inks): #9–10 (1974–75)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creepy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Eerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerie_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rook Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rook_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Vampirella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirella"}],"sub_title":"Warren Publishing","text":"Creepy #94, 99, 101–102, 104, 108, 125, 130 (1978–81)\nEerie #96, 99–101, 104–105, 113 (1978–80)\nRook Magazine (full art): #2–9; (inks): #1 (1979–81)\nVampirella #90 (1980)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonald, Heidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"}],"text":"McDonald, Heidi and Philip Yeh. Secret Teachings of a Comic Book Master: The Art of Alfredo Alcala (IHAC, 1994; reissued by Dover Publications, 2015)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alfredo Alcala\". Lambiek Comiclopedia. July 29, 2012. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alcala_a.htm","url_text":"\"Alfredo Alcala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambiek","url_text":"Lambiek Comiclopedia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429204309/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alcala_a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evanier, Mark (May 5, 2000). \"Alfredo Alcala\". News From ME. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Evanier","url_text":"Evanier, Mark"},{"url":"http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col290/","url_text":"\"Alfredo Alcala\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414154636/http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col290/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spurgeon, Tom (May 30, 2000). \"Obituary: Alfredo Alcala, 1925-2000\". The Comics Reporter. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Spurgeon","url_text":"Spurgeon, Tom"},{"url":"http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/resources/longbox/2073/","url_text":"\"Obituary: Alfredo Alcala, 1925-2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193521/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/resources/longbox/2073/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Filipino Artists\". The Power of Comics. Retrieved November 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerofcomics.com/filipino-artists","url_text":"\"Filipino Artists\""}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 166. ISBN 978-0756641238. Marvel launched a new black-and-white magazine based on Twentieth Century Fox's Planet of the Apes movies in August [1974]. Doug Moench was the principal writer, and artists included Mike Ploog, Tom Sutton, Alfredo Alcala, and George Tuska.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sanderson","url_text":"Sanderson, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238","url_text":"978-0756641238"}]},{"reference":"McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). \"1970s\". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Writer Jack Oleck and artist Alfredo Alcala focused on a primitive, powerful theme with which to depict the prehistoric warrior Kong in his debut issue: a growing son's bond with his mother.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]},{"reference":"Abramowitz, Jack (December 2012). \"The Secrets of Oz Revealed\". Back Issue! (61). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 29–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Issue!","url_text":"Back Issue!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Horton, Cole (July 17, 2015). \"From World War to Star Wars: Comic Books\". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. While comic fans know him for his legendary speed at drawing a page, Star Wars fans might be more familiar with his work on Han Solo at Stars' End, a syndicated strip adaptation of Brian Daley's novel. The strip with Alcala's art ran in newspapers in 1980 and 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/news/from-world-war-to-star-wars-comic-books","url_text":"\"From World War to Star Wars: Comic Books\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929122422/http://www.starwars.com/news/from-world-war-to-star-wars-comic-books","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Inkpot Award Winners\". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/inkpot.php","url_text":"\"Inkpot Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055558/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/inkpot.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tulad, Victoria Camille (March 23, 2012). \"Pinoy comics pioneers celebrated in new docu\". GMA News. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/252515/lifestyle/people/pinoy-comics-pioneers-celebrated-in-new-docu","url_text":"\"Pinoy comics pioneers celebrated in new docu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network","url_text":"GMA News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508071141/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/252515/lifestyle/pinoy-comics-pioneers-celebrated-in-new-docu","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.firstcomicsnews.com/2021-inkwell-awards-voting-results/","external_links_name":"First Comic News - 2021 INKWELL AWARDS VOTING RESULTS"},{"Link":"https://inkwellawards.com/award-recipients/2021-winners/","external_links_name":"2021 Winners - Inkwell Awards Official Site"},{"Link":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alcala_a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alfredo Alcala\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429204309/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alcala_a.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col290/","external_links_name":"\"Alfredo Alcala\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414154636/http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col290/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/resources/longbox/2073/","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Alfredo Alcala, 1925-2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193521/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/resources/longbox/2073/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.powerofcomics.com/filipino-artists","external_links_name":"\"Filipino Artists\""},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/search.lasso/?sort=chrono&query=Alfredo+Alcala&type=credit","external_links_name":"Alfredo Alcala"},{"Link":"https://www.starwars.com/news/from-world-war-to-star-wars-comic-books","external_links_name":"\"From World War to Star Wars: Comic Books\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929122422/http://www.starwars.com/news/from-world-war-to-star-wars-comic-books","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/inkpot.php","external_links_name":"\"Inkpot Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055558/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/inkpot.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=693","external_links_name":"Alfredo Alcala"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=693","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/creator.php?creatorid=602","external_links_name":"Alfredo Alcala"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008221301/http://www.wizards-keep.com/index.asp-Q-Page-E-alfredo-alcala--62810916","external_links_name":"Alfredo Alcala"},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/252515/lifestyle/people/pinoy-comics-pioneers-celebrated-in-new-docu","external_links_name":"\"Pinoy comics pioneers celebrated in new docu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508071141/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/252515/lifestyle/pinoy-comics-pioneers-celebrated-in-new-docu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174156/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000000160355","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76333913","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt3TDGq3xGyYkYp88dG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1685818","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12040659k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12040659k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/107668386X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV051660","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86821972","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0236248&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069180288","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569938905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1773753","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/240552695","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drini_River | Drin (river) | ["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 Watershed basin","5 History","6 Annotations","7 See also","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 References"] | Not to be confused with Drina River.
River in southeastern Europe
For other uses, see Drin (disambiguation).
DrinDrin delta flowing through ShkodërLocationCountriesAlbaniaKosovoNorth MacedoniaRegionSouthern EuropeCitiesPrizrenShkodërKukësLezhëStrugaDebarPeshkopiMaqellarëPhysical characteristicsSourceWhite Drin at Zhleb Mountains near Radavc • locationKosovo, Peja District
2nd sourceBlack Drin at Lake Ohrid near Struga • locationNorth Macedonia, Struga Municipality
Source confluenceNear Kukës • locationKukës County, Albania
MouthLarge Drin: Buna Small Drin: Gulf of Drin • locationLarge Drin: Shkodër County Small Drin: Lezhë County, Albania • elevation5 m (16 ft)Length285 km (177 mi)Basin size19,686 km2 (7,601 sq mi)Discharge • locationthe river mouth • average352 m3/s (12,400 cu ft/s) • maximum1,800 m3/s (64,000 cu ft/s)
Basin featuresTributaries • leftBlack Drin, Mirusha, Prizren, Toplluha • rightWhite Drin, Sateska, Radika, Perro, Bushtrica, White Drin: Peja, Deçan, Erenik, Black Drin: Valbona, Shala, Kir, MerturProgressionAdriatic Sea
The Drin (/driːn/; Albanian: Drin or Drini ; Macedonian: Дрим, romanized: Drim ) is a river in Southeastern Europe with two major tributaries – the White Drin and the Black Drin and two distributaries – one discharging into the Adriatic Sea, in the Gulf of Drin and the other into the Bojana River. Its catchment area extends across Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and North Macedonia and is home to more than 1.6 million people. The river and its tributaries form the Gulf of Drin, an ocean basin that encompasses the northern Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast.
At 285 kilometres (177 miles) long, the Drin is the longest river of Albania and its tributaries cross through both Kosovo and North Macedonia. Its northern tributary, the White Drin starts from the foothills of Žljeb, at White Drin Waterfall in west Kosovo, and flows generally south, whereas its southern tributary, the Black Drin originates from Ohrid lake in the town of Struga, North Macedonia and flows north. Both tributaries' confluence occurs near Kukës in northeast Albania and Drin then flows westwards through the Albanian Alps and Dukagjin Highlands, where three successive dams were erected between 1960s and late 1980s, forming 3 large artificial lakes. The Drin then passes Vau i Dejës and drains into the Adriatic Sea through its two distributaries in Buna river and west of Lezhë.
Located in the Balkan Peninsula at the crossroad of Europe and Asia, the river basin's varied climate and topography have shaped a vast array of flora and fauna. In addition, it has been recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in Europe. The Drin Delta is classified as an Important Bird Area of international importance by designation under the BirdLife International Convention.
Etymology
The name of the river is recorded in Ancient Greek as Drilon (Δρίλων) and in Latin as Drinus. The name is considered to be of Illyrian origin. The form Drin- has been evidenced by Pliny the Elder (fl. 1st century AD) and is most likely primary. The ancient name Drinus has undergone sound changes reaching the current Albanian form Drin through the evolution of Albanian sound changes. The Macedonian name of the river is Дрим, Drim. Homonym rivers are Drino between southern Albania and northwestern Greece, and Drina between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.
Geography
Mouth of Drin and Gulf of Drin on the Adriatic coast in northern Albania.
After the confluence of its two tributaries, near the town of Kukës in the northeast Albania, Drin flows west, passing through the Albanian Alps and Fierzë then upon reaching the Dukagjini highlands, flowing then to the south through Apripë e Gurit, Toplanë, Dushman, Koman, Vjerdhë Mazrrek, Rragam, and Pale Lalej. At Vau i Dejës, it enters the low Shkodër Field and splits into two distributaries. One empties into the Gulf of Drin into the Adriatic Sea southwest of Lezhë, forming the Mouth of Drin. The other empties into the Bojana River near the Rozafa Castle.
The Black Drin flows out from the Lake Ohrid near Struga through western North Macedonia and then eastern Albania. The White Drin originates from the Žljeb mountain, north of the town of Peja in the Metohija region of Kosovo, and flows from there through to Albania.
The basin encompasses the transboundary subbasins of Lake Shkodër (largest lake in Southern Europe), Lake Ohrid (one of the most ancient lakes in the World), Lake Prespa and Small Prespa Lake and also the tributaries, namely Black Drin, White Drin and Bojana River. All these subbasins and tributaries are home to numerous species of mammals, vascular plants, insects, amphibians, fish and birds.
Economy
Drin river contains the largest hydroelectric power station group in the Balkans regarding the installed capacity and reservoir capacity. The Drin is extremely important for the Albanian economy, especially for its electrical production. The three largest hydropower facilities produce 70.6% of Albania's electricity (approx. 1400MW of total installed capacity). North Macedonia has built two hydropower plants – Globocica (42 MW) and Spilje Hydro Power Plant (84 MW) on the Black Drin.
The artificial Lake Fierza created by the dam at Fierzë is the largest artificial lake in Albania with its surface of 73 km2. The second largest artificial lake is also built on this river. Vau i Dejës lake has an area of 25 km2. Construction of the Fierza power station caused some controversy in the 1980s. Without reaching any agreement, the Albanian government ordered the reservoir to be filled with water, which flooded some border areas of Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government protested, but no solution was agreed on. Thus, today, Lake Fierza is shared by Albania and Kosovo.
Watershed basin
◆ located within North Macedonia◆ located within Kosovo
Drin
Black Drin
(L): Balicikë and Jabllanicë streams
(R): Dallgash stream
Radikë river, Mavrovë and Carakë streams, Zalli i Bulqizës river
(L): Banjë, Deshat, Gramë, Tepuz, Veleshicë, Prillushë and Tershan streams
(R): Mur, Setë, Mollë and Lurë streams
White Drin
Lumë river
Orgjost and Topojan streams
(R): Bistrica e Pejës
(R): Bistrica e Deçanit
(R): Erenik
(L): Bistrica e Prizrenit
(L): Mirusha
(L): Toplluha, Klinë
(L): Istok
Valbonë
Pecmarë, Vrulla e Shoshanit, Gashi and Tropojë streams
Shalë
Okol and Shtrazë streams
Theth river
Kaprej and Maja e Zezë streams
Bigë, Gura e Lekajt, Kosan and Shehu i Abatit streams
Stupje stream
Lesniqe river
Nikaj
(L): Curraj stream
Kuç stream
(R): Nikaj stream
Gjadër and Kir rivers
History
The ancient name of the river was Drilon. The valley of the river was inhabited by several Illyrian peoples. It was probably dominated at some point and to some extent by the Enchele. The tribal territory of the Taulantii and of the Labeatae was most likely located near the river.
Annotations
^ Author Tom Streissguth, gives a length of 335 km (208 mi) for Drin, as measured from the source of its tributary White Drin. This figure doesn't appear in other reliable sources or textbooks, where Drin's length shows 285 km.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Drin.
Gulf of Drin
Geography of Albania
Central Mountain Range
List of rivers of Albania
Bibliography
Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.
Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. ISBN 978-9027933058.
Shpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISBN 978-83-946222-5-1. ISSN 0860-5777.
Further reading
Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; ISBN 86-07-00001-2
Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo; ISBN 86-01-02651-6
References
^ a b Pešić, Vladimir; Milošević, Djuradj; Miliša, Marko (2021). Small Water Bodies of the Western Balkans. Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 368. ISBN 9783030864781. It is simultaneously the longest river in the country, with a length of 285 km.
^ Elisabeta Poci. "HYDROLOGY OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY DRIN RIVER BASIN" (PDF). ce.utexas.edu. University of Texas at Austin.
^ Kabo, Mevlan (1990). Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë 1 (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. p. 232. Prurja mesatare shumëvjeçare e Drinit të Zi është 118 m3/sek, e Drinit të Bardhë 68.8 m3/sek, e Drinit (në derdhje në Bunë) 352 m3/sek që i përgjigjet një vëllimi vjetor prej 11.1 miliardë m3 ujë.
^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "ALBANIA". fao.org.
^ "Drin". dictionary.com.
^ "Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region". inweb.gr.
^ a b Tom Streissguth (2011). Albania in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7613-6378-1. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
^ "Drin Basin". Drin Corda.
^ Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780810861886.
^ Kabo, Mevlan (1990). Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë 1 (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. pp. 231–232.
^ "The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions" (PDF). act4drin.net. p. 7.
^ "Drin River Basin The blue heart of the Balkans" (PDF). mio-ecsde.org. p. 4.
^ BirdLife International. "Drini Delta". datazone.birdlife.org.
^ a b Demiraj 2006, pp. 146, 148−149.
^ Katičić 1976, p. 186.
^ Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (31 January 2009). Rivers of Europe. Academic Press. p. 1156. ISBN 978-0-08-091908-9. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
^ Pesic, Vladimir; Glöer, Peter (2013). "A new freshwater snail genus (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro, with a discussion on gastropod diversity and endemism in Skadar Lake". ZooKeys (281): 69–90. doi:10.3897/zookeys.281.4409. PMC 3677384. PMID 23794834. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
^ "Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region". whc.unesco.org. pp. UNESCO. Situated on the shores of Lake Ohrid, the town of Ohrid is one of the oldest human settlements in Europe; Lake Ohrid is a superlative natural phenomenon, providing refuge for numerous endemic and relict freshwater species of flora and fauna dating from the tertiary period. As a deep and ancient lake of tectonic origin, Lake Ohrid has existed continuously for approximately two to three million years.
^ "Albania Upgrades Electrical Grid in the Balkans". e.huawei.com/gr.
^ "Sustainable Nexus solutions for Drin river basin". Balkan Green Energy News. October 5, 2022.
^ Wilkes, J. J. (1995), The Illyrians, Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing, p. 99, ISBN 0-631-19807-5
^ Shpuza 2017, p. 43.
Articles related to Drin River
vteRivers in Albania
Drin (285 km)
Vjosë (272 km)
Devoll (196 km)
Shkumbin (181 km)
Osum (161 km)
Mat (151 km)
Erzen (109 km)
Fan (94 km)
Seman (85 km)
Drino (85 km)
Ishëm (62 km)
Cem (58 km)
Valbonë (51 km)
Bunë (44 km)
Gashi (27 km)
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Macedonian: Дрим, romanized: Drim [drim]) is a river in Southeastern Europe with two major tributaries – the White Drin and the Black Drin and two distributaries – one discharging into the Adriatic Sea, in the Gulf of Drin and the other into the Bojana River. Its catchment area extends across Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and North Macedonia[6][7] and is home to more than 1.6 million people.[8] The river and its tributaries form the Gulf of Drin, an ocean basin that encompasses the northern Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast.At 285 kilometres (177 miles) long,[1][9][10] the Drin is the longest river of Albania and its tributaries cross through both Kosovo and North Macedonia. Its northern tributary, the White Drin starts from the foothills of Žljeb, at White Drin Waterfall in west Kosovo, and flows generally south, whereas its southern tributary, the Black Drin originates from Ohrid lake in the town of Struga, North Macedonia and flows north. Both tributaries' confluence occurs near Kukës in northeast Albania and Drin then flows westwards through the Albanian Alps and Dukagjin Highlands, where three successive dams were erected between 1960s and late 1980s, forming 3 large artificial lakes. The Drin then passes Vau i Dejës and drains into the Adriatic Sea through its two distributaries in Buna river and west of Lezhë.Located in the Balkan Peninsula at the crossroad of Europe and Asia, the river basin's varied climate and topography have shaped a vast array of flora and fauna. In addition, it has been recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in Europe.[11][12] The Drin Delta is classified as an Important Bird Area of international importance by designation under the BirdLife International Convention.[13]","title":"Drin (river)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006146,_148%E2%88%92149-14"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian sound changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language#Phonology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKati%C4%8Di%C4%871976186-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006146,_148%E2%88%92149-14"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Homonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym"},{"link_name":"Drino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drino"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"text":"The name of the river is recorded in Ancient Greek as Drilon (Δρίλων) and in Latin as Drinus. The name is considered to be of Illyrian origin.[14] The form Drin- has been evidenced by Pliny the Elder (fl. 1st century AD) and is most likely primary. The ancient name Drinus has undergone sound changes reaching the current Albanian form Drin through the evolution of Albanian sound changes.[15][14] The Macedonian name of the river is Дрим, Drim. Homonym rivers are Drino between southern Albania and northwestern Greece, and Drina between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dringolf.png"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Drin"},{"link_name":"Kukës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Albanian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Fierzë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierz%C3%AB,_Puk%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Dukagjini highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukagjin_highlands"},{"link_name":"Koman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koman,_Albania"},{"link_name":"Vau i Dejës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vau-Dej%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Drin"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Bojana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojana_River"},{"link_name":"Rozafa Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozafa_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lake Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Struga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struga"},{"link_name":"Peja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peja"},{"link_name":"Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metohija"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TocknerUehlinger2009-16"},{"link_name":"Lake Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lake Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"ancient lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_lake"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lake Prespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Prespa"},{"link_name":"Small Prespa Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Prespa_Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Drin"},{"link_name":"White Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Drin"},{"link_name":"Bojana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojana_(river)"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"}],"text":"Mouth of Drin and Gulf of Drin on the Adriatic coast in northern Albania.After the confluence of its two tributaries, near the town of Kukës in the northeast Albania, Drin flows west, passing through the Albanian Alps and Fierzë then upon reaching the Dukagjini highlands, flowing then to the south through Apripë e Gurit, Toplanë, Dushman, Koman, Vjerdhë Mazrrek, Rragam, and Pale Lalej. At Vau i Dejës, it enters the low Shkodër Field and splits into two distributaries. One empties into the Gulf of Drin into the Adriatic Sea southwest of Lezhë, forming the Mouth of Drin. The other empties into the Bojana River near the Rozafa Castle.The Black Drin flows out from the Lake Ohrid near Struga through western North Macedonia and then eastern Albania. The White Drin originates from the Žljeb mountain, north of the town of Peja in the Metohija region of Kosovo, and flows from there through to Albania.[16]The basin encompasses the transboundary subbasins of Lake Shkodër (largest lake in Southern Europe),[17] Lake Ohrid (one of the most ancient lakes in the World),[18] Lake Prespa and Small Prespa Lake and also the tributaries, namely Black Drin, White Drin and Bojana River. All these subbasins and tributaries are home to numerous species of mammals, vascular plants, insects, amphibians, fish and birds.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"hydropower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"Spilje Hydro Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilje_Hydro_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lake Fierza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fierza"},{"link_name":"Vau i Dejës lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vau_i_Dej%C3%ABs_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Drin river contains the largest hydroelectric power station group in the Balkans regarding the installed capacity and reservoir capacity.[19] The Drin is extremely important for the Albanian economy, especially for its electrical production. The three largest hydropower facilities produce 70.6% of Albania's electricity (approx. 1400MW of total installed capacity). North Macedonia has built two hydropower plants – Globocica (42 MW) and Spilje Hydro Power Plant (84 MW) on the Black Drin. [20]The artificial Lake Fierza created by the dam at Fierzë is the largest artificial lake in Albania with its surface of 73 km2. The second largest artificial lake is also built on this river. Vau i Dejës lake has an area of 25 km2. Construction of the Fierza power station caused some controversy in the 1980s. Without reaching any agreement, the Albanian government ordered the reservoir to be filled with water, which flooded some border areas of Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government protested, but no solution was agreed on. Thus, today, Lake Fierza is shared by Albania and Kosovo.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Black Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Drin"},{"link_name":"White Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Drin"},{"link_name":"Valbonë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valbona_(river)"},{"link_name":"Shalë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shala_(river)"},{"link_name":"Kir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir_(river)"}],"text":"◆ located within North Macedonia◆ located within KosovoDrin\n\nBlack Drin\n(L): Balicikë and Jabllanicë streams\n(R): Dallgash stream\nRadikë river, Mavrovë and Carakë streams, Zalli i Bulqizës river\n(L): Banjë, Deshat, Gramë, Tepuz, Veleshicë, Prillushë and Tershan streams\n(R): Mur, Setë, Mollë and Lurë streams\nWhite Drin\nLumë river\nOrgjost and Topojan streams\n(R): Bistrica e Pejës\n(R): Bistrica e Deçanit\n(R): Erenik\n(L): Bistrica e Prizrenit\n(L): Mirusha\n(L): Toplluha, Klinë\n(L): Istok\n\nValbonë\nPecmarë, Vrulla e Shoshanit, Gashi and Tropojë streams\nShalë\nOkol and Shtrazë streams\nTheth river\nKaprej and Maja e Zezë streams\nBigë, Gura e Lekajt, Kosan and Shehu i Abatit streams\nStupje stream\nLesniqe river\nNikaj\n(L): Curraj stream\nKuç stream\n(R): Nikaj stream\nGjadër and Kir rivers","title":"Watershed basin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Enchele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchele"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Taulantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Labeatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeatae"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShpuza201743-22"}],"text":"The ancient name of the river was Drilon. The valley of the river was inhabited by several Illyrian peoples. It was probably dominated at some point and to some extent by the Enchele.[21] The tribal territory of the Taulantii and of the Labeatae was most likely located near the river.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A_1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Streissguth2011-7"}],"text":"^ Author Tom Streissguth, gives a length of 335 km (208 mi) for Drin, as measured from the source of its tributary White Drin.[7] This figure doesn't appear in other reliable sources or textbooks, where Drin's length shows 285 km.","title":"Annotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demiraj, Shaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj"},{"link_name":"The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789994381715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Katičić, Radoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9027933058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027933058"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-946222-5-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-946222-5-1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0860-5777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0860-5777"}],"text":"Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.\nKatičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. ISBN 978-9027933058.\nShpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). \"Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period\". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISBN 978-83-946222-5-1. ISSN 0860-5777.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"86-07-00001-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-07-00001-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"86-01-02651-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-01-02651-6"}],"text":"Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; ISBN 86-07-00001-2\nJovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo; ISBN 86-01-02651-6","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Mouth of Drin and Gulf of Drin on the Adriatic coast in northern Albania.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dringolf.png/250px-Dringolf.png"}] | [{"title":"River Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:River_Drin"},{"title":"Gulf of Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Drin"},{"title":"Geography of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Albania"},{"title":"Central Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range,_Albania"},{"title":"List of rivers of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania"}] | [{"reference":"Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj","url_text":"Demiraj, Shaban"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania","url_text":"Academy of Sciences of Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715","url_text":"9789994381715"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. ISBN 978-9027933058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87","url_text":"Katičić, Radoslav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027933058","url_text":"978-9027933058"}]},{"reference":"Shpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). \"Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period\". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISBN 978-83-946222-5-1. ISSN 0860-5777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-946222-5-1","url_text":"978-83-946222-5-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0860-5777","url_text":"0860-5777"}]},{"reference":"Pešić, Vladimir; Milošević, Djuradj; Miliša, Marko (2021). Small Water Bodies of the Western Balkans. Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 368. ISBN 9783030864781. It is simultaneously the longest river in the country, with a length of 285 km.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPFPEAAAQBAJ&dq=drin+river+is+285+km+long&pg=PA368","url_text":"Small Water Bodies of the Western Balkans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030864781","url_text":"9783030864781"}]},{"reference":"Elisabeta Poci. \"HYDROLOGY OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY DRIN RIVER BASIN\" (PDF). ce.utexas.edu. University of Texas at Austin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2011/TermPaper/Poci.pdf","url_text":"\"HYDROLOGY OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY DRIN RIVER BASIN\""}]},{"reference":"Kabo, Mevlan (1990). Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë 1 (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. p. 232. Prurja mesatare shumëvjeçare e Drinit të Zi është 118 m3/sek, e Drinit të Bardhë 68.8 m3/sek, e Drinit (në derdhje në Bunë) 352 m3/sek që i përgjigjet një vëllimi vjetor prej 11.1 miliardë m3 ujë.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. \"ALBANIA\". fao.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0798e/T0798E01.htm","url_text":"\"ALBANIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drin\". dictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/drin?s=t","url_text":"\"Drin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region\". inweb.gr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inweb.gr/workshops2/sub_basins/8_Drin.html","url_text":"\"Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Streissguth (2011). Albania in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7613-6378-1. Retrieved 26 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wL_-zcyLn6kC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Albania in Pictures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-6378-1","url_text":"978-0-7613-6378-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Drin Basin\". Drin Corda.","urls":[{"url":"http://drincorda.iwlearn.org/drin-river-basin","url_text":"\"Drin Basin\""}]},{"reference":"Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780810861886.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6inIiCF_930C&dq=It+has+a+total+length+of+285+kilometers.&pg=PA118","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861886","url_text":"9780810861886"}]},{"reference":"Kabo, Mevlan (1990). Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë 1 (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. pp. 231–232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions\" (PDF). act4drin.net. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://act4drin.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Act4Drin_Brochure_18_9_2015_single_pages.pdf","url_text":"\"The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drin River Basin The blue heart of the Balkans\" (PDF). mio-ecsde.org. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://mio-ecsde.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/drin-river-basin_brochure_02.pdf","url_text":"\"Drin River Basin The blue heart of the Balkans\""}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International. \"Drini Delta\". datazone.birdlife.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/drini-delta-iba-albania","url_text":"\"Drini Delta\""}]},{"reference":"Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (31 January 2009). Rivers of Europe. Academic Press. p. 1156. ISBN 978-0-08-091908-9. Retrieved 26 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC&pg=PT1156","url_text":"Rivers of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091908-9","url_text":"978-0-08-091908-9"}]},{"reference":"Pesic, Vladimir; Glöer, Peter (2013). \"A new freshwater snail genus (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro, with a discussion on gastropod diversity and endemism in Skadar Lake\". ZooKeys (281): 69–90. doi:10.3897/zookeys.281.4409. PMC 3677384. PMID 23794834. Retrieved 28 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3771","url_text":"\"A new freshwater snail genus (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro, with a discussion on gastropod diversity and endemism in Skadar Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.281.4409","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.281.4409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677384","url_text":"3677384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23794834","url_text":"23794834"}]},{"reference":"\"Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region\". whc.unesco.org. pp. UNESCO. Situated on the shores of Lake Ohrid, the town of Ohrid is one of the oldest human settlements in Europe; Lake Ohrid is a superlative natural phenomenon, providing refuge for numerous endemic and relict freshwater species of flora and fauna dating from the tertiary period. As a deep and ancient lake of tectonic origin, Lake Ohrid has existed continuously for approximately two to three million years.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/99","url_text":"\"Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albania Upgrades Electrical Grid in the Balkans\". e.huawei.com/gr.","urls":[{"url":"https://e.huawei.com/gr/ict-insights/global/ict_insights/201810190908/energy/201901191418","url_text":"\"Albania Upgrades Electrical Grid in the Balkans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Nexus solutions for Drin river basin\". Balkan Green Energy News. October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://balkangreenenergynews.com/sustainable-nexus-solutions-for-drin-river-basin/","url_text":"\"Sustainable Nexus solutions for Drin river basin\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkes, J. J. (1995), The Illyrians, Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing, p. 99, ISBN 0-631-19807-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C","url_text":"The Illyrians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5","url_text":"0-631-19807-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0860-5777","external_links_name":"0860-5777"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPFPEAAAQBAJ&dq=drin+river+is+285+km+long&pg=PA368","external_links_name":"Small Water Bodies of the Western Balkans"},{"Link":"http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2011/TermPaper/Poci.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HYDROLOGY OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY DRIN RIVER BASIN\""},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0798e/T0798E01.htm","external_links_name":"\"ALBANIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/drin?s=t","external_links_name":"\"Drin\""},{"Link":"http://www.inweb.gr/workshops2/sub_basins/8_Drin.html","external_links_name":"\"Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wL_-zcyLn6kC&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Albania in Pictures"},{"Link":"http://drincorda.iwlearn.org/drin-river-basin","external_links_name":"\"Drin Basin\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6inIiCF_930C&dq=It+has+a+total+length+of+285+kilometers.&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Albania"},{"Link":"http://act4drin.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Act4Drin_Brochure_18_9_2015_single_pages.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions\""},{"Link":"http://mio-ecsde.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/drin-river-basin_brochure_02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Drin River Basin The blue heart of the Balkans\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/drini-delta-iba-albania","external_links_name":"\"Drini Delta\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC&pg=PT1156","external_links_name":"Rivers of Europe"},{"Link":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3771","external_links_name":"\"A new freshwater snail genus (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro, with a discussion on gastropod diversity and endemism in Skadar Lake\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.281.4409","external_links_name":"10.3897/zookeys.281.4409"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677384","external_links_name":"3677384"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23794834","external_links_name":"23794834"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/99","external_links_name":"\"Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region\""},{"Link":"https://e.huawei.com/gr/ict-insights/global/ict_insights/201810190908/energy/201901191418","external_links_name":"\"Albania Upgrades Electrical Grid in the Balkans\""},{"Link":"https://balkangreenenergynews.com/sustainable-nexus-solutions-for-drin-river-basin/","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable Nexus solutions for Drin river basin\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C","external_links_name":"The Illyrians"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1015156762892441300008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315130975","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119359930X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556288705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90002708","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge618339&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/266972314","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_6th_constituency | Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency | ["1 Historic representation","2 Election results","2.1 2022","2.2 2017","2.3 2012","2.4 2007","2.5 2002","2.6 1997","3 References"] | Constituency of the National Assembly of France
6th constituency of Seine-Saint-DenisinlineConstituency of the National Assembly of FranceDeputyBastien LachaudLFIDepartmentSeine-Saint-Denis
Politics of France
Political parties
Elections
Previous
Next
The 6th constituency of Seine-Saint-Denis is a French legislative constituency in Seine-Saint-Denis.
Historic representation
Election
Member
Party
1967
Jean Lolive
PCF
1968
1973
Jacqueline Chonavel
1978
1981
Claude Bartolone
PS
1986
Proportional representation – no election by constituency
1988
Claude Bartolone
PS
1993
1997
2002
2007
2012
Élisabeth Guigou
2017
Bastien Lachaud
LFI
2022
Election results
2022
Legislative Election 2022: Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
LFI (NUPÉS)
Bastien Lachaud
12,797
56.61
+5.87
LREM (Ensemble)
Yasmina Baziz
3,419
15.12
-12.20
RN
Françoise Trova
1,584
7.01
-0.39
DVG
Nabila Djebbari
1,248
5.52
N/A
UDI (UDC)
Kourtoum Sackho
1,172
5.18
-1.59
REC
Noélie Beugré
560
2.48
N/A
LO
Nathalie Arthaud
537
2.38
-0.28
Others
N/A
1,290
Turnout
23,127
39.81
+1.99
2nd round result
LFI (NUPÉS)
Bastien Lachaud
16,046
75.40
+20.39
LREM (Ensemble)
Yasmina Baziz
5,236
24.60
-20.39
Turnout
21,282
38.40
+4.31
LFI hold
2017
Legislative Election 2017: Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
LREM
Alexandre Aidara
5,304
27.32
N/A
LFI
Bastien Lachaud
3,756
19.35
N/A
PS
Élisabeth Guigou
3,453
17.79
-28.33
PCF
Patrick Le Hyaric
1,701
8.76
-8.57
FN
Line Valles
1,437
7.40
-2.80
UDI
Karine Franclet
1,315
6.77
N/A
EELV
Nadia Azoug
940
4.84
+0.52
LO
Nathalie Arthaud
517
2.66
+0.19
Others
N/A
988
Turnout
19,893
37.82
-7.99
2nd round result
LFI
Bastien Lachaud
9,196
55.01
N/A
LREM
Alexandre Aidara
7,522
44.99
N/A
Turnout
17,927
34.09
-1.94
LFI gain from PS
Swing
2012
2012 legislative election in Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Élisabeth Guigou
PS
10,390
46.12%
14,376
100.00%
Patrick Le Hyaric
FG
3,905
17.33%
Ilona Zsoter
UMP
3,021
13.41%
Cyril Bozonnet
FN
2,299
10.20%
Christine Ratzel-Togo
EELV
974
4.32%
Nathalie Arthaud
LO
557
2.47%
Claire Vigeant
MoDem
545
2.42%
Linda Sehili
NPA
183
0.81%
Patrick Lozès
SE
163
0.72%
Christian Van Houcke
AEI
146
0.65%
Palmerido Valente
DVG
139
0.62%
Kamélia Kincaid
POI
107
0.47%
Jérôme Sinpaseuth
SP
101
0.45%
Valid votes
22,530
98.44%
14,376
79.85%
Spoilt and null votes
357
1.56%
3,626
20.14%
Votes cast / turnout
22,887
45.81%
18,003
36.03%
Abstentions
27,079
54.19%
31,963
63.97%
Registered voters
49,966
100.00%
49,966
100.00%
2007
Legislative Election 2007: Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
PS
Claude Bartolone
12,979
39.16
+2.54
UMP
Jean-Claude Dupont
9,206
27.78
+2.03
PCF
Augusta Epanya
2,832
8.55
-1.46
MoDem
Hacène Abdesselam
2,212
6.67
N/A
LV
Hélène Zanier
1,524
4.60
N/A
FN
Françoise Bardou
1,450
4.38
-7.12
Far left
Mireille Allemand
1,142
3.45
N/A
Others
N/A
1,797
Turnout
33,773
55.37
-5.69
2nd round result
PS
Claude Bartolone
19,758
64.62
+4.95
UMP
Jean-Claude Dupont
10,817
35.38
-4.95
Turnout
31,659
51.90
-3.76
PS hold
2002
Legislative Election 2002: Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
PS
Claude Bartolone
11,683
36.62
+9.64
UMP
Jean-Claude Dupont
8,214
25.75
N/A
FN
Catherine Dupuy
3,668
11.50
-5.45
PCF
Josiane Bernard
3,192
10.01
-5.74
DIV
Roger Sanvee
677
2.12
N/A
Others
N/A
2,778
Turnout
32,417
61.06
-1.63
2nd round result
PS
Claude Bartolone
16,791
59.67
-1.35
UMP
Jean-Claude Dupont
11,351
40.33
N/A
Turnout
29,535
55.66
-9.74
PS hold
1997
Legislative Election 1997: Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
PS
Claude Bartolone
8,998
26.98
UDF
Jean-Jacques Salles
6,772
20.30
FN
Samuel Bellenger
5,663
16.95
PCF
Jacques Isabet
5,254
15.75
LO
Arlette Laguiller
2,686
8.05
LV
Pierre Mathon
1,309
3.92
GE
Dominique Monier
729
2.19
LCR
Bernard Lombardo
705
2.11
Others
N/A
1,250
Turnout
34,329
62.69
2nd round result
PS
Claude Bartolone
20,575
61.02
UDF
Jean-Jacques Salles
13,143
38.98
Turnout
35,804
65.40
PS hold
References
^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Seine-Saint-Denis". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2012". Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
vteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ain
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Allier
1st
2nd
3rd
Ardèche
1st
2nd
3rd
Cantal
1st
2nd
Drôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Haute-Loire
1st
2nd
Haute-Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Isère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Puy-de-Dôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Côte-d'Or
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Doubs
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Haute-Saône
1st
2nd
Jura
1st
2nd
3rd
Nièvre
1st
2nd
Saône-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Territoire de Belfort
1st
2nd
Yonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Brittany
Cotes-d'Armor
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Finistère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Ille-et-Vilaine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Morbihan
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Centre-Val de Loire
Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Eure-et-Loir
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Indre
1st
2nd
Indre-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Loir-et-Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Loiret
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Corsica
Corse-du-Sud
1st
2nd
Haute-Corse
1st
2nd
Grand Est
Ardennes
1st
2nd
3rd
Aube
1st
2nd
3rd
Bas-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Haute-Marne
1st
2nd
Haut-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Meuse
1st
2nd
Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Vosges
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Hauts-de-France
Aisne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Nord
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Pas-de-Calais
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Somme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Île-de-France
Essonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hauts-de-Seine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
Paris
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
Seine-et-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Seine-Saint-Denis
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Val-d'Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Val-de-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Yvelines
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Normandy
Eure
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Calvados
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Manche
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Orne
1st
2nd
3rd
Seine-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Charente
1st
2nd
3rd
Charente-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Corrèze
1st
2nd
Creuse
Deux-Sèvres
1st
2nd
3rd
Dordogne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Gironde
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Haute-Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
Landes
1st
2nd
3rd
Lot-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Occitanie
Ariège
1st
2nd
Aude
1st
2nd
3rd
Aveyron
1st
2nd
3rd
Gard
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Gers
1st
2nd
Haute-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hautes-Pyrénées
1st
2nd
Hérault
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Lot
1st
2nd
Lozère
Pyrénées-Orientales
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Tarn
1st
2nd
3rd
Tarn-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
Pays de la Loire
Loire-Atlantique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Maine-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Mayenne
1st
2nd
3rd
Sarthe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Vendée
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
1st
2nd
Alpes-Maritimes
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Bouches-du-Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
Hautes-Alpes
1st
2nd
Var
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Vaucluse
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Overseas
French Guiana
1st
2nd
French Polynesia
1st
2nd
3rd
Guadeloupe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Martinique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Mayotte
1st
2nd
New Caledonia
1st
2nd
Réunion
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin
1st
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
1st
Wallis and Futuna
1st
Overseas citizens
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Abolished constituencies (2010 redistricting)
Allier
4th
Charente
4th
Creuse
1st
2nd
Deux-Sèvres
4th
Haute-Saône
3rd
Hautes-Pyrénées
3rd
Haute-Vienne
4th
Haut-Rhin
7th
Indre
3rd
Loire
7th
Lozère
1st
2nd
Manche
5th
Marne
6th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
7th
Moselle
10th
Nièvre
3rd
Nord
22nd
23rd
24th
Paris
19th
20th
21st
Pas-de-Calais
13th
14th
Puy-de-Dôme
6th
Saône-et-Loire
6th
Seine-Maritime
11th
12th
Seine-Saint-Denis
13th
Somme
6th
Tarn
4th
Val-de-Marne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campea | John Campea | ["1 Career","1.1 Filmmaking","1.2 Comic-Con Masters of the Web","1.3 AMC Movie News","1.4 Collider","1.5 Author","1.6 The John Campea Show and Mailbag","1.7 Open Mic","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Web","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"] | Canadian film critic
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John CampeaBornGiovanni Bertone Campea (1972-02-26) 26 February 1972 (age 52)Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaAlma materNiagara College Tyndale UniversityOccupation(s)YouTuber, film critic, media host, writer, producer, editorYears active2003–presentSpouse
Ann Campea (m. 2010)
Giovanni Bertone "John" Campea (born 26 February 1972), is a Canadian YouTuber, film critic, media critic, director, writer, producer, and editor. Campea founded and ran the film website, The Movie Blog from June 2003 to December 2009. He then went on to become the editor-in-chief of AMC Movie News from September 2008 to June 2015. Shortly after that he was hired by Complex to run Collider Movie Talk beginning in July 2015. During his time there, he served as senior producer, host and showrunner of all of the programs. He resigned twice, once in January 2016, but returned in September of that year, and left permanently in June 2017. After he resigned, he began to release videos on his YouTube channel. As of December 2022, he has over 316,000 subscribers and over 265,000,000 total views.
Career
Campea started his career for Beagle Productions and later as client services director for Satellite Studios, a visual effects and 3D animation studio whose work appeared in a number of films, including Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, The One, and Frank Miller's Sin City. Then after his time working as visual effects artist, he began to work at a law firm for three years.
In 2003, he founded The Movie Blog, a film website offering daily editorials and commentary on current movies, movie news, and the film industry. The Movie Blog eventually became a full-time occupation for Campea. In 2006, Campea and then-co-host Doug Nagy won a Bloggie for "Podcast of the Year" for The Movie Blog's podcast show Uncut.
He quit The Movie Blog in late 2009 to focus on developing the news site for AMC called AMC Movie News, but returned for a short time in 2012.
Filmmaking
In 2008, Campea released his first documentary film, Prince of Peace: God of War, that examined the stark contrasts between the pro-war and pro-pacifism movements within the Christian church. It played at several film festivals in North America and received favorable reviews. He completed filming his first feature film, The Anniversary, in 2009. Campea now runs his own production company, Carson Drive Media (named after his childhood street in Hamilton, Ontario), and released his second documentary in November 2020, titled Movie Trailers: A Love Story.
Comic-Con Masters of the Web
In 2011, Campea took over the annual "Masters of the Web" panel at the San Diego Comic-Con. The panel serves as a discussion on the film industry and the world of film blogging and journalism online. Each year Campea hosts the panel with major online film personalities. The panel has also had several special celebrity guests over the years including Stan Lee, Edgar Wright, Karl Urban, Roberto Orci and others.
AMC Movie News
Campea was Editor-in-Chief of AMC Movie News and the creator and host of such shows as AMC Movie Talk, AMC Jedi Council (an all Star Wars talk show), AMC Mail Bag, AMC Versus, AMC Coming Soon and AMC Spoilers. Their main show, AMC Movie Talk, won the 2014 International Academy of Web Television (IAWTV) award for "Best News Series". The AMC Movie News YouTube channel has its videos viewed over 5 million times per month and continues to grow. Campea announced his resignation as editor-in-chief of AMC Movie News in May 2015, but continued to appear on the show through the subsequent few weeks of June 2015.
Collider
In July 2015, Campea announced that he had joined Collider, and that most of the previous web shows that aired on AMC's YouTube channel, would end their association with AMC and transition to Collider's channel, with AMC Theatres remaining as a sponsor. On February 17, 2016, Campea had announced on that day's episode of Collider Movie Talk that he had resigned from Collider, and explained his future plans in the industry. Campea continued to be a guest on both Collider Jedi Council and Collider Heroes, returning as host and showrunner of Collider Movie Talk in September 2016. However, Campea left Collider once again in June 2017, citing creative differences in the direction of the channel, to work on other projects, including his personal YouTube channel.
Author
On September 4, 2015, Campea launched a Kickstarter campaign to publish a book he wrote called The Pride. The campaign met its goal several days later. On February 13, 2016, Campea announced through the book's Kickstarter page that the novel was finished. The Kindle edition of The Pride was released on February 29, 2016, with a physical copy going on sale at a later date.
The John Campea Show and Mailbag
After leaving Collider, Campea started his own independent film talk and news show, similar to Movie Talk on Collider, on his own personal YouTube channel that airs weekdays, as well as companion videos answering missed fan questions and live streams. Until November 2021, Robert Meyer Burnett and Erin Cummings appeared as co-hosts on the show on most weekdays and Thursdays, respectively. As of September 2022 he is joined weekdays by Burnett (most weekdays), Cummings (on some Wednesdays), voice actress Kris Carr (on Wednesdays and Fridays), actress Amy Newman (on Thursdays and Fridays) and Ray Ora who is his brother-in-law and a graphic designer. Jonathan Voytko rejoined the show in May 2022 as a producer, having previously worked as an editor/technical director on AMC Movie Talk and Collider projects; in his time with Campea, he earned the nickname "Fact Checker Jonathan". By July 2022, his own channel has amassed over 296,000 subscribers. In November 2021, Campea received criticism after accidentally leaking alleged photos from Spider-Man: No Way Home. The film's release has since confirmed the validity of the images. In February 2022, Campea revived the Mailbag feature, effectively replacing the previous TJCS companion videos. The format is similar to the companion videos, however, the show takes questions submitted 24/7 from fans tipped via Streamlabs, as opposed to the main show’s questions being taken exclusively from YouTube’s Super Chat function. As of March 2022, the show is hosted by Campea or Burnett 2–3 times a week, with the first edition of Mailbag airing on February 1, 2022 and ended in August 2022. Campea also co-hosts a weekly show with Burnett and competitive swimmer Cody Miller titled Best Movie Worst Movie, focusing on a different topic each week.
In May 2023, Campea made the decision to end the live-streamed aspect of TJCS (except for channel members) and turn the podcast into an audio only podcast, drawing criticism from other critics, fans, and viewers. Campea later reversed this decision, making the show initially available to non-members with a delay from June 2023 and live again from October 2023.
.
Open Mic
As of 2018, in addition to The John Campea Show, Open Mic was also included as a daily, live, viewer submitted question forum. Described by Campea as a "virtual watercooler", it focuses on wide-ranging live chat discussion. On the October 29, 2020 episode of The John Campea Show, Campea announced that Open Mic was moved to a podcast exclusive, available with the flagship program on any podcasting network. In August 2022, it was announced that Open Mic would be returning to the John Campea YouTube channel.
Personal life
Campea has been married to his wife Ann Ora Campea since 2010. The couple met at a wrap party for the Neveldine/Taylor-written film Pathology in 2007. As of 2021, they both reside in Corona, California. They have two dogs named Lily and Shadow. Campea also attempted a career in MMA but suffered two heart attacks during his first training session.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Notes
2001
The One
Visual effects artist
2002
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams
Visual effects artist
2003
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Visual effects artist
2005
Sin City
Visual effects artist
2007
Prince of Peace: God of War
Director, producer, writer, editor
2008
The Incredible Hulk
Extra (uncredited)
2009
The Anniversary
Director, producer, writer
2020
Movie Trailers: A Love Story
Director, producer, writer, editor
Web
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003–2009
The Movie Blog
Himself
Editor
2011
For Your Consideration
Himself
Host
2012–15
AMC Movie Talk
Himself (host)
Executive producer
2015–17
Collider Movie Talk
Himself
Senior producer
2015–17
Collider Heroes
Himself (guest)
2015–17
Collider Jedi Council
Himself (guest)
2016–17
Movie Trivia Schmoedown
Himself (contestant/commentator)
2017–present
The John Campea Show
Himself (host)
Executive producer
2017–20192022–2023
The Weekly Hero
Himself (host) and Robert Meyer Burnett (2018) and onto just Burnett, with new co-host Kris Carr (2022)
2018–2020
Open Mic
Himself (host)
Moved to podcast exclusive in October 2020
2018–2020
Play and Chat
Himself (host)
2019
Dark Side Light Side
Himself and Kristian Harloff (host)
2022
The John Campea Show Mailbag
Himself (host)
Started February 2022
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2006
Blog Award
Podcast of the Year
The Movie Blog
Won
2014
International Academy of Web Television
Best News Series
AMC Movie Talk
Won
2014
International Academy of Web Television
Best Host (Live)
AMC Movie Talk
Nominated
2014
Geekie Award
Best Podcast
AMC Movie Talk
Nominated
2015
International Academy of Web Television
Best Live Series
AMC Movie Talk
Won
2015
International Academy of Web Television
Best Live Host
AMC Movie Talk
Nominated
2015
International Academy of Web Television
Best Pre-recorded Host
AMC Mailbag
Nominated
2018
International Academy of Web Television
Best Live Series
The John Campea Show
Won
2018
International Academy of Web Television
Best Host
The John Campea Show
Nominated
References
^ "Your regular contributors: John Campea". The Movie Blog. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Keegan, Rebecca Winters (April 19, 2007). "Boys Who Like Toys". Time. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ "Sixth Annual Weblog Awards: The Winners". The Weblog Awards. 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ "About". The Movie Blog. October 3, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
^ "New Movies, Theaters Near You, Movie Tickets, Showtimes, Movie Trailers, Movies in Theaters". AMC Theatres.
^ "Prince of Peace: God of War". IMDb. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ a b "Prince of Peace, God of War". Global Peace Film Festival. 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Leins, Jeff (August 18, 2007). "'Prince of Peace, God of War' at San Diego Film Fest". News in Film. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ "Arts - Around the World in Five Days". Orlando Weekly. September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ "Prince of Peace, God of War Documentary". MoviesOnline. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ "The Anniversary". IMDb. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Campea, John (July 6, 2015). "AMC Movie Talk Is Now Collider Movie Talk". Collider.
^ Campea, John (February 17, 2016). Official Announcement: John is leaving Collider. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "The Pride". Kickstarter. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "Update 7: By Agathon's wings! It's DONE!!! · The Pride". Kickstarter. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "The Pride eBook: John Campea: Kindle Store". Amazon. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "About Me". The John Campea Show. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
^ John Campea-YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "John Campea reveals the bizarre reason he leaked Spider-Man No Way Home photos". Dexerto. November 9, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
^ Campea, John. Will Peacemaker's Success Lead To More Obscure DC Character - Mailbag. Retrieved February 1, 2022 – via YouTube.
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXqDQQhMXs8&t=252s
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pqG0KA--N4
^ Campea, John (November 1, 2021). "Job Opening: Associate Producer-The John Campea Show". Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
^ "2014 IAWTV Awards Nominees & Winners". International Academy of Web Television. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "2014 Podcasts & Vlogs Nominees". The Geekie Awards. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ "2015 IAWTV Awards Nominees & Winners". International Academy of Web Television. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
External links
John Campea at IMDb
AMC Entertainment – Script to Screen Archived January 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – Former editor | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"AMC Movie News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Theatres"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Collider Movie Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)"}],"text":"Canadian film criticGiovanni Bertone \"John\" Campea (born 26 February 1972), is a Canadian YouTuber, film critic, media critic, director, writer, producer, and editor. Campea founded and ran the film website, The Movie Blog from June 2003 to December 2009. He then went on to become the editor-in-chief of AMC Movie News from September 2008 to June 2015. Shortly after that he was hired by Complex to run Collider Movie Talk beginning in July 2015. During his time there, he served as senior producer, host and showrunner of all of the programs. He resigned twice, once in January 2016, but returned in September of that year, and left permanently in June 2017. After he resigned, he began to release videos on his YouTube channel. As of December 2022, he has over 316,000 subscribers and over 265,000,000 total views.","title":"John Campea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids_2:_The_Island_of_Lost_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)"},{"link_name":"The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Miller's Sin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_City_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bloggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Campea started his career for Beagle Productions and later as client services director for Satellite Studios, a visual effects and 3D animation studio whose work appeared in a number of films, including Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, The One, and Frank Miller's Sin City.[1] Then after his time working as visual effects artist, he began to work at a law firm for three years.In 2003, he founded The Movie Blog, a film website offering daily editorials and commentary on current movies, movie news, and the film industry. The Movie Blog eventually became a full-time occupation for Campea.[2] In 2006, Campea and then-co-host Doug Nagy won a Bloggie for \"Podcast of the Year\" for The Movie Blog's podcast show Uncut.[3]He quit The Movie Blog in late 2009[4] to focus on developing the news site for AMC called AMC Movie News,[5] but returned for a short time in 2012.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-prince-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-prince-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Filmmaking","text":"In 2008, Campea released his first documentary film, Prince of Peace: God of War, that examined the stark contrasts between the pro-war and pro-pacifism movements within the Christian church.[6][7] It played at several film festivals[7][8] in North America and received favorable reviews.[9][10] He completed filming his first feature film, The Anniversary, in 2009.[11] Campea now runs his own production company, Carson Drive Media (named after his childhood street in Hamilton, Ontario), and released his second documentary in November 2020, titled Movie Trailers: A Love Story.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Karl Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Urban"},{"link_name":"Roberto Orci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Orci"}],"sub_title":"Comic-Con Masters of the Web","text":"In 2011, Campea took over the annual \"Masters of the Web\" panel at the San Diego Comic-Con. The panel serves as a discussion on the film industry and the world of film blogging and journalism online. Each year Campea hosts the panel with major online film personalities. The panel has also had several special celebrity guests over the years including Stan Lee, Edgar Wright, Karl Urban, Roberto Orci and others.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"sub_title":"AMC Movie News","text":"Campea was Editor-in-Chief of AMC Movie News and the creator and host of such shows as AMC Movie Talk, AMC Jedi Council (an all Star Wars talk show), AMC Mail Bag, AMC Versus, AMC Coming Soon and AMC Spoilers. Their main show, AMC Movie Talk, won the 2014 International Academy of Web Television (IAWTV) award for \"Best News Series\". The AMC Movie News YouTube channel has its videos viewed over 5 million times per month and continues to grow. Campea announced his resignation as editor-in-chief of AMC Movie News in May 2015, but continued to appear on the show through the subsequent few weeks of June 2015.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)"},{"link_name":"AMC Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Collider","text":"In July 2015, Campea announced that he had joined Collider, and that most of the previous web shows that aired on AMC's YouTube channel, would end their association with AMC and transition to Collider's channel, with AMC Theatres remaining as a sponsor.[12] On February 17, 2016, Campea had announced on that day's episode of Collider Movie Talk that he had resigned from Collider, and explained his future plans in the industry.[13] Campea continued to be a guest on both Collider Jedi Council and Collider Heroes, returning as host and showrunner of Collider Movie Talk in September 2016. However, Campea left Collider once again in June 2017, citing creative differences in the direction of the channel, to work on other projects, including his personal YouTube channel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"On September 4, 2015, Campea launched a Kickstarter campaign to publish a book he wrote called The Pride.[14] The campaign met its goal several days later. On February 13, 2016, Campea announced through the book's Kickstarter page that the novel was finished.[15] The Kindle edition of The Pride was released on February 29, 2016, with a physical copy going on sale at a later date.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Meyer Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Meyer_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Erin Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Cummings"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_the_John_Campea_Show-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Campea_YouTube_channel-18"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man: No Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man:_No_Way_Home"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Streamlabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlabs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cody Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Miller"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"The John Campea Show and Mailbag","text":"After leaving Collider, Campea started his own independent film talk and news show, similar to Movie Talk on Collider, on his own personal YouTube channel that airs weekdays, as well as companion videos answering missed fan questions and live streams. Until November 2021, Robert Meyer Burnett and Erin Cummings appeared as co-hosts on the show on most weekdays and Thursdays, respectively.[17] As of September 2022 he is joined weekdays by Burnett (most weekdays), Cummings (on some Wednesdays), voice actress Kris Carr (on Wednesdays and Fridays), actress Amy Newman (on Thursdays and Fridays) and Ray Ora who is his brother-in-law and a graphic designer. Jonathan Voytko rejoined the show in May 2022 as a producer, having previously worked as an editor/technical director on AMC Movie Talk and Collider projects; in his time with Campea, he earned the nickname \"Fact Checker Jonathan\". By July 2022, his own channel has amassed over 296,000 subscribers.[18] In November 2021, Campea received criticism after accidentally leaking alleged photos from Spider-Man: No Way Home. The film's release has since confirmed the validity of the images.[19] In February 2022, Campea revived the Mailbag feature, effectively replacing the previous TJCS companion videos. The format is similar to the companion videos, however, the show takes questions submitted 24/7 from fans tipped via Streamlabs, as opposed to the main show’s questions being taken exclusively from YouTube’s Super Chat function. As of March 2022, the show is hosted by Campea or Burnett 2–3 times a week, with the first edition of Mailbag airing on February 1, 2022 and ended in August 2022.[20] Campea also co-hosts a weekly show with Burnett and competitive swimmer Cody Miller titled Best Movie Worst Movie, focusing on a different topic each week.\nIn May 2023, Campea made the decision to end the live-streamed aspect of TJCS (except for channel members) and turn the podcast into an audio only podcast, drawing criticism from other critics, fans, and viewers. Campea later reversed this decision, making the show initially available to non-members with a delay from June 2023 and live again from October 2023.[21][22]\n.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Open Mic","text":"As of 2018, in addition to The John Campea Show, Open Mic was also included as a daily, live, viewer submitted question forum. Described by Campea as a \"virtual watercooler\", it focuses on wide-ranging live chat discussion. On the October 29, 2020 episode of The John Campea Show, Campea announced that Open Mic was moved to a podcast exclusive, available with the flagship program on any podcasting network. In August 2022, it was announced that Open Mic would be returning to the John Campea YouTube channel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Neveldine/Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neveldine/Taylor"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_(film)"},{"link_name":"Corona, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_California"},{"link_name":"MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMA"}],"text":"Campea has been married to his wife Ann Ora Campea since 2010.[citation needed] The couple met at a wrap party for the Neveldine/Taylor-written film Pathology in 2007. As of 2021, they both reside in Corona, California. They have two dogs named Lily and Shadow. Campea also attempted a career in MMA but suffered two heart attacks during his first training session.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Your regular contributors: John Campea\". The Movie Blog. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090802190549/http://themovieblog.com/about","url_text":"\"Your regular contributors: John Campea\""},{"url":"http://themovieblog.com/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keegan, Rebecca Winters (April 19, 2007). \"Boys Who Like Toys\". Time. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1612687,00.html","url_text":"\"Boys Who Like Toys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Sixth Annual Weblog Awards: The Winners\". The Weblog Awards. 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://2006.bloggies.com/","url_text":"\"Sixth Annual Weblog Awards: The Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". The Movie Blog. October 3, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themovieblog.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Movies, Theaters Near You, Movie Tickets, Showtimes, Movie Trailers, Movies in Theaters\". AMC Theatres.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amctheatres.com/movie-news","url_text":"\"New Movies, Theaters Near You, Movie Tickets, Showtimes, Movie Trailers, Movies in Theaters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince of Peace: God of War\". IMDb. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1412503/","url_text":"\"Prince of Peace: God of War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince of Peace, God of War\". Global Peace Film Festival. 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101629/http://globalpeace.bside.com/bside/templates/globalpeace/?_view=_filmdetails&filmId=33878835","url_text":"\"Prince of Peace, God of War\""},{"url":"http://globalpeace.bside.com/bside/templates/globalpeace/?_view=_filmdetails&filmId=33878835","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leins, Jeff (August 18, 2007). \"'Prince of Peace, God of War' at San Diego Film Fest\". News in Film. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110705065815/http://www.newsinfilm.com/2007/08/18/prince-of-peace-god-of-war-at-san-diego-film-fest/","url_text":"\"'Prince of Peace, God of War' at San Diego Film Fest\""},{"url":"https://newsinfilm.com/?p=217","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arts - Around the World in Five Days\". Orlando Weekly. September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orlandoweekly.com/artsculture/story.asp?id=11851","url_text":"\"Arts - Around the World in Five Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Weekly","url_text":"Orlando Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince of Peace, God of War Documentary\". MoviesOnline. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090919061115/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_12983.html","url_text":"\"Prince of Peace, God of War Documentary\""},{"url":"http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_12983.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Anniversary\". IMDb. Retrieved June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1388325/","url_text":"\"The Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Campea, John (July 6, 2015). \"AMC Movie Talk Is Now Collider Movie Talk\". Collider.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/amc-movie-talk-is-now-collider-movie-talk/","url_text":"\"AMC Movie Talk Is Now Collider Movie Talk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Campea, John (February 17, 2016). Official Announcement: John is leaving Collider. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5XK723EVmU","url_text":"Official Announcement: John is leaving Collider"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/z5XK723EVmU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pride\". Kickstarter. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/980145996/the-pride-0","url_text":"\"The Pride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update 7: By Agathon's wings! It's DONE!!! · The Pride\". Kickstarter. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/980145996/the-pride-0/posts/1491083","url_text":"\"Update 7: By Agathon's wings! It's DONE!!! · The Pride\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pride eBook: John Campea: Kindle Store\". Amazon. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Pride-John-Campea-ebook/dp/B01C0IK1VC/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1456181208&sr=8-1&keywords=john+campea+the+pride","url_text":"\"The Pride eBook: John Campea: Kindle Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Me\". The John Campea Show. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thejohncampeashow.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Me\""}]},{"reference":"John Campea-YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/MovieBlogTV/videos","url_text":"John Campea-YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"John Campea reveals the bizarre reason he leaked Spider-Man No Way Home photos\". Dexerto. November 9, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dexerto.com/tv-movies/john-campea-reveals-the-bizarre-reason-he-leaked-spider-man-no-way-home-photos-1695043/","url_text":"\"John Campea reveals the bizarre reason he leaked Spider-Man No Way Home photos\""}]},{"reference":"Campea, John. Will Peacemaker's Success Lead To More Obscure DC Character - Mailbag. Retrieved February 1, 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PpmkZgrx6c&t=499s","url_text":"Will Peacemaker's Success Lead To More Obscure DC Character - Mailbag"}]},{"reference":"Campea, John (November 1, 2021). \"Job Opening: Associate Producer-The John Campea Show\". Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Reidy | Sean Reidy | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Rugby playerSean ReidyDate of birth (1989-05-10) 10 May 1989 (age 35)Place of birthAuckland, New ZealandHeight6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight104 kg (16 st 5 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s)
FlankerCurrent team
UlsterSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2013, 2022-2014–2022
Counties ManukauUlster
8151
(10)(100)
Correct as of 20 April 2022International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2016–2017
Ireland
2
(5)
Correct as of 24 Jun 2017
Sean Reidy (born 10 May 1989) is a New Zealand-born Irish rugby union player who played flanker for Ulster Rugby from 2014 to 2022, and has two caps for Ireland.
Born in Auckland, New Zealand, he is Irish-qualified through his grandfather, who was born in County Kerry. His uncle Rod Ketels played for the All-Blacks. He played for Counties Manukau in the 2013 ITM Cup, and scored the winning try in the 2013 Ranfurly Shield against Hawke's Bay, but was unable to progress to Super Rugby level. He wrote to all four Irish provinces requesting a trial, and signed a short-tem contract with Ulster ahead of the 2014–15 season.
Injuries curtailed his appearances in his first season with Ulster, but he became much more prominent in 2015–16, making 23 appearances including 16 starts, scoring five tries and making 176 tackles. He was selected for the 32-man Ireland squad to tour South Africa in June 2016. In 2016–17 he made 27 appearances including 24 starts, making 329 tackles and scoring four tries. He was named Rugby Writers' Player of the Year in the 2017 Ulster Rugby Awards. In 2017–18 he made 22 appearances including 18 starts, scoring four tries and making 196 tackles. In 2018–19 he made 25 appearances including 16 starts, making 215 tackles and scoring one try. He made his 100th appearance for Ulster in March 2019 against the Dragons. In 2019–20 he made 19 appearances including 16 starts, scoring two tries. In 2020–21 he made 19 appearances including 13 starts, scoring five tries and making 218 tackles and seven turnovers, but missed the second half of the season with a shoulder injury that required surgery. His opportunities in 2021–22 were limited, with seven appearances and two starts, and he was released at the end of the season, to return to New Zealand.
References
^ a b c d e f Playing stats at ItsRugby.co.uk
^ a b Brendan Crossan, "Century man Sean Reidy ready for Dragons showdown", The Irish News, 2 March 2019
^ David Kelly, "Back-row revelation Reidy bringing it all back home to Ulster", Irish Independent, 5 May 2016
^ a b Jonathan Bradley, "Versatile Reidy happy to pitch into frantic endgame", Belfast Telegraph, 23 January 2016
^ "Former Counties loose forward Sean Reidy in Ireland squad to face Boks", Stuff.co.nz, 26 May 2016
^ Declan Bogue, "Dragons v Ulster: ‘Rollercoaster’ on upswing as Sean Reidy reaches his 100th cap", The Times, 2 March 2019
^ "Ulster's Sean Reidy and Ricky Lutton sign contract extensions", Belfast Telegraph, 24 February 2016
^ Ulster: Season Review 2015 – 2016, The Front Row Union, 23 May 2016
^ "Sean Reidy's on rise after earning his first Irish call-up". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ Ulster Rugby: Who did what 2016 – 2017, The Front Row Union, 17 May 2017
^ "Departing Duo Receive Ulster Rugby Awards", Irish Rugby, 7 May 2017
^ Ulster Rugby: Who did what 2017-18, The Front Row Union, 25 June 2018
^ Ulster Men: Who did what 2018-19, The From Row Union, 18 July 2019
^ Ulster 2020-21 - Who Did What?, The Front Row Union, 12 August 2021
^ Jonathan Bradley, "Sean Reidy set for extended spell out but Ulster Rugby wait on Jacob Stockdale ahead of crunch PRO14 tie in Leinster", Belfast Telegraph, 5 January 2021
^ Neil Treacy, "McGrath and Reidy among five Ulster departures", RTÉ Sport, 26 May 2022
External links
Ulster Rugby profile
United Rugby Championship profile
Sean Reidy at European Professional Club Rugby
Ireland profile
vteCounties Manukau – current squadForwards
Palu Ale
Suetena Asomua
Adam Brash
Lionel Evans
William Furniss
Kauvaka Kaivelata
Jadin Kingi
Ezekiel Lindenmuth
Thor Manase
Alex McRobbie
Ioane Moananu
Alamanda Motuga
Nicholas Muli
Liam Ngatai-Tafau
Dalton Papalii
Sean Reidy
Sam Slade
Hoskins Sotutu
Ryan Stewart
Viliami Taulani
Siate Taupaki
James Thompson
Zuriel Togiatama
Salesi Tuifua
Sam Tuifua
Jimmy Tupou
Maama Vaipulu
Keran van Staden
Ian West-Stevens
Backs
AJ Alatimu
Cohen Brady-Leathem
Liam Daniela
Alex Eruera
Esau Filimoehala
Nikolai Foliaki
Joshua Gray
Kanavale Helu
Riley Hohepa
Jamie King
Blake Makiri
Peniasi Malimali
Sione Molia
Solomone Naiduki
Etene Nanai-Seturo
Tevita Ofa
Josh Penney
Toni Pulu
Cam Roigard
Nua Soti
Rodney Tongotea
Ahsee Tuala
Larenz Tupaea-Thomsen
Head coach
Reon Graham | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"flanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-century-2"},{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revelation-3"},{"link_name":"Rod 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playerSean Reidy (born 10 May 1989) is a New Zealand-born Irish rugby union player who played flanker for Ulster Rugby from 2014 to 2022, and has two caps for Ireland.Born in Auckland, New Zealand,[2] he is Irish-qualified through his grandfather, who was born in County Kerry.[3] His uncle Rod Ketels played for the All-Blacks.[4] He played for Counties Manukau in the 2013 ITM Cup,[1] and scored the winning try in the 2013 Ranfurly Shield against Hawke's Bay,[5] but was unable to progress to Super Rugby level.[4] He wrote to all four Irish provinces requesting a trial,[6] and signed a short-tem contract with Ulster ahead of the 2014–15 season.Injuries curtailed his appearances in his first season with Ulster, but he became much more prominent in 2015–16,[7] making 23 appearances including 16 starts, scoring five tries and making 176 tackles.[8][1] He was selected for the 32-man Ireland squad to tour South Africa in June 2016.[9] In 2016–17 he made 27 appearances including 24 starts,[1] 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_Games | Locomotive Games | ["1 History","2 List of games","2.1 As Pacific Coast Power & Light","2.2 As Locomotive Games","3 References"] | American video game company
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Locomotive Games, Inc.Logo as Pacific Coast Power & LightFormerlyDon Traeger Productions (1997-1999)Pacific Coast Power & Light (1999–2005)Company typeSubsidiary of THQIndustryVideo gamesPredecessorDon Traeger Productions Inc.FoundedDecember 1997DefunctNovember 3, 2008FateClosed by THQHeadquartersSanta Clara, California, USKey peopleDon Traeger (CEO)Dennis Harper (CCO)ParentTHQ
Locomotive Games, Inc. (formerly known as Pacific Coast Power & Light) was an American video game company based in Santa Clara, California. The studio was owned by THQ, the studio developed games for a variety of game machines and consoles, while also working on several of THQ's major licenses and franchises.
History
The company was founded in December 1997 as Don Traeger Productions Inc. (with the trade name DT Productions) by Don Traeger (founder of EA Sports and BMG Interactive) and Dennis Harper (former executive of Atari Games). The company initially signed a deal with Sony Computer Entertainment to produce titles for PlayStation, the first of which was an action sports title. Months later, it signed a deal with THQ to develop Road Rash and Nuclear Strike for the Nintendo 64.
The company was acquired by THQ in 1999 for a total of $13 million. The studio was renamed to Locomotive Games in April 2005. The company was closed by THQ in 2008.
List of games
As Pacific Coast Power & Light
Year
Title
Platform(s)
1999
Nuclear Strike
Nintendo 64
1999
Road Rash 64
1999
Jet Moto 3
PlayStation
2001
MX 2002 Featuring Ricky Carmichael
PlayStation 2
2002
MX Superfly
GameCubePlayStation 2Xbox
2003
WWE Crush Hour
GameCubePlayStation 2
2004
Power Rangers Dino Thunder
GameCubePlayStation 2
As Locomotive Games
Year
Title
Platform(s)
2006
Cars
PlayStation Portable
2007
Ratatouille
2008
Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed
Wii
References
^ a b Sullivan, Ben (May 15, 1999). "THQ BUYS RIVAL; GAME MAKER IN MTV DEAL". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2021 – via The Free Dictionary.
^ "In the Studio". Next Generation. No. 38. Imagine Media. February 1998. p. 28.
^ I. G. N. Staff (1997-12-03). "Industry Veteran Founds Development House". IGN. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
^ I. G. N. Staff (1998-04-07). "THQ and DT Productions Remix Road Rash". IGN. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
^ "10-K". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. June 10, 2005. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Martin, Matty (November 4, 2008). "THQ latest to suffer lay-offs across multiple studios". Gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
^ "Road Rash 64 Review".
^ "Jet Moto 3". 4 September 1999.
^ "Disney/Pixar's Cars". 14 June 2006.
^ "Ratatouille Review". 14 November 2007.
vteTHQFormer licensee of
Games Workshop
Nickelodeon
Pixar
UFC
WWE
Former franchises
Company of Heroes
Darksiders
de Blob
Destroy All Humans!
Drawn to Life
Homefront
Juiced
Metro 2033
MX vs. ATV
Red Faction
Saints Row
Tak and the Power of Juju
Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War
Former subsidiaries
Big Huge Games
Blue Tongue Entertainment
Heavy Iron Studios
Helixe
Incinerator Studios
Kaos Studios
Locomotive Games
Outrage Games
Paradigm Entertainment
Relic Entertainment
THQ Studio Australia
THQ Digital Phoenix
Universomo
Volition
Vigil Games
Authority control databases
VIAF
This United States video game corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"THQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THQ"}],"text":"Locomotive Games, Inc. (formerly known as Pacific Coast Power & Light) was an American video game company based in Santa Clara, California. The studio was owned by THQ, the studio developed games for a variety of game machines and consoles, while also working on several of THQ's major licenses and franchises.","title":"Locomotive Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"BMG Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Atari Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Road Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Rash"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Strike"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEC:_10-K_2005-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The company was founded in December 1997 as Don Traeger Productions Inc. (with the trade name DT Productions) by Don Traeger (founder of EA Sports and BMG Interactive) and Dennis Harper (former executive of Atari Games).[1][2] The company initially signed a deal with Sony Computer Entertainment to produce titles for PlayStation, the first of which was an action sports title.[3] Months later, it signed a deal with THQ to develop Road Rash and Nuclear Strike for the Nintendo 64.[4]The company was acquired by THQ in 1999 for a total of $13 million.[1] The studio was renamed to Locomotive Games in April 2005.[5] The company was closed by THQ in 2008.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Pacific Coast Power & Light","title":"List of games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Locomotive Games","title":"List of games"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sullivan, Ben (May 15, 1999). \"THQ BUYS RIVAL; GAME MAKER IN MTV DEAL\". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%27s_Blues_(Johnny_Hodges_and_Wild_Bill_Davis_album) | Joe's Blues (Johnny Hodges and Wild Bill Davis album) | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1965 studio album by Johnny Hodges and Wild Bill DavisJoe's BluesStudio album by Johnny Hodges and Wild Bill DavisReleased1965RecordedJanuary 6 & 7, 1965StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLength36:38LabelVerve V/V6 8617ProducerCreed TaylorJohnny Hodges chronology
Con-Soul & Sax(1965)
Joe's Blues(1965)
Wings & Things(1965)
Wild Bill Davis chronology
Con-Soul & Sax(1965)
Joe's Blues(1965)
Wings & Things(1965)
Joe's Blues is an album recorded by American jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges and organist Wild Bill Davis featuring performances recorded in 1965 and released on the Verve label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicRecord Mirror
The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars.
Track listing
"Joe's Blues" (Wild Bill Davis) - 6:03
"I'll Walk Alone" (Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn) - 4:23
"Harmony in Harlem" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Johnny Hodges) - 3:30
"Warm Valley" (Ellington) - 4:27
"Wild Bill Blues" (Hodges) - 5:10
"Somebody Loves Me" (George Gershwin, Ballard MacDonald, Buddy DeSylva) - 4:55
"Solitude" (Ellington, Eddie DeLange, Irving Mills) - 6:00
"Clementine" (Billy Strayhorn) - 3:10
Personnel
Johnny Hodges - alto saxophone
Wild Bill Davis - organ
Lawrence Brown - trombone
Grant Green - guitar
Bob Cranshaw - double bass (tracks 1, 3, 4 & 7)
Bob Bushnell - electric bass (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 8)
Grady Tate - drums
References
^ Verve Records Catalog: 8600 series accessed February 17, 2016
^ Discography of the Verve, Clef and Norgran labels accessed February 17, 2016
^ a b Joe's Blues – Listing at AllMusic. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
^ Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (30 September 1965). "Johnny Hodges; Wild Bill Davis: Joe's Blues" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 238. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
vteJohnny HodgesYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Asleader orco-leader
Castle Rock (1951–52)
In a Tender Mood (1951–52)
The Blues (1952–54)
Used to Be Duke (1954)
Creamy (1955)
Duke's in Bed (1956)
Ellingtonia '56 (1956)
The Big Sound (1957)
Blues A-Plenty (1958)
Johnny Hodges and His Strings Play the Prettiest Gershwin (1958)
Not So Dukish (1958)
Side by Side (and Duke Ellington, 1958–59)
Back to Back (and Duke Ellington, 1959)
Gerry Mulligan Meets Johnny Hodges (1959)
Blue Hodge (1961)
Johnny Hodges with Billy Strayhorn and the Orchestra (1961)
Blue Rabbit (and Wild Bill Davis, 1963–64)
Sandy's Gone (1963)
Mess of Blues (and Wild Bill Davis, 1963)
Everybody Knows Johnny Hodges (1964–65)
Blue Pyramid (and Wild Bill Davis, 1965–66)
Con-Soul & Sax (1965–66)
Inspired Abandon (and Lawrence Brown, 1965)
Joe's Blues (and Wild Bill Davis, 1965)
Wings & Things (nd Wild Bill Davis, 1965)
Blue Notes (1966)
Stride Right (and Earl Hines, 1966)
Wild Bill Davis & Johnny Hodges in Atlantic City (1966)
Don't Sleep in the Subway (1967)
Swing's Our Thing (and Earl Hines, 1967)
Triple Play (1967)
Rippin' & Runnin' (1968)
3 Shades of Blue (1970)
Withothers
Hawkins! Eldridge! Hodges! Alive! At the Village Gate! (and Coleman Hawkins and Roy Eldridge, 1962)
Joya Sherrill Sings Duke (Joya Sherrill, 1965)
Cue for Saxophone (Billy Strayhorn, 1959)
Taylor Made Jazz (Billy Taylor, 1959)
Duke with a Difference (Clark Terry, 1957)
Duke Ellington discography
vteWild Bill DavisYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Albums withJohnny Hodges
Mess of Blues (1963)
Blue Rabbit (1963 & 1964)
Con-Soul & Sax (1965)
Joe's Blues (1965)
Wings & Things (1965)
Blue Pyramid (1965 & 1966)
Wild Bill Davis & Johnny Hodges in Atlantic City (1966)
Compositions
"Azure-Te (Paris Blues)" (1952)
Related articles
Tympany Five
Count Basie Orchestra
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1960s jazz album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Davis"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verve_discography-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joe's Blues is an album recorded by American jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges and organist Wild Bill Davis featuring performances recorded in 1965 and released on the Verve label.[1][2]","title":"Joe's Blues (Johnny Hodges and Wild Bill Davis album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"}],"text":"The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I'll Walk Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Walk_Alone"},{"link_name":"Jule Styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Styne"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Somebody Loves Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Loves_Me"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ballard MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Buddy DeSylva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_DeSylva"},{"link_name":"Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(In_My)_Solitude"},{"link_name":"Eddie DeLange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_DeLange"},{"link_name":"Billy Strayhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn"}],"text":"\"Joe's Blues\" (Wild Bill Davis) - 6:03\n\"I'll Walk Alone\" (Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn) - 4:23\n\"Harmony in Harlem\" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Johnny Hodges) - 3:30\n\"Warm Valley\" (Ellington) - 4:27\n\"Wild Bill Blues\" (Hodges) - 5:10\n\"Somebody Loves Me\" (George Gershwin, Ballard MacDonald, Buddy DeSylva) - 4:55\n\"Solitude\" (Ellington, Eddie DeLange, Irving Mills) - 6:00\n\"Clementine\" (Billy Strayhorn) - 3:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Davis"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Brown_(jazz_trombonist)"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Grant Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Green"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Bob Cranshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cranshaw"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Bob Bushnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bushnell"},{"link_name":"electric bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bass"},{"link_name":"Grady Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Tate"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Johnny Hodges - alto saxophone\nWild Bill Davis - organ\nLawrence Brown - trombone\nGrant Green - guitar\nBob Cranshaw - double bass (tracks 1, 3, 4 & 7)\nBob Bushnell - electric bass (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 8)\nGrady Tate - drums","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (30 September 1965). \"Johnny Hodges; Wild Bill Davis: Joe's Blues\" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 238. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Mosque | Chin Mosque | ["1 History","2 Architectural features","3 Exposition","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"] | Mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan
Not to be confused with Jinn Mosque.
Chin mosqueAzerbaijani: Çin məscidiInterior of Chin mosqueReligionAffiliationIslamStatusrestored; operating as Numismatic MuseumLocationLocation Old City, BakuCountryAzerbaijanLocation within AzerbaijanGeographic coordinates40°21′57″N 49°49′57″E / 40.365957°N 49.832596°E / 40.365957; 49.832596ArchitectureStyleIslamic architecture, Shirvan-Absheron architectural schoolFounderFazlullah Imam ibn Osman ShirvaniCompleted1375-1376
Chin mosque (Azerbaijani: Çin məscidi) is a historical mosque of the XIV century. It is a part of Old City and located on Kichik Gala street, near Palace of the Shirvanshahs, in the city of Baku, in Azerbaijan. The building was also registered as a national architectural monument by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated August 2, 2001, No. 132.
History
According to the epigraphic inscription on facade, on top of the entrance door, the mosque was built in 1375 (Hijri 777). It is also noted that, the mosque was constructed by the will of Fazlullah Imam ibn Osman Shirvani. For this reason, sometimes the mosque is called by his name.
It gets clear from the other epigraphic writing on the facade that the monument was restored in 1772-1773 (Hijri 1186) by Masood Ali.
In 2012, substantial repair and restoration works were held on the museum by Old City State Historical-Architectural Reserve Department.
Architectural features
Stalactic mihrab, which consists of five tiers framed with a rectangle on the southern wall of the interior, forms certain motifs of Shirvan-Absheron architectural school as a whole. At edges small niches are placed.
The main facade of the mosque is asymmetrical and its rigid, voluminous composition is emphasized with classic-type portal-entrance.
Accurately profiled rectangular frame of the portal, profiled cavity and epigraphic heading of Arabic are represented in classic form, in the background of the entire wall of the facade. Among eastern style portals of middle ages of the city, the portal of this mosque is the most classic.
Exposition
Ancient coins and coins are exhibited and preserved in the mosque. The main exposition of the museum is currency units and coins and other interesting ancient exhibits from the era of the Sasanids, Safavids, Shirvanshahs and others, which existed in various periods since the beginning of money circulation in Azerbaijan. The exhibits are divided into separate periods and grouped in various showcases. The general features of the period, specifications, types and information about the location of currency units of that period are placed on a separate board outside the showcases.
Gallery
Different views of the mosque
See also
Old City
References
^ "Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı". e-qanun.az. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ a b c d e ""Çin" məscidi" (in Azerbaijani). scwra.gov.az. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ a b c d e "ÇİN MƏSCİDİ" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.gov.az. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ a b ""Çin" məscid - qədim sikkələrin nümayiş olunduğu məkan" (in Azerbaijani). azertag.az. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chin Mosque.
vteMosques in AzerbaijanMosques
Agdam Mosque
Ajdarbey Mosque
Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque
Beyler Mosque
Bibi-Heybat Mosque
Birinji Nugadi Village Mosque
Boyuk Bazar Mosque
Gilahli Mosque
Gileyli Mosque
Giyasly Village Mosque
Goy Imam Mosque
Guyulug Mosque
Haji Jafar Mosque
Haji Javad Mosque
Haji Rufai Bey Mosque
Haji Sultanali Mosque
Heydar Mosque
Imam Ali Mosque
Imam Hussein Mosque
Juma Mosque (Baku)
Juma Mosque (Ordubad)
Juma Mosque (Shamakhi)
Juma Mosque (Sheki)
Khanlar Mosque
Khoja Marjanli Mosque
Kichik Bazar Mosque
Mamar Mosque
Mamayi Mosque
Mosque of the Martyrs
Murtuza Mukhtarov Mosque
Mustafa Qazdal Mosque
Ozan Mosque
Palace Mosque
Saatli Mosque
Seyidli Mosque
Shah Abbas Mosque (Ganja)
Shah Abbas Mosque (Keshla)
Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque
Taza Mahalla Mosque
Taza Pir Mosque
Ulu Mosque
Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque
Historical mosques
Ashur Mosque
Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque
Chin Mosque
Chol Gala Mosque
Chukhur Mahalla Mosque
Galagayin Mosque
Garghabazar Mosque
Gasimbey Mosque
Gazakhlar Mosque
Haji Alakbar Mosque
Haji Bani Mosque
Haji Heybat Mosque
Haji Shahla Mosque
Haji Yusifli Mosque
Huseyniyyah Mosque
Jinn Mosque
Julfalar Mosque
Juma Mosque (Nakhchivan)
Kerbelayi Abdulla Mosque
Keygubad Mosque
Khidir Mosque
Kochakhmedli Mosque
Kocharli Mosque
Mardinli Mosque
Mingis Mosque
Mirza Ahmed Mosque
Molla Ahmad Mosque
Muhammad Mosque
Nizamaddin Mosque
Omar Efendi Mosque
Rustov Mosque
Sakinakhanim Mosque
Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque
Shahbulag Mosque
Shah Sultan Hussein Mosque
Shaki Khans' Mosque
Susay Mosque
Tuba Shahi Mosque
Category
Islam in Azerbaijan
Mosques by country | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinn Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Old City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jinn Mosque.Chin mosque (Azerbaijani: Çin məscidi) is a historical mosque of the XIV century. It is a part of Old City and located on Kichik Gala street, near Palace of the Shirvanshahs, in the city of Baku, in Azerbaijan. The building was also registered as a national architectural monument by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated August 2, 2001, No. 132.[1]","title":"Chin Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scwra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scwra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"}],"text":"According to the epigraphic inscription on facade, on top of the entrance door, the mosque was built in 1375 (Hijri 777). It is also noted that, the mosque was constructed by the will of Fazlullah Imam ibn Osman Shirvani. For this reason, sometimes the mosque is called by his name.[2][3]It gets clear from the other epigraphic writing on the facade that the monument was restored in 1772-1773 (Hijri 1186) by Masood Ali.[2][3]In 2012, substantial repair and restoration works were held on the museum by Old City State Historical-Architectural Reserve Department.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalactite"},{"link_name":"mihrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azertag-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scwra-2"},{"link_name":"portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scwra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scwra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"}],"text":"Stalactic mihrab, which consists of five tiers framed with a rectangle on the southern wall of the interior, forms certain motifs of Shirvan-Absheron architectural school as a whole.[4] At edges small niches are placed.[2]The main facade of the mosque is asymmetrical and its rigid, voluminous composition is emphasized with classic-type portal-entrance.[2][3]Accurately profiled rectangular frame of the portal, profiled cavity and epigraphic heading of Arabic are represented in classic form, in the background of the entire wall of the facade. Among eastern style portals of middle ages of the city, the portal of this mosque is the most classic.[2][3]","title":"Architectural features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Safavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavids"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azertag-4"}],"text":"Ancient coins and coins are exhibited and preserved in the mosque. The main exposition of the museum is currency units and coins and other interesting ancient exhibits from the era of the Sasanids, Safavids, Shirvanshahs and others, which existed in various periods since the beginning of money circulation in Azerbaijan. The exhibits are divided into separate periods and grouped in various showcases. The general features of the period, specifications, types and information about the location of currency units of that period are placed on a separate board outside the showcases.[4]","title":"Exposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_yandan_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_yandan_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_arxas%C4%B1_(1).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_daxili.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_daxili_(1).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscriptions_of_China_mosque_in_Ichery_shehr.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87in_m%C9%99scidinin_divar%C4%B1ndak%C4%B1_da%C5%9F_kitab%C9%99.JPG"}],"text":"Different views of the mosque","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Old City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\". e-qanun.az. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812105113/https://e-qanun.az/framework/2847","url_text":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\""},{"url":"http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/2847","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Çin\" məscidi\" (in Azerbaijani). scwra.gov.az. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://scwra.gov.az/structure/289/?%E2%80%9C%C3%87in%E2%80%9D%20%20m%C9%99scidi","url_text":"\"\"Çin\" məscidi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ÇİN MƏSCİDİ\" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.gov.az. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170119194432/http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,20/lang,az/#monument19","url_text":"\"ÇİN MƏSCİDİ\""},{"url":"http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,20/lang,az/#monument19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Çin\" məscid - qədim sikkələrin nümayiş olunduğu məkan\" (in Azerbaijani). azertag.az. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://azertag.az/xeber/CHin_mescid___qedim_sikkelerin_numayis_olundugu_mekan-1094244","url_text":"\"\"Çin\" məscid - qədim sikkələrin nümayiş olunduğu məkan\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chin_Mosque¶ms=40.365957_N_49.832596_E_type:landmark_region:AZ","external_links_name":"40°21′57″N 49°49′57″E / 40.365957°N 49.832596°E / 40.365957; 49.832596"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812105113/https://e-qanun.az/framework/2847","external_links_name":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/2847","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scwra.gov.az/structure/289/?%E2%80%9C%C3%87in%E2%80%9D%20%20m%C9%99scidi","external_links_name":"\"\"Çin\" məscidi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170119194432/http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,20/lang,az/#monument19","external_links_name":"\"ÇİN MƏSCİDİ\""},{"Link":"http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,20/lang,az/#monument19","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://azertag.az/xeber/CHin_mescid___qedim_sikkelerin_numayis_olundugu_mekan-1094244","external_links_name":"\"\"Çin\" məscid - qədim sikkələrin nümayiş olunduğu məkan\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmuch%C3%B3w_Group | Otmuchów Group | ["1 Structure","1.1 Dependent companies","2 Brands and products","3 References"] | Otmuchów GroupCompany typeJoint-stock companyIndustryFoodFounded2010; 14 years ago (2010)HeadquartersOtmuchów, PolandArea servedPolandKey peopleMert ÖzdenProductsConfectioneryNet incomezl 278,000 (2016)Number of employees1420Websitewww.grupaotmuchow.pl
Otmuchów Group is a corporate group of enterprises specialised in the food industry of confectioneries. The joint-stock company is registered on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The headquarters of the dominating corporate unit is located in Otmuchów, Poland.
The Otmuchów Group handles the production, packaging and distribution of chocolate, chocolate biscuits, bombonieres, pastilles, sweets as well as oatmeals and corn flakes. The corporation specialises in the manufacture of food stuffs for the largest national and international retail chains in the domain of private label and business-to-business services. The corporation also manufactures and distributes under its own branding.
As of 2016, the corporate group numbers 502 employees in its partnership and 914 in the corporate group.
Structure
The Otmuchów Group joint-stock company.
Otmuchów Group holds production plants in:
Brzeg
Nysa
Otmuchów
Dependent companies
ZPC Otmuchów S.A. is a confectionery production company, founded in 1952. The joiny-stock company employs around 550 people. The company specialises in the production of cakes, lollipops, sugar casting, gingerbread in a variety of formations (including glossed and chocolate). Between 1976 and 1982 the company became part of the Opolskie Zakłady Przemysłu Cukierniczego, with its headquarters located in Brzeg as part of PWC Odra S.A. The firm was privatised in 1993. Since 1997, the firm remains a joint-stock company based in Otmuchów. In March 2008, ZPC Otmuchów acquired 100% of shares in Victoria Sweet S.A. based in Gorzyczki.
PWC Odra S.A. is a dependent joint-stock company founded in 1946, with its headquarters in Brzeg. The company specialises in confectionery products and remains one of the largest of such food industry companies in Poland, holding a 5% share in the national market. The firm regulates its quality control standards via the International Food Standard and the British Retail Consortium.
When PWC Odra was founded in 1946, the company produced caramel and sweet candy. Between 1948-1951 and 1957-1958, the company underwent expansion. During the first phase of expansion, the company introduced milk fudge candy (including Matylda branded krówki) and sesame chałwa. During the 1957–1958 second phase of expansion, the company introduced the production of chocolates and pastilles. Between 1970 and 1972, as the first company in the country, PWC Odra introduced chewing gum in a variety of shapes. Between 1975 and 1976, the company introduced a new line of chocolate candy.
PWC Odra was privatised in 1993. In March of the same year, the board of PWC Odra made the decision to become a private limited company. As such, on May 19, 1993 the firm was recorded on the company register. Since February 1994, the company began to function as the Przedsiębiorstwo Wyrobów Cukierniczych Odra Sp. z o.o. In 1996, the company introduced the production of Fructo pastilles and Mini caramel sweets. On 27 June 1998 after a meeting of the board of directors, the company became a joint-stock company.
CSI Jedność is a confectionery company founded in 1949 and based in Grójec. The company specialises in milk and fudge candy, caramel and pastille sweets and diet supplements. The company regulates its quality control with ISO 22000: 2005 certification. The company produces krówki, caramel, Irysy candy, toffee and pastille sweets. The company also produces milk kaymak sweets.
Aero Snack is a private limited company specialising in the production of Tip Top potato crips in a variety of flavours.
Brands and products
Bingo – roasted and salted assortment of nuts, breadsticks and crisps.
Crunchers – crisp crackers.
Free Food – jelly beans, dried fruit and oatmeal snack bars, protein cocoa snack bars.
Mr. Froots – jelly beans and fruit snack bars.
Multigrain Quinoa Snacks – crisp crackers.
Odra – caramel candy, chocolates, jelly, bombonieres, milk fudge (i.e. krówki), jelly beans, pralines, Ptasie Mleczko, chałwa in a variety of flavours and sesame crackers.
Otmuchów – cornflakes.
References
^ "Zakłady Przemysłu Cukierniczego Otmuchów SA (OTMUCHOW) - Notowania GPW - Giełda - Bankier.pl - 1". Bankier.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "O nas - ZPC Otmuchów S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "Podstawowe informacje - Zakłady Przemysłu Cukierniczego Otmuchów SA (OTMUCHOW) - Giełda - Bankier.pl - 1". Bankier.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Dragan, Tomasz. "Odra się dzieli. Kryzys w brzeskiej fabryce cukierków". nto.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "Zakłady produkcyjne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Polska, Grupa Wirtualna. "ZPC Otmuchów SA - notowania akcji - OTM - Money.pl". www.money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Historia - ZPC Otmuchów S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "BRIEF-ZPC Otmuchow to merge with three units". Reuters. 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Grupa Otmuchow is the leading Polish producer of sweets". Gulf Food. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Odra Cukierki Mini Owocowe 1kg". hurtownia-spozywcza.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Firma | Jedność". jednosc-grojec.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Oferta | Jedność". jednosc-grojec.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Jedność". Gulf Food. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "O nas - Aero Snack Sp. z o.o. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Produkty - Grupa Otmuchów". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corporate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_group"},{"link_name":"food industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"confectioneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Otmuchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmuch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"bombonieres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomboniere"},{"link_name":"pastilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastille"},{"link_name":"sweets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweets"},{"link_name":"oatmeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"corn flakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_flakes"},{"link_name":"retail chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store"},{"link_name":"private label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"business-to-business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Otmuchów Group is a corporate group of enterprises specialised in the food industry of confectioneries. The joint-stock company is registered on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The headquarters of the dominating corporate unit is located in Otmuchów, Poland.[2]The Otmuchów Group handles the production, packaging and distribution of chocolate, chocolate biscuits, bombonieres, pastilles, sweets as well as oatmeals and corn flakes. The corporation specialises in the manufacture of food stuffs for the largest national and international retail chains in the domain of private label and business-to-business services. The corporation also manufactures and distributes under its own branding.[citation needed]As of 2016, the corporate group numbers 502 employees in its partnership and 914 in the corporate group.[3]","title":"Otmuchów Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"Brzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Otmuchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmuch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Otmuchów Group joint-stock company.Otmuchów Group holds production plants in:Brzeg[4]\nNysa\nOtmuchów[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake"},{"link_name":"lollipops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollipop"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"gingerbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerbread"},{"link_name":"Brzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg"},{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"Otmuchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmuch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Gorzyczki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorzyczki,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"Brzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"food industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"British Retail Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Retail_Consortium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudge"},{"link_name":"krówki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3wki"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"chałwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halva"},{"link_name":"chocolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"pastilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastille"},{"link_name":"chewing gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum"},{"link_name":"candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"privatised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatised"},{"link_name":"private limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_limited_company"},{"link_name":"company register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_register"},{"link_name":"Sp. z o.o.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka_z_ograniczon%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9Bci%C4%85"},{"link_name":"pastilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastille"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"Grójec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3jec"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudge"},{"link_name":"candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"pastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastille"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"krówki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3wki"},{"link_name":"toffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"kaymak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaymak"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"private limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka_z_ograniczon%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9Bci%C4%85"},{"link_name":"potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"crips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crips"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Dependent companies","text":"ZPC Otmuchów S.A. is a confectionery production company, founded in 1952.[6] The joiny-stock company employs around 550 people. The company specialises in the production of cakes, lollipops, sugar casting, gingerbread in a variety of formations (including glossed and chocolate). Between 1976 and 1982 the company became part of the Opolskie Zakłady Przemysłu Cukierniczego, with its headquarters located in Brzeg as part of PWC Odra S.A. The firm was privatised in 1993. Since 1997, the firm remains a joint-stock company based in Otmuchów. In March 2008, ZPC Otmuchów acquired 100% of shares in Victoria Sweet S.A. based in Gorzyczki.[7]\nPWC Odra S.A. is a dependent joint-stock company founded in 1946, with its headquarters in Brzeg. The company specialises in confectionery products and remains one of the largest of such food industry companies in Poland, holding a 5% share in the national market. The firm regulates its quality control standards via the International Food Standard and the British Retail Consortium.[8]When PWC Odra was founded in 1946, the company produced caramel and sweet candy. Between 1948-1951 and 1957-1958, the company underwent expansion. During the first phase of expansion, the company introduced milk fudge candy (including Matylda branded krówki) and sesame chałwa. During the 1957–1958 second phase of expansion, the company introduced the production of chocolates and pastilles. Between 1970 and 1972, as the first company in the country, PWC Odra introduced chewing gum in a variety of shapes. Between 1975 and 1976, the company introduced a new line of chocolate candy.[9][10]PWC Odra was privatised in 1993. In March of the same year, the board of PWC Odra made the decision to become a private limited company. As such, on May 19, 1993 the firm was recorded on the company register. Since February 1994, the company began to function as the Przedsiębiorstwo Wyrobów Cukierniczych Odra Sp. z o.o. In 1996, the company introduced the production of Fructo pastilles and Mini caramel sweets.[11] On 27 June 1998 after a meeting of the board of directors, the company became a joint-stock company.[12]CSI Jedność is a confectionery company founded in 1949 and based in Grójec. The company specialises in milk and fudge candy, caramel and pastille sweets and diet supplements. The company regulates its quality control with ISO 22000: 2005 certification.[13] The company produces krówki, caramel, Irysy candy, toffee and pastille sweets. The company also produces milk kaymak sweets.[14][15]\nAero Snack is a private limited company specialising in the production of Tip Top potato crips in a variety of flavours.[16]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"breadsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadstick"},{"link_name":"crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisps"},{"link_name":"crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(food)"},{"link_name":"jelly beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_bean"},{"link_name":"dried fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit"},{"link_name":"oatmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean"},{"link_name":"snack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(food)"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"chocolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"bombonieres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomboniere"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudge"},{"link_name":"krówki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3wki"},{"link_name":"jelly beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_bean"},{"link_name":"pralines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)"},{"link_name":"Ptasie Mleczko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptasie_Mleczko"},{"link_name":"chałwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halva"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(food)"},{"link_name":"cornflakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornflakes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Bingo – roasted and salted assortment of nuts, breadsticks and crisps.\nCrunchers – crisp crackers.\nFree Food – jelly beans, dried fruit and oatmeal snack bars, protein cocoa snack bars.\nMr. Froots – jelly beans and fruit snack bars.\nMultigrain Quinoa Snacks – crisp crackers.\nOdra – caramel candy, chocolates, jelly, bombonieres, milk fudge (i.e. krówki), jelly beans, pralines, Ptasie Mleczko, chałwa in a variety of flavours and sesame crackers.\nOtmuchów – cornflakes.[17]","title":"Brands and products"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Zakłady Przemysłu Cukierniczego Otmuchów SA (OTMUCHOW) - Notowania GPW - Giełda - Bankier.pl - 1\". 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Kryzys w brzeskiej fabryce cukierków\". nto.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nto.pl/magazyn/reportaz/art/4188693,odra-sie-dzieli-kryzys-w-brzeskiej-fabryce-cukierkow,id,t.html","url_text":"\"Odra się dzieli. Kryzys w brzeskiej fabryce cukierków\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zakłady produkcyjne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grupaotmuchow.pl/zaklady-produkcyjne.php","url_text":"\"Zakłady produkcyjne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\""}]},{"reference":"Polska, Grupa Wirtualna. \"ZPC Otmuchów SA - notowania akcji - OTM - Money.pl\". www.money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.money.pl/gielda/spolki-gpw/PLZPCOT00018.html","url_text":"\"ZPC Otmuchów SA - notowania akcji - OTM - Money.pl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia - ZPC Otmuchów S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grupaotmuchow.pl/historia.php","url_text":"\"Historia - ZPC Otmuchów S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRIEF-ZPC Otmuchow to merge with three units\". Reuters. 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-zpc-otmuchow-to-merge-with-three-u/brief-zpc-otmuchow-to-merge-with-three-units-idUSFWN1G50C8","url_text":"\"BRIEF-ZPC Otmuchow to merge with three units\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grupaotmuchow.pl/historia-1.php","url_text":"\"Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupa Otmuchow is the leading Polish producer of sweets\". Gulf Food. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulfood.com/exhibitors/zpc-otmuch%C3%B3w-sa","url_text":"\"Grupa Otmuchow is the leading Polish producer of sweets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odra Cukierki Mini Owocowe 1kg\". hurtownia-spozywcza.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hurtownia-spozywcza.pl/odra-cukierki-mini-owocowe-1kg.html","url_text":"\"Odra Cukierki Mini Owocowe 1kg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grupaotmuchow.pl/historia-1.php","url_text":"\"Historia - PWC Odra S.A. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firma | Jedność\". jednosc-grojec.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jednosc-grojec.pl/firma/","url_text":"\"Firma | Jedność\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oferta | Jedność\". jednosc-grojec.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jednosc-grojec.pl/oferta/kategoria/nowosci/","url_text":"\"Oferta | Jedność\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jedność\". Gulf Food. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulfood.com/exhibitors/zpc-otmuch%C3%B3w-sa","url_text":"\"Jedność\""}]},{"reference":"\"O nas - Aero Snack Sp. z o.o. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grupaotmuchow.pl/o-nas-3.php","url_text":"\"O nas - Aero Snack Sp. z o.o. - Spółki zależne - O grupie - Grupa Otmuchów\""}]},{"reference":"\"Produkty - Grupa Otmuchów\". www.grupaotmuchow.pl (in Polish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hound-Dog_Man | Hound-Dog Man | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Original novel","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","4.3 Shooting","5 Songs","6 Reception","6.1 Box Office","6.2 Critical","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"] | 1959 American filmHound-Dog ManDirected byDon SiegelScreenplay byFred GipsonWinston MillerBased onnovel by Fred GipsonProduced byJerry WaldStarringFabianStuart WhitmanCarol LynleyArthur O'ConnellCinematographyCharles G. ClarkeEdited byLouis LoefflerMusic byCyril J. MockridgeProductioncompanyA Company of ArtistsDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date
November 1959 (1959-11)
Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1,045,000
Hound-Dog Man is a 1959 American musical comedy drama film directed by Don Siegel, based on the 1947 novel by Fred Gipson, and starring Fabian, Carol Lynley, and Stuart Whitman.
Plot
In 1912, Clint McKinney and his younger brother Spud talk their father Aaron into letting them go on a hunting trip with their older friend, the womanizing Blackie Scantling. Aaron agrees despite the reluctance of his wife Cora.
Cast
Fabian as Clint McKinney
Stuart Whitman as Blackie Scantling
Carol Lynley as Dony Wallace
Arthur O'Connell as Aaron McKinney
Dodie Stevens as Nita Stringer
Betty Field as Cora McKinney
Royal Dano as Fiddling Tom Waller
Margo Moore as Susie Bell Payson
Claude Akins as Hog Peyson
Edgar Buchanan as Doc Cole
Jane Darwell as Grandma Wilson
L.Q. Jones as Dave Wilson
Virginia Gregg as Amy Waller
Dennis Holmes as Spud McKinney
Rachel Stephens as Rachel Wilson
As of December 18, 2020, only one of the three principal players, Fabian, is still alive.
Original novel
Hound Dog Man AuthorFred GipsonLanguageEnglishGenrecoming of agePublisherHarper and BrothersPublication date1949Publication placeUSA
The original book was published in 1949, seven years before Gipson's better known Old Yeller (1956).
Gipson said when he started writing he intended it to be "a short semi fact article for a men's magazine" but that it "just grew and grew. I was writing about real people straight out of my childhood and I couldn't seem to get them stopped and finally wound up with a complete novel." He started it in 1944, put it aside, and returned to it in 1946. It was originally called Clipped Wings. It was finished in 1947 and published in 1949. The book sold well and was published in a number of languages.
Gipson said reaction to the novel "was sometimes gratifying and sometimes bewilderingly unpleasant... It was just a book of little boys on a coon hunt."
It would remain Gipson's favorite book among his own works. He tried to write a sequel but was unable to finish it.
Don Siegel, who directed the film, called it "a delightful, funny book... I loved its simplicity."
Production
Development
In 1952 Ida Lupino expressed interest in obtaining the film rights, as a possible vehicle for Robert Mitchum.
In 1955 Filmmakers Inc announced they would make the film along with an adaptation of The Quick and the Dead.
20th Century Fox bought the film rights in March 1958 following the success of the film of Old Yeller. It was assigned to prolific producer Jerry Wald who hired director Don Siegel. Siegel later wrote "I had never done a picture in this genre. It was a welcome change of pace to directed a film that children could go see. I wish I could do more. My reputation may be as a director of violence.... but that doesn't mean I can't, or don't want to do comedy, or love stories. My favourite picture is Brief Encounter."
Gipson was signed to write the script. According to his biographer "changes in the story of Blackie Scanlon incite Gipson to uncontrollable rages and Tommie Gipson arbitrates all further revisions." (The author would later be given shock treatment for depression and imprisoned for assault.)
Casting
Ricky Nelson, Lyndsay Crosby, and David Ladd were mentioned early on as possible stars, along with Stuart Whitman, who did wind up playing the title role. Tuesday Weld was at one stage mentioned as a possible female lead. Whitman was cast in March 1959.
The movie eventually became a starring vehicle for Fabian, who had released a series of hit singles. 20th Century Fox had enjoyed success launching pop stars Elvis Presley and Pat Boone into film careers and thought they could do the same with Fabian. He was paid $35,000 for ten weeks work.
Siegel said Wald wanted Fabian to "sing at least twelve songs in the picture. Fabian, though one of the nicest kids I ever mat, couldn't sing and knew it... I wanted to make Fred Gipson's excellent novel into a film which didn't feature any songs. Wald turned me down flat."
Wald tried to get Jayne Mansfield to play the part of a blousy barmaid but was unsuccessful.
Dodie Stevens was cast because Wald's teenage sons liked her song "Pink Shoe Laces".
Shooting
Filming started July 27, 1959 and took place through August and September.
Siegel said he "decided to have as much fun with the picture as possible. All but one of Fabian's songs were interrupted abruptly." This happens four times in the movie.
LQ Jones later recalled that Fabian "was not that talented as an actor, but he worked hard and was just a nice person." Siegel wrote that "Wald seemed puzzled at how easily the picture went together."
Songs
"Hound Dog Man"Single by Fabian ForteReleased16 November 1959Recorded1959GenreRock and rollLength2:10LabelChancellor RecordsSongwriter(s)Doc PomusMort ShumanProducer(s)Peter De AngelisFabian Forte singles chronology
"Got the Feeling" (1959)
"Hound Dog Man" (1959)
"This Friendly World" (1959)
"This Friendly World"Single by Fabian ForteReleased23 November 1959Recorded1959GenreRock and rollLength2:00LabelChancellor RecordsSongwriter(s)Ken DarbyProducer(s)Peter De AngelisFabian Forte singles chronology
"Hound Dog Man" (1959)
"This Friendly World" (1959)
"String Along" (1959)
The movie featured the following songs:
"Hound Dog Man" (by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman) performed by Fabian
"I'm Growin' Up" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian and Dennis Holmes, while Stuart Whitman whistles
"Single" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian, Whitman and Dennis Holmes
"This Friendly World" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian
"Pretty Little Girl" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian and men's chorus at the barn dance
"What Big Boy" (by Sol Ponti and Frankie Avalon) performed by Dodie Stevens
"Hay Foot, Straw-Foot" (by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) performed by square dance caller Fenton Jones
Another song was cut from the film - "Got the Feeling" (by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) sung by Fabian.
"Hound Dog Man" was a hit single, reaching number 9 on the US charts. "This Friendly World" reached number 12.
Reception
The film had its world premiere in Monroe, Louisiana, on 27 October 1959.
Box Office
The film was not a commercial success, failing to make the Variety list of films that earned $1 million or more in rentals for 1959.
Fox executives later put this down to public rejection of Fabian, in particular the fact that his fans were very young and not ticket-buying teenagers.
Critical
According to one review it was a "slice-of-life, coming-of-age piece – a little hunting, some singing, Claude Akins pops around periodically to snarl at Whitman, Lynley pants over Whitman as does Akins’ wife. There’s a comic doctor, a dog, a barn dance. It’s actually a sweet film – well made, with great production values, and a very strong cast."
Siegel said "it's difficult to get over in a precis the fun, the beauty, the splendid acting, the wondrous feeling of robust freedom in Hound Dog Man" calling Whitman "a brilliant actor." However he also added "Sam Peckinpah wanted to do a picture based strictly on the book. I'm sorry he didn't do it. He would have done it the way it should have been made - small."
However, Fox later found Fabian could be effective in supporting roles of major stars for the studios, such as John Wayne in North to Alaska and Bing Crosby in High Time.
Fabian later reflected in 1971 that he thought the title was to blame for the film's poor box office reception. "It was a good story with a great cast... but "Hound Dog Man"?"
References
^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p253
^ Coon-huntin' Pictured for Caveman Cult: HOUND-DOG MAN. By Fred Gipson. Harper. 247 pp. $2.50. S.N.. The Washington Post 30 Jan 1949: B7.
^ a b THE STORY THE STORYTELLER TOLD: The Storyteller's Story By FRED GIPSON. New York Times 13 May 1962: BR21.
^ Lick p xx
^ Lich p 40
^ Gipson p 49
^ a b c d e f g Siegel p 220
^ Looking at Hollywood: Ida Lupino Writes Film Story About Embittered GI Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 Jan 1952: a2.
^ Looking at Hollywood: Jean Simmons Keeps Faith as Trouper Despite Law Spat HEDDA HOPPER'S STAFF. Chicago Daily Tribune 9 July 1952: a2.
^ "Filmmakers Seek Big Release for own pair". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. 26 January 1955.
^ PASSING PICTURE SCENE By A. H. WEILER. New York Times 23 Mar 1958: X5.
^ Lick p xxiv
^ Jerry Wald Will Produce Tom Sawyer Type Film Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 17 Feb 1959: b2
^ Gina Signed for 'The Image Maker' Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 15 June 1959: C14.
^ "Variety (March 1959)". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. 1959.
^ a b Thomas Doherty, Teenagers And Teenpics: Juvenilization Of American Movies, Temple University Press, 2010 p 175-176
^ $250,000-a-Year Fabian Income Startles Judge Los Angeles Times 18 July 1959: 8.
^ Looking at Hollywood: Seek Gardner McKay for 'Live Wire' Role Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 July 1959: a4.
^ Jerry Wald Tells How to Make Three Pictures Simultaneously By MURRAY SCHUMACH Special to The New York Times 28 July 1959: 24.
^ "Production Report". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. August 5, 1959.
^ a b Vagg, Stephen (26 August 2019). "The Cinema of Fabian". Diabolique.
^ "LQ Jones". Psychotronic Video (21 ed.). 1995. p. 50.
^ Fabian Forte Discography at Fabianforte.net
^ "Motion Picture Daily (Jul-Sep 1959)". Motion Picture daily. Quigley Publishing Company. 29 September 1959.
^ "1959: Probable Domestic Take", Variety, 6 January 1960 p 34
^ "Hollywood Hold That Tiger". Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co. 18 December 1971. p. 14.
Sources
Lich, Glen E. (1990). Fred Gipson at work. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-424-8.
Siegel, Don (1993). A Siegel Film: An Autobiography. Faber and Faber.
External links
Hound-Dog Man at IMDb
Hound Dog Man at TCMDB
Review of film at New York Times
Complete novel at Internet Archive
vteFilms directed by Don Siegel
Star in the Night (1945)
Hitler Lives (1945)
The Verdict (1946)
Night Unto Night (1949)
The Big Steal (1949)
The Duel at Silver Creek (1952)
No Time for Flowers (1952)
Count the Hours (1953)
China Venture (1953)
Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954)
Private Hell 36 (1954)
The Blue and Gold (1955)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
Crime in the Streets (1956)
Spanish Affair (1957)
Baby Face Nelson (1957)
The Lineup (1958)
The Gun Runners (1958)
Edge of Eternity (1959)
Hound-Dog Man (1959)
Flaming Star (1960)
Hell Is for Heroes (1962)
The Killers (1964)
The Hanged Man (1964)
Stranger on the Run (1967)
Madigan (1968)
Coogan's Bluff (1968)
Death of a Gunfighter (1969)
Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970)
The Beguiled (1971)
Dirty Harry (1971)
Charley Varrick (1973)
The Black Windmill (1974)
The Shootist (1976)
Telefon (1977)
Escape from Alcatraz (1979)
Rough Cut (1980)
Jinxed! (1982) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"comedy drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Don Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Fred Gipson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gipson"},{"link_name":"Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Forte"},{"link_name":"Carol Lynley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Lynley"},{"link_name":"Stuart Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Whitman"}],"text":"Hound-Dog Man is a 1959 American musical comedy drama film directed by Don Siegel, based on the 1947 novel by Fred Gipson, and starring Fabian, Carol Lynley, and Stuart Whitman.","title":"Hound-Dog Man"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1912, Clint McKinney and his younger brother Spud talk their father Aaron into letting them go on a hunting trip with their older friend, the womanizing Blackie Scantling. Aaron agrees despite the reluctance of his wife Cora.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Carol Lynley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Lynley"},{"link_name":"Arthur O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Dodie Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodie_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Betty Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Field"},{"link_name":"Royal Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dano"},{"link_name":"Margo Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Moore"},{"link_name":"Claude Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Akins"},{"link_name":"Edgar Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Jane Darwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Darwell"},{"link_name":"L.Q. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Q._Jones"},{"link_name":"Virginia Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Dennis Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Rachel Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Stephens"}],"text":"Fabian as Clint McKinney\nStuart Whitman as Blackie Scantling\nCarol Lynley as Dony Wallace\nArthur O'Connell as Aaron McKinney\nDodie Stevens as Nita Stringer\nBetty Field as Cora McKinney\nRoyal Dano as Fiddling Tom Waller\nMargo Moore as Susie Bell Payson\nClaude Akins as Hog Peyson\nEdgar Buchanan as Doc Cole\nJane Darwell as Grandma Wilson\nL.Q. Jones as Dave Wilson\nVirginia Gregg as Amy Waller\nDennis Holmes as Spud McKinney\nRachel Stephens as Rachel WilsonAs of December 18, 2020, only one of the three principal players, Fabian, is still alive.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Yeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yeller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fred-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fred-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"}],"text":"The original book was published in 1949, seven years before Gipson's better known Old Yeller (1956).[2]Gipson said when he started writing he intended it to be \"a short semi fact article for a men's magazine\" but that it \"just grew and grew. I was writing about real people straight out of my childhood and I couldn't seem to get them stopped and finally wound up with a complete novel.\"[3] He started it in 1944, put it aside, and returned to it in 1946. It was originally called Clipped Wings. It was finished in 1947 and published in 1949. The book sold well and was published in a number of languages.[4]Gipson said reaction to the novel \"was sometimes gratifying and sometimes bewilderingly unpleasant... It was just a book of little boys on a coon hunt.\"[3]It would remain Gipson's favorite book among his own works.[5] He tried to write a sequel but was unable to finish it.[6]Don Siegel, who directed the film, called it \"a delightful, funny book... I loved its simplicity.\"[7]","title":"Original novel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ida Lupino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Lupino"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Quick and the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quick_and_the_Dead_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"In 1952 Ida Lupino expressed interest in obtaining the film rights, as a possible vehicle for Robert Mitchum.[8][9]In 1955 Filmmakers Inc announced they would make the film along with an adaptation of The Quick and the Dead.[10]20th Century Fox bought the film rights in March 1958 following the success of the film of Old Yeller.[11] It was assigned to prolific producer Jerry Wald who hired director Don Siegel. Siegel later wrote \"I had never done a picture in this genre. It was a welcome change of pace to directed a film that children could go see. I wish I could do more. My reputation may be as a director of violence.... but that doesn't mean I can't, or don't want to do comedy, or love stories. My favourite picture is Brief Encounter.\"[7]Gipson was signed to write the script. According to his biographer \"changes in the story of Blackie Scanlon incite Gipson to uncontrollable rages and Tommie Gipson [his wife] arbitrates all further revisions.\" (The author would later be given shock treatment for depression and imprisoned for assault.)[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"David Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ladd"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tuesday Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday_Weld"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Pat Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Boone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"},{"link_name":"Jayne Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pink Shoe Laces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Shoe_Laces"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Ricky Nelson, Lyndsay Crosby, and David Ladd were mentioned early on as possible stars, along with Stuart Whitman, who did wind up playing the title role.[13] Tuesday Weld was at one stage mentioned as a possible female lead.[14] Whitman was cast in March 1959.[15]The movie eventually became a starring vehicle for Fabian, who had released a series of hit singles. 20th Century Fox had enjoyed success launching pop stars Elvis Presley and Pat Boone into film careers and thought they could do the same with Fabian.[16] He was paid $35,000 for ten weeks work.[17]Siegel said Wald wanted Fabian to \"sing at least twelve songs in the picture. Fabian, though one of the nicest kids I ever mat, couldn't sing and knew it... I wanted to make Fred Gipson's excellent novel into a film which didn't feature any songs. Wald turned me down flat.\"[7]Wald tried to get Jayne Mansfield to play the part of a blousy barmaid but was unsuccessful.[18]Dodie Stevens was cast because Wald's teenage sons liked her song \"Pink Shoe Laces\".[19]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vagg-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"}],"sub_title":"Shooting","text":"Filming started July 27, 1959 and took place through August and September.[20]Siegel said he \"decided to have as much fun with the picture as possible. All but one of Fabian's songs were interrupted abruptly.\"[7] This happens four times in the movie.[21]LQ Jones later recalled that Fabian \"was not that talented as an actor, but he worked hard and was just a nice person.\"[22] Siegel wrote that \"Wald seemed puzzled at how easily the picture went together.\"[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankie Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Avalon"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Fenton Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_Jones"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The movie featured the following songs:\"Hound Dog Man\" (by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman) performed by Fabian\n\"I'm Growin' Up\" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian and Dennis Holmes, while Stuart Whitman whistles\n\"Single\" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian, Whitman and Dennis Holmes\n\"This Friendly World\" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian\n\"Pretty Little Girl\" (by Robert P. Marcucci and Peter De Angelis) performed by Fabian and men's chorus at the barn dance\n\"What Big Boy\" (by Sol Ponti and Frankie Avalon) performed by Dodie Stevens\n\"Hay Foot, Straw-Foot\" (by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) performed by square dance caller Fenton JonesAnother song was cut from the film - \"Got the Feeling\" (by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) sung by Fabian.\"Hound Dog Man\" was a hit single, reaching number 9 on the US charts. \"This Friendly World\" reached number 12.[23]","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere in Monroe, Louisiana, on 27 October 1959.[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-16"}],"sub_title":"Box Office","text":"The film was not a commercial success, failing to make the Variety list of films that earned $1 million or more in rentals for 1959.[25]Fox executives later put this down to public rejection of Fabian, in particular the fact that his fans were very young and not ticket-buying teenagers.[16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vagg-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"},{"link_name":"Sam Peckinpah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel_p_220-7"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"North to Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_to_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"High Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Time_(film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"According to one review it was a \"slice-of-life, coming-of-age piece – a little hunting, some singing, Claude Akins pops around periodically to snarl at Whitman, Lynley pants over Whitman as does Akins’ wife. There’s a comic doctor, a dog, a barn dance. It’s actually a sweet film – well made, with great production values, and a very strong cast.\"[21]Siegel said \"it's difficult to get over in a precis the fun, the beauty, the splendid acting, the wondrous feeling of robust freedom in Hound Dog Man\" calling Whitman \"a brilliant actor.\"[7] However he also added \"Sam Peckinpah wanted to do a picture based strictly on the book. I'm sorry he didn't do it. He would have done it the way it should have been made - small.\"[7]However, Fox later found Fabian could be effective in supporting roles of major stars for the studios, such as John Wayne in North to Alaska and Bing Crosby in High Time.Fabian later reflected in 1971 that he thought the title was to blame for the film's poor box office reception. \"It was a good story with a great cast... but \"Hound Dog Man\"?\"[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Gipson at work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fredgipsonatwork00lich_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89096-424-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-424-8"}],"text":"Lich, Glen E. (1990). Fred Gipson at work. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-424-8.\nSiegel, Don (1993). A Siegel Film: An Autobiography. Faber and Faber.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Filmmakers Seek Big Release for own pair\". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. 26 January 1955.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety197-1955-01-26/page/n11","url_text":"\"Filmmakers Seek Big Release for own pair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Variety (March 1959)\". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. 1959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-03/page/n79","url_text":"\"Variety (March 1959)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Production Report\". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. August 5, 1959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety215-1959-08/page/n21","url_text":"\"Production Report\""}]},{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (26 August 2019). \"The Cinema of Fabian\". Diabolique.","urls":[{"url":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-cinema-of-fabian/","url_text":"\"The Cinema of Fabian\""}]},{"reference":"\"LQ Jones\". Psychotronic Video (21 ed.). 1995. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Psychotronic_Video_21/page/n49?q=%22don+siegel%22+fabian","url_text":"\"LQ Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motion Picture Daily (Jul-Sep 1959)\". Motion Picture daily. Quigley Publishing Company. 29 September 1959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturedai86unse/page/n459?q=%22hound+dog+man%22","url_text":"\"Motion Picture Daily (Jul-Sep 1959)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood Hold That Tiger\". Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co. 18 December 1971. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cashbox33unse_24#page/14/mode/1up/search/%22love+in+a+goldfish+bowl%22","url_text":"\"Hollywood Hold That Tiger\""}]},{"reference":"Lich, Glen E. (1990). Fred Gipson at work. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-424-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fredgipsonatwork00lich_0","url_text":"Fred Gipson at work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-424-8","url_text":"978-0-89096-424-8"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Don (1993). A Siegel Film: An Autobiography. Faber and Faber.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety197-1955-01-26/page/n11","external_links_name":"\"Filmmakers Seek Big Release for own pair\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-03/page/n79","external_links_name":"\"Variety (March 1959)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety215-1959-08/page/n21","external_links_name":"\"Production Report\""},{"Link":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-cinema-of-fabian/","external_links_name":"\"The Cinema of Fabian\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Psychotronic_Video_21/page/n49?q=%22don+siegel%22+fabian","external_links_name":"\"LQ Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.fabianforte.net/discography-singles.htm","external_links_name":"Fabian Forte Discography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motionpicturedai86unse/page/n459?q=%22hound+dog+man%22","external_links_name":"\"Motion Picture Daily (Jul-Sep 1959)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cashbox33unse_24#page/14/mode/1up/search/%22love+in+a+goldfish+bowl%22","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood Hold That Tiger\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fredgipsonatwork00lich_0","external_links_name":"Fred Gipson at work"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052906/","external_links_name":"Hound-Dog Man"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78490/Hound-Dog-Man/","external_links_name":"Hound Dog Man"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9803E2D6143DE333A2575BC2A9629C946191D6CF","external_links_name":"Review of film"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264977","external_links_name":"Complete novel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon_(amusement_park) | Lagoon (amusement park) | ["1 History","1.1 1886–1939","1.2 1940–1970","1.3 1971–1997","1.4 1997–2009","1.5 2010–present","2 Attractions","2.1 Roller coasters","2.2 Thrill rides","2.3 Dark rides","2.4 Water rides","2.5 Family rides","2.6 Children's rides","2.7 X-Venture Zone","3 Controversy","4 Notable incidents","5 In Popular Culture","6 Movies and TV shows filmed at Lagoon","7 Notes","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°59′08″N 111°53′41″W / 40.98556°N 111.89472°W / 40.98556; -111.89472Amusement park in Farmington, Utah, U.S.
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LagoonPreviously known as Lake Park (1886-1906)LocationFarmington, Utah, United StatesCoordinates40°59′08″N 111°53′41″W / 40.98556°N 111.89472°W / 40.98556; -111.89472Opened1886OwnerThe Freed FamilySloganIt's what FUN is!Operating seasonLate March – Last Sunday in OctoberArea95 acres (38 ha)AttractionsTotal54Roller coasters11Websitewww.lagoonpark.com
Lagoon is a family owned amusement park in Farmington, Utah, located about 18 miles north of Salt Lake City. Lagoon is divided into five main areas: The Midway, containing the majority of the rides; Pioneer Village, which has several exhibits displaying pioneer buildings and artifacts; Lagoon-A-Beach, a water park; Kiddie Land, an area with several rides for small children; and X-Venture Zone, featuring more extreme rides that are upcharged. Lagoon also offers an RV park, a campground, and a walking trail outside the park that stays open all year. Every autumn, the park offers Halloween-themed shows and attractions, collectively known as Frightmares.
Lagoon has eleven roller coasters, six of which are unique: Colossus the Fire Dragon, one of two remaining Schwarzkopf Double Looping coaster still in operation in the United States; Roller Coaster, one of the oldest coasters in the world, operating since 1921; Wicked, designed by Lagoon's engineering department and Werner Stengel in cooperation with ride manufacturer Zierer; BomBora, a family coaster designed in-house; Cannibal, built in-house with one of the world's steepest drops; and Primordial, an interactive dark ride coaster/3-D shooter game attraction inside an artificial mountain.
History
1886–1939
In 1886, the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad built a resort called Lake Park on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. It was one of several resorts built along the lake throughout the late 1800s. In the following years, however, the lake level receded drastically until Lake Park was far from the lake, and the park closed by the end of the 1895 season.
Sanborn Map of Lagoon (1911)
Simon Bamberger, who was building his Salt Lake & Ogden Railroad line from Salt Lake City to Ogden, Utah, was vice president of Lake Park. To increase passenger traffic on his line, he bought most of the original Lake Park buildings from the D&RGW and moved them about 3 miles (5 km) east near Farmington, Utah. The resort was named Lagoon for the small body of water located on the original forty acres (162,000 m2) of the park. The original lagoon was enlarged to 9 acres (36,000 m2) by clearing some swampland.
Lagoon opened in Farmington on July 12, 1896, and featured live music and restaurants. In 1900, guests began swimming and rowing boats in Lagoon Lake. Over time, rides were added, such as the authentic Herschell-Spillman Carousel and Cagney Miniature Railroad. In 1901, the park hosted a minor league baseball team in the Inter-Mountain League and in 1902, a team in the Utah State League.
Lagoon's wooden coaster, Roller Coaster, was designed by John Miller and constructed in 1921. Its highest height is 57 feet (17 m), and it has 2,500 feet (760 m) of track. The ride lasts just under two minutes, and reaches speeds up to 45 mph (72 km/h).
Swimmers on a 1940s postcard
In 1927, a 1.5×10^6 US gal (5.7×10^6 L) swimming pool was built north of Lagoon Lake. It was one of the first filtered swimming pools in western North America, and was a cleaner alternative than swimming in the briny Great Salt Lake.
Lagoon's popularity grew during the 1920s and 1930s. The park's first Fun House was built in 1929, along with many other midway shows, rides, and games. During the "Big Band" era, many notable musicians played on Lagoon's stage, including Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Glenn Miller.
1940–1970
Lagoon's carousel
The park was closed for three seasons during World War II. By 1946, the park was in bad condition and on the brink of permanent closure. The Bamberger family considered razing it. However, Ranch S. Kimball and Robert E. Freed convinced the Bamberger family to lease the park to their newly formed Utah Amusement Corporation. Kimball served as president while Freed served as secretary and assistant manager. The Freed family's Lagoon Corporation later bought the resort outright from the Bamberger family in 1983.
When the Utah Amusement Corporation took over the lease of Lagoon, a Farmington town ordinance prohibited African-Americans from using the swimming pool and the ballroom. By the end of the 1940s, Robert Freed had fully opened Lagoon to the black community, and further extended this policy to the Terrace Ballroom (formerly the Rainbow Gardens) in Salt Lake City.
Map of Lagoon from 1949
The Freed family made several improvements, including an overhaul of the swimming pool in 1949, a rebuilt fun house, the introduction of the "Dodgem Cars" and the "Lakeshore Express" miniature railway in 1951, and a new Ferris wheel in 1953.
In November 1953, a fire damaged much of the park, including the fun house, dance pavilion, and the front portion of the Roller Coaster. The Roller Coaster was rebuilt and reopend for the 1954 season. Many rides were restored, rebuilt, or replaced, and a few new rides were added in 1955. In 1956, Mother Gooseland, Lagoon's first themed section, was opened between the Midway and the swimming pool. It featured rides only for children.
Gardens of Lagoon's Midway
From the mid-1950s into the 1960s, Lagoon made many improvements. A showboat was added to the lake, and a new fun house was built, which featured such attractions as a multi-lane giant slide, mazes, mirrors, obstacle courses, and mystery rooms. There was also a mini-car ride added in 1960, followed by the "Space Scrambler", spook house, I.Q. Zoo, and shooting gallery in 1961. A Wild Mouse coaster opened in 1965.
On the Midway, musicians including the Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones, the Kingston Trio, and Johnny Cash performed on the bandstand throughout the 1960s. The Beach Boys made mention of the park in the song "Salt Lake City" on their 1965 album Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!).
The 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge Animaland Train began circling Lagoon Lake in 1967. In 1975, authentic steam locomotives built by Crown Metal Products were put into operation around the lake instead, and the railway's name was changed to the Wild Kingdom Train Zoo.
1971–1997
The Opera House Square opened in 1968 and showcased melodramas, musicals, and silent movies. In 1976, Lagoon expanded east by purchasing Pioneer Village, an old west town complete with several historic structures. The buildings were moved to Lagoon and the 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge "Pioneer Village Railroad" (featuring "Old Ironsides", a Crown Metal Products locomotive) circled the town. In addition, the "Lagoon Miniature Railroad" looped around the residential area of Pioneer Village using an original miniature gauge steam locomotive acquired in the early 1900s. A log flume ride was brought in from the defunct Pixieland Park in Oregon.
In 1976, the Jet Star 2 roller coaster was added. Before Lagoon purchased it, it was an attraction at Spokane, Washington's Expo '74.
Peacock in front of Town Hall at Lagoon
Colossus the Fire Dragon came to Lagoon in 1983. It was selected by People magazine in 1984 as one of the top 10 coasters in the country. Colossus was Lagoon's first coaster to feature inversions, with a top speed of 55 mph (89 km/h). With its double inverted loops, Colossus had the most inversions of any coaster at Lagoon for 32 years until the opening of Cannibal in 2015.
In the late 1980s, both the old fun house and the "Haunted Shack", a walk-through dark attraction, were closed due to escalating maintenance costs and safety concerns. The swimming pool closed after its fifth decade in 1987. This made way for the $5.5 million Lagoon-A-Beach water park, which was completed in 1989. Its construction required the closure of miniature railroad operations in Pioneer Village, as some of the supports stood in the way of the track.
1997–2009
In 1997, in a major expansion of Pioneer Village, Lagoon added Rattlesnake Rapids, a river rapids ride located in the new Rattlesnake Plaza. In 1998, Lagoon added the Maurer AG Wild Mouse coaster. This ride replaced the wooden Wild Mouse coaster that had been demolished 5 years prior. In 1999, Lagoon opened its first attraction above the height of 200-foot (61 m): The Rocket, an S&S space shot tower with two different ride towers. In 2000, Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, was built, as well as Double Thunder Raceway. In 2001, a Monidal Top Spin, Cliffhanger, was opened. In 2002, Lagoon expanded its X-Venture Zone by adding Catapult, a reverse bungee ride. Spider, a Maurer AG steel spinning coaster, opened in 2003. In 2004, Lagoon revamped Kiddieland, giving it a garden theme and adding two new rides, Kontiki and Dragon Fly. In 2005, The Bat, an inverted coaster manufactured by Vekoma, was constructed near Lagoon-A-Beach. It is a family-friendly coaster with a minimum height requirement of 42 inches. In 2006, Lagoon expanded Kiddieland further by adding two new rides, Dinosaur Drop and Lady Bug Bop, both of which are Zierer Family Drop Towers.WickedOn June 1, 2007, a $10 million roller coaster named Wicked opened. Wicked is a Zierer tower launch coaster, and is powered by linear synchronous motors that launch riders up a 100-foot (30 m) tower at 55 mph (89 km/h) in 2.5 seconds. It has several elements, including an Immelmann turn, a heartline roll, two half-pipe turns, and the signature "lake turn" into a final tunnel before returning to the station. Several improvements were made to the park in 2007 as well. On April 5, 2008, Lagoon opened OdySea, a Zierer "Flying Fish" ride with aquatic theming. OdySea is an interactive ride with a joystick to control the vehicle's height. Arrows blink to direct the rider to dodge jets of water from the sea creatures that attempt to soak the rider as accompanying audio tells a story. On April 4, 2009, Lagoon opened "Jumping Dragon", a Zierer "Dragon Roundabout" ride.
2010–present
In 2010, Lagoon revamped their Ferris wheel, Sky Scraper. It was dismantled after the 2009 season, and reopened with a new coat of paint in April 2010. As a result of the economic crisis, Lagoon did not install a new ride that season. Instead, the park improved their entertainment division with several new shows. In 2011, Lagoon installed another family roller coaster, named BomBora. The coaster was created by a group of manufacturers and Lagoon itself, and has a height of 45 feet (14 m), as well as a theme based on 1960s surfing. In 2012, Lagoon installed a ride called Air Race. In 2013, Lagoon began work on a new coaster at the site of the former Top Eliminator. Two new family rides opened for the 2013 season, Tipsey Tea Cups and Red Rock Rally, both of which were manufactured by Zamperla. In 2014, Lagoon continued work on a new coaster, building vertically throughout the entire operating season. With much of its focus on the new coaster, no new rides were added this year. Due to maintenance problems, Lagoon-A-Beach's old Rip-Curl slide was replaced with a new slide of the same name. At a press conference on September 4, 2014, Lagoon officially announced Cannibal, their new roller coaster for the 2015 season. On July 2, 2015, Cannibal opened, featuring a 208-foot (63 m) elevator lift hill, a 116° beyond vertical drop, three inversions, and a top speed of 70 mph. Shortly after its opening, the park began the early planning stages of Primordial. In 2016, Lagoon continued work on Cannibal, with no new rides being added. Extensive work was also done on Spider. In 2017, a mural by Sril Art was created at the park. Two new rides were added to Kiddieland: Flying Tigers and Ruka Safari. In 2018, the Roller Coaster was re-tracked. A new ride opened in Kiddieland called Engine 86 in 2020. On December 18, 2021, a fire broke out at the Carousel Candy shop. The fire rekindled that evening and subsequently destroyed the candy shop and the adjacent Scamper, a miniature bumper cars ride. In 2023, Lagoon opened Primordial, a 4D interactive dark ride roller coaster, after eight years of development and construction. The attraction is located inside an artificial mountain and includes multiple ride endings.
Attractions
Thrill level (out of 5)
1 (Children's ride) 2 (mild) 3 (moderate) 4 (high) 5 (aggressive) 6 (extreme)
Roller coasters
Lagoon features eleven different roller coasters. The oldest, Roller Coaster, was built in 1921 and is an American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) Roller Coaster Landmark.
Name
Manufacturer
Type
Design
Year opened
Description
Location
Thrill rating
Roller Coaster
Miller & Baker; Trains by Great Coasters International
Wooden
Sit-down
1921
One of the oldest roller coasters in the United States. Features an initial lift-hill and several subsequential smaller hills. Partially damaged by fire in 1953.
South Midway
5
Jet Star 2
Schwarzkopf
Steel
Sit-down
1974
Spiral lift-hill followed by intense turns. Maximum elevation is 45 feet.
North Midway
5
Colossus the Fire Dragon
Schwarzkopf
Steel
Sit-down
1983
87-foot lift hill with back-to-back double loop and two large helices.
South Midway
6
Puff the Little Fire Dragon
Zierer
Steel
Sit-down
1985
A mild coaster intended for small children with only a small drop and hill.
Kiddieland
2
Wild Mouse
Maurer AG
Steel
Sit-down
1998
The second Wild Mouse coaster to be located at Lagoon. Features tight turns and sharp stops.
South Midway
5
Spider
Maurer AG
Steel
Sit-down
2003
Originally called "The Spider and the Fly", the ride includes a large drop and tight turns. The car constantly spins while traveling on the track.
South Midway
5
The Bat
Vekoma
Steel
Inverted
2005
A suspended family coaster. It is the sole inverted coaster at Lagoon.
Kiddieland
3
Wicked
Zierer
Steel
Sit-down
2007
LSM-launched coaster with a vertical drop and a zero-G barrel roll.
South Midway
6
BomBora
ART Engineering, Lagoon
Steel
Sit-down
2011
A short family coaster with smooth turns and small drops.
Kiddieland
3
Cannibal
ART Engineering, Lagoon
Steel
Sit-down
2015
The second steepest roller coaster in the United States, with a first drop at 116 degrees down a 208 foot tower. It features several inverting elements.
North Midway
6
Primordial
ART Engineering, Lagoon
Steel
Sit-down
2023
Development began in 2015, and construction began in 2018, but the latter was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Construction resumed in early 2021. Primordial opened towards the end of the 2023 season. It is an interactive 4D roller coaster.
North Midway
5
Thrill rides
Name
Manufacturer
Year opened
Model
Description
Location
Thrill rating
Air Race
Zamperla
2012
Air Race
An airplane ride with vehicles looping sideways while circling a central point.
North Midway
4
Cliffhanger
Mondial
2001
Top Spin
A spinning ride that goes up in a circle and falls down several times through geyser-like water fountains.
South Midway
5
Centennial Screamer
HUSS
1987
Enterprise
Consists of 20 cars around a disc. As the ride begins to spin, the disc stays in a horizontal position. When speed and centrifugal forces increase, the ride is lifted to a near-vertical position as the disc continues to spin.
South Midway
5
Rock-O-Plane
Eyerly Aircraft Company
1954
Rock-O-Plane
Similar to a Ferris wheel, but with spinning cars.
South Midway
4
Rocket
S&S Worldwide
1999
Drop tower
A drop tower with two different ride types: "Blast Off", a rapid vertical ascent, and "Re-Entry", a slow ascent followed by a powered drop.
North Midway
6
Samurai
Mondial
2000
Top Scan
Six radial arms that spin as the entire ride rotates through an oval arc in either direction.
North Midway
6
Dark rides
Name
Year opened
Model
Location
Thrill rating
Dracula's Castle
1974
Dark ride
Central Midway
3
Terroride
1967
Dark ride
Central Midway
3
Water rides
Name
Manufacturer
Year opened
Model
Description
Location
Thrill rating
Rattlesnake Rapids
Intamin
1997
River Rapids
A river rapids ride. Features a tunnel and waterfalls.
Pioneer Village
4
Family rides
Name
Manufacturer
Year opened
Model
Description
Location
Thrill rating
Boomerang
Ihle
1977
Bumper cars
A bumper cars ride.
North Midway
2
Flying Aces
Bisch-Rocco
1941
Flying Scooters
An airplane-type ride. Riders can move the front sail.
North Midway
2
Merry-Go-Round
Herschell-Spillman
1906
Carousel
An 1893 Armitage Herschell Company carousel; one of the oldest in the world.
South Midway
1
Musik Express
Mack Rides
1982
Music Express
A spinning ride.
South Midway
3
Paratrooper
Hrubetz
1966
Paratrooper
An elevated spinning ride.
North Midway
3
Sky Scraper
Bussink
1991
Ferris wheel
A 150-foot Nauta-Bussink R50 wheel with spinning gondolas
North Midway
2
Sky Ride
Hopkins
1974
Elevated gondola ride
An elevated gondola ride that spans across the entire park.
North and South Midway
1
Space Scrambler
Eli Bridge Company
1961
Scrambler
A spinning ride.
North Midway
3
Tidal Wave
HUSS
1980
Pirate ship
A swinging ship ride.
South Midway
3
Tilt-A-Whirl
Sellner Manufacturing
1954
Tilt-A-Whirl
A ride that spins with separately spinning cars.
North Midway
3
Turn of the Century
Zierer
1987
Wave Swinger
A rotating swing ride.
South Midway
3
Wild Kingdom Train Zoo
Crown Metal Products
1975
Miniature railway
A train ride that goes through a tunnel and circles Lagoon Lake, passing by many animal exhibits.
South Midway
1
Children's rides
All of these attractions are located in the park's Kiddieland section.
Name
Manufacturer
Year opened
Model
Description
Thrill rating
Baby Boats
Allan Herschell
N/A
Boat ride
Small boats travel in an oval formation while surfaced on water.
1
Bulgy
Eyerly Aircraft
1956
Bulgy the Whale
Riders sit in small whale carts that jump up and down.
1
Dinosaur Drop
Zierer
2006
Jumpin' Star
A 40 foot drop tower.
3
The Dragonfly
Eli Bridge Company
2004
Dragonfly
A spinning ride.
1
Engine 86
Sartori
2020
Carousel
A fire engine themed ride.
2
Flying Tigers
Zamperla
2017
Flying Tigers
An airplane ride on an oval track with tight turns. The airplanes slightly tilt on the turns.
2
Helicopters
Allan Herschell
1963
Helicopters
A ride meant for small children with helicopter carts that can go up and down using a joystick you control.
2
Jumping Dragon
Zierer
2009
Jumping Dragon
A family spinning ride with a Chinese dragon theme; rotates clockwise, then reverses direction.
2
Kontiki
Zierer
2004
Kontiki
A swinging and spinning ride.
2
Ladybug Bop
Zamperla
2006
Jumpin' Star
A 40 foot drop tower.
3
Moonraker
Zamperla
1983
Space Age
Spaceship carts that move in a circular formation.
2
OdySea
Zierer
2008
Flying Gondolas
Robotic sea creatures serve as cars that travel in a circular formation. Sea creatures squirt water at riders while riders use joystick controls to avoid the water.
3
Red Baron
Bradley & Kaye
1984
Red Baron
A ride similar to Helicopters.
1
Red Rock Rally
Zamperla
2013
Speedway
A spinning ride with Jeep carts.
1
Ruka Safari
Zamperla
2017
Speedway
A ride with safari jeeps that bounce while rotating in a small circle.
2
Scalawags
Mulligan
1986
Scalawags
A small spinning ride with animals as cars.
2
Sky Fighter
Allan Herschell
1954
Airplane
A small airplane ride with two-person cars.
2
Speedway Jr.
Mulligan
1978
Speedway Jr.
Miniature cars going around a track
1
Tipsy Tea Cups
Zamperla
2013
Teacups
A teacup spinning ride.
3
X-Venture Zone
Each ride in the X-Venture Zone is an upcharge attraction.
Name
Year opened
Model
Description
Skycoaster
1995
Skycoaster
One of the first Skycoaster rides in the United States. The launch tower is 153 feet (47 m) tall and the main arch is 173 feet (53 m) tall. The flyers are raised up to a height of 143 feet (44 m). When they are instructed to do so, one of the flyers pulls the rip cord and then they drop rapidly, reaching speeds up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) and experiencing sensations similar to skydiving.
Double Thunder Raceway
2000
Go-karts
Go-karts attraction that consists of two separate tracks: Lightning at 1,146 feet (349 m) and Thunder at 1,142 feet (348 m). Each track has 28 cars and features several sweeping turns, overpasses, 360-degree spirals, straight-aways, and camelbacks.
Catapult
2002
Catapult
Hurls two passengers at a time up to 250 feet (76 m) in the air.
Double Thunder Raceway's control towerLagoon's Catapult capsule
Controversy
In 2012, Lagoon became the focus of animal welfare groups' protests which called for a boycott of the park, citing USDA inspection reports that suggested poor care of animals in the Wild Kingdom Train Zoo. The Utah Animal Rights Coalition and PETA pointed to a range of USDA citations over a 15-year span that included insufficient living space for and unexplained deaths of animals. While admitting to some problems, a Lagoon spokesman denied any abuse taking place and said veterinarians and staff regularly monitored the animals.
Notable incidents
In 1989, six-year-old Ryan Beckstead was struck and killed on Puff the Little Fire Dragon after he fell off the ride and stood up in between the track, before being hit in the head by the oncoming train.
On August 14, 2021, a 32-year-old man fell 50 feet after dangling from the park's Sky Ride, a chairlift-like ride which transports people from one end of the amusement park to the other. The man succumbed to his injuries in the hospital the next day.
In Popular Culture
The Beach Boys reference Lagoon by name in the song Salt Lake City on their 1965 album Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!).
Movies and TV shows filmed at Lagoon
Mirror, Mirror: You and Your Self Image is a 1969 film by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Brigham Young University. The opening scenes are filmed at Lagoon.
Lagoon was one of many parks featured in the first roller coaster documentary, America Screams in 1978.
An episode of the Werewolf TV series was filmed at Lagoon in fall of 1987, featuring scenes in and around the Dracula's Castle attraction.
Some scenes in the 1996 TV movie, Terror in the Family, were filmed at the Roller Coaster and Centennial Screamer.
In My Sister's Shadow, a 1997 TV movie, featured a scene on the North Midway.
The Luck of the Irish, a 2001 Disney Channel original movie. A few scenes were filmed on the North Midway of Lagoon. The dance festival scene was shot in front of the entrance to the Sky Scraper.
Wieners, a movie released in 2008, had a montage featuring scenes filmed at Lagoon in 2007. The name of the park was changed in the film.
An episode of The Aquabats featured brief and edited shots of Lagoon.
In 2015, Christmas Land was filmed in the Pioneer Village section of the park.
Season 3, episode 12 of Andi Mack featured brief and edited shots of Lagoon; including Paratrooper, Cannibal, and Sky Scraper.
Notes
^ "Lagoon History". The New York Times. October 28, 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ McCormick, John S. (1994), "Lagoon", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved June 12, 2024
^ "Lagoon, Utah Minor League City Encyclopedia". Retrieved 2012-08-25.
^ Coleman, Ronald G. (1976), "Blacks in Utah History", in Papanikolas, Helen (ed.), The Peoples of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah State Historical Society, pp. 115–140, ISBN 0913738263, OCLC 2523229. Reprint Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, with permission, at historytogo.utah.gov
^ Pixieland Park
^ "Official Lagoon park website, Jet Star II's Page" Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Cannibal - Lagoon (Farmington, Utah, United States)".
^ Dougherty, Joseph M. (6 January 2008), "Smoking ban now in effect in many Davis outdoor areas", Deseret News
^ Arave, Lynn (1 May 2010), "Lagoon to add new roller coaster in 2011", Deseret News
^ "Cannibal - New for 2015!".
^ Edwards, Ashton (4 September 2014). "Lagoon's new roller coaster is out for blood, Cannibal coming soon". Fox13 Salt Lake City. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
^ Steinbrecher, Lauren (2021-12-19). "2 popular Lagoon attractions a total loss after crews battle pair of blazes". KSL.com. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
^ Sean P. Means (September 16, 2023). "'We've been dying to open this ride': Lagoon opens Primordial, a 3-D interactive roller coaster". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
^ "Guest Assistance Guide" (PDF). Cedar Point. 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ "ACE Coaster Landmark Awards". Retrieved February 22, 2020.
^ "Centennial Screamer | Lagoon". www.lagoonpark.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ "Samurai | Lagoon". www.lagoonpark.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ Arave, Lynn (July 11, 2002). "Lagoon's carousel is a classic". DeseretNews. Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
^ "Animal Rights Advocates Protest Lagoon Amusement Park". The Salt Lake Tribune. AP. 21 April 2012.
^ Hirschi, Julie (3 August 2012), "Animal Rights Groups Target Lagoon's Animal Exhibits", The Globe, Salt Lake County, Utah: Salt Lake Community College
^ Animal Activists Protest Lagoon, ABC 4 Utah News (KTVX), 20 April 2012, archived from the original on 2012-04-27.
^ "YOUNGSTER KILLED BY COASTER HAD THOUGHT RIDE WAS OVER". DeseretNews.com. 1989-05-03. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
^ Tavss, Jeff (16 August 2021). "Man who fell from Lagoon's Sky Ride dies". KSTU. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ Lagoon History Project "America Screams At Lagoon!"
^ Lagoon History Project "Dracula's Castle"
^ Internet Movie Database "In My Sister's Shadow (1997)"
^ Internet Movie Database "The Luck of the Irish (2001)"
^ Internet Movie Database "Wieners (2008)"
^ Internet Movie Database "Christmas Land (2015)"
External links
Trains portalUtah portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lagoon (amusement park).
Official Lagoon Park website
Lagoon (amusement park) at the Roller Coaster DataBase
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VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"Farmington, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Village_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"water park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_park"},{"link_name":"roller coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Colossus the Fire Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_the_Fire_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf"},{"link_name":"Roller Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"Werner Stengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Stengel"},{"link_name":"Zierer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierer"},{"link_name":"BomBora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BomBora_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"Cannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"world's steepest drops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_records"},{"link_name":"Primordial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_(roller_coaster)"}],"text":"Amusement park in Farmington, Utah, U.S.Lagoon is a family owned amusement park in Farmington, Utah, located about 18 miles north of Salt Lake City. Lagoon is divided into five main areas: The Midway, containing the majority of the rides; Pioneer Village, which has several exhibits displaying pioneer buildings and artifacts; Lagoon-A-Beach, a water park; Kiddie Land, an area with several rides for small children; and X-Venture Zone, featuring more extreme rides that are upcharged. Lagoon also offers an RV park, a campground, and a walking trail outside the park that stays open all year. Every autumn, the park offers Halloween-themed shows and attractions, collectively known as Frightmares.Lagoon has eleven roller coasters, six of which are unique: Colossus the Fire Dragon, one of two remaining Schwarzkopf Double Looping coaster still in operation in the United States; Roller Coaster, one of the oldest coasters in the world, operating since 1921; Wicked, designed by Lagoon's engineering department and Werner Stengel in cooperation with ride manufacturer Zierer; BomBora, a family coaster designed in-house; Cannibal, built in-house with one of the world's steepest drops; and Primordial, an interactive dark ride coaster/3-D shooter game attraction inside an artificial mountain.","title":"Lagoon (amusement park)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_%26_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Great Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_Map_1911.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Simon Bamberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bamberger"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Ogden, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Farmington, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Herschell-Spillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell-Spillman"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"Miniature Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Inter-Mountain League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Mountain_League"},{"link_name":"Utah State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roller Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"John Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miller_(entrepreneur)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresh_water_bathing,_Lagoon,_fun_spot_of_Utah_(75925).jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Fun House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funhouse"},{"link_name":"Artie Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"}],"sub_title":"1886–1939","text":"In 1886, the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad built a resort called Lake Park on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. It was one of several resorts built along the lake throughout the late 1800s. In the following years, however, the lake level receded drastically until Lake Park was far from the lake, and the park closed by the end of the 1895 season.Sanborn Map of Lagoon (1911)Simon Bamberger, who was building his Salt Lake & Ogden Railroad line from Salt Lake City to Ogden, Utah, was vice president of Lake Park.[2] To increase passenger traffic on his line, he bought most of the original Lake Park buildings from the D&RGW and moved them about 3 miles (5 km) east near Farmington, Utah. The resort was named Lagoon for the small body of water located on the original forty acres (162,000 m2) of the park. The original lagoon was enlarged to 9 acres (36,000 m2) by clearing some swampland.Lagoon opened in Farmington on July 12, 1896, and featured live music and restaurants. In 1900, guests began swimming and rowing boats in Lagoon Lake. Over time, rides were added, such as the authentic Herschell-Spillman Carousel and Cagney Miniature Railroad. In 1901, the park hosted a minor league baseball team in the Inter-Mountain League and in 1902, a team in the Utah State League.[3]Lagoon's wooden coaster, Roller Coaster, was designed by John Miller and constructed in 1921. Its highest height is 57 feet (17 m), and it has 2,500 feet (760 m) of track. The ride lasts just under two minutes, and reaches speeds up to 45 mph (72 km/h).Swimmers on a 1940s postcardIn 1927, a 1.5×10^6 US gal (5.7×10^6 L) swimming pool was built north of Lagoon Lake. It was one of the first filtered swimming pools in western North America, and was a cleaner alternative than swimming in the briny Great Salt Lake.Lagoon's popularity grew during the 1920s and 1930s. The park's first Fun House was built in 1929, along with many other midway shows, rides, and games. During the \"Big Band\" era, many notable musicians played on Lagoon's stage, including Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Glenn Miller.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_carousel.JPG"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Freed"},{"link_name":"Terrace Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_Map_1949.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Dodgem Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_cars"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_gardens.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wild Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_mouse"},{"link_name":"Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Kingston Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Trio"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Days_(And_Summer_Nights!!)"},{"link_name":"2 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"Crown Metal Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Metal_Products"},{"link_name":"Wild Kingdom Train Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Kingdom_Train_Zoo"}],"sub_title":"1940–1970","text":"Lagoon's carouselThe park was closed for three seasons during World War II. By 1946, the park was in bad condition and on the brink of permanent closure. The Bamberger family considered razing it. However, Ranch S. Kimball and Robert E. Freed convinced the Bamberger family to lease the park to their newly formed Utah Amusement Corporation. Kimball served as president while Freed served as secretary and assistant manager. The Freed family's Lagoon Corporation later bought the resort outright from the Bamberger family in 1983.When the Utah Amusement Corporation took over the lease of Lagoon, a Farmington town ordinance prohibited African-Americans from using the swimming pool and the ballroom. By the end of the 1940s, Robert Freed had fully opened Lagoon to the black community, and further extended this policy to the Terrace Ballroom (formerly the Rainbow Gardens) in Salt Lake City.[4]Map of Lagoon from 1949The Freed family made several improvements, including an overhaul of the swimming pool in 1949, a rebuilt fun house, the introduction of the \"Dodgem Cars\" and the \"Lakeshore Express\" miniature railway in 1951, and a new Ferris wheel in 1953.In November 1953, a fire damaged much of the park, including the fun house, dance pavilion, and the front portion of the Roller Coaster. The Roller Coaster was rebuilt and reopend for the 1954 season. Many rides were restored, rebuilt, or replaced, and a few new rides were added in 1955. In 1956, Mother Gooseland, Lagoon's first themed section, was opened between the Midway and the swimming pool. It featured rides only for children.Gardens of Lagoon's MidwayFrom the mid-1950s into the 1960s, Lagoon made many improvements. A showboat was added to the lake, and a new fun house was built, which featured such attractions as a multi-lane giant slide, mazes, mirrors, obstacle courses, and mystery rooms. There was also a mini-car ride added in 1960, followed by the \"Space Scrambler\", spook house, I.Q. Zoo, and shooting gallery in 1961. A Wild Mouse coaster opened in 1965.On the Midway, musicians including the Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones, the Kingston Trio, and Johnny Cash performed on the bandstand throughout the 1960s. The Beach Boys made mention of the park in the song \"Salt Lake City\" on their 1965 album Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!).The 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge Animaland Train began circling Lagoon Lake in 1967. In 1975, authentic steam locomotives built by Crown Metal Products were put into operation around the lake instead, and the railway's name was changed to the Wild Kingdom Train Zoo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"old west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"log flume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_flume_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Pixieland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixieland_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jet Star 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Star_2_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane"},{"link_name":"Expo '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2774"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peacock_in_front_of_Town_Hall_at_Lagoon_Amusement_Park_in_Farmington,_Utah.jpg"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1971–1997","text":"The Opera House Square opened in 1968 and showcased melodramas, musicals, and silent movies. In 1976, Lagoon expanded east by purchasing Pioneer Village, an old west town complete with several historic structures. The buildings were moved to Lagoon and the 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge \"Pioneer Village Railroad\" (featuring \"Old Ironsides\", a Crown Metal Products locomotive) circled the town. In addition, the \"Lagoon Miniature Railroad\" looped around the residential area of Pioneer Village using an original miniature gauge steam locomotive acquired in the early 1900s. A log flume ride was brought in from the defunct Pixieland Park in Oregon.[5]In 1976, the Jet Star 2 roller coaster was added. Before Lagoon purchased it, it was an attraction at Spokane, Washington's Expo '74.[6]Peacock in front of Town Hall at LagoonColossus the Fire Dragon came to Lagoon in 1983. It was selected by People magazine in 1984 as one of the top 10 coasters in the country. Colossus was Lagoon's first coaster to feature inversions, with a top speed of 55 mph (89 km/h). With its double inverted loops, Colossus had the most inversions of any coaster at Lagoon for 32 years until the opening of Cannibal in 2015.[7]In the late 1980s, both the old fun house and the \"Haunted Shack\", a walk-through dark attraction, were closed due to escalating maintenance costs and safety concerns. The swimming pool closed after its fifth decade in 1987. This made way for the $5.5 million Lagoon-A-Beach water park, which was completed in 1989. Its construction required the closure of miniature railroad operations in Pioneer Village, as some of the supports stood in the way of the track.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurer AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurer_AG"},{"link_name":"S&S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26S_%E2%80%93_Sansei_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Mondial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondial_(amusement_ride_manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Top Scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Scan"},{"link_name":"Top Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Spin_(ride)"},{"link_name":"reverse bungee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_bungee"},{"link_name":"Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spider_-_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Maurer AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurer_AG"},{"link_name":"The Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bat_-_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Vekoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wicked_at_Lagoon2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"Zierer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierer"},{"link_name":"Immelmann turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster_elements"},{"link_name":"heartline roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster_elements"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1997–2009","text":"In 1997, in a major expansion of Pioneer Village, Lagoon added Rattlesnake Rapids, a river rapids ride located in the new Rattlesnake Plaza. In 1998, Lagoon added the Maurer AG Wild Mouse coaster. This ride replaced the wooden Wild Mouse coaster that had been demolished 5 years prior. In 1999, Lagoon opened its first attraction above the height of 200-foot (61 m): The Rocket, an S&S space shot tower with two different ride towers. In 2000, Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, was built, as well as Double Thunder Raceway. In 2001, a Monidal Top Spin, Cliffhanger, was opened. In 2002, Lagoon expanded its X-Venture Zone by adding Catapult, a reverse bungee ride. Spider, a Maurer AG steel spinning coaster, opened in 2003. In 2004, Lagoon revamped Kiddieland, giving it a garden theme and adding two new rides, Kontiki and Dragon Fly. In 2005, The Bat, an inverted coaster manufactured by Vekoma, was constructed near Lagoon-A-Beach. It is a family-friendly coaster with a minimum height requirement of 42 inches. In 2006, Lagoon expanded Kiddieland further by adding two new rides, Dinosaur Drop and Lady Bug Bop, both of which are Zierer Family Drop Towers.WickedOn June 1, 2007, a $10 million roller coaster named Wicked opened. Wicked is a Zierer tower launch coaster, and is powered by linear synchronous motors that launch riders up a 100-foot (30 m) tower at 55 mph (89 km/h) in 2.5 seconds. It has several elements, including an Immelmann turn, a heartline roll, two half-pipe turns, and the signature \"lake turn\" into a final tunnel before returning to the station. Several improvements were made to the park in 2007 as well. On April 5, 2008, Lagoon opened OdySea, a Zierer \"Flying Fish\" ride with aquatic theming. OdySea is an interactive ride with a joystick to control the vehicle's height. Arrows blink to direct the rider to dodge jets of water from the sea creatures that attempt to soak the rider as accompanying audio tells a story.[8] On April 4, 2009, Lagoon opened \"Jumping Dragon\", a Zierer \"Dragon Roundabout\" ride.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tipsey Tea Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacups"},{"link_name":"Zamperla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamperla"},{"link_name":"Cannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_(Lagoon)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"116° beyond vertical drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outforblood-11"},{"link_name":"Primordial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Sril Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sril_Art"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steinbrecher_2021-12"},{"link_name":"4D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D_film"},{"link_name":"interactive dark ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_dark_ride"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2010–present","text":"In 2010, Lagoon revamped their Ferris wheel, Sky Scraper. It was dismantled after the 2009 season, and reopened with a new coat of paint in April 2010. As a result of the economic crisis, Lagoon did not install a new ride that season. Instead, the park improved their entertainment division with several new shows. In 2011, Lagoon installed another family roller coaster, named BomBora.[9] The coaster was created by a group of manufacturers and Lagoon itself, and has a height of 45 feet (14 m), as well as a theme based on 1960s surfing. In 2012, Lagoon installed a ride called Air Race. In 2013, Lagoon began work on a new coaster at the site of the former Top Eliminator. Two new family rides opened for the 2013 season, Tipsey Tea Cups and Red Rock Rally, both of which were manufactured by Zamperla. In 2014, Lagoon continued work on a new coaster, building vertically throughout the entire operating season. With much of its focus on the new coaster, no new rides were added this year. Due to maintenance problems, Lagoon-A-Beach's old Rip-Curl slide was replaced with a new slide of the same name. At a press conference on September 4, 2014, Lagoon officially announced Cannibal, their new roller coaster for the 2015 season.[10] On July 2, 2015, Cannibal opened, featuring a 208-foot (63 m) elevator lift hill, a 116° beyond vertical drop, three inversions, and a top speed of 70 mph.[11] Shortly after its opening, the park began the early planning stages of Primordial. In 2016, Lagoon continued work on Cannibal, with no new rides being added. Extensive work was also done on Spider. In 2017, a mural by Sril Art was created at the park. Two new rides were added to Kiddieland: Flying Tigers and Ruka Safari. In 2018, the Roller Coaster was re-tracked. A new ride opened in Kiddieland called Engine 86 in 2020. On December 18, 2021, a fire broke out at the Carousel Candy shop. The fire rekindled that evening and subsequently destroyed the candy shop and the adjacent Scamper, a miniature bumper cars ride.[12] In 2023, Lagoon opened Primordial, a 4D interactive dark ride roller coaster, after eight years of development and construction. The attraction is located inside an artificial mountain and includes multiple ride endings.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Coaster Enthusiasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Coaster_Enthusiasts"},{"link_name":"Roller Coaster Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Roller_Coaster_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Roller coasters","text":"Lagoon features eleven different roller coasters. The oldest, Roller Coaster, was built in 1921 and is an American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) Roller Coaster Landmark.[15]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thrill rides","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dark rides","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Water rides","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family rides","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's rides","text":"All of these attractions are located in the park's Kiddieland section.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Double_thunder.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catapult_capsule.jpg"}],"sub_title":"X-Venture Zone","text":"Each ride in the X-Venture Zone is an upcharge attraction.Double Thunder Raceway's control towerLagoon's Catapult capsule","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 2012, Lagoon became the focus of animal welfare groups' protests which called for a boycott of the park, citing USDA inspection reports that suggested poor care of animals in the Wild Kingdom Train Zoo.[19] The Utah Animal Rights Coalition and PETA pointed to a range of USDA citations over a 15-year span that included insufficient living space for and unexplained deaths of animals.[20] While admitting to some problems, a Lagoon spokesman denied any abuse taking place and said veterinarians and staff regularly monitored the animals.[21]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 1989, six-year-old Ryan Beckstead was struck and killed on Puff the Little Fire Dragon after he fell off the ride and stood up in between the track, before being hit in the head by the oncoming train.[22]\nOn August 14, 2021, a 32-year-old man fell 50 feet after dangling from the park's Sky Ride, a chairlift-like ride which transports people from one end of the amusement park to the other. The man succumbed to his injuries in the hospital the next day.[23]","title":"Notable incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_(song)"},{"link_name":"Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Days_(And_Summer_Nights!!)"}],"text":"The Beach Boys reference Lagoon by name in the song Salt Lake City on their 1965 album Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!).","title":"In Popular Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Terror in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_in_the_Family"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Luck of the Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luck_of_the_Irish_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel original movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_Original_Movie"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Wieners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieners_(film)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Aquabats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aquabats!_Super_Show!"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Andi Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi_Mack"}],"text":"Mirror, Mirror: You and Your Self Image is a 1969 film by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Brigham Young University. The opening scenes are filmed at Lagoon.\nLagoon was one of many parks featured in the first roller coaster documentary, America Screams in 1978.[24]\nAn episode of the Werewolf TV series was filmed at Lagoon in fall of 1987, featuring scenes in and around the Dracula's Castle attraction.[25]\nSome scenes in the 1996 TV movie, Terror in the Family, were filmed at the Roller Coaster and Centennial Screamer.\nIn My Sister's Shadow, a 1997 TV movie, featured a scene on the North Midway.[26]\nThe Luck of the Irish, a 2001 Disney Channel original movie. A few scenes were filmed on the North Midway of Lagoon.[27] The dance festival scene was shot in front of the entrance to the Sky Scraper.\nWieners, a movie released in 2008, had a montage featuring scenes filmed at Lagoon in 2007. The name of the park was changed in the film.[28]\nAn episode of The Aquabats featured brief and edited shots of Lagoon.\nIn 2015, Christmas Land was filmed in the Pioneer Village section of the park.[29]\nSeason 3, episode 12 of Andi Mack featured brief and edited shots of Lagoon; including Paratrooper, Cannibal, and Sky Scraper.","title":"Movies and TV shows filmed at Lagoon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lagoon History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lagoonpark.com/park-info/history/"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Lagoon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221103115750/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/l/LAGOON.shtml"},{"link_name":"Utah History 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Encyclopedia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Lagoon&state=UT&country=US&empty=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0913738263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913738263"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2523229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2523229"},{"link_name":"Reprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_peoples_of_utah/blacksinutahhistory.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171230132841/http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_peoples_of_utah/blacksinutahhistory.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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dies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/man-dies-after-falling-from-lagoon-ride"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lagoonhistory.com/project/america-screams-at-lagoon/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lagoonhistory.com/project/attractions/draculas-castle/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//imdb.com/title/tt0125604/"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//imdb.com/title/tt0274636/"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0800268/"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt5265662/?ref_=adv_li_tt"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"}],"text":"^ \"Lagoon History\". The New York Times. October 28, 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2013.\n\n^ McCormick, John S. (1994), \"Lagoon\", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved June 12, 2024\n\n^ \"Lagoon, Utah Minor League City Encyclopedia\". Retrieved 2012-08-25.\n\n^ Coleman, Ronald G. (1976), \"Blacks in Utah History\", in Papanikolas, Helen (ed.), The Peoples of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah State Historical Society, pp. 115–140, ISBN 0913738263, OCLC 2523229. Reprint Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, with permission, at historytogo.utah.gov\n\n^ Pixieland Park\n\n^ \"Official Lagoon park website, Jet Star II's Page\" Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Cannibal - Lagoon (Farmington, Utah, United States)\".\n\n^ Dougherty, Joseph M. (6 January 2008), \"Smoking ban now in effect in many Davis outdoor areas\", Deseret News\n\n^ Arave, Lynn (1 May 2010), \"Lagoon to add new roller coaster in 2011\", Deseret News\n\n^ \"Cannibal - New for 2015!\".\n\n^ Edwards, Ashton (4 September 2014). \"Lagoon's new roller coaster is out for blood, Cannibal coming soon\". Fox13 Salt Lake City. Retrieved 5 September 2014.\n\n^ Steinbrecher, Lauren (2021-12-19). \"2 popular Lagoon attractions a total loss after crews battle pair of blazes\". KSL.com. Retrieved 2021-12-20.\n\n^ Sean P. Means (September 16, 2023). \"'We've been dying to open this ride': Lagoon opens Primordial, a 3-D interactive roller coaster\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 17, 2023.\n\n^ \"Guest Assistance Guide\" (PDF). Cedar Point. 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.\n\n^ \"ACE Coaster Landmark Awards\". Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\n^ \"Centennial Screamer | Lagoon\". www.lagoonpark.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.\n\n^ \"Samurai | Lagoon\". www.lagoonpark.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.\n\n^ Arave, Lynn (July 11, 2002). \"Lagoon's carousel is a classic\". DeseretNews. Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n\n^ \"Animal Rights Advocates Protest Lagoon Amusement Park\". The Salt Lake Tribune. AP. 21 April 2012.\n\n^ Hirschi, Julie (3 August 2012), \"Animal Rights Groups Target Lagoon's Animal Exhibits\", The Globe, Salt Lake County, Utah: Salt Lake Community College\n\n^ Animal Activists Protest Lagoon, ABC 4 Utah News (KTVX), 20 April 2012, archived from the original on 2012-04-27.\n\n^ \"YOUNGSTER KILLED BY COASTER HAD THOUGHT RIDE WAS OVER\". DeseretNews.com. 1989-05-03. Retrieved 2018-11-02.\n\n^ Tavss, Jeff (16 August 2021). \"Man who fell from Lagoon's Sky Ride dies\". KSTU. Retrieved 16 August 2021.\n\n^ [1] Lagoon History Project \"America Screams At Lagoon!\"\n\n^ [2] Lagoon History Project \"Dracula's Castle\"\n\n^ [3] Internet Movie Database \"In My Sister's Shadow (1997)\"\n\n^ [4] Internet Movie Database \"The Luck of the Irish (2001)\"\n\n^ [5] Internet Movie Database \"Wieners (2008)\"\n\n^ [6] Internet Movie Database \"Christmas Land (2015)\"","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Sanborn Map of Lagoon (1911)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lagoon_Map_1911.JPEG/250px-Lagoon_Map_1911.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Swimmers on a 1940s postcard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fresh_water_bathing%2C_Lagoon%2C_fun_spot_of_Utah_%2875925%29.jpg/220px-Fresh_water_bathing%2C_Lagoon%2C_fun_spot_of_Utah_%2875925%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lagoon's carousel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lagoon_carousel.JPG/220px-Lagoon_carousel.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Lagoon from 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lagoon_Map_1949.JPEG/220px-Lagoon_Map_1949.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Gardens of Lagoon's Midway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lagoon_gardens.JPG/220px-Lagoon_gardens.JPG"},{"image_text":"Peacock in front of Town Hall at Lagoon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Peacock_in_front_of_Town_Hall_at_Lagoon_Amusement_Park_in_Farmington%2C_Utah.jpg/220px-Peacock_in_front_of_Town_Hall_at_Lagoon_Amusement_Park_in_Farmington%2C_Utah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wicked","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wicked_at_Lagoon2.JPG/300px-Wicked_at_Lagoon2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Double Thunder Raceway's control tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Double_thunder.JPG/180px-Double_thunder.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lagoon's Catapult capsule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Catapult_capsule.jpg/180px-Catapult_capsule.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lagoon History\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cox_(disambiguation) | Harold Cox (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Harold Cox (1859–1936) was an English politician.
Harold Cox may also refer to:
Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton (Harold Roxbee Cox, 1902–1997), British aeronautical engineer
Harold E. Cox (1931–2021), American historian
See also
William Harold Cox (1901–1988), U.S. federal judge from Mississippi
Harry Cox (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbee_Cox,_Baron_Kings_Norton"},{"link_name":"Harold E. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Cox"}],"text":"Harold Cox may also refer to:Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton (Harold Roxbee Cox, 1902–1997), British aeronautical engineer\nHarold E. Cox (1931–2021), American historian","title":"Harold Cox (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"William Harold Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harold_Cox"},{"title":"Harry Cox (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cox_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Harold_Cox_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Harold_Cox_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_a_Cowboy | I Wanna Be a Cowboy | ["1 Background and release","2 Chart performance","3 Music video","3.1 Background","3.2 Reception","4 Track listings","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References","10 External links"] | 1985 single by Boys Don't Cry
This article is about the Boys Don't Cry song. Not to be confused with I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart.
"I Wanna Be a Cowboy"Single by Boys Don't Cryfrom the album Boys Don't Cry B-side
"Turn Over (I Like It Better That Way)"
"Josephine"
Released15 July 1985 (1985-07-15)StudioThe Maison Rouge (London, England)GenreNew waveLength
6:06 (album version)
3:54 (radio edit)
Label
Legacy
Profile
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Brian Chatton
Nick Richards
Nico Ramsden
Jeff Seopardi
Producer(s)Boys Don't CryBoys Don't Cry singles chronology
"Lipstick" (1985)
"I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (1985)
"Cities on Fire" (1986)
Audio"I Wanna Be a Cowboy" on YouTube
"I Wanna Be a Cowboy" is a single by British pop-rock group Boys Don't Cry. The song was written by four of the band members—Brian Chatton, Nick Richards, Nico Ramsden and Jeff Seopardi—and was released in July 1985 as the first new single from their self-titled debut studio album (an album consisting of part new material and part compilation of several of the band's earlier singles). The female vocals on the song are performed by Heidi Lea.
The single became the band's only major hit, reaching number one in New Zealand, number four in Australia, number 11 in South Africa, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was a comparative failure in the group's native United Kingdom, peaking at number 77 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video for the song features Lemmy Kilmister of English rock band Motörhead.
Background and release
Frontman Nick Richards spent one Saturday night watching Clint Eastwood cowboy films such as For a Few Dollars More (1965), and the band had reserved the studio for the next day. Thanks to the films, Richards had the saying, "I wanna be a cowboy, and you can be my cowgirl" stuck in his head, and the band liked it. They put it to some music that keyboardist Brian Chatton had written a year earlier which they had never written lyrics for. They wrote the entire song that Sunday in about an hour, recorded it, and spent three hours mixing it. Richards felt it would be too boring to sing all four verses, so they brought in drummer Jeff Seopardie's girlfriend to sing verse two. The entire single was finished by the end of the day and never mixed again. "The song was meant to be a joke and to make people laugh, but also we thought it would make a great dance track. That turned out to be true," said Richards.
Legacy Recordings first issued "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" as a 12-inch vinyl single in the United Kingdom on 15 July 1985. In the United States, the A&R chief of Gotham Records, Gary Pini, heard an import copy of the song at a club in New York and wanted to release it. Richards stated, "Gary was so enthusiastic that we figured if somebody wants something that bad, they'll work it." "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" became the first independently released single to enter the US top 20 since "Give It Up" by KC in 1984, which was distributed on Meca Records. The song was an airplay hit around Oklahoma City, where the Oklahoma State University football team is named the Cowboys, allowing it to become a highly requested song on local radio. On 6 June 1986, in the wake of its American success, Legacy re-released the single in the UK.
Chart performance
The song was a commercial disappointment in the band's native United Kingdom, where it stalled at number 77 on the UK Singles Chart, but it found better success abroad. In the United States, the song debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 5 April 1986. It entered the top 40 on 17 May, then rose up the chart over the next month before reaching its peak of number 12 on 21 June. It stayed on the Hot 100 for a total of 19 weeks. The single also became a dance hit in the US, reaching number 13 on the Billboard 12-inch Singles Sales chart and number 44 on the Dance Club Play chart. On Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart, "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" first appeared the week after its American debut at number 86. Six issues later, on 24 May, it settled at number 19 on the listing, its highest position. On 9 July 1986, it was certified gold by Music Canada for shipping over 50,000 units.
The track found success in other countries as well. In Australia, it first charted on the Kent Music Report in June, climbing to a peak of number four in August. At the end of 1986, it came in at number 29 on the Australian year-end chart. In New Zealand, after debuting at number 17 on 13 July 1986, the single jumped around the top 30 until 17 August, when it rose to number one and stayed there for another two weeks. It spent 15 weeks in the top 50 and was New Zealand's 11th-best-performing song of 1986. Elsewhere, "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" peaked at number 11 in South Africa and number 24 in Belgium. The song missed the top 40 in West Germany by one position, debuting and peaking at number 41 on 1 September 1986.
Music video
Background
A Spaghetti-Western-style music video was made for the song, featuring Lemmy Kilmister of English rock band Motörhead. Richards initially came up with the idea to recruit Kilmister for the video after watching the Eastwood films. He said, "When I came up with the concept of the 'I Wanna Be a Cowboy' video I wanted a Lee Van Cleef bad boy in the video. Lemmy came to mind immediately!" Kilmister agreed to play the part as long as there was a bottle of Smirnoff vodka on set. The vodka was provided, and filming began at 6 a.m. at Hampstead Heath in London. It was directed by Carina Camamille and produced by Helen McCartney. MTV added the video to its playlists in early April 1986.
Reception
Video jockey Martha Quinn of MTV told Richards that the channel "hated" the video as it "wasn't rock and roll", but since it had become a top-40 hit by that point, they had to air the video. It subsequently received more than 200,000 requests.
Track listings
UK 7-inch single
A. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy"
B. "Turn Over (I Like It Better That Way)"
The Australian 7-inch single contains an edited version of "I Wanna Be a Cowboy".
German 7-inch single
A. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" – 3:54
B. "Josephine" – 4:00
German 12-inch maxi-single
A1. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" – 5:59
B1. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (7-inch version) – 3:54
B2. "Josephine" – 4:00
US 12-inch single
A. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" – 6:05
B. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (instrumental) – 6:05
Canadian 12-inch single
A. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (12-inch Saddle mix) – 6:05
B. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (instrumental Saloon mix) – 6:05
Japanese 7-inch single
A. "I Wanna Be a Cowboy (ウォナ・ビ・ア・カウボーイ)" – 3:56
B. "Josephine (ジョセフィン)" – 4:00
Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from the UK 7-inch single liner notes and vinyl disc and the liner notes of Boys Don't Cry.
Studio
Recorded and mixed at The Maison Rouge (London, England)
Boys Don't Cry
Brian Chatton – writing, keyboards
Nick Richards – writing, vocals, keyboards
Nico Ramsden – writing, guitars
Jeff Seopardi – writing, drums
Mark Smith – bass guitar
Boys Don't Cry – production
Additional musicians
Heidi Lea – female vocals
Felix Krish – bass synth
Other personnel
Chris Potter – mixing, engineering
Tony Taverner – engineering
Rocks – artwork design
Simon Fowler – artwork photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1986)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
24
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
19
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)
11
UK Singles (OCC)
77
US Billboard Hot 100
12
US 12-inch Singles Sales (Billboard)
13
US Dance Club Play (Billboard)
44
West Germany (Official German Charts)
41
Year-end charts
Chart (1986)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)
29
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
11
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United Kingdom
15 July 1985
12-inch vinyl
Legacy
United Kingdom (re-release)
6 June 1986
References
^ André, Lisa (5 August 2019). "'Lost 80s Live' to showcase new wave hits at Chumash Casino Resort". Santa Ynez Valley News.
^ a b "Interview with Nick Richards of Boys Don't Cry". Kickin' it Old School. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ a b "New Singles". Music Week. 13 July 1985. p. 16.
^ Bessman, Jim (19 July 1986). "'We're Rock Musicians with Pedigrees': Boys Don't Cry Want More". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 29. pp. 20, 24.
^ Grein, Paul (7 June 1986). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 23. p. 6.
^ Ellis, Michael (10 May 1986). "Hot 100 Singles Spotlight". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 19. p. 82.
^ a b "New Singles". Music Week. 3 May 1986. p. 6.
^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^ "The Hot 100 – Week of May 17, 1986". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^ a b "The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ a b "Dance Singles Sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ a b "Dance Club Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "RPM 100 Singles – April 12, 1986". RPM. Retrieved 2 December 2020 – via Library and Archives Canada.
^ a b "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0676." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b "Canadian single certifications – Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy". Music Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 44. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid-1983 and 12 June 1988.
^ a b "Kent Music Report No 650 – 29 December 1986 > National Top 100 Singles for 1986". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 21 December 2019 – via Imgur.
^ a b c d "Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b "End of Year Charts 1986". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b "SA Charts 1965 – 1989 Songs H–I". South African Rock Lists. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b "Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ a b c d "When Lemmy Starred in Boys Don't Cry's 'I Wanna Be a Cowboy' Video". Ultimate Classic Rock. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ "New Video Clips" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 14. 5 April 1986. p. 55. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^ "MTV Programming". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 17. 25 April 1986. p. 58.
^ a b I Wanna Be a Cowboy (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1985. LGY 28.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ I Wanna Be a Cowboy (German 7-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Intercord Records. 1986. INT 110.197.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ I Wanna Be a Cowboy (German 12-inch maxi-single vinyl disc). Boys Don't Cry. Intercord Records. 1985. INT 125.235.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ I Wanna Be a Cowboy (US 12-inch single vinyl disc). Boys Don't Cry. Profile Records. 1985. PRO-7084.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ I Wanna Be a Cowboy (Canadian 12-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Mercury Records. 1985. MERX 102.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ I Wanna Be a Cowboy (ウォナ・ビ・ア・カウボーイ) (Japanese 7-inch vinyl sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. CBS/Sony. 1985. 07SP 957.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Boys Don't Cry (UK LP album liner notes). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1986. LLP 105.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Boys Don't Cry (UK CD album liner notes). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1986. LLCD 105.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
External links
"I Wanna Be a Cowboy" at Discogs (list of releases) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_to_Be_a_Cowboy%27s_Sweetheart"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Boys Don't Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Don%27t_Cry_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brian Chatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Chatton"},{"link_name":"Nick Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Richards_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Lemmy Kilmister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmy"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"}],"text":"This article is about the Boys Don't Cry song. Not to be confused with I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart.\"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" is a single by British pop-rock group Boys Don't Cry. The song was written by four of the band members—Brian Chatton, Nick Richards, Nico Ramsden and Jeff Seopardi—and was released in July 1985 as the first new single from their self-titled debut studio album (an album consisting of part new material and part compilation of several of the band's earlier singles). The female vocals on the song are performed by Heidi Lea.The single became the band's only major hit, reaching number one in New Zealand, number four in Australia, number 11 in South Africa, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was a comparative failure in the group's native United Kingdom, peaking at number 77 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video for the song features Lemmy Kilmister of English rock band Motörhead.","title":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Richards_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"For a Few Dollars More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_Few_Dollars_More"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autoref-2"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autoref-2"},{"link_name":"Legacy Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Recordings"},{"link_name":"12-inch vinyl single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-inch_single"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrel1-3"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"Gotham Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Records"},{"link_name":"import","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"independently released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Give It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_It_Up_(KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band_song)"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University%E2%80%93Stillwater"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_and_Cowgirls"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrel2-7"}],"text":"Frontman Nick Richards spent one Saturday night watching Clint Eastwood cowboy films such as For a Few Dollars More (1965), and the band had reserved the studio for the next day. Thanks to the films, Richards had the saying, \"I wanna be a cowboy, and you can be my cowgirl\" stuck in his head, and the band liked it. They put it to some music that keyboardist Brian Chatton had written a year earlier which they had never written lyrics for. They wrote the entire song that Sunday in about an hour, recorded it, and spent three hours mixing it. Richards felt it would be too boring to sing all four verses, so they brought in drummer Jeff Seopardie's girlfriend to sing verse two. The entire single was finished by the end of the day and never mixed again.[2] \"The song was meant to be a joke and to make people laugh, but also we thought it would make a great dance track. That turned out to be true,\" said Richards.[2]Legacy Recordings first issued \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" as a 12-inch vinyl single in the United Kingdom on 15 July 1985.[3] In the United States, the A&R chief of Gotham Records, Gary Pini, heard an import copy of the song at a club in New York and wanted to release it. Richards stated, \"Gary was so enthusiastic that we figured if somebody wants something that bad, they'll work it.\"[4] \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" became the first independently released single to enter the US top 20 since \"Give It Up\" by KC in 1984, which was distributed on Meca Records.[5] The song was an airplay hit around Oklahoma City, where the Oklahoma State University football team is named the Cowboys, allowing it to become a highly requested song on local radio.[6] On 6 June 1986, in the wake of its American success, Legacy re-released the single in the UK.[7]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-11"},{"link_name":"12-inch Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdss-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usd-13"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-15"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"link_name":"Music Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancert-16"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausye-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzye-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bel-22"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-23"}],"text":"The song was a commercial disappointment in the band's native United Kingdom, where it stalled at number 77 on the UK Singles Chart,[8] but it found better success abroad. In the United States, the song debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 5 April 1986.[9] It entered the top 40 on 17 May,[10] then rose up the chart over the next month before reaching its peak of number 12 on 21 June. It stayed on the Hot 100 for a total of 19 weeks.[11] The single also became a dance hit in the US, reaching number 13 on the Billboard 12-inch Singles Sales chart and number 44 on the Dance Club Play chart.[12][13] On Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart, \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" first appeared the week after its American debut at number 86.[14] Six issues later, on 24 May, it settled at number 19 on the listing, its highest position.[15] On 9 July 1986, it was certified gold by Music Canada for shipping over 50,000 units.[16]The track found success in other countries as well. In Australia, it first charted on the Kent Music Report in June, climbing to a peak of number four in August.[17] At the end of 1986, it came in at number 29 on the Australian year-end chart.[18] In New Zealand, after debuting at number 17 on 13 July 1986, the single jumped around the top 30 until 17 August, when it rose to number one and stayed there for another two weeks. It spent 15 weeks in the top 50 and was New Zealand's 11th-best-performing song of 1986.[19][20] Elsewhere, \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" peaked at number 11 in South Africa and number 24 in Belgium.[21][22] The song missed the top 40 in West Germany by one position, debuting and peaking at number 41 on 1 September 1986.[23]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spaghetti-Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Lemmy Kilmister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmy"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Lee Van Cleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Van_Cleef"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-24"},{"link_name":"Smirnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"A Spaghetti-Western-style music video was made for the song, featuring Lemmy Kilmister of English rock band Motörhead. Richards initially came up with the idea to recruit Kilmister for the video after watching the Eastwood films. He said, \"When I came up with the concept of the 'I Wanna Be a Cowboy' video I wanted a Lee Van Cleef bad boy in the video. Lemmy came to mind immediately!\"[24] Kilmister agreed to play the part as long as there was a bottle of Smirnoff vodka on set. The vodka was provided, and filming began at 6 a.m. at Hampstead Heath in London.[24] It was directed by Carina Camamille and produced by Helen McCartney.[25] MTV added the video to its playlists in early April 1986.[26]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)"},{"link_name":"Martha Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Quinn"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-24"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Video jockey Martha Quinn of MTV told Richards that the channel \"hated\" the video as it \"wasn't rock and roll\",[24] but since it had become a top-40 hit by that point, they had to air the video. It subsequently received more than 200,000 requests.[24]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk7-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"UK 7-inch single[27]\n\nA. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\"\nB. \"Turn Over (I Like It Better That Way)\"\nThe Australian 7-inch single contains an edited version of \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\".[19]\nGerman 7-inch single[19][28]\n\nA. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" – 3:54\nB. \"Josephine\" – 4:00\nGerman 12-inch maxi-single[29]\n\nA1. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" – 5:59\nB1. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" (7-inch version) – 3:54\nB2. \"Josephine\" – 4:00\n\n\nUS 12-inch single[30]\n\nA. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" – 6:05\nB. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" (instrumental) – 6:05\nCanadian 12-inch single[31]\n\nA. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" (12-inch Saddle mix) – 6:05\nB. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\" (instrumental Saloon mix) – 6:05\nJapanese 7-inch single[32]\n\nA. \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (ウォナ・ビ・ア・カウボーイ)\" – 3:56\nB. \"Josephine (ジョセフィン)\" – 4:00","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk7-27"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Brian Chatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Chatton"},{"link_name":"Nick Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Richards_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"bass synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_synth"},{"link_name":"Chris Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Potter_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Simon Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fowler_(photographer)"}],"text":"Credits are taken from the UK 7-inch single liner notes and vinyl disc and the liner notes of Boys Don't Cry.[27][33][34]StudioRecorded and mixed at The Maison Rouge (London, England)Boys Don't Cry\n\nBrian Chatton – writing, keyboards\nNick Richards – writing, vocals, keyboards\nNico Ramsden – writing, guitars\nJeff Seopardi – writing, drums\nMark Smith – bass guitar\nBoys Don't Cry – production\nAdditional musicians\n\nHeidi Lea – female vocals\nFelix Krish – bass synth\n\n\nOther personnel\n\nChris Potter – mixing, engineering\nTony Taverner – engineering\nRocks – artwork design\nSimon Fowler – artwork photography","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_a_Cowboy&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-17"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bel-22"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-15"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-19"},{"link_name":"Springbok Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa-21"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-11"},{"link_name":"12-inch Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdss-12"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usd-13"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-23"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_a_Cowboy&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausye-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzye-20"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1986)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[17]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[22]\n\n24\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[15]\n\n19\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[21]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[8]\n\n77\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[11]\n\n12\n\n\nUS 12-inch Singles Sales (Billboard)[12]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Dance Club Play (Billboard)[13]\n\n44\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[23]\n\n41\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1986)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[18]\n\n29\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[20]\n\n11","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"André, Lisa (5 August 2019). \"'Lost 80s Live' to showcase new wave hits at Chumash Casino Resort\". Santa Ynez Valley News.","urls":[{"url":"https://syvnews.com/entertainment/music/lost-s-live-to-showcase-new-wave-hits-at-chumash/article_04554c00-4621-5641-8d78-1f0af2ddf4ca.html","url_text":"\"'Lost 80s Live' to showcase new wave hits at Chumash Casino Resort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Nick Richards of Boys Don't Cry\". Kickin' it Old School. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediscoverthe80s.com/2021/12/interview-with-nick-richards-of-boys-dont-cry.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Nick Richards of Boys Don't Cry\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. 13 July 1985. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Bessman, Jim (19 July 1986). \"'We're Rock Musicians with Pedigrees': Boys Don't Cry Want More\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 29. pp. 20, 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul (7 June 1986). \"Chart Beat\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 23. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis, Michael (10 May 1986). \"Hot 100 Singles Spotlight\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 19. p. 82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. 3 May 1986. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1986-04-05/","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot 100 – Week of May 17, 1986\". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1986-05-17","url_text":"\"The Hot 100 – Week of May 17, 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117234947/https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"The Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Singles Sales\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211034443/https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/dsa/","url_text":"\"Dance Singles Sales\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/dsa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118002520/https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/dsi/","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/boys-dont-cry/chart-history/dsi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Singles – April 12, 1986\". RPM. Retrieved 2 December 2020 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0658&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0658.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0658","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Singles – April 12, 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy\". Music Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=I+Wanna+Be+a+Cowboy%20Boys+Don%27t+Cry","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Boys Don't Cry – I Wanna Be a Cowboy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 44. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Music Report No 650 – 29 December 1986 > National Top 100 Singles for 1986\". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 21 December 2019 – via Imgur.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/F7ais40.jpg","url_text":"\"Kent Music Report No 650 – 29 December 1986 > National Top 100 Singles for 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imgur","url_text":"Imgur"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Charts 1986\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3875","url_text":"\"End of Year Charts 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965 – 1989 Songs H–I\". South African Rock Lists. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(H-I).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965 – 1989 Songs H–I\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Lemmy Starred in Boys Don't Cry's 'I Wanna Be a Cowboy' Video\". Ultimate Classic Rock. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/boys-dont-cry-i-wanna-be-a-cowboy-lemmy/","url_text":"\"When Lemmy Starred in Boys Don't Cry's 'I Wanna Be a Cowboy' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media#Web_publications_and_services","url_text":"Ultimate Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"\"New Video Clips\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 14. 5 April 1986. p. 55. Retrieved 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/80s/1986/BB-1986-04-05.pdf","url_text":"\"New Video Clips\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTV Programming\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 17. 25 April 1986. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1985. LGY 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Don%27t_Cry_(band)","url_text":"Boys Don't Cry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Recordings","url_text":"Legacy Recordings"}]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (German 7-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Intercord Records. 1986. INT 110.197.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (German 12-inch maxi-single vinyl disc). Boys Don't Cry. Intercord Records. 1985. INT 125.235.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (US 12-inch single vinyl disc). Boys Don't Cry. Profile Records. 1985. PRO-7084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_Records","url_text":"Profile Records"}]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (Canadian 12-inch single sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. Mercury Records. 1985. MERX 102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records","url_text":"Mercury Records"}]},{"reference":"I Wanna Be a Cowboy (ウォナ・ビ・ア・カウボーイ) (Japanese 7-inch vinyl sleeve). Boys Don't Cry. CBS/Sony. 1985. 07SP 957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan","url_text":"CBS/Sony"}]},{"reference":"Boys Don't Cry (UK LP album liner notes). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1986. LLP 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boys Don't Cry (UK CD album liner notes). Boys Don't Cry. Legacy Recordings. 1986. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_specialist | Climbing specialist | ["1 Role of climber in a race","2 Types of climbers","3 Climbing physics and physiology","4 Bicycle technology","5 King of the Mountains in stage races","6 Examples of climbers","6.1 Active riders","6.2 Former riders","7 References","8 Further reading"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Climbing specialist" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bicycle racer who rides especially well on highly inclined roads
Tadej Pogačar climbing in the 2023 Tour de France
A climbing specialist or climber, also known as a grimpeur, is a road bicycle racer who can ride especially well on highly inclined roads, such as those found among hills or mountains.
Role of climber in a race
In a sustained climb, the average speed declines, the aerodynamic advantage of drafting is diminished and the setting of the group pace becomes more important. A good climber modulates his speed and chooses the best line on a climb, allowing the following riders to have an easier job. If the group maintains a high tempo, it is more difficult for a rider to attack and ride away from the group.
Another important role in climbing is that of attacker or counter-attacker. Climbing specialists use their superior abilities either to attack on climbs and thereby gap the competitors, knowing that only other climbing specialists will be able to stay with them, or simply to maintain a high pace that others cannot match. A successful escape can help the climber achieve a victory if the race has a mountain-top finish, or even in a flat finish if the climber is able to maintain his lead after the climb is over. Climbing stages, along with individual time trials, are key stages in winning long stage races.
In recent years, climbing specialists have been deployed as Super-domestiques, protecting team leaders with All-round capabilities by setting a strong tempo in mountain stages to deter attacks from rivals, a tactic known as a 'train'. Examples of this include Team Sky climbers Wout Poels, Mikel Landa and Mikel Nieve helping Chris Froome in his multiple Grand Tour victories. Froome himself played a similar role in service of Bradley Wiggins at the 2012 Tour de France.
Types of climbers
Marco Pantani is considered one of the all time greats at climbing
Climbers tend to have a lot of endurance and specifically developed muscles for long hard climbs. They also tend to have a slim, lightweight physique, but some can become good climbers through concerted training.
The most successful climbing specialists come in different shapes and specializations. Climbers with very small physique such as José Rujano (48 kg), Nairo Quintana (58 kg), Roberto Heras (60 kg), Alberto Contador (61 kg) and Gilberto Simoni (58 kg) thrive when the climbs reach dizzying heights and incredibly steep slopes where their low weight makes them more efficient and able to put in repeated acceleration runs. Their endurance also makes them good stage race specialists. Marco Pantani, champion of the 1998 Tour de France, was able to make attack after attack to quickly tire out his opponents.
Another type of rider or puncheur has a similarly small physique but possess more power which may provide an advantage in short but steep climbs in races including the Ardennes classics. Examples of such hills include the Mur de Huy in the Flèche Wallonne and the Cauberg in the Amstel Gold Race. Examples of such riders include Julian Alaphilippe, Philippe Gilbert, Paolo Bettini and Danilo Di Luca, who are able to sprint their way up the shorter climbs to win a stage or a single-day race. However, their lower endurance is a disadvantage in stage races where the climbs are usually longer, albeit at lower gradients. Many climbers cannot sprint very well because their relative small size does not allow them to match the strength of the bigger, more muscular sprinters.
The last type of climber is the breakaway specialist who can ride aggressively with many attacks and sustain their lead over ascents, descents, and flats. Famous examples include Laurent Jalabert and Richard Virenque both of whom earned their King of the Mountains jerseys in the Tour de France by day-long breakaways amassing points at every summit. Most notably, Laurent Jalabert started his career as a sprinter but later transformed himself into a different type of rider. Rafał Majka won the Polka Dot jersey at the 2014 Tour de France and 2016 Tour de France in a similar manner.
Many riders who are primarily time-trialists have also been able to compete in everything but the steepest climbs because of their good power-to-weight ratio. Tour de France winners Miguel Induráin, Jan Ullrich and Bradley Wiggins were primarily time-trialists but were also among the best in the mountain stages during the years in which they won the Tour de France. Also riders can build up a lead in the individual time trial's and defend the lead they have in the mountain stages, Tom Dumoulin won the 2017 Giro d'Italia and Primož Roglič won the 2021 Vuelta a España by doing this.
Climbing physics and physiology
Alberto Contador wearing the yellow jersey leading Andy Schleck wearing the white jersey at the 2009 Tour de France.
Sports physiologists have attributed the advantage that small stature holds in cycling up steep ascents to the way in which body mass and body surface area scale according to height (see square–cube law). As a hypothetical cyclist's height increases, the surface areas of his body increase according to the square of his height whereas the mass of his body increases according to the cube of his height. The surface area relation applies not only to the total surface area of the body, but also to the surface areas of the lungs and blood vessels, which are primary factors in determining aerobic power. Thus, an equally proportioned cyclist who has 50% more body mass (i.e. is 50% heavier) will generate only about 30% more aerobic power. On a steep climb most of the cyclist's energy goes into lifting his own weight, so the heavier cyclist will be at a competitive disadvantage. There is, of course, a lower limit to the benefit of small stature because, among other factors, the cyclist must also lift the weight of his bicycle. The additional power is proportional to the grade or slope of the road and the speed of the rider along the slope (or along the level line). For a 5% grade, each meter of road requires lifting the body weight by 5 cm. The power (watts) is equal to change in gravitational potential energy (joules) per unit time (seconds). For a 60 kilograms (130 lb) rider, the additional power needed is about 30 watts per meter/second of road speed (about 8 watts per km/hour).
Scaling factors also account for the relative disadvantage of the small cyclist in descending, although this is a result of physics, not physiology. A larger rider will be subject to a greater gravitational force because of their greater body mass. Additionally, as mentioned, the frontal area that creates aerodynamic drag increases only quadratically with the rider's size, and hence the larger rider would be expected to accelerate faster and attain a greater terminal velocity.
Although these factors might seem to cancel each other out, the climber still has an advantage on a course with long ascents and long descents: adding several miles per hour on a slow, time-consuming climb is much more valuable than the same increase on a fast and brief descent. Any rider, of course, can improve their climbing speed by increasing their aerobic power and reducing their body weight and can increase their descending speed through better bike handling and the willingness to accept an increased risk of crashing. One of the few elite riders to use descending skill as a competitive advantage is Paolo Savoldelli, nicknamed "the falcon."
For a more quantitative treatment of climbing physics and physiology, see Swain, DP, Cycling: Uphill and Downhill .
Bicycle technology
Recent advances in bicycle components give the rider a wider range of gearing choices, allowing climbing specialists to use lower gears to ascend optimally while still having the higher gears necessary to keep up with other riders in the flatter sections. Legendary climbers of the past such as Lucien Van Impe had to ride out of the saddle pushing high gears for hours at a time; climbers today are better able to match their gearing to the challenge and climb at a more reasonable cadence. The current UCI minimum limit for the mass of bicycles is 6.8 kilograms (15 lb). Although many bike manufacturers can create bikes much lighter than this, the UCI deems this weight fair in the spirit of preserving the 'primacy of man' over his equipment.
King of the Mountains in stage races
Warren Barguil in the polka dot jersey at the 2017 Tour de France
See also: Mountains classification in the Tour de France, Mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia, and Mountains classification in the Vuelta a España Most stage races have a special category for the best climber, usually by awarding points at the important summits of the race. In the Tour de France for example, the best climber, or "King of the Mountains", is awarded a red polka dot jersey (French: maillot à pois rouges). In the Giro d'Italia the best climber is awarded a blue jersey (Italian: maglia azzurra). In the Vuelta a España the best climber is awarded a blue polka dot jersey.
Examples of climbers
Active riders
Remco Evenepoel
Rafał Majka
Tadej Pogačar
Jonas Vingegaard
Sepp Kuss
Former riders
Lance Armstrong
José Azevedo
Federico Bahamontes
Ivan Basso
Gino Bartali
Alberto Contador
Fausto Coppi
Charly Gaul
Roberto Heras
Luis Herrera
Laurent Jalabert
Julio Jiménez
Vincenzo Nibali
Marco Pantani
Michael Rasmussen
Joaquim Rodríguez
Andy Schleck
Gilberto Simoni
Lucien Van Impe
Richard Virenque
References
^ Swain, David P (1998). "CYCLING UPHILL AND DOWNHILL". Sportscience. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ "Uci News". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
Further reading
Owen Mulholland, John Wilcockson. Uphill Battle: Cycling's Great Climbers. VeloPress, 2003.
vteTypes of road racing cyclist
All-rounder
Breakaway specialist
Climber
Domestique
Puncheur
Rouleur
Sprinter
Time trialist | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadej_Pogacar_in_Marie_Blanque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tadej Pogačar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadej_Poga%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"2023 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racer"}],"text":"Bicycle racer who rides especially well on highly inclined roadsTadej Pogačar climbing in the 2023 Tour de FranceA climbing specialist or climber, also known as a grimpeur, is a road bicycle racer who can ride especially well on highly inclined roads, such as those found among hills or mountains.","title":"Climbing specialist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafting_(racing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling_terminology#gap"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(bicycle_race)"},{"link_name":"Super-domestiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-domestique"},{"link_name":"All-round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-rounder_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Sky"},{"link_name":"Wout Poels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wout_Poels"},{"link_name":"Mikel Landa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Landa"},{"link_name":"Mikel Nieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Nieve"},{"link_name":"Chris Froome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Froome"},{"link_name":"Bradley Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"2012 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France"}],"text":"In a sustained climb, the average speed declines, the aerodynamic advantage of drafting is diminished[1] and the setting of the group pace becomes more important. A good climber modulates his speed and chooses the best line on a climb, allowing the following riders to have an easier job. If the group maintains a high tempo, it is more difficult for a rider to attack and ride away from the group.Another important role in climbing is that of attacker or counter-attacker. Climbing specialists use their superior abilities either to attack on climbs and thereby gap the competitors, knowing that only other climbing specialists will be able to stay with them, or simply to maintain a high pace that others cannot match. A successful escape can help the climber achieve a victory if the race has a mountain-top finish, or even in a flat finish if the climber is able to maintain his lead after the climb is over. Climbing stages, along with individual time trials, are key stages in winning long stage races.In recent years, climbing specialists have been deployed as Super-domestiques, protecting team leaders with All-round capabilities by setting a strong tempo in mountain stages to deter attacks from rivals, a tactic known as a 'train'. Examples of this include Team Sky climbers Wout Poels, Mikel Landa and Mikel Nieve helping Chris Froome in his multiple Grand Tour victories. 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They also tend to have a slim, lightweight physique, but some can become good climbers through concerted training.The most successful climbing specialists come in different shapes and specializations. Climbers with very small physique such as José Rujano (48 kg), Nairo Quintana (58 kg), Roberto Heras (60 kg), Alberto Contador (61 kg) and Gilberto Simoni (58 kg) thrive when the climbs reach dizzying heights and incredibly steep slopes where their low weight makes them more efficient and able to put in repeated acceleration runs. Their endurance also makes them good stage race specialists. Marco Pantani, champion of the 1998 Tour de France, was able to make attack after attack to quickly tire out his opponents.Another type of rider or puncheur has a similarly small physique but possess more power which may provide an advantage in short but steep climbs in races including the Ardennes classics. Examples of such hills include the Mur de Huy in the Flèche Wallonne and the Cauberg in the Amstel Gold Race. Examples of such riders include Julian Alaphilippe, Philippe Gilbert, Paolo Bettini and Danilo Di Luca, who are able to sprint their way up the shorter climbs to win a stage or a single-day race. However, their lower endurance is a disadvantage in stage races where the climbs are usually longer, albeit at lower gradients. Many climbers cannot sprint very well because their relative small size does not allow them to match the strength of the bigger, more muscular sprinters.The last type of climber is the breakaway specialist who can ride aggressively with many attacks and sustain their lead over ascents, descents, and flats. Famous examples include Laurent Jalabert and Richard Virenque both of whom earned their King of the Mountains jerseys in the Tour de France by day-long breakaways amassing points at every summit. Most notably, Laurent Jalabert started his career as a sprinter but later transformed himself into a different type of rider. Rafał Majka won the Polka Dot jersey at the 2014 Tour de France and 2016 Tour de France in a similar manner.Many riders who are primarily time-trialists have also been able to compete in everything but the steepest climbs because of their good power-to-weight ratio. Tour de France winners Miguel Induráin, Jan Ullrich and Bradley Wiggins were primarily time-trialists but were also among the best in the mountain stages during the years in which they won the Tour de France. Also riders can build up a lead in the individual time trial's and defend the lead they have in the mountain stages, Tom Dumoulin won the 2017 Giro d'Italia and Primož Roglič won the 2021 Vuelta a España by doing this.","title":"Types of climbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_France_2009,_andy_en_albert_(22014224710).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alberto Contador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Contador"},{"link_name":"yellow jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_jersey"},{"link_name":"Andy Schleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Schleck"},{"link_name":"white jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_jersey"},{"link_name":"2009 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"physiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area"},{"link_name":"square–cube law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%E2%80%93cube_law"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessels"},{"link_name":"aerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"link_name":"gravitational potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_potential_energy"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"gravitational force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_force"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_equation"},{"link_name":"Paolo Savoldelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sportsci.org/encyc/cyclingupdown/cyclingupdown.html"}],"text":"Alberto Contador wearing the yellow jersey leading Andy Schleck wearing the white jersey at the 2009 Tour de France.Sports physiologists have attributed the advantage that small stature holds in cycling up steep ascents to the way in which body mass and body surface area scale according to height (see square–cube law). As a hypothetical cyclist's height increases, the surface areas of his body increase according to the square of his height whereas the mass of his body increases according to the cube of his height. The surface area relation applies not only to the total surface area of the body, but also to the surface areas of the lungs and blood vessels, which are primary factors in determining aerobic power. Thus, an equally proportioned cyclist who has 50% more body mass (i.e. is 50% heavier) will generate only about 30% more aerobic power. On a steep climb most of the cyclist's energy goes into lifting his own weight, so the heavier cyclist will be at a competitive disadvantage. There is, of course, a lower limit to the benefit of small stature because, among other factors, the cyclist must also lift the weight of his bicycle. The additional power is proportional to the grade or slope of the road and the speed of the rider along the slope (or along the level line). For a 5% grade, each meter of road requires lifting the body weight by 5 cm. The power (watts) is equal to change in gravitational potential energy (joules) per unit time (seconds). For a 60 kilograms (130 lb) rider, the additional power needed is about 30 watts per meter/second of road speed (about 8 watts per km/hour).Scaling factors also account for the relative disadvantage of the small cyclist in descending, although this is a result of physics, not physiology. A larger rider will be subject to a greater gravitational force because of their greater body mass. Additionally, as mentioned, the frontal area that creates aerodynamic drag increases only quadratically with the rider's size, and hence the larger rider would be expected to accelerate faster and attain a greater terminal velocity.Although these factors might seem to cancel each other out, the climber still has an advantage on a course with long ascents and long descents: adding several miles per hour on a slow, time-consuming climb is much more valuable than the same increase on a fast and brief descent. Any rider, of course, can improve their climbing speed by increasing their aerobic power and reducing their body weight and can increase their descending speed through better bike handling and the willingness to accept an increased risk of crashing. One of the few elite riders to use descending skill as a competitive advantage is Paolo Savoldelli, nicknamed \"the falcon.\"For a more quantitative treatment of climbing physics and physiology, see Swain, DP, Cycling: Uphill and Downhill [1].","title":"Climbing physics and physiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicycle components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_components"},{"link_name":"Lucien Van Impe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Van_Impe"},{"link_name":"cadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Recent advances in bicycle components give the rider a wider range of gearing choices, allowing climbing specialists to use lower gears to ascend optimally while still having the higher gears necessary to keep up with other riders in the flatter sections. Legendary climbers of the past such as Lucien Van Impe had to ride out of the saddle pushing high gears for hours at a time; climbers today are better able to match their gearing to the challenge and climb at a more reasonable cadence. The current UCI minimum limit for the mass of bicycles is 6.8 kilograms (15 lb). Although many bike manufacturers can create bikes much lighter than this, the UCI deems this weight fair in the spirit of preserving the 'primacy of man' over his equipment.[2]","title":"Bicycle technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_de_France_2017,_Stage_21_(36097636686)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warren Barguil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Barguil"},{"link_name":"2017 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Mountains classification in the Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Mountains classification in the Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"text":"Warren Barguil in the polka dot jersey at the 2017 Tour de FranceSee also: Mountains classification in the Tour de France, Mountains classification in the Giro d'Italia, and Mountains classification in the Vuelta a EspañaMost stage races have a special category for the best climber, usually by awarding points at the important summits of the race. In the Tour de France for example, the best climber, or \"King of the Mountains\", is awarded a red polka dot jersey (French: maillot à pois rouges). In the Giro d'Italia the best climber is awarded a blue jersey (Italian: maglia azzurra). In the Vuelta a España the best climber is awarded a blue polka dot jersey.","title":"King of the Mountains in stage races"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples of climbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Remco Evenepoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remco_Evenepoel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Rafał Majka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Majka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Tadej Pogačar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadej_Poga%C4%8Dar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Jonas Vingegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Vingegaard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sepp Kuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss"}],"sub_title":"Active riders","text":"Remco Evenepoel\n Rafał Majka\n Tadej Pogačar\n Jonas Vingegaard\n Sepp Kuss","title":"Examples of climbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lance Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"José Azevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Azevedo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Federico Bahamontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Bahamontes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ivan Basso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Basso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gino Bartali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Bartali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Alberto Contador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Contador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fausto Coppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Coppi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Charly Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Gaul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Roberto Heras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Heras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Luis Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Herrera_(cyclist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Laurent Jalabert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Jalabert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Julio Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Jim%C3%A9nez_(cyclist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Nibali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Marco Pantani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pantani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Michael Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rasmussen_(cyclist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Andy Schleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Schleck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Simoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Simoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Lucien Van Impe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Van_Impe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"}],"sub_title":"Former riders","text":"Lance Armstrong\n José Azevedo\n Federico Bahamontes\n Ivan Basso\n Gino Bartali\n Alberto Contador\n Fausto Coppi\n Charly Gaul\n Roberto Heras\n Luis Herrera\n Laurent Jalabert\n Julio Jiménez\n Vincenzo Nibali\n Marco Pantani\n Michael Rasmussen\n Joaquim Rodríguez\n Andy Schleck\n Gilberto Simoni\n Lucien Van Impe\n Richard Virenque","title":"Examples of climbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Racing_cyclist_types"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Racing_cyclist_types"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing_cyclist_types"},{"link_name":"All-rounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling_terminology#all-rounder"},{"link_name":"Breakaway specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakaway_specialist"},{"link_name":"Climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Domestique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestique"},{"link_name":"Puncheur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncheur"},{"link_name":"Rouleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouleur"},{"link_name":"Sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinter_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Time trialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_trialist"}],"text":"Owen Mulholland, John Wilcockson. Uphill Battle: Cycling's Great Climbers. VeloPress, 2003.vteTypes of road racing cyclist\nAll-rounder\nBreakaway specialist\nClimber\nDomestique\nPuncheur\nRouleur\nSprinter\nTime trialist","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Tadej Pogačar climbing in the 2023 Tour de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tadej_Pogacar_in_Marie_Blanque.jpg/220px-Tadej_Pogacar_in_Marie_Blanque.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marco Pantani is considered one of the all time greats at climbing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Marco_Pantani%2C_1997.jpg/220px-Marco_Pantani%2C_1997.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alberto Contador wearing the yellow jersey leading Andy Schleck wearing the white jersey at the 2009 Tour de France.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tour_de_France_2009%2C_andy_en_albert_%2822014224710%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_France_2009%2C_andy_en_albert_%2822014224710%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warren Barguil in the polka dot jersey at the 2017 Tour de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tour_de_France_2017%2C_Stage_21_%2836097636686%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tour_de_France_2017%2C_Stage_21_%2836097636686%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Swain, David P (1998). \"CYCLING UPHILL AND DOWNHILL\". Sportscience. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsci.org/jour/9804/dps.html","url_text":"\"CYCLING UPHILL AND DOWNHILL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uci News\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2009-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120803100342/http://oldsite.uci.ch/english/news/news_pre2000/comm_19990611.htm","url_text":"\"Uci News\""},{"url":"http://oldsite.uci.ch/english/news/news_pre2000/comm_19990611.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Climbing+specialist%22","external_links_name":"\"Climbing specialist\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Climbing+specialist%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Climbing+specialist%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Climbing+specialist%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Climbing+specialist%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Climbing+specialist%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/cyclingupdown/cyclingupdown.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.sportsci.org/jour/9804/dps.html","external_links_name":"\"CYCLING UPHILL AND DOWNHILL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120803100342/http://oldsite.uci.ch/english/news/news_pre2000/comm_19990611.htm","external_links_name":"\"Uci News\""},{"Link":"http://oldsite.uci.ch/english/news/news_pre2000/comm_19990611.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Adam_(disambiguation) | Charles Adam (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Charles Adam (1780–1853), was a British naval officer.
Charles or Charlie Adam may also refer to:
Sir Charles Elphinstone Adam, 1st Baronet (1859–1922) of the Adam baronets
Charlie Adam (born 1985), Scottish international football midfielder
Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1919) (1919–1996), Scottish football outside left
Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1962) (1962–2012), Scottish football midfielder, father of the footballer born 1985
See also
Charles Adams (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_baronets"},{"link_name":"Charlie Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam"},{"link_name":"Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam_(footballer,_born_1919)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam_(footballer,_born_1962)"}],"text":"Charles or Charlie Adam may also refer to:Sir Charles Elphinstone Adam, 1st Baronet (1859–1922) of the Adam baronets\nCharlie Adam (born 1985), Scottish international football midfielder\nCharlie Adam (footballer, born 1919) (1919–1996), Scottish football outside left\nCharlie Adam (footballer, born 1962) (1962–2012), Scottish football midfielder, father of the footballer born 1985","title":"Charles Adam (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Charles Adams (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Adams_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Charles_Adam_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Charles_Adam_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable_wrench | Adjustable spanner | ["1 Forms and names","2 Design and use","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"] | A spanner (a wrench) that can be adjusted to handle various sizes of fasteners
"Adjustable wrench" redirects here. For the composition by Michael Torke, see Adjustable Wrench (Torke).
From the bottom: The first BAHCO-improvement adjustable wrench from 1892 (Enköping Mekaniska Verkstad)Adjustable wrench from 1910 with an improved handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1915 with a slightly rounder handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1954 with improved handle and new jaw angle of 15 degrees (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1984 and the first with ERGO handle (BAHCO)Today's version of the adjustable wrench from 1992 with ERGO (BAHCO)
An adjustable spanner (UK and most other English-speaking countries), shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand), English wrench (Turkey) or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
Forms and names
There are many forms of adjustable spanners; many of them are screw-adjusted, whereas others use levers, and some early ones used wedges. The early taper-locking spanners needed a hammer to set the movable jaw to the size of the nut. The modern screw-adjusted spanner and lever types are easily and quickly adjusted. Some adjustable spanners automatically adjust to the size of the nut, using a motor and battery. Simpler models use a serrated edge to lock the movable jaw to size, while more sophisticated versions are digital types that use sheets or feelers to set the size.
Geesin (2015) shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by William Barlow in 1808 was prescient. By the 1830s, many designs with a central screw and a lower jaw moved by a nut were well known. Geesin and others document that English engineers Richard Clyburn and Edwin Beard Budding presented some influential new designs in 1842 and 1843. The one by Clyburn had the form of thumbwheel screw with worm-on-rack arrangement that would later be the most famous via subsequent adaptations. Improvements followed. In 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868 for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked.
One of the most widely known forms of adjustable wrench in the 21st century is an improved version of the Clyburn type; it was developed in 1891–1892. The Swedish company Bahco attributes its invention to Johan Petter Johansson, who in 1892 received a Swedish patent for it. In Canada and the United States, this type is often known as a Crescent wrench owing to widespread genericization of the brand name of the company that held the original 1915 U.S. patent for this type (U.S. patent 1133236A), the Crescent Tool Company. (The Crescent brand is now owned by the Apex Tool Group). As Geesin 2015 documents, the worm-on-rack type (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) was invented in Britain, and later popularized in Scandinavia via the Bahco/Johansson improvement, before its manufacture in the United States was patented. The Bahco/Johansson/Crescent category (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) became so dominant in the 20th century that in North America, the very term adjustable wrench usually elicits the meaning of this type in general usage today, unless another type is specified. In Australia it is sometimes referred to as a "shifting spanner" or its abbreviated form of "shifter".
Monkey wrenches are another type of adjustable spanner with a long history; the origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin reports that it originated in Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed were baseless. Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the 1860s to the 1910s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there.
Another popular type of adjustable spanner has a base and jaws that form four sides of a hexagon, and is therefore particularly suited for hexagonal nuts ("hex nuts") and hexagonal headed ("hex head") cap screws and bolts.
In some parts of Europe, adjustable spanners are often called a Bahco, owing to genericization of the name of the Bahco/Johansson type. In Denmark, this type of spanner is commonly referred to as a "svensknøgle", which basically translates to Swedish key. The Swedes themselves call the key "skiftnyckel", which is translated into adjustable key (shifting key). In Australia, adjustable spanners are also referred to as "shifters". In Spain, this kind of spanner is commonly called "llave inglesa", which means literally English key. Remarking the difference with the pipe wrench, also adjustable, in Spain this one is called "grifa", and it does not have any accurate translation.
Design and use
The fixed jaw can withstand bending stress far better than can the movable jaw, because the latter is supported only by the flat surfaces on either side of the guide slot, not the full thickness of the tool. The tool is therefore usually angled so that the movable jaw's area of contact is closer to the body of the tool, which means less bending stress. Still, one should avoid applying excessive force on tight bolts, since doing so can pry open the mounting of the movable jaw causing the wrench to no longer be able to be snugged to bolt heads, loosen too easily, or mar bolt heads. In some cases the jaws of the tool can break.
Gallery
A CAD drawing of a Johansson type, called a Swedish key in some times and places
A type called a French key in some times and places
A hand-forged monkey wrench from the early 1900s, called an English key in some times and places
The keyway of an adjustable wrench
Chrome vanadium adjustable wrench
Adjustable wrench for hexagonal ("hex") fasteners
Contemporary pliers wrench with high mechanical advantage parallel-gripping jaws.
A pair of adjustable wrenches of a box-end style.
Monkey wrench (left) compared to Stillson or pipe wrench (right)
See also
Types:
Monkey wrench
Relevant companies and brands, past and present:
Bahco
Channellock
Crescent (brand)
Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company
Knipex
Other tools with movable jaws, but serrated:
Locking pliers
Pipe wrench (including Stillson type)
Plumber wrench
Tongue-and-groove pliers
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adjustable wrenches.
^ The Free Dictionary. "shifting spanner". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^ English wrench. "What does English wrench mean?". İngiliz Anahtarı ne demek?. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^ FCS Engineering Technology L2. Pearson South Africa. 2009. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-77025-592-0.
^ a b c d e f g Geesin, Ron (2015), The Adjustable Spanner: History, Origins and Development to 1970, Crowood Press, ISBN 9781785000362.
^ Murray, John (1845). The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. pp. 388–.
^ John Lloyd; John Mitchinson; James Harkin (30 October 2012). 1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off. Faber & Faber. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-571-29795-5.
^ Lance Day; Ian McNeil (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.
^ U.S. patent 326,868
^ "About Us | BAHCO". www.bahco.com. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ a b Swedish Bahco leaflet about the development history of adjustable spanners (including photos) Archived October 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Johansson, Johan Petter (May 11, 1892). "SE Patent: SE-4,066 Stallbar skrufnyckel". Directory of American Tool and Machinery Patents.
^ Andreas Bergh (31 July 2014). Sweden and the Revival of the Capitalist Welfare State. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-78347-350-2.
^ "Has crescent wrench become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. 12 January 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ a b "shifting spanner". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.
^ "Has bahco become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. 12 January 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ Basic Swedish: A Grammar and Workbook ISBN 1-351-16966-1 p. 177
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Power
Woodworking | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adjustable Wrench (Torke)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable_Wrench_(Torke)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adjustablewrenches.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"spanner (wrench)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrench"},{"link_name":"fastener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(hardware)"},{"link_name":"bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Adjustable wrench\" redirects here. For the composition by Michael Torke, see Adjustable Wrench (Torke).From the bottom: The first BAHCO-improvement adjustable wrench from 1892 (Enköping Mekaniska Verkstad)Adjustable wrench from 1910 with an improved handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1915 with a slightly rounder handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1954 with improved handle and new jaw angle of 15 degrees (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1984 and the first with ERGO handle (BAHCO)Today's version of the adjustable wrench from 1992 with ERGO (BAHCO)An adjustable spanner (UK and most other English-speaking countries), shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand),[1] English wrench (Turkey)[2] or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.[3]","title":"Adjustable spanner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread"},{"link_name":"levers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever"},{"link_name":"wedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murray1845-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LloydMitchinson2012-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayMcNeil2002-7"},{"link_name":"Edwin Beard Budding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Beard_Budding"},{"link_name":"worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive"},{"link_name":"rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_gear"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bahco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahco"},{"link_name":"Johan Petter Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Petter_Johansson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAHCO-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bahco-10"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergh2014-12"},{"link_name":"genericization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gc-13"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1133236A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1133236A"},{"link_name":"Crescent brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Apex Tool Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_Tool_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shifter-14"},{"link_name":"Monkey wrenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geesin-2015-4"},{"link_name":"cap screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Hex"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bahco-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gc2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shifter-14"}],"text":"There are many forms of adjustable spanners; many of them are screw-adjusted, whereas others use levers, and some early ones used wedges. The early taper-locking spanners needed a hammer to set the movable jaw to the size of the nut. The modern screw-adjusted spanner and lever types are easily and quickly adjusted. Some adjustable spanners automatically adjust to the size of the nut, using a motor and battery. Simpler models use a serrated edge to lock the movable jaw to size, while more sophisticated versions are digital types that use sheets or feelers to set the size.Geesin (2015)[4] shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by William Barlow in 1808 was prescient.[4] By the 1830s, many designs with a central screw and a lower jaw moved by a nut were well known.[4] Geesin[4] and others[5][6][7] document that English engineers Richard Clyburn and Edwin Beard Budding presented some influential new designs in 1842 and 1843. The one by Clyburn had the form of thumbwheel screw with worm-on-rack arrangement that would later be the most famous via subsequent adaptations. Improvements followed. In 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868[8] for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked.One of the most widely known forms of adjustable wrench in the 21st century is an improved version of the Clyburn type; it was developed in 1891–1892. The Swedish company Bahco attributes its invention to Johan Petter Johansson,[9][10] who in 1892 received a Swedish patent for it.[11][12] In Canada and the United States, this type is often known as a Crescent wrench owing to widespread genericization of the brand name[13] of the company that held the original 1915 U.S. patent for this type (U.S. patent 1133236A), the Crescent Tool Company. (The Crescent brand is now owned by the Apex Tool Group). As Geesin 2015 documents,[4] the worm-on-rack type (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) was invented in Britain,[4] and later popularized in Scandinavia via the Bahco/Johansson improvement, before its manufacture in the United States was patented. The Bahco/Johansson/Crescent category (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) became so dominant in the 20th century that in North America, the very term adjustable wrench usually elicits the meaning of this type in general usage today, unless another type is specified. In Australia it is sometimes referred to as a \"shifting spanner\" or its abbreviated form of \"shifter\".[14]Monkey wrenches are another type of adjustable spanner with a long history; the origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin reports that it originated in Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed were baseless.[4] Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the 1860s to the 1910s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there.Another popular type of adjustable spanner has a base and jaws that form four sides of a hexagon, and is therefore particularly suited for hexagonal nuts (\"hex nuts\") and hexagonal headed (\"hex head\") cap screws and bolts.In some parts of Europe, adjustable spanners are often called a Bahco,[10][15] owing to genericization of the name of the Bahco/Johansson type. In Denmark, this type of spanner is commonly referred to as a \"svensknøgle\", which basically translates to Swedish key. The Swedes themselves call the key \"skiftnyckel\", which is translated into adjustable key (shifting key).[16] In Australia, adjustable spanners are also referred to as \"shifters\". In Spain, this kind of spanner is commonly called \"llave inglesa\", which means literally English key. Remarking the difference with the pipe wrench, also adjustable, in Spain this one is called \"grifa\", and it does not have any accurate translation. [14]","title":"Forms and names"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The fixed jaw can withstand bending stress far better than can the movable jaw, because the latter is supported only by the flat surfaces on either side of the guide slot, not the full thickness of the tool. The tool is therefore usually angled so that the movable jaw's area of contact is closer to the body of the tool, which means less bending stress. Still, one should avoid applying excessive force on tight bolts, since doing so can pry open the mounting of the movable jaw causing the wrench to no longer be able to be snugged to bolt heads, loosen too easily, or mar bolt heads. In some cases the jaws of the tool can break.","title":"Design and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adjustable_wrench.svg"},{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klucz_francuski.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tweedy_and_Popp_-_hand-forged_adjustable_wrench.jpg"},{"link_name":"monkey wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"English key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_key"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adjustable_wrench_keyway.jpg"},{"link_name":"keyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(engineering)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrome_Vanadium_Adjustable_Wrench.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chrome vanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_vanadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cresent_brand_8-inch_adjustable_wrench.jpg"},{"link_name":"hexagonal (\"hex\") fasteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Hex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knipex_Pliers_Wrench_type_86.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adjustable-wrenches-box-style-4.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monkey_and_Stillson_wrenches.png"}],"text":"A CAD drawing of a Johansson type, called a Swedish key in some times and places\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA type called a French key in some times and places\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA hand-forged monkey wrench from the early 1900s, called an English key in some times and places\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe keyway of an adjustable wrench\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrome vanadium adjustable wrench\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdjustable wrench for hexagonal (\"hex\") fasteners\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tContemporary pliers wrench with high mechanical advantage parallel-gripping jaws.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pair of adjustable wrenches of a box-end style.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonkey wrench (left) compared to Stillson or pipe wrench (right)","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"From the bottom: The first BAHCO-improvement adjustable wrench from 1892 (Enköping Mekaniska Verkstad)Adjustable wrench from 1910 with an improved handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1915 with a slightly rounder handle (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1954 with improved handle and new jaw angle of 15 degrees (BAHCO)Adjustable wrench from 1984 and the first with ERGO handle (BAHCO)Today's version of the adjustable wrench from 1992 with ERGO (BAHCO)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adjustablewrenches.jpg/220px-Adjustablewrenches.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Monkey wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"title":"Bahco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahco"},{"title":"Channellock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channellock"},{"title":"Crescent (brand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_(brand)"},{"title":"Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Calk_Horseshoe_Company"},{"title":"Knipex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knipex"},{"title":"Locking pliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_pliers"},{"title":"Pipe wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_wrench"},{"title":"Plumber wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber_wrench"},{"title":"Tongue-and-groove pliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-and-groove_pliers"}] | [{"reference":"The Free Dictionary. \"shifting spanner\". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/shifting+spanner","url_text":"\"shifting spanner\""}]},{"reference":"English wrench. \"What does English wrench mean?\". İngiliz Anahtarı ne demek?. Retrieved 2022-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/ne-demek/ingiliz-anahtari-ne-demek-35233","url_text":"\"What does English wrench mean?\""}]},{"reference":"FCS Engineering Technology L2. Pearson South Africa. 2009. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-77025-592-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BZlRRATDG4C&pg=PA161","url_text":"FCS Engineering Technology L2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77025-592-0","url_text":"978-1-77025-592-0"}]},{"reference":"Geesin, Ron (2015), The Adjustable Spanner: History, Origins and Development to 1970, Crowood Press, ISBN 9781785000362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785000362","url_text":"9781785000362"}]},{"reference":"Murray, John (1845). The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. pp. 388–.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalroyalagr03murrgoog","url_text":"The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalroyalagr03murrgoog/page/n430","url_text":"388"}]},{"reference":"John Lloyd; John Mitchinson; James Harkin (30 October 2012). 1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off. Faber & Faber. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-571-29795-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uZaYmyvrY34C&pg=PT44","url_text":"1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29795-5","url_text":"978-0-571-29795-5"}]},{"reference":"Lance Day; Ian McNeil (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FmoTeX3aGl4C&pg=PT206","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-65019-4","url_text":"978-1-134-65019-4"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us | BAHCO\". www.bahco.com. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bahco.com/en/about/","url_text":"\"About Us | BAHCO\""}]},{"reference":"Johansson, Johan Petter (May 11, 1892). \"SE Patent: SE-4,066 Stallbar skrufnyckel\". Directory of American Tool and Machinery Patents.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datamp.org/patents/displayPatent.php?pn=4066&id=57764","url_text":"\"SE Patent: SE-4,066 Stallbar skrufnyckel\""}]},{"reference":"Andreas Bergh (31 July 2014). Sweden and the Revival of the Capitalist Welfare State. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-78347-350-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=60kjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11","url_text":"Sweden and the Revival of the Capitalist Welfare State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78347-350-2","url_text":"978-1-78347-350-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Has crescent wrench become a generic trademark?\". genericides.org. 12 January 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genericides.org/trademark/crescent-wrench","url_text":"\"Has crescent wrench become a generic trademark?\""}]},{"reference":"\"shifting spanner\". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shifting+spanner","url_text":"\"shifting spanner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com","url_text":"CollinsDictionary.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"}]},{"reference":"\"Has bahco become a generic trademark?\". genericides.org. 12 January 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genericides.org/trademark/bahco","url_text":"\"Has bahco become a generic trademark?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1133236A","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1133236A"},{"Link":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/shifting+spanner","external_links_name":"\"shifting spanner\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/ne-demek/ingiliz-anahtari-ne-demek-35233","external_links_name":"\"What does English wrench mean?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BZlRRATDG4C&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"FCS Engineering Technology L2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/journalroyalagr03murrgoog","external_links_name":"The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/journalroyalagr03murrgoog/page/n430","external_links_name":"388"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uZaYmyvrY34C&pg=PT44","external_links_name":"1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FmoTeX3aGl4C&pg=PT206","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US326868","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 326,868"},{"Link":"http://www.bahco.com/en/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Us | BAHCO\""},{"Link":"http://www.bahco.com/files/Leaflet%20Adjustable%20Wrenches_ijqrefqqkcekocbournjsajpr.pdf","external_links_name":"Swedish Bahco leaflet about the development history of adjustable spanners (including photos)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061015183634/http://www.bahco.com/files/Leaflet%20Adjustable%20Wrenches_ijqrefqqkcekocbournjsajpr.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.datamp.org/patents/displayPatent.php?pn=4066&id=57764","external_links_name":"\"SE Patent: SE-4,066 Stallbar skrufnyckel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=60kjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11","external_links_name":"Sweden and the Revival of the Capitalist Welfare State"},{"Link":"https://www.genericides.org/trademark/crescent-wrench","external_links_name":"\"Has crescent wrench become a generic trademark?\""},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shifting+spanner","external_links_name":"\"shifting spanner\""},{"Link":"https://www.genericides.org/trademark/bahco","external_links_name":"\"Has bahco become a generic trademark?\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada_films_of_1987 | List of Kannada films of 1987 | ["1 See also","2 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "List of Kannada films of 1987" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022)
Sandalwood(Kannada) cinema
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s
2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
vte
The following is a list of films produced in the Kannada film industry in India in 1987, presented in alphabetical order.
Title
Director
Cast
Music
Reference
Aaganthuka
Suresh Heblikar
Suresh Heblikar, Vanitha Vasu, Devaraj, Jayashri
Rajiv Taranath
Aapadbandhava
A. T. Raghu
Ambareesh, Ambika, Parijatha, Lohithaswa
Rajan–Nagendra
Aase
Jayarama Reddy
Charan Raj, Geetha, N. S. Rao, Disco Shanti
Ravi Shenoy
Aaseya Bale
Raj Kishor
Vishnuvardhan, Nalini, Jai Jagadish, Loknath
Vijaya Bhaskar
Agni Kanye
T Janardhan
Raja, Jai Jagadish, Ranjini, Dinesh
Shankar–Ganesh
Anthima Ghatta
Janakiram
Shankar Nag, Urvashi, Tara, Ramesh Bhat
Vijaya Bhaskar
Anthima Theerpu
A. T. Raghu
Ambareesh, Bharathi, Geetha, Thoogudeepa Srinivas
Hamsalekha
Athiratha Maharatha
Perala
Ananth Nag, Tiger Prabhakar, Ambika, Avinash
K. Chakravarthy
Avasthe
Krishna Masadi
Ananth Nag, Archana, B. V. Karanth, M. P. Prakash, J. H. Patel
Vijaya Bhaskar
Baala Nouke
Shantaram Kanagal
Srinivasa Murthy, Roopadevi, Tara
K. P. Sukhadev
Bandha Muktha
K. V. Raju
Tiger Prabhakar, Bharathi, Devaraj, Ramakrishna
Vijaya Bhaskar
Bazar Bheema
Perala
Ambareesh, Geetha, Ambika, K. S. Ashwath
Satyam
Bedi
V. Somashekhar
Ambareesh, Bhavya, Sudha Chandran, Tiger Prabhakar
Hamsalekha
Bhadrakali
Renuka Sharma
Sridhar, Mahalakshmi, Tara
Satyam
Daivashakti
Renuka Sharma
Ananth Nag, Bhavya, Thoogudeepa Srinivas, Umashree
Hamsalekha
Dance Raja Dance
Dwarakish
Vinod Raj, Devaraj, Divya, Sangeetha, Srinath
Vijay Anand
Digvijaya
Soma
Ambareesh, Shankar Nag, Ambika, Radha, Srinath, Vajramuni
Hamsalekha
Ee Bandha Anubandha
K. Janakiram
Shankar Nag, Zarina Wahab, Master Manjunath, Vajramuni
Ramesh Naidu
Hosa Madam
S. Anand
Mukhyamantri Chandru, Bharathi, Sundar Raj, Lohitashwa
S. P. Kumar
Hrudaya Pallavi
R. N. Jayagopal
Srinath, Geetha, Pavithra, Ramakrishna
M. Ranga Rao
Huli Hebbuli
Vijay
Shankar Nag, Tiger Prabhakar, Sumalatha, Bhavya, Ananth Nag, Leelavathi
Vijaya Bhaskar
Inspector Krantikumar
A. T. Raghu
Ambareesh, Geetha, Bhavya, Jai Jagadish, Mukhyamantri Chandru
Rajan–Nagendra
Jayasimha
P. Vasu
Vishnuvardhan, Mahalakshmi, Vajramuni, Umashree
Vijay Anand
Jeevana Jyothi
P. Vasu
Vishnuvardhan, Ambika, Nalini
Vijay Anand
Karunamayi
H. R. Bhargava
Vishnuvardhan, Bhavya, Tara, Pandari Bai, K. S. Ashwath
Rajan–Nagendra
Kendada Male
B. C. Gowrishankar
Devaraj, Nagesh Kashyap, Sundar Krishna Urs, Chandralekha
L. Vaidyanathan
Kurukshetra
H. R. Bhargava
Ananth Nag, Saritha, Bhavya, Charan Raj, Doddanna
M. Ranga Rao
Manamecchida Hudugi
M.S.Rajshekar
Shivarajkumar, Sudharani, Sundar Krishna Urs
Upendra Kumar
Manasa Veene
Geethapriya
Sridhar, Srinath, Saritha
M. Ranga Rao
Mr. Raaja
V. Somashekhar
Ambareesh, Mahalakshmi, Tara, Mukhyamantri Chandru
Hamsalekha
Mukhavada
M. D. Kaushik
Ramakrishna, Tara, Jayanthi, Loknath
K. P. Sukhdev
Nyaayakke Shikshe
Srinivas
Sridhar, Bharathi, Ambika, Charan Raj
Vijay Anand
Olavina Udugore
Rajendra Babu
Ambareesh, Manjula Sharma, Ramakrishna, N. S. Rao
M. Ranga Rao
Onde Goodina Hakkigalu
Rajachandra
Tiger Prabhakar, Lakshmi, Shubha, Vikram
Vijay Anand
Ondu Muttina Kathe
Shankar Nag
Rajkumar, Archana, Mukhyamantri Chandru, Doddanna, Shivaram
L. Vaidyanathan
Poornachandra
C. V. Rajendran
Ambareesh, Ambika, Srinath
G. K. Venkatesh
Premaloka
V. Ravichandran
V. Ravichandran, Juhi Chawla, Leelavathi, Mukhyamantri Chandru
Hamsalekha
Pushpak
Singeetham Srinivasa Rao
Kamal Haasan, Amala, Tinnu Anand, Amjad Khan, Prathap Pothan
L. Vaidyanathan
Ravana Rajya
T. S. Nagabharana
Devaraj, Bhavya, Tara
Vijay Anand
Sampradaya
Master Hirannayya
Master Hirannayya, Bharathi, Seetharam
P. Vajrappa
Sangrama
K. V. Raju
Ravichandran, Bhavya, Lokesh, Loknath
Hamsalekha
Sathwa Pareekshe
Srinivas
Tiger Prabhakar, Bhavya, Sridhar, Jayachitra
Vijay Anand
Sathyam Shivam Sundaram
K. S. R. Das
Vishnuvardhan, Sumithra, Radhika, Vajramuni
K. Chakravarthy
Shivabhakta Markandeya
B. S. Ranga
Rajesh, Roopa Devi, Padma Vasanthi
M. Ranga Rao
Shruthi Seridaaga
Chi. Dattaraj
Rajkumar, Madhavi, Geetha, Balakrishna
T. G. Lingappa
Shubha Milana
H. R. Bhargava
Vishnuvardhan, Ambika, Uday, K. S. Ashwath
M. Ranga Rao
Sowbhagya Lakshmi
H. R. Bhargava
Vishnuvardhan, Lakshmi, Radha, Ramesh Bhat
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Sri Chamundeshwari Pooja Mahime
B V Srinivas
Ramakrishna, Rohini, Vajramuni
Vijaya Krishnamurthy
Surya
Baraguru Ramachandrappa
Lokesh, Rohini Hattangadi, Maanu, Pramila Joshai
Vijaya Bhaskar
Thaliya Aane
D. Rajendra Babu
Tiger Prabhakar, Bharathi, Vinod Alva, Manjula Sharma
Vijaya Bhaskar
Thayi
Perala
Ananth Nag, Shankar Nag, Bhavya, Gayathri, Tara
Satyam
Thayi Kotta Thali
Ravindranath
Murali, Mahalakshmi, Lokesh, Jayanthi
M. Ranga Rao
Vijay
Jayanthi
Rajashekar, Kim, Jai Jagadish, Sundar Krishna Urs, Jayamalini
M. Ranga Rao
Yaarigagi
Pradeep Kumar
Ramakrishna, Sridhar, Vijay Kashi, Varnalatha, Leelavathi
G. K. Venkatesh
See also
Kannada films of 1986
Kannada films of 1988
References
^ "Top 1987 Kannada Movies List".
vteCinema of Karnataka
Kannada films (A–Z)
Actors
Directors
Producers
Screenwriters
Cinematographers
Composers
Playback singers
Films by decade
1930s
1940s
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2010s
Films by year
1960
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1964
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1966
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1987
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1990
1991
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1993
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2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
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vte1987 films
American
Argentine
Australian
British
Canadian
Egyptian
French
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Indian
Bengali
Hindi
Kannada
Malayalam
Marathi
Ollywood
Tamil
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Israeli
Italian
Japanese
Mexican
Pakistani
South Korean
Soviet
Spanish | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannada film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The following is a list of films produced in the Kannada film industry in India in 1987, presented in alphabetical order.[1]","title":"List of Kannada films of 1987"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kannada films of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_films_of_1986"},{"title":"Kannada films of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_films_of_1988"}] | [{"reference":"\"Top 1987 Kannada Movies List\".","urls":[{"url":"https://chiloka.com/kannada/movies/1987","url_text":"\"Top 1987 Kannada Movies List\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kannada_films_of_1987&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Kannada films of 1987\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Kannada+films+of+1987%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://chiloka.com/kannada/movies/1987","external_links_name":"\"Top 1987 Kannada Movies List\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_The_Fuck_Up_Radio | Get The Fuck Up Radio | ["1 Footnotes","2 External links"] | American radio program
Get the Fuck Up Radio (GTFU) was an internet and pirate radio radio program located in Los Angeles. The program was broadcast every Monday night from 2000 to 2010 by Aaron Farley and Jeremy Weiss so the two photographers could hang out weekly. The format included band interviews, live musical performances, and prank calls. A few years later, Annie Hardy was added to the team. Other regulars to the show include Luis the Humble Mexican, Chrississippi, Curtis Mead, Kevin Kusatsu, Devin Foley, Jentern and Travis Keller. One notable guest on the show was Sean Carlson, who they referred to as "High School Sean" because of his young age.
In 2000, photography student Jeremy Weiss met Aaron North and Travis Kelley of Buddyhead, a record company and satirical website, in San Francisco. North and Kelly encouraged Weiss to move to Los Angeles, and join Buddyhead, which included the Buddyhead radioshow. After the Dot-com bubble, financial support for Buddyhead plummeted, and Weiss and fellow photographer Aaron Farley developed GTFU as an spin-off radioshow.
The show originally aired on internet station Kill Radio. Then the show aired from 8:00-11:00pm PST every Monday night on Little Radio. The last couple of years of the show were broadcast out of a secret location in Silver Lake on Monday nights at 7-10PM on GTFURadio.com.
GTFU Radio has been featured in LA Weekly, LA Record and Swindle Magazine. Some past guests of GTFU include Say Anything, Franz Ferdinand, Saves the Day, Giant Drag, The Libertines, Piebald, Mars Volta, Matt Costa, Rilo Kiley and former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash. GTFU also hosted the first live performances of Los Angeles' Warpaint.
Footnotes
^ Ryder, Caroline (2005-11-29). "Get The Fuck Up Goes Bonkers". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.
^ Murphy, Heather. "Radio Utopia: GTFU". Swindle. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
^ Ryder, Caroline (2006-10-10). "Slash Appeals for Lost Kittie on Get The Fuck Up Radio". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03.
^ "Warpaint Live on GTFU Radio. 7.23.07". YouTube. 2007-07-31. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
External links
GTFU Radio official website
Matt Costa live on GTFU
This article about internet radio, web series, streaming television or podcasting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pirate radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio"},{"link_name":"radio program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_program"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Annie Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Curtis Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Mead"},{"link_name":"Jentern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Goodridge"},{"link_name":"Sean Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Aaron North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_North"},{"link_name":"Dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Swindle Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Say Anything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Anything_(band)"},{"link_name":"Franz Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)"},{"link_name":"Saves the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saves_the_Day"},{"link_name":"Giant Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Drag"},{"link_name":"The Libertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Libertines"},{"link_name":"Piebald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piebald_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mars Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Volta"},{"link_name":"Matt Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Costa"},{"link_name":"Rilo Kiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilo_Kiley"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Warpaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warpaint_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Get the Fuck Up Radio (GTFU) was an internet and pirate radio radio program located in Los Angeles. The program was broadcast every Monday night from 2000 to 2010 by Aaron Farley and Jeremy Weiss so the two photographers could hang out weekly. The format included band interviews, live musical performances, and prank calls. A few years later, Annie Hardy was added to the team. Other regulars to the show include Luis the Humble Mexican, Chrississippi, Curtis Mead, Kevin Kusatsu, Devin Foley, Jentern and Travis Keller. One notable guest on the show was Sean Carlson, who they referred to as \"High School Sean\" because of his young age.In 2000, photography student Jeremy Weiss met Aaron North and Travis Kelley of Buddyhead, a record company and satirical website, in San Francisco. North and Kelly encouraged Weiss to move to Los Angeles, and join Buddyhead, which included the Buddyhead radioshow. 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The last couple of years of the show were broadcast out of a secret location in Silver Lake on Monday nights at 7-10PM on GTFURadio.com.GTFU Radio has been featured in LA Weekly,[1] LA Record and Swindle Magazine.[2] Some past guests of GTFU include Say Anything, Franz Ferdinand, Saves the Day, Giant Drag, The Libertines, Piebald, Mars Volta, Matt Costa, Rilo Kiley and former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash.[3] GTFU also hosted the first live performances of Los Angeles' Warpaint.[4]","title":"Get The Fuck Up Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Get The Fuck Up Goes Bonkers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080228201956/http://blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/get-the-fuck-up-goes-bonkers/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/get-the-fuck-up-goes-bonkers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Radio Utopia: GTFU\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080209005621/http://swindlemagazine.com/issue12/gtfu/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//swindlemagazine.com/issue12/gtfu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Slash Appeals for Lost Kittie on Get The Fuck Up Radio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080203140321/http://blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/slash-appeals-for-lost-kittie/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/slash-appeals-for-lost-kittie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Warpaint Live on GTFU Radio. 7.23.07\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN3d1SozU_Y&list=UUQW2XlgmoFa7OovHyrHVBaQ"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/MN3d1SozU_Y"}],"text":"^ Ryder, Caroline (2005-11-29). \"Get The Fuck Up Goes Bonkers\". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.\n\n^ Murphy, Heather. \"Radio Utopia: GTFU\". Swindle. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2008-02-12.\n\n^ Ryder, Caroline (2006-10-10). \"Slash Appeals for Lost Kittie on Get The Fuck Up Radio\". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03.\n\n^ \"Warpaint Live on GTFU Radio. 7.23.07\". YouTube. 2007-07-31. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-18.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ryder, Caroline (2005-11-29). \"Get The Fuck Up Goes Bonkers\". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228201956/http://blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/get-the-fuck-up-goes-bonkers/","url_text":"\"Get The Fuck Up Goes Bonkers\""},{"url":"http://blogs.laweekly.com/style_council/uncategorized/get-the-fuck-up-goes-bonkers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Heather. \"Radio Utopia: GTFU\". Swindle. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuanzhang | Liu Yuanzhang | ["1 References"] | In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.
Liu Yuanzhang (simplified Chinese: 刘源张; traditional Chinese: 劉源張; pinyin: Liú Yuánzhāng; January, 1925 – 3 April 2014 ) was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and professor of quality management engineering at Shanghai University.
References
^ Kubin (22 June 2005). "刘源张："偶然"的质量生涯 (Liu Yuan Zhang: "accidental" quality of life)". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
^ "中国质量管理创始人刘源张院士逝世 享年89岁_中国电力电子产业网". www.p-e-china.com (in Chinese). 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
United States
Czech Republic
This article about a Chinese engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Shanghai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Liu Yuanzhang (simplified Chinese: 刘源张; traditional Chinese: 劉源張; pinyin: Liú Yuánzhāng; January, 1925 – 3 April 2014 ) was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and professor of quality management engineering at Shanghai University.[1][2]","title":"Liu Yuanzhang"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kubin (22 June 2005). \"刘源张：\"偶然\"的质量生涯 (Liu Yuan Zhang: \"accidental\" quality of life)\". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090711215219/http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-06/22/content_3119864.htm","url_text":"\"刘源张：\"偶然\"的质量生涯 (Liu Yuan Zhang: \"accidental\" quality of life)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency","url_text":"Xinhua News Agency"},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-06/22/content_3119864.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"中国质量管理创始人刘源张院士逝世 享年89岁_中国电力电子产业网\". www.p-e-china.com (in Chinese). 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072715/http://www.p-e-china.com/neir.asp?newsid=40229","url_text":"\"中国质量管理创始人刘源张院士逝世 享年89岁_中国电力电子产业网\""},{"url":"http://www.p-e-china.com/neir.asp?newsid=40229","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090711215219/http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-06/22/content_3119864.htm","external_links_name":"\"刘源张：\"偶然\"的质量生涯 (Liu Yuan Zhang: \"accidental\" quality of life)\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-06/22/content_3119864.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072715/http://www.p-e-china.com/neir.asp?newsid=40229","external_links_name":"\"中国质量管理创始人刘源张院士逝世 享年89岁_中国电力电子产业网\""},{"Link":"http://www.p-e-china.com/neir.asp?newsid=40229","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000007599280X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106910127","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/100145067245866630517","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvXrCM8G8XFTBJmpyvVhb","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010012397","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2015865699&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuanzhang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_F.C. | Glasgow University F.C. | ["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°54′13″N 4°18′47″W / 55.903504°N 4.312968°W / 55.903504; -4.312968Association football club in Glasgow City, Scotland, UK
Football clubGlasgow UniversityFull nameGlasgow University Football ClubFounded1877GroundExcelsior Stadium, AirdrieCapacity10,101 (all seated)ChairmanDonnie FergusonManagerPhil StorrierLeagueWest of Scotland League Third Division2023–24West of Scotland League Second Division, 16th of 16 (relegated)
Home colours
Glasgow University Football Club are a Scottish football team that represents the University of Glasgow. The club was founded at a meeting of students "dissatisfied that the Rugby game alone has been played at College" on 7 December 1877, under the captaincy of Arthur Mechan.
Having played previously in the Caledonian Amateur Football League, from the 2020–21 season, their first team play in the newly formed West of Scotland Football League.
They are based at the Garscube Sports Complex in Glasgow, The first team play at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie, which they share with Airdrieonians.
They can participate in the Scottish Cup, as they are members of the Scottish Football Association. They lost in the first round to Brechin City in 2004–05, Buckie Thistle in 2007–08. and Vale of Leithen in 2008–09. Their participation in the 2004–05 competition was their first since 1995, when they lost 1–0 to Spartans in the first round. They also qualified for the 1975–76 competition, losing to Albion Rovers in a second round replay. Previously, on 28 January 1960, Glasgow University were routed 15–0 by Cup-holders St Mirren at their Love Street ground in a first-round tie, American-born striker Gerry Baker scoring ten of the goals.
The 2010–11 competition saw Glasgow University qualify for the Scottish Cup second round for the first time since their 1975–76 defeat to Albion Rovers, after a 1–0 victory at Garscube Sports Complex against Burntisland Shipyard. In season 2015–16, Glasgow University were drawn away to Lowland League side Cumbernauld Colts in the first round of the competition, with Cumbernauld Colts winning 3–0 in front of a healthy crowd at Broadwood Stadium. In the 2016–17 competition, Glasgow University lost 8–2 to Junior champions Bonnyrigg Rose in a home tie staged at the Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie.
University player William Beveridge made three international appearances for Scotland from 1879 to 1880.
In addition to its main teams which are for current students of the university, there is also a club for graduates, Westerlands AFC, (founded in 1967 named after the institution's former sports grounds in Anniesland), who also play at Garscube and compete in the Caledonian AFL along with the Glasgow students' team.
Honours
Scottish Qualifying Cup South (2):
1967–68, 1969–70
Scottish Amateur Cup (1):
1926–27
West of Scotland Amateur Cup (1):
1931–32
Queen's Park Shield (20):
1924, 1927, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1991
References
^ "Glasgow University". Glasgow Herald: 3. 11 December 1877.
^ Pirie, Mark (15 April 2020). "Lanarkshire juniors exodus confirmed as ALL clubs revealed as part of West of Scotland League". Daily Record. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ Glasgow University midfielder Chris O'Day dreaming of Celtic tie, Daily Record, 27 September 2008.
^ a b , Scottish Football Association.
^ Campbell to study cup opponents, The Scotsman, 20 October 2004.
^ University side make progress by degrees, The Times, 20 November 2004.
^ "William Beveridge". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ Teams, Westerlands Amateur Football Club (Pitchero)
^ West of Scotland Amateur Cup Scottish Amateur Football Association.
External links
Official website
vteWest of Scotland Football LeaguePremier Division
Arthurlie
Auchinleck Talbot
Beith Juniors
Benburb
Clydebank
Cumnock Juniors
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55°54′13″N 4°18′47″W / 55.903504°N 4.312968°W / 55.903504; -4.312968 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Amateur Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League"},{"link_name":"the 2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"West of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Excelsior Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Airdrieonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrieonians_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Brechin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfa-4"},{"link_name":"Buckie Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckie_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfa-4"},{"link_name":"Vale of Leithen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Leithen_F.C."},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartans_F.C."},{"link_name":"1975–76 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Love Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Street"},{"link_name":"Gerry Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Baker"},{"link_name":"2010–11 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burntisland Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntisland_Shipyard_Amateur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lowland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_Colts_F.C."},{"link_name":"Broadwood Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwood_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bonnyrigg Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyrigg_Rose_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Excelsior Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"William Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anniesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniesland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Association football club in Glasgow City, Scotland, UKFootball clubGlasgow University Football Club are a Scottish football team that represents the University of Glasgow. The club was founded at a meeting of students \"dissatisfied that the Rugby game alone has been played at College\" on 7 December 1877, under the captaincy of Arthur Mechan.[1]Having played previously in the Caledonian Amateur Football League, from the 2020–21 season, their first team play in the newly formed West of Scotland Football League.[2]They are based at the Garscube Sports Complex in Glasgow,[3] The first team play at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie, which they share with Airdrieonians.They can participate in the Scottish Cup, as they are members of the Scottish Football Association. They lost in the first round to Brechin City in 2004–05,[4] Buckie Thistle in 2007–08.[4] and Vale of Leithen in 2008–09. Their participation in the 2004–05 competition was their first since 1995,[5] when they lost 1–0 to Spartans in the first round. They also qualified for the 1975–76 competition, losing to Albion Rovers in a second round replay.[6] Previously, on 28 January 1960, Glasgow University were routed 15–0 by Cup-holders St Mirren at their Love Street ground in a first-round tie, American-born striker Gerry Baker scoring ten of the goals.The 2010–11 competition saw Glasgow University qualify for the Scottish Cup second round for the first time since their 1975–76 defeat to Albion Rovers, after a 1–0 victory at Garscube Sports Complex against Burntisland Shipyard. In season 2015–16, Glasgow University were drawn away to Lowland League side Cumbernauld Colts in the first round of the competition, with Cumbernauld Colts winning 3–0 in front of a healthy crowd at Broadwood Stadium. In the 2016–17 competition, Glasgow University lost 8–2 to Junior champions Bonnyrigg Rose in a home tie staged at the Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie.University player William Beveridge made three international appearances for Scotland from 1879 to 1880.[7]In addition to its main teams which are for current students of the university, there is also a club for graduates, Westerlands AFC, (founded in 1967 named after the institution's former sports grounds in Anniesland), who also play at Garscube and compete in the Caledonian AFL along with the Glasgow students' team.[8]","title":"Glasgow University F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Qualifying Cup South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Qualifying_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Shield"}],"text":"Scottish Qualifying Cup South (2):1967–68, 1969–70Scottish Amateur Cup (1):1926–27West of Scotland Amateur Cup (1):1931–32[9]Queen's Park Shield (20):1924, 1927, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1991","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Glasgow University\". Glasgow Herald: 3. 11 December 1877.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pirie, Mark (15 April 2020). \"Lanarkshire juniors exodus confirmed as ALL clubs revealed as part of West of Scotland League\". Daily Record. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/lanarkshire-juniors-exodus-confirmed-clubs-21869980","url_text":"\"Lanarkshire juniors exodus confirmed as ALL clubs revealed as part of West of Scotland League\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Beveridge\". Scottish Football Association. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_sea | Sea of Japan | ["1 Names","1.1 Naming dispute","2 History","3 Geography and geology","4 Climate","5 Extent","6 Hydrology","7 Flora and fauna","8 Economy","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°N 135°E / 40°N 135°E / 40; 135Marginal sea between Japan, Russia and Korea
Sea of JapanSea of Japan mapChinese nameChinese日本海TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinRìběn HǎiJapanese nameKanji日本海HiraganaにほんかいTranscriptionsRevised HepburnNihon-kaiNorth Korean nameChosŏn'gŭl조선동해Hancha朝鮮東海Literal meaningEast Sea of KoreaTranscriptionsRevised RomanizationJoseon DonghaeMcCune–ReischauerChosŏn TonghaeSouth Korean nameHangul동해Hanja東海Literal meaningEast SeaTranscriptionsRevised RomanizationDonghaeMcCune–ReischauerTonghaeRussian nameRussianЯпонское мореRomanizationYaponskoye moreManchu nameManchuᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳdergi mederi
The Sea of Japan (see below for other names) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean. This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity, both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%.
The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.
Names
Sea of Japan is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.
The sea is called Nihon kai (日本海, literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, Rìběn hǎi (日本海, 'Japan Sea') or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, 'Whale Sea') in China, Yaponskoye more (Японское море, 'Japanese Sea') in Russia, Chosŏn Tonghae (조선동해, literally 'Korean East Sea') in North Korea, and Donghae (동해, literally 'East Sea') in South Korea.
Naming dispute
Main article: Sea of Japan naming dispute
The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;" while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea".
The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century, while the Koreas claim that the term "Sea of Japan" arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule, and before that occupation, other names such as "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" were used in English. The sea is referred to as the Sea of Japan according to the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue. In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as "S-130". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name.
History
For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, traveled northward across the sea through the strait later named after him. In 1796, a British naval officer, William Robert Broughton, explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula.
In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator Adam Johann von Krusenstern while sailing across the globe in the ship Nadezhda also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese islands. In 1849, another Russian explorer Gennady Nevelskoy discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents.
Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.
American, Canadian and French whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892. Most entered the sea via Korea Strait and left via La Pérouse Strait, but some entered and exited via Tsugaru Strait. They primarily targeted right whales, but began catching humpbacks as right whale catches declined. They also made attempts to catch blue and fin whales, but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September, with peak catches in May and June. During the peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan, with significantly lesser numbers in following years.
Geography and geology
Relief of the Sea of Japan and nearby areas
Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Early Miocene (23–18 Ma)
Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Middle Pliocene to Late Pliocene (3.5–2 Ma)
The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the land bridge of East Asia existed. The Japan Arc started to form in the Early Miocene. In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the Japanese archipelago separated from each other. During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.
The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until orogenesis of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later Late Miocene. The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass. The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene. The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in Pliocene also. The eastern margin of the sea may host an incipient subduction zone responsible for large earthquakes in 1940, 1964, 1983 and 1993.
Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Kyūshū to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits: the Strait of Tartary between the Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La Pérouse Strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyūshū.
The Korea Strait is composed of the Western Channel and the Tsushima Strait, on either side of Tsushima Island. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the Neogene Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō. All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.
The sea has a surface area of about 1,050,000 km2 (410,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft) and a maximum depth of 4,568 m (14,987 ft). It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about 7,600 km (4,700 mi) with the largest part (3,240 km or 2,010 mi) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than 2,255 km (1,401 mi) and has a maximum width of about 1,070 km (660 mi).
It has three major basins: the Yamato Basin in the south-east, the Japan Basin in the north and the Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) in the south-west. The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below 2,300 m (7,500 ft). On the eastern shores, the continental shelves of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about 30 km (19 mi).
There are three distinct continental shelves in the northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of 900–1,400 (3,000–4,600), 1,700–2,000 (5,600–6,600) and 2,300–2,600 m (7,500–8,500 ft). The last step sharply drops to the depths of about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has a few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft) runs from north to south through the middle of the central part.
The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of granite, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to 300 m (980 ft) is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between 300 and 800 m (980 and 2,620 ft) are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.
There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for Ulleungdo (South Korea). The most significant islands are Moneron, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Ōshima, Sado, Okinoshima, Ulleungdo, Askold, Russky and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and lack large bays and capes; the coastal shapes are simplest in Sakhalin and are more winding in the Japanese islands.
The largest bays are Peter the Great Gulf, Sovetskaya Gavan; Vladimira Bay, Olga; Posyet Bay in Russia; East Korea Bay in North Korea; and Ishikari (Hokkaidō), Toyama (Honshū), and Wakasa (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), Povorotny, Gromova, Pogibi, Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; Crillon on Sakhalin; Sōya, Nosappu, Tappi, Nyuda, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Daso and Oki in Japan; and Musu Dan in North Korea.
As world sea level dropped during the ice cap advances of the last Ice Age, the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the Korea Strait, to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters.
Sunrise over the Sea of Japan filmed in South Korea
The Sea of Japan seen from the south of Slavyanka. From a distance, the two islands of Antipenko (left) and Sibiryakov (right).
A bay at Sibiryakov Island, 50 km (31 mi) south from Vladivostok
Sunset on Little Verkhovsky Islands near Vladivostok
Climate
Von Kármán vortices off the coast of Rishiri Island
The sea climate has warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong (12–15 m/s or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south, causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms, with the waves reaching 8–10 m (26–33 ft) which erode the western coasts of Japan. Tsunami waves have also been recorded in the sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of 30 m (98 ft).
The coldest months are January and February, with an average air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and 5 °C (41 °F) in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months. The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in the bays as early as October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas.
In summer the wind weakens to 2–7 m/s (6.6–23.0 ft/s) and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August, with an average air temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) in the north and 25 °C (77 °F) in the south. Annual precipitation increases from 310–500 mm (12–20 in) in the north-west to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south-east.
A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named von Kármán vortices, is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands. The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as Rishiri (1,721 m or 5,646 ft), Ulleungdo (984 m or 3,228 ft) and Ōshima (732 m or 2,402 ft).
Extent
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The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Japan Sea" as follows:
On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Eastern China Sea and the Western limit of the Inland Sea .
On the Southeast. In Simonoseki Kaikyo. A line running from Nagoya Saki (130°49′,5 E) in Kyûsyû through the islands of Uma Sima and Muture Sima (33°58′,5 N) to Murasaki Hana (34°01′ N) in Honsyû.
On the East. In the Tsugaru Kaikô. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28′ E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48′ N).
On the Northeast. In La Perouse Strait (Sôya Kaikyô). A line joining Sôni Misaki and Nishi Notoro Misaki (45°55′ N).
On the North. From Cape Tuik (51°45′ N) to Cape Sushcheva.
Hydrology
Tategami rock
Mitsukejima "Battleship Island"
The sea currents circulate in the counterclockwise direction. The Kuroshio (Japan Current), the Tsushima Current and the East Korea Warm Current bring warmer and more saline water to the north. There they merge into the Tsugaru Current and flow into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru Strait. They also feed the Sōya Current and exit through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk. The returning branch is composed of the Liman, North Korea and Central (or Mid-) Japan Sea currents which bring fresh and cold water along the Asian coast to the south.
Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with the atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are 0 °C (32 °F) or below in the north and 10–14 °C (50–57 °F) in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature is about 0 °C (32 °F) in the west and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in the east. This east-west difference drops to 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) in summer, and the temperatures rise to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in the north and 25–27 °C (77–81 °F) in the south.
Because the sea is enclosed, its waters form clearly separated layers which may show seasonal and spatial dependence. In winter, the temperature is almost constant with the depth in the northern part of the sea. However, in central-southern parts, it may be 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) down to 100–150 m (330–490 ft), 2–4 °C (36–39 °F) at 200–250 m (660–820 ft), 1.0–1.5 °C (33.8–34.7 °F) at 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) and then remain at about 0 °C (32 °F) until the bottom. Heating by the sun and tropical monsoons increases the depth gradient in spring–summer.
In the north the surface layer (down to 15 m or 49 ft) may heat up to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The temperature would drop sharply to 4 °C (39 °F) at 50 m (160 ft), then slowly decrease to 1 °C (34 °F) at 250 m (820 ft) and remain so down to the seabed. On the contrary, the temperature in the south could gradually decrease to 6 °C (43 °F) at 200 m (660 ft), then to 2 °C (36 °F) at 260 m (850 ft) and to 0.04–0.14 °C (32.07–32.25 °F) at 1,000–1,500 m (3,300–4,900 ft), but then it would rise to about 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) near the bottom. This cold layer at about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) is formed by sinking of cold water in the northern part of the sea in winter and is brought south by the sea currents; it is rather stable and is observed all through the year.
The hydrological isolation of the Sea of Japan also results in slightly lower average water salinity (34.09‰, where ‰ means parts per thousand) compared with the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the highest salinity at 34.5‰ is observed in the south where evaporation dominates over precipitation. It is the lowest at 33.8‰ in the south-east and south-west because of frequent rains, and remains at about 34.09‰ in most other parts.
Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the Korea Strait. A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains. The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm3 in the north and 1.0255 g/cm3 in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm3, respectively.
The Tumen River flows into the Sea of Japan. The last 17 km of the river form the border between North Korea and Russia. This picture is of the Korea Russia Friendship Bridge that crosses the Tumen River.
The mouth of Partizanskaya River near Nakhodka. View from Sopka Sestra .
Few rivers flow into the Sea of Japan from mainland Asia, the largest being Tumen, Rudnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya and Tumnin; all of them have a mountainous character. In contrast, numerous large rivers flow from Honshū and Hokkaidō into the sea, including Japan's four largest rivers: the Shinano, Ishikari, Agano and Mogami. The total annual river discharge into the sea is 210 km3 (50 cu mi) and is relatively constant through the year, except for a minor increase in July. Most water (97% or 52,200 km3 ) flows into the sea through the Korea Strait and discharges through the Tsugaru (64% or 34,610 km3 , La Pérouse 10,380 km3 ) and Korea straits. Rainfall, evaporation and riverine inflow make only 1% of the water balance. Between October and April, the outflow exceeds the inflow due to the lower income through the Korea Strait; this balance reverses between May and September.
The sea has complex tides, which are induced by the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the Korea Strait and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, Russian Far East and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in Peter the Great Gulf and Korea strait. The tidal waves have a speed of 10–25 cm/s (4–10 in/s) in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait (40–60 cm/s or 16–24 in/s), La Pérouse Strait (50–100 cm/s or 20–40 in/s) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait (100–200 cm/s or 40–80 in/s).
The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and varies strongly across the sea. It reaches 3 meters in the south near the Korea Strait, but quickly drops northwards to 1.5 m (5 ft) at the southern tip of Korean Peninsula and to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) at the North Korean shores. Similar low tides are observed in Hokkaidō, Honshū and south Sakhalin. The amplitude however increases to 2.3–2.8 m (7.5–9.2 ft) toward the north of the Strait of Tartary due to its funnel-like shape. Apart from tides, the water level also displays seasonal, monsoon-related variations across the entire sea with the highest levels observed in summer and lowest in winter. Wind may also locally change the water level by 20–25 cm (8–10 in); for example, it is higher in summer at the Korean and lower at the Japanese coasts.
The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about 10 m (33 ft). They are rich in dissolved oxygen, especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more phytoplankton than the eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface; it decreases with the depth to about 70% at 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
Flora and fauna
Sea lions on Moneron Island
The high concentration of dissolved oxygen results in the rich aquatic life of the Sea of Japan – there are more than 800 species of aquatic plants and more than 3,500 animal species, including more than 900 species of crustaceans, about 1,000 of fish and 26 of mammals. The coastal areas contain several kg/m2 of biomass. Pelagic (oceanic) fishes include saury, mackerel, Jack mackerels, sardines, anchovies, herring, sea bream, squid and various species of salmon and trout. The demersal (sea-bottom) fishes include cod, pollock and Atka mackerel.
Mammals are represented by seals and whales (ancient name for the basin in Chinese was "Sea of Whales"), and the crustaceans by shrimps and crabs. Because of the shallow straits connecting the sea with Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan has no characteristic oceanic deep-water fauna. Flora and fauna unique to the region near the Sea of Japan are known as "Japan Sea elements".
Economy
Zolotoy Rog bay near Vladivostok, Russia
Heishi rock near Kamome Island, Hokkaido
Fishery had long been the main economic activity on the Sea of Japan. It is mainly carried out on and near the continental shelves and focuses on herring, sardines and bluefin tuna. These species are however depleted from after World War II. Squid is mostly caught near the sea center and salmon near the northern and south-western shores. There is also a well-developed seaweed production.
The importance of the fishery in the sea is illustrated by the territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea over Liancourt Rocks and between Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands. It is also reflected in various legends, such as the legend of the Heishi rock, which says that once when herring vanished, an old fairy threw a bottle with magic water into the sea, and the herring returned. The bottle got stuck to the seabed and turned into a rock, which became a representation of the God of the Sea of Japan.
Vladivostok is a base for the Russian whaling fleet. Although it operates in the northern seas, its production is processed and partly distributed in the Vladivostok area. Vladivostok is also a terminal point of the Trans-Siberian Railway which brings many goods to and from this major port. There is a regular ferry service across the Strait of Tartary between the Russian continental port of Vanino and Kholmsk in Sakhalin.
The sea has magnetite sands as well as natural gas and petroleum fields near the northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are Niigata, Tsuruta and Maizuru. Major South Korean ports are Busan, Ulsan, and Pohang situated on the south-eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan.
The major Russian port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas Nakhodka and Vostochny are more international and have a busy exchange with Japan and South Korea. Other prominent Russian ports are Sovetskaya Gavan, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky and Kholmsk, and the major ports of North Korea are Wonsan, Hamhung and Chongjin. The intensity of shipments across the Sea of Japan is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.
See also
Geography of Japan
Geography of Korea
Geography of North Korea
Geography of South Korea
Geography of Russia
Category:Islands of the Sea of Japan
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from this reference:
^ "Tides in Marginal, Semi-Enclosed and Coastal Seas – Part I: Sea Surface Height". ERC-Stennis at Mississippi State University. Archived from the original on 18 March 2004. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
^ a b 2006. “鲸海”这个名字如何改成了“日本海” Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 7 March 2017
^ East Sea or "Sea of Japan" Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. Korea.net. Retrieved on 21 March 2013.
^ Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries 2005. The Name East Sea Used for Two Millennia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Korea, 2005
^ Efforts of the Government of Japan in Response to the Issue of the Name of the Sea of Japan (1) The 8th UNCSGN, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
^ "Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the "Japan Sea"". Japan Coast Guard. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
^ "Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea" (PDF). Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Sea of Japan | sea, Pacific Ocean". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^ "IHO nixes 'East Sea' name bid". Japan Times. Kyodo News. 28 April 2012. p. 2.
^ Rabiroff, Jon; Yoo Kyong Chang (27 April 2012). "Agency rejects South Korea's request to rename Sea of Japan". Stars and Stripes. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20.
^ "2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (Report of Proceeding)". International Hydrographic Organization. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ "2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (November 2020) Report of Proceedings Volume 1" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Sea of Japan, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sea of Japan, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
^ Athol, of St. John, 8 June – 10 August 1847, NBW 1335; Vesper, of New London, 20 April – 26 August 1848, G. W. Blunt White Library (GBWL); Northern Light, of New Bedford, 14 May – 22 July 1875, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, 17 April – 13 July 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).
^ Splendid, of Edgartown, 17 April 1848, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); Fortune, of New Bedford, 12 March 1849, ODHS; Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, 14 April 1874, GWBL.
^ Bowditch, of Warren, 2 August 1848, NWC; Arnolda, of New Bedford, 17 June 1874, ODHS.
^ Good Return, of New Bedford, 30 April 1849, ODHS; Milo, of New Bedford, 16–18 Apr. 1850, ODHS.
^ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, 21 April – 4 August 1848, ODHS; Huntress, of New Bedford, 4 May – 3 July 1848, NWC.
^ Florida, of Fairhaven, 12–27 May 1860, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964); Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, 11–12 May, 4–5 June 1874, GWBL.
^ George Washington, of Wareham, 16 May 1849, ODHS; Florida, of Fairhaven, 5 May 1860, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964).
^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, 6 April 1854, NWC.
^ Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, 1 September 1852, in Enoch's Voyage (1994), pp. 153-154.
^ Catch of right whales by month based on over 510 whales caught during 71 vessel seasons from 1847 to 1891: June (31.7%), May (28.8%), July (19.9%), April (11.8%), and August (5.4%).
^ Ships spoken in 1848 by Vesper (GBWL); Eliza Adams (ODHS); Splendid (NWC); Bowditch (NWC); Huntress (NWC); Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford (NWC); Cherokee, of New Bedford (NWC); and Mechanic, of Newport (NWC); Hannibal, of Sag Harbor (EHL); Josephine, of Sag Harbor (EHL); John Jay, of Sag Harbor (NHA); in 1849 by Huntress (NWC); Good Return (ODHS); Fortune (ODHS); Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole (ODHS); Mary and Susan (NWC); Maria Theresa, of New Bedford (ODHS); George Washington (ODHS); Liverpool 2nd (NWC); Julian, of New Bedford (NWC); Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford (ODHS), Montpelier, of New Bedford (NWC), Cambria, of New Bedford (NWC), India, of New Bedford (ODHS), and Phoenix, of New Bedford (NHA); N. P. Tallmadge, Pioneer, and Superior, of New London (GBWL), Alpha, of Nantucket (NHA), and Prudent, of Stonington (GBWL).
^ Ships spoken in 1856 by Pacific, of Fairhaven (NWC), and Onward, of New Bedford (NWC); and from 1859 to 1861 by Florida, of Fairhaven, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964).
^ Totman, Conrad D. (2004). Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004136267. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i Kameda Y. & Kato M. (2011). "Terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsid gastropods in the heavy-snow region of the Japanese Archipelago". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 118. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-118.
^ Tamaki, Kensaku; Honza, Eiichi (20 October 1985). "Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea". Tectonophysics. 119 (1–4): 381–406. Bibcode:1985Tectp.119..381T. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o A. D. Dobrovolskyi and B. S. Zalogin Seas of USSR. Sea of Japan, Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)
^ Park, S.-C; Yoo, D.-G; Lee, C.-W; Lee, E.-I (2000). "Last glacial sea-level changes and paleogeography of the Korea (Tsushima) Strait". Geo-Marine Letters. 20 (2): 64–71. Bibcode:2000GML....20...64P. doi:10.1007/s003670000039. S2CID 128476723.
^ a b STS-100 Shuttle Mission Imagery, NASA, 19 April – 1 May 2001
^ a b "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 32. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ 瓶子岩 Official website of Hiyama Prefecture, Hokkaido (in Japanese)
^ かもめ島 Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Esashi Town Guide (in Japanese)
Further reading
Fukuoka N. (1966). "On the distribution patterns of the so-called Japan Sea elements confined to the Sea of Japan region". Journal of Geobotany 15: 63–80.
External links
Media related to Sea of Japan at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Sea of Japan at Wiktionary
"The Issue of Name 'Sea of Japan'", MOFA, Japan, 7 February 2017.
MOFA, Japan (10 August 2021), "Sea of Japan – The one and only name recognized by the international community" (Digest version), YouTube.
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40°N 135°E / 40°N 135°E / 40; 135 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"see below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Names"},{"link_name":"marginal sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_sea"},{"link_name":"Japanese archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_archipelago"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tides-1"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"}],"text":"Marginal sea between Japan, Russia and KoreaThe Sea of Japan (see below for other names) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean.[1] This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity, both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%.The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.","title":"Sea of Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E9%B2%B8%E6%B5%B7-2"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"Sea of Japan is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.The sea is called Nihon kai (日本海, literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, Rìběn hǎi (日本海, 'Japan Sea') or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, 'Whale Sea') in China,[2] Yaponskoye more (Японское море, 'Japanese Sea') in Russia, Chosŏn Tonghae (조선동해, literally 'Korean East Sea') in North Korea, and Donghae (동해, literally 'East Sea') in South Korea.","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-momaf-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fofajeffort0303-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basic_Position-6"},{"link_name":"Korea was under Japanese rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legitimacy-7"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Hydrographic Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Naming dispute","text":"The use of the term \"Sea of Japan\" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name \"East Sea\" to be used, either instead of or in addition to \"Sea of Japan;\"[3][4] while North Korea prefers the name \"East Sea of Korea\".[5]The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name \"Sea of Japan\" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century,[6] while the Koreas claim that the term \"Sea of Japan\" arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule, and before that occupation, other names such as \"Sea of Korea\" or \"East Sea\" were used in English.[7] The sea is referred to as the Sea of Japan according to the Encyclopædia Britannica.[8] In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue.[9][10] In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as \"S-130\". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name.[11][12]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"strait later named after him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_P%C3%A9rouse_Strait"},{"link_name":"William Robert Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Adam Johann von Krusenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Johann_von_Krusenstern"},{"link_name":"islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands"},{"link_name":"Gennady Nevelskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Nevelskoy"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Exploring_and_Surveying_Expedition"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Challenger expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"whaleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaler"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"La Pérouse Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_P%C3%A9rouse_Strait"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Strait"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"humpbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fin whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_whale"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, traveled northward across the sea through the strait later named after him. In 1796, a British naval officer, William Robert Broughton, explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula.In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator Adam Johann von Krusenstern while sailing across the globe in the ship Nadezhda also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese islands. In 1849, another Russian explorer Gennady Nevelskoy discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents.Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.[13][14]American, Canadian and French whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892.[15] Most entered the sea via Korea Strait[16] and left via La Pérouse Strait,[17] but some entered and exited via Tsugaru Strait.[18] They primarily targeted right whales,[19] but began catching humpbacks as right whale catches declined.[20] They also made attempts to catch blue[21] and fin whales,[22] but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September,[23] with peak catches in May and June.[24] During the peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan,[25] with significantly lesser numbers in following years.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Japan_descr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Japanese archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_archipelago"},{"link_name":"Early Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Miocene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Japan_Pliocene_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Middle Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Late Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pliocene"},{"link_name":"land bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Early Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Miocene"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"Japanese archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_archipelago"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"orogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenesis"},{"link_name":"Late Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Miocene"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"},{"link_name":"eastern margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_margin_of_the_Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Shakotan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Niigata_earthquake"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Sea_of_Japan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Okushiri_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tamaki85-29"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait"},{"link_name":"Strait of Tartary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Tartary"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"La Pérouse Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_P%C3%A9rouse_Strait"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Strait"},{"link_name":"Kanmon Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmon_Straits"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"Tsushima Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima_Strait"},{"link_name":"Tsushima Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima_Island"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin"},{"link_name":"Tsushima Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima_Basin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"continental shelves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelves"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"Ulleungdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulleungdo"},{"link_name":"Moneron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneron_Island"},{"link_name":"Rebun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebun_Island"},{"link_name":"Rishiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiri_Island"},{"link_name":"Okushiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okushiri_Island"},{"link_name":"Ōshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cshima,_Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sado,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Okinoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinoshima,_Munakata"},{"link_name":"Ulleungdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulleungdo"},{"link_name":"Russky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russky_Island"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Sovetskaya Gavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetskaya_Gavan"},{"link_name":"Olga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bay"},{"link_name":"Posyet Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posyet_Bay"},{"link_name":"East Korea Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Korea_Bay"},{"link_name":"Ishikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikari_Bay"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wakasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakasa_Bay"},{"link_name":"Povorotny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Povorotny"},{"link_name":"Pogibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogibi"},{"link_name":"Crillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Crillon"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Sōya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_S%C5%8Dya"},{"link_name":"Nosappu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Nosappu"},{"link_name":"Tappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Tappi"},{"link_name":"Rebun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebun_Island"},{"link_name":"Rishiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiri_Island"},{"link_name":"Okushiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okushiri_Island"},{"link_name":"Daso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sado,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Oki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oki_Islands"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"Musu Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musu_Dan"},{"link_name":"last Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full-orbed_sunrise_over_East_Sea_in_South_Korea.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slavyanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyanka,_Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Sibiryakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiryakov_Island_(Primorsky_Krai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sibiryakov Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiryakov_Island_(Primorsky_Krai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Verkhovsky Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Verkhovsky_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE"}],"text":"Relief of the Sea of Japan and nearby areasMap showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Early Miocene (23–18 Ma)Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Middle Pliocene to Late Pliocene (3.5–2 Ma)The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the land bridge of East Asia existed.[27] The Japan Arc started to form in the Early Miocene.[28] In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the Japanese archipelago separated from each other.[28] During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.[28]The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until orogenesis of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later Late Miocene.[28] The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass.[28] The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene.[28] The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in Pliocene also.[28] The eastern margin of the sea may host an incipient subduction zone responsible for large earthquakes in 1940, 1964, 1983 and 1993.[29]Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Kyūshū to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits: the Strait of Tartary between the Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La Pérouse Strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyūshū.The Korea Strait is composed of the Western Channel and the Tsushima Strait, on either side of Tsushima Island. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the Neogene Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō.[13] All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.[30]The sea has a surface area of about 1,050,000 km2 (410,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft) and a maximum depth of 4,568 m (14,987 ft). It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about 7,600 km (4,700 mi) with the largest part (3,240 km or 2,010 mi) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than 2,255 km (1,401 mi) and has a maximum width of about 1,070 km (660 mi).[14]It has three major basins: the Yamato Basin in the south-east, the Japan Basin in the north and the Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) in the south-west.[13] The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below 2,300 m (7,500 ft).[14] On the eastern shores, the continental shelves of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about 30 km (19 mi).[30]There are three distinct continental shelves in the northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of 900–1,400 (3,000–4,600), 1,700–2,000 (5,600–6,600) and 2,300–2,600 m (7,500–8,500 ft). The last step sharply drops to the depths of about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has a few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft) runs from north to south through the middle of the central part.[30]The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of granite, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to 300 m (980 ft) is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between 300 and 800 m (980 and 2,620 ft) are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.[13]There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for Ulleungdo (South Korea). The most significant islands are Moneron, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Ōshima, Sado, Okinoshima, Ulleungdo, Askold, Russky and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and lack large bays and capes; the coastal shapes are simplest in Sakhalin and are more winding in the Japanese islands.The largest bays are Peter the Great Gulf, Sovetskaya Gavan; Vladimira Bay, Olga; Posyet Bay in Russia; East Korea Bay in North Korea; and Ishikari (Hokkaidō), Toyama (Honshū), and Wakasa (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), Povorotny, Gromova, Pogibi, Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; Crillon on Sakhalin; Sōya, Nosappu, Tappi, Nyuda, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Daso and Oki in Japan;[30][14] and Musu Dan in North Korea.As world sea level dropped during the ice cap advances of the last Ice Age, the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the Korea Strait, to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters.[31]Sunrise over the Sea of Japan filmed in South Korea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Sea of Japan seen from the south of Slavyanka. From a distance, the two islands of Antipenko (left) and Sibiryakov (right).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bay at Sibiryakov Island, 50 km (31 mi) south from Vladivostok\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSunset on Little Verkhovsky Islands [ru] near Vladivostok","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Von_Karman_vortices_off_Rishiri_Island,_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Von Kármán vortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street"},{"link_name":"Rishiri Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiri_Island"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-32"},{"link_name":"Tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"von Kármán vortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-32"},{"link_name":"Rishiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiri_Island"},{"link_name":"Ulleungdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulleungdo"},{"link_name":"Ōshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cshima,_Hokkaid%C5%8D"}],"text":"Von Kármán vortices off the coast of Rishiri Island[32]The sea climate has warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong (12–15 m/s [39–49 ft/s] or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south, causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms, with the waves reaching 8–10 m (26–33 ft) which erode the western coasts of Japan. Tsunami waves have also been recorded in the sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of 30 m (98 ft).The coldest months are January and February, with an average air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and 5 °C (41 °F) in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months.[13] The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in the bays as early as October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas.[30]In summer the wind weakens to 2–7 m/s (6.6–23.0 ft/s) and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August, with an average air temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) in the north and 25 °C (77 °F) in the south.[30] Annual precipitation increases from 310–500 mm (12–20 in) in the north-west to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south-east.[14]A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named von Kármán vortices, is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands.[32] The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as Rishiri (1,721 m or 5,646 ft), Ulleungdo (984 m or 3,228 ft) and Ōshima (732 m or 2,402 ft).","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Hydrographic Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-33"},{"link_name":"Eastern China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Kyusyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Hukae Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuejima"},{"link_name":"Goto Retto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C5%8D_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saisyu To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju-do"},{"link_name":"Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"Simonoseki Kaikyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmon_Straits"},{"link_name":"Kyûsyû","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Honsyû","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Kaikô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Strait"},{"link_name":"La Perouse Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_P%C3%A9rouse_Strait"},{"link_name":"Sôni Misaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_S%C5%8Dya"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-33"}],"text":"The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the \"Japan Sea\" as follows:[33]On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Eastern China Sea [From Nomo Saki (32°35′ N) in Kyusyu to the South point of Hukae Sima (Goto Retto) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan, the South point of Saisyu To (Quelpart), through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17′ North to the mainland] and the Western limit of the Inland Sea [defined circuitously as \"The Southeastern limit of the Japan Sea\"].\nOn the Southeast. In Simonoseki Kaikyo. A line running from Nagoya Saki (130°49′,5 E) in Kyûsyû through the islands of Uma Sima and Muture Sima (33°58′,5 N) to Murasaki Hana (34°01′ N) in Honsyû.\nOn the East. In the Tsugaru Kaikô. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28′ E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48′ N).\nOn the Northeast. In La Perouse Strait (Sôya Kaikyô). A line joining Sôni Misaki and Nishi Notoro Misaki (45°55′ N).\n\nOn the North. From Cape Tuik (51°45′ N) to Cape Sushcheva.[33]","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tategami-Rock6983.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsukejima.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitsukejima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsukejima"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tumen River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumen_River"},{"link_name":"border between North Korea and Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_border"},{"link_name":"Korea Russia Friendship Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Russia_Friendship_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopka_Sestra_and_Partizanskaya_River.JPG"},{"link_name":"Partizanskaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizanskaya_River"},{"link_name":"Nakhodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhodka"},{"link_name":"Sopka Sestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sopka_Sestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Tumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumen_River"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"Partizanskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizanskaya_River"},{"link_name":"Shinano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinano_River"},{"link_name":"Ishikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikari_River"},{"link_name":"Agano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_River"},{"link_name":"Mogami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogami_River"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"Korea Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Strait"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"}],"text":"Tategami rockMitsukejima \"Battleship Island\"The sea currents circulate in the counterclockwise direction. The Kuroshio (Japan Current), the Tsushima Current and the East Korea Warm Current bring warmer and more saline water to the north. There they merge into the Tsugaru Current and flow into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru Strait. They also feed the Sōya Current and exit through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk. The returning branch is composed of the Liman, North Korea and Central (or Mid-) Japan Sea currents which bring fresh and cold water along the Asian coast to the south.[13]Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with the atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are 0 °C (32 °F) or below in the north and 10–14 °C (50–57 °F) in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature is about 0 °C (32 °F) in the west and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in the east. This east-west difference drops to 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) in summer, and the temperatures rise to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in the north and 25–27 °C (77–81 °F) in the south.[30]Because the sea is enclosed, its waters form clearly separated layers which may show seasonal and spatial dependence. In winter, the temperature is almost constant with the depth in the northern part of the sea. However, in central-southern parts, it may be 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) down to 100–150 m (330–490 ft), 2–4 °C (36–39 °F) at 200–250 m (660–820 ft), 1.0–1.5 °C (33.8–34.7 °F) at 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) and then remain at about 0 °C (32 °F) until the bottom. Heating by the sun and tropical monsoons increases the depth gradient in spring–summer.In the north the surface layer (down to 15 m or 49 ft) may heat up to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The temperature would drop sharply to 4 °C (39 °F) at 50 m (160 ft), then slowly decrease to 1 °C (34 °F) at 250 m (820 ft) and remain so down to the seabed. On the contrary, the temperature in the south could gradually decrease to 6 °C (43 °F) at 200 m (660 ft), then to 2 °C (36 °F) at 260 m (850 ft) and to 0.04–0.14 °C (32.07–32.25 °F) at 1,000–1,500 m (3,300–4,900 ft), but then it would rise to about 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) near the bottom. This cold layer at about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) is formed by sinking of cold water in the northern part of the sea in winter and is brought south by the sea currents; it is rather stable and is observed all through the year.[13][30]The hydrological isolation of the Sea of Japan also results in slightly lower average water salinity (34.09‰, where ‰ means parts per thousand) compared with the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the highest salinity at 34.5‰ is observed in the south where evaporation dominates over precipitation. It is the lowest at 33.8‰ in the south-east and south-west because of frequent rains, and remains at about 34.09‰ in most other parts.Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the Korea Strait. A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains.[30] The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm3 in the north and 1.0255 g/cm3 in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm3, respectively.[14]The Tumen River flows into the Sea of Japan. The last 17 km of the river form the border between North Korea and Russia. This picture is of the Korea Russia Friendship Bridge that crosses the Tumen River.The mouth of Partizanskaya River near Nakhodka. View from Sopka Sestra [ru].Few rivers flow into the Sea of Japan from mainland Asia, the largest being Tumen,[14] Rudnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya and Tumnin; all of them have a mountainous character. In contrast, numerous large rivers flow from Honshū and Hokkaidō into the sea, including Japan's four largest rivers: the Shinano, Ishikari, Agano and Mogami. The total annual river discharge into the sea is 210 km3 (50 cu mi) and is relatively constant through the year, except for a minor increase in July.[30] Most water (97% or 52,200 km3 [12,500 cu mi]) flows into the sea through the Korea Strait and discharges through the Tsugaru (64% or 34,610 km3 [8,300 cu mi], La Pérouse 10,380 km3 [2,490 cu mi]) and Korea straits. Rainfall, evaporation and riverine inflow make only 1% of the water balance. Between October and April, the outflow exceeds the inflow due to the lower income through the Korea Strait; this balance reverses between May and September.[30][14]The sea has complex tides, which are induced by the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the Korea Strait and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, Russian Far East and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in Peter the Great Gulf and Korea strait. The tidal waves have a speed of 10–25 cm/s (4–10 in/s) in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait (40–60 cm/s or 16–24 in/s), La Pérouse Strait (50–100 cm/s or 20–40 in/s) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait (100–200 cm/s or 40–80 in/s).The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and varies strongly across the sea. It reaches 3 meters in the south near the Korea Strait, but quickly drops northwards to 1.5 m (5 ft) at the southern tip of Korean Peninsula and to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) at the North Korean shores. Similar low tides are observed in Hokkaidō, Honshū and south Sakhalin. The amplitude however increases to 2.3–2.8 m (7.5–9.2 ft) toward the north of the Strait of Tartary due to its funnel-like shape. Apart from tides, the water level also displays seasonal, monsoon-related variations across the entire sea with the highest levels observed in summer and lowest in winter. Wind may also locally change the water level by 20–25 cm (8–10 in); for example, it is higher in summer at the Korean and lower at the Japanese coasts.[30]The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about 10 m (33 ft). They are rich in dissolved oxygen, especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more phytoplankton than the eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface; it decreases with the depth to about 70% at 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[30][14]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:107_0798_Sivuchi_wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sea lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lions"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"Pelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish"},{"link_name":"saury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_saury"},{"link_name":"Jack mackerels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachurus"},{"link_name":"sea bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparidae"},{"link_name":"demersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock"},{"link_name":"Atka mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atka_mackerel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E9%B2%B8%E6%B5%B7-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kameda_2011-28"}],"text":"Sea lions on Moneron IslandThe high concentration of dissolved oxygen results in the rich aquatic life of the Sea of Japan – there are more than 800 species of aquatic plants and more than 3,500 animal species, including more than 900 species of crustaceans, about 1,000 of fish and 26 of mammals. The coastal areas contain several kg/m2 of biomass. Pelagic (oceanic) fishes include saury, mackerel, Jack mackerels, sardines, anchovies, herring, sea bream, squid and various species of salmon and trout. The demersal (sea-bottom) fishes include cod, pollock and Atka mackerel.Mammals are represented by seals and whales (ancient name for the basin in Chinese was \"Sea of Whales\"[2]), and the crustaceans by shrimps and crabs.[13] Because of the shallow straits connecting the sea with Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan has no characteristic oceanic deep-water fauna.[14] Flora and fauna unique to the region near the Sea of Japan are known as \"Japan Sea elements\".[28]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Center_of_Vladivostok_and_Zolotoy_Rog.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zolotoy Rog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolotoy_Rog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heishiiwa_Rock_Esashi_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamome Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamome_Island"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"territorial disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute"},{"link_name":"Liancourt Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute"},{"link_name":"legend of the Heishi rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamome_Island"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway"},{"link_name":"this major port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_port_of_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"a regular ferry service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanino-Kholmsk_train_ferry"},{"link_name":"Vanino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanino,_Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kholmsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kholmsk"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-30"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_(city)"},{"link_name":"Tsuruta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruta,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Maizuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizuru,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"Pohang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohang"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Nakhodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhodka"},{"link_name":"Vostochny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Port"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sovetskaya Gavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetskaya_Gavan"},{"link_name":"Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kholmsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kholmsk"},{"link_name":"Wonsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan"},{"link_name":"Hamhung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamhung"},{"link_name":"Chongjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-13"}],"text":"Zolotoy Rog bay near Vladivostok, RussiaHeishi rock near Kamome Island, HokkaidoFishery had long been the main economic activity on the Sea of Japan. It is mainly carried out on and near the continental shelves and focuses on herring, sardines and bluefin tuna. These species are however depleted from after World War II. Squid is mostly caught near the sea center and salmon near the northern and south-western shores.[13] There is also a well-developed seaweed production.[30]The importance of the fishery in the sea is illustrated by the territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea over Liancourt Rocks and between Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands. It is also reflected in various legends, such as the legend of the Heishi rock, which says that once when herring vanished, an old fairy threw a bottle with magic water into the sea, and the herring returned. The bottle got stuck to the seabed and turned into a rock, which became a representation of the God of the Sea of Japan.[34][35]Vladivostok is a base for the Russian whaling fleet. Although it operates in the northern seas, its production is processed and partly distributed in the Vladivostok area. Vladivostok is also a terminal point of the Trans-Siberian Railway which brings many goods to and from this major port. There is a regular ferry service across the Strait of Tartary between the Russian continental port of Vanino and Kholmsk in Sakhalin.[30]The sea has magnetite sands as well as natural gas and petroleum fields near the northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are Niigata, Tsuruta and Maizuru. Major South Korean ports are Busan, Ulsan, and Pohang situated on the south-eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan.The major Russian port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas Nakhodka and Vostochny are more international and have a busy exchange with Japan and South Korea. Other prominent Russian ports are Sovetskaya Gavan, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky and Kholmsk, and the major ports of North Korea are Wonsan, Hamhung and Chongjin.[14] The intensity of shipments across the Sea of Japan is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.[13]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Geobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Geobotany&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Geobotany"}],"text":"Fukuoka N. (1966). \"On the distribution patterns of the so-called Japan Sea elements confined to the Sea of Japan region\". Journal of Geobotany [es] 15: 63–80.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Relief of the Sea of Japan and nearby areas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sea_of_Japan_descr.jpg/290px-Sea_of_Japan_descr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Early Miocene (23–18 Ma)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg/220px-Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in Middle Pliocene to Late Pliocene (3.5–2 Ma)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sea_of_Japan_Pliocene_map.svg/220px-Sea_of_Japan_Pliocene_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Von Kármán vortices off the coast of Rishiri Island[32]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Von_Karman_vortices_off_Rishiri_Island%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Von_Karman_vortices_off_Rishiri_Island%2C_Japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tategami rock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tategami-Rock6983.JPG/220px-Tategami-Rock6983.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mitsukejima \"Battleship Island\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mitsukejima.jpg/220px-Mitsukejima.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tumen River flows into the Sea of Japan. The last 17 km of the river form the border between North Korea and Russia. This picture is of the Korea Russia Friendship Bridge that crosses the Tumen River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"The mouth of Partizanskaya River near Nakhodka. 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Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524092704/http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the \"Japan Sea\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard","url_text":"Japan Coast Guard"},{"url":"http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea\" (PDF). Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 28 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/political/images/res/east_sea.pdf","url_text":"\"Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Korea)","url_text":"Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade"}]},{"reference":"\"Sea of Japan | sea, Pacific Ocean\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Japan","url_text":"\"Sea of Japan | sea, Pacific Ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"IHO nixes 'East Sea' name bid\". Japan Times. Kyodo News. 28 April 2012. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News","url_text":"Kyodo News"}]},{"reference":"Rabiroff, Jon; Yoo Kyong Chang (27 April 2012). \"Agency rejects South Korea's request to rename Sea of Japan\". Stars and Stripes. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920033907/http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/agency-rejects-south-korea-s-request-to-rename-sea-of-japan-1.175687","url_text":"\"Agency rejects South Korea's request to rename Sea of Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)","url_text":"Stars and Stripes"},{"url":"http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/agency-rejects-south-korea-s-request-to-rename-sea-of-japan-1.175687","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (Report of Proceeding)\". International Hydrographic Organization. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://iho.int/en/periodic-publications","url_text":"\"2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (Report of Proceeding)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization","url_text":"International Hydrographic Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (November 2020) Report of Proceedings Volume 1\" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/periodical/P6A2_2020_Vol1_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (November 2020) Report of Proceedings Volume 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization","url_text":"International Hydrographic Organization"}]},{"reference":"Totman, Conrad D. (2004). Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004136267. Retrieved 2 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W_Hdu9QrD9YC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004136267","url_text":"978-9004136267"}]},{"reference":"Tamaki, Kensaku; Honza, Eiichi (20 October 1985). \"Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea\". Tectonophysics. 119 (1–4): 381–406. Bibcode:1985Tectp.119..381T. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2. 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S2CID 128476723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GML....20...64P","url_text":"2000GML....20...64P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003670000039","url_text":"10.1007/s003670000039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128476723","url_text":"128476723"}]},{"reference":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition\" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 32. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Dixie_(song) | The Heart of Dixie (song) | ["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Chart performance","4.1 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"] | 2013 single by Danielle Bradbery"The Heart of Dixie"Single by Danielle Bradberyfrom the album Danielle Bradbery ReleasedJuly 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)Recorded2013Genre
Country
country folk
Length3:29Label
Big Machine
Republic Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Brett James
Caitlyn Smith
Troy Verges
Producer(s)Brett JamesDanielle Bradbery singles chronology
"The Heart of Dixie" (2013)
"Young in America" (2014)
"The Heart of Dixie" is a song written by Brett James, Troy Verges and Caitlyn Smith, and recorded by American country music artist Danielle Bradbery. It was released on July 16, 2013 as her debut single after being crowned the winner of the fourth season of The Voice, and the lead single of her eponymous debut album Danielle Bradbery.
Composition
The song is in the key of G♭ major and has a moderate tempo of 84 beats per minute. The verses are in 74 time signature (3+4+3+4) before changing to 44 in the chorus
Critical reception
Billy Dukes of country music blog Taste of Country gave the song a mixed review, stating that although Bradbery's "natural sweetness" shines in her "admirable" performance, the sixteen-year-old lacks the experience and conviction needed to be a good musical storyteller. Roughstock responded more positively to the song, which contributor Matt Bjorke felt was right "in her element" and left him feeling "excited to hear what she has in store for her full-length debut album". Bjorke lauded the "timeless arrangement" as well as Bradbery's delivery, which he described as having "the confidence of someone... twice her age". Nashville Gab gave the song an A− rating for " into what Danielle does best" and highlighting her "effortless" and "authentic" vocals. The blog cited such influences as The Dixie Chicks and Carrie Underwood in declaring "The Heart of Dixie" exemplary of "country-pop at its finest".
Music video
The music video was directed by Shane Drake and premiered September 23, 2013. The Music video starts off with Bradbery arriving at the Butterfly Hollow along with her friends. There are scenes where Dixie is packing up her things and hitting the road. Bradbery eventually meets an older Dixie who is the owner of Butterfly Hollow.
Chart performance
"The Heart of Dixie" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of July 27, 2013. As of March 2014, The song has sold 375,000 copies in the US.
Chart (2013–2014)
Peakposition
Canada Country (Billboard)
46
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
60
US Billboard Hot 100
58
US Country Airplay (Billboard)
12
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
16
Year-end charts
Chart (2014)
Position
US Country Airplay (Billboard)
65
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
68
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Whitaker, Sterling (Jul 5, 2013). "Danielle Bradbery Reveals Title, Cover Art + Release Date for Debut Single". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Sciarretto, Amy (Jul 6, 2013). "Danielle Bradbery Announces Debut Single 'The Heart of Dixie'". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Bradbery, Danielle (10 December 2013). "Danielle Bradbery "The Heart of Dixie" Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
^ Dukes, Billy (Jul 8, 2013). "Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' – Song Review". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Bjorke, Matt (Jul 8, 2013). "Single Review: Danielle Bradbery - The Heart Of Dixie". Roughstock. Cheri Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Scott, Jason (Jul 9, 2013). "Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' - Single Review". Nashville Gab. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Bjorke, Matt (September 20, 2013). "Danielle Bradbery to release Debut Music Video For "The Heart Of Dixie" On September 23, 2013". Roughstock. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ "Chart Highlights: Justin Timberlake Tops Adult Pop Songs; Pearl Jam Returns". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ "Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - March 26, 2014: Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Dan + Shay. Jerrod Niemann Top 10, Scotty McCreery Sales Increase". Archived from the original on March 27, 2014.
^ "Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard.
^ "Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard.
^ "Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Billboard Country Update for December 15, 2014" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 15, 2014. p. 17. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
^ "Best of 2014: Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
^ "American single certifications – Danielle Bradbery – The Heart of Dixie". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
vteDanielle BradberyStudio albums
Danielle Bradbery (2013)
I Don't Believe We've Met (2017)
Singles
"The Heart of Dixie"
"Young in America"
"Friend Zone"
"Sway"
"Worth It"
"Hello Summer"
Related articles
The Voice (season 4) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brett James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_James"},{"link_name":"Troy Verges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Verges"},{"link_name":"Caitlyn Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlyn_Smith"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Danielle Bradbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Bradbery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._season_4)"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Danielle Bradbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Bradbery_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"The Heart of Dixie\" is a song written by Brett James, Troy Verges and Caitlyn Smith, and recorded by American country music artist Danielle Bradbery.[1] It was released on July 16, 2013 as her debut single after being crowned the winner of the fourth season of The Voice, and the lead single of her eponymous debut album Danielle Bradbery.[2]","title":"The Heart of Dixie (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-flat_major"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The song is in the key of G♭ major and has a moderate tempo of 84 beats per minute. The verses are in 74 time signature (3+4+3+4) before changing to 44 in the chorus [3]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taste of Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Country"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Dixie Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dixie_Chicks"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashvillegab-6"}],"text":"Billy Dukes of country music blog Taste of Country gave the song a mixed review, stating that although Bradbery's \"natural sweetness\" shines in her \"admirable\" performance, the sixteen-year-old lacks the experience and conviction needed to be a good musical storyteller.[4] Roughstock responded more positively to the song, which contributor Matt Bjorke felt was right \"in her element\" and left him feeling \"excited to hear what she has in store for her full-length debut album\". Bjorke lauded the \"timeless arrangement\" as well as Bradbery's delivery, which he described as having \"the confidence of someone... twice her age\".[5] Nashville Gab gave the song an A− rating for \"[tapping] into what Danielle does best\" and highlighting her \"effortless\" and \"authentic\" vocals. The blog cited such influences as The Dixie Chicks and Carrie Underwood in declaring \"The Heart of Dixie\" exemplary of \"country-pop at its finest\".[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shane Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Drake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The music video was directed by Shane Drake and premiered September 23, 2013.[7] The Music video starts off with Bradbery arriving at the Butterfly Hollow along with her friends. There are scenes where Dixie is packing up her things and hitting the road. Bradbery eventually meets an older Dixie who is the owner of Butterfly Hollow.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"The Heart of Dixie\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of July 27, 2013.[8] As of March 2014, The song has sold 375,000 copies in the US.[9]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Whitaker, Sterling (Jul 5, 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery Reveals Title, Cover Art + Release Date for Debut Single\". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboot.com/danielle-bradbery-debut-single-details/","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery Reveals Title, Cover Art + Release Date for Debut Single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media","url_text":"Townsquare Media"}]},{"reference":"Sciarretto, Amy (Jul 6, 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery Announces Debut Single 'The Heart of Dixie'\". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/danielle-bradbery-heart-of-dixie/","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery Announces Debut Single 'The Heart of Dixie'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media","url_text":"Townsquare Media"}]},{"reference":"Bradbery, Danielle (10 December 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery \"The Heart of Dixie\" Sheet Music\". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0128079","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery \"The Heart of Dixie\" Sheet Music\""}]},{"reference":"Dukes, Billy (Jul 8, 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' – Song Review\". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie/","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' – Song Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media","url_text":"Townsquare Media"}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (Jul 8, 2013). \"Single Review: Danielle Bradbery - The Heart Of Dixie\". Roughstock. Cheri Media. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roughstock.com/reviews/single-review-danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie","url_text":"\"Single Review: Danielle Bradbery - The Heart Of Dixie\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Jason (Jul 9, 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' - Single Review\". Nashville Gab. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashvillegab.com/2013/07/danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie-single-review.html","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' - Single Review\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (September 20, 2013). \"Danielle Bradbery to release Debut Music Video For \"The Heart Of Dixie\" On September 23, 2013\". Roughstock. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922185942/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/danielle-bradbery-to-release-debut-music-video-for-the-heart-of-dixie-on-september-23-2013","url_text":"\"Danielle Bradbery to release Debut Music Video For \"The Heart Of Dixie\" On September 23, 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.roughstock.com/blog/danielle-bradbery-to-release-debut-music-video-for-the-heart-of-dixie-on-september-23-2013","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Highlights: Justin Timberlake Tops Adult Pop Songs; Pearl Jam Returns\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1717608/chart-highlights-justin-timberlake-tops-adult-pop-songs-pearl-jam-returns","url_text":"\"Chart Highlights: Justin Timberlake Tops Adult Pop Songs; Pearl Jam Returns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - March 26, 2014: Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Dan + Shay. Jerrod Niemann Top 10, Scotty McCreery Sales Increase\". Archived from the original on March 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327203859/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/country-chart-news-the-top-30-digital-singles-march-26-2014-florida-georgia-line-1-luke-bryan-dan-shay-jerrod-niemann-and-scotty-mccreery-notables-this-week","url_text":"\"Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - March 26, 2014: Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Dan + Shay. Jerrod Niemann Top 10, Scotty McCreery Sales Increase\""},{"url":"http://www.roughstock.com/blog/country-chart-news-the-top-30-digital-singles-march-26-2014-florida-georgia-line-1-luke-bryan-dan-shay-jerrod-niemann-and-scotty-mccreery-notables-this-week","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Country Update for December 15, 2014\" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 15, 2014. p. 17. Retrieved December 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/files/pdfs/country_update_1215.pdf","url_text":"\"Billboard Country Update for December 15, 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2014: Hot Country Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Best of 2014: Hot Country Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Danielle Bradbery – The Heart of Dixie\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Danielle+Bradbery&ti=The+Heart+of+Dixie&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Danielle Bradbery – The Heart of Dixie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://theboot.com/danielle-bradbery-debut-single-details/","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Reveals Title, Cover Art + Release Date for Debut Single\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/danielle-bradbery-heart-of-dixie/","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Announces Debut Single 'The Heart of Dixie'\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0128079","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery \"The Heart of Dixie\" Sheet Music\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie/","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' – Song Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.roughstock.com/reviews/single-review-danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie","external_links_name":"\"Single Review: Danielle Bradbery - The Heart Of Dixie\""},{"Link":"http://www.nashvillegab.com/2013/07/danielle-bradbery-the-heart-of-dixie-single-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery, 'The Heart of Dixie' - Single Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922185942/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/danielle-bradbery-to-release-debut-music-video-for-the-heart-of-dixie-on-september-23-2013","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery to release Debut Music Video For \"The Heart Of Dixie\" On September 23, 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.roughstock.com/blog/danielle-bradbery-to-release-debut-music-video-for-the-heart-of-dixie-on-september-23-2013","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1717608/chart-highlights-justin-timberlake-tops-adult-pop-songs-pearl-jam-returns","external_links_name":"\"Chart Highlights: Justin Timberlake Tops Adult Pop Songs; Pearl Jam Returns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327203859/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/country-chart-news-the-top-30-digital-singles-march-26-2014-florida-georgia-line-1-luke-bryan-dan-shay-jerrod-niemann-and-scotty-mccreery-notables-this-week","external_links_name":"\"Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - March 26, 2014: Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Dan + Shay. Jerrod Niemann Top 10, Scotty McCreery Sales Increase\""},{"Link":"http://www.roughstock.com/blog/country-chart-news-the-top-30-digital-singles-march-26-2014-florida-georgia-line-1-luke-bryan-dan-shay-jerrod-niemann-and-scotty-mccreery-notables-this-week","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Danielle-Bradbery/chart-history/CCW","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Canada Country)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Danielle-Bradbery/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Danielle-Bradbery/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Danielle-Bradbery/chart-history/CSA","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Country Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Danielle-Bradbery/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Bradbery Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/files/pdfs/country_update_1215.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Country Update for December 15, 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/hot-country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Best of 2014: Hot Country Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Danielle+Bradbery&ti=The+Heart+of+Dixie&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Danielle Bradbery – The Heart of Dixie\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Forster | John Forster (soldier) | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 References"] | English military commander (1520-1602)
Sir John Forster (c.1520–1602) was an English military commander and Warden of the Middle Marches.
Life
Born about 1520, he was son of Sir Thomas Forster (d. 1527) of Etherston, Northumberland, marshal of Berwick, and his wife Dorothy, daughter of Ralph Ogle, 3rd Baron Ogle and Margaret Gascoigne. Trained from early youth in border warfare, he was in August 1542 put in command of Harbottle Castle with a garrison of a hundred men. He fought at the Battle of Solway Moss, 23 November 1542, under Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton, and claimed to have captured Robert Maxwell, 5th Baron Maxwell; Cuthbert Tunstall and Suffolk, however, determined that Maxwell's real captor was Edward Aglionby.
He fought also at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, 1547. Knighted by Protector Somerset in 1547, he was sheriff of Northumberland, 1549–50.
On 4 August 1563 he was appointed a commissioner to treat concerning the delimitation of the borders, and on 10 January 1565 to discuss the position of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray and other Scottish exiles in England. In 1569 he assisted in suppressing the Rebellion of the Northern Earls, and in 1570 took punitive measures against the Scottish borderers who had helped them. In August 1572 he was ordered to have the Earl of Northumberland executed.
Forster came to Holyrood Palace in August 1573 as an ambassador to discuss border affairs. His role included regular meetings with the Scottish Wardens on days of truce. His meeting with Sir John Carmichael on 7 July 1575 turned into a battle, and he was defeated and captured. His lieutenant, Sir George Heron, among others, was killed. Forster and his companions, after a few days at Dalkeith Palace, were released by Regent Morton, on Elizabeth's remonstrances.
On 27 July 1585, Forster and his son-in-law, Francis, Lord Russell were attacked by Thomas Kerr of Ferniehirst, and Russell was killed. Forster at first described it as an accident, but this did not suit the English government, and, with a view to exacting compensation, Russell's death was represented as the result of a deliberate plot. Meanwhile, various accusations, promoted perhaps by local feuds, were brought against Forster; he was said to have connived at murder, set thieves at liberty, executed others on insufficient grounds, and had dealings with Northumberland wreckers. Articles based on these accusations were drawn up on 27 September 1586, and Forster was dismissed from his office, Lord Eure being appointed in his place. Lord Hunsdon, however, thought the charges frivolous, and about April 1588 Forster was restored as warden.
In June 1594 he made a proclamation that no one in the wardenry should receive the Scottish rebel Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell. He asked the Mayor of Newcastle, Lionel Maddison to keep sure custody of Jacob Kroger and Guillaume Martin, who had stolen jewels from the Scottish queen Anne of Denmark. Forster held the wardenry until October 1595, when he was again superseded by Lord Eure; his removal was due partly to his old age, partly to a renewal of the charges against him.
On 24 October 1597 he was nearly surprised at Bamburgh Castle by a party of Scots. He died at Bamburgh on 13 January 1602.
Family
He had only daughters (not confirmed) with his wife Jane, daughter of Cuthbert Radcliffe (Walsinghams' spy in the Percy House), and widow of Robert Ogle, 5th Baron Ogle. Their daughter Eleanor, or Juliana, wife of Francis, Lord Russell, was the mother of Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford; and another daughter, Grace, married Sir William Fenwick of Wallington, and was mother of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet.
His son Nicholas, deputy-warden under John himself, was knighted in 1603. He was the father of Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet, who died without issue; and John, who did not inherit the title but succeeded to his brother's estate. Nicholas' mother was Janet Buicks.
References
Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). "Forster, John (1520?-1602)" . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Thomas Thomson, A diurnal of remarkable occurrents that have passed within Scotland (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 336
^ The Complete Peerage, Volume V. St Catherine's Press. 1926. p. 181.
^ Mary Anne Everett Green, Calendar State Papers Domestic, Addenda 1580-1625 (London, 1872), p. 366.
^ a b c Collins, A. (1720). The Baronettage of England: Being an Historical and Genealogical Account of Baronets, from Their First Institution in the Reign of King James I. : Containing Their Descents, the Remarkable Actions and Employments of Them and Their Ancestors: as Also Their Marriages, Issue, &c. with Their Coats of Arms and Crests Engrav'd and Blazon'd, (Vol. 2, pp.121). London: W. Taylor. Google Books.
^ Hodgson, J. & Hodgson-Hinde, J. (1827). "Pedigrees of Strother and Fenwick of Wallington." A History of Northumberland in Three Parts, (pp.256). E. Walker. Google Books.
^ Maureen M. Meikle, "Forster, Sir John (c. 1515–1602)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). "Forster, John (1520?-1602)". Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warden of the Middle Marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches"}],"text":"Sir John Forster (c.1520–1602) was an English military commander and Warden of the Middle Marches.","title":"John Forster (soldier)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etherston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etherston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Baron Ogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ogle"},{"link_name":"Harbottle Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbottle_Castle"},{"link_name":"Battle of Solway Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wharton,_1st_Baron_Wharton"},{"link_name":"Robert Maxwell, 5th Baron Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell,_5th_Baron_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pinkie Cleugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh"},{"link_name":"delimitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation"},{"link_name":"James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Rebellion of the Northern Earls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_7th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"a battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire"},{"link_name":"Dalkeith Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkeith_Palace"},{"link_name":"Regent Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Morton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kerr of Ferniehirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kerr_of_Ferniehirst"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Lord Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Eure,_3rd_Baron_Eure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compeerage-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Stewart,_5th_Earl_of_Bothwell"},{"link_name":"Lionel Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Maddison"},{"link_name":"Jacob Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kroger"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bamburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle"}],"text":"Born about 1520, he was son of Sir Thomas Forster (d. 1527) of Etherston, Northumberland, marshal of Berwick, and his wife Dorothy, daughter of Ralph Ogle, 3rd Baron Ogle and Margaret Gascoigne. Trained from early youth in border warfare, he was in August 1542 put in command of Harbottle Castle with a garrison of a hundred men. He fought at the Battle of Solway Moss, 23 November 1542, under Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton, and claimed to have captured Robert Maxwell, 5th Baron Maxwell; Cuthbert Tunstall and Suffolk, however, determined that Maxwell's real captor was Edward Aglionby.[citation needed]He fought also at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, 1547. Knighted by Protector Somerset in 1547, he was sheriff of Northumberland, 1549–50.On 4 August 1563 he was appointed a commissioner to treat concerning the delimitation of the borders, and on 10 January 1565 to discuss the position of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray and other Scottish exiles in England. In 1569 he assisted in suppressing the Rebellion of the Northern Earls, and in 1570 took punitive measures against the Scottish borderers who had helped them. In August 1572 he was ordered to have the Earl of Northumberland executed.Forster came to Holyrood Palace in August 1573 as an ambassador to discuss border affairs.[1] His role included regular meetings with the Scottish Wardens on days of truce. His meeting with Sir John Carmichael on 7 July 1575 turned into a battle, and he was defeated and captured. His lieutenant, Sir George Heron, among others, was killed. Forster and his companions, after a few days at Dalkeith Palace, were released by Regent Morton, on Elizabeth's remonstrances.On 27 July 1585, Forster and his son-in-law, Francis, Lord Russell were attacked by Thomas Kerr of Ferniehirst, and Russell was killed. Forster at first described it as an accident, but this did not suit the English government, and, with a view to exacting compensation, Russell's death was represented as the result of a deliberate plot. Meanwhile, various accusations, promoted perhaps by local feuds, were brought against Forster; he was said to have connived at murder, set thieves at liberty, executed others on insufficient grounds, and had dealings with Northumberland wreckers. Articles based on these accusations were drawn up on 27 September 1586, and Forster was dismissed from his office, Lord Eure being appointed in his place.[2] Lord Hunsdon, however, thought the charges frivolous, and about April 1588 Forster was restored as warden.In June 1594 he made a proclamation that no one in the wardenry should receive the Scottish rebel Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell. He asked the Mayor of Newcastle, Lionel Maddison to keep sure custody of Jacob Kroger and Guillaume Martin, who had stolen jewels from the Scottish queen Anne of Denmark.[3] Forster held the wardenry until October 1595, when he was again superseded by Lord Eure; his removal was due partly to his old age, partly to a renewal of the charges against him.On 24 October 1597 he was nearly surprised at Bamburgh Castle by a party of Scots. He died at Bamburgh on 13 January 1602.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Ogle, 5th Baron Ogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ogle,_5th_Baron_Ogle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Russell,_3rd_Earl_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Wallington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallington_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Fenwick,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh1827-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Claudius_Forster,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He had only daughters (not confirmed) with his wife Jane, daughter of Cuthbert Radcliffe (Walsinghams' spy in the Percy House), and widow of Robert Ogle, 5th Baron Ogle.[4] Their daughter Eleanor,[4] or Juliana, wife of Francis, Lord Russell, was the mother of Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford; and another daughter, Grace, married Sir William Fenwick of Wallington, and was mother of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet.[5]His son Nicholas, deputy-warden under John himself, was knighted in 1603. He was the father of Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet, who died without issue; and John, who did not inherit the title but succeeded to his brother's estate.[4] Nicholas' mother was Janet Buicks.[6]","title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). \"Forster, John (1520?-1602)\" . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Forster,_John_(1520%3F-1602)","url_text":"\"Forster, John (1520?-1602)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"The Complete Peerage, Volume V. St Catherine's Press. 1926. p. 181.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Forster,_John_(1520%3F-1602)","external_links_name":"\"Forster, John (1520?-1602)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adiurnalremarka00unkngoog/page/n357/mode/2up","external_links_name":"A diurnal of remarkable occurrents that have passed within Scotland (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 336"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HYc9AAAAcAAJ&dq=thomas%20forster%20and%20collins&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k55nAAAAMAAJ&dq=margaret%20heron%20forster&pg=PA256","external_links_name":"Google Books"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotriade | Cotriade | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Fish stew from France
CotriadeTypeFish stewPlace of originFranceRegion or stateBrittanyMain ingredientsFish, potatoes Media: Cotriade
Cotriade (Kaoteriad in Breton) is a fish stew specialty from the French region of Brittany that is made with different kinds of fish as well as potatoes, onions, and garlic. Oily fish are typically used, such as herring, sprats, and mackerel. Unlike Bouillabaisse, another French stew, it usually does not contain shellfish. It is traditionally served by pouring it over a toasted baguette. Other breads may also be used.
It is also very prominent in other French regions surrounding Brittany due to its access to the sea.
It is known in the UK as Brittany Fish Stew.
See also
List of stews
References
^ a b Stein, R. (2017). Rick Stein's Taste Of The Sea. Ebury Publishing. p. pt157-160. ISBN 978-1-4464-1555-9. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
^ Fodor's Normandy, Brittany & the Best of the North: with Paris. Travel Distribution. 2011. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-307-92858-0. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
^ East, D. (2012). 150 Fabulous Foolproof French Regional Recipes. La Puce Publications. p. pt29. ISBN 978-1-908747-00-6. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
^ "Brittany Fish Stew (Cotriade)". brittany-fish-stew.html. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
This Brittany-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about French cuisine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"fish stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stew"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stein_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stein_2017-1"},{"link_name":"Bouillabaisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouillabaisse"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"shellfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish"},{"link_name":"baguette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguette"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cotriade (Kaoteriad in Breton) is a fish stew specialty from the French region of Brittany that is made with different kinds of fish as well as potatoes, onions, and garlic.[1][2] Oily fish are typically used, such as herring, sprats, and mackerel.[1] Unlike Bouillabaisse, another French stew, it usually does not contain shellfish. It is traditionally served by pouring it over a toasted baguette. Other breads may also be used.[3]It is also very prominent in other French regions surrounding Brittany due to its access to the sea.[citation needed]It is known in the UK as Brittany Fish Stew.[4]","title":"Cotriade"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of stews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stews"}] | [{"reference":"Stein, R. (2017). Rick Stein's Taste Of The Sea. Ebury Publishing. p. pt157-160. ISBN 978-1-4464-1555-9. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7iWtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT157","url_text":"Rick Stein's Taste Of The Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-1555-9","url_text":"978-1-4464-1555-9"}]},{"reference":"Fodor's Normandy, Brittany & the Best of the North: with Paris. Travel Distribution. 2011. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-307-92858-0. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JbyMN6oZK8MC&pg=PT160","url_text":"Fodor's Normandy, Brittany & the Best of the North: with Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-92858-0","url_text":"978-0-307-92858-0"}]},{"reference":"East, D. (2012). 150 Fabulous Foolproof French Regional Recipes. La Puce Publications. p. pt29. ISBN 978-1-908747-00-6. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eoIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","url_text":"150 Fabulous Foolproof French Regional Recipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908747-00-6","url_text":"978-1-908747-00-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Brittany Fish Stew (Cotriade)\". brittany-fish-stew.html. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://brittany-fish-stew.html/","url_text":"\"Brittany Fish Stew (Cotriade)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7iWtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT157","external_links_name":"Rick Stein's Taste Of The Sea"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JbyMN6oZK8MC&pg=PT160","external_links_name":"Fodor's Normandy, Brittany & the Best of the North: with Paris"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eoIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","external_links_name":"150 Fabulous Foolproof French Regional Recipes"},{"Link":"http://brittany-fish-stew.html/","external_links_name":"\"Brittany Fish Stew (Cotriade)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotriade&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotriade&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaut | Lancaut | ["1 History","2 St James' Church","3 Nature Reserves and Wildlife","4 Environment","5 Access","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°39′59″N 2°40′20″W / 51.666335°N 2.672217°W / 51.666335; -2.672217
Human settlement in EnglandLancautRuins of St James' church at LancautLancautLocation within GloucestershireOS grid referenceST5396Civil parishTidenhamDistrictForest of DeanShire countyGloucestershireRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCHEPSTOWPostcode districtNP16Dialling code01291PoliceGloucestershireFireGloucestershireAmbulanceSouth Western
UK ParliamentForest of Dean
List of places
UK
England
Gloucestershire
51°39′59″N 2°40′20″W / 51.666335°N 2.672217°W / 51.666335; -2.672217
Lancaut (Welsh: Llan Cewydd) is a deserted village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Tidenham, in the Forest of Dean district, in Gloucestershire, England, located alongside the River Wye, around two miles north of Chepstow. It occupies a narrow-necked promontory formed by a curve of the river, which acts as the border between England and Wales. Little remains of the village today, except for the roofless church of St. James.
History
12th-century arch across the nave of St James church
The peninsula forms a strong natural defensive position and the ramparts of an Iron Age fort, known as Spital Meend, across this neck can still be identified. The site of the fort looks both north and south up and down the Wye, as well as eastwards towards the Severn estuary.
The name of Lancaut (historically, sometimes also spelled Llancourt) is an anglicisation of the Welsh: Llan Cewydd, or 'Church of Saint Cewydd', an obscure Welsh saint of the 6th century. Offa's Dyke, which was constructed in the late 8th century to define the area controlled by the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and to deter incursions by the Welsh from the west, passed to the east of Lancaut, and incorporated part of the defences of the Spital Meend hillfort. The peninsula and parish of Lancaut, though on the eastern bank of the river, remained under Welsh control until the 10th century; by 956 it had been incorporated within the English king's manor of Tidenham.
The village was never large, but in 1306 contained 10 tenant households, and in 1551 had 19 adults.
In early 1645, during the English Civil War, the local Royalist leader Sir John Wintour (or Winter) marched forces from Lydney to Lancaut in an attempt to fortify a ford across the Wye, but was defeated and forced to escape by boat. This gave rise to the local legend that he had leapt with his horse down the cliffs immediately below Lancaut to safety, the cliffs later becoming known as Wintour's Leap.
A Piscina in the wall of St James church
By 1750 the village had only two inhabited houses, and in 1848 the parish was recorded as having a mere 16 inhabitants. In 1931 the parish had a population of 10. The civil parish was merged with Tidenham on 1 April 1935. Today there is little remaining of the village except for a still-working farm.
St James' Church
Today the only significant trace of the village above ground is the church of St James, which is a Grade II listed building within the site of a scheduled monument. Ecclesiastical records in the Book of Llandaff refer to a religious establishment of lann ceuid probably at this location, which is likely to have been established by 625 AD. A monastery was recorded here by 703. However, the construction of the church dates from the 12th century, the arch remaining across the chancel dating from this period.
The theory has been put forward that the settlement was connected to the Cistercian monks who founded their substantial Abbey up-river at Tintern in 1131. A cast lead font in the church, comparable to other local examples from the same mould, can be dated precisely to between 1120 and 1140. This font is now in the Lady Chapel of Gloucester cathedral. Another suggestion is that it may once have been the site of a leper colony, and an unusual number of medicinal herbs including the non-native elecampane - once used to treat respiratory ailments - and green hellebore have been found in and around the churchyard.
Until 1711 the church was an independent ecclesiastical parish. After this date it was merged with another local parish, the new living being the rectory of Woolaston. Despite this, the church appears to have been substantially restored and rebuilt after this time. The double bell window still visible in the West wall was supplemented by a small bell turret in the roof above. In 1840 the antiquarian George Ormerod made drawings that record the church as having box pews and a pulpit fitted inside.
By the 1860s though, the parish congregation was reduced in number and services were only being held here during the summer months. In 1865, the Rector of Woolaston ordered that the church be abandoned. The roof and the interior fittings, together with the font, were removed. Church and village both declined after this time, and the church was deconsecrated. In the 1980s the chancel arch partially collapsed, prompting some restoration and consolidation work, together with archaeological study. Repairs were undertaken to the churchyard wall in 2010.
In December 2013, the church building was purchased for a nominal fee of £1 by the Forest of Dean Buildings Preservation Trust. The Trust intends to carry out a programme to stabilise the building.
Nature Reserves and Wildlife
Lancaut, together with the adjacent woodland at Ban-y-Gor immediately to the north, was established in 1971 as a nature reserve, now managed by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is within the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Both reserves are part of the nationally important Lower Wye Gorge SSSI.
Fuller information may be found in the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves handbook. The River Wye at Lancaut supports a range of wildlife including otters, porpoises, cormorants, goosanders and herons. The woodland contains dormice, the rare lapidary snail, and uncommon plants such as narrow-leaved helleborine and the wild service tree. The narrow tidal banks are a rare example in Britain of a direct transition between natural saltmarsh and woodland. Fishing was historically important in the area, and the river contains traces of several medieval weirs, but salmon numbers have fallen markedly in recent years.
Environment
Quarrying for limestone was important from medieval times, and the remains of two adjoining limekilns may be seen on the hillside above the church. Although as of January 2011 these had partially collapsed making them unsafe to enter. It developed as a major industry after the building of Avonmouth Docks in 1877, and jetties were built at Lancaut to allow the transport of stone down the river. The quarry at Woodcroft, overlooking Lancaut, operated until the mid-twentieth century.
Access
The River Wye at Lancaut, looking towards the cliffs at Wintour's Leap
The only road access to Lancaut is a narrow track to the farm. The church stands below this, down a steep bank. It can also be accessed by foot from Woodcroft, along part of the route of a circular walk from Chepstow which takes around 4 miles, across the 1816 Wye bridge, along the lower banks of the Wye to the church, then climbing up and returning along much the same route, but atop the cliffs of Wintour's Leap. This walk passes through the distinctive woodland of the Wye valley, including such rare and locally endemic species as the small-leaved lime. It crosses a scree slope of large boulders, created when an illegal post-war stone quarry blasted some of the limestone cliffs.
References
^ "St James's Church, Lancaut, Monmouthshire". 19 August 2007.
^ Walters, Bryan (1992). The Archaeology and History of Ancient Dean and the Wye Valley. Thornhill Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-946328-42-0.
^ The English Cyclopaedia. 1867.
^ a b c d e Display board at St James' Church. Monmouthshire Council.
^ a b c d e Elrington, C. R. (1972). "Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds". A History of the County of Gloucester. Vol. 10. Victoria County History. pp. 50–72.
^ a b Samuel Lewis (1848). "Lancaut". A Topographical Dictionary of England.
^ "Population statistics Lancaut Ch/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Relationships and changes Lancaut Ch/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b c d e f Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust, Lancaut and Ban-y-Gor Nature Reserves, local leaflet.
^ a b Walters 1992, pp. 125—126
^ a b c Parry, Charles (1990). "A Survey of St James's Church" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 108: 53–103.
^ "Lancaut, Gloucestershire". 27 September 2007.
^ "Ruins of St James Church, Lancaut, Gloucestershire". 30 September 2004.
^ a b Picturesque, Wye Valley AONB Newsletter, Autumn 2010, p.10
^ "It's yours for a quid!", Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review, 11 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013
^ Natural England unit information for Lower Wye Gorge
^ Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust'
^ Rainsbury, Anne (1989). Chepstow and the River Wye in old photographs. Alan Sutton Publishing. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-86299-406-3.
^ Conduit, Brian (2007). "Chepstow and Lancaut". Wye Valley and Forest of Dean Walks. Crimson Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-7117-0549-4.
^ "Lancaut & Ban-Y-Gor Wood Nature Reserve".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lancaut.
Geograph: images of Lancaut
Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust: Lancaut SSSI Nature Reserve
Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust
Walk: Lancaut Loop
"The Church Bought for One Pound", Wyevalley.tv | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"deserted village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserted_village"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Tidenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidenham"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"the border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales-England_border"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandLancaut (Welsh: Llan Cewydd) is a deserted village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Tidenham, in the Forest of Dean district, in Gloucestershire, England, located alongside the River Wye, around two miles north of Chepstow. It occupies a narrow-necked promontory formed by a curve of the river, which acts as the border between England and Wales. Little remains of the village today, except for the roofless church of St. James.","title":"Lancaut"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nave_of_St_James_church,_Lancaut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercuriuspoliticus-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Severn estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_estuary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"anglicisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Cewydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cewydd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-4"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-5"},{"link_name":"Tidenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidenham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis,_1848-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-5"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Sir John Wintour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winter_(Royalist)"},{"link_name":"Lydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydney"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"Wintour's Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintour%27s_Leap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piscina,_St_James_church,_Lancaut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piscina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis,_1848-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-5"}],"text":"12th-century arch across the nave of St James churchThe peninsula forms a strong natural defensive position and the ramparts of an Iron Age fort, known as Spital Meend, across this neck can still be identified.[1][2] The site of the fort looks both north and south up and down the Wye, as well as eastwards towards the Severn estuary.The name of Lancaut (historically, sometimes also spelled Llancourt)[3] is an anglicisation of the Welsh: Llan Cewydd, or 'Church of Saint Cewydd', an obscure Welsh saint of the 6th century.[4] Offa's Dyke, which was constructed in the late 8th century to define the area controlled by the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and to deter incursions by the Welsh from the west, passed to the east of Lancaut, and incorporated part of the defences of the Spital Meend hillfort. The peninsula and parish of Lancaut, though on the eastern bank of the river, remained under Welsh control until the 10th century;[5] by 956 it had been incorporated within the English king's manor of Tidenham.[6]The village was never large, but in 1306 contained 10 tenant households, and in 1551 had 19 adults.[5] \nIn early 1645, during the English Civil War, the local Royalist leader Sir John Wintour (or Winter) marched forces from Lydney to Lancaut in an attempt to fortify a ford across the Wye, but was defeated and forced to escape by boat. This gave rise to the local legend that he had leapt with his horse down the cliffs immediately below Lancaut to safety, the cliffs later becoming known as Wintour's Leap.[5]A Piscina in the wall of St James churchBy 1750 the village had only two inhabited houses,[5] and in 1848 the parish was recorded as having a mere 16 inhabitants.[6] In 1931 the parish had a population of 10.[7] The civil parish was merged with Tidenham on 1 April 1935.[8][5] Today there is little remaining of the village except for a still-working farm.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"Book of Llandaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Llandaff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters,_1992,_125-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters,_1992,_125-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._B&G_AS-11"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Tintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-englishbuildings-12"},{"link_name":"cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-4"},{"link_name":"Lady Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_chapel"},{"link_name":"Gloucester cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_cathedral"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roughwood-13"},{"link_name":"leper colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_colony"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-picturesque-14"},{"link_name":"medicinal herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism"},{"link_name":"elecampane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecampane"},{"link_name":"green hellebore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellebore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish"},{"link_name":"living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Woolaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolaston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-4"},{"link_name":"George Ormerod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ormerod"},{"link_name":"box pews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_pew"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._B&G_AS-11"},{"link_name":"deconsecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconsecrated"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T._B&G_AS-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-picturesque-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Today the only significant trace of the village above ground is the church of St James, which is a Grade II listed building within the site of a scheduled monument. Ecclesiastical records in the Book of Llandaff refer to a religious establishment of lann ceuid probably at this location, which is likely to have been established by 625 AD.[4][9][10] A monastery was recorded here by 703.[10] However, the construction of the church dates from the 12th century,[4][11] the arch remaining across the chancel dating from this period.The theory has been put forward that the settlement was connected to the Cistercian monks who founded their substantial Abbey up-river at Tintern in 1131.[12] A cast lead font in the church, comparable to other local examples from the same mould, can be dated precisely to between 1120 and 1140.[4] This font is now in the Lady Chapel of Gloucester cathedral.[13] Another suggestion is that it may once have been the site of a leper colony,[14] and an unusual number of medicinal herbs including the non-native elecampane - once used to treat respiratory ailments - and green hellebore have been found in and around the churchyard.[9]Until 1711 the church was an independent ecclesiastical parish. After this date it was merged with another local parish, the new living being the rectory of Woolaston.[4] Despite this, the church appears to have been substantially restored and rebuilt after this time. The double bell window still visible in the West wall was supplemented by a small bell turret in the roof above. In 1840 the antiquarian George Ormerod made drawings that record the church as having box pews and a pulpit fitted inside.[11]By the 1860s though, the parish congregation was reduced in number and services were only being held here during the summer months. In 1865, the Rector of Woolaston ordered that the church be abandoned. The roof and the interior fittings, together with the font, were removed. Church and village both declined after this time, and the church was deconsecrated. In the 1980s the chancel arch partially collapsed, prompting some restoration and consolidation work, together with archaeological study.[11] Repairs were undertaken to the churchyard wall in 2010.[14]In December 2013, the church building was purchased for a nominal fee of £1 by the Forest of Dean Buildings Preservation Trust. The Trust intends to carry out a programme to stabilise the building.[15]","title":"St James' Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Wye Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley"},{"link_name":"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"},{"link_name":"Lower Wye Gorge SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Wye_Gorge_SSSI"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"porpoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoise"},{"link_name":"cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"goosanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosander"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"dormice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormice"},{"link_name":"lapidary snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicigona_lapicida"},{"link_name":"narrow-leaved helleborine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalanthera_longifolia"},{"link_name":"wild service tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbus_torminalis"},{"link_name":"saltmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltmarsh"},{"link_name":"weirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"}],"text":"Lancaut, together with the adjacent woodland at Ban-y-Gor immediately to the north, was established in 1971 as a nature reserve, now managed by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is within the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).[9] Both reserves are part of the nationally important Lower Wye Gorge SSSI.[16]Fuller information may be found in the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves handbook.[17] The River Wye at Lancaut supports a range of wildlife including otters, porpoises, cormorants, goosanders and herons. The woodland contains dormice, the rare lapidary snail, and uncommon plants such as narrow-leaved helleborine and the wild service tree. The narrow tidal banks are a rare example in Britain of a direct transition between natural saltmarsh and woodland. Fishing was historically important in the area, and the river contains traces of several medieval weirs, but salmon numbers have fallen markedly in recent years.[9]","title":"Nature Reserves and Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"limekilns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limekiln"},{"link_name":"Avonmouth Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth_Docks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Woodcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcroft,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"}],"text":"Quarrying for limestone was important from medieval times, and the remains of two adjoining limekilns may be seen on the hillside above the church. Although as of January 2011 these had partially collapsed making them unsafe to enter. It developed as a major industry after the building of Avonmouth Docks in 1877, and jetties were built at Lancaut to allow the transport of stone down the river.[18] The quarry at Woodcroft, overlooking Lancaut, operated until the mid-twentieth century.[9]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Wye_Lancat_and_Ban_y_Gore_Nature_Reserve.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wintour's Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintour%27s_Leap"},{"link_name":"Wye bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_bridge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Wye valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_valley"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"small-leaved lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_cordata"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"scree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwt-9"}],"text":"The River Wye at Lancaut, looking towards the cliffs at Wintour's LeapThe only road access to Lancaut is a narrow track to the farm. The church stands below this, down a steep bank. It can also be accessed by foot from Woodcroft, along part of the route of a circular walk from Chepstow which takes around 4 miles, across the 1816 Wye bridge, along the lower banks of the Wye to the church, then climbing up and returning along much the same route, but atop the cliffs of Wintour's Leap.[19] This walk passes through the distinctive woodland of the Wye valley, including such rare and locally endemic species as the small-leaved lime.[20] It crosses a scree slope of large boulders, created when an illegal post-war stone quarry blasted some of the limestone cliffs.[9]","title":"Access"}] | [{"image_text":"12th-century arch across the nave of St James church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nave_of_St_James_church%2C_Lancaut.jpg/170px-Nave_of_St_James_church%2C_Lancaut.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Piscina in the wall of St James church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Piscina%2C_St_James_church%2C_Lancaut.jpg/170px-Piscina%2C_St_James_church%2C_Lancaut.jpg"},{"image_text":"The River Wye at Lancaut, looking towards the cliffs at Wintour's Leap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/River_Wye_Lancat_and_Ban_y_Gore_Nature_Reserve.jpg/700px-River_Wye_Lancat_and_Ban_y_Gore_Nature_Reserve.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"St James's Church, Lancaut, Monmouthshire\". 19 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/st-jamess-church-lancaut-monmouthshire/","url_text":"\"St James's Church, Lancaut, Monmouthshire\""}]},{"reference":"Walters, Bryan (1992). The Archaeology and History of Ancient Dean and the Wye Valley. Thornhill Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-946328-42-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946328-42-0","url_text":"0-946328-42-0"}]},{"reference":"The English Cyclopaedia. 1867.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ywlAAAAMAAJ&dq=llancourt&pg=PA132","url_text":"The English Cyclopaedia"}]},{"reference":"Display board at St James' Church. Monmouthshire Council.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elrington, C. R. (1972). \"Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds\". A History of the County of Gloucester. Vol. 10. Victoria County History. pp. 50–72.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15757","url_text":"A History of the County of Gloucester"}]},{"reference":"Samuel Lewis (1848). \"Lancaut\". A Topographical Dictionary of England.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51090","url_text":"\"Lancaut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population statistics Lancaut Ch/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10226168/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Population statistics Lancaut Ch/CP through time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain_through_Time","url_text":"A Vision of Britain through Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Relationships and changes Lancaut Ch/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10226168","url_text":"\"Relationships and changes Lancaut Ch/CP through time\""}]},{"reference":"Parry, Charles (1990). \"A Survey of St James's Church\" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 108: 53–103.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v108/bg108053.pdf","url_text":"\"A Survey of St James's Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lancaut, Gloucestershire\". 27 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://englishbuildings.blogspot.com/2007/09/lancaut-gloucestershire.html","url_text":"\"Lancaut, Gloucestershire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruins of St James Church, Lancaut, Gloucestershire\". 30 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roughwood.net/ChurchAlbum/Monmouthshire/Lancaut/LancautStJames2004.htm","url_text":"\"Ruins of St James Church, Lancaut, Gloucestershire\""}]},{"reference":"Rainsbury, Anne (1989). Chepstow and the River Wye in old photographs. Alan Sutton Publishing. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-86299-406-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-406-3","url_text":"0-86299-406-3"}]},{"reference":"Conduit, Brian (2007). \"Chepstow and Lancaut\". Wye Valley and Forest of Dean Walks. Crimson Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-7117-0549-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7117-0549-4","url_text":"978-0-7117-0549-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancaut & Ban-Y-Gor Wood Nature Reserve\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlifeextra.com/do/ecco.py/view_item?listid=14&listcatid=172&listitemid=1684#cr","url_text":"\"Lancaut & Ban-Y-Gor Wood Nature Reserve\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lancaut¶ms=51.666335_N_2.672217_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°39′59″N 2°40′20″W / 51.666335°N 2.672217°W / 51.666335; -2.672217"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lancaut¶ms=51.660806_N_2.680884_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Lancaut","external_links_name":"ST5396"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lancaut¶ms=51.666335_N_2.672217_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°39′59″N 2°40′20″W / 51.666335°N 2.672217°W / 51.666335; -2.672217"},{"Link":"http://mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/st-jamess-church-lancaut-monmouthshire/","external_links_name":"\"St James's Church, Lancaut, Monmouthshire\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ywlAAAAMAAJ&dq=llancourt&pg=PA132","external_links_name":"The English Cyclopaedia"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15757","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Gloucester"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51090","external_links_name":"\"Lancaut\""},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10226168/cube/TOT_POP","external_links_name":"\"Population statistics Lancaut Ch/CP through time\""},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10226168","external_links_name":"\"Relationships and changes Lancaut Ch/CP through time\""},{"Link":"http://www2.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v108/bg108053.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Survey of St James's Church\""},{"Link":"http://englishbuildings.blogspot.com/2007/09/lancaut-gloucestershire.html","external_links_name":"\"Lancaut, Gloucestershire\""},{"Link":"http://www.roughwood.net/ChurchAlbum/Monmouthshire/Lancaut/LancautStJames2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ruins of St James Church, Lancaut, Gloucestershire\""},{"Link":"http://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/pages/news_activities/documents/PicturesqueAutumn2010forweb.pdf","external_links_name":"Picturesque, Wye Valley AONB Newsletter, Autumn 2010, p.10"},{"Link":"http://www.theforestreview.co.uk/News.cfm?id=41955&headline=It%27s%20yours%20for%20a%20quid!","external_links_name":"\"It's yours for a quid!\", Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review, 11 December 2013"},{"Link":"http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/sssi/unitlist.cfm?sssi_id=1003607","external_links_name":"Natural England unit information for Lower Wye Gorge"},{"Link":"http://www.wildlifeextra.com/do/ecco.py/view_item?listid=14&listcatid=172&listitemid=1684#cr","external_links_name":"\"Lancaut & Ban-Y-Gor Wood Nature Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=16277999","external_links_name":"Geograph: images of Lancaut"},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/reserves/lancaut","external_links_name":"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust: Lancaut SSSI Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307221312/http://mediafiles.thedms.co.uk/publication/gs-act/Lancaut%20Loop.pdf","external_links_name":"Walk: Lancaut Loop"},{"Link":"http://www.wyevalley.tv/st-james-lancaut/","external_links_name":"\"The Church Bought for One Pound\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympic_Games | 1960 Winter Olympics | ["1 Host city selection","2 Organization","2.1 Television","3 Politics","4 Events","4.1 Opening ceremonies","4.2 Ice hockey","4.3 Cross-country skiing","4.4 Biathlon","4.5 Nordic combined","4.6 Ski jumping","4.7 Figure skating","4.8 Speed skating","4.9 Alpine skiing","4.10 Closing ceremonies","5 Calendar","6 Venues","7 Participating nations","7.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee","8 Medal count","8.1 Podium sweeps","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°11′47″N 120°14′01″W / 39.19631°N 120.23356°W / 39.19631; -120.23356Multi-sport event in Squaw Valley, California, US
VIII Olympic Winter GamesEmblem of the 1960 Winter OlympicsHost citySquaw Valley, United StatesNations30Athletes665 (521 men, 144 women)Events27 in 4 sports (8 disciplines)OpeningFebruary 18, 1960ClosingFebruary 28, 1960Opened byVice President Richard NixonCauldronKen HenryStadiumBlyth ArenaWinter← Cortina 1956Innsbruck 1964 →
Summer← Melbourne 1956Rome 1960 →
SquawValleyclass=notpageimage| Location in the United States
The 1960 Winter Olympics (officially the VIII Olympic Winter Games and also known as Squaw Valley 1960) were a winter multi-sport event held from February 18 to 28, 1960, at the Squaw Valley Resort (now known as Palisades Tahoe) in Squaw Valley (now known as Olympic Valley), California, United States. The resort was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Squaw Valley was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so the infrastructure and all of the venues were built between 1956 and 1960 at a cost of US$80,000,000 (equivalent to $823,937,008 in 2023). The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.
The 1960 Winter Games hosted athletes from 30 nations, competing in four sports and 27 events. Biathlon and women's speed skating made their Olympic debuts. Bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program for the only time; the organizers had decided the events did not warrant the cost of building a bobsled venue after a poll indicated that only nine countries were planning to participate. These Olympics became the first to be televised live, making them accessible to millions of viewers in real time, and introduced multiple technological innovations, including instant replay.
Host city selection
Squaw Valleyclass=notpageimage| Location in California
Squaw Valley, now called Palisades Tahoe, was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities, which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise. Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing were inspired to bid for the Olympics by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno, Nevada, and Anchorage, Alaska, had expressed interest in the Games. Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games. Knight's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1 million to the effort.
Based on the financial support received from the State of California, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) approved the bid on January 7, 1955. Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, calling on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to consider Squaw Valley's bid for the 1960 Games. Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC, which was considering bids from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, France. During the planning stages of the 1960 Olympics, Innsbruck was the leading choice for the Olympic site. Cushing, however, managed to secure the bid after winning over the International Olympic Committee in Paris with a scale model of his planned Olympic site.
Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games, but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956, the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck. Another $4 million was committed by the state legislature, which met Brundage's requirements, and on April 4, 1956, the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley. Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that its base elevation of 6,200 feet (1,890 m) above sea level would prove too stressful on the athletes.
1960 Winter Olympics bidding results
City/Site
Country
Round 1
Round 2
Squaw Valley
United States
30
32
Innsbruck
Austria
24
30
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
West Germany
5
—
St. Moritz
Switzerland
3
—
Organization
Sign outside the Olympic Village at Squaw Valley in 2007
Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge. Cushing presented the site as a blank canvas of unspoiled environment, where a world-class ski resort could be constructed. The obscurity of the location was underscored at the closing ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics. Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games. Since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government. John Garland, an IOC member from California, was asked to stand in and received the flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo.
After winning the right to host the Games, the California Olympic Commission was formed. They were given four years to build venues, an Olympic Village, and expand infrastructure. With the expansion of roads, bridges, water and electrical capacity the resort of Squaw Valley became the city of Squaw Valley. Hotels, restaurants, administration buildings, a Sheriff's office and a sewage pumping and treatment plant were all constructed to support the influx of visitors for the Games. Organizers wanted the Olympics to be intimate with the venues close to one another. The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena was built along with three outdoor skating rinks, a 400-meter speed skating oval and four dormitories to house athletes. One venue deemed impractical to build was the bobsled run. Organizers felt the lack of possible entrants (a pre-Olympic poll indicated that only nine countries were planning to participate) and the high cost of building the run were sufficient deterrents to leave the bobsled events off the 1960 Olympic program.
Several design innovations and new technologies were used for the 1960 Games. The speed skating, figure skating and ice hockey events were held on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history. A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes had to be built to generate and maintain the ice. The heat generated from the refrigeration plant was used to warm spectators, provide hot water, and melt the snow off of roofs. New timing equipment provided by Longines was installed that used a quartz clock to measure to the hundredths of a second. IBM provided a computer that was capable of tabulating results and printing them in English and French. Blyth Arena, site of the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the figure skating and ice hockey competitions, was built with a 22 in (56 cm) gap in the roof, which would slide closed as the cables supporting the roof contracted during cold weather.
Funding for Cushing's initial bid to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors in the "Squaw Valley Development Company", who were owners of the existing resort. To fund the construction, organizers turned to the federal government, which provided about a quarter of the $80 million required to host the Games. The monies were used to build sports arenas and provide military support for security during the Games. Further funding was secured from private sponsorships and from the State of California. Governor Knight and his successor Edmund "Pat" Brown remained behind the project, seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world. In the end, the 1960 Winter Olympics became the first to be televised live, making the games accessible to millions of viewers in real-time. The event signaled the rise of United States skiing to the level of world-famous European skiing, and Squaw Valley's preparedness for the games showed the international community that United States ski resorts offered world-class facilities.
Television
Television was not new to the Olympic Winter Games; broadcasts of events to European audiences had begun in 1956. What was unprecedented was the sale of exclusive United States television rights to broadcast the Games. The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcast rights to CBS for $50,000. Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcast rights would become. For example, CBS purchased the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $550,000. During the Games, CBS broadcast 15 and a quarter hours of television focusing on ice hockey, speed skating, figure skating, alpine skiing and ski jumping. The impact of television was felt during the Games; in the men's slalom event, officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event. This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay.
Politics
Brundage (left) examines the facilities at Squaw Valley, 1960 Winter Olympics.
Athletic competition between the Soviet Union and United States had grown intense during the 1950s. Their opposing ideologies and interests in nations such as East and West Germany, China and North and South Korea created a delicate situation as the 1960 Winter Games approached. Of particular interest was the question of whether China would be allowed to participate. Chinese athletes last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute over Taiwan's participation as a separate country. The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China. Given that the 1960 Games were to be held in the US, there was concern among IOC members that the host nation would not allow China or any other Communist country to take part. In 1957, IOC president Avery Brundage, an American, announced that if the U.S. refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC, they would revoke Squaw Valley's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency. The U.S. did allow athletes from Communist countries to participate. China continued calls for Taiwan to be expelled from the IOC, demands that were refused until China broke off relations ending any hope they would participate in the 1960 Games.
Problems similar to the issue with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany. Prior to the Korean War the IOC had recognized the Olympic committee of Korea, which was headquartered in Seoul. North Korea was not recognized as a separate country by the IOC, which maintained the existence of one Olympic committee. A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected by North Koreans, which meant only athletes from South Korea participated due to their prior recognition. Pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that both East and West Germany had participated as a unified team in 1956. One of the conditions for a unified German team was that the athletes be represented by a neutral flag. Initially West German officials refused to agree to this stipulation citing the fact that the West German flag had been used at both the 1956 Winter and Summer Games, although that flag was also used by East Germany prior to 1959. Eventually the neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated.
Events
The Games were held from February 18 to 28. Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports (8 disciplines). The sport of biathlon was added to the program as were speed skating events for women. After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team, the organizers determined that bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program. Despite petitions from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider, the organizers felt they could not justify the costs of constructing a bobsled run for nine competing nations. It would be the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held.
Biathlon (1) (details)
Ice hockey (1) (details)
Skating
Figure skating (3) (details)
Speed skating (8) (details)
Skiing
Alpine skiing (6) (details)
Nordic skiing (details)
Cross-country skiing (6) (details)
Nordic combined (1) (details)
Ski jumping (1) (details)
Opening ceremonies
The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney, who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies at Blyth Memorial Arena. He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers, the release of 2,000 pigeons, and a military gun salute of eight shots, one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games. The opening ceremonies were held on February 18, 1960, at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard. The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour. The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles. Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open. The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry, Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes. As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies.
Ice hockey
Ice hockey match between the United States and Soviet Union. The United States won the game, 3–2.
Main article: Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics
The ice hockey tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink. Controversy over the amateur status of communist players overshadowed the event. Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of "professional amateurs" by Eastern Bloc countries, and especially the Soviet Union. They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full-time, which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for more than 30 years. This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics. The team from the United States won an improbable gold medal, defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams, who took silver and bronze respectively. This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing
Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race
There were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race, which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets in cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics. They were however upset by Sweden in the 3×5 kilometer relay. Nordic countries dominated the men's competition. Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals, which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian. Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold, silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956.
Biathlon
Main article: Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competition
Biathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960. The precursor to biathlon, military patrol, was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924. It was a demonstration sport at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Winter Olympics, though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era. Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960. It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft). Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion, Antti Tyrväinen from Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov placed second and third respectively.
Nordic combined
Main article: Nordic combined at the 1960 Winter Olympics
The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race. German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964. Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, Maria Gusakova, competed in the cross-country events, winning a gold and silver.
Ski jumping
Main article: Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping event
There was one ski jumping event at the 1960 Games, the men's normal hill, which was held on February 28. In 1964, the competition would be expanded to include a men's large hill event. Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event. In 1994 he would be joined by Jens Weißflog as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions. Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austrian Otto Leodolter earned the silver and bronze medals.
Figure skating
Main article: Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Held at Blyth Memorial Arena, the figure skating competition took place between February 19 and 26. Although this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors, it would never be contested outdoors again. There were three events: men's and women's singles and the pairs competition. In the men's event, David Jenkins of the United States, brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion Hayes Jenkins, won the gold medal. It was his second Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1956. Czechoslovakian Karol Divín took the silver medal, and Canadian Donald Jackson won the bronze. American Carol Heiss, winner of the silver medal in 1956, became the Olympic champion in 1960. A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and the Three Stooges. Dutch skater Sjoukje Dijkstra took the silver medal; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964. Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze. The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event. The competition was won by the Canadian pair of Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who had won the last three world championships. The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal, and the American husband-and-wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze.
Speed skating
Main article: Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960. Multiple nations had requested the inclusion of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games, but the request was rejected by the IOC. The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games, and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women's speed skating, the IOC agreed to four events; 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 meters (the same as the number of men's events). Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, which was an outdoor skating oval, and featured artificial ice, a first for the Olympic speed skating competition. Given the altitude and the artificial ice, the rink was the fastest in the world, as evidenced by Norwegian Knut Johannesen's world record in the 10,000 meter event. At 15:46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16-minute barrier, and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds. Despite Johannesen's victory, the Soviets dominated the speed skating events, winning all but two of the races. Yevgeny Grishin won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races, though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian Roald Aas. Grishin said that "watching the Soviet flag wave in the blue American sky" was the proudest moment of his life. Lidiya Skoblikova from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist, when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events. Polish skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczyńska placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event, which were Poland's only medals of the Games. They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals.
Alpine skiing
Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Despite the facilities being constructed from scratch at Squaw Valley, the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity, resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history. Both men and women competed in the downhill, giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26. The men's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis. Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion. German Heidi Biebl won the women's downhill, Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom. Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom.
Closing ceremonies
The Games were brought to a close on afternoon of February 28 in Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people. Flags of the participating nations were followed by the athletes who marched as a group with no national distinctions, a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics. The flag bearers made a semi-circle around the rostrum and the national anthems of Greece (even though the nation did not send a delegation to Squaw Valley), the United States, and Austria were played as their respective flags were raised. The Olympic Charter determinates that the Greek flag honors Greece as the originators of the Olympic Games, and it was displayed during the ceremony even despite Greece's absence, which was the only time in Olympic history that the country failed to send a team. The United States flag represented the host nation and the Austrian flag was raised because Innsbruck, Austria was to be the host of the next games. IOC president Avery Brundage declared the Games closed, at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished. The Games concluded with the release of several thousand balloons.
Calendar
All dates are in Pacific Standard Time (UTC-8)
The opening ceremony was held on February 18, along with the first games of the Ice hockey tournament. From February 19 to 28, at least one event final was held each day.
OC
Opening ceremony
●
Event competitions
1
Event finals
CC
Closing ceremony
February
18Thu
19Fri
20Sat
21Sun
22Mon
23Tue
24Wed
25Thu
26Fri
27Sat
28Sun
Events
Ceremonies
OC
CC
—
Ice hockey
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
1
1
Figure skating
1
1
1
3
Speed skating
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Alpine skiing
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Cross-country skiing
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Nordic combined
●
1
1
Ski jumping
1
1
Biathlon
1
1
Daily medal events
2
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
2
2
27
Cumulative Total
2
5
8
11
15
17
19
23
25
27
February
18Thu
19Fri
20Sat
21Sun
22Mon
23Tue
24Wed
25Thu
26Fri
27Sat
28Sun
Total events
† The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day.
Venues
Main article: Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics
Alpine runs of the1960 Winter Olympics
The lack of facilities prior to the Olympics gave organizers freedom to tailor the layout of the venues to fit the needs of the athletes. Their vision was for an intimate Games in which athletes and spectators could walk between venues. This was accomplished with the exception of the cross-country events, which were held at McKinney Creek, a 12 mi (19 km) drive from Squaw Valley. In prior Winter Olympics the athletes were housed in hotels or billeted with local families. Since no such facilities existed in Squaw Valley, the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Games. Competitors slept in one of four dormitories and ate together in a dining room. The complex was located centrally, with access to all the sporting facilities.
The peaks surrounding Squaw Valley were used for the alpine skiing events. The ladies' downhill and men's slalom and giant slalom were on KT-22 mountain, while the ladies' slalom and giant slalom were contested on Little Papoose Peak. Squaw Peak was the site of the men's downhill competition. Prior to the Games, concerns persisted that the courses would not meet international standards. To address these concerns, a test event was held in 1959 and the attending delegates from the International Ski Federation (FIS) left assured that the events would comply with FIS rules and specifications. Bleachers were constructed for officials, coaches and spectators, along with broadcast booths for radio and television. Papoose Peak Jumps was located on Little Papoose Peak directly opposite Blyth Memorial Arena. Designed by Heini Klopfer, the hill was innovative in that it had 40-, 60-, and 80–meter jumps. Tall trees on both sides protected athletes from the wind, and it was situated so that the sun would be at the jumper's back during the competition.
McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all of the cross-country races, which included the biathlon and a portion of the Nordic combined competition. It consisted of a timing building, two Quonset huts for competitors and course workers, a scoreboard, and bleachers to accommodate 1,200 people. Shooting ranges were interspersed throughout the biathlon course, and were supervised by non-commissioned officers of the United States military.
Season tickets for the Games ranged from $60 to $250, the latter included a reserved seat at the ice arena; the daily admission fee was $7.50.
Blyth Memorial Arena was the centerpiece of the Games. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies jointly with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, and also hosted the figure skating competition, a few of the speed skating events, as well as most of the games in the hockey tournament. All three of the sports were held indoors on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history. At full capacity, the arena accommodated 11,000 people, 8,500 of whom were seated. One end of the stadium could be opened and closed, depending on the event. During the ceremonies it was open to allow for the entrance of the athletes; during the competitions it was closed to accommodate more spectators. A special machine was created to resurface the ice for all three competitions. It could lay a new ice surface on the 400-meter speed skating track in 45 minutes. In addition to resurfacing the ice, the machine created the snow dividers that delineated the racing lanes. The roof was designed on a suspension principle, using cables rather than vertical supports; this removed any visual impediments for the audience, but it weakened the strength of the roof. Given the amount of annual snowfall designers planned on using heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow. There were flaws in the design and miscalculations in the load the roof could bear, and during a particularly heavy snowfall in 1983, a portion of the roof collapsed and the building was subsequently demolished.
As of 2016, three buildings from the 1960 Winter Olympics remain in Palisades Tahoe (formerly known as Squaw Valley). An expansion of the resort's village, currently in the planning stages, would see two of these buildings demolished.
Participating nations
Athletes from 30 nations competed at the 1960 Games. South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time; it would be the last until 1994. Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964. The number at the end of each country denotes the number of athletes each country sent.
Participating National Olympic Committees
Argentina (6)
Australia (30)
Austria (26)
Bulgaria (7)
Canada (44)
Chile (5)
Czechoslovakia (21)
Denmark (1)
Finland (48)
France (26)
United Team of Germany (74)
Great Britain (17)
Hungary (3)
Iceland (4)
Italy (28)
Japan (41)
South Korea (7)
Lebanon (2)
Liechtenstein (5)
Netherlands (7)
New Zealand (4)
Norway (29)
Poland (13)
South Africa (4)
Soviet Union (62)
Spain (4)
Sweden (47)
Switzerland (21)
Turkey (2)
United States (79) (host)
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee
IOC Letter Code
Country
Athletes
USA
United States
79
EUA
United Team of Germany
74
URS
Soviet Union
62
FIN
Finland
48
SWE
Sweden
47
CAN
Canada
44
JPN
Japan
41
AUS
Australia
30
NOR
Norway
29
ITA
Italy
28
AUT
Austria
26
FRA
France
26
TCH
Czechoslovakia
21
SUI
Switzerland
21
GBR
Great Britain
17
POL
Poland
13
BUL
Bulgaria
7
KOR
South Korea
7
NED
Netherlands
7
ARG
Argentina
6
CHI
Chile
5
LIE
Liechtenstein
5
ISL
Iceland
4
NZL
New Zealand
4
RSA
South Africa
4
ESP
Spain
4
HUN
Hungary
3
LIB
Lebanon
2
TUR
Turkey
2
DEN
Denmark
1
Total
665
Medal count
Main article: 1960 Winter Olympics medal table
Below is a list of nations that won medals at the Games:
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union759212 United Team of Germany43183 United States*343104 Norway33065 Sweden32276 Finland23387 Canada21148 Switzerland20029 Austria123610 France102311 Netherlands0112 Poland011213 Czechoslovakia010114 Italy0011Totals (14 entries)28262781
The host nation is highlighted in blue.
‡ Since there was a tie in the men's 1,500 meter speed skating race (like in 1956), two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded.
Podium sweeps
Date
Sport
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
20 February
Cross-country skiing
Women's 10 kilometre
Soviet Union
Maria Gusakova
Lyubov Kozyreva
Radia Yeroshina
Gallery
Aerial tram to High Camp
An elevated view of the village and some of the lifts at Palisades Tahoe
See also
Olympics portal
1960 Summer Olympics
List of 1960 Winter Olympics medal winners
Olympic Games
Winter Olympic Games
Other Olympic Games celebrated in the United States
1904 Summer Olympics – St. Louis
1932 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
1932 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
1980 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta
2002 Winter Olympics – Salt Lake City
2028 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
References
Notes
^ The emblem represents a star or snowflake, and the Olympic rings.
Citations
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^ "Georg Thoma". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ "Nikolay Gusakov". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ a b "Ski Jumping at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ "Ski Jumping". ESPN. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ "Olympic Ski Jumping Medalists". Ski Jumping Committee-USSA Eastern Division. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ a b c "Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Figure Skating at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Czechoslovakia". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Carol Heiss". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Sjoukje Dijkstra". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games: Mixed Pairs". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 259. ISBN 0-313-28477-6. Retrieved August 10, 2011. 1956 winter olympics.
^ a b "Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Зимняя Олимпиада 1960 года: советский флаг в американском небе".
^ "Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games:Men's 1,500 metres". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Poland". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ a b "Alpine Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, pp. 59–60.
^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, pp. 54–59.
^ a b Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, p. 33.
^ Weinreb, Michael. "How the Olympics Got Disneyfied". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, p. 93.
^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, p. 103.
^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee 1960, pp. 109–118.
^ "$60 for Olympic season ticket". Bend Bulletin. (Oregon). UPI. December 2, 1958. p. 2.
^ The alternate site for ice hockey and speed skating was the Squaw Valley Olympic skating rink, which was an outdoor venue with artificial ice.
^ Brown, Matthew (January–February 2010). "Then and if". Nevada Magazine. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
^ a b Peter Fimrite (November 15, 2016). "Big Squaw Valley resort expansion gets the green light". SFGATE. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ "Olympic Countries". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
^ "Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
Further reading
Caraccioli, Jerry; Caraccioli, Tom (2006). Striking Silver: The Untold Story of America's Forgotten Hockey Team. Champaign, USA: Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-59670-078-5. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
Crego, Robert (2003). Sports and games of the 18th and 19th centuries. Westport, USA: Greenwood Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-313-31610-4. Retrieved August 11, 2011. biathlon 1960 winter olympics.
Espy, Richard (1979). The politics of the Olympic Movement. Berkeley, USA: University Press. ISBN 0-520-03777-4. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement. Westport, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32278-3. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
Squaw Valley Organizing Committee (1960). VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California 1960 Final Report. Squaw Valley, USA: California Olympic Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
Toohey, Kristine; Veal, A.J. (2008). The Olympic Games:A Social Science Perspective. Cambridge, USA: CAB International. ISBN 978-1-84593-346-3. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1960 Winter Olympics.
"Squaw Valley 1960". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
Bill Briner Photo Collection of the 1960 Games
Clip of US vs USSR ice hockey match on YouTube
The program of the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics
1960 Winter Olympics Official Report
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Portals: 1960s Olympics United States California | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"multi-sport event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event"},{"link_name":"Palisades Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Olympic Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"Bobsled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled"},{"link_name":"instant replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_replay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skibutlers-2"}],"text":"Multi-sport event in Squaw Valley, California, USSquawValleyclass=notpageimage| Location in the United StatesThe 1960 Winter Olympics (officially the VIII Olympic Winter Games and also known as Squaw Valley 1960) were a winter multi-sport event held from February 18 to 28, 1960, at the Squaw Valley Resort (now known as Palisades Tahoe) in Squaw Valley (now known as Olympic Valley), California, United States. The resort was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Squaw Valley was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so the infrastructure and all of the venues were built between 1956 and 1960 at a cost of US$80,000,000 (equivalent to $823,937,008 in 2023). The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.The 1960 Winter Games hosted athletes from 30 nations, competing in four sports and 27 events. Biathlon and women's speed skating made their Olympic debuts. Bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program for the only time; the organizers had decided the events did not warrant the cost of building a bobsled venue after a poll indicated that only nine countries were planning to participate. These Olympics became the first to be televised live, making them accessible to millions of viewers in real time, and introduced multiple technological innovations, including instant replay.[1]","title":"1960 Winter Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_California.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_California.png"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Squaw Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squawusa-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squawusa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squawioc-5"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Knight"},{"link_name":"California Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196019-6"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196019-6"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skibutlers-2"},{"link_name":"Avery Brundage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196019%E2%80%9320-7"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196020-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getgm-9"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sroverview-10"}],"text":"Squaw Valleyclass=notpageimage| Location in CaliforniaSquaw Valley, now called Palisades Tahoe, was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities, which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise.[2][3] Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing were inspired to bid for the Olympics by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno, Nevada, and Anchorage, Alaska, had expressed interest in the Games.[2][4] Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games. Knight's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1 million to the effort.[5]Based on the financial support received from the State of California, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) approved the bid on January 7, 1955. Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, calling on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to consider Squaw Valley's bid for the 1960 Games.[5] Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC, which was considering bids from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, France.[3] During the planning stages of the 1960 Olympics, Innsbruck was the leading choice for the Olympic site. Cushing, however, managed to secure the bid after winning over the International Olympic Committee in Paris with a scale model of his planned Olympic site.[1]Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games, but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956, the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck.[6] Another $4 million was committed by the state legislature, which met Brundage's requirements, and on April 4, 1956, the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley.[7][8] Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that its base elevation of 6,200 feet (1,890 m) above sea level would prove too stressful on the athletes.[9]","title":"Host city selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SquawValley-Olympic-sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"1956 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004339-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196027%E2%80%9328-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sroverview-10"},{"link_name":"Blyth Memorial Ice Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Arena"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004339-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobsled-14"},{"link_name":"Longines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longines"},{"link_name":"quartz clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps138-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ungar-16"},{"link_name":"Edmund \"Pat\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_%22Pat%22_Brown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004339-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skibutlers-2"}],"text":"Sign outside the Olympic Village at Squaw Valley in 2007Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge. Cushing presented the site as a blank canvas of unspoiled environment, where a world-class ski resort could be constructed.[3] The obscurity of the location was underscored at the closing ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics. Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games. Since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government. John Garland, an IOC member from California, was asked to stand in and received the flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo.[3]After winning the right to host the Games, the California Olympic Commission was formed.[11] They were given four years to build venues, an Olympic Village, and expand infrastructure. With the expansion of roads, bridges, water and electrical capacity the resort of Squaw Valley became the city of Squaw Valley. Hotels, restaurants, administration buildings, a Sheriff's office and a sewage pumping and treatment plant were all constructed to support the influx of visitors for the Games.[12] Organizers wanted the Olympics to be intimate with the venues close to one another.[9] The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena was built along with three outdoor skating rinks, a 400-meter speed skating oval and four dormitories to house athletes. One venue deemed impractical to build was the bobsled run. Organizers felt the lack of possible entrants (a pre-Olympic poll indicated that only nine countries were planning to participate) and the high cost of building the run were sufficient deterrents to leave the bobsled events off the 1960 Olympic program.[11][13]Several design innovations and new technologies were used for the 1960 Games. The speed skating, figure skating and ice hockey events were held on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history. A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes had to be built to generate and maintain the ice. The heat generated from the refrigeration plant was used to warm spectators, provide hot water, and melt the snow off of roofs. New timing equipment provided by Longines was installed that used a quartz clock to measure to the hundredths of a second. IBM provided a computer that was capable of tabulating results and printing them in English and French. Blyth Arena, site of the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the figure skating and ice hockey competitions, was built with a 22 in (56 cm) gap in the roof, which would slide closed as the cables supporting the roof contracted during cold weather.[14]Funding for Cushing's initial bid to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors in the \"Squaw Valley Development Company\", who were owners of the existing resort.[3] To fund the construction, organizers turned to the federal government, which provided about a quarter of the $80 million required to host the Games. The monies were used to build sports arenas and provide military support for security during the Games.[15] Further funding was secured from private sponsorships and from the State of California. Governor Knight and his successor Edmund \"Pat\" Brown remained behind the project, seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world.[11] In the end, the 1960 Winter Olympics became the first to be televised live, making the games accessible to millions of viewers in real-time. The event signaled the rise of United States skiing to the level of world-famous European skiing, and Squaw Valley's preparedness for the games showed the international community that United States ski resorts offered world-class facilities.[1]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooheyVeal200871-17"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worth-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worth-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196073-20"},{"link_name":"instant replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_replay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squawioc-5"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Television was not new to the Olympic Winter Games; broadcasts of events to European audiences had begun in 1956.[16] What was unprecedented was the sale of exclusive United States television rights to broadcast the Games. The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcast rights to CBS for $50,000.[17][18] Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcast rights would become. For example, CBS purchased the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $550,000.[17] During the Games, CBS broadcast 15 and a quarter hours of television focusing on ice hockey, speed skating, figure skating, alpine skiing and ski jumping.[19] The impact of television was felt during the Games; in the men's slalom event, officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event. This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay.[4]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brundage_at_Squaw_Valley.png"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197961-21"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197961-21"},{"link_name":"Avery Brundage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197961%E2%80%9362-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197962%E2%80%9363-24"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197966%E2%80%9367-25"},{"link_name":"unified team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"used by East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany#History"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspy197967-26"}],"text":"Brundage (left) examines the facilities at Squaw Valley, 1960 Winter Olympics.Athletic competition between the Soviet Union and United States had grown intense during the 1950s. Their opposing ideologies and interests in nations such as East and West Germany, China and North and South Korea created a delicate situation as the 1960 Winter Games approached. Of particular interest was the question of whether China would be allowed to participate.[20] Chinese athletes last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute over Taiwan's participation as a separate country.[21] The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China. Given that the 1960 Games were to be held in the US, there was concern among IOC members that the host nation would not allow China or any other Communist country to take part.[20] In 1957, IOC president Avery Brundage, an American, announced that if the U.S. refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC, they would revoke Squaw Valley's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency.[22] The U.S. did allow athletes from Communist countries to participate. China continued calls for Taiwan to be expelled from the IOC, demands that were refused until China broke off relations ending any hope they would participate in the 1960 Games.[23]Problems similar to the issue with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany. Prior to the Korean War the IOC had recognized the Olympic committee of Korea, which was headquartered in Seoul. North Korea was not recognized as a separate country by the IOC, which maintained the existence of one Olympic committee. A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected by North Koreans, which meant only athletes from South Korea participated due to their prior recognition.[24] Pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that both East and West Germany had participated as a unified team in 1956. One of the conditions for a unified German team was that the athletes be represented by a neutral flag. Initially West German officials refused to agree to this stipulation citing the fact that the West German flag had been used at both the 1956 Winter and Summer Games, although that flag was also used by East Germany prior to 1959. Eventually the neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated.[25]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squawioc-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sroverview-10"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Tobogganing_Federation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sroverview-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bobsled-14"},{"link_name":"Biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Skating"},{"link_name":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"Alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"The Games were held from February 18 to 28.[4] Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports (8 disciplines).[9] The sport of biathlon was added to the program as were speed skating events for women. After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team, the organizers determined that bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program. Despite petitions from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider, the organizers felt they could not justify the costs of constructing a bobsled run for nine competing nations. It would be the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held.[9][13]Biathlon (1) (details)\n Ice hockey (1) (details)\nSkating\n Figure skating (3) (details)\n Speed skating (8) (details)\nSkiing\n Alpine skiing (6) (details)\n Nordic skiing (details)\n Cross-country skiing (6) (details)\n Nordic combined (1) (details)\n Ski jumping (1) (details)","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"opening and closing ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sroverview-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196053%E2%80%9355-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196053-29"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Henry_(speed_skater)"},{"link_name":"1952 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Carol Heiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Heiss"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196055-30"}],"sub_title":"Opening ceremonies","text":"The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney, who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies at Blyth Memorial Arena.[9] He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers, the release of 2,000 pigeons, and a military gun salute of eight shots, one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games.[26][27] The opening ceremonies were held on February 18, 1960, at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard. The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour. The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles. Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open.[28] The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry, Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes. As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies.[29]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squaw-Valley-US-Russia-Final_Buzzer-1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Olympic_Skating_Rink"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960121-31"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraccioliCaraccioli200648-32"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraccioliCaraccioli2006xvii-33"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srhockey-34"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_ice"},{"link_name":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Ice hockey","text":"Ice hockey match between the United States and Soviet Union. The United States won the game, 3–2.The ice hockey tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink.[30] Controversy over the amateur status of communist players overshadowed the event. Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of \"professional amateurs\" by Eastern Bloc countries, and especially the Soviet Union. They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full-time, which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for more than 30 years.[31] This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics.[32] The team from the United States won an improbable gold medal, defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams, who took silver and bronze respectively.[33] This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics.[34]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sixten_Jernberg,_Innsbruck_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srcc-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mariya-37"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srcc-36"},{"link_name":"Sixten Jernberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixten_Jernberg"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Veikko Hakulinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Hakulinen"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Cross-country skiing","text":"Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country raceThere were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race, which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets in cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics.[35][36] They were however upset by Sweden in the 3×5 kilometer relay.[35] Nordic countries dominated the men's competition. Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals, which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian.[37][38] Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold, silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956.[39][40]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klas_Lestander_in_Squaw_Valley_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"military patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol"},{"link_name":"first Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"demonstration sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sport"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1948 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrego2003132-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrego2003132%E2%80%93133-43"},{"link_name":"Klas Lestander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_Lestander"},{"link_name":"Antti Tyrväinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti_Tyrv%C3%A4inen"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Privalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Privalov"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Biathlon","text":"Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competitionBiathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960. The precursor to biathlon, military patrol, was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924. It was a demonstration sport at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Winter Olympics, though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era.[41] Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960. It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft).[42] Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion, Antti Tyrväinen from Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov placed second and third respectively.[43]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srnc-45"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Georg Thoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Thoma"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Tormod Knutsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tormod_Knutsen"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Gusakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Gusakov"},{"link_name":"Maria Gusakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gusakova"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srnc-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Nordic combined","text":"The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race.[44] German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964.[45] Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, Maria Gusakova, competed in the cross-country events, winning a gold and silver.[44][46]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37342-0004,_Oberwiesenthal,_Oster-Skispringen,_Helmut_Recknagel.jpg"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"Helmut Recknagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Recknagel"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srsj-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jens Weißflog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Wei%C3%9Fflog"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Niilo Halonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilo_Halonen"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Otto Leodolter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Leodolter"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srsj-48"}],"sub_title":"Ski jumping","text":"Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping eventThere was one ski jumping event at the 1960 Games, the men's normal hill, which was held on February 28. In 1964, the competition would be expanded to include a men's large hill event. Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event.[47][48] In 1994 he would be joined by Jens Weißflog as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions.[49] Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austrian Otto Leodolter earned the silver and bronze medals.[47]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blyth Memorial Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Arena"},{"link_name":"figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srfs-51"},{"link_name":"David Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jenkins_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"Hayes Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd-40"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Karol Divín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Div%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Donald Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Jackson_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srfs-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Three Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Three_Stooges"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sjoukje Dijkstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjoukje_Dijkstra"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Barbara Ann Roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Roles"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srfs-51"},{"link_name":"Barbara Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Bob Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paul"},{"link_name":"Marika Kilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marika_Kilius"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Bäumler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_B%C3%A4umler"},{"link_name":"Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ludington"},{"link_name":"Nancy Ludington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ludington"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Figure skating","text":"Held at Blyth Memorial Arena, the figure skating competition took place between February 19 and 26. Although this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors, it would never be contested outdoors again.[50] There were three events: men's and women's singles and the pairs competition. In the men's event, David Jenkins of the United States, brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion Hayes Jenkins, won the gold medal.[39] It was his second Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1956.[51] Czechoslovakian Karol Divín took the silver medal, and Canadian Donald Jackson won the bronze.[50][52] American Carol Heiss, winner of the silver medal in 1956, became the Olympic champion in 1960. A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and the Three Stooges.[53] Dutch skater Sjoukje Dijkstra took the silver medal; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964.[54] Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze. The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event.[50] The competition was won by the Canadian pair of Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who had won the last three world championships. The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal, and the American husband-and-wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze.[55]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srss-58"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Knut Johannesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Johannesen"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srss-58"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Grishin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Grishin_(speed_skater)"},{"link_name":"Roald Aas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Aas"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Lidiya Skoblikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidiya_Skoblikova"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Helena Pilejczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Pilejczyk"},{"link_name":"Elwira Seroczyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwira_Seroczy%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Speed skating","text":"Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960. Multiple nations had requested the inclusion of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games, but the request was rejected by the IOC.[56] The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games, and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women's speed skating, the IOC agreed to four events; 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 meters (the same as the number of men's events).[57] Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, which was an outdoor skating oval, and featured artificial ice, a first for the Olympic speed skating competition. Given the altitude and the artificial ice, the rink was the fastest in the world, as evidenced by Norwegian Knut Johannesen's world record in the 10,000 meter event. At 15:46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16-minute barrier, and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds.[57] Despite Johannesen's victory, the Soviets dominated the speed skating events, winning all but two of the races. Yevgeny Grishin won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races, though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian Roald Aas. Grishin said that \"watching the Soviet flag wave in the blue American sky\" was the proudest moment of his life.[58][59] Lidiya Skoblikova from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist, when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events. Polish skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczyńska placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event, which were Poland's only medals of the Games. They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals.[60]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd-40"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sras-62"},{"link_name":"Frenchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jean Vuarnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vuarnet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd-40"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Roger Staub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Staub"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hinterseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hinterseer"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Heidi Biebl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Biebl"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Rüegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_R%C3%BCegg"},{"link_name":"Anne Heggtveit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Heggtveit"},{"link_name":"Penny Pitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Pitou"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sras-62"}],"sub_title":"Alpine skiing","text":"Despite the facilities being constructed from scratch at Squaw Valley, the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity, resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history.[39] Both men and women competed in the downhill, giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26.[61] The men's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis.[39] Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion. German Heidi Biebl won the women's downhill, Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom. Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom.[61]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympic Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter"},{"link_name":"Greek flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196059%E2%80%9360-63"}],"sub_title":"Closing ceremonies","text":"The Games were brought to a close on afternoon of February 28 in Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people. Flags of the participating nations were followed by the athletes who marched as a group with no national distinctions, a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics. The flag bearers made a semi-circle around the rostrum and the national anthems of Greece (even though the nation did not send a delegation to Squaw Valley), the United States, and Austria were played as their respective flags were raised. The Olympic Charter determinates that the Greek flag honors Greece as the originators of the Olympic Games, and it was displayed during the ceremony even despite Greece's absence, which was the only time in Olympic history that the country failed to send a team. The United States flag represented the host nation and the Austrian flag was raised because Innsbruck, Austria was to be the host of the next games. IOC president Avery Brundage declared the Games closed, at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished. The Games concluded with the release of several thousand balloons.[62]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Standard Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC-8"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196054%E2%80%9359-64"}],"text":"All dates are in Pacific Standard Time (UTC-8)The opening ceremony was held on February 18, along with the first games of the Ice hockey tournament. From February 19 to 28, at least one event final was held each day.[63]† The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day.","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squaw-Valley-1960-Ski-Venues.jpg"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196033-65"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004338-4"},{"link_name":"McKinney Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_Creek_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingPelle2004339-12"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196033-65"},{"link_name":"International Ski Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee196093-67"},{"link_name":"Papoose Peak Jumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoose_Peak_Jumps"},{"link_name":"Blyth Memorial Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Arena"},{"link_name":"Heini Klopfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heini_Klopfer"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960103-68"},{"link_name":"McKinney Creek Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_Creek_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Quonset huts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_hut"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960109%E2%80%93118-69"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbolyt-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960121-31"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960121-31"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps138-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESquaw_Valley_Organizing_Committee1960121-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srhockey-34"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Winter_Olympics&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGATE_expansion-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGATE_expansion-73"}],"text":"Alpine runs of the1960 Winter OlympicsThe lack of facilities prior to the Olympics gave organizers freedom to tailor the layout of the venues to fit the needs of the athletes.[64] Their vision was for an intimate Games in which athletes and spectators could walk between venues.[3] This was accomplished with the exception of the cross-country events, which were held at McKinney Creek, a 12 mi (19 km) drive from Squaw Valley.[11] In prior Winter Olympics the athletes were housed in hotels or billeted with local families. Since no such facilities existed in Squaw Valley, the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Games.[65] Competitors slept in one of four dormitories and ate together in a dining room. The complex was located centrally, with access to all the sporting facilities.[64]The peaks surrounding Squaw Valley were used for the alpine skiing events. The ladies' downhill and men's slalom and giant slalom were on KT-22 mountain, while the ladies' slalom and giant slalom were contested on Little Papoose Peak. Squaw Peak was the site of the men's downhill competition. Prior to the Games, concerns persisted that the courses would not meet international standards. To address these concerns, a test event was held in 1959 and the attending delegates from the International Ski Federation (FIS) left assured that the events would comply with FIS rules and specifications. Bleachers were constructed for officials, coaches and spectators, along with broadcast booths for radio and television.[66] Papoose Peak Jumps was located on Little Papoose Peak directly opposite Blyth Memorial Arena. Designed by Heini Klopfer, the hill was innovative in that it had 40-, 60-, and 80–meter jumps. Tall trees on both sides protected athletes from the wind, and it was situated so that the sun would be at the jumper's back during the competition.[67]McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all of the cross-country races, which included the biathlon and a portion of the Nordic combined competition. It consisted of a timing building, two Quonset huts for competitors and course workers, a scoreboard, and bleachers to accommodate 1,200 people. Shooting ranges were interspersed throughout the biathlon course, and were supervised by non-commissioned officers of the United States military.[68]Season tickets for the Games ranged from $60 to $250, the latter included a reserved seat at the ice arena; the daily admission fee was $7.50.[69]Blyth Memorial Arena was the centerpiece of the Games. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies jointly with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, and also hosted the figure skating competition, a few of the speed skating events, as well as most of the games in the hockey tournament.[70] All three of the sports were held indoors on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history.[30] At full capacity, the arena accommodated 11,000 people, 8,500 of whom were seated.[71] One end of the stadium could be opened and closed, depending on the event. During the ceremonies it was open to allow for the entrance of the athletes; during the competitions it was closed to accommodate more spectators. A special machine was created to resurface the ice for all three competitions. It could lay a new ice surface on the 400-meter speed skating track in 45 minutes. In addition to resurfacing the ice, the machine created the snow dividers that delineated the racing lanes.[30] The roof was designed on a suspension principle, using cables rather than vertical supports; this removed any visual impediments for the audience, but it weakened the strength of the roof. Given the amount of annual snowfall designers planned on using heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow.[14][30] There were flaws in the design and miscalculations in the load the roof could bear, and during a particularly heavy snowfall in 1983, a portion of the roof collapsed and the building was subsequently demolished.[33]As of 2016[update], three buildings from the 1960 Winter Olympics remain in Palisades Tahoe (formerly known as Squaw Valley).[72] An expansion of the resort's village, currently in the planning stages, would see two of these buildings demolished.[72]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United Team of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Athletes from 30 nations competed at the 1960 Games. South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time; it would be the last until 1994. Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964. The number at the end of each country denotes the number of athletes each country sent.[73]","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"like in 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics#Medal_count"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Below is a list of nations that won medals at the Games:The host nation is highlighted in blue.‡ Since there was a tie in the men's 1,500 meter speed skating race (like in 1956), two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded.[74]","title":"Medal count"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podium sweeps","title":"Medal count"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squaw_Valley_Gondola.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palisades_Tahoe_Village_Elevated.jpg"}],"text":"Aerial tram to High Camp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn elevated view of the village and some of the lifts at Palisades Tahoe","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Striking Silver: The Untold Story of America's Forgotten Hockey Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=29Ezba9DGs0C&q=amateurs&pg=PR17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59670-078-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59670-078-5"},{"link_name":"Sports and games of the 18th and 19th centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg/page/132"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-31610-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31610-4"},{"link_name":"The politics of the Olympic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nVcYzlvnpwYC&q=amateurism%20at%20the%20olympics%201960&pg=PA61"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-03777-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03777-4"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=1960%20winter%20olympics&pg=PA338"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-32278-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3"},{"link_name":"VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California 1960 Final Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181225173336/https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/9406/rec/28"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/1960w.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Olympic Games:A Social Science Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ywy9aslk3M8C&q=sponsorship+olympics+cortina&pg=PA148"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84593-346-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-346-3"}],"text":"Caraccioli, Jerry; Caraccioli, Tom (2006). Striking Silver: The Untold Story of America's Forgotten Hockey Team. Champaign, USA: Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-59670-078-5. Retrieved August 4, 2011.\nCrego, Robert (2003). Sports and games of the 18th and 19th centuries. Westport, USA: Greenwood Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-313-31610-4. Retrieved August 11, 2011. biathlon 1960 winter olympics.\nEspy, Richard (1979). The politics of the Olympic Movement. Berkeley, USA: University Press. ISBN 0-520-03777-4. Retrieved August 4, 2011.\nFindling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement. Westport, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32278-3. Retrieved August 1, 2011.\nSquaw Valley Organizing Committee (1960). VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California 1960 Final Report. Squaw Valley, USA: California Olympic Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2009.\nToohey, Kristine; Veal, A.J. (2008). The Olympic Games:A Social Science Perspective. Cambridge, USA: CAB International. ISBN 978-1-84593-346-3. Retrieved August 1, 2011.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Sign outside the Olympic Village at Squaw Valley in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SquawValley-Olympic-sign.jpg/220px-SquawValley-Olympic-sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brundage (left) examines the facilities at Squaw Valley, 1960 Winter Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Brundage_at_Squaw_Valley.png/220px-Brundage_at_Squaw_Valley.png"},{"image_text":"Ice hockey match between the United States and Soviet Union. The United States won the game, 3–2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Squaw-Valley-US-Russia-Final_Buzzer-1960.jpg/250px-Squaw-Valley-US-Russia-Final_Buzzer-1960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sixten_Jernberg%2C_Innsbruck_1964.jpg/220px-Sixten_Jernberg%2C_Innsbruck_1964.jpg"},{"image_text":"Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Klas_Lestander_in_Squaw_Valley_1960.jpg/220px-Klas_Lestander_in_Squaw_Valley_1960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping event","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37342-0004%2C_Oberwiesenthal%2C_Oster-Skispringen%2C_Helmut_Recknagel.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-37342-0004%2C_Oberwiesenthal%2C_Oster-Skispringen%2C_Helmut_Recknagel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alpine runs of the1960 Winter Olympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Squaw-Valley-1960-Ski-Venues.jpg/250px-Squaw-Valley-1960-Ski-Venues.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Olympics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympics"},{"title":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"List of 1960 Winter Olympics medal winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1960_Winter_Olympics_medal_winners"},{"title":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"title":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"title":"1904 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"title":"1932 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"title":"1932 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"title":"Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York"},{"title":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"title":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"title":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"title":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"title":"2028 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"}] | [{"reference":"\"History of Squaw Valley\". Skibutlers. Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101207034909/http://www.skibutlers.com/squaw-valley-ski-rentals/History.aspx","url_text":"\"History of Squaw Valley\""},{"url":"http://www.skibutlers.com/squaw-valley-ski-rentals/History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The VIII Winter Olympic Games\". Squaw Valley Ski Corporation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125604/http://www.squaw.com/winter/history_olympics.html","url_text":"\"The VIII Winter Olympic Games\""},{"url":"http://www.squaw.com/winter/history_olympics.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Squaw Valley 1960\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/squaw-valley-1960-winter-olympics","url_text":"\"Squaw Valley 1960\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squaw Valley gets 1960 Winter Games\". Pittsburgh Press. United Press. April 4, 1956. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hjAbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=600EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1028%2C1472479","url_text":"\"Squaw Valley gets 1960 Winter Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122213/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/","url_text":"\"1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IOC Vote History\". Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080525070757/http://www.aldaver.com/votes.html","url_text":"\"IOC Vote History\""},{"url":"http://www.aldaver.com/votes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Everything you need to know about bobsled\". The Washington Post. February 28, 1999. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/sport/bobsled/articles/bobsled.htm","url_text":"\"Everything you need to know about bobsled\""}]},{"reference":"Shipler, Guy (February 1960). \"Backstage at Winter Olympics\". Popular Science: 137–138. Retrieved August 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vyoDAAAAMBAJ&q=ibm%201960%20winter%20olympics&pg=PA136","url_text":"\"Backstage at Winter Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"Ungar, Bernard L. (2000). Olympic Games: Federal Government Provides Significant Funding and Support. Washington D.C.: United States General Accounting Office. p. 19. ISBN 0-7567-1501-6. Retrieved July 29, 2011. squaw.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5g2gPLrnPpAC","url_text":"Olympic Games: Federal Government Provides Significant Funding and Support"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7567-1501-6","url_text":"0-7567-1501-6"}]},{"reference":"Spence, Jim (November 20, 1988). \"Are Olympic TV rights worth the price?\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/20/sports/views-of-sport-are-olympic-tv-rights-worth-the-price.html","url_text":"\"Are Olympic TV rights worth the price?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics and Television\". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200608/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=olympicsand","url_text":"\"Olympics and Television\""},{"url":"http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=olympicsand","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xiao, Li. \"China and the Olympic Movement\". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved August 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/null/116819.htm","url_text":"\"China and the Olympic Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Krasniewicz, Louise; Blitz, Michael (2010). Walt Disney:A Biography. Santa Barbara, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-313-35830-2. Retrieved August 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&q=1960%20winter%20olympics%20disney&pg=PA132","url_text":"Walt Disney:A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35830-2","url_text":"978-0-313-35830-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Hockey at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054022/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ICH/","url_text":"\"Ice Hockey at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/ICH/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Hockey: Ice Hockey Men\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved August 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/events/322.htm","url_text":"\"Ice Hockey: Ice Hockey Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cross Country Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122219/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/CCS/","url_text":"\"Cross Country Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/CCS/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariya Gusakova\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_culture | Microbiological culture | ["1 History","2 Types of microbial cultures","2.1 Prokaryotic culture","2.2 Viral culture","2.3 Eukaryotic cell culture","3 Culture methods","3.1 Liquid cultures","3.2 Agar plates","3.3 Agar based dipsticks","3.4 Selective and differential media","3.4.1 Selective media","3.4.2 Differential media","3.4.3 Multitarget panels","3.5 Stab cultures","3.6 Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms","4 Cell Culture Collections","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Method of allowing microorganisms to multiply in a controlled medium
Microbial cultures on solid and liquid media
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as research tools in molecular biology.
The term culture can also refer to the microorganisms being grown.
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. For example, a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, the causative agent of strep throat. Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to "selectively growing" a specific kind of microorganism in the lab.
It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel (agar) is used. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles.
History
Further information: Microbiology § The birth of bacteriology, and Bacteria § History of bacteriologyThe first culture media was liquid media, designed by Louis Pasteur in 1860. This was used in the laboratory until Robert Koch's development of solid media in 1881. Koch's method of using a flat plate for his solid media was replaced by Julius Richard Petri's round box in 1887. Since these foundational inventions, a diverse array of media and methods have evolved to help scientists grow, identify, and purify cultures of microorganisms.
Types of microbial cultures
A culture of Bacillus anthracis
Prokaryotic culture
The culturing of prokaryotes typically involves bacteria, since archaea are difficult to culture in a laboratory setting. To obtain a pure prokaryotic culture, one must start the culture from a single cell or a single colony of the organism. Since a prokaryotic colony is the asexual offspring of a single cell, all of the cells are genetically identical and will result in a pure culture.
Viral culture
Main article: Viral culture
Virus and phage cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multiply. For bacteriophages, cultures are grown by infecting bacterial cells. The phage can then be isolated from the resulting plaques in a lawn of bacteria on a plate. Viral cultures are obtained from their appropriate eukaryotic host cells. The streak plate method is a way to physically separate the microbial population, and is done by spreading the inoculate back and forth with an inoculating loop over the solid agar plate. Upon incubation, colonies will arise and single cells will have been isolated from the biomass. Once a microorganism has been isolated in pure culture, it is necessary to preserve it in a viable state for further study and use in cultures called stock cultures. These cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters.
Eukaryotic cell culture
Main article: Cell culture
Eukaryotic cell cultures provide a controlled environment for studying eukaryotic organisms. Single-celled eukaryotes - such as yeast, algae, and protozoans - can be cultured in similar ways to prokaryotic cultures. The same is true for multicellular microscopic eukaryotes, such as C. elegans.
Although macroscopic eukaryotic organisms are too large to culture in a laboratory, cells taken from these organisms can be cultured. This allows researchers to study specific parts and processes of a macroscopic eukaryote in vitro.
Culture methods
Main article: Growth medium
Method overview
Method
Description
Uses and advantages
Liquid/broth cultures
Organisms are inoculated into a flask of liquid media
Growing up large volumes of organism, antimicrobial assays, bacterial differentiation
Agar plates
Organisms are placed or streaked onto petri dishes
Provides a solid surface for stationary growth, compact and stackable
Agar based dipsticks
Essentially miniature agar plates in the form of dipsticks
Diagnostic purposes, can be used anywhere, cost effective, easy to use
Selective and differential media
Organisms are cultured in/on specific media to select for or differentiate between certain ones
Help identify unknown organisms, assist in purifying cultures
Stab cultures
Organisms are inoculated into a test tube of solid agar
Short-term storage, bacterial differentiation
Liquid cultures
One method of microbiological culture is liquid culture, in which the desired organisms are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, such as Luria broth, in an upright flask. This allows a scientist to grow up large amounts of bacteria or other microorganisms for a variety of downstream applications.
Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and let to grow overnight (a ‘shaker’ may be used to mechanically mix the broth, to encourage uniform growth). Subsequently, aliquots of the sample are taken to test for the antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (antimicrobial peptides).
Liquid cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002
Static liquid cultures may be used as an alternative. These cultures are not shaken, and they provide the microbes with an oxygen gradient.
Agar plates
Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting. The grey box near top left shows a Venn diagram of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.
Main article: Nutrient agar
Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri dishes of differing sizes that have a thin layer of agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the optimal temperature for the growing of the selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees Celsius, or the human body temperature, for cultures from humans or animals, or lower for environmental cultures). After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for an extended period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments.
There are a variety of additives that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate and allowed to solidify. Some types of bacteria can only grow in the presence of certain additives. This can also be used when creating engineered strains of bacteria that contain an antibiotic-resistance gene. When the selected antibiotic is added to the agar, only bacterial cells containing the gene insert conferring resistance will be able to grow. This allows the researcher to select only the colonies that were successfully transformed.
Agar based dipsticks
Miniaturized version of agar plates implemented to dipstick formats, e.g. Dip Slide, Digital Dipstick show potential to be used at the point-of-care for diagnosis purposes. They have advantages over agar plates since they are cost effective and their operation does not require expertise or laboratory environment, which enable them to be used at the point-of-care.
Selective and differential media
Selective and differential media reveal characteristics about the microorganisms being cultured on them. This kind of media can be selective, differential, or both selective and differential. Growing a culture on multiple kinds of selective and differential media can purify mixed cultures and reveal to scientists the characteristics needed to identify unknown cultures.
Selective media
Selective media is used to distinguish organisms by allowing for a specific kind of organism to grow on it while inhibiting the growth of others. For example, eosin methylene blue (EMB) may be used to select against Gram-positive bacteria, most of which have hindered growth on EMB, and select for Gram-negative bacteria, whose growth is not inhibited on EMB.
Differential media
Scientists use differential media when culturing microorganisms to reveal certain biochemical characteristics about the organisms. These revealed traits can then be compared to attributes of known microorganisms in an effort to identify unknown cultures. An example of this is MacConkey agar (MAC), which reveals lactose-fermenting bacteria through a pH indicator that changes color when acids are produced from fermentation.
Multitarget panels
On multitarget panels, bacteria isolated from a previously grown colony are distributed into each well, each of which contains growth medium as well as the ingredients for a biochemical test, which will change the absorbance of the well depending on the bacterial property for the tested target. The panel will be incubated in a machine, which subsequently analyses each well with a light-based method such as colorimetry, turbidimetry, or fluorometry. The combined results will be automatically compared to a database of known results for various bacterial species, in order to generate a diagnosis of what bacterial species is present in the current panel. Simultaneously, it performs antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Multitarget microbial panel. A small amount of the bacteria to be tested is placed in each well, each of which has the ingredients for a separate test.
Microbial panels loaded into an instrument used for automated antibiotic sensitivity testing of each well.
A laboratory worker reviews results displayed on the screen of the automated analyzer.
Stab cultures
Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.
Stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an inoculation needle or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar. Bacteria grow in the punctured area. Stab cultures are most commonly used for short-term storage or shipment of cultures. Additionally, stab cultures can reveal characteristics about cultured microorganisms such as motility or oxygen requirements.
Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms
For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria.
Cell Culture Collections
Microbial culture collections focus on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, cataloguing and distribution of viable cultures of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in microbial systematics. Culture collection are also repositories of type strains.
Major national culture collections.
Collection Acronym
Name
Location
ATCC
American Type Culture Collection
Manassas, Virginia
BCCM
Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms
Decentralized, Coordination Cell in Brussels, Belgium
CCUG
Culture Collection University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Sweden
CECT
Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo
Valencia, Spain
CIP
Collection d'Institut Pasteur
Paris, France
DSMZ
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
Braunschweig, Germany
NCPPB
National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
York, UK
ICMP
International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants
Auckland, New Zealand
JCM
Japan Collection of Microorganisms
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
NCTC
National Collection of Type Cultures
Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
NCIMB
National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria
Aberdeen, Scotland
NCPPB
National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
York, England
See also
Colony-forming unit
Blood culture
Microbial dark matter
Microbial Food Cultures
Screening cultures
Sputum culture
Synchronous culture
Gellan gum
References
^ Healthwise, Incorporated (2010-06-28). "Throat Culture". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
^ a b Bonnet, M.; Lagier, J.C.; Raoult, D.; Khelaifia, S. (March 2020). "Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology". New Microbes and New Infections. 34. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622. PMC 6961714. PMID 31956419.
^ Basu, Srijoni; Bose, Chandra; Ojha, Nupur; Das, Nabajit; Das, Jagaree; Pal, Mrinmoy; Khurana, Sukant (30 April 2015). "Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media". Bioinformation. 11 (4): 182–184. doi:10.6026/97320630011182. PMC 4479053. PMID 26124557.
^ Rafiq, Muhammad; Hassan, Noor; Rehman, Maliha; Hayat, Muhammad; Nadeem, Gullasht; Hassan, Farwa; Iqbal, Naveed; Ali, Hazrat; Zada, Sahib; Kang, Yingqian; Sajjad, Wasim; Jamal, Muhsin (2023-12-07). "Challenges and Approaches of Culturing the Unculturable Archaea". Biology. 12 (12): 1499. doi:10.3390/biology12121499. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 10740628. PMID 38132325.
^ Fröhlich, Jürgen; König, Helmut (1 December 2000). "New techniques for isolation of single prokaryotic cells". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 24 (5): 567–572. doi:10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00045-0 – via Oxford Academic.
^ Old, D.C.; Duguid, J.P. (1970). "Selective Outgrowth of Fimbriate Bacteria in Static Liquid Medium". Journal of Bacteriology. 103 (2). American Society for Microbiology: 447–456. doi:10.1128/JB.103.2.447-456.1970. PMC 248102. PMID 4914569.
^ Iseri, Emre; Biggel, Michael; Goossens, Herman; Moons, Pieter; van der Wijngaart, Wouter (2020). "Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care". Lab on a Chip. 20 (23): 4349–4356. doi:10.1039/D0LC00793E. ISSN 1473-0197. PMID 33169747.
^ "6.3C: Selective and Differential Media". Biology LibreTexts. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^ Jung, Benjamin; Hoilat, Gilles J. (2024), "MacConkey Medium", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491326, retrieved 2024-03-03
^ McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-41315-2.
^ "Addgene: Streaking a Plate from an Addgene Stab Culture". www.addgene.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Lin, Chi Chung and Casida, L. E. (1984) GELRITE as a Gelling Agent in Media for the Growth of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 427-429.
^ a b Madigan, Michael T. (2012). Brock biology of microorganisms (13th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 9780321649638.
^ a b Uruburu, F. (2003). "History and services of culture collections" (PDF). International Microbiology. 6 (2): 101–103. doi:10.1007/s10123-003-0115-2. hdl:10550/12955. PMID 12811589. S2CID 19711069.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microbiological cultures.
EFFCA - European Food and Feed Cultutes Association. Information about production and uses of microbial cultures as well as legislative aspects.
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Blood agar
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Letheen broth
Lysogeny broth
Nutrient agar
Plate count agar
Trypticase soy agar
Tryptic soy broth
Zobell’s marine agar
Other/ungrouped media
Brain heart infusion
Cystine–lactose–electrolyte-deficient agar
Cystine tryptic agar
Glucose phosphate broth
Lauryl tryptose broth
Mannitol motility medium
Mueller–Hinton agar/PNP agar
R2A agar
Schädler agar
Authority control databases: National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"microbial organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"culture medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_medium"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"diagnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic"},{"link_name":"microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"infectious disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"throat culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat_culture"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"multicellular organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organisms"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"guar gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar_gum"},{"link_name":"thermophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophiles"}],"text":"Microbial cultures on solid and liquid mediaA microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as research tools in molecular biology.The term culture can also refer to the microorganisms being grown.Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. For example, a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, the causative agent of strep throat.[1] Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to \"selectively growing\" a specific kind of microorganism in the lab.It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel (agar) is used. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles.","title":"Microbiological culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microbiology § The birth of bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology#The_birth_of_bacteriology"},{"link_name":"Bacteria § History of bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#History_of_bacteriology"},{"link_name":"Louis Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Koch's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Julius Richard Petri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Richard_Petri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Further information: Microbiology § The birth of bacteriology, and Bacteria § History of bacteriologyThe first culture media was liquid media, designed by Louis Pasteur in 1860.[2] This was used in the laboratory until Robert Koch's development of solid media in 1881.[3] Koch's method of using a flat plate for his solid media was replaced by Julius Richard Petri's round box in 1887.[2] Since these foundational inventions, a diverse array of media and methods have evolved to help scientists grow, identify, and purify cultures of microorganisms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthrax_culture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bacillus anthracis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis"}],"text":"A culture of Bacillus anthracis","title":"Types of microbial cultures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prokaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"asexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"}],"sub_title":"Prokaryotic culture","text":"The culturing of prokaryotes typically involves bacteria, since archaea are difficult to culture in a laboratory setting.[4] To obtain a pure prokaryotic culture, one must start the culture from a single cell or a single colony of the organism.[5] Since a prokaryotic colony is the asexual offspring of a single cell, all of the cells are genetically identical and will result in a pure culture.","title":"Types of microbial cultures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"phage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage"},{"link_name":"streak plate method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak_plate_method"},{"link_name":"inoculating loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculating_loop"},{"link_name":"incubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator_(culture)"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"}],"sub_title":"Viral culture","text":"Virus and phage cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multiply. For bacteriophages, cultures are grown by infecting bacterial cells. The phage can then be isolated from the resulting plaques in a lawn of bacteria on a plate. Viral cultures are obtained from their appropriate eukaryotic host cells. The streak plate method is a way to physically separate the microbial population, and is done by spreading the inoculate back and forth with an inoculating loop over the solid agar plate. Upon incubation, colonies will arise and single cells will have been isolated from the biomass. Once a microorganism has been isolated in pure culture, it is necessary to preserve it in a viable state for further study and use in cultures called stock cultures. These cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters.","title":"Types of microbial cultures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotic organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"}],"sub_title":"Eukaryotic cell culture","text":"Eukaryotic cell cultures provide a controlled environment for studying eukaryotic organisms. Single-celled eukaryotes - such as yeast, algae, and protozoans - can be cultured in similar ways to prokaryotic cultures. The same is true for multicellular microscopic eukaryotes, such as C. elegans.Although macroscopic eukaryotic organisms are too large to culture in a laboratory, cells taken from these organisms can be cultured. This allows researchers to study specific parts and processes of a macroscopic eukaryote in vitro.","title":"Types of microbial cultures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luria broth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria_Broth"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial peptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synechococcus_cyanobacteria-cultures.jpg"},{"link_name":"cyanobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacterium"},{"link_name":"Synechococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old2-6"}],"sub_title":"Liquid cultures","text":"One method of microbiological culture is liquid culture, in which the desired organisms are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, such as Luria broth, in an upright flask. This allows a scientist to grow up large amounts of bacteria or other microorganisms for a variety of downstream applications.Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and let to grow overnight (a ‘shaker’ may be used to mechanically mix the broth, to encourage uniform growth). Subsequently, aliquots of the sample are taken to test for the antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (antimicrobial peptides).Liquid cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002Static liquid cultures may be used as an alternative. These cultures are not shaken, and they provide the microbes with an oxygen gradient.[6]","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_infection.png"},{"link_name":"Venn diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram"},{"link_name":"petri dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_dish"},{"link_name":"human body temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature"},{"link_name":"additives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar_plate#types"},{"link_name":"antibiotic-resistance gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance#Bacteria"}],"sub_title":"Agar plates","text":"Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting. The grey box near top left shows a Venn diagram of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri dishes of differing sizes that have a thin layer of agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the optimal temperature for the growing of the selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees Celsius, or the human body temperature, for cultures from humans or animals, or lower for environmental cultures). After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for an extended period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments.There are a variety of additives that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate and allowed to solidify. Some types of bacteria can only grow in the presence of certain additives. This can also be used when creating engineered strains of bacteria that contain an antibiotic-resistance gene. When the selected antibiotic is added to the agar, only bacterial cells containing the gene insert conferring resistance will be able to grow. This allows the researcher to select only the colonies that were successfully transformed.","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IseriBiggel20202-7"},{"link_name":"point-of-care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-of-care"},{"link_name":"diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"}],"sub_title":"Agar based dipsticks","text":"Miniaturized version of agar plates implemented to dipstick formats, e.g. Dip Slide, Digital Dipstick [7] show potential to be used at the point-of-care for diagnosis purposes. They have advantages over agar plates since they are cost effective and their operation does not require expertise or laboratory environment, which enable them to be used at the point-of-care.","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selective and differential media","text":"Selective and differential media reveal characteristics about the microorganisms being cultured on them. This kind of media can be selective, differential, or both selective and differential. Growing a culture on multiple kinds of selective and differential media can purify mixed cultures and reveal to scientists the characteristics needed to identify unknown cultures.","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eosin methylene blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin_methylene_blue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Selective and differential media - Selective media","text":"Selective media is used to distinguish organisms by allowing for a specific kind of organism to grow on it while inhibiting the growth of others. For example, eosin methylene blue (EMB) may be used to select against Gram-positive bacteria, most of which have hindered growth on EMB, and select for Gram-negative bacteria, whose growth is not inhibited on EMB.[8]","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacConkey agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Selective and differential media - Differential media","text":"Scientists use differential media when culturing microorganisms to reveal certain biochemical characteristics about the organisms. These revealed traits can then be compared to attributes of known microorganisms in an effort to identify unknown cultures. An example of this is MacConkey agar (MAC), which reveals lactose-fermenting bacteria through a pH indicator that changes color when acids are produced from fermentation.[9]","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"antibiotic susceptibility testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_susceptibility_testing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multitarget_microbial_panel_for_MicroScan_WalkAway_system.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Phoenix_M50_automated_microbiology_system.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Selective and differential media - Multitarget panels","text":"On multitarget panels, bacteria isolated from a previously grown colony are distributed into each well, each of which contains growth medium as well as the ingredients for a biochemical test, which will change the absorbance of the well depending on the bacterial property for the tested target. The panel will be incubated in a machine, which subsequently analyses each well with a light-based method such as colorimetry, turbidimetry, or fluorometry.[10] The combined results will be automatically compared to a database of known results for various bacterial species, in order to generate a diagnosis of what bacterial species is present in the current panel. Simultaneously, it performs antibiotic susceptibility testing.Multitarget microbial panel. A small amount of the bacteria to be tested is placed in each well, each of which has the ingredients for a separate test.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMicrobial panels loaded into an instrument used for automated antibiotic sensitivity testing of each well.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA laboratory worker reviews results displayed on the screen of the automated analyzer.","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stab_culture.png"},{"link_name":"inoculation needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation_needle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Stab cultures","text":"Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.Stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an inoculation needle or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar. Bacteria grow in the punctured area.[11] Stab cultures are most commonly used for short-term storage or shipment of cultures. Additionally, stab cultures can reveal characteristics about cultured microorganisms such as motility or oxygen requirements.","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms","text":"For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria.[12]","title":"Culture methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"microbial systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uruburu20022-14"},{"link_name":"type strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)"}],"text":"Microbial culture collections focus on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, cataloguing and distribution of viable cultures of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in microbial systematics.[13][14] Culture collection are also repositories of type strains.","title":"Cell Culture Collections"}] | [{"image_text":"Microbial cultures on solid and liquid media","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPG/220px-Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"A culture of Bacillus anthracis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anthrax_culture.jpg/200px-Anthrax_culture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liquid cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synechococcus_cyanobacteria-cultures.jpg/220px-Synechococcus_cyanobacteria-cultures.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting. The grey box near top left shows a Venn diagram of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_infection.png/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_infection.png"},{"image_text":"Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stab_culture.png/220px-Stab_culture.png"}] | [{"title":"Colony-forming unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit"},{"title":"Blood culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_culture"},{"title":"Microbial dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter"},{"title":"Microbial Food Cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_Food_Cultures"},{"title":"Screening cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_cultures"},{"title":"Sputum culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputum_culture"},{"title":"Synchronous culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_culture"},{"title":"Gellan gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellan_gum"}] | [{"reference":"Healthwise, Incorporated (2010-06-28). \"Throat Culture\". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-culture","url_text":"\"Throat Culture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130317050528/http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-culture","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bonnet, M.; Lagier, J.C.; Raoult, D.; Khelaifia, S. (March 2020). \"Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology\". New Microbes and New Infections. 34. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622. PMC 6961714. PMID 31956419.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6961714","url_text":"\"Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nmni.2019.100622","url_text":"10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6961714","url_text":"6961714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956419","url_text":"31956419"}]},{"reference":"Basu, Srijoni; Bose, Chandra; Ojha, Nupur; Das, Nabajit; Das, Jagaree; Pal, Mrinmoy; Khurana, Sukant (30 April 2015). \"Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media\". Bioinformation. 11 (4): 182–184. doi:10.6026/97320630011182. PMC 4479053. PMID 26124557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479053","url_text":"\"Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6026%2F97320630011182","url_text":"10.6026/97320630011182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479053","url_text":"4479053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26124557","url_text":"26124557"}]},{"reference":"Rafiq, Muhammad; Hassan, Noor; Rehman, Maliha; Hayat, Muhammad; Nadeem, Gullasht; Hassan, Farwa; Iqbal, Naveed; Ali, Hazrat; Zada, Sahib; Kang, Yingqian; Sajjad, Wasim; Jamal, Muhsin (2023-12-07). \"Challenges and Approaches of Culturing the Unculturable Archaea\". Biology. 12 (12): 1499. doi:10.3390/biology12121499. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 10740628. PMID 38132325.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740628","url_text":"\"Challenges and Approaches of Culturing the Unculturable Archaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology12121499","url_text":"10.3390/biology12121499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2079-7737","url_text":"2079-7737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740628","url_text":"10740628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38132325","url_text":"38132325"}]},{"reference":"Fröhlich, Jürgen; König, Helmut (1 December 2000). \"New techniques for isolation of single prokaryotic cells\". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 24 (5): 567–572. doi:10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00045-0 – via Oxford Academic.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/24/5/567/589901","url_text":"\"New techniques for isolation of single prokaryotic cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-6445%2800%2900045-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00045-0"}]},{"reference":"Old, D.C.; Duguid, J.P. (1970). \"Selective Outgrowth of Fimbriate Bacteria in Static Liquid Medium\". Journal of Bacteriology. 103 (2). American Society for Microbiology: 447–456. doi:10.1128/JB.103.2.447-456.1970. PMC 248102. PMID 4914569.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC248102","url_text":"\"Selective Outgrowth of Fimbriate Bacteria in Static Liquid Medium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.103.2.447-456.1970","url_text":"10.1128/JB.103.2.447-456.1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC248102","url_text":"248102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4914569","url_text":"4914569"}]},{"reference":"Iseri, Emre; Biggel, Michael; Goossens, Herman; Moons, Pieter; van der Wijngaart, Wouter (2020). \"Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care\". Lab on a Chip. 20 (23): 4349–4356. doi:10.1039/D0LC00793E. ISSN 1473-0197. PMID 33169747.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0LC00793E","url_text":"\"Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD0LC00793E","url_text":"10.1039/D0LC00793E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0197","url_text":"1473-0197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33169747","url_text":"33169747"}]},{"reference":"\"6.3C: Selective and Differential Media\". Biology LibreTexts. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/06%3A_Culturing_Microorganisms/6.03%3A_Culturing_Bacteria/6.3C%3A_Selective_and_Differential_Media","url_text":"\"6.3C: Selective and Differential Media\""}]},{"reference":"Jung, Benjamin; Hoilat, Gilles J. (2024), \"MacConkey Medium\", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491326, retrieved 2024-03-03","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557394/","url_text":"\"MacConkey Medium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491326","url_text":"32491326"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Pok | Amadeus Pok | ["1 Background","2 Bishop of Győr","3 References","4 Sources"] | Hungarian bishop
Amadeus PokBishop of GyőrSeal of Amadeus Pok, 1256Appointed1254Term ended1267PredecessorArtolfSuccessorFarkas BejcOther post(s)Provost of VasvárPersonal detailsDied1267 or 1268NationalityHungarianAlma materUniversity of Bologna
Amadeus from the kindred Pok (Hungarian: Pok nembeli Amadé; died 1267 or 1268) was a Hungarian prelate in the 13th century, who served as Bishop of Győr from 1254 until his death.
Background
Amadeus was born into the wealthy and powerful gens (clan) Pok, which possessed large-scale landholdings in Győr County, but his parentage is unknown. He was a contemporary to his distant relative, Maurice II. He was a "frater" (close relative) of Ded and comes John, and he also had two nephews, Paul and Peter, both entered ecclesiastical service and the former was archdeacon of Sopron. Historian Ferenc Jenei translated the Latin phrase as "brother", consequently he considered Amadeus was the son of Maurice I too.
Amadeus attended the University of Bologna and obtained the terminal degree of doctor of canon law. Returning to Hungary, he served as provost of the collegiate chapter of Vasvár from around 1249 to 1253, a royal church, which also functioned as a place of authentication.
Bishop of Győr
After a two-year period of vacancy, Amadeus was elected Bishop of Győr by the cathedral chapter sometime before the spring of 1254, but it is plausible he took the dignity already at the turn of 1252 and 1253, based on a papal document regarding the subsequent dispute over the benefice at the chapter of Vasvár. Since the late 17th-century, some historiographical works and scholars (for instance, Márton Szentiványi and György Pray) incorrectly claimed that a certain George served as Bishop of Győr during the 1250–1260s. He was a confidant of Béla IV of Hungary, who petitioned to the Roman Curia in order to confirm his election by Pope Innocent IV. In his letter, King Béla IV referred to his conflict and the tense relationship with Ottokar II of Bohemia, which caused the permanent hostile raids at the western boundaries between Hungary and Austria. Due to his family background and wealth, Amadeus was able to protect his chapter, then diocese in the region, similarly to his predecessor, Artolf.
The parish church of Ják, consecrated by Amadeus Pok in 1256
The Peace of Pressburg, which was signed on 1 May 1254 and ceded Styria to Hungary, ended the war situation in the region, which lasted more than a decade, thus Amadeus could start his episcopate under calm and relatively peaceful conditions. In the territory of his diocese and the northwestern part of Transdanubia, Amadeus took part in that process, when Béla IV set up special commissions which revised all royal charters of land grants made after 1196. During the implementation of Béla's land reform in the first half of the 1250s, Amadeus frequently acted as co-judge in various lawsuits and border determinations in his diocese, alongside secular barons and his deputy, the archdeacon of Rábaköz. During his activity, Amadeus recovered several landholdings and estates for the Crown. He restored law and administration in the region, which had collapsed after the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Austrian and Bohemian raids. For his advice, Béla IV settled the customs and port duties in Győr and the surrounding area (for instance, Abda and Füzitő), and restored the right to hold markets to Széplak, which was owned by the gens Osl before Lawrence Aba, the ispán of Sopron County arbitrarily moved the privilege to his own nearby estate Hegykő. Amadeus consecrated the parish church of Ják in 1256, today the most complete Romanesque cathedral in Hungary. Beside Amadeus, Abbot Favus of Pannonhalma and comes Abraham also participated in the process, after being present at the scene as judges. The internal peace had broken, when the Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against the Hungarian rule in 1258, which caused a war between Béla and Ottokar until 1260.
In June 1254, Amadeus filed a lawsuit against the burghers of Sopron over the property right of port duties in Fertőrákos at Lake Fertő (Neusiedl). During the dispute, he even excommunicated the magistrates of the town and placed Sopron under interdict. The litigants were summoned to the judicial court of Béla IV, who judged in favor of the diocese. Thereafter bailiff (royal commissioner) Herbord Osl and a delegate of the Pannonhalma Abbey were sent to draft the custom borders in the region. Amadeus adopted new regulations to the cathedral chapter of Győr and smoothed the contrasts between the canons and the lower clergy. He started to reconstruct his episcopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, which has been severely damaged during the Mongol invasion. It is plausible the cathedral was redesigned to Romanesque architectural style during his bishopric too, according to 17th-century historian and prelate István Telekessy, but archaeological excavations and subsequent chronological studies do not confirm his hypothesis. He also permitted the rebuilding of the parish church of Lébény, which was destroyed by Ottokar's troops in the early 1250s. After the death of Saul Győr, the archdeacon of Sopron, Amadeus installed his nephew Peter as his successor in 1263. Despite that Pope Urban IV donated this benefice to a foreign cleric, a certain Irenaeus. Amadeus prevented him from occupying his position. He even refused to appoint the cleric, when Archbishop Smaragd of Kalocsa ordered him on behalf of the pope. As a result, Smaragd excommunicated Amadeus Pok and Irenaeus filed a lawsuit against his superior. Pope Urban commissioned the Hungarian cardinal Stephen Báncsa to investigate the dispute. After a personal hearing, Peter could retain his position, but Amadeus had to find a properly profitable office for Irenaeus in his diocese.
Amadeus attended the national synods in Esztergom (1256) and Buda (1263). In the latter meeting, Amadeus was entrusted to write the topics that arise. His charter also preserved the harsh dispute between Philip Türje, Archbishop of Esztergom and Job Záh, Bishop of Pécs over the former's supremacy. Amadeus distanced himself in the conflict between Béla IV and his son Duke Stephen in the 1260s, and did not interfere in secular affairs nor hold dignity in the royal court. Pope Urban, among others, instructed Amadeus to force Duke Stephen, even with ecclesiastical censure, to respect the property rights of his family members – primarily, Anna of Macsó and her sons – in the territory of his realm. He was last mentioned as a living person in August 1267, when he permitted to the settlers of Vitéz in Moson County to build a stone church. He died by April 1268, when his successor Farkas Bejc already appeared as bishop-elect.
References
^ a b Karácsonyi 1901, p. 445.
^ Jenei 1939, p. 3.
^ Győri 2008, p. 26.
^ a b c Bánk 1968, p. 30.
^ Győri 2008, pp. 28–29.
^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 92.
^ a b c Bánk 1968, p. 31.
^ a b c Győri 2008, p. 31.
^ Jenei 1939, p. 5.
^ Jenei 1939, p. 7.
^ a b Jenei 1939, p. 6.
^ a b c d Győri 2008, p. 36.
^ Jenei 1939, p. 10.
^ Jenei 1939, p. 12.
Sources
Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr.
Győri, Éva (2008). "Győri püspökök a XIII. században ". Belvedere Meridionale (in Hungarian). 20 (1–2): 24–43. ISSN 1419-0222.
Jenei, Ferenc (1939). "Pok nb. Omode győri püspök emlékezete ". Győri Szemle (in Hungarian). 10 (3): 3–12.
Karácsonyi, János (1901). A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig. II. kötet (in Hungarian). Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
AmadeusGenus PokBorn: ? Died: 1267 or 1268
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byArtolf
Bishop of Győr 1254–1267
Succeeded byFarkas Bejc
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Kalocsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragd_of_Kalocsa"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Báncsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_B%C3%A1ncsa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenei193910-13"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGy%C5%91ri200836-12"},{"link_name":"Philip Türje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_T%C3%BCrje"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Esztergom"},{"link_name":"Job Záh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Z%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Pécs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_P%C3%A9cs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenei193912-14"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Civil_War_(1264%E2%80%931265)"},{"link_name":"Duke Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical censure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_censure"},{"link_name":"Anna of Macsó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary,_Duchess_of_Macs%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A1nk196831-7"},{"link_name":"Moson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moson_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A1nk196831-7"},{"link_name":"Farkas Bejc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkas_Bejc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsoldos201192-6"}],"text":"After a two-year period of vacancy, Amadeus was elected Bishop of Győr by the cathedral chapter sometime before the spring of 1254,[6] but it is plausible he took the dignity already at the turn of 1252 and 1253, based on a papal document regarding the subsequent dispute over the benefice at the chapter of Vasvár.[4] Since the late 17th-century, some historiographical works and scholars (for instance, Márton Szentiványi and György Pray) incorrectly claimed that a certain George served as Bishop of Győr during the 1250–1260s.[7] He was a confidant of Béla IV of Hungary, who petitioned to the Roman Curia in order to confirm his election by Pope Innocent IV. In his letter, King Béla IV referred to his conflict and the tense relationship with Ottokar II of Bohemia, which caused the permanent hostile raids at the western boundaries between Hungary and Austria. Due to his family background and wealth, Amadeus was able to protect his chapter, then diocese in the region, similarly to his predecessor, Artolf.[8]The parish church of Ják, consecrated by Amadeus Pok in 1256The Peace of Pressburg, which was signed on 1 May 1254 and ceded Styria to Hungary, ended the war situation in the region, which lasted more than a decade, thus Amadeus could start his episcopate under calm and relatively peaceful conditions.[9] In the territory of his diocese and the northwestern part of Transdanubia, Amadeus took part in that process, when Béla IV set up special commissions which revised all royal charters of land grants made after 1196. During the implementation of Béla's land reform in the first half of the 1250s, Amadeus frequently acted as co-judge in various lawsuits and border determinations in his diocese, alongside secular barons and his deputy, the archdeacon of Rábaköz. During his activity, Amadeus recovered several landholdings and estates for the Crown. He restored law and administration in the region, which had collapsed after the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Austrian and Bohemian raids. For his advice, Béla IV settled the customs and port duties in Győr and the surrounding area (for instance, Abda and Füzitő), and restored the right to hold markets to Széplak, which was owned by the gens Osl before Lawrence Aba, the ispán of Sopron County arbitrarily moved the privilege to his own nearby estate Hegykő.[8][10] Amadeus consecrated the parish church of Ják in 1256, today the most complete Romanesque cathedral in Hungary.[1] Beside Amadeus, Abbot Favus of Pannonhalma and comes Abraham also participated in the process, after being present at the scene as judges.[11] The internal peace had broken, when the Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against the Hungarian rule in 1258, which caused a war between Béla and Ottokar until 1260.[8]In June 1254, Amadeus filed a lawsuit against the burghers of Sopron over the property right of port duties in Fertőrákos at Lake Fertő (Neusiedl). During the dispute, he even excommunicated the magistrates of the town and placed Sopron under interdict. The litigants were summoned to the judicial court of Béla IV, who judged in favor of the diocese. Thereafter bailiff (royal commissioner) Herbord Osl and a delegate of the Pannonhalma Abbey were sent to draft the custom borders in the region.[12] Amadeus adopted new regulations to the cathedral chapter of Győr and smoothed the contrasts between the canons and the lower clergy. He started to reconstruct his episcopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, which has been severely damaged during the Mongol invasion.[11] It is plausible the cathedral was redesigned to Romanesque architectural style during his bishopric too,[12] according to 17th-century historian and prelate István Telekessy, but archaeological excavations and subsequent chronological studies do not confirm his hypothesis.[4] He also permitted the rebuilding of the parish church of Lébény, which was destroyed by Ottokar's troops in the early 1250s.[12] After the death of Saul Győr, the archdeacon of Sopron, Amadeus installed his nephew Peter as his successor in 1263. Despite that Pope Urban IV donated this benefice to a foreign cleric, a certain Irenaeus. Amadeus prevented him from occupying his position. He even refused to appoint the cleric, when Archbishop Smaragd of Kalocsa ordered him on behalf of the pope. As a result, Smaragd excommunicated Amadeus Pok and Irenaeus filed a lawsuit against his superior. Pope Urban commissioned the Hungarian cardinal Stephen Báncsa to investigate the dispute. After a personal hearing, Peter could retain his position, but Amadeus had to find a properly profitable office for Irenaeus in his diocese.[13]Amadeus attended the national synods in Esztergom (1256) and Buda (1263).[12] In the latter meeting, Amadeus was entrusted to write the topics that arise. His charter also preserved the harsh dispute between Philip Türje, Archbishop of Esztergom and Job Záh, Bishop of Pécs over the former's supremacy.[14] Amadeus distanced himself in the conflict between Béla IV and his son Duke Stephen in the 1260s, and did not interfere in secular affairs nor hold dignity in the royal court. Pope Urban, among others, instructed Amadeus to force Duke Stephen, even with ecclesiastical censure, to respect the property rights of his family members – primarily, Anna of Macsó and her sons – in the territory of his realm.[7] He was last mentioned as a living person in August 1267, when he permitted to the settlers of Vitéz in Moson County to build a stone church.[7] He died by April 1268, when his successor Farkas Bejc already appeared as bishop-elect.[6]","title":"Bishop of Győr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1419-0222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1419-0222"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-9627-38-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9627-38-3"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hungary"}],"text":"Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr.\nGyőri, Éva (2008). \"Győri püspökök a XIII. században [The Bishops of Győr in the 13th Century]\". Belvedere Meridionale (in Hungarian). 20 (1–2): 24–43. ISSN 1419-0222.\nJenei, Ferenc (1939). \"Pok nb. Omode győri püspök emlékezete [The Memory of Amadeus Pok, Bishop of Győr]\". Győri Szemle (in Hungarian). 10 (3): 3–12.\nKarácsonyi, János (1901). A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig. II. kötet [The Hungarian genera until the middle of the 14th century, Vol. 2] (in Hungarian). Hungarian Academy of Sciences.\nZsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.Portals: Biography Catholicism Hungary","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The parish church of Ják, consecrated by Amadeus Pok in 1256","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg/285px-Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Győri, Éva (2008). \"Győri püspökök a XIII. században [The Bishops of Győr in the 13th Century]\". Belvedere Meridionale (in Hungarian). 20 (1–2): 24–43. ISSN 1419-0222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1419-0222","url_text":"1419-0222"}]},{"reference":"Jenei, Ferenc (1939). \"Pok nb. Omode győri püspök emlékezete [The Memory of Amadeus Pok, Bishop of Győr]\". Győri Szemle (in Hungarian). 10 (3): 3–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karácsonyi, János (1901). A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig. II. kötet [The Hungarian genera until the middle of the 14th century, Vol. 2] (in Hungarian). Hungarian Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9627-38-3","url_text":"978-963-9627-38-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1419-0222","external_links_name":"1419-0222"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmark_School_(Encino) | Westmark School | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°10′13″N 118°30′40″W / 34.1704°N 118.5110°W / 34.1704; -118.5110Private school in Encino, California, United StatesWestmark SchoolAddress5461 Louise AvenueEncino, CaliforniaUnited StatesCoordinates34°10′13″N 118°30′40″W / 34.1704°N 118.5110°W / 34.1704; -118.5110InformationTypePrivateEstablished1983Head of schoolClaudia KoochekGrades2 to 12Enrollment238Campus size4.7 acresWebsitewww.westmarkschool.org
Westmark School is a private school in Encino, California, teaching 2nd through 12th grade. The school serves children with language-based learning differences including attention-deficit disorder and dyslexia among other learning disorders.
The school was the first in the Los Angeles area to provide iPads to all students. School administrators and teachers consider the high costs worth it for what it adds to the education program. Westmark has a television station education program in which its 5th grade students write the material and produce the program. The school library has materials of various types to cater to the students with various learning needs.
References
^ a b c "Fast Facts". Westmark School. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
^ a b Rosenblum, Lauren (May 26, 2011). "Change the Future of Special Education? There's an App for That". Encino-Tarzana Patch. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Slavkin, Michael (2004). Authentic Learning. R&L Education. p. 49. ISBN 9781578860944.
^ Guild, Sandy. "Accommodating Learning Differences" (a section of Chapter 8: Underserved). In: Woolls, Blanche and David V. Loertscher (editors). The Whole School Library Handbook 2. American Library Association, 2013. ISBN 0838911277, 9780838911273. Start: 140. CITED: 142.
External links
Westmark School website
vteEncino, Los AngelesEducationPrimary and secondary schools
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Crespi Carmelite High School
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Westmark School
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This Los Angeles school–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"attention-deficit disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-Deficit_Disorder_(ADD,_ADHD)"},{"link_name":"dyslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia"},{"link_name":"learning disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disorder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"iPads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Private school in Encino, California, United StatesWestmark School is a private school in Encino, California, teaching 2nd through 12th grade. The school serves children with language-based learning differences including attention-deficit disorder and dyslexia among other learning disorders.[2]The school was the first in the Los Angeles area to provide iPads to all students. School administrators and teachers consider the high costs worth it for what it adds to the education program.[2] Westmark has a television station education program in which its 5th grade students write the material and produce the program.[3] The school library has materials of various types to cater to the students with various learning needs.[4]","title":"Westmark School"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fast Facts\". Westmark School. Retrieved March 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westmarkschool.org/about/fast-facts","url_text":"\"Fast Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenblum, Lauren (May 26, 2011). \"Change the Future of Special Education? There's an App for That\". Encino-Tarzana Patch. Retrieved February 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://patch.com/california/encino/change-the-future-of-special-education-theres-an-app-for-that","url_text":"\"Change the Future of Special Education? There's an App for That\""}]},{"reference":"Slavkin, Michael (2004). Authentic Learning. R&L Education. p. 49. ISBN 9781578860944.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/authenticlearnin0000slav/page/49","url_text":"49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578860944","url_text":"9781578860944"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westmark_School¶ms=34.1704_N_118.5110_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°10′13″N 118°30′40″W / 34.1704°N 118.5110°W / 34.1704; -118.5110"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westmark_School¶ms=34.1704_N_118.5110_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°10′13″N 118°30′40″W / 34.1704°N 118.5110°W / 34.1704; -118.5110"},{"Link":"http://www.westmarkschool.org/","external_links_name":"www.westmarkschool.org"},{"Link":"http://www.westmarkschool.org/about/fast-facts","external_links_name":"\"Fast Facts\""},{"Link":"http://patch.com/california/encino/change-the-future-of-special-education-theres-an-app-for-that","external_links_name":"\"Change the Future of Special Education? There's an App for That\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/authenticlearnin0000slav/page/49","external_links_name":"49"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E-GcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140","external_links_name":"140"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E-GcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142","external_links_name":"142"},{"Link":"http://www.westmarkschool.org/","external_links_name":"Westmark School website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westmark_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_(disambiguation) | Mitcham (disambiguation) | ["1 Places","2 Surname","3 See also"] | Mitcham is a town in the London Borough of Merton, London, England.
Mitcham may also refer to:
Places
Mitcham (UK Parliament constituency), comprising Mitcham, Wallington and Beddington suburbs of South London
Mitcham tram stop, a tram stop on the Tramlink network
Mitcham, New Zealand, a locality in the Ashburton District
Mitcham, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia
The City of Mitcham, local council area in South Australia
Mitcham, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Mitcham railway station, Melbourne
Electoral district of Mitcham (Victoria), an electoral district in Victoria, Australia
Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)
Surname
Carl Mitcham (born 1941), American philosopher of technology
Gene Mitcham (1932–2008), American football player
Howard Mitcham (1917–1996), American artist, poet, and cook
Judson Mitcham (born 1948), American author and poet
Matthew Mitcham (born 1988), Australian Olympic gold medalist in diving
Rio Mitcham (born 1999), British sprinter
Samuel W. Mitcham (born 1949), American author and military historian
Wilbur Mitcham (1923–2003), American chef
See also
Michtam (disambiguation)
Mitchum (surname)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mitcham.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mitcham may also refer to:","title":"Mitcham (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitcham (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mitcham tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Tramlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Mitcham, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitcham,_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashburton District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton_District"},{"link_name":"Mitcham, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"City of Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Mitcham, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mitcham railway station, Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Mitcham (Victoria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(South_Australia)"}],"text":"Mitcham (UK Parliament constituency), comprising Mitcham, Wallington and Beddington suburbs of South London\nMitcham tram stop, a tram stop on the Tramlink network\nMitcham, New Zealand, a locality in the Ashburton District\nMitcham, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia\nThe City of Mitcham, local council area in South Australia\nMitcham, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia\nMitcham railway station, Melbourne\nElectoral district of Mitcham (Victoria), an electoral district in Victoria, Australia\nElectoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Gene Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Howard Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Judson Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Matthew Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Rio Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Samuel W. Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Mitcham"}],"text":"Carl Mitcham (born 1941), American philosopher of technology\nGene Mitcham (1932–2008), American football player\nHoward Mitcham (1917–1996), American artist, poet, and cook\nJudson Mitcham (born 1948), American author and poet\nMatthew Mitcham (born 1988), Australian Olympic gold medalist in diving\nRio Mitcham (born 1999), British sprinter\nSamuel W. Mitcham (born 1949), American author and military historian\nWilbur Mitcham (1923–2003), American chef","title":"Surname"}] | [] | [{"title":"Michtam (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michtam_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Mitchum (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchum_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mitcham_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mitcham_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Roberts | Katherine Roberts | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Writing career","2 Bibliography","2.1 The Echorium Sequence","2.2 The Seven Fabulous Wonders","2.3 Pendragon Legacy","2.4 Earthaven","2.5 Other books","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | For other people named Katherine Roberts, see Katherine Roberts (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Katherine Roberts" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Katherine RobertsOccupationNovelistNationalityEnglishGenreFantasyWebsitekatherineroberts.com
English author
Katherine Roberts is an English author, best known for her fantasy trilogy The Echorium Sequence. She spent most of her childhood in Devon and Cornwall, England. She is the daughter of Derek Robert, an electrical engineer, and Dorothy Margaret, a teacher.
Biography
Early life
Katherine Roberts spent most of her childhood in Devon and Cornwall where she was born. She first entered education at an infant school in Redruth (Cornwall), later on joining the Oldway County Primary School in Paignton (Devon) and then moving onto Torquay Grammar School for Girls (also in Devon). She graduated with a first degree in Mathematics from the University of Bath. Following on from that, she has had numerous jobs associated with programming computers, looking after racehorses and a job in a pet shop.
Writing career
In 1999, her first book Song Quest was published, winning the Branford Boase Award for children. She later published Crystal Mask (2001) and Dark Quetzal (2003) which were both in the same series.
In 2001, she published the first novel in The Seven Fabulous Wonders series called The Great Pyramid Robbery, which the Sunday Express said was "A terrific tale of plots, curses and evil forces set in ancient Egypt". This was followed on with The Babylon Game in 2002, which was said to be "Incredible... adventures that twist and turn and will have you spellbound on every page," by the Children's Book of the Week, South Wales Evening Post. The same year, the third book in the series, The Amazon Temple Quest, was published, and in 2003, The Mausoleum Murder was also published. Following on from this, in 2004 and 2005, The Olympic Conspiracy and The Colossus Crisis were also published within the series. The series concluded in 2006 with the seventh book, The Cleopatra Curse.
Katherine Roberts has also produced other books such as Spellfall, which The Sunday Times Children's Book of the Week said, "this magical and fantastical story from Roberts has lessons for real children about taking responsibility.", and its sequel Spell Spring (2016), and an epic novel about Alexander the Great from the horse's mouth I Am the Great Horse (2006).
She mainly writes within the fantasy genre.
Since 2014, she has been a Royal Literary Fund Fellow in universities, helping students with their academic writing.
Bibliography
Katherine Roberts has written a range of books, mostly belonging to The Echorium Sequence and The Seven Fabulous Wonders series. She has also written several short stories.
The Echorium Sequence
Song Quest (1999)
Crystal Mask (2001)
Dark Quetzal (2003)
The Seven Fabulous Wonders
The Great Pyramid Robbery (2001)
The Babylon Game (2002)
The Amazon Temple Quest (2002)
The Mausoleum Murder (2003)
The Olympic Conspiracy (2004)
The Colossus Crisis (2005)
The Cleopatra Curse (2006)
Pendragon Legacy
Sword of Light (2012)
Lance of Truth (2012)
Crown of Dreams (2013)
Grail of Stars (2014)
Horse of Mist (prequel) (2014)
Earthaven
Spellfall (2001)
Spell Spring (2016)
Other books
I Am the Great Horse (2006)
Magical Horses (2009)
The Horse Who Would Be Emperor (2018)
Mythic & Magical (2011)
Weird & Wonderful (2012)
Heroic & Historical (2014)
Awards
Raconteur Award (1995) - Across the Water
Story Cellar Award (1994) - Mars Take Seed Make Man
Grotesque Readers Award (1996) - Fatstock
Broadsword Fiction of the Year Award (1996) - Under the Eyemoon
Branford Boase Award (2000) - Song Quest
References
^ Katherine Roberts' biography at
^ "Katherine Roberts". www.knibbworld.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "Children's Books - Articles - The Branford Boase Award | BfK No. 170". booksforkeeps.co.uk. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ Quotes on The Great Pyramid Robbery
^ Quotes on The Babylon Game
^ Quotes on Spellfall
External links
Katherine Robert's website
Interview with Katherine Roberts
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine Roberts (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Roberts_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"The Echorium Sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Echorium_Sequence"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"For other people named Katherine Roberts, see Katherine Roberts (disambiguation).English authorKatherine Roberts is an English author, best known for her fantasy trilogy The Echorium Sequence. She spent most of her childhood in Devon and Cornwall, England. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronno_Pertusella | Caronno Pertusella | ["1 See also"] | Comune in Lombardy, ItalyCaronno PertusellaComuneComune di Caronno PertusellaLocation of Caronno Pertusella
Caronno PertusellaLocation of Caronno Pertusella in ItalyShow map of ItalyCaronno PertusellaCaronno Pertusella (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°36′N 09°3′E / 45.600°N 9.050°E / 45.600; 9.050CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceVarese (VA)FrazioniBariolaGovernment • MayorMarco GiudiciArea • Total8.40 km2 (3.24 sq mi)Population (31 december 2017) • Total17,775 • Density2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)Demonym(s)Caronnesi and PerseghiniTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code21042Dialing code02Patron saintSts. Margaret and AlexanderWebsiteOfficial website
Caronno Pertusella (Lombard: Caronn e Pertusella ) is a town and comune located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. It has a population of about 17.775.
See also
S.C. Caronnese S.S.D.
Caronno Pertusella railway station
Carrozzeria Marazzi
Gruppo Riva
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Varese
Agra
Albizzate
Angera
Arcisate
Arsago Seprio
Azzate
Azzio
Barasso
Bardello
Bedero Valcuvia
Besano
Besnate
Besozzo
Biandronno
Bisuschio
Bodio Lomnago
Brebbia
Bregano
Brenta
Brezzo di Bedero
Brinzio
Brissago-Valtravaglia
Brunello
Brusimpiano
Buguggiate
Busto Arsizio
Cadegliano-Viconago
Cadrezzate con Osmate
Cairate
Cantello
Caravate
Cardano al Campo
Carnago
Caronno Pertusella
Caronno Varesino
Casale Litta
Casalzuigno
Casciago
Casorate Sempione
Cassano Magnago
Cassano Valcuvia
Castellanza
Castello Cabiaglio
Castelseprio
Castelveccana
Castiglione Olona
Castronno
Cavaria con Premezzo
Cazzago Brabbia
Cislago
Cittiglio
Clivio
Cocquio-Trevisago
Comabbio
Comerio
Cremenaga
Crosio della Valle
Cuasso al Monte
Cugliate-Fabiasco
Cunardo
Curiglia con Monteviasco
Cuveglio
Cuvio
Daverio
Dumenza
Duno
Fagnano Olona
Ferno
Ferrera di Varese
Gallarate
Galliate Lombardo
Gavirate
Gazzada Schianno
Gemonio
Gerenzano
Germignaga
Golasecca
Gorla Maggiore
Gorla Minore
Gornate-Olona
Grantola
Inarzo
Induno Olona
Ispra
Jerago con Orago
Lavena Ponte Tresa
Laveno-Mombello
Leggiuno
Lonate Ceppino
Lonate Pozzolo
Lozza
Luino
Luvinate
Maccagno
Malgesso
Malnate
Marchirolo
Marnate
Marzio
Masciago Primo
Mercallo
Mesenzana
Montegrino Valtravaglia
Monvalle
Morazzone
Mornago
Oggiona con Santo Stefano
Olgiate Olona
Origgio
Orino
Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore
Porto Ceresio
Porto Valtravaglia
Rancio Valcuvia
Ranco
Saltrio
Samarate
Sangiano
Saronno
Sesto Calende
Solbiate Arno
Solbiate Olona
Somma Lombardo
Sumirago
Taino
Ternate
Tradate
Travedona-Monate
Tronzano Lago Maggiore
Uboldo
Valganna
Varano Borghi
Varese
Vedano Olona
Veddasca
Venegono Inferiore
Venegono Superiore
Vergiate
Viggiù
Vizzola Ticino
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article on a location in the Province of Varese is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"[kaˈrɔn e pertyˈzɛla]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Varese"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Caronno Pertusella (Lombard: Caronn e Pertusella [kaˈrɔn e pertyˈzɛla]) is a town and comune located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. It has a population of about 17.775.","title":"Caronno Pertusella"}] | [] | [{"title":"S.C. Caronnese S.S.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Caronnese_S.S.D."},{"title":"Caronno Pertusella railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronno_Pertusella_railway_station"},{"title":"Carrozzeria Marazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Marazzi"},{"title":"Gruppo Riva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Riva"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Province_of_Varese"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Province_of_Varese"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province_of_Varese"},{"title":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"title":"Comuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"title":"Province of Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Varese"},{"title":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Albizzate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizzate"},{"title":"Angera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angera"},{"title":"Arcisate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcisate"},{"title":"Arsago Seprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsago_Seprio"},{"title":"Azzate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzate"},{"title":"Azzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzio"},{"title":"Barasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasso"},{"title":"Bardello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardello"},{"title":"Bedero Valcuvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedero_Valcuvia"},{"title":"Besano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besano"},{"title":"Besnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besnate"},{"title":"Besozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besozzo"},{"title":"Biandronno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biandronno"},{"title":"Bisuschio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisuschio"},{"title":"Bodio Lomnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodio_Lomnago"},{"title":"Brebbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brebbia"},{"title":"Bregano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregano"},{"title":"Brenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenta,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Brezzo di Bedero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezzo_di_Bedero"},{"title":"Brinzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinzio"},{"title":"Brissago-Valtravaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissago-Valtravaglia"},{"title":"Brunello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Brusimpiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusimpiano"},{"title":"Buguggiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buguggiate"},{"title":"Busto Arsizio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busto_Arsizio"},{"title":"Cadegliano-Viconago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadegliano-Viconago"},{"title":"Cadrezzate con Osmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadrezzate_con_Osmate"},{"title":"Cairate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairate"},{"title":"Cantello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantello"},{"title":"Caravate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravate"},{"title":"Cardano al Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardano_al_Campo"},{"title":"Carnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnago"},{"title":"Caronno Pertusella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Caronno Varesino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronno_Varesino"},{"title":"Casale Litta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casale_Litta"},{"title":"Casalzuigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casalzuigno"},{"title":"Casciago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casciago"},{"title":"Casorate Sempione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casorate_Sempione"},{"title":"Cassano Magnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassano_Magnago"},{"title":"Cassano Valcuvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassano_Valcuvia"},{"title":"Castellanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellanza"},{"title":"Castello Cabiaglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Cabiaglio"},{"title":"Castelseprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelseprio_(comune)"},{"title":"Castelveccana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelveccana"},{"title":"Castiglione Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione_Olona"},{"title":"Castronno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castronno"},{"title":"Cavaria con Premezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaria_con_Premezzo"},{"title":"Cazzago Brabbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazzago_Brabbia"},{"title":"Cislago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cislago"},{"title":"Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittiglio"},{"title":"Clivio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clivio"},{"title":"Cocquio-Trevisago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocquio-Trevisago"},{"title":"Comabbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comabbio"},{"title":"Comerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerio"},{"title":"Cremenaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremenaga"},{"title":"Crosio della Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosio_della_Valle"},{"title":"Cuasso al Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuasso_al_Monte"},{"title":"Cugliate-Fabiasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugliate-Fabiasco"},{"title":"Cunardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunardo"},{"title":"Curiglia con Monteviasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiglia_con_Monteviasco"},{"title":"Cuveglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuveglio"},{"title":"Cuvio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvio"},{"title":"Daverio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daverio"},{"title":"Dumenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumenza"},{"title":"Duno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duno,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Fagnano Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagnano_Olona"},{"title":"Ferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferno"},{"title":"Ferrera di Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrera_di_Varese"},{"title":"Gallarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallarate"},{"title":"Galliate Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliate_Lombardo"},{"title":"Gavirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavirate"},{"title":"Gazzada Schianno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzada_Schianno"},{"title":"Gemonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemonio"},{"title":"Gerenzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerenzano"},{"title":"Germignaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germignaga"},{"title":"Golasecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golasecca"},{"title":"Gorla Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorla_Maggiore"},{"title":"Gorla Minore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorla_Minore"},{"title":"Gornate-Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornate-Olona"},{"title":"Grantola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantola"},{"title":"Inarzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarzo"},{"title":"Induno Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induno_Olona"},{"title":"Ispra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispra"},{"title":"Jerago con Orago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerago_con_Orago"},{"title":"Lavena Ponte Tresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavena_Ponte_Tresa"},{"title":"Laveno-Mombello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laveno-Mombello"},{"title":"Leggiuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggiuno"},{"title":"Lonate Ceppino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonate_Ceppino"},{"title":"Lonate Pozzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonate_Pozzolo"},{"title":"Lozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozza,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Luino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luino"},{"title":"Luvinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvinate"},{"title":"Maccagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccagno"},{"title":"Malgesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgesso"},{"title":"Malnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnate"},{"title":"Marchirolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchirolo"},{"title":"Marnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marnate"},{"title":"Marzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzio"},{"title":"Masciago Primo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masciago_Primo"},{"title":"Mercallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercallo"},{"title":"Mesenzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenzana"},{"title":"Montegrino Valtravaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montegrino_Valtravaglia"},{"title":"Monvalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monvalle"},{"title":"Morazzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morazzone"},{"title":"Mornago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornago"},{"title":"Oggiona con Santo Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oggiona_con_Santo_Stefano"},{"title":"Olgiate Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olgiate_Olona"},{"title":"Origgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origgio"},{"title":"Orino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orino,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_sulla_Sponda_del_Lago_Maggiore"},{"title":"Porto Ceresio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Ceresio"},{"title":"Porto Valtravaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Valtravaglia"},{"title":"Rancio Valcuvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancio_Valcuvia"},{"title":"Ranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranco,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Saltrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltrio"},{"title":"Samarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarate"},{"title":"Sangiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiano"},{"title":"Saronno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saronno"},{"title":"Sesto Calende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesto_Calende"},{"title":"Solbiate Arno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbiate_Arno"},{"title":"Solbiate Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbiate_Olona"},{"title":"Somma Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma_Lombardo"},{"title":"Sumirago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumirago"},{"title":"Taino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taino,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate,_Lombardy"},{"title":"Tradate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradate"},{"title":"Travedona-Monate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travedona-Monate"},{"title":"Tronzano Lago Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronzano_Lago_Maggiore"},{"title":"Uboldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uboldo"},{"title":"Valganna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valganna"},{"title":"Varano Borghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varano_Borghi"},{"title":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varese"},{"title":"Vedano Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedano_Olona"},{"title":"Veddasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddasca"},{"title":"Venegono Inferiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venegono_Inferiore"},{"title":"Venegono Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venegono_Superiore"},{"title":"Vergiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergiate"},{"title":"Viggiù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggi%C3%B9"},{"title":"Vizzola Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizzola_Ticino"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40824#identifiers"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/247000440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lombardy.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-521T | rs1800955 | ["1 References","1.1 Other"] | SNP: rs1800955Name(s)C-521T, -521C/TGeneDRD4Chromosome11RegionPromoterExternal databasesEnsemblHuman SNPViewdbSNP1800955HapMap1800955SNPedia1800955
ALFREDSI000215ISzGeneMeta-analysisOverview
In genetics, rs1800955 (also written as C-521T and -521C/T) is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
It is located in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene.
This gene codes for the dopamine receptor D4.
Due to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia the SNP has been investigated for link to schizophrenia, and it may be slightly associated with this disorder.
The SNP has been investigated with respect to novelty seeking, — a personality trait that may be measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory.
A 2008 meta-analysis indicates a possible association between novelty seeking and C-521T though rather small.
References
^ "Meta-Analysis of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies (Case-Control Only) rs1800955". Schizophrenia Research Forum. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ Y. Okuyama, H. Ishiguro, M. Nankai, H. Shibuya, A. Watanabe & T. Arinami (January 2000). "Identification of a polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with the human novelty seeking personality trait". Molecular Psychiatry. 5 (1): 64–69. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000563. PMID 10673770.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Z. Ronai, A. Szekely, Z. Nemoda, K. Lakatos, J. Gervai, M. Staub & M. Sasvari-Szekely (January 2001). "Association between Novelty Seeking and the -521 C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene". Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (1): 35–38. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000832. PMID 11244482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Marcus R. Munafo, Binnaz Yalcin, Saffron A. Willis-Owen & Jonathan Flint (January 2008). "Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: meta-analysis and new data". Biological Psychiatry. 63 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.006. PMID 17574217. S2CID 28997438.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Other
Table 4 from "The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes"
This article on a gene on human chromosome 11 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"single nucleotide polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotor_(biology)"},{"link_name":"DRD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRD4"},{"link_name":"dopamine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor"},{"link_name":"dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"novelty seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_seeking"},{"link_name":"personality trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_trait"},{"link_name":"Temperament and Character Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In genetics, rs1800955 (also written as C-521T and -521C/T) is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).\nIt is located in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene.\nThis gene codes for the dopamine receptor D4.Due to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia the SNP has been investigated for link to schizophrenia, and it may be slightly associated with this disorder.[1]The SNP has been investigated with respect to novelty seeking, — a personality trait that may be measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory.[2][3]\nA 2008 meta-analysis indicates a possible association between novelty seeking and C-521T though rather small.[4]","title":"rs1800955"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Meta-Analysis of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies (Case-Control Only) rs1800955\". Schizophrenia Research Forum. Retrieved 2008-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/res/sczgene/meta.asp?geneID=94&polyID=801","url_text":"\"Meta-Analysis of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies (Case-Control Only) rs1800955\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia_Research_Forum","url_text":"Schizophrenia Research Forum"}]},{"reference":"Y. Okuyama, H. Ishiguro, M. Nankai, H. Shibuya, A. Watanabe & T. Arinami (January 2000). \"Identification of a polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with the human novelty seeking personality trait\". Molecular Psychiatry. 5 (1): 64–69. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000563. PMID 10673770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y._Okuyama&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Y. Okuyama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Ishiguro&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"H. Ishiguro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Nankai&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"M. Nankai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Shibuya&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"H. Shibuya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Watanabe&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"A. Watanabe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Arinami&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"T. Arinami"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4000563","url_text":"\"Identification of a polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with the human novelty seeking personality trait\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Psychiatry","url_text":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4000563","url_text":"10.1038/sj.mp.4000563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10673770","url_text":"10673770"}]},{"reference":"Z. Ronai, A. Szekely, Z. Nemoda, K. Lakatos, J. Gervai, M. Staub & M. Sasvari-Szekely (January 2001). \"Association between Novelty Seeking and the -521 C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene\". Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (1): 35–38. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000832. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prancing_Pony | Bree (Middle-earth) | ["1 Fictional history","2 Fictional geography","2.1 Settlement","2.2 The Prancing Pony inn","3 Tolkien's choice of names","3.1 Placenames","3.2 Personal names","4 A place of transition","5 In adaptations","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Primary","7.2 Secondary","7.3 Sources"] | Fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
Bree is a fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, east of the Shire. Bree-land, which contains Bree and a few other villages, is the only place where Hobbits and Men lived side by side. It was inspired by the name of the Buckinghamshire village of Brill, meaning "hill-hill", which Tolkien visited regularly in his early years at the University of Oxford, and informed by his passion for linguistics.
In Bree is The Prancing Pony inn, where the wizard Gandalf meets the Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield, setting off the quest to Erebor described in The Hobbit, and where Frodo Baggins puts on the One Ring, attracting the attention of the Dark Lord Sauron's spies and an attack by the Black Riders.
Scholars have stated that Tolkien chose the placenames of Bree-land carefully, incorporating Celtic elements into the names to indicate that Bree was older than the Shire, whose placenames are English with Old English elements. Others have commented that Bree functions as a place of transition from the comfort and safety of home to the dangers of the journey that lies ahead.
Fictional history
'Well, Master Underhill', said Strider, 'if I were you, I should stop your young friends from talking too much. Drink, fire, and chance-meeting are pleasant enough, but, well – this isn't the Shire. There are queer folk about. Though I say it as shouldn't, you may think', he added with a wry smile, seeing Frodo's glance. 'And there have been even stranger travellers through Bree lately', he went on, watching Frodo's face.
Bree was the starting point for the Fallohide brothers and leaders, Marcho and Blanco, when they travelled west in the year 1601 of the Third Age. They led their Hobbits across the river Baranduin and took the land there to found the Shire.
Two important events leading up to the War of the Ring took place at The Prancing Pony. The first was "a chance-meeting" of the Wizard Gandalf and the exiled Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield; this meeting led to the destruction of Smaug. The second occurred during the journey of Frodo Baggins to Rivendell, when he and his companions stayed at The Prancing Pony for a night. After singing The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late, Frodo accidentally slipped the One Ring on his finger, and became invisible. The minor villain Bill Ferny and a squint-eyed "Southerner", a person from some land far to the south, saw him vanish, and informed the Black Riders, who attacked the inn. Aragorn saved him and led the party away, after the innkeeper Barliman Butterbur delivered a letter from Gandalf which he had forgotten to deliver months earlier.
Fictional geography
Settlement
Bree is an ancient settlement of men in Eriador, some 40 miles (64 km) east of the Shire. After the collapse of the kingdom of Arnor, Bree continued to thrive without any central authority for many centuries. As Bree lies at the meeting of two large roadways, the Great East Road and the long disused Greenway or Great North Road, it has for centuries been a centre of trade and a stopping place for travellers. When Arnor in the north waned, Bree's prosperity and size declined. Pipe-weed flourishes on the south-facing side of Bree-hill, and the Hobbits of Bree claim to have been the first to smoke it; travellers on the road including Dwarves, Rangers, and Wizards took up the habit when they visited the village on their journeys. Directly west of Bree are the Barrow-downs and the Old Forest. Bree is the chief village of Bree-land, and the only place in Middle-earth where men and hobbits live side by side. The hobbit community is older than that of the Shire, which was originally colonized from Bree. By the time of The Lord of the Rings, Bree is the westernmost settlement of men in Middle-earth, and there is no other settlement of men within a hundred leagues of the Shire. Tom Bombadil knows of Bree, saying in his metrical speech "four miles along the road / you'll come upon a village, / Bree under Bree-hill, / with doors looking westward."
Tolkien wrote of two different origins for the people of Bree. One was that Bree had been founded and populated by men of the Edain who did not reach Beleriand in the First Age, remaining east of the mountains in Eriador. The other was that they came from the same stock as the Dunlendings.
The Prancing Pony inn
Research by a branch of the Tolkien Society suggests that The Bell Inn in Moreton-in-Marsh, with its name above the door, was a source of inspiration for The Prancing Pony.
Frodo meeting Strider in The Prancing Pony. Scraperboard drawing by Alexander Korotich, 1981
The Prancing Pony was Bree's inn. It served beer to locals, and provided accommodation and food to travellers. One of Eriador's major cross-roads was just outside the village: the meeting of the Great East Road and the Greenway. The inn was at a road junction in the centre of the village, at the base of the Bree-hill. The Prancing Pony was frequented by Men, Hobbits and Dwarves. Bucklanders from the Shire occasionally travelled to the inn. The art of smoking pipe-weed was said to have begun in Bree, and from The Prancing Pony it spread among the races of Middle-earth. The inn was noted for its fine beer, once sampled by Gandalf. The building is described in The Lord of the Rings:
"Even from the outside the inn looked a pleasant house to familiar eyes. It had a front on the Road, and two wings running back on land partly cut out of the lower slopes of the hill, so that at the rear the second-floor windows were level with the ground. There was a wide arch leading to a courtyard between the two wings, and on the left under the arch there was a large doorway reached by a few broad steps. ... Above the arch there was a lamp, and beneath it swung a large signboard: a fat white pony reared up on its hind legs. Over the door was painted in white letters: THE PRANCING PONY by BARLIMAN BUTTERBUR."
The philologist J. Wust considers what script the writing over the door was in. He notes that the Hobbits had learnt to write from the Dunedain of the Northern kingdom, and could read the Prancing Pony inscription but that Pippin could not read the inscriptions on the houses in Minas Tirith, the city in the Southern land of Gondor. Wust suggests that in the North, a "full writing mode" was used for the Tengwar inscriptions, whereas in Gondor, the abbreviated tehta mode (with dots and marks above or below the consonants to indicate vowel sounds) was employed, presenting the text quite differently.
"THE PRANCING PONY by BARLIMAN BUTTERBUR" in two different Tengwar modes: the abbreviated tehta of Gondor (above); the full mode (below). If the full mode was what the Hobbits were used to, the text above the door of the inn would have been in that mode, and that would explain why they could not read tehta signs in Gondor.
Tolkien's choice of names
Placenames
Further information: Tolkien and the Celtic
Tolkien stated that the name "Bree" means "hill"; he justified the name by arranging the village and the surrounding Bree-land around a large hill, named Bree-hill. The name of the village of Brill, in Buckinghamshire, which Tolkien visited when he was at the University of Oxford and which inspired him to create Bree, is constructed exactly the same way: Brill is a modern contraction of Breʒ-hyll. Both syllables are words for the same thing, "hill" – the first is Brythonic (Celtic) and the second Old English. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the name Brill's construction, "hill-hill", is "therefore in a way nonsense, exactly parallel with Chetwode (or 'wood-wood') in Berkshire close by." The first element "Chet" in "Chetwode" derives from the Brythonic ced, meaning "wood".
Shippey notes further that Tolkien stated that he had selected Bree-land placenames – Archet, Bree, Chetwood, and Combe – because they "contained non-English elements", which would make them "sound 'queer', to imitate 'a style that we should perhaps vaguely feel to be “Celtic”'." Shippey comments that this was part of Tolkien's "linguistic heresy", his theory that the sound of words conveyed both meaning and beauty. The philologist Christopher Robinson writes that Tolkien chose a name to "fit not only its designee, but also the phonological and morphological style of the nomenclature to which it belongs, as well as the linguistic scheme of his invented world." In Robinson's view, Tolkien intentionally selected "Celtic elements that have survived in the place names of England" – like bree and chet – to mark them as older than the Shire placenames which embody "a hint of the past" with their English and Old English elements. All of this indicates the "remarkable care and sophistication" with which Tolkien constructed the "feigned history and translation from Westron personal and placenames".
The name "Bree" was inspired by the name of the village of Brill, Buckinghamshire; it contains the Celtic Breʒ and the Old English hyll, both meaning "hill".
Brill, Chetwode etymologies from Brythonic ('Celtic') and Old English
Placenames of Bree-land, with the villages of Bree, Combe, Staddle, and Archet in the Chetwood, that Tolkien meant to sound and feel Celtic.
Personal names
Further information: Plants in Middle-earth
Barliman Butterbur is named after the butterbur, "a fleshy plant with a heavy flower-head on a thick stalk", as Tolkien put it.
Men of Bree often used plant names as surnames, as with the character Bill Ferny. Barliman Butterbur's surname is the name of the herbaceous perennial Petasites hybridus. Tolkien described the butterbur as "a fleshy plant with a heavy flower-head on a thick stalk, and very large leaves." He evidently chose this name as appropriate to a fat man; he suggested that translators use the name of some plant with "butter" in the name if possible, but in any event "a fat thick plant". The Tolkien scholar Ralph C. Wood writes that the forename "Barliman" too is descriptive, hinting at "the hops that he brews" for his inn, barley being the grain used to make beer.
A place of transition
The Tolkien scholar Thomas Honegger writes that Bree functions "as a point of transition between the hobbit-homeland and the wide expanse of Eriador", with its mixed population of hobbits and Men. It is clearly separate from the Shire, but its architecture retains "some degree of Shire homeliness and comfort." The inn is "mannish" but it welcomes Hobbits with rooms "built into the hill, thus imitating traditional hobbit-architecture." This made it one of Frodo's five Homely Houses. Bo Walther, in Tolkien Studies, writes that Bree, with The Prancing Pony inn, is "creepy but also familiar", a place where the Hobbits can begin to face their fear of the unknown, "cheered up by the recognizable bouquet of beer and the sight of jovial hobbit faces."
The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury quotes at length from the Hobbits' approach to Bree and their arrival at The Prancing Pony, "to bring out the leisurely pace, and the patient attention to sensory impressions, typical of the narrative". He comments that there is much more detail than would be found in an allegory, and that it describes the "emotional experience of arriving at an unfamiliar place: the little-travelled and socially-deferential Sam (Frodo's servant) feels an anxiety from which the others are relatively free." He states that Tolkien sets "both comforting and terrifying events" in The Prancing Pony, insisting that "it remains resolutely unallegorical": it is "neither a symbol of comfort, nor the abode of giants which it half-appears to Sam". Rosebury adds that the use of proverbs specific to Bree, like Butterbur's "there's no accounting for East and West as we say in Bree, meaning the Rangers and the Shire-folk, begging your pardon", provides both a comic element and "fix the geographical contact-but-distance between the two communities."
In adaptations
Dark looks from some of the Men the Hobbits see in Peter Jackson's rendering of The Prancing Pony inn at Bree, in his 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring
Butterbur appears in both Ralph Bakshi's animated 1978 adaptation of The Lord of the Rings and Peter Jackson's epic live-action 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring, but in both adaptations most of his scenes are cut. Alan Tilvern voiced Butterbur (credited as "Innkeeper") in the animated film, while David Weatherley played him in Jackson's epic. James Grout played Butterbur in BBC Radio's 1981 serialization of The Lord of the Rings. In the 1991 low-budget Russian adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring, Khraniteli, he appears as "Lavr Narkiss", played by Nikolay Burov. In the 1993 television miniseries Hobitit by Finnish broadcaster Yle, Butterbur ("Viljami Voivalvatti" in Finnish, meaning "William Butter") was portrayed by Mikko Kivinen.
In Jackson's film, far from being a friendly place as in the book, Bree is constantly unpleasant and threatening; and whereas in the book the Ring just makes Frodo disappear when he puts it on in The Prancing Pony, in the film there are special effects with a strong wind, blue light, and the Eye of Sauron. A character credited as "Butterbur, Sr" appears briefly during the prologue of Jackson's 2013 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, portrayed by Richard Whiteside.
Bree and Bree-land are featured prominently in the PC game The Lord of the Rings Online, which allows the player to explore the town.
Notes
^ The Great North Road is the name of the main road, now the A1, from England to Scotland.
References
Primary
^ a b c d e Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 9 "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony"
^ a b Tolkien 1954a "Prologue", 1. "Concerning Hobbits"
^ Tolkien 1980, "The Quest of Erebor"
^ Tolkien 1980, "The Hunt for the Ring"
^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix F
^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
^ Tolkien 1988, ch. 7, p. 131, note 6. "Bree ... based on Brill ... a place which he knew well".
^ Tolkien 1955 Appendix F
^ a b Tolkien, J. R. R. (1975). Lobdell, Jared (ed.). Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings. Open Court. p. 162. ISBN 978-0875483030. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Secondary
^ Webster, Norman W. (1974) The Great North Road. Bath, Adams and Dart.
^ Shippey 2005, p. 121.
^ ""The Prancing Pony by Barliman Butterbur"" (PDF). ADCBooks. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
^ a b Wust, J. (2015). The Sindarin Tengwar Modes. Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omentielva Lempea, Helsinki, 8-11 August 2013. pp. 1–15.
^ Mills 1993, p. 52, "Brill".
^ a b c Shippey 2005, p. 124.
^ Mills 1993, p. 76, "Chetwode".
^ a b c Shippey 2005, p. 130.
^ a b Robinson, Christopher L. (2013). "What Makes the Names of Middle-earth So Fitting? Elements of Style in the Namecraft of JRR Tolkien". Names. 61 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1179/0027773812Z.00000000040. S2CID 190701701.
^ Judd, Walter S.; Judd, Graham A. (2017). Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-0-19-027631-7.
^ Wood, Ralph C. (2003). The Gospel According to Tolkien. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-664-23466-9.
^ Ogle, Maureen (2006). Ambitious brew: the story of American beer. Orlando: Harcourt. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-0-15-101012-7.
^ a b c Honegger, Thomas (2004). "From Bag End to Lórien: The Creation of a Literary World". In Buchs, Peter; Honegger, Thomas (eds.). News from the Shire and Beyond – Studies on Tolkien (PDF) (2nd ed.). Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 59–81.
^ Shippey 2001, p. 65.
^ Walther, Bo Kampmann (2020). "Lights behind Thick Curtains: Images of Fear and Familiarity in Tolkien" (PDF). Tolkien Studies. 17 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1353/tks.2020.0005. S2CID 226646654.
^ a b c d Rosebury 2003, pp. 14–19.
^ a b Croft, Janet Brennan (2005). "Mithril Coats and Tin Ears: 'Anticipation' and 'Flattening' in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Films". In Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings. Mythopoeic Press. p. 68. ISBN 1-887726-09-8.
^ "Innkeeper". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "David Weatherley". RBA Management. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Inspector Morse actor James Grout dies at 84". BBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Николай Буров" . Kino-teatr.ru (in Russian). 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2023. 1991 Хранители (фильм-спектакль) Лавр Наркисс
^ "Barliman Butterbur". WhatCharacter. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Richard Whiteside". NZonScreen. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Porter, Jason (22 May 2007). "Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar". GameChronicles. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
Sources
Mills, A. D. (1993). A Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283131-6.
Rosebury, Brian (2003) . Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403-91263-3.
Shippey, Tom (2001). J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261-10401-3.
Shippey, Tom (2005) . The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1988). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Return of the Shadow. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-49863-7.
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The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
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The Return of the King (2003)
Music
"Concerning Hobbits"
"Into the West"
"May It Be"
Approach
Production
Peter Jackson's interpretation
Picturing Tolkien
Other
Sagan om ringen (1971)
Khraniteli (1991)
Hobitit (1993)
The Rings of Power (2022)
music
Fan-made
The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
Born of Hope (2009)
Video games
Journey to Rivendell
Game One
Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
War in Middle Earth
Vol. I (1990)
Vol. I (SNES)
Riders of Rohan
Elendor
Vol. II: The Two Towers
The Fellowship of the Ring
The Two Towers
The Return of the King
War of the Ring
The Third Age
Game Boy Advance
The Battle for Middle-earth
Tactics
The Battle for Middle-earth II
The Rise of the Witch-king
Conquest
Aragorn's Quest
War in the North
Lego The Lord of the Rings
Guardians of Middle-earth
Shadow of Mordor
Shadow of War
Gollum
Return to Moria
The Lord of the Rings Online
Mines of Moria
Siege of Mirkwood
Rise of Isengard
Riders of Rohan
Helm's Deep
Mordor
Minas Morgul
War of Three Peaks
Fate of Gundabad
Before the Shadow
Tabletop role-playing games
Middle-earth Role Playing
The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
The One Ring Roleplaying Game
Adventures in Middle-earth
Board games
Middle Earth
War of the Ring
Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
Sauron
Lord of the Rings
War of the Ring
Card games
Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game
Other games
Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
Lego The Lord of the Rings
vteMiddle-earth
J. R. R. Tolkien
Bibliography
Canon
Legendarium
Outline
WorksIn Tolkien'slifetime
1937 The Hobbit
1954-55 The Lord of the Rings
The Fellowship of the Ring
"The Shadow of the Past"
"The Council of Elrond"
The Two Towers
The Return of the King
"The Scouring of the Shire"
"The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Posthumous
1977 The Silmarillion
"Ainulindalë"
1980 Unfinished Tales
1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1990 Bilbo's Last Song
The three "Great Tales"
2007 The Children of Húrin
2017 Beren and Lúthien
2018 The Fall of Gondolin
2022 The Fall of Númenor
History ofcompositionHistory ofMiddle-earth
1983–84 The Book of Lost Tales
Ælfwine
1985 The Lays of Beleriand
1986 The Shaping of Middle-earth
1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings
The Etymologies
Lhammas
1988–92 The History of The Lord of the Rings
The Notion Club Papers
1993 Morgoth's Ring
1994 The War of the Jewels
1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth
Others
John D. Rateliff
2007 The History of The Hobbit
Carl F. Hostetter
2021 The Nature of Middle-earth
FictionaluniversePeoples,monsters
Ainur
Maiar
Balrogs
Wizards
Valar
Dragons
Ancalagon
Smaug
Dwarves
Eagles
Elves
Half-elven
Noldor
Sundering
Ents
Hobbits
Men
Beornings
Drúedain
Dúnedain
Orcs
Trolls
Characters
First and Second Ages
Celebrimbor
Eärendil and Elwing
Elendil
Fëanor
Fingolfin
Finwë and Míriel
Gil-galad
Húrin
Isildur
Lúthien and Beren
Melian
Morgoth
Thingol
Tuor and Idril
Túrin Turambar
Ungoliant
Third Age
Elrond
Galadriel
Gandalf
Glorfindel
Goldberry
Gollum
Saruman
Sauron
Tom Bombadil
Places
First and Second Ages
Beleriand
Númenor
Valinor
Third Age
Bree
Esgaroth
Gondor
Harad
Isengard
Lonely Mountain
Lothlórien
Mirkwood
Mordor
Moria
Rivendell
Rohan
The Shire
Bag End
Objects
Mithril
Palantír
Red Book of Westmarch
Rings of Power
One Ring
Silmarils
Two Trees of Valinor
List of weapons and armour
AnalysisElements
Artwork
Family trees
Heraldry
Languages
Adûnaic
Black Speech
Elvish
Quenya
Sindarin
Khuzdul
Maps
Poetry
Scripts
Cirth
Sarati
Tengwar
Themes
Anachronism
Ancestry as guide to character
Architecture
Christianity
Cosmology
Round World version
Death and immortality
Decline and fall
Economy
England
Environmentalism
First World War
Forests
Frame stories
Heroism
Light
Luck and fate
Magic
Mental illness
Modernism
Moral dilemma
Music
Naming of weapons
Northern courage
Old Straight Road
Paganism
Plants
Psychological journeys
Quests
Sound and language
Time
Trees
Literary
Tolkien's impact on fantasy
Influences
Beowulf
Celtic
Classical world
Finnish language and literature
Medieval
Modern
Norse
Philology
Shakespeare
Prose style
Ambiguity
A mythology for England
Geographic
The Atlas of Middle-earth
Journeys of Frodo
A Map of Middle-earth
Adaptations,legacyArtists
Pauline Baynes
Cor Blok
Anke Eißmann
Brothers Hildebrandt
Jenny Dolfen
Mary Fairburn
Donato Giancola
John Howe
Tove Jansson
Alexander Korotich
Alan Lee
Tom Loback
Margrethe II of Denmark
Ted Nasmith
Composers
Bo Hansson
Johan de Meij
Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings
Howard Shore
Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
Music of The Hobbit film series
Music of The Rings of Power TV series
Blind Guardian
Nightfall in Middle-Earth
Settings
Donald Swann
The Road Goes Ever On
Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
The Tolkien Ensemble
An Evening in Rivendell
A Night in Rivendell
At Dawn in Rivendell
Leaving Rivendell
Other media
Middle-earth Enterprises
Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
Film
Tolkien Calendars
Video games
Things named after Tolkien and his works
Literarycriticism
The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
Master of Middle-Earth
Picturing Tolkien
J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
Perilous Realms
The Road to Middle-Earth
Splintered Light
Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
A Tolkien Compass
Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
Tolkien's Legendarium
Tolkien and the Great War
The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire"},{"link_name":"Hobbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Thorin Oakenshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorin_Oakenshield"},{"link_name":"Erebor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebor"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Frodo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"One Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Ring"},{"link_name":"Sauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron"},{"link_name":"Black Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Riders"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"}],"text":"Fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earthBree is a fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, east of the Shire. Bree-land, which contains Bree and a few other villages, is the only place where Hobbits and Men lived side by side. It was inspired by the name of the Buckinghamshire village of Brill, meaning \"hill-hill\", which Tolkien visited regularly in his early years at the University of Oxford, and informed by his passion for linguistics.In Bree is The Prancing Pony inn, where the wizard Gandalf meets the Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield, setting off the quest to Erebor described in The Hobbit, and where Frodo Baggins puts on the One Ring, attracting the attention of the Dark Lord Sauron's spies and an attack by the Black Riders.Scholars have stated that Tolkien chose the placenames of Bree-land carefully, incorporating Celtic elements into the names to indicate that Bree was older than the Shire, whose placenames are English with Old English elements. Others have commented that Bree functions as a place of transition from the comfort and safety of home to the dangers of the journey that lies ahead.","title":"Bree (Middle-earth)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragorn"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-At_the_Sign_of_the_Prancing_Pony-1"},{"link_name":"Fallohide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallohide"},{"link_name":"Third Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Age"},{"link_name":"Hobbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit"},{"link_name":"the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prologue-2"},{"link_name":"War of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Thorin Oakenshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorin_Oakenshield"},{"link_name":"Smaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaug"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Frodo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"Rivendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivendell"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late"},{"link_name":"One Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Ring"},{"link_name":"Aragorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragorn"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-At_the_Sign_of_the_Prancing_Pony-1"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"'Well, Master Underhill', said Strider, 'if I were you, I should stop your young friends from talking too much. Drink, fire, and chance-meeting are pleasant enough, but, well – this isn't the Shire. There are queer folk about. Though I say it as shouldn't, you may think', he added with a wry smile, seeing Frodo's glance. 'And there have been even stranger travellers through Bree lately', he went on, watching Frodo's face.[T 1]Bree was the starting point for the Fallohide brothers and leaders, Marcho and Blanco, when they travelled west in the year 1601 of the Third Age. They led their Hobbits across the river Baranduin and took the land there to found the Shire.[T 2]Two important events leading up to the War of the Ring took place at The Prancing Pony. The first was \"a chance-meeting\" of the Wizard Gandalf and the exiled Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield; this meeting led to the destruction of Smaug.[T 3] The second occurred during the journey of Frodo Baggins to Rivendell, when he and his companions stayed at The Prancing Pony for a night. After singing The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late, Frodo accidentally slipped the One Ring on his finger, and became invisible. The minor villain Bill Ferny and a squint-eyed \"Southerner\", a person from some land far to the south, saw him vanish, and informed the Black Riders, who attacked the inn. Aragorn saved him and led the party away, after the innkeeper Barliman Butterbur delivered a letter from Gandalf which he had forgotten to deliver months earlier.[T 1][T 4]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eriador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriador"},{"link_name":"Arnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnor_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pipe-weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe-weed"},{"link_name":"Dwarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prologue-2"},{"link_name":"Barrow-downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-downs"},{"link_name":"Old Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Forest"},{"link_name":"men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-At_the_Sign_of_the_Prancing_Pony-1"},{"link_name":"Tom Bombadil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bombadil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005121-7"},{"link_name":"Edain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edain"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"Dunlendings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlendings"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-At_the_Sign_of_the_Prancing_Pony-1"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Settlement","text":"Bree is an ancient settlement of men in Eriador, some 40 miles (64 km) east of the Shire. After the collapse of the kingdom of Arnor, Bree continued to thrive without any central authority for many centuries. As Bree lies at the meeting of two large roadways, the Great East Road and the long disused Greenway or Great North Road,[a] it has for centuries been a centre of trade and a stopping place for travellers. When Arnor in the north waned, Bree's prosperity and size declined. Pipe-weed flourishes on the south-facing side of Bree-hill, and the Hobbits of Bree claim to have been the first to smoke it; travellers on the road including Dwarves, Rangers, and Wizards took up the habit when they visited the village on their journeys.[T 2] Directly west of Bree are the Barrow-downs and the Old Forest. Bree is the chief village of Bree-land, and the only place in Middle-earth where men and hobbits live side by side. The hobbit community is older than that of the Shire, which was originally colonized from Bree. By the time of The Lord of the Rings, Bree is the westernmost settlement of men in Middle-earth, and there is no other settlement of men within a hundred leagues of the Shire.[T 1] Tom Bombadil knows of Bree, saying in his metrical speech \"four miles along the road / you'll come upon a village, / Bree under Bree-hill, / with doors looking westward.\"[2]Tolkien wrote of two different origins for the people of Bree. One was that Bree had been founded and populated by men of the Edain who did not reach Beleriand in the First Age, remaining east of the mountains in Eriador. The other was that they came from the same stock as the Dunlendings.[T 1][T 5]","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_Inn_Moreton_in_Marsh_back_in_time.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moreton-in-Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frodo_meeting_Strider_in_The_Prancing_Pony_inn_at_Bree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scraperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraperboard"},{"link_name":"Alexander Korotich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korotich"},{"link_name":"Eriador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriador"},{"link_name":"Dwarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Bucklanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"signboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub#Signs"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-At_the_Sign_of_the_Prancing_Pony-1"},{"link_name":"Dunedain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain"},{"link_name":"Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_Took"},{"link_name":"Minas Tirith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor"},{"link_name":"Tengwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengwar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wust_2015-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prancing_Pony_inscription_in_two_different_Tengwar_modes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tengwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengwar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wust_2015-11"}],"sub_title":"The Prancing Pony inn","text":"Research by a branch of the Tolkien Society suggests that The Bell Inn in Moreton-in-Marsh, with its name above the door, was a source of inspiration for The Prancing Pony.[3]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrodo meeting Strider in The Prancing Pony. Scraperboard drawing by Alexander Korotich, 1981The Prancing Pony was Bree's inn. It served beer to locals, and provided accommodation and food to travellers. One of Eriador's major cross-roads was just outside the village: the meeting of the Great East Road and the Greenway. The inn was at a road junction in the centre of the village, at the base of the Bree-hill. The Prancing Pony was frequented by Men, Hobbits and Dwarves. Bucklanders from the Shire occasionally travelled to the inn. The art of smoking pipe-weed was said to have begun in Bree, and from The Prancing Pony it spread among the races of Middle-earth. The inn was noted for its fine beer, once sampled by Gandalf.[T 6] The building is described in The Lord of the Rings:\"Even from the outside the inn looked a pleasant house to familiar eyes. It had a front on the Road, and two wings running back on land partly cut out of the lower slopes of the hill, so that at the rear the second-floor windows were level with the ground. There was a wide arch leading to a courtyard between the two wings, and on the left under the arch there was a large doorway reached by a few broad steps. ... Above the arch there was a lamp, and beneath it swung a large signboard: a fat white pony reared up on its hind legs. Over the door was painted in white letters: THE PRANCING PONY by BARLIMAN BUTTERBUR.\"[T 1]The philologist J. Wust considers what script the writing over the door was in. He notes that the Hobbits had learnt to write from the Dunedain of the Northern kingdom, and could read the Prancing Pony inscription but that Pippin could not read the inscriptions on the houses in Minas Tirith, the city in the Southern land of Gondor. Wust suggests that in the North, a \"full writing mode\" was used for the Tengwar inscriptions, whereas in Gondor, the abbreviated tehta mode (with dots and marks above or below the consonants to indicate vowel sounds) was employed, presenting the text quite differently.[4]\"THE PRANCING PONY by BARLIMAN BUTTERBUR\" in two different Tengwar modes: the abbreviated tehta of Gondor (above); the full mode (below). If the full mode was what the Hobbits were used to, the text above the door of the inn would have been in that mode, and that would explain why they could not read tehta signs in Gondor.[4]","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tolkien's choice of names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolkien and the Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[T 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChrisTolkien_1988-12"},{"link_name":"Both syllables are words for the same thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills199352,_%22Brill%22-13"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"Chetwode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005124-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills199376,_%22Chetwode%22-15"},{"link_name":"[T 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005130-17"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"the sound of words conveyed both meaning and beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005130-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson_2013-18"},{"link_name":"Westron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson_2013-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brill_village_from_Brill_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538330.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brill, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005124-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brill,_Chetwode.svg"},{"link_name":"Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Chetwode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwode"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005124-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bree_Map.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005130-17"}],"sub_title":"Placenames","text":"Further information: Tolkien and the CelticTolkien stated that the name \"Bree\" means \"hill\"; he justified the name by arranging the village and the surrounding Bree-land around a large hill, named Bree-hill. The name of the village of Brill, in Buckinghamshire, which Tolkien visited when he was at the University of Oxford and which inspired him to create Bree,[T 7] is constructed exactly the same way: Brill is a modern contraction of Breʒ-hyll. Both syllables are words for the same thing, \"hill\" – the first is Brythonic (Celtic) and the second Old English.[5] The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the name Brill's construction, \"hill-hill\", is \"therefore in a way nonsense, exactly parallel with Chetwode (or 'wood-wood') in Berkshire close by.\"[6] The first element \"Chet\" in \"Chetwode\" derives from the Brythonic ced, meaning \"wood\".[7]Shippey notes further that Tolkien stated[T 8] that he had selected Bree-land placenames – Archet, Bree, Chetwood, and Combe – because they \"contained non-English elements\", which would make them \"sound 'queer', to imitate 'a style that we should perhaps vaguely feel to be “Celtic”'.\"[8] Shippey comments that this was part of Tolkien's \"linguistic heresy\", his theory that the sound of words conveyed both meaning and beauty.[8] The philologist Christopher Robinson writes that Tolkien chose a name to \"fit not only its designee, but also the phonological and morphological style of the nomenclature to which it belongs, as well as the linguistic scheme of his invented world.\"[9] In Robinson's view, Tolkien intentionally selected \"Celtic elements that have survived in the place names of England\" – like bree and chet – to mark them as older than the Shire placenames which embody \"a hint of the past\" with their English and Old English elements. All of this indicates the \"remarkable care and sophistication\" with which Tolkien constructed the \"feigned history and translation from Westron personal and placenames\".[9]The name \"Bree\" was inspired by the name of the village of Brill, Buckinghamshire; it contains the Celtic Breʒ and the Old English hyll, both meaning \"hill\".[6]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrill, Chetwode etymologies from Brythonic ('Celtic') and Old English[6]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlacenames of Bree-land, with the villages of Bree, Combe, Staddle, and Archet in the Chetwood, that Tolkien meant to sound and feel Celtic.[8]","title":"Tolkien's choice of names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plants in Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petasites_hybridus_inflorescence_-_Keila.jpg"},{"link_name":"butterbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasites_hybridus"},{"link_name":"[T 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names_Butterbur-19"},{"link_name":"used plant names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Petasites hybridus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasites_hybridus"},{"link_name":"[T 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names_Butterbur-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ralph C. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood"},{"link_name":"hops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood_2003-21"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogle_2006-22"}],"sub_title":"Personal names","text":"Further information: Plants in Middle-earthBarliman Butterbur is named after the butterbur, \"a fleshy plant with a heavy flower-head on a thick stalk\", as Tolkien put it.[T 9]Men of Bree often used plant names as surnames, as with the character Bill Ferny. Barliman Butterbur's surname is the name of the herbaceous perennial Petasites hybridus. Tolkien described the butterbur as \"a fleshy plant with a heavy flower-head on a thick stalk, and very large leaves.\" He evidently chose this name as appropriate to a fat man; he suggested that translators use the name of some plant with \"butter\" in the name if possible, but in any event \"a fat thick plant\".[T 9][10] The Tolkien scholar Ralph C. Wood writes that the forename \"Barliman\" too is descriptive, hinting at \"the hops that he brews\" for his inn,[11] barley being the grain used to make beer.[12]","title":"Tolkien's choice of names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Honegger"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honegger_2004-23"},{"link_name":"its architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honegger_2004-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honegger_2004-23"},{"link_name":"Frodo's five Homely Houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo%27s_five_Homely_Houses"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey200165-24"},{"link_name":"Tolkien Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Studies"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_2020-25"},{"link_name":"Brian Rosebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Rosebury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200314%E2%80%9319-26"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200314%E2%80%9319-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200314%E2%80%9319-26"},{"link_name":"use of proverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200314%E2%80%9319-26"}],"text":"The Tolkien scholar Thomas Honegger writes that Bree functions \"as a point of transition between the hobbit-homeland and the wide expanse of Eriador\",[13] with its mixed population of hobbits and Men. It is clearly separate from the Shire, but its architecture retains \"some degree of Shire homeliness and comfort.\"[13] The inn is \"mannish\" but it welcomes Hobbits with rooms \"built into the hill, thus imitating traditional hobbit-architecture.\"[13] This made it one of Frodo's five Homely Houses.[14] Bo Walther, in Tolkien Studies, writes that Bree, with The Prancing Pony inn, is \"creepy but also familiar\", a place where the Hobbits can begin to face their fear of the unknown, \"cheered up by the recognizable bouquet of beer and the sight of jovial hobbit faces.\"[15]The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury quotes at length from the Hobbits' approach to Bree and their arrival at The Prancing Pony, \"to bring out the leisurely pace, and the patient attention to sensory impressions, typical of the narrative\".[16] He comments that there is much more detail than would be found in an allegory, and that it describes the \"emotional experience of arriving at an unfamiliar place: the little-travelled and socially-deferential Sam (Frodo's servant) feels an anxiety from which the others are relatively free.\"[16] He states that Tolkien sets \"both comforting and terrifying events\" in The Prancing Pony, insisting that \"it remains resolutely unallegorical\": it is \"neither a symbol of comfort, nor the abode of giants which it half-appears to Sam\".[16] Rosebury adds that the use of proverbs specific to Bree, like Butterbur's \"there's no accounting for East and West as we say in Bree, meaning the Rangers and the Shire-folk, begging your pardon\", provides both a comic element and \"fix[es] the geographical contact-but-distance between the two communities.\"[16]","title":"A place of transition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_the_Prancing_Pony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croft_2005-27"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi"},{"link_name":"1978 adaptation of The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"David Weatherley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weatherley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"James Grout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grout"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"Khraniteli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khraniteli"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hobitit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobitit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"in the film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_film_versus_book"},{"link_name":"Sauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croft_2005-27"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Dark looks from some of the Men the Hobbits see in Peter Jackson's rendering of The Prancing Pony inn at Bree, in his 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring[17]Butterbur appears in both Ralph Bakshi's animated 1978 adaptation of The Lord of the Rings and Peter Jackson's epic live-action 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring, but in both adaptations most of his scenes are cut. Alan Tilvern voiced Butterbur (credited as \"Innkeeper\") in the animated film,[18] while David Weatherley played him in Jackson's epic.[19] James Grout played Butterbur in BBC Radio's 1981 serialization of The Lord of the Rings.[20] In the 1991 low-budget Russian adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring, Khraniteli, he appears as \"Lavr Narkiss\", played by Nikolay Burov.[21] In the 1993 television miniseries Hobitit by Finnish broadcaster Yle, Butterbur (\"Viljami Voivalvatti\" in Finnish, meaning \"William Butter\") was portrayed by Mikko Kivinen.[22]In Jackson's film, far from being a friendly place as in the book, Bree is constantly unpleasant and threatening; and whereas in the book the Ring just makes Frodo disappear when he puts it on in The Prancing Pony, in the film there are special effects with a strong wind, blue light, and the Eye of Sauron.[17] A character credited as \"Butterbur, Sr\" appears briefly during the prologue of Jackson's 2013 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, portrayed by Richard Whiteside.[23]Bree and Bree-land are featured prominently in the PC game The Lord of the Rings Online, which allows the player to explore the town.[24]","title":"In adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Great North Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ The Great North Road is the name of the main road, now the A1, from England to Scotland.[1]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"\"THE PRANCING PONY by BARLIMAN BUTTERBUR\" in two different Tengwar modes: the abbreviated tehta of Gondor (above); the full mode (below). If the full mode was what the Hobbits were used to, the text above the door of the inn would have been in that mode, and that would explain why they could not read tehta signs in Gondor.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Prancing_Pony_inscription_in_two_different_Tengwar_modes.jpg/660px-The_Prancing_Pony_inscription_in_two_different_Tengwar_modes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barliman Butterbur is named after the butterbur, \"a fleshy plant with a heavy flower-head on a thick stalk\", as Tolkien put it.[T 9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Petasites_hybridus_inflorescence_-_Keila.jpg/170px-Petasites_hybridus_inflorescence_-_Keila.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dark looks from some of the Men the Hobbits see in Peter Jackson's rendering of The Prancing Pony inn at Bree, in his 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Inside_the_Prancing_Pony.jpg/260px-Inside_the_Prancing_Pony.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1975). Lobdell, Jared (ed.). Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings. Open Court. p. 162. ISBN 978-0875483030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Lobdell","url_text":"Lobdell, Jared"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tolkiencompass00lobd/page/162","url_text":"Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tolkiencompass00lobd/page/162","url_text":"162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875483030","url_text":"978-0875483030"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Prancing Pony by Barliman Butterbur\"\" (PDF). ADCBooks. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413083835/http://www.adcbooks.co.uk/downloads/prancing%20ponyv9_press.pdf","url_text":"\"\"The Prancing Pony by Barliman Butterbur\"\""},{"url":"http://www.adcbooks.co.uk/downloads/prancing%20ponyv9_press.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wust, J. (2015). The Sindarin Tengwar Modes. Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omentielva Lempea, Helsinki, 8-11 August 2013. pp. 1–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Swt4CgAAQBAJ&dq=Bree+Prancing+Pony&pg=PA7","url_text":"The Sindarin Tengwar Modes"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Christopher L. (2013). \"What Makes the Names of Middle-earth So Fitting? Elements of Style in the Namecraft of JRR Tolkien\". Names. 61 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1179/0027773812Z.00000000040. S2CID 190701701.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0027773812Z.00000000040","url_text":"\"What Makes the Names of Middle-earth So Fitting? Elements of Style in the Namecraft of JRR Tolkien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0027773812Z.00000000040","url_text":"10.1179/0027773812Z.00000000040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190701701","url_text":"190701701"}]},{"reference":"Judd, Walter S.; Judd, Graham A. (2017). Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-0-19-027631-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Stephen_Judd","url_text":"Judd, Walter S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3CwpDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027631-7","url_text":"978-0-19-027631-7"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Ralph C. (2003). The Gospel According to Tolkien. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-664-23466-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood","url_text":"Wood, Ralph C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood","url_text":"The Gospel According to Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press","url_text":"Westminster John Knox Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23466-9","url_text":"978-0-664-23466-9"}]},{"reference":"Ogle, Maureen (2006). Ambitious brew: the story of American beer. Orlando: Harcourt. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-0-15-101012-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ambitiousbrewsto00maur","url_text":"Ambitious brew: the story of American beer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida","url_text":"Orlando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)","url_text":"Harcourt"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ambitiousbrewsto00maur/page/70","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101012-7","url_text":"978-0-15-101012-7"}]},{"reference":"Honegger, Thomas (2004). \"From Bag End to Lórien: The Creation of a Literary World\". In Buchs, Peter; Honegger, Thomas (eds.). News from the Shire and Beyond – Studies on Tolkien (PDF) (2nd ed.). Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 59–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Honegger","url_text":"Honegger, Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/download/66170878/Honegger_2004_Bag_End.pdf","url_text":"News from the Shire and Beyond – Studies on Tolkien"}]},{"reference":"Walther, Bo Kampmann (2020). \"Lights behind Thick Curtains: Images of Fear and Familiarity in Tolkien\" (PDF). Tolkien Studies. 17 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1353/tks.2020.0005. S2CID 226646654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/download/64598790/walther_tolkien_studies_2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Lights behind Thick Curtains: Images of Fear and Familiarity in Tolkien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Studies","url_text":"Tolkien Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2020.0005","url_text":"10.1353/tks.2020.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226646654","url_text":"226646654"}]},{"reference":"Croft, Janet Brennan (2005). \"Mithril Coats and Tin Ears: 'Anticipation' and 'Flattening' in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Films\". In Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings. Mythopoeic Press. p. 68. ISBN 1-887726-09-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft","url_text":"Croft, Janet Brennan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft","url_text":"Croft, Janet Brennan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society","url_text":"Mythopoeic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887726-09-8","url_text":"1-887726-09-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Innkeeper\". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/The-Lord-of-the-Rings/Innkeeper/","url_text":"\"Innkeeper\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Weatherley\". RBA Management. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220330060505/https://robertbruceagency.com/artist/david-weatherley/","url_text":"\"David Weatherley\""},{"url":"https://robertbruceagency.com/artist/david-weatherley/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inspector Morse actor James Grout dies at 84\". BBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18720117","url_text":"\"Inspector Morse actor James Grout dies at 84\""}]},{"reference":"\"Николай Буров\" [Nikolay Burov]. Kino-teatr.ru (in Russian). 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2023. 1991 Хранители (фильм-спектакль) Лавр Наркисс","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/m/ros/616/works/","url_text":"\"Николай Буров\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barliman Butterbur\". WhatCharacter. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatcharacter.com/Character/e991078c-8ebd-e611-80bb-001ec9e44883","url_text":"\"Barliman Butterbur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Whiteside\". NZonScreen. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/richard-whiteside/screenography","url_text":"\"Richard Whiteside\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Jason (22 May 2007). \"Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar\". GameChronicles. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamechronicles.com/reviews/pc/lotro/body.htm","url_text":"\"Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, A. D. (1993). A Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283131-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283131-6","url_text":"978-0-19-283131-6"}]},{"reference":"Rosebury, Brian (2003) [1992]. Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403-91263-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon","url_text":"Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403-91263-3","url_text":"978-1403-91263-3"}]},{"reference":"Shippey, Tom (2001). J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261-10401-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey","url_text":"Shippey, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century","url_text":"J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261-10401-3","url_text":"978-0261-10401-3"}]},{"reference":"Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey","url_text":"Shippey, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth","url_text":"The Road to Middle-Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750","url_text":"978-0261102750"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring","url_text":"The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","url_text":"9552942"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King","url_text":"The Return of the King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","url_text":"519647821"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. 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Elements of Style in the Namecraft of JRR Tolkien\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0027773812Z.00000000040","external_links_name":"10.1179/0027773812Z.00000000040"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190701701","external_links_name":"190701701"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3CwpDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood","external_links_name":"The Gospel According to Tolkien"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood/page/24","external_links_name":"24"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ambitiousbrewsto00maur","external_links_name":"Ambitious brew: the story of American beer"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ambitiousbrewsto00maur/page/70","external_links_name":"70"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/download/66170878/Honegger_2004_Bag_End.pdf","external_links_name":"News from the Shire and Beyond – Studies on Tolkien"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/download/64598790/walther_tolkien_studies_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lights behind Thick Curtains: Images of Fear and Familiarity in Tolkien\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2020.0005","external_links_name":"10.1353/tks.2020.0005"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226646654","external_links_name":"226646654"},{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/The-Lord-of-the-Rings/Innkeeper/","external_links_name":"\"Innkeeper\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220330060505/https://robertbruceagency.com/artist/david-weatherley/","external_links_name":"\"David Weatherley\""},{"Link":"https://robertbruceagency.com/artist/david-weatherley/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18720117","external_links_name":"\"Inspector Morse actor James Grout dies at 84\""},{"Link":"https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/m/ros/616/works/","external_links_name":"\"Николай Буров\""},{"Link":"https://whatcharacter.com/Character/e991078c-8ebd-e611-80bb-001ec9e44883","external_links_name":"\"Barliman Butterbur\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/richard-whiteside/screenography","external_links_name":"\"Richard Whiteside\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamechronicles.com/reviews/pc/lotro/body.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","external_links_name":"9552942"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","external_links_name":"519647821"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Orsini_Pio_Righetti | Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°53′43″N 12°28′23″E / 41.895337°N 12.472946°E / 41.895337; 12.472946Building in Rome, ItalyPalazzo Orsini Pio RighettiPalazzo PioPalazzo Orsini Pio RighettiGeneral informationLocationRome, Italy
The Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti (also Palazzo Pio) is a building in the Roman district of Parione. It was built around 1450 and lies on top of the ruins of the Temple of Venus Victrix of the Theatre of Pompey. In the 17th century the facade was redesigned. It overlooks other neighboring areas of Campo de' Fiori and Piazza del Biscione in Rome, Italy.
It was beneath the courtyard of this Palace on August 8, 1864, that a gilded bronze statue of Hercules was discovered in excellent condition. The statue was donated to Pope Pius IX and is now part of the exhibits of the Vatican Museum.
References
^ "Heracles". www.museivaticani.va. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
External links
Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
41°53′43″N 12°28′23″E / 41.895337°N 12.472946°E / 41.895337; 12.472946
This Lazio location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a palace in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Parione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parione"},{"link_name":"Venus Victrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey"},{"link_name":"Campo de' Fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Building in Rome, ItalyThe Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti (also Palazzo Pio) is a building in the Roman district of Parione. It was built around 1450 and lies on top of the ruins of the Temple of Venus Victrix of the Theatre of Pompey. In the 17th century the facade was redesigned. It overlooks other neighboring areas of Campo de' Fiori and Piazza del Biscione in Rome, Italy.It was beneath the courtyard of this Palace on August 8, 1864, that a gilded bronze statue of Hercules was discovered in excellent condition. The statue was donated to Pope Pius IX and is now part of the exhibits of the Vatican Museum.[1]","title":"Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heracles\". www.museivaticani.va. Retrieved 2022-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-pio-clementino/sala-rotonda/eracle.html","url_text":"\"Heracles\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Orsini_Pio_Righetti¶ms=41.895337_N_12.472946_E_region:IT-RM_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°53′43″N 12°28′23″E / 41.895337°N 12.472946°E / 41.895337; 12.472946"},{"Link":"https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-pio-clementino/sala-rotonda/eracle.html","external_links_name":"\"Heracles\""},{"Link":"https://www.info.roma.it/monumenti_dettaglio.asp?ID_schede=120","external_links_name":"Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9154327902726850161","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007410970505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2015001057","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Orsini_Pio_Righetti¶ms=41.895337_N_12.472946_E_region:IT-RM_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°53′43″N 12°28′23″E / 41.895337°N 12.472946°E / 41.895337; 12.472946"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Orsini_Pio_Righetti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Orsini_Pio_Righetti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themos_Asderis | Themos Asderis | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early years","1.2 AEK Athens","2 Managerial career","3 Honours","3.1 As a player","3.2 As a coach","4 References"] | Greek footballer and coach
Themos AsderisPersonal informationFull name
Themistoklis AsderisDate of birth
1900Place of birth
Constantinople, Ottoman EmpireDate of death
22 March 1975(1975-03-22) (aged 74–75)Place of death
Athens, GreecePosition(s)
DefenderYouth career
Enosis TataoulonSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1918–1923
Pera Club
1924–1929
AEK Athens
0
(0)Managerial career1931–1933
AEK Athens1936–1937
AEK Athens1943–1944
Panathinaikos1945–1947
Olympiacos1950–1951
Asteras Athens
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Themistoklis "Themos" Asderis (Greek: Θέμος Ασδέρης; 1900 – 22 March 1975) was a Greek footballer who played as a defender in the 1920s and later a manager. He was a pioneer of Greek football and one of the main founders of Pera Club and AEK Athens.
Club career
Early years
Players of Pera Club.
Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul) at the beginning of the century, in 1900 he started playing football from a young age, at the only clubs that had a football department at the time, Pera Club and Enosis Tataoulon. The black July 1922 struck the Hellenism and thousands of Greeks arrived in Greece. Most of them managed to reach Athens and one of them was 22-year-old Asderis. Struck by misfortune, they soon sought the daily life of the city, and two years after the war, they tried to play football in a poor, wounded and suspicious towards the refugees Greece.
AEK Athens
Some of those people, in a small place in the offices of the Young Men's Christian Brotherhood of Athens in the center of city, that were housed on Mitropoleos Street, decided to resurrect the Megali Idea, that was born in Constantinople and light the flame that was burning after their drama in 1922 and thus Athlitikí Énosis Konstantinoupόleos (Athletic Union of Constantinople, Greek: Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως) were created. Before two months had passed, the newly established AEK were staffed by an overwhelming majority of Constantinopolitan footballers. Among them, the right and central defender (in a 2-3-5 formation), Asderis. In those years, football was highly amateur and there was not a Greek Federation and AEK were training in the open field next to Temple of Olympian Zeus. He formed a great defending partnership alongside Miltos Ieremiadis, for the first 5 years of the club's excistance. Asderis was a small and fast footballer and had already reached the age of 28 when AEK informally acquired their home ground in Nea Filadelfeia and managed to play on the soil of Filadelfeia before retiring from football in 1929, at the young age of 29.
Managerial career
AEK at 1932 Cup.
Asderis started his career as a referee almost immediately after his retirement as a football player in 1930 and refereed football matches in both Athens and Thessaloniki for a season, but with meager results. In fact, he, alongside Sotiris Asprogerakas and the Hungarian former coach of AEK, Josef Sveg, were among the few pre-war referees in the history of Greek football.
He was one of the few people who had contact with the sport and very quickly returned to his "home", as he took over the technical leadership of AEK, after the removal of Emil Rauchmaul. With AEK he won the first Cup in the history of the institution, on 8 November 1931 against Aris with 5–3 at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. In the same year, the state-run newspaper "Acropolis" organized a Christmas Cup in Athens with the participation of AEK, Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Apollon Athens and the Austrian Admira Wacker. AEK also won the "Acropolis Cup" with 4–3, to a surprise of the Austrian fans and became the first team to win two Cups in a season with Asderis as their coach.
He remained at the bench of AEK until 1933 and later returned the team alongside Kostas Negrepontis in a period of decline for the team. AEK after the renewal and the arrival of the players of their academy, which was the first in Greece, such as Kleanthis Maropoulos, Tryfon Tzanetis and Michalis Delavinias, were ready to start their domestic domination. In 1937 AEK did not participate in the championship because they planned to return to their roots. They traveled to Istanbul in an intense emotional charge and participated in mini tournaments with Güneş and Fenerbahçe. They lost in the first game to the Turkish champions 2–1, but beat Fenerbahçe 3–2. At that time the club was ready for big things and proved it with the first double in the history of Greek football in the 1939. The following season was the last appearance of Asderis on the bench of AEK, again as an intermediate link in the tenure of Negrepontis. The team won the championship again and looked to the future with optimism, since their generation of players was unique and won their opponents with great ease. Unfortunately, the World War II came, as Mussolini ordered his troops to invade Greece after the historic refusal of Metaxas to surrender the country to the Italians and football was no longer priority.
Asderis spent a period at Panathinaikos, where he helped them stand alongside the other Constantinopolitan and founding member of AEK Fokiona, Dimitriadis, during the very difficult years of the Occupation. With the release of Greece and the restart of the national football championships, came the call from Olympiacos. Asderis became the first coach in the history of Greek football to work in all the clubs of the big three (followed by Helmut Senekowitsch and Jacek Gmoch) and at Olympiacos more mature than ever, he won the championship, as well as the Cup of 1947. Asderis was also part of the technical staff during three of the four spells of Negrepontis on the bench of Greece. In 1951 and at the age of 50, the Asderis retired from active role, having done everything in football as a footballer, as a coach and as a referee. He had written his name in the history of both AEK Athens and Olympiacos with a domestic double. Asderis had lived a life full of football, that ended on 22 March 1975, when he left his last breath in Athens.
Honours
As a player
Pera Club
Turkish Championship: 1922
As a coach
AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 1931–32
Olympiacos
Panhellenic Championship: 1946–47
Greek Cup: 1946–47
Piraeus FCA Championship: 1946, 1947
References
^ "Οι πιονιέροι του ποδοσφαίρου: Θέμος Ασδέρης". 28 November 2019.
^ "Θέμος Ασδέρης". aekpedia.com.
^ "Οι άνθρωποι στην άκρη του "πράσινου" πάγκου". pao.gr.
^ "Το πρώτο νταμπλ του Ολυμπιακού". oldfootball.gr.
^ "Ο Βαλβέρδε των ρεκόρ!". sport24.gr.
^ "Στον αθλητισμό... σαν σήμερα". enikos.gr. 18 October 2013.
^ "Από την Πέρα Κλουμπ στην ΑΕΚ!". aek-live.gr. 22 March 2014.
Themos Asderis managerial positions
vteAEK Athens F.C. – managers
Sveg (1927–28)
Rauchmaul (1930–31)
Asderis (1931–33)
Negrepontis (1933–36)
Asderis (1936–37)
Negrepontis (1937–48)
Daispangosc (1948)
Beby (1948–51)
Tzanetis (1951–52)
Magnozzi (1952–53)
Crawford (1953–54)
Daispangos (1954)
Tzanetis (1954–55)
Negrepontis (1955–56)
Negrepontis (1955–57)
Tzanetis (1957)
Martini (1957–58)
Negrepontis (1958–59)
Aurednik (1959–60)
Tzanetis (1960–62)
Csaknády (1962–63)
Müller (1963–64)
Kokotović (1964–65)
Tzanetis (1965–67)
Csaknády (1967–68)
Stanković (1968–73)
Chatzimichailc (1973)
Bingham (1973)
Anderson (1973–74)
Chatzimichailc (1974)
Fadrhonc (1974–77)
Stamatiadisc (1977)
Čajkovski (1977–78)
Puskás (1978–79)
Stamatiadis (1979)
Stessl (1979–80)
Papapostolou (1980–81)
Tilkowski (1981)
Čajkovski (1982)
Nestoridisc (1983)
Senekowitsch (1983)
Barnwell (1983)
Senekowitsch (1983–84)
Nestoridis (1984)
Halama (1984)
Georgiadis (1984–85)
Gmoch (1985–86)
Fafié (1986)
Alefantos (1986–87)
Christidisc (1987)
Veselinović (1987–88)
Bajević (1988–96)
Ravousis (1996–97)
Dumitriu (1997–98)
Minouc (1998)
Stepanović (1998)
Karagiozopoulosc (1998)
Blokhin (1998–99)
Tumbaković (1999–2000)
Karagiozopoulosc (2000)
Pathiakakis (2000–01)
Savevski (2001)
Santos (2001–02)
Bajević (2002–04)
Dumitrescu (2004)
Santos (2004–06)
Ferrer (2006–08)
Kostenoglou (2008)
Donis (2008)
Bajević (2008–10)
Kolac (2010)
Jiménez (2010–11)
Kostenoglou (2011–12)
Vlachos (2012)
Papadopoulosc (2012)
Lienen (2012–13)
Dellas (2013–15)
Manolasc (2015)
Poyet (2015–16)
Manolasc (2016)
Ketsbaia (2016)
Morais (2016–17)
Jiménez (2017–18)
Ouzounidis (2018–19)
Jiménez (2019)
Cardoso (2019)
Kostenoglou (2019)
Carrera (2019–20)
Jiménez (2020–21)
Milojević (2021)
Giannikis (2021–22)
Ofrydopoulosc (2022)
Almeyda (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePanathinaikos F.C. – managers
Campbell (1908–14)
Kalafatis (1914–16)
Barnes (1916–17)
Kalafatis (1917–23)
Nikolaidis (1923–28)
Forner (1928–29)
Künsztler (1929–34)
Bem (1934–35)
Künsztler (1935–39)
Dimitriadis (1939–41)
Asderis (1943–44)
Th. Nikolaidis (1944)
Ypofantis (1944)
Migiakis (1945–48)
Strnad (1948–50)
Migiakis (1950–51)
Game (1951–53)
Glišović (1953–58)
Zsolnai (1958–59)
Migiakis (1959–60)
Game (1960–63)
Bobek (1963–67)
Guttmann (1967)
Hohberg (1968)
Petropoulos (1968–70)
Puskás (1970–74)
Bobek (1974–75)
Moreira (1975–76)
Górski (1976–78)
Petropoulos (1979)
Pesaola (1979–80)
Allen (1980)
Papaemmanouil (1980)
Senekowitsch (1980–81)
Petropoulos (1981–82)
Kovács (1982–83)
Papaemmanouil (1983)
Tsakos (1983)
Gmoch (1983–85)
Packert (1985–86)
Ivić (1986)
Daniil (1986–88)
Bengtsson (1988–89)
Bonev (1989–90)
Daniil (1990–92)
Osim (1992–94)
Rocha (1994–96)
Zajec (1996–97)
Daniil (1997–99)
Rocha (1999)
Kyrastas (1999–2000)
Anastasiadis (2000–01)
Kyrastas (2001)
Markarián (2001–02)
Santos (2002)
Markarián (2002–03)
Shum (2003–04)
Ščasný (2004–05)
Filakouris (2005)
Malesani (2005–06)
Backe (2006)
Velić (2006)
Muñoz (2006–07)
Peseiro (2007–08)
Ten Cate (2008–09)
Nioplias (2009–10)
Gmoch (2010)
Ferreira (2010–12)
Rocha (2012–13)
Fabri (2013)
Vonortas (2013)
Anastasiou (2013–15)
Stramaccioni (2015–16)
Ouzounidis (2016–18)
Donis (2018–20)
Poyatos (2020)
Bölöni (2020–21)
Jovanović (2021–23)
Terim (2023–24)
vteOlympiacos F.C. – managers
Andrianopoulos (1925–27)
Kopřiva (1927–30)
Kovács (1930–32)
Esser (1932–33)
Kopřiva (1933–34)
Pispaloou (1934–35)
Panopoulos (1935–36)
Kopsiva (1936–37)
Lantz (1937–38)
Esser (1938–1941)
Asderis (1945–47)
Symeonidis (1948–50)
V. Chelmis (1950–53)
Symeonidis (1953–55)
Negrepontis (1955)
G. Chelmis (1956)
Dragićević (1956–57)
Kemény (1957–58)
Vale (1958–60)
Simonovski (1960–62)
Chatzistavridis (1962)
G. Chelmis (1962–63)
Dolgos (1963–64)
Cserna (1964–65)
Bukovi (1965–67)
Kinley (1967–68)
Spajić (1968–69)
Bebisc (1969)
Bobek (1969–70)
Yfantisc (1970)
Georgiadis (1970–71)
Darivasc (1971)
Petropoulosc (1971)
Ashman (1972)
Petropoulos (1972–75)
Darivas (1975)
Buckingham (1975–76)
Darivas (1976)
Shannon (1976–77)
Veselinović (1977–80)
Górski (1980–81)
Senekowitsch (1981)
Panagoulias (1981–83)
Górski (1983)
Höher (1983)
Bebisc (1983)
Alefantos (1983–84)
Bebisc (1984)
Keßler (1984–85)
Bebisc (1985)
Georgiadis (1985–86)
Panagoulias (1986–87)
Grigoriadisc (1987)
Libregts (1987–88)
Grigoriadisc (1988)
Gmoch (1988–89)
Papamalisc (1989)
Gounarisc (1989)
Papapostolou (1989)
Komora (1989–90)
Blokhin (1990–93)
Georgiadis (1993)
Filisc (1993)
Petrović (1993)
Polychroniou (1993–94)
Alefantos (1994)
Gioutsosc (1994)
Libregts (1994–95)
Diamantopoulos (1995–96)
Persias (1996)
Bajević (1996–99)
Bigon (1999–00)
Mantzourakis (2000)
Lemonis (2000–02)
Kolliasc (2002)
Katanec (2002–03)
Protasov (2003–04)
Gogićc (2004)
Alefantos (2004)
Bajević (2004–05)
Sollied (2005–06)
Lemonis (2006–08)
Segurac (2008)
Valverde (2008–09)
Ketsbaia (2009)
Bandovićc (2009)
Zico (2009–10)
Bandovićc (2010)
Lienen (2010)
Valverde (2010–12)
Jardim (2012–13)
Nikopolidisc (2013)
Míchel (2013–15)
Pereira (2015)
Silva (2015–16)
Víctor (2016)
Bento (2016–17)
Vouzasc (2017)
Lemonis (2017–18)
García (2018)
Kontisc (2018)
Martins (2018–22)
Corberán (2022)
Míchel (2022–23)
Anigoc (2023)
Martínez (2023)
Carvalhal (2023–24)
Mendilibar (2024–)
(c) = Caretaker Manager | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Pera Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu_S.K."},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.E.K._(sports_club)"}],"text":"Themistoklis \"Themos\" Asderis (Greek: Θέμος Ασδέρης; 1900 – 22 March 1975) was a Greek footballer who played as a defender in the 1920s and later a manager. He was a pioneer of Greek football and one of the main founders of Pera Club and AEK Athens.","title":"Themos Asderis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pera_Club.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Pera Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu_S.K."},{"link_name":"black July 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Hellenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Players of Pera Club.Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul) at the beginning of the century, in 1900 he started playing football from a young age, at the only clubs that had a football department at the time, Pera Club and Enosis Tataoulon. The black July 1922 struck the Hellenism and thousands of Greeks arrived in Greece. Most of them managed to reach Athens and one of them was 22-year-old Asderis. Struck by misfortune, they soon sought the daily life of the city, and two years after the war, they tried to play football in a poor, wounded and suspicious towards the refugees Greece.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megali Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megali_Idea"},{"link_name":"Athlitikí Énosis Konstantinoupόleos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"2-3-5 formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#2%E2%80%933%E2%80%935_(Pyramid)"},{"link_name":"Temple of Olympian Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens"},{"link_name":"Nea Filadelfeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Filadelfeia"},{"link_name":"the soil of Filadelfeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Goumas_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"AEK Athens","text":"Some of those people, in a small place in the offices of the Young Men's Christian Brotherhood of Athens in the center of city, that were housed on Mitropoleos Street, decided to resurrect the Megali Idea, that was born in Constantinople and light the flame that was burning after their drama in 1922 and thus Athlitikí Énosis Konstantinoupόleos (Athletic Union of Constantinople, Greek: Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως) were created. Before two months had passed, the newly established AEK were staffed by an overwhelming majority of Constantinopolitan footballers. Among them, the right and central defender (in a 2-3-5 formation), Asderis. In those years, football was highly amateur and there was not a Greek Federation and AEK were training in the open field next to Temple of Olympian Zeus. He formed a great defending partnership alongside Miltos Ieremiadis, for the first 5 years of the club's excistance. Asderis was a small and fast footballer and had already reached the age of 28 when AEK informally acquired their home ground in Nea Filadelfeia and managed to play on the soil of Filadelfeia before retiring from football in 1929, at the young age of 29.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aek_FC_1932_Cup_winner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"5–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931-32_Greek_Football_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"Leoforos Alexandras Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoforos_Alexandras_Stadium"},{"link_name":"\"Acropolis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropolis_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.K.#Cristmas_Cup"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Apollon Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Smyrnis_F.C."},{"link_name":"Admira Wacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Admira_Wacker_M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"Kostas Negrepontis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Negrepontis"},{"link_name":"Kleanthis Maropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleanthis_Maropoulos"},{"link_name":"Tryfon Tzanetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryfon_Tzanetis"},{"link_name":"Michalis Delavinias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis_Delavinias"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Panhellenic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Güneş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_S.K."},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"invade Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"refusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohi_Day"},{"link_name":"Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"big three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Helmut Senekowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Senekowitsch"},{"link_name":"Jacek Gmoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Gmoch"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Panhellenic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"AEK at 1932 Cup.Asderis started his career as a referee almost immediately after his retirement as a football player in 1930 and refereed football matches in both Athens and Thessaloniki for a season, but with meager results. In fact, he, alongside Sotiris Asprogerakas and the Hungarian former coach of AEK, Josef Sveg, were among the few pre-war referees in the history of Greek football.He was one of the few people who had contact with the sport and very quickly returned to his \"home\", as he took over the technical leadership of AEK, after the removal of Emil Rauchmaul. With AEK he won the first Cup in the history of the institution, on 8 November 1931 against Aris with 5–3 at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. In the same year, the state-run newspaper \"Acropolis\" organized a Christmas Cup in Athens with the participation of AEK, Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Apollon Athens and the Austrian Admira Wacker. AEK also won the \"Acropolis Cup\" with 4–3, to a surprise of the Austrian fans and became the first team to win two Cups in a season with Asderis as their coach.He remained at the bench of AEK until 1933 and later returned the team alongside Kostas Negrepontis in a period of decline for the team. AEK after the renewal and the arrival of the players of their academy, which was the first in Greece, such as Kleanthis Maropoulos, Tryfon Tzanetis and Michalis Delavinias, were ready to start their domestic domination. In 1937 AEK did not participate in the championship because they planned to return to their roots. They traveled to Istanbul in an intense emotional charge and participated in mini tournaments with Güneş and Fenerbahçe. They lost in the first game to the Turkish champions 2–1, but beat Fenerbahçe 3–2. At that time the club was ready for big things and proved it with the first double in the history of Greek football in the 1939. The following season was the last appearance of Asderis on the bench of AEK, again as an intermediate link in the tenure of Negrepontis. The team won the championship again and looked to the future with optimism, since their generation of players was unique and won their opponents with great ease. Unfortunately, the World War II came, as Mussolini ordered his troops to invade Greece after the historic refusal of Metaxas to surrender the country to the Italians and football was no longer priority.[2]Asderis spent a period at Panathinaikos,[3] where he helped them stand alongside the other Constantinopolitan and founding member of AEK Fokiona, Dimitriadis, during the very difficult years of the Occupation. With the release of Greece and the restart of the national football championships, came the call from Olympiacos. Asderis became the first coach in the history of Greek football to work in all the clubs of the big three (followed by Helmut Senekowitsch and Jacek Gmoch) and at Olympiacos more mature than ever, he won the championship, as well as the Cup of 1947.[4][5] Asderis was also part of the technical staff during three of the four spells of Negrepontis on the bench of Greece. In 1951 and at the age of 50, the Asderis retired from active role, having done everything in football as a footballer, as a coach and as a referee. He had written his name in the history of both AEK Athens and Olympiacos with a domestic double. Asderis had lived a life full of football, that ended on 22 March 1975, when he left his last breath in Athens.[6][7]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Football_Championship"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"Pera ClubTurkish Championship: 1922","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"1931–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Panhellenic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Panhellenic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Piraeus FCA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus_Football_Clubs_Association"}],"sub_title":"As a coach","text":"AEK AthensGreek Cup: 1931–32OlympiacosPanhellenic Championship: 1946–47\nGreek Cup: 1946–47\nPiraeus FCA Championship: 1946, 1947","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Players of Pera Club.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Pera_Club.jpg/220px-Pera_Club.jpg"},{"image_text":"AEK at 1932 Cup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aek_FC_1932_Cup_winner.jpg/300px-Aek_FC_1932_Cup_winner.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Οι πιονιέροι του ποδοσφαίρου: Θέμος Ασδέρης\". 28 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletestories.gr/oi-pioneroi-tou-podosfairou-themos-asderis/","url_text":"\"Οι πιονιέροι του ποδοσφαίρου: Θέμος Ασδέρης\""}]},{"reference":"\"Θέμος Ασδέρης\". aekpedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aekpedia.com/2015/05/28/asderis/","url_text":"\"Θέμος Ασδέρης\""}]},{"reference":"\"Οι άνθρωποι στην άκρη του \"πράσινου\" πάγκου\". pao.gr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pao.gr/historyitem/all-time-coaches/","url_text":"\"Οι άνθρωποι στην άκρη του \"πράσινου\" πάγκου\""}]},{"reference":"\"Το πρώτο νταμπλ του Ολυμπιακού\". oldfootball.gr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldfootball.gr/sansimera/item/234-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D.html","url_text":"\"Το πρώτο νταμπλ του Ολυμπιακού\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ο Βαλβέρδε των ρεκόρ!\". sport24.gr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport24.gr/football/o-valverde-ton-rekor.8021696.html","url_text":"\"Ο Βαλβέρδε των ρεκόρ!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Στον αθλητισμό... σαν σήμερα\". enikos.gr. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enikos.gr/various/222505/ston-athlitismo-san-simera","url_text":"\"Στον αθλητισμό... σαν σήμερα\""}]},{"reference":"\"Από την Πέρα Κλουμπ στην ΑΕΚ!\". aek-live.gr. 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aek-live.gr/%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%cf%80%ce%ad%cf%81%ce%b1-%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bc%cf%80-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%b1%ce%b5%ce%ba/","url_text":"\"Από την Πέρα Κλουμπ στην ΑΕΚ!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://athletestories.gr/oi-pioneroi-tou-podosfairou-themos-asderis/","external_links_name":"\"Οι πιονιέροι του ποδοσφαίρου: Θέμος Ασδέρης\""},{"Link":"http://www.aekpedia.com/2015/05/28/asderis/","external_links_name":"\"Θέμος Ασδέρης\""},{"Link":"https://www.pao.gr/historyitem/all-time-coaches/","external_links_name":"\"Οι άνθρωποι στην άκρη του \"πράσινου\" πάγκου\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldfootball.gr/sansimera/item/234-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D.html","external_links_name":"\"Το πρώτο νταμπλ του Ολυμπιακού\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport24.gr/football/o-valverde-ton-rekor.8021696.html","external_links_name":"\"Ο Βαλβέρδε των ρεκόρ!\""},{"Link":"http://www.enikos.gr/various/222505/ston-athlitismo-san-simera","external_links_name":"\"Στον αθλητισμό... σαν σήμερα\""},{"Link":"https://www.aek-live.gr/%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%cf%80%ce%ad%cf%81%ce%b1-%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bc%cf%80-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%b1%ce%b5%ce%ba/","external_links_name":"\"Από την Πέρα Κλουμπ στην ΑΕΚ!\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Copeland | John Copeland | ["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 NFL statistics","4 Coaching","5 References"] | American football player (born 1970)
This article is about the American football player. For the American abolitionist, see John Anthony Copeland Jr. For the Medieval English knight, see John de Coupland.
American football player
John CopelandNo. 92Position:Defensive linemanPersonal informationBorn: (1970-09-20) September 20, 1970 (age 53)Lanett, Alabama, U.S.Height:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:285 lb (129 kg)Career informationHigh school:Valley (Valley, Alabama)College:AlabamaNFL draft:1993 / Round: 1 / Pick: 5Career history
Cincinnati Bengals (1993–2001)
Career highlights and awards
PFWA All-Rookie Team (1993)
Consensus national championship (1992)
Consensus All-American (1992)
First-team All-SEC (1992)
Second-team All-SEC (1991)
Career NFL statisticsGames played:107Games started:102Tackles:324Sacks:24.0Forced fumbles:9Touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR
John Anthony Copeland (born September 20, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played college football for the University of Alabama, was recognized as an All-American and was a member of a national championship team in 1992. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the 1993 NFL draft, and he played his entire pro career for the Bengals.
Early life
Copeland was born in Lanett, Alabama. He attended Valley High School in Valley, Alabama, where he played high school football for the Valley Rams.
College career
Copeland initially attended Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi, but later received an athletic scholarship to transfer to the University of Alabama, and played for coach Gene Stallings' Alabama Crimson Tide football teams. Paired with fellow defensive end Eric Curry on opposite ends of the Crimson Tide's defensive line, the two ends were key contributors to the team's No. 1 ranked defense in 1992, when both of Curry and Copeland were recognized as consensus first-team All-Americans. As a senior, he was a member of the Crimson Tide team that won the consensus national championship by defeating the Miami Hurricanes 34–13 in the Sugar Bowl.
Professional career
The Cincinnati Bengals selected Copeland in the first round (fifth pick overall) of the 1993 NFL draft. He played for the Bengals from 1993 to 2000. In eight NFL seasons, he played in 107 regular season games, started 102 of them, and compiled 324 tackles, 24.0 quarterback sacks, nine forced fumbles, three interceptions and a touchdown on a fumble recovery .
NFL statistics
Year
Team
Games
Combined Tackles
Tackles
Assisted Tackles
Sacks
Forced Fumbles
Fumble Recoveries
1993
CIN
14
47
42
5
3.0
2
0
1994
CIN
12
40
35
5
1.0
1
0
1995
CIN
16
61
53
8
9.0
2
0
1996
CIN
13
40
33
7
3.0
1
0
1997
CIN
15
49
35
14
3.0
0
2
1998
CIN
5
5
5
0
0.0
0
0
1999
CIN
16
37
28
9
4.0
2
0
2000
CIN
16
39
32
7
1.0
0
1
Career
107
318
263
55
24.0
8
3
Coaching
He was the head coach and off-season strength and conditioning coach for the Tuscaloosa Academy Knights in Tuscaloosa, Alabama but was relieved of his duties on July 29, 2020.
References
^ National Football League, Historical Players, John Copeland. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
^ databaseFootball.com, Players, John Copeland Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
^ "1993 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
^ a b "John Copeland Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
^ "John Copeland Stats". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
^ Tuscaloosa Academy, Athletics, TA Knights Varsity Football Archived February 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
vte1992 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions
Jay Barker
Mickey Conn
John Copeland
Eric Curry
Lemanski Hall
Dameian Jeffries
Antonio Langham
Derrick Lassic
Kevin Lee
Antonio London
Kris Mangum
Jeremy Nunley
Derrick Oden
David Palmer
Andre Royal
Sam Shade
Dabo Swinney
George Teague
Sherman Williams
Prince Wimbley
Head coach
Gene Stallings
Assistant coaches
Mike DuBose
Jim Fuller
Ellis Johnson
Larry Kirksey
Mal Moore
Bill Oliver
Danny Pearman
vte1992 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsOffense
QB Gino Torretta
RB Marshall Faulk
RB Garrison Hearst
WR O. J. McDuffie
WR Sean Dawkins
TE Chris Gedney
OL Lincoln Kennedy
OL Will Shields
OL Aaron Taylor
OL Willie Roaf
OL Everett Lindsay
C Mike Compton
Defense
DL Eric Curry
DL John Copeland
DL Chris Slade
DL Rob Waldrop
LB Marcus Buckley
LB Marvin Jones
LB Micheal Barrow
DB Carlton McDonald
DB Carlton Gray
DB Deon Figures
DB Ryan McNeil
Special teams
PK Joe Allison
P Sean Snyder
vte1993 NFL draft first-round selections
Drew Bledsoe
Rick Mirer
Garrison Hearst
Marvin Jones
John Copeland
Eric Curry
Curtis Conway
Willie Roaf
Lincoln Kennedy
Jerome Bettis
Dan Williams
Patrick Bates
Brad Hopkins
Steve Everitt
Wayne Simmons
Sean Dawkins
Tom Carter
Ernest Dye
Lester Holmes
Irv Smith
Robert Smith
Darrien Gordon
Deon Figures
Leonard Renfro
O. J. McDuffie
Dana Stubblefield
Todd Kelly
Thomas Smith
George Teague
vteCincinnati Bengals 1993 NFL draft selections
John Copeland
Tony McGee
Steve Tovar
Ty Parten
Marcello Simmons
Forey Duckett
Tom Scott
Lance Gunn
Doug Pelfrey
vteCincinnati Bengals first-round draft picks
Johnson
Cook
Reid
Holland
White
Curtis
Kollar
Cameron
Brooks
Griffin
Edwards
Whitley
Cobb
Browner
Bush
Thompson
Alexander
Muñoz
Verser
Collins
Rimington
Hunley
Koch
Blados
Brown
King
Kelly
McGee
Buck
Dixon
Francis
A. Williams
Klingler
D. Williams
Copeland
Wilkinson
Carter
Anderson
Wilson
Spikes
Simmons
Ak. Smith
Warrick
J. Smith
Jones
Palmer
Perry
Pollack
Joseph
Hall
Rivers
An. Smith
Gresham
Green
Kirkpatrick
Zeitler
Eifert
Dennard
Ogbuehi
Jackson III
Ross
Price
J. Williams
Burrow
Chase
Hill
Murphy
Mims | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Anthony Copeland Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr."},{"link_name":"John de Coupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Coupland"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"1993 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NFL_draft"}],"text":"This article is about the American football player. For the American abolitionist, see John Anthony Copeland Jr. For the Medieval English knight, see John de Coupland.American football playerJohn Anthony Copeland (born September 20, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played college football for the University of Alabama, was recognized as an All-American and was a member of a national championship team in 1992. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the 1993 NFL draft, and he played his entire pro career for the Bengals.","title":"John Copeland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanett, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanett,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nflprofile-1"},{"link_name":"Valley, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbfprofile-2"},{"link_name":"high school football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"}],"text":"Copeland was born in Lanett, Alabama.[1] He attended Valley High School in Valley, Alabama,[2] where he played high school football for the Valley Rams.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinds Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinds_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Raymond, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"athletic scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Gene Stallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Stallings"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"Eric Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Curry"},{"link_name":"consensus national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-A_national_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Miami Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Sugar_Bowl"}],"text":"Copeland initially attended Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi, but later received an athletic scholarship to transfer to the University of Alabama, and played for coach Gene Stallings' Alabama Crimson Tide football teams. Paired with fellow defensive end Eric Curry on opposite ends of the Crimson Tide's defensive line, the two ends were key contributors to the team's No. 1 ranked defense in 1992, when both of Curry and Copeland were recognized as consensus first-team All-Americans. As a senior, he was a member of the Crimson Tide team that won the consensus national championship by defeating the Miami Hurricanes 34–13 in the Sugar Bowl.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfrprofile-4"},{"link_name":"quarterback sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback_sack"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfrprofile-4"}],"text":"The Cincinnati Bengals selected Copeland in the first round (fifth pick overall) of the 1993 NFL draft.[3] He played for the Bengals from 1993 to 2000.[4] In eight NFL seasons, he played in 107 regular season games, started 102 of them, and compiled 324 tackles, 24.0 quarterback sacks, nine forced fumbles, three interceptions and a touchdown on a fumble recovery .[4]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-5"}],"sub_title":"NFL statistics","text":"[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa_Academy"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He was the head coach and off-season strength and conditioning coach for the Tuscaloosa Academy Knights in Tuscaloosa, Alabama but was relieved of his duties on July 29, 2020.[6]","title":"Coaching"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1993 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1993/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1993 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Copeland Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CopeJo20.htm","url_text":"\"John Copeland Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Copeland Stats\". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved May 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/411/john-copeland","url_text":"\"John Copeland Stats\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CopeJo20.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/player/johncopeland/2500195/profile","external_links_name":"John Copeland"},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=COPELJOH01","external_links_name":"John Copeland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324064459/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=COPELJOH01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1993/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"1993 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CopeJo20.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Copeland Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/411/john-copeland","external_links_name":"\"John Copeland Stats\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuscaloosaacademy.org/athletics/football/varsity.html","external_links_name":"TA Knights Varsity Football"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120202185858/http://www.tuscaloosaacademy.org/athletics/football/varsity.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gu%C3%A9rard | Robert Guérard | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"] | French monk and scholar
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Robert Guérard (1641 – 2 January 1715) was a French Benedictine scholar of the Congregation of St. Maur.
Life
Guérard was born at Rouen. For some time, he collaborated at Saint-Denys in the Maurist edition of the works of Augustine of Hippo. In 1675, however, he had to leave Saint-Denys by order of Louis XIV, who wrongly suspected him of having had a hand in the publication of L'Abbé commendataire, a work which severely criticized the practice of holding and bestowing abbeys, etc., in commendam.
His superior sent him to the monastery of Notre Dame at Ambronay, in the Diocese of Belley. While in exile, he discovered at the Carthusian monastery of Portes a manuscript of Augustine's Opus imperfectum against Julian of Eclanum, which was afterwards used in the Maurist edition of Augustine's works.
After a year of exile, he was recalled, and spent the rest of his life successively at Fécamp Abbey and at the monastery of Saint-Ouen, where he died.
Works
He is the author of a biblical work entitled "L'Abrégé de la sainte Bible en forme de questions et de réponses familières", which he published at Rouen in 1707 (later edition, Paris, 1745).
References
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Robert Guérard". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The entry cites:
Tassin, Histoire literaire de la Congr. de St-Maur (Brussels, 1770), 372–4;
BERLIERE, Nouveau Supplement a l'hist. lit. de la Congr. de St-Maur (Paris, 1908), I, 270;
MICHAUD, Biographie universelle, s.v.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Candle | Yankee Candle | ["1 History","2 Flagship store","3 Outlet stores","4 Products","5 COVID-19","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American manufacturer and retailer
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yankee Candle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Yankee Candle Company, Inc.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryConsumer productsFounded1969; 55 years ago (1969)FounderMichael KittredgeHeadquartersSouth Deerfield, Massachusetts, U.S.Number of locations267 as of January 2022RevenueUS$ 844.2 million (2013)ParentNewell Brands (2015–present)Websiteyankeecandle.com
The Yankee Candle Company, Inc., doing business as Yankee Candle, is an American manufacturer and retailer of scented candles, candleholders, accessories, and dinnerware. Its products are sold by thousands of gift shops nationwide, through catalogs, and online, and in nearly 50 countries around the world. The company operates just over 260 small-box format stores, located in malls across 43 U.S. states and Ontario, and is the largest candle manufacturer in the United States. The company is headquartered in South Deerfield, Massachusetts.
The Jarden Corporation agreed to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion in the fall of 2013. In 2015, Newell Rubbermaid announced that it would acquire Jarden for over $15 billion of cash and stock.
History
The Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New Jersey
Yankee Candle Company was started in South Hadley, Massachusetts when Michael Kittredge, originally from Holyoke, Massachusetts, created his first scented candle, Christmas 1969, from melted crayons as a gift for his mother. Neighbors began expressing interest in buying his creations, and Kittredge began producing them in larger quantities. The company itself was founded with help from Donald MacIver and Susan Obremski, who were high school friends with Kittredge. MacIver helped fund the start-up business with earnings from his part-time job. Candle production grew considerably after Obremski's father devised a "heated room", which enabled cost-saving liquid wax deliveries at the first factory site in Holyoke. Obremski's invention of a turntable taper wheel allowed production to double, while at the same time decreasing the need for more labor hours. In 1975, she managed the first Yankee Candle Shop located where the Village Commons in South Hadley now stands.
The company slowly expanded and moved to South Deerfield in 1983.
After a cancer scare in 1993, Kittredge started handing the company over to a friend and employee. In 1998, he sold the company to New York-based private equity company Forstmann Little for $500 million. Forstmann took the company public in 1999, and in 2001, hired Craig Rydin as a CEO. Rydin launched a major advertising campaign and the line was picked up by mass retailers Linens-N-Things and Bed Bath & Beyond, pushing sales to their highest levels yet. Kittredge remained the company's chairman emeritus.
Grounds outside the candle making museum
During the summer of 2006, Yankee Candle purchased Illuminations, a Petaluma, California-based, multi-channel retailer of high quality candles and home accessories. Although the two companies were similar, the names were separated, with Illuminations being aimed at a different demographic. The Illuminations brand and web store were phased out in early 2009.
On February 6, 2007, the company was acquired by the private equity group of Madison Dearborn Partners LLC for approximately $1.6 billion.
The founder, Michael Kittredge, in a return to high quality manufacturing created Kringle Candle, with his son Michael (Mike).
In October 2012 Yankee Candle Europe launched their Consumer Direct website offering their products direct to consumers.
In 2013, Jarden acquired Yankee Candle. A further merger in 2016 saw Jarden purchased by Newell Rubbermaid and combined into the new company Newell Brands.
In 2017 Newell Brands acquired Smith Mountain Industries, makers of the Woodwick brand of candles. Woodwick candles are now a premium brand sold by Yankee Candle. The candles have a wooden wick that crackles when burned, and use a blend of paraffin and soy wax to reduce spatter and residue.
Flagship store
Yankee Candle flagship store in Deerfield, MA
Yankee Candle's flagship store, which opened in 1982, is located in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. It features all available Yankee Candles as well as kitchen and home accessories, New England crafts, gifts and collectibles, a toy shop, picnic grounds and a "Bavarian Christmas Village" filled with decorated Christmas trees and a toy train that runs through to Santa's Workshop, where animated elves and an 'assembly line' for wooden vehicles surround Santa Claus's desk. Visitors can dip their own candles in a specially equipped area, make wax molds of their hands, or create their own unique candle. There is also a candle making museum and a Hillside Pizza cafe on site.
A second flagship store was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2005. At 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2), it was a popular tourist destination. The Williamsburg store closed for good in April 2021.
Interior of the Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New Jersey
Outlet stores
Yankee Candle has a total of 55 outlet stores in the United States.
Products
Yankee Candle Company markets an array of products, including candles of various scents and sizes, scented wax tarts, candle accessories, votive candles (samplers), votive candle holders, tart warmers, jar toppers (for use with the Housewarmer line of candles), reed diffusers, Electric Home Fragrance units (scented wall plug-ins), car scents, room sprays, Good Air products and more. They also periodically release a range of limited edition candles such as 'Chocolate Layer Cake'.
COVID-19
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, social media users observed a correlation between increases in reported COVID-19 cases and negative reviews of Yankee Candle products. Individuals scraping review data of both scented and unscented candles on Amazon.com found an increase in negative reviews for scented candles, with the proportion of reviews complaining of a lack of aroma also growing. In comparison, unscented candles did not exhibit this pattern.
As one of the symptoms of COVID-19 is loss of smell, this suggests that the increase in positive cases is causing more consumers to be unable to smell their scented candles. This correlation has been called the "Yankee Candle Index".
See also
Yankee Candle Co. v. New England Candle Co.
References
^ a b "Find a store" (PDF). www.yankeecandle.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ Ng, Serena (September 3, 2013). "Yankee Candle Agrees to $1.75 Billion Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "The Yankee Candle Company, Inc". OpenCorporates. June 1, 1976. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
^ As of April 2021, the following states do not have a Yankee Candle store: Alaska, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Vermont, and Wyoming.
^ Roumeliotis, Greg (September 3, 2013). "Jarden to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "Historical Timeline". Yankee Candle. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
^ " 크리스마스 선물에서 시작된 '양키캔들'의 창시자 '마이클 키트 릿지'". 시선뉴스 (in Korean). February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
^ a b Whelan, David (January 11, 2004). "Letting Go". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 18, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
^ "Yankee Candle Profile - BostonJobSource.com". bostonjobsource.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
^ a b "The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. Agrees to Acquire the Illuminations Brand" (Press release). July 26, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
^ "Yankee Candle and Madison Dearborn Partners Announce Completion of Merger". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
^ O'Brien, Tim. "Michael James Kittredge's Journey". inside.kringlecandle.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ Yankee Candle sold for $1.75b to consumer products firm Archived March 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Boston Globe. September 3, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
^ a b Schmidt, Ann (March 19, 2021). "Iconic Yankee Candle Village in Williamsburg closing". FOXBusiness. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ https://www.yankeecandle.com/outlets Archived August 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine www.yankeecandle.com/outlets accessed on May 27, 2020
^ "Chocolate Layer Cake Candles | Yankee Candle". www.yankeecandle.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
^ Ingraham, Christopher (December 1, 2020). "What negative candle reviews might say about the coronavirus". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Hartmans, Avery (December 27, 2021). "Yankee Candle Reviews Say 'No Smell' Amid Omicron Surge". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Rauwerda, Annie (December 23, 2021). "Hmm, angry reviews of candles with 'no scent' are spiking again..." Input Magazine. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
External links
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candles"},{"link_name":"candleholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick"},{"link_name":"dinnerware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableware"},{"link_name":"gift shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_shops"},{"link_name":"catalogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"South Deerfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Deerfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Jarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc.,[3] doing business as Yankee Candle, is an American manufacturer and retailer of scented candles, candleholders, accessories, and dinnerware. Its products are sold by thousands of gift shops nationwide, through catalogs, and online, and in nearly 50 countries around the world. The company operates just over 260 small-box format stores,[1] located in malls across 43 U.S. states[4] and Ontario, and is the largest candle manufacturer in the United States. The company is headquartered in South Deerfield, Massachusetts.The Jarden Corporation agreed to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion in the fall of 2013.[5] In 2015, Newell Rubbermaid announced that it would acquire Jarden for over $15 billion of cash and stock.","title":"Yankee Candle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.1.07YankeeCandleNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newport Center Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Center_Mall"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"South Hadley, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Holyoke, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yankcandl-hist-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lettinggo-8"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Forstmann Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstmann_Little"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lettinggo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Linens-N-Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linens-N-Things"},{"link_name":"Bed Bath & Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_Bath_%26_Beyond_(big-box_retailer)"},{"link_name":"chairman emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yankee_candle_shop_flagship_outside.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illum-acq-10"},{"link_name":"Petaluma, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illum-acq-10"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Madison Dearborn Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Dearborn_Partners"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden"},{"link_name":"Newell Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Brands"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New JerseyYankee Candle Company was started in South Hadley, Massachusetts when Michael Kittredge, originally from Holyoke, Massachusetts, created his first scented candle, Christmas 1969, from melted crayons as a gift for his mother.[6] Neighbors began expressing interest in buying his creations, and Kittredge began producing them in larger quantities. The company itself was founded with help from Donald MacIver and Susan Obremski, who were high school friends with Kittredge.[citation needed] MacIver helped fund the start-up business with earnings from his part-time job.[citation needed] Candle production grew considerably after Obremski's father devised a \"heated room\", which enabled cost-saving liquid wax deliveries at the first factory site in Holyoke. Obremski's invention of a turntable taper wheel allowed production to double, while at the same time decreasing the need for more labor hours.[citation needed] In 1975, she managed the first Yankee Candle Shop located where the Village Commons in South Hadley now stands.[7][citation needed]The company slowly expanded and moved to South Deerfield in 1983.After a cancer scare in 1993, Kittredge started handing the company over to a friend and employee.[8] In 1998, he sold the company to New York-based private equity company Forstmann Little for $500 million.[8] Forstmann took the company public in 1999,[9] and in 2001, hired Craig Rydin as a CEO. Rydin launched a major advertising campaign and the line was picked up by mass retailers Linens-N-Things and Bed Bath & Beyond, pushing sales to their highest levels yet. Kittredge remained the company's chairman emeritus.Grounds outside the candle making museumDuring the summer of 2006, Yankee Candle purchased[10] Illuminations, a Petaluma, California-based, multi-channel retailer of high quality candles and home accessories. Although the two companies were similar, the names were separated, with Illuminations being aimed at a different demographic.[10][dead link] The Illuminations brand and web store were phased out in early 2009.On February 6, 2007, the company was acquired by the private equity group of Madison Dearborn Partners LLC for approximately $1.6 billion.[11]The founder, Michael Kittredge, in a return to high quality manufacturing created Kringle Candle, with his son Michael (Mike).[12]In October 2012 Yankee Candle Europe launched their Consumer Direct website offering their products direct to consumers.In 2013, Jarden acquired Yankee Candle. A further merger in 2016 saw Jarden purchased by Newell Rubbermaid and combined into the new company Newell Brands.[13]In 2017 Newell Brands acquired Smith Mountain Industries, makers of the Woodwick brand of candles. Woodwick candles are now a premium brand sold by Yankee Candle. The candles have a wooden wick that crackles when burned, and use a blend of paraffin and soy wax to reduce spatter and residue.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yankee_Candle_Store_Deerfield_MA_illuminated.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Deerfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Deerfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"toy train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_train"},{"link_name":"Santa's Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.1.07YankeeCandleInteriorNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg"}],"text":"Yankee Candle flagship store in Deerfield, MAYankee Candle's flagship store, which opened in 1982, is located in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. It features all available Yankee Candles as well as kitchen and home accessories, New England crafts, gifts and collectibles, a toy shop, picnic grounds and a \"Bavarian Christmas Village\" filled with decorated Christmas trees and a toy train that runs through to Santa's Workshop, where animated elves and an 'assembly line' for wooden vehicles surround Santa Claus's desk. Visitors can dip their own candles in a specially equipped area, make wax molds of their hands, or create their own unique candle. There is also a candle making museum and a Hillside Pizza cafe on site.A second flagship store was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2005. At 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2), it was a popular tourist destination.[14] The Williamsburg store closed for good in April 2021.[14]Interior of the Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New Jersey","title":"Flagship store"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Yankee Candle has a total of 55 outlet stores in the United States.[15]","title":"Outlet stores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Yankee Candle Company markets an array of products, including candles of various scents and sizes, scented wax tarts, candle accessories, votive candles (samplers), votive candle holders, tart warmers, jar toppers (for use with the Housewarmer line of candles), reed diffusers, Electric Home Fragrance units (scented wall plug-ins), car scents, room sprays, Good Air products and more. They also periodically release a range of limited edition candles such as 'Chocolate Layer Cake'.[16]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"symptoms of COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19"},{"link_name":"loss of smell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, social media users observed a correlation between increases in reported COVID-19 cases and negative reviews of Yankee Candle products. Individuals scraping review data of both scented and unscented candles on Amazon.com found an increase in negative reviews for scented candles, with the proportion of reviews complaining of a lack of aroma also growing. In comparison, unscented candles did not exhibit this pattern.[17][18]As one of the symptoms of COVID-19 is loss of smell, this suggests that the increase in positive cases is causing more consumers to be unable to smell their scented candles. This correlation has been called the \"Yankee Candle Index\".[19]","title":"COVID-19"}] | [{"image_text":"The Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/10.1.07YankeeCandleNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg/220px-10.1.07YankeeCandleNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grounds outside the candle making museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Yankee_candle_shop_flagship_outside.jpg/220px-Yankee_candle_shop_flagship_outside.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yankee Candle flagship store in Deerfield, MA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yankee_Candle_Store_Deerfield_MA_illuminated.jpg/220px-Yankee_Candle_Store_Deerfield_MA_illuminated.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Yankee Candle store in the Newport Center Mall in Jersey City, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/10.1.07YankeeCandleInteriorNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg/220px-10.1.07YankeeCandleInteriorNewportMallbyLuigiNovi.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Yankee Candle Co. v. New England Candle Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Candle_Co._v._New_England_Candle_Co."}] | [{"reference":"\"Find a store\" (PDF). www.yankeecandle.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/stores","url_text":"\"Find a store\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421014207/https://www.yankeecandle.com/stores","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Serena (September 3, 2013). \"Yankee Candle Agrees to $1.75 Billion Deal\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324202304579051044165409288","url_text":"\"Yankee Candle Agrees to $1.75 Billion Deal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140311053801/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324202304579051044165409288","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc\". OpenCorporates. June 1, 1976. Retrieved September 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/3514382","url_text":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates","url_text":"OpenCorporates"}]},{"reference":"Roumeliotis, Greg (September 3, 2013). \"Jarden to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion\". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jarden-yankeecandle-idUSBRE98205C20130903","url_text":"\"Jarden to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905205239/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/03/us-jarden-yankeecandle-idUSBRE98205C20130903","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Timeline\". Yankee Candle. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213195218/http://www.yankeecandle.com/cgi-bin/ycbvp/ycContent.jsp?page=%2FNavigation%2FNon%20Product%20Left%2FAbout%20Yankee%20Candle%2FOur%20Company%2FTimeline","url_text":"\"Historical Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.yankeecandle.com/cgi-bin/ycbvp/ycContent.jsp?page=%2fNavigation%2fNon+Product+Left%2fAbout+Yankee+Candle%2fOur+Company%2fTimeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[어바웃 슈퍼리치] 크리스마스 선물에서 시작된 '양키캔들'의 창시자 '마이클 키트 릿지'\". 시선뉴스 (in Korean). February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sisunnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=76114","url_text":"\"[어바웃 슈퍼리치] 크리스마스 선물에서 시작된 '양키캔들'의 창시자 '마이클 키트 릿지'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301015841/http://www.sisunnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=76114","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whelan, David (January 11, 2004). \"Letting Go\". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 18, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041018084952/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1101/172_print.html","url_text":"\"Letting Go\""},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1101/172_print.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yankee Candle Profile - BostonJobSource.com\". bostonjobsource.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://bostonjobsource.com/yankeecandle.html","url_text":"\"Yankee Candle Profile - BostonJobSource.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070804182651/http://bostonjobsource.com/yankeecandle.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. Agrees to Acquire the Illuminations Brand\" (Press release). July 26, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060726005178/en/Yankee-Candle-Company-Agrees-Acquire-Illuminations-Brand","url_text":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. Agrees to Acquire the Illuminations Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yankee Candle and Madison Dearborn Partners Announce Completion of Merger\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716010559/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83126&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=959301&","url_text":"\"Yankee Candle and Madison Dearborn Partners Announce Completion of Merger\""},{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83126&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=959301&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Tim. \"Michael James Kittredge's Journey\". inside.kringlecandle.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://inside.kringlecandle.com/our-heritage","url_text":"\"Michael James Kittredge's Journey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140448/http://inside.kringlecandle.com/our-heritage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Ann (March 19, 2021). \"Iconic Yankee Candle Village in Williamsburg closing\". FOXBusiness. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/yankee-candle-village-williamsburg-closing","url_text":"\"Iconic Yankee Candle Village in Williamsburg closing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711184932/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/yankee-candle-village-williamsburg-closing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chocolate Layer Cake Candles | Yankee Candle\". www.yankeecandle.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yankeecandle.com/fragrance/chocolate-layer-cake/_/N-1z140oe","url_text":"\"Chocolate Layer Cake Candles | Yankee Candle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224235215/http://www.yankeecandle.com/fragrance/chocolate-layer-cake/_/N-1z140oe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ingraham, Christopher (December 1, 2020). \"What negative candle reviews might say about the coronavirus\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/12/01/covid-scented-candle-reviews","url_text":"\"What negative candle reviews might say about the coronavirus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/12/01/covid-scented-candle-reviews/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hartmans, Avery (December 27, 2021). \"Yankee Candle Reviews Say 'No Smell' Amid Omicron Surge\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/yankee-candle-no-smell-amazon-reviews-omicron-covid-surge-2021-12","url_text":"\"Yankee Candle Reviews Say 'No Smell' Amid Omicron Surge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320201417/https://www.businessinsider.com/yankee-candle-no-smell-amazon-reviews-omicron-covid-surge-2021-12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rauwerda, Annie (December 23, 2021). \"Hmm, angry reviews of candles with 'no scent' are spiking again...\" Input Magazine. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inputmag.com/culture/no-scent-candle-amazon-reviews-are-spiking-again","url_text":"\"Hmm, angry reviews of candles with 'no scent' are spiking again...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519082056/https://www.inputmag.com/culture/no-scent-candle-amazon-reviews-are-spiking-again","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yankee+Candle%22","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Candle\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yankee+Candle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yankee+Candle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yankee+Candle%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yankee+Candle%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yankee+Candle%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/","external_links_name":"yankeecandle.com"},{"Link":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/stores","external_links_name":"\"Find a store\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421014207/https://www.yankeecandle.com/stores","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324202304579051044165409288","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Candle Agrees to $1.75 Billion Deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140311053801/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324202304579051044165409288","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/3514382","external_links_name":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jarden-yankeecandle-idUSBRE98205C20130903","external_links_name":"\"Jarden to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905205239/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/03/us-jarden-yankeecandle-idUSBRE98205C20130903","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213195218/http://www.yankeecandle.com/cgi-bin/ycbvp/ycContent.jsp?page=%2FNavigation%2FNon%20Product%20Left%2FAbout%20Yankee%20Candle%2FOur%20Company%2FTimeline","external_links_name":"\"Historical Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.yankeecandle.com/cgi-bin/ycbvp/ycContent.jsp?page=%2fNavigation%2fNon+Product+Left%2fAbout+Yankee+Candle%2fOur+Company%2fTimeline","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sisunnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=76114","external_links_name":"\"[어바웃 슈퍼리치] 크리스마스 선물에서 시작된 '양키캔들'의 창시자 '마이클 키트 릿지'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301015841/http://www.sisunnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=76114","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041018084952/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1101/172_print.html","external_links_name":"\"Letting Go\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/1101/172_print.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bostonjobsource.com/yankeecandle.html","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Candle Profile - BostonJobSource.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070804182651/http://bostonjobsource.com/yankeecandle.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060726005178/en/Yankee-Candle-Company-Agrees-Acquire-Illuminations-Brand","external_links_name":"\"The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. Agrees to Acquire the Illuminations Brand\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120716010559/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83126&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=959301&","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Candle and Madison Dearborn Partners Announce Completion of Merger\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83126&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=959301&","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://inside.kringlecandle.com/our-heritage","external_links_name":"\"Michael James Kittredge's Journey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140448/http://inside.kringlecandle.com/our-heritage","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/09/03/yankee-candle-sold-jarden/CWJeWDrdzCMaiyNGx05EDO/story.html","external_links_name":"Yankee Candle sold for $1.75b to consumer products firm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004200/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/09/03/yankee-candle-sold-jarden/CWJeWDrdzCMaiyNGx05EDO/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/yankee-candle-village-williamsburg-closing","external_links_name":"\"Iconic Yankee Candle Village in Williamsburg closing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711184932/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/yankee-candle-village-williamsburg-closing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/outlets","external_links_name":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/outlets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804111721/https://www.yankeecandle.com/outlets","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.yankeecandle.com/fragrance/chocolate-layer-cake/_/N-1z140oe","external_links_name":"\"Chocolate Layer Cake Candles | Yankee Candle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224235215/http://www.yankeecandle.com/fragrance/chocolate-layer-cake/_/N-1z140oe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/12/01/covid-scented-candle-reviews","external_links_name":"\"What negative candle reviews might say about the coronavirus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/12/01/covid-scented-candle-reviews/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/yankee-candle-no-smell-amazon-reviews-omicron-covid-surge-2021-12","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Candle Reviews Say 'No Smell' Amid Omicron Surge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320201417/https://www.businessinsider.com/yankee-candle-no-smell-amazon-reviews-omicron-covid-surge-2021-12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.inputmag.com/culture/no-scent-candle-amazon-reviews-are-spiking-again","external_links_name":"\"Hmm, angry reviews of candles with 'no scent' are spiking again...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519082056/https://www.inputmag.com/culture/no-scent-candle-amazon-reviews-are-spiking-again","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.yankeecandle.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Heinemann | Moshe Heinemann | ["1 Shabbos Mode Ovens","2 Audio Lectures","3 References","4 External links"] | RabbiMoshe HeinemannPersonalBornFurth, GermanyReligionJudaismNationalityAmericanParent(s)Benno Heinemann, Freida SchildDenominationOrthodoxAlma materBeth Medrash GovohaPositionRabbiSynagogueAgudath Israel of BaltimorePositionRabbinic AdministratorOrganizationStar KResidenceBaltimore, MarylandSemikhahRabbi Moshe Feinstein
Rabbi Moshe Heinemann is an Orthodox rabbi and Posek who heads the Agudath Israel of Baltimore synagogue and is the rabbinical supervisor of the Star K kashrus certification agency. He studied for many years in Beis Midrash Govoha under Rabbi Aharon Kotler, and was ordained by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein.
He was born in Fürth, Germany in 1937. Moshe left with his parents for England shortly after Kristallnacht. They lived in England until the 1950s.
Rabbi Heinemann is widely consulted for rulings in matters of Halacha, often where complicated technology is involved. He is an expert Mohel, Shochet, and Sofer, and has trained and certified numerous people in these, as well as other, areas of practical Halacha. Rabbi Heinemann is also an expert on the construction of Eruvin and mikvehs, and is frequently consulted regarding these complicated areas of Halacha.
Shabbos Mode Ovens
Rabbi Heinemann has ruled for over a decade that, on Yom Tov, one may raise or lower the temperature on Sabbath Mode ovens. In June 2008, a number of prominent Poskim signed a Kol Kore (public pronouncement) stating that this was unequivocally forbidden. The Kol Kore referred to the lenient opinion as a Daas Yachid (a minority opinion that should not be relied upon - literally: the opinion of an individual). After the Kol Kore was released, it was rumored by some that Rabbi Heineman retracted his opinion regarding this issue and ruled like the Israeli Poskim. However, no written record of his retraction exists, and the website of the Star-K, the Supervision Agency that is governed by Rabbi Heinemann's rulings, continues to promote Rabbi Heinemann's view. It has been noted that Rabbi Heinemann's opinion is consistent with the rulings of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach regarding electricity.
Audio Lectures
MP3 shiurim by Rabbi Moshe Heinemann
References
^ "Meet Our Staff: STAR-K".
^ for example
^ See
^ "UPDATE: Preventing Transgression: Gedolei HaPoskim Asur Pressing Buttons on 'Shabbos Mode Ovens' on Yom Tov". 5 June 2008.
^ "Is Electricity in the Gemara?".
External links
Agudath Israel of Baltimore
vteRabbis of Yeshivas Ner YisroelRosh HaYeshiva
Aharon Feldman
Menahel/President
Boruch Neuberger
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Past roshei Yeshiva
Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman
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Past President
Herman N. Neuberger
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Past Mashgiach ruchanis
Dovid Kronglass
Moshe Eisenmann
Moshe Mintz
Past Senior Talmud Lecturers
Shimon Schwab
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Ephraim Eisenberg
Moshe Heinemann
Ner Yisroel Toronto Roshei Yeshiva
Uri Mayerfeld
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Posek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posek"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Star K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_K"},{"link_name":"kashrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Beis Midrash Govoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Aharon Kotler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharon_Kotler"},{"link_name":"Moshe Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"Kristallnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht"},{"link_name":"Halacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha"},{"link_name":"Mohel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel"},{"link_name":"Shochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shochet"},{"link_name":"Sofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eruvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv"},{"link_name":"mikvehs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh"},{"link_name":"Halacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha"}],"text":"Rabbi Moshe Heinemann is an Orthodox rabbi and Posek who heads the Agudath Israel of Baltimore synagogue and is the rabbinical supervisor of the Star K kashrus certification agency.[1] He studied for many years in Beis Midrash Govoha under Rabbi Aharon Kotler, and was ordained by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein.He was born in Fürth, Germany in 1937. Moshe left with his parents for England shortly after Kristallnacht. They lived in England until the 1950s.Rabbi Heinemann is widely consulted for rulings in matters of Halacha, often where complicated technology is involved. He is an expert Mohel, Shochet, and Sofer, and has trained and certified numerous people in these, as well as other, areas of practical Halacha.[2] Rabbi Heinemann is also an expert on the construction of Eruvin and mikvehs, and is frequently consulted regarding these complicated areas of Halacha.","title":"Moshe Heinemann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yom Tov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays"},{"link_name":"Sabbath Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_mode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Poskim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poskim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Auerbach"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat_in_Jewish_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rabbi Heinemann has ruled for over a decade that, on Yom Tov, one may raise or lower the temperature on Sabbath Mode ovens.[3] In June 2008, a number of prominent Poskim signed a Kol Kore (public pronouncement) stating that this was unequivocally forbidden.[4] The Kol Kore referred to the lenient opinion as a Daas Yachid (a minority opinion that should not be relied upon - literally: the opinion of an individual). After the Kol Kore was released, it was rumored by some[who?] that Rabbi Heineman retracted his opinion regarding this issue and ruled like the Israeli Poskim. However, no written record of his retraction exists, and the website of the Star-K, the Supervision Agency that is governed by Rabbi Heinemann's rulings, continues to promote Rabbi Heinemann's view. It has been noted that Rabbi Heinemann's opinion is consistent with the rulings of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach regarding electricity.[5]","title":"Shabbos Mode Ovens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP3 shiurim by Rabbi Moshe Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//torahdownloads.com/s-80-rabbi-moshe-heinemann.html"}],"text":"MP3 shiurim by Rabbi Moshe Heinemann","title":"Audio Lectures"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Meet Our Staff: STAR-K\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.star-k.org/cons-abou-support.htm","url_text":"\"Meet Our Staff: STAR-K\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE: Preventing Transgression: Gedolei HaPoskim Asur Pressing Buttons on 'Shabbos Mode Ovens' on Yom Tov\". 5 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/19228/Preventing+Transgression:+Gedolei+HaPoskim+Asur+Shabbos+Mode+on+Ovens.html","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Preventing Transgression: Gedolei HaPoskim Asur Pressing Buttons on 'Shabbos Mode Ovens' on Yom Tov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Electricity in the Gemara?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rationalistjudaism.com/2011/02/is-electricity-in-gemara.html","url_text":"\"Is Electricity in the Gemara?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://torahdownloads.com/s-80-rabbi-moshe-heinemann.html","external_links_name":"MP3 shiurim by Rabbi Moshe Heinemann"},{"Link":"http://www.star-k.org/cons-abou-support.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meet Our Staff: STAR-K\""},{"Link":"http://theesroggrove.com/images/gholian-semicha.jpg","external_links_name":"for example"},{"Link":"http://www.star-k.org/cons-appl_kitch.htm","external_links_name":"See"},{"Link":"http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/19228/Preventing+Transgression:+Gedolei+HaPoskim+Asur+Shabbos+Mode+on+Ovens.html","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Preventing Transgression: Gedolei HaPoskim Asur Pressing Buttons on 'Shabbos Mode Ovens' on Yom Tov\""},{"Link":"http://www.rationalistjudaism.com/2011/02/is-electricity-in-gemara.html","external_links_name":"\"Is Electricity in the Gemara?\""},{"Link":"http://www.agudah.com/","external_links_name":"Agudath Israel of Baltimore"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21154013718109191290","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1169014143","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302750205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003014509","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Swedish_Open | 2003 Synsam Swedish Open | ["1 Finals","1.1 Singles","1.2 Doubles","2 External links"] | Men's tennis tournament
Tennis tournament2003 Synsam Swedish OpenDate7–13 JulyEdition56thCategoryInternational SeriesDraw32S / 16DPrize money$355,000SurfaceClay / outdoorLocationBåstad, SwedenChampionsSingles Mariano ZabaletaDoubles Simon Aspelin / Massimo Bertolini
← 2002 ·
Swedish Open
· 2004 →
The 2003 Synsam Swedish Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Båstad, Sweden and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. It was the 56th edition of the tournament and ran from 7 July until 13 July 2003. Fifth-seeded Mariano Zabaleta won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Main article: 2003 Synsam Swedish Open – Singles
Mariano Zabaleta defeated Nicolás Lapentti 6–3, 6–4
It was Zabaleta's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career.
Doubles
Main article: 2003 Synsam Swedish Open – Doubles
Simon Aspelin / Massimo Bertolini defeated Lucas Arnold / Mariano Hood 6–7(3–7), 6–0, 6–4
It was Aspelin's 2nd title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Bertolini's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career.
External links
Official website
ATP tournament profile
vteBåstad tournaments
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vte2003 ATP Tour « 2002 2004 » Grand Slam events
Australian Open (S, D, X)
French Open (S, D, X)
Wimbledon (S, D, X)
US Open (S, D, X)
Tennis Masters Series
Indian Wells (S, D)
Miami (S, D)
Monte Carlo (S, D)
Rome (S, D)
Hamburg (S, D)
Montreal (S, D)
Cincinnati (S, D)
Madrid (S, D)
Paris (S, D)
ATP International Series Gold
Memphis (S, D)
Rotterdam (S, D)
Acapulco (S, D)
Dubai (S, D)
Barcelona (S, D)
Stuttgart (S, D)
Kitzbühel (S, D)
Tokyo (S, D)
Vienna (S, D)
ATP International Series
Adelaide (S, D)
Chennai (S, D)
Doha (S, D)
Auckland (S, D)
Sydney (S, D)
Milan (S, D)
Marseille (S, D)
San Jose (S, D)
Viña del Mar (S, D)
Buenos Aires (S, D)
Copenhagen (S, D)
Delray Beach (S, D)
Scottsdale (S, D)
Casablanca (S, D)
Estoril (S, D)
Houston (S, D)
Munich (S, D)
Valencia (S, D)
St. Pölten (S, D)
Halle (S, D)
London (S, D)
Nottingham (S, D)
's-Hertogenbosch (S, D)
Båstad (S, D)
Gstaad (S, D)
Newport (S, D)
Amersfoort (S, D)
Indianapolis (S, D)
Umag (S, D)
Los Angeles (S, D)
Sopot (S, D)
Washington (S, D)
Long Island (S, D)
Bucharest (S, D)
Salvador (S, D)
Bangkok (S, D)
Palermo (S, D)
Shanghai (S, D)
Metz (S, D)
Moscow (S, D)
Lyon (S, D)
Basel (S, D)
St. Petersburg (S, D)
Stockholm (S, D)
Team events
Davis Cup
World Team Cup
Tennis Masters Cup, Houston (S, D) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"outdoor clay courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"Båstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5stad"},{"link_name":"International Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_International_Series"},{"link_name":"2003 ATP Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_ATP_Tour"},{"link_name":"Mariano Zabaleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Zabaleta"}],"text":"Tennis tournamentThe 2003 Synsam Swedish Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Båstad, Sweden and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. It was the 56th edition of the tournament and ran from 7 July until 13 July 2003. Fifth-seeded Mariano Zabaleta won the singles title.","title":"2003 Synsam Swedish Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mariano Zabaleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Zabaleta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Lapentti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Mariano Zabaleta defeated Nicolás Lapentti 6–3, 6–4It was Zabaleta's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Simon Aspelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Aspelin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Massimo Bertolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Bertolini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Lucas Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Arnold_Ker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mariano Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Hood"}],"sub_title":"Doubles","text":"Simon Aspelin / Massimo Bertolini defeated Lucas Arnold / Mariano Hood 6–7(3–7), 6–0, 6–4It was Aspelin's 2nd title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Bertolini's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career.","title":"Finals"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://men.swedishopen.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/bastad/316/overview","external_links_name":"ATP tournament profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Hertzberg_(handball) | Niels Hertzberg (handball) | ["1 References"] | Not to be confused with Niels Hertzberg.
Niels Christian Hertzberg (16 January 1941 - 1 March 2013) was the Norwegian sports official.
He was the secretary-general of the Norwegian Handball Federation from 1984 to 2003. He was credited as having the strongest influence on the development of the Norwegian Handball Federation. He was also married to former national team coach for women, Marit Breivik. He died in March 2013 in their vacation home in Brazil, most probably from a fall accident.
References
^ "Niels Hertzberg er død" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 2 March 2013.
^ "Politiet: - Ingen tegn til at Hertzberg ble drept" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 4 April 2013.
^ Johannessen, Karl-Arne; Langerud, Erik (23 March 2013). "Niels Christian Hertzberg". Aftenposten (in Norwegian).
Authority control databases International
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National
Norway
This biographical article relating to Norwegian sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niels Hertzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Hertzberg"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Handball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Handball_Federation"},{"link_name":"Marit Breivik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Breivik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Niels Hertzberg.Niels Christian Hertzberg (16 January 1941 - 1 March 2013) was the Norwegian sports official.He was the secretary-general of the Norwegian Handball Federation from 1984 to 2003. He was credited as having the strongest influence on the development of the Norwegian Handball Federation. He was also married to former national team coach for women, Marit Breivik. He died in March 2013 in their vacation home in Brazil, most probably from a fall accident.[1][2][3]","title":"Niels Hertzberg (handball)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Niels Hertzberg er død\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 2 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Politiet: - Ingen tegn til at Hertzberg ble drept\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 4 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_News_Agency","url_text":"Norwegian News Agency"}]},{"reference":"Johannessen, Karl-Arne; Langerud, Erik (23 March 2013). \"Niels Christian Hertzberg\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Arne_Johannessen","url_text":"Johannessen, Karl-Arne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305140353","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90145785","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Hertzberg_(handball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(2019_film) | Animals (2019 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"] | 2019 film
AnimalsTheatrical release posterDirected bySophie HydeWritten byEmma Jane UnsworthBased onAnimalsby Emma Jane UnsworthProduced by
Sarah Brocklehurst
Cormac Fox
Sophie Hyde
Rebecca Summerton
Starring
Holliday Grainger
Alia Shawkat
CinematographyBryan MasonEdited byBryan MasonMusic by
Zoë Barry
Jed Palmer
Productioncompanies
Closer Productions
Sarah Brocklehurst Productions
Vico Films
Cornerstone Films
Distributed byBonsai Films (Australia)Release date
28 January 2019 (2019-01-28) (Sundance)
Running time109 minutesCountriesAustraliaIrelandLanguageEnglish
Animals is a 2019 comedy-drama film directed by Sophie Hyde, starring Holliday Grainger and Alia Shawkat. It was screened in the Premieres category at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival. An adaptation of Emma Jane Unsworth's 2014 novel of the same name, the film follows best friends Laura and Tyler whose lifestyle comes under scrutiny just as Laura becomes engaged to a teetotaller.
Plot
Best friends Laura, a struggling writer working as a barista, and her best friend and flatmate Tyler, an American woman who is estranged from her family, are both heavy partiers living in Dublin. The early part of the film shows their close friendship in their late twenties as they consume large quantities of wine and drugs through the night, sometimes engaging in casual sex with a man but mostly just enjoying each other's company.
Tyler is included in Laura's family gatherings, with a pregnant sister (who becomes mother to a baby daughter) playing a part in the plot and character development.
Circumstances change when Laura meets and then gets engaged to concert pianist Jim, who shortly afterwards gives up alcohol. Laura continues her partying lifestyle with Tyler, but starts spending nights with Jim.
Inevitably the dynamics of the various relationships change, and more so after they become friends with a poet, Marty, to whom Laura is attracted, and his circle of literary friends. Laura struggles to make progress with her novel throughout the film.
Various events in each of their lives unfold, with questions about life, and especially women's roles, raised and explored both implicitly and explicitly. With the development of the women's friendship front and centre of the film, it does not take the route of a typical neat and happily resolved "Hollywood ending", but ends optimistically with Laura finding her creativity beginning to flow as she finds a way forward.
Cast
Holliday Grainger as Laura
Alia Shawkat as Tyler
Fra Fee as Jim
Jamael Westman as Leo
Dermot Murphy as Marty
Amy Molloy as Jean
Kwaku Fortune as Julian
Olwen Fouéré as Maureen
Pat Shortt as Bill
Production
Director Sophie Hyde said that it was the book which drew her in and inspired her to make the film, giving voice to women's experiences in a way that she had not seen very often on screen and in a way that felt connected to her own experience. She and Unsworth worked collaboratively from early in the creative process. The film was made in and around Dublin, whereas the book is set in Manchester.
Shawkat said she was drawn to the film owing to its being driven by women, and she was able to bring her life experience into her creation of the character. Both main actors agreed that the personal chemistry between the two worked well on set because they had hit it off in real life.
Release
After premiering at the Sundance Film Festival in early 2019, where it was well received, the film had its Australian premiere at a "pop-up" event at the Adelaide Film Festival on 5–6 April 2019.
It screened at the Sundance London in June 2019 and opened in UK cinemas in August, attracting good reviews. It was released in Australia on 12 September 2019.
Reception
The film has an 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 reviews, as of January 2022.
Sundance said "Shawkat’s live-wire performance gives Tyler an anarchic comic edge that perfectly complements Grainger’s soulful turn as the conflicted and creatively blocked Laura".
The Adelaide Review called it "a visually stunning and often surprising film".
IndieWire’s Kate Erbland said that Grainger and Shawkat are wonderful together, and that the film "revels in the messiness of life, and the many love stories it can contain”. Variety’s Guy Lodge hailed the comedy as a commercial leap forward and wrote of its "ideally matched stars" and said that it compared favourably with the "more superficially subversive female leads of comedies like Trainwreck". The Hollywood Reporter’s Leslie Felperin found Unsworth’s script "insightful in its treatment of the complexity of female friendships".
C.J. Johnson, of the Film Critics Circle of Australia, called the film "Significantly hipper, more thoughtful and more nuanced than your typical RomCom, while being significantly tamer, more formulaic and more commercially-minded than her previous film 52 Tuesdays".
In the UK, The Guardian's Benjamin Lee called the film "one that attendees should be breathlessly, excitedly discussing around town, urging everyone else to see immediately", and Time Out said it "should delight anyone who watches it".
Awards and nominations
2019: Nomination, Best Actress, in the British Independent Film Awards (Holliday Grainger)
2019: Winner, British Independent Film Award for Best Debut Screenwriter (Emma Jane Unsworth)
2019: Nomination, Best Actress, in the Film Critics Circle of Australia Award (Alia Shawkat)
2019: Nomination, Best Director, in the ADG Awards (Sophie Hyde)
2019: Nomination, Best Feature Film Production, in the Screen Producers Australia Awards
References
^ a b c Marsh, Walter (28 March 2019). "Sophie Hyde on Animals, nostalgia and letting friendships die". The Adelaide Review. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
^ Frangos, Daniela (1 April 2019). "Alia Shawkat, Animals and Reaching Adulthood". Broadsheet. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
^ Animals: Alia Shawkat, Holliday Grainger, Sophie Hyde, Emma Jane Unsworth - 8 February 2019 on YouTube
^ Halligan, Fionnuala (29 January 2019). "'Animals': Sundance Review". Screen Daily. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ "Sundance Unveils Politics-Heavy Lineup Featuring Ocasio-Cortez Doc, Feinstein Drama". The Hollywood Reporter. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ a b "Animals". Sundance Institute. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ "Animals". Adelaide Film Festival. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
^ Thompson, Jessie (28 May 2019). "Sundance London 2019 line-up: First look at this year's film festival programme". ES. Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ Groves, Don (5 August 2019). "Lively launch for Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' in the UK". if.com.au. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ Keast, Jackie (13 September 2019). "Sophie Hyde hopes 'Animals' has time to reach its audience". IF Magazine. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Animals at Rotten Tomatoes
^ a b Groves, Don (30 January 2019). "Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' wins plaudits after world premiere in Sundance". if.com.au. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Lodge, Guy (29 January 2019). "Sundance Film Review: 'Animals'". Variety. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ Johnson, C.J. "Animals Review". Film Critics Circle of Australia.
^ Lee, Benjamin (31 January 2019). "Animals review – untamed female friendship drama is a Sundance triumph". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ McNally, Greer (17 July 2019). "Animals". Timeout. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ a b Ritman, Alex (1 December 2019). "British Independent Film Awards: 'For Sama' Wins Top Prize". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^ "2019 Awards Winners". Film Critics Association of Australia. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^ Keast, Jackie (14 July 2020). "Sophie Hyde, Jeffrey Walker receive double ADG Award nominations". IF Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^ "South Australia scores big at the 2019 SPA Awards". SAFC. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
External links
Animals at IMDb
Animals at Rotten Tomatoes
Holliday Grainger and Alia Shawkat star in Sophie Hyde's Animals (22 March 2018) official media release | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama_film"},{"link_name":"Sophie Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Holliday Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Alia Shawkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Shawkat"},{"link_name":"2019 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Emma Jane Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Jane_Unsworth"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(novel)"},{"link_name":"teetotaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism"}],"text":"Animals is a 2019 comedy-drama film directed by Sophie Hyde, starring Holliday Grainger and Alia Shawkat. It was screened in the Premieres category at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival. An adaptation of Emma Jane Unsworth's 2014 novel of the same name, the film follows best friends Laura and Tyler whose lifestyle comes under scrutiny just as Laura becomes engaged to a teetotaller.","title":"Animals (2019 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barista"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"}],"text":"Best friends Laura, a struggling writer working as a barista, and her best friend and flatmate Tyler, an American woman who is estranged from her family, are both heavy partiers living in Dublin. The early part of the film shows their close friendship in their late twenties as they consume large quantities of wine and drugs through the night, sometimes engaging in casual sex with a man but mostly just enjoying each other's company.Tyler is included in Laura's family gatherings, with a pregnant sister (who becomes mother to a baby daughter) playing a part in the plot and character development.Circumstances change when Laura meets and then gets engaged to concert pianist Jim, who shortly afterwards gives up alcohol. Laura continues her partying lifestyle with Tyler, but starts spending nights with Jim.Inevitably the dynamics of the various relationships change, and more so after they become friends with a poet, Marty, to whom Laura is attracted, and his circle of literary friends. Laura struggles to make progress with her novel throughout the film.Various events in each of their lives unfold, with questions about life, and especially women's roles, raised and explored both implicitly and explicitly. With the development of the women's friendship front and centre of the film, it does not take the route of a typical neat and happily resolved \"Hollywood ending\", but ends optimistically with Laura finding her creativity beginning to flow as she finds a way forward.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holliday Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Alia Shawkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Shawkat"},{"link_name":"Fra Fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Fee"},{"link_name":"Jamael Westman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamael_Westman"},{"link_name":"Dermot Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Murphy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Amy Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Kwaku Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaku_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Olwen Fouéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olwen_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pat Shortt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Shortt"}],"text":"Holliday Grainger as Laura\nAlia Shawkat as Tyler\nFra Fee as Jim\nJamael Westman as Leo\nDermot Murphy as Marty\nAmy Molloy as Jean\nKwaku Fortune as Julian\nOlwen Fouéré as Maureen\nPat Shortt as Bill","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR28-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Director Sophie Hyde said that it was the book which drew her in and inspired her to make the film, giving voice to women's experiences in a way that she had not seen very often on screen and in a way that felt connected to her own experience. She and Unsworth worked collaboratively from early in the creative process. The film was made in and around Dublin, whereas the book is set in Manchester.[1]Shawkat said she was drawn to the film owing to its being driven by women, and she was able to bring her life experience into her creation of the character.[2] Both main actors agreed that the personal chemistry between the two worked well on set because they had hit it off in real life.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sundance-6"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR28-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sundance London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival#Sundance_London_(2012%E2%80%93_)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After premiering at the Sundance Film Festival in early 2019, where it was well received,[4][5][6] the film had its Australian premiere at a \"pop-up\" event at the Adelaide Film Festival on 5–6 April 2019.[1][7]It screened at the Sundance London in June 2019[8] and opened in UK cinemas in August, attracting good reviews.[9] It was released in Australia on 12 September 2019.[10]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animals_(2019_film)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sundance-6"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR28-1"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-if-12"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_magazine"},{"link_name":"Trainwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-if-12"},{"link_name":"Film Critics Circle of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Critics_Circle_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"52 Tuesdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52_Tuesdays"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The film has an 87% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 reviews, as of January 2022[update].[11]Sundance said \"Shawkat’s live-wire performance gives Tyler an anarchic comic edge that perfectly complements Grainger’s soulful turn as the conflicted and creatively blocked Laura\".[6]The Adelaide Review called it \"a visually stunning and often surprising film\".[1]IndieWire’s Kate Erbland said that Grainger and Shawkat are wonderful together, and that the film \"revels in the messiness of life, and the many love stories it can contain”.[12] Variety’s Guy Lodge hailed the comedy as a commercial leap forward and wrote of its \"ideally matched stars\" and said that it compared favourably with the \"more superficially subversive female leads of comedies like Trainwreck\".[13] The Hollywood Reporter’s Leslie Felperin found Unsworth’s script \"insightful in its treatment of the complexity of female friendships\".[12]C.J. Johnson, of the Film Critics Circle of Australia, called the film \"Significantly hipper, more thoughtful and more nuanced than your typical RomCom, while being significantly tamer, more formulaic and more commercially-minded than her previous film 52 Tuesdays\".[14]In the UK, The Guardian's Benjamin Lee called the film \"one that attendees should be breathlessly, excitedly discussing around town, urging everyone else to see immediately\",[15] and Time Out said it \"should delight anyone who watches it\".[16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Actress, in the British Independent Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIFA_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_an_Actress_in_a_British_Independent_Film"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ritman_2019_n145-17"},{"link_name":"British Independent Film Award for Best Debut Screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Award_for_Best_Debut_Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ritman_2019_n145-17"},{"link_name":"Film Critics Circle of Australia Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Critics_Circle_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ADG Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADG_Awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Screen Producers Australia Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Producers_Australia_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"2019: Nomination, Best Actress, in the British Independent Film Awards (Holliday Grainger)[17]\n2019: Winner, British Independent Film Award for Best Debut Screenwriter (Emma Jane Unsworth)[17]\n2019: Nomination, Best Actress, in the Film Critics Circle of Australia Award (Alia Shawkat)[18]\n2019: Nomination, Best Director, in the ADG Awards (Sophie Hyde)[19]\n2019: Nomination, Best Feature Film Production, in the Screen Producers Australia Awards[20]","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Marsh, Walter (28 March 2019). \"Sophie Hyde on Animals, nostalgia and letting friendships die\". The Adelaide Review. Retrieved 29 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/cinema/sophie-hyde-animals/","url_text":"\"Sophie Hyde on Animals, nostalgia and letting friendships die\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adelaide_Review","url_text":"The Adelaide Review"}]},{"reference":"Frangos, Daniela (1 April 2019). \"Alia Shawkat, Animals and Reaching Adulthood\". Broadsheet. Retrieved 3 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadsheet.com.au/adelaide/entertainment/article/alia-shawkat-animals-and-reaching-adulthood","url_text":"\"Alia Shawkat, Animals and Reaching Adulthood\""}]},{"reference":"Halligan, Fionnuala (29 January 2019). \"'Animals': Sundance Review\". Screen Daily. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/animals-sundance-review/5136262.article","url_text":"\"'Animals': Sundance Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sundance Unveils Politics-Heavy Lineup Featuring Ocasio-Cortez Doc, Feinstein Drama\". The Hollywood Reporter. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-doc-dianne-feinstein-drama-sundance-2019-lineup-1164468","url_text":"\"Sundance Unveils Politics-Heavy Lineup Featuring Ocasio-Cortez Doc, Feinstein Drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Animals\". Sundance Institute. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117012000/https://www.sundance.org/projects/animals-11d062ff-9b57-4d18-8b9c-6f786f83f95f","url_text":"\"Animals\""},{"url":"http://www.sundance.org/projects/animals-11d062ff-9b57-4d18-8b9c-6f786f83f95f","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Animals\". Adelaide Film Festival. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaidefilmfestival.org/titles/106798","url_text":"\"Animals\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jessie (28 May 2019). \"Sundance London 2019 line-up: First look at this year's film festival programme\". ES. Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/film/sundance-london-2019-line-up-film-festival-programme-a4118851.html","url_text":"\"Sundance London 2019 line-up: First look at this year's film festival programme\""}]},{"reference":"Groves, Don (5 August 2019). \"Lively launch for Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' in the UK\". if.com.au. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.if.com.au/lively-launch-for-sophie-hydes-animals-in-the-uk/","url_text":"\"Lively launch for Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' in the UK\""}]},{"reference":"Keast, Jackie (13 September 2019). \"Sophie Hyde hopes 'Animals' has time to reach its audience\". IF Magazine. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://if.com.au/sophie-hyde-hopes-animals-has-time-to-reach-its-audience/","url_text":"\"Sophie Hyde hopes 'Animals' has time to reach its audience\""}]},{"reference":"Groves, Don (30 January 2019). \"Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' wins plaudits after world premiere in Sundance\". if.com.au. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.if.com.au/sophie-hydes-animals-wins-plaudits-after-world-premiere-in-sundance/","url_text":"\"Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' wins plaudits after world premiere in Sundance\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (29 January 2019). \"Sundance Film Review: 'Animals'\". Variety. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/animals-3-1203121112/","url_text":"\"Sundance Film Review: 'Animals'\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, C.J. \"Animals Review\". Film Critics Circle of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://fcca.com.au/critics_voice/animals-review-by-cj-johnson/","url_text":"\"Animals Review\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Benjamin (31 January 2019). \"Animals review – untamed female friendship drama is a Sundance triumph\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/30/animals-review-holliday-grainger-alia-shawkat-sundance","url_text":"\"Animals review – untamed female friendship drama is a Sundance triumph\""}]},{"reference":"McNally, Greer (17 July 2019). \"Animals\". Timeout. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/film/animals-2019","url_text":"\"Animals\""}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (1 December 2019). \"British Independent Film Awards: 'For Sama' Wins Top Prize\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/british-independent-film-awards-2019-winners-list-1258575/debut-screenwriter-3/","url_text":"\"British Independent Film Awards: 'For Sama' Wins Top Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Awards Winners\". Film Critics Association of Australia. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2019-awards-nominations/","url_text":"\"2019 Awards Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Keast, Jackie (14 July 2020). \"Sophie Hyde, Jeffrey Walker receive double ADG Award nominations\". IF Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://if.com.au/sophie-hyde-jeffery-walker-receive-double-adg-award-nominations/","url_text":"\"Sophie Hyde, Jeffrey Walker receive double ADG Award nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Australia scores big at the 2019 SPA Awards\". SAFC. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.safilm.com.au/latest-news/south-australia-scores-big-at-the-2019-spa-awards/","url_text":"\"South Australia scores big at the 2019 SPA Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Film_Corporation","url_text":"SAFC"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animals_(2019_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/cinema/sophie-hyde-animals/","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Hyde on Animals, nostalgia and letting friendships die\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadsheet.com.au/adelaide/entertainment/article/alia-shawkat-animals-and-reaching-adulthood","external_links_name":"\"Alia Shawkat, Animals and Reaching Adulthood\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5t3dyqfad0","external_links_name":"Animals: Alia Shawkat, Holliday Grainger, Sophie Hyde, Emma Jane Unsworth - 8 February 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/animals-sundance-review/5136262.article","external_links_name":"\"'Animals': Sundance Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-doc-dianne-feinstein-drama-sundance-2019-lineup-1164468","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Unveils Politics-Heavy Lineup Featuring Ocasio-Cortez Doc, Feinstein Drama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117012000/https://www.sundance.org/projects/animals-11d062ff-9b57-4d18-8b9c-6f786f83f95f","external_links_name":"\"Animals\""},{"Link":"http://www.sundance.org/projects/animals-11d062ff-9b57-4d18-8b9c-6f786f83f95f","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://adelaidefilmfestival.org/titles/106798","external_links_name":"\"Animals\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/film/sundance-london-2019-line-up-film-festival-programme-a4118851.html","external_links_name":"\"Sundance London 2019 line-up: First look at this year's film festival programme\""},{"Link":"https://www.if.com.au/lively-launch-for-sophie-hydes-animals-in-the-uk/","external_links_name":"\"Lively launch for Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' in the UK\""},{"Link":"https://if.com.au/sophie-hyde-hopes-animals-has-time-to-reach-its-audience/","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Hyde hopes 'Animals' has time to reach its audience\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/animals_2019","external_links_name":"Animals"},{"Link":"https://www.if.com.au/sophie-hydes-animals-wins-plaudits-after-world-premiere-in-sundance/","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Hyde's 'Animals' wins plaudits after world premiere in Sundance\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/animals-3-1203121112/","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Film Review: 'Animals'\""},{"Link":"http://fcca.com.au/critics_voice/animals-review-by-cj-johnson/","external_links_name":"\"Animals Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/30/animals-review-holliday-grainger-alia-shawkat-sundance","external_links_name":"\"Animals review – untamed female friendship drama is a Sundance triumph\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/london/film/animals-2019","external_links_name":"\"Animals\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/british-independent-film-awards-2019-winners-list-1258575/debut-screenwriter-3/","external_links_name":"\"British Independent Film Awards: 'For Sama' Wins Top Prize\""},{"Link":"http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2019-awards-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"2019 Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://if.com.au/sophie-hyde-jeffery-walker-receive-double-adg-award-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Hyde, Jeffrey Walker receive double ADG Award nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.safilm.com.au/latest-news/south-australia-scores-big-at-the-2019-spa-awards/","external_links_name":"\"South Australia scores big at the 2019 SPA Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4426738/","external_links_name":"Animals"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/animals_2019","external_links_name":"Animals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403055957/https://www.safilm.com.au/pdfs/mr-180322-Animals.pdf","external_links_name":"Holliday Grainger and Alia Shawkat star in Sophie Hyde's Animals"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Couch | Darius N. Couch | ["1 Early life and career","2 American Civil War service","2.1 Early service","2.2 Seven Pines","2.3 Fredericksburg","2.4 Chancellorsville","2.5 Gettysburg","2.6 Subsequent activities","3 Postbellum career and death","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 Citations","7 General and cited references","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | American soldier, businessman, and naturalist (1822–1897)
Darius Nash CouchPortrait of Darius Couch by Mathew Brady or Levin C. Handy taken in 1861 or 1862Born(1822-07-23)July 23, 1822Putnam County, New York, USDiedFebruary 12, 1897(1897-02-12) (aged 74)Norwalk, Connecticut, USPlace of burialMount Pleasant CemeteryTaunton, MassachusettsAllegiance United States (Union)Service/branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyYears of service1846–1855, 1861–1865Rank Major GeneralCommands heldII Corps, Army of the PotomacDepartment of the Susquehanna2nd Division, XXIII CorpsBattles/warsMexican–American WarSeminole WarsAmerican Civil WarSignature
Darius Nash Couch (July 23, 1822 – February 12, 1897) was an American soldier, businessman, and naturalist. He served as a career U.S. Army officer during the Mexican–American War, the Second Seminole War, and as a general officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
During the Civil War, Couch fought notably in the Peninsula and Fredericksburg campaigns of 1862, and the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns of 1863. He rose to command a corps in the Army of the Potomac, and led divisions in both the Eastern Theater and Western Theater. Militia under his command played a strategic role during the Gettysburg Campaign in delaying the advance of Confederate troops of the Army of Northern Virginia and preventing their crossing the Susquehanna River, critical to Pennsylvania's defense.
He has been described as personally courageous, very thin in build, and (after his time in Mexico) frail of health.
Early life and career
Couch was born in 1822 on a farm in the village of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, and was educated at the local schools there. In 1842 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating four years later 13th out of 59 cadets. On July 1, 1846, Couch was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and was assigned to the 4th U.S. Artillery.
Fort Johnston in March 2008; Couch was stationed there in 1851 and 1852.
Couch then saw action with the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, most notably in the Battle of Buena Vista on February 22–23, 1847. For his actions on the second day of this fight, he was brevetted a first lieutenant for "gallant and meritorious conduct." After the war ended in 1848 Couch began serving in garrison duty at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. The following year he was stationed at Fort Pickens, located near Pensacola, Florida, and then in Key West. Couch next participated in the Seminole Wars during 1849 and into 1850.
Returning to garrison duty, later that year Couch was sent to Fort Columbus in New York Harbor, and in 1851 Couch was involved in recruiting at Jefferson Barracks located on the Mississippi River at Lemay, Missouri. Later in 1851 he returned to Fort Columbus, and then was ordered to Fort Johnston in Southport, North Carolina, staying there into 1852, and next in garrison at Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia until 1853.
Couch then took a one-year leave of absence from the army from 1853 to 1854 to conduct a scientific mission for the Smithsonian Institution in northern Mexico. There, he discovered the species that are known as Couch's kingbird and Couch's spadefoot toad. Upon his return to the United States in 1854, Couch was ordered to Washington, D.C., on detached service. Later that year he resumed garrison duty in Fort Independence at Castle Island along Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Also in 1854 he was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and would remain there into the following year. On April 30, 1855, Couch resigned his commission in the U.S. Army. From 1855 to 1857 he was a merchant in New York City. He then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts, and worked as a copper fabricator in the company owned by his wife's family. Couch was still working in Taunton when the American Civil War began in 1861.
American Civil War service
Darius Couch as a major general in the Union Army
Early service
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Couch was appointed commander of the 7th Massachusetts Infantry on June 15, 1861, with the rank of colonel in the Union Army. That August he was promoted to brigadier general with an effective date back to May 17. He was given brigade command in the Military Division then Army of the Potomac that fall, and Couch was given divisional command in the VI Corps in the following spring. From July 1861 to March 1862 he helped prepare and then maintain the defenses of Washington, D.C. He participated in the Peninsula Campaign, fighting in the Siege of Yorktown on April 5–May 4 and the Battle of Williamsburg the following day.
Seven Pines
Map of 1862's Battle of Seven Pines
Couch led his division during the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1, 1862. In this engagement his corps commander, Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, ordered Couch's division and that of Brig. Gen. Silas Casey forward of the Union defensive line, Couch's men right behind those of Casey. This placed the IV Corps in an isolated position, vulnerable to attack on three sides; however poorly coordinated Confederate movements allowed Couch and Casey to partially prepare entrenchments against the impending assault. As the fighting continued throughout May 31 both Couch and Casey were slowly driven back, with their right flank units in the most peril. At this time Couch counterattacked with his old 7th Massachusetts Infantry and the 62nd New York Infantry in an attempt to bolster that side, however he did not succeed and was forced back, as was the rest of the Union IV Corps by nightfall.
Couch continued to lead his division during the 1862 Seven Days Battles that followed, fighting in the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25 and the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1. Later in July Couch's health began to fail, prompting him to offer his resignation. The army commander, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, refused to send it to the U.S. War Department, and instead Couch was promoted to major general, to date from July 4. Couch was involved in the Maryland Campaign that fall, although absent from the Battle of Antietam on September 17.
Fredericksburg
Darius Couch's II Army Corps attacks during the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg
On November 14, 1862, Couch was assigned command of the II Corps, and he led it during the Battle of Fredericksburg as part of Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's "Right Grand Division". In this fight Couch's corps contained three divisions, led by Brig. Gens. Winfield Scott Hancock, Oliver Otis Howard, and William H. French. Early on December 12 infantry from his corps attempted to support the Union engineers' efforts to lay pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock River and into the town. When Confederate fire repeatedly prevented this, and a heavy artillery bombardment failed as well, the decision was made to send small groups of soldiers across in pontoon boats to dislodge the defenders. This amphibious assault, which finally succeeded in driving out the Confederates, was executed by one of Couch's brigades under Col. Norman J. Hall (3rd Brigade, 2nd Division – 19th & 20th Massachusetts, 7th Michigan, 42nd & 59th New York, & 127th Pennsylvania).
As the Union soldiers entered a smoldering Fredericksburg they began to sack the city, forcing Couch to order his provost guard to secure the bridges and collect the loot. The next day his corps was ordered to attack the Confederate position at the base of Marye's Heights above Fredericksburg. To better watch his men's progress Couch entered the town's courthouse and climbed its cupola, where he could see French's division advancing. As they approached the Confederate defenses, Couch could see his men taking very heavy fire and easily repulsed, described "as if the division had simply vanished." Hancock's division followed that of French, meeting the same fate with high casualties as well. Howard, who was to go in next, was with Couch as Hancock's division attacked. Briefly through the smoke they could see the mounting casualties, and Couch reportedly said, "Oh, great God! See how our men, our poor fellows, are falling."
Couch ordered Howard to march his division toward the right and possibly flank the Confederate defenses his other two divisions had failed to dislodge. However the terrain did not permit any force that was marching from Fredericksburg toward Marye's Heights to attack anywhere other than at the stone wall along its base. When Howard's men attacked they were crowded back to the left, meeting the same resistance, and were repulsed. As other Union soldiers followed the II Corps in, Couch ordered his artillery to move into the field and blast the Confederates at close range. When his own artillery chief protested against exposing the gun crews in this fashion, Couch stated that he agreed but it was necessary to slow the Confederate fire in some way. The cannon stopped about 150 yards from the stone wall and opened fire, but quickly lost most of their crews and did little to slacken the enemy fire. During this time Couch moved slowly along his line of men, who were on the ground firing as best they could until nightfall. Recounting the attack on the heights on December 13, Couch wrote after the war:
The musketry fire was very heavy & the artillery fire was simply terrible. I sent word, many times, to our artillery on the right of Falmouth that they were firing into us & tearing our own men to pieces. I thought they had made a mistake in the range. But I learned later that the fire came from the guns of the enemy on their extreme left.
In the attack Couch's force suffered heavily, as did the rest of the Right Grand Division. He reported that the II Corps sustained over four thousand casualties during the Fredericksburg Campaign. French's division lost an estimated 1,200 soldiers and Hancock around 2,000. Howard lost about 850 men, 150 of which were hit on December 11 supporting the engineers at the river. That night the Union wounded remained in the field, and Couch wrote after the war what he saw: "It was a night of dreadful suffering. Many died of wounds & exposure, and as fast as men died they stiffened in the wintry air, & on the front line were rolled forward for protection to the living. Frozen men were placed for dumb sentries."
Chancellorsville
Couch's force defending against the attacks of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws in the morning of May 3, 1863, during the Battle of Chancellorsville
Following the Union defeat at Fredericksburg and the inglorious Mud March in January 1863, the commander of the Army of the Potomac—Couch's immediate superior—was again replaced. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside was relieved and Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker named to his place. Hooker reorganized the army and drew up plans for a new campaign against the Army of Northern Virginia. He wished to avoid attacking the Confederate defenses at Fredericksburg and sought to flank them out of position, thereby fighting on more open ground. After the reorganization Couch continued to lead the II Corps, with his divisions commanded by Hancock and French (both now major generals) and Brig. Gen. John Gibbon at the head of Howard's former division, a total of about 17,000 soldiers.
During the ensuing Chancellorsville Campaign Couch was the senior corps commander, making him Hooker's second-in-command. In late April, Hooker began moving his corps across the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers, ordering two of Couch's divisions to entrench and defend the Banks's Ford crossing of the Rappahannock and detach Gibbon's 5,000 men to remain at the Union camp back at Falmouth on April 29. The following day Couch had cleared the ford and was marching toward Chancellorsville. In the afternoon of May 1 Hooker—normally quite aggressive—cautiously slowed his marching army, and soon he stopped their movement altogether, despite some success against the Confederates and the loud protests of his corps commanders. Couch sent Hancock's division to bolster the Union men already engaged, and informed Hooker they could handle the enemy in front of them. However, Hooker's orders stood; march back into the positions they held the previous day and assume a defensive posture. Couch complied and ordered Hancock's division to form a rear guard as they withdrew. As Hancock formed his men, Couch could see Confederate artillery aiming for the massed Union columns, and he told his staff "Let us draw their fire." The group of mounted officers clustered around a clearing where the enemy cannon could easily view them, thus attracting their fire and sparing the marching infantry; Couch and his staff also went unharmed. By nightfall the Union soldiers were busy fortifying the ground. Couch formed his divisions behind the XII Corps in roughly the center of Hooker's line.
By late afternoon on May 2, Hooker's line was hit on the right (the XI Corps led by Howard) by Confederates under Lt. Gen. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, and despite resisting the XI Corps was routed and ran toward Chancellorsville. The remaining corps tightened into a U-shaped formation by May 3, and Confederate artillery began shelling their positions, including Couch's men. At about 9 a.m. that day Hooker was stunned by enemy fire when a shell hit the pillar he was leaning on, temporarily incapacitating him within an hour. At that time Hooker turned command of the army over to Couch, and through consulting with a "groggy" Hooker it was decided to withdraw the army to defensive lines to the north, with the other commanders (except an embarrassed Howard) strongly advocating an attack instead.
Gettysburg
Couch requested reassignment after quarreling with Hooker. President Abraham Lincoln offered him command of the Army of the Potomac, but he declined, citing poor health. He commanded the newly created Department of the Susquehanna during the Gettysburg Campaign in 1863. Fort Couch in Lemoyne, Pennsylvania, was constructed under his direction and was named in his honor. Assigned to protect Harrisburg from a threatened attack by Confederates under Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, Couch directed militia from his department to skirmish with enemy cavalry elements at Sporting Hill, one of the war's northernmost engagements. Couch's militia then joined the pursuit of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland after the Battle of Gettysburg.
Subsequent activities
Confederates again invaded Couch's Department of the Susquehanna in August 1864, as Brig. Gen. John McCausland burned the town of Chambersburg. In December, Couch returned to the front lines with an assignment to the Western Theater, where he commanded a division in the XXIII Corps of the Army of the Ohio in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign and for the remainder of the war. Couch finished his military service after the Carolinas Campaign in 1865.
Postbellum career and death
Couch Gravesite in Mount Pleasant Cemetery
Couch returned to civilian life in Taunton after the war, where he ran unsuccessfully as a Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1865. He later briefly served as president of a mining company in West Virginia. Couch moved to Connecticut in 1871, where he served as the Quartermaster General, and then Adjutant General, for the state militia until 1884. In 1888 he joined the Aztec Club of 1847 by right of his service in the Mexican War. He also joined the Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1890.
He died in Norwalk, Connecticut. He was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Taunton.
Legacy
According to Herman Hattaway and Michael D. Smith:
Couch is best remembered as an able division and corps commander in the Army of the Potomac. His career occasionally was marred by personal traits of impatience and temper directed at both subordinates and superiors. He also suffered from prolonged bouts of ill health, which led to his acceptance of the post of department commander.
In 2017, General Couch's portrait was featured on a mural in Lemoyne, Pennsylvania in commemoration of the defenses mounted in the town under his name during the Gettysburg campaign. The fort served as the last line of defense for Pennsylvania' capital city of Harrisburg.
Couch is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptiles: Sceloporus couchii and Thamnophis couchii, and one frog: Scaphiopus couchii. He also has one bird species named for him: Couch's kingbird.
See also
Connecticut portalBiography portalAmerican Civil War portal
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Citations
^ Couch's middle name was undoubtedly Nash, although a middle initial of "S" has appeared in reports and is listed that way in Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194.
^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 51.
^ The correct pronunciation is /ˈkaʊtʃ/ "couch", not /ˈkoʊtʃ/ "coach", according to biographer Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 1 footnote reads "According to family members, the proper pronunciation is Couch as in Ouch, not Cooch as is sometimes suggested.
^ Warner, Generals in Blue, p. 95.
^ a b c Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 186.
^ a b c d "Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ a b Heidler, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 505.
^ Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194
^ Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 276–78.
^ Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch; Warner, Generals in Blue, p. 95
^ Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194.
^ Eicher, Longest Night, p, 396.
^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 35–39.
^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 42, 50, 53, 55–56.
^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 56, 58–59.
^ a b Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 179.
^ "Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
^ Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 473–74, 475.
^ Eicher, Longest Night, p. 475, 476, 478
^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 168–169.
^ Fredriksen, Civil War Almanac, pp. 287–293; Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 485–486.
^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, pp. 137–38.
^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 170.
^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, pp. 208–209.
^ Herman Hattaway and Michael D. Smith, "Couch, Darius Nash" in American National Biography (2000) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400270
^ "Fort Couch Historical Marker". ExplorePAHistory.com. 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Couch", p. 60).
^ Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr. (2013-06-10). Frogs of the United States and Canada, 2-vol. set. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421410388.
General and cited references
Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8078-4722-4.
Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. ISBN 0-385-04167-5.
Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
Fredriksen, John C. Civil War Almanac. New York: Checkmark Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8160-7554-6.
Gambone, A. M. Major General Darius Nash Couch: Enigmatic Valor. Baltimore: Butternut & Blue, 2000. ISBN 0-935523-75-8.
Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Darius Nash Couch." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.
Winkler, H. Donald. Civil War Goats and Scapegoats. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-58182-631-1.
The Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–65—Records of the Regiments in the Union Army—Cyclopedia of Battles—Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1997. First published 1908 by Federal Publishing Company. Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 of the 1908.
Darius Nash Couch—Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch.
civilwarhome.com Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign.
Further reading
Bowen, James Lorenzo. Massachusetts in the War, 1861–1865. Springfield, MA: C. W. Bryan & Co., 1888. OCLC 1986476.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Couch, Darius Nash" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darius N. Couch.
Darius Couch—Georgia's Blue and Gray Trail site biography; Archived 2010-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
Couch's writings about the Chancellorville Campaign at historycentral.com
Darius Nash Couch at the Wayback Machine (archived February 8, 2008) Photo gallery of Couch at www.generalsandbrevets.com
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Preceded byHenry W. Paine
Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1865
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Commander of the II Corps October 7, 1862 – December 26, 1862
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Second Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Seminole_War"},{"link_name":"general officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Western Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Darius Nash Couch[1] (July 23, 1822 – February 12, 1897) was an American soldier, businessman, and naturalist. He served as a career U.S. Army officer during the Mexican–American War, the Second Seminole War, and as a general officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.During the Civil War, Couch fought notably in the Peninsula and Fredericksburg campaigns of 1862, and the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns of 1863. He rose to command a corps in the Army of the Potomac, and led divisions in both the Eastern Theater and Western Theater. Militia under his command played a strategic role during the Gettysburg Campaign in delaying the advance of Confederate troops of the Army of Northern Virginia and preventing their crossing the Susquehanna River, critical to Pennsylvania's defense.He has been described as personally courageous, very thin in build, and (after his time in Mexico) frail of health.[2]","title":"Darius N. Couch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Putnam County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner95-4"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EicherCWHC186-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_J.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fort Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Johnston_(Southport,_North_Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fort Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pickens"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Seminole Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Columbus"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks_Military_Post"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Lemay, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemay,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fort Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Johnston_(Southport,_North_Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southport, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fort Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch-6"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Couch's kingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch%27s_kingbird"},{"link_name":"Couch's spadefoot toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphiopus_couchii"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heidler505-7"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Fort Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Castle Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Boston Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch-6"},{"link_name":"Taunton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heidler505-7"}],"text":"Couch[3] was born in 1822 on a farm in the village of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, and was educated at the local schools there.[4] In 1842 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating four years later 13th out of 59 cadets. On July 1, 1846, Couch was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and was assigned to the 4th U.S. Artillery.[5]Fort Johnston in March 2008; Couch was stationed there in 1851 and 1852.Couch then saw action with the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, most notably in the Battle of Buena Vista on February 22–23, 1847. For his actions on the second day of this fight, he was brevetted a first lieutenant for \"gallant and meritorious conduct.\" After the war ended in 1848 Couch began serving in garrison duty at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. The following year he was stationed at Fort Pickens, located near Pensacola, Florida, and then in Key West. Couch next participated in the Seminole Wars during 1849 and into 1850.[6]Returning to garrison duty, later that year Couch was sent to Fort Columbus in New York Harbor, and in 1851 Couch was involved in recruiting at Jefferson Barracks located on the Mississippi River at Lemay, Missouri. Later in 1851 he returned to Fort Columbus, and then was ordered to Fort Johnston in Southport, North Carolina, staying there into 1852, and next in garrison at Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia until 1853.[6]Couch then took a one-year leave of absence from the army from 1853 to 1854 to conduct a scientific mission for the Smithsonian Institution in northern Mexico. There, he discovered the species that are known as Couch's kingbird and Couch's spadefoot toad.[7] Upon his return to the United States in 1854, Couch was ordered to Washington, D.C., on detached service. Later that year he resumed garrison duty in Fort Independence at Castle Island along Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Also in 1854 he was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and would remain there into the following year. On April 30, 1855, Couch resigned his commission in the U.S. Army. From 1855 to 1857 he was a merchant in New York City.[6] He then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts, and worked as a copper fabricator in the company owned by his wife's family. Couch was still working in Taunton when the American Civil War began in 1861.[7]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D_N_Couch_UA_ACW_MGEN.JPG"}],"text":"Darius Couch as a major general in the Union Army","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Massachusetts Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"divisional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EicherCWHC186-5"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C._in_the_American_Civil_War#Defending_the_capital"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch-6"}],"sub_title":"Early service","text":"At the outbreak of the Civil War, Couch was appointed commander of the 7th Massachusetts Infantry on June 15, 1861, with the rank of colonel in the Union Army. That August he was promoted to brigadier general with an effective date back to May 17. He was given brigade command in the Military Division then Army of the Potomac that fall, and Couch was given divisional command in the VI Corps in the following spring.[8][5] From July 1861 to March 1862 he helped prepare and then maintain the defenses of Washington, D.C. He participated in the Peninsula Campaign, fighting in the Siege of Yorktown on April 5–May 4 and the Battle of Williamsburg the following day.[6]","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Pines.png"},{"link_name":"Battle of Seven Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines"},{"link_name":"Battle of Seven Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines"},{"link_name":"Erasmus D. Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_D._Keyes"},{"link_name":"Silas Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Casey"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"62nd New York Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_New_York_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Seven Days Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles"},{"link_name":"Battle of Oak Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oak_Grove"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malvern Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"U.S. War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._War_Department"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Maryland Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Seven Pines","text":"Map of 1862's Battle of Seven PinesCouch led his division during the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1, 1862. In this engagement his corps commander, Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, ordered Couch's division and that of Brig. Gen. Silas Casey forward of the Union defensive line, Couch's men right behind those of Casey. This placed the IV Corps in an isolated position, vulnerable to attack on three sides; however poorly coordinated Confederate movements allowed Couch and Casey to partially prepare entrenchments against the impending assault. As the fighting continued throughout May 31 both Couch and Casey were slowly driven back, with their right flank units in the most peril. At this time Couch counterattacked with his old 7th Massachusetts Infantry and the 62nd New York Infantry in an attempt to bolster that side, however he did not succeed and was forced back, as was the rest of the Union IV Corps by nightfall.[9]Couch continued to lead his division during the 1862 Seven Days Battles that followed, fighting in the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25 and the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1. Later in July Couch's health began to fail, prompting him to offer his resignation. The army commander, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, refused to send it to the U.S. War Department, and instead Couch was promoted to major general, to date from July 4. Couch was involved in the Maryland Campaign that fall, although absent from the Battle of Antietam on September 17.[10][11]","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fredericksburg-SumnerAssault.png"},{"link_name":"II Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Edwin V. Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_V._Sumner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EicherCWHC186-5"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Oliver Otis Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard"},{"link_name":"William H. French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._French"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pontoon bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge"},{"link_name":"Rappahannock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappahannock_River"},{"link_name":"amphibious assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"Norman J. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_J._Hall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"provost guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(military_police)"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"flank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanking_maneuver"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander179-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Couch's_official_reports_for_the_Fredericksburg_Campaign-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander179-16"}],"sub_title":"Fredericksburg","text":"Darius Couch's II Army Corps attacks during the 1862 Battle of FredericksburgOn November 14, 1862, Couch was assigned command of the II Corps, and he led it during the Battle of Fredericksburg as part of Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's \"Right Grand Division\".[5] In this fight Couch's corps contained three divisions, led by Brig. Gens. Winfield Scott Hancock, Oliver Otis Howard, and William H. French.[12] Early on December 12 infantry from his corps attempted to support the Union engineers' efforts to lay pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock River and into the town. When Confederate fire repeatedly prevented this, and a heavy artillery bombardment failed as well, the decision was made to send small groups of soldiers across in pontoon boats to dislodge the defenders. This amphibious assault, which finally succeeded in driving out the Confederates, was executed by one of Couch's brigades under Col. Norman J. Hall (3rd Brigade, 2nd Division – 19th & 20th Massachusetts, 7th Michigan, 42nd & 59th New York, & 127th Pennsylvania).[13]As the Union soldiers entered a smoldering Fredericksburg they began to sack the city, forcing Couch to order his provost guard to secure the bridges and collect the loot. The next day his corps was ordered to attack the Confederate position at the base of Marye's Heights above Fredericksburg. To better watch his men's progress Couch entered the town's courthouse and climbed its cupola, where he could see French's division advancing. As they approached the Confederate defenses, Couch could see his men taking very heavy fire and easily repulsed, described \"as if the division had simply vanished.\" Hancock's division followed that of French, meeting the same fate with high casualties as well. Howard, who was to go in next, was with Couch as Hancock's division attacked. Briefly through the smoke they could see the mounting casualties, and Couch reportedly said, \"Oh, great God! See how our men, our poor fellows, are falling.\"[14]Couch ordered Howard to march his division toward the right and possibly flank the Confederate defenses his other two divisions had failed to dislodge. However the terrain did not permit any force that was marching from Fredericksburg toward Marye's Heights to attack anywhere other than at the stone wall along its base. When Howard's men attacked they were crowded back to the left, meeting the same resistance, and were repulsed. As other Union soldiers followed the II Corps in, Couch ordered his artillery to move into the field and blast the Confederates at close range. When his own artillery chief protested against exposing the gun crews in this fashion, Couch stated that he agreed but it was necessary to slow the Confederate fire in some way. The cannon stopped about 150 yards from the stone wall and opened fire, but quickly lost most of their crews and did little to slacken the enemy fire. During this time Couch moved slowly along his line of men, who were on the ground firing as best they could until nightfall.[15] Recounting the attack on the heights on December 13, Couch wrote after the war:The musketry fire was very heavy & the artillery fire was simply terrible. I sent word, many times, to our artillery on the right of Falmouth that they were firing into us & tearing our own men to pieces. I thought they had made a mistake in the range. But I learned later that the fire came from the guns of the enemy on their extreme left.[16]In the attack Couch's force suffered heavily, as did the rest of the Right Grand Division. He reported that the II Corps sustained over four thousand casualties during the Fredericksburg Campaign. French's division lost an estimated 1,200 soldiers and Hancock around 2,000. Howard lost about 850 men, 150 of which were hit on December 11 supporting the engineers at the river.[17] That night the Union wounded remained in the field, and Couch wrote after the war what he saw: \"It was a night of dreadful suffering. Many died of wounds & exposure, and as fast as men died they stiffened in the wintry air, & on the front line were rolled forward for protection to the living. Frozen men were placed for dumb sentries.\"[16]","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancellorsville_May3.png"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj._Gen._(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Lafayette McLaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Mud March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_March_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Rappahannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappahannock_River"},{"link_name":"Rapidan Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidan_River"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellorsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"rear guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_guard"},{"link_name":"XII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"XI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Gen._(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jonathan \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Chancellorsville","text":"Couch's force defending against the attacks of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws in the morning of May 3, 1863, during the Battle of ChancellorsvilleFollowing the Union defeat at Fredericksburg and the inglorious Mud March in January 1863, the commander of the Army of the Potomac—Couch's immediate superior—was again replaced. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside was relieved and Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker named to his place. Hooker reorganized the army and drew up plans for a new campaign against the Army of Northern Virginia. He wished to avoid attacking the Confederate defenses at Fredericksburg and sought to flank them out of position, thereby fighting on more open ground. After the reorganization Couch continued to lead the II Corps, with his divisions commanded by Hancock and French (both now major generals) and Brig. Gen. John Gibbon at the head of Howard's former division, a total of about 17,000 soldiers.[18]During the ensuing Chancellorsville Campaign Couch was the senior corps commander, making him Hooker's second-in-command. In late April, Hooker began moving his corps across the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers, ordering two of Couch's divisions to entrench and defend the Banks's Ford crossing of the Rappahannock and detach Gibbon's 5,000 men to remain at the Union camp back at Falmouth on April 29. The following day Couch had cleared the ford and was marching toward Chancellorsville. In the afternoon of May 1 Hooker—normally quite aggressive—cautiously slowed his marching army, and soon he stopped their movement altogether, despite some success against the Confederates and the loud protests of his corps commanders. Couch sent Hancock's division to bolster the Union men already engaged, and informed Hooker they could handle the enemy in front of them. However, Hooker's orders stood; march back into the positions they held the previous day and assume a defensive posture. Couch complied and ordered Hancock's division to form a rear guard as they withdrew. As Hancock formed his men, Couch could see Confederate artillery aiming for the massed Union columns, and he told his staff \"Let us draw their fire.\" The group of mounted officers clustered around a clearing where the enemy cannon could easily view them, thus attracting their fire and sparing the marching infantry; Couch and his staff also went unharmed. By nightfall the Union soldiers were busy fortifying the ground. Couch formed his divisions behind the XII Corps in roughly the center of Hooker's line.[19][20]By late afternoon on May 2, Hooker's line was hit on the right (the XI Corps led by Howard) by Confederates under Lt. Gen. Thomas Jonathan \"Stonewall\" Jackson, and despite resisting the XI Corps was routed and ran toward Chancellorsville. The remaining corps tightened into a U-shaped formation by May 3, and Confederate artillery began shelling their positions, including Couch's men. At about 9 a.m. that day Hooker was stunned by enemy fire when a shell hit the pillar he was leaning on, temporarily incapacitating him within an hour. At that time Hooker turned command of the army over to Couch, and through consulting with a \"groggy\" Hooker it was decided to withdraw the army to defensive lines to the north, with the other commanders (except an embarrassed Howard) strongly advocating an attack instead.[21]","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Department of the Susquehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lemoyne, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemoyne,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Confederates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Sporting Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sporting_Hill"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"}],"sub_title":"Gettysburg","text":"Couch requested reassignment after quarreling with Hooker. President Abraham Lincoln offered him command of the Army of the Potomac, but he declined, citing poor health. He commanded the newly created Department of the Susquehanna during the Gettysburg Campaign in 1863.[22] Fort Couch in Lemoyne, Pennsylvania, was constructed under his direction and was named in his honor. Assigned to protect Harrisburg from a threatened attack by Confederates under Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, Couch directed militia from his department to skirmish with enemy cavalry elements at Sporting Hill, one of the war's northernmost engagements.[23] Couch's militia then joined the pursuit of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland after the Battle of Gettysburg.","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McCausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCausland"},{"link_name":"Chambersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"XXIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Army of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Franklin-Nashville Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin-Nashville_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Carolinas Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent activities","text":"Confederates again invaded Couch's Department of the Susquehanna in August 1864, as Brig. Gen. John McCausland burned the town of Chambersburg.[24] In December, Couch returned to the front lines with an assignment to the Western Theater, where he commanded a division in the XXIII Corps of the Army of the Ohio in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign and for the remainder of the war. Couch finished his military service after the Carolinas Campaign in 1865.","title":"American Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Couch_Grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Cemetery_(Taunton,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Governor of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Aztec Club of 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Club_of_1847"},{"link_name":"Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Norwalk, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Cemetery_(Taunton,_Massachusetts)"}],"text":"Couch Gravesite in Mount Pleasant CemeteryCouch returned to civilian life in Taunton after the war, where he ran unsuccessfully as a Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1865. He later briefly served as president of a mining company in West Virginia. Couch moved to Connecticut in 1871, where he served as the Quartermaster General, and then Adjutant General, for the state militia until 1884. In 1888 he joined the Aztec Club of 1847 by right of his service in the Mexican War. He also joined the Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1890.He died in Norwalk, Connecticut. He was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Taunton.","title":"Postbellum career and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sceloporus couchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_lizard"},{"link_name":"Thamnophis couchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_garter_snake"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scaphiopus couchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphiopus_couchii"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Couch's kingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch%27s_kingbird"}],"text":"According to Herman Hattaway and Michael D. Smith:Couch is best remembered as an able division and corps commander in the Army of the Potomac. His career occasionally was marred by personal traits of impatience and temper directed at both subordinates and superiors. He also suffered from prolonged bouts of ill health, which led to his acceptance of the post of department commander.[25]In 2017, General Couch's portrait was featured on a mural in Lemoyne, Pennsylvania in commemoration of the defenses mounted in the town under his name during the Gettysburg campaign. The fort served as the last line of defense for Pennsylvania' capital city of Harrisburg.[26]Couch is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptiles: Sceloporus couchii and Thamnophis couchii,[27] and one frog: Scaphiopus couchii.[28] He also has one bird species named for him: Couch's kingbird.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Encyclopedia_of_Military_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"/ˈkaʊtʃ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˈkoʊtʃ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Warner95_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EicherCWHC186_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EicherCWHC186_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EicherCWHC186_5-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aztec_Club_of_1847_site_biography_of_Couch_6-3"},{"link_name":"\"Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aztecclub.com/bios/couch.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heidler505_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heidler505_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alexander179_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alexander179_16-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Couch's_official_reports_for_the_Fredericksburg_Campaign_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civilwarhome.com/couchfredericksburg.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400270"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Fort Couch Historical Marker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-1EE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Beolens, Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bo_Beolens"},{"link_name":"Watkins, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Michael_Watkins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4214-0135-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Frogs of the United States and Canada, 2-vol. set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PH3graQZvOUC&q=rana+draytonii+%22etymology%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781421410388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421410388"}],"text":"^ Couch's middle name was undoubtedly Nash, although a middle initial of \"S\" has appeared in reports and is listed that way in Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194.\n\n^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 51.\n\n^ The correct pronunciation is /ˈkaʊtʃ/ \"couch\", not /ˈkoʊtʃ/ \"coach\", according to biographer Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 1 footnote reads \"According to family members, the proper pronunciation is Couch as in Ouch, not Cooch as is sometimes suggested.\n\n^ Warner, Generals in Blue, p. 95.\n\n^ a b c Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 186.\n\n^ a b c d \"Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch\". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-10-21.\n\n^ a b Heidler, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 505.\n\n^ Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194\n\n^ Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 276–78.\n\n^ Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch; Warner, Generals in Blue, p. 95\n\n^ Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 194.\n\n^ Eicher, Longest Night, p, 396.\n\n^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 35–39.\n\n^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 42, 50, 53, 55–56.\n\n^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 56, 58–59.\n\n^ a b Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 179.\n\n^ \"Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign\". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-11-26.\n\n^ Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 473–74, 475.\n\n^ Eicher, Longest Night, p. 475, 476, 478\n\n^ Catton, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, pp. 168–169.\n\n^ Fredriksen, Civil War Almanac, pp. 287–293; Eicher, Longest Night, pp. 485–486.\n\n^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, pp. 137–38.\n\n^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, p. 170.\n\n^ Gambone, Major-General Darius Nash Couch, pp. 208–209.\n\n^ Herman Hattaway and Michael D. Smith, \"Couch, Darius Nash\" in American National Biography (2000) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400270\n\n^ \"Fort Couch Historical Marker\". ExplorePAHistory.com. 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2017.\n\n^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (\"Couch\", p. 60).\n\n^ Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr. (2013-06-10). Frogs of the United States and Canada, 2-vol. set. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421410388.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander, Edward P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Gary W. Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8078-4722-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4722-4"},{"link_name":"Catton, Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Catton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-04167-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04167-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-270015-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270015-5"},{"link_name":"Eicher, David J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Eicher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-84944-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-3641-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3"},{"link_name":"Foote, Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Foote"},{"link_name":"The Civil War: A Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_War:_A_Narrative"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-49517-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49517-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8160-7554-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7554-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-935523-75-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935523-75-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-04758-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8071-0822-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58182-631-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58182-631-1"},{"link_name":"Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unionarmyhistory01madi/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unionarmyhistory06madi"},{"link_name":"Darius Nash Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aztecclub.com/bios/couch.htm"},{"link_name":"Aztec Club of 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Club_of_1847"},{"link_name":"civilwarhome.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civilwarhome.com/couchfredericksburg.htm"}],"text":"Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8078-4722-4.\nCatton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. ISBN 0-385-04167-5.\nDupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.\nEicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.\nEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.\nFoote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.\nFredriksen, John C. Civil War Almanac. New York: Checkmark Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8160-7554-6.\nGambone, A. M. Major General Darius Nash Couch: Enigmatic Valor. Baltimore: Butternut & Blue, 2000. ISBN 0-935523-75-8.\nHeidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. \"Darius Nash Couch.\" In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.\nWarner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.\nWinkler, H. Donald. Civil War Goats and Scapegoats. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-58182-631-1.\nThe Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–65—Records of the Regiments in the Union Army—Cyclopedia of Battles—Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1997. First published 1908 by Federal Publishing Company. Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 of the 1908.\nDarius Nash Couch—Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch.\ncivilwarhome.com Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign.","title":"General and cited references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts in the War, 1861–1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_K0tLhkfW1wwC"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1986476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1986476"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Couch, Darius Nash\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Couch,_Darius_Nash"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Bowen, James Lorenzo. Massachusetts in the War, 1861–1865. Springfield, MA: C. W. Bryan & Co., 1888. OCLC 1986476.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Couch, Darius Nash\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Fort Johnston in March 2008; Couch was stationed there in 1851 and 1852.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fort_J.JPG/220px-Fort_J.JPG"},{"image_text":"Darius Couch as a major general in the Union Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D_N_Couch_UA_ACW_MGEN.JPG/220px-D_N_Couch_UA_ACW_MGEN.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of 1862's Battle of Seven Pines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seven_Pines.png/220px-Seven_Pines.png"},{"image_text":"Darius Couch's II Army Corps attacks during the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fredericksburg-SumnerAssault.png/220px-Fredericksburg-SumnerAssault.png"},{"image_text":"Couch's force defending against the attacks of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws in the morning of May 3, 1863, during the Battle of Chancellorsville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chancellorsville_May3.png/220px-Chancellorsville_May3.png"},{"image_text":"Couch Gravesite in Mount Pleasant Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Couch_Grave.jpg/220px-Couch_Grave.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Connecticut portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Connecticut"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)"},{"title":"List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_generals_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Massachusetts in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War"}] | [{"reference":"\"Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch\". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aztecclub.com/bios/couch.htm","url_text":"\"Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Couch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign\". aztecclub.com. Retrieved 2009-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/couchfredericksburg.htm","url_text":"\"Couch's official reports for the Fredericksburg Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Couch Historical Marker\". ExplorePAHistory.com. 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-1EE","url_text":"\"Fort Couch Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr. (2013-06-10). Frogs of the United States and Canada, 2-vol. set. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421410388.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PH3graQZvOUC&q=rana+draytonii+%22etymology%22","url_text":"Frogs of the United States and Canada, 2-vol. set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421410388","url_text":"9781421410388"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Couch, Darius Nash\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Boone_(basketball) | Josh Boone (basketball) | ["1 High school","2 College","2.1 Freshman","2.2 Sophomore","2.3 Junior","3 Professional career","3.1 NBA","3.2 Post-NBA","4 NBA career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 References","6 External links"] | American basketball player (born 1984)
Josh BoonePersonal informationBorn (1984-11-21) November 21, 1984 (age 39)Mount Airy, MarylandNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)Listed weight237 lb (108 kg)Career informationHigh schoolSouth Carroll (Sykesville, Maryland)CollegeUConn (2003–2006)NBA draft2006: 1st round, 23rd overall pickSelected by the New Jersey NetsPlaying career2006–2022PositionPower forward / centerCareer history2006–2010New Jersey Nets2010–2012Zhejiang Golden Bulls2013Iowa Energy2014San Miguel Beermen2014Iowa Energy2014–2015Manama2015–2016Kalev/Cramo2016Khimki2016Pınar Karşıyaka2016–2019Melbourne United2017Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions2019–2020Illawarra Hawks2020Al Nasr2020–2021Al Riffa2021–2022Edmonton Stingers2022Halcones de Xalapa
Career highlights and awards
NBL champion (2018)
All-NBL First Team (2018)
NBL rebounding leader (2018)
ABL champion (2017)
VTB United League rebounding leader (2016)
Bahraini Premier League champion (2015)
Bahrain Cup champion (2015)
CBA Slam Dunk leader (2012)
Big East Defensive Player of the Year (2005)
NCAA champion (2004)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
Oscar Joshua Boone (born November 21, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. A 6'10" power forward-center, he played three years of college basketball for UConn. He declared for the 2006 NBA draft after his junior season, forgoing his final year of college.
High school
Born in Mount Airy, Maryland, he attended South Carroll High School in Sykesville, Maryland, where he averaged 20 points, 14.4 rebounds and seven blocked shots per game. He teamed with Indiana-bound Marshall Strickland to lead South Carroll to a 20–6 record. In his junior year, the team tied Governor Thomas Johnson High School for the league championship. South Carroll then lost in the regional semi-finals to top-ranked Paint Branch High School. The next year, he helped lead the team to only the school's second ever state final four appearance, losing to Gwynn Park in the final four. After graduating, he attended West Nottingham Academy (a small college prep school) in Colora, Maryland, averaging 28 points, 16 rebounds and 9.7 blocks per game.
College
Freshman
Boone played college basketball for UConn and was named to the Big East All-Rookie Team. Started 37 of 38 games at power forward. Averaged 5.9 points, 5.8 rebounds and 1.7 blocks, and shot .554 from the field, for NCAA Champion Huskies. Scored nine points in both Final Four games, and grabbed 14 rebounds in National Semifinal win over Duke. Averaged 8.0 points and 11.3 rebounds in three Big East Tournament games. Set a Big East Tourney record for rebounds in a game by a freshman with a career-high 16 boards in quarterfinal win at Notre Dame. In the Huskies season opener vs. Yale, became the 12th freshman under Jim Calhoun to start the season opener.
Sophomore
Big East Defensive Player of the Year and All-Big East Second Team selection. Named NABC and USBWA All-District First Team. Started all 31 games at center. Averaged 12.4 points, 8.4 rebounds and 2.9 blocks. Recorded a double-double in 11 games. He registered 18 points and 15 rebounds in 75–70 loss to Boston College. Scored a career-high 22 points and 8 blocked shots in the December 30, 2004 win over Quinnipiac. He topped his career-high with nine blocks, along with seven points and eight rebounds, in win over St. John's on February 5, 2005.
Junior
All-Big East Honorable Mention and NABC All-District Second Team selection. Started 32 of 34 games at the power forward position. Averaged 10.3 points, 7.0 rebounds and 2.0 blocks. He had eight double-doubles on the season. Tallied 13 points, 11 rebounds and two blocks in a 98–92 Sweet 16 win over Washington on March 24, 2006. Had 12 points, 14 rebounds and four blocks in a narrow 75–74 win over Notre Dame on February 21, 2006. Recorded 17 points and 15 rebounds in a 66–53 win at South Florida on March 1, 2006.
Professional career
NBA
Boone was picked 23rd overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. He was picked right behind former UConn teammate, Marcus Williams who was also selected by the Nets. During the 2006 Pepsi Pro Summer League in Orlando he led the league in rebounding (9 rpg) and was 2nd in blocked shots (1.67 bpg).
After the summer league he underwent surgery to repair a torn labrum in his left shoulder and was expected to be out for 4–6 months, however he returned much earlier. Boone made his NBA debut December 2, 2006, against the Philadelphia 76ers, playing 2 minutes. Suffering the effects of the injury and missing the pre-season training, Boone had an inconsistent but promising rookie season.
Boone averaged 4.2 points per game, 2.80 rebounds per game and 0.3 blocks per game during his rookie season. On December 26, 2006, he had a season-high of 12 rebounds against the Detroit Pistons, a game in which he played 30 minutes, the most he had played hitherto. Boone had a then career-high 21 points on 10-for-10 shooting, while grabbing six rebounds on March 24, 2007, against the Charlotte Bobcats in Charlotte. The following game, on March 28 against the Indiana Pacers, Josh eclipsed his previous career-high by scoring 22 points on 11-for-13 shooting. He also posted his first double-double by grabbing 10 rebounds.
In late December 2007, Boone earned a spot in the starting lineup. He replaced Jason Collins as the starting center and contributed immediately, putting up a double-double almost every night. During the month of January, Boone was the target of a "Hack-a-Shaq" by Golden State Warriors coach Don Nelson, in which a player is intentionally fouled repeatedly to take advantage of his poor foul shooting. That season, Boone was second-worst in the NBA in free-throw percentage among players with at least one hundred attempts, at 45.6%
Boone would see fewer minutes with the Nets, in part due to his free throw shooting. His accuracy at the line continued to deteriorate, as he hit 37.6% in 2008–09 and 32.8% in 2009–10. Only one player in the league with at least ten attempts had a lower percentage, Andris Biedrins, who made four of twenty-five attempts.
Post-NBA
After not being re-signed by the Nets, Boone signed to play with the Zhejiang Golden Bulls of China, with whom he would play for parts of three seasons.
On January 17, 2013, Boone was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League. On January 26, after he had played in only two games, it was announced that Boone would miss the rest of the 2012–13 season with a knee injury.
In February 2014, Boone signed with the San Miguel Beermen as an import for the 2014 PBA Commissioner's Cup. He left the next month after just 2 games.
On March 22, 2014, Boone was re-acquired by the Iowa Energy.
In September 2014, Boone signed with Manama of the Bahraini Premier League. He went on to help Manama win their 19th championship in May 2015.
On September 9, 2015, Boone signed with BC Kalev/Cramo of Estonia.
On January 13, 2016, Boone signed with BC Khimki of Russia. He was supposed to replace injured Paul Davis and Ruslan Pateev.
On August 2, 2016, Boone signed with Pınar Karşıyaka of Turkey for the 2016–17 season. On October 24, 2016, he parted ways with Karşıyaka after appearing in only one game.
On December 24, 2016, Boone signed with Melbourne United of the Australian National Basketball League as an injury replacement player.
On February 21, 2017, Boone signed with the Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions of the ASEAN Basketball League. He helped the Long Lions win the championship after they defeated the Singapore Slingers in the ABL Finals.
On April 28, 2017, Boone re-signed with Melbourne United for the 2017–18 NBL season. On August 14, 2018, he re-signed with United for the 2018–19 NBL season.
On May 21, 2019, Boone signed with the Illawarra Hawks for 2019–20 NBL season.
On March 4, 2020, he has signed with Al Nasr of the UAE National Basketball League. Boone signed with Al Riffa of the Bahraini Premier League on August 9.
In November 2021, it was announced Boone was on the roster of Canadian club Edmonton Stingers to strengthen their team for their maiden BCL Americas campaign in the 2021–22 season.
NBA career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field goal percentage
3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
Bold
Career high
Regular season
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2006–07
New Jersey
61
0
11.0
.579
.000
.544
2.9
.2
.2
.3
4.2
2007–08
New Jersey
70
53
25.3
.548
.000
.456
7.3
.8
.5
.9
8.2
2008–09
New Jersey
62
7
16.0
.528
.000
.376
4.2
.5
.4
.8
4.2
2009–10
New Jersey
63
28
16.6
.525
.000
.328
5.0
.5
.5
.8
4.0
Career
256
88
17.5
.544
.000
.445
4.9
.5
.4
.7
5.2
Playoffs
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2007
New Jersey
12
0
9.8
.500
.000
.500
1.6
.3
.1
.3
3.0
Career
12
0
9.8
.500
.000
.500
1.6
.3
.1
.3
3.0
References
^ "Notre Dame vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - March 11, 2004 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "Boston College vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - January 5, 2005 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "Quinnipiac vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - December 30, 2004 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "St John's vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - February 5, 2005 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "Washington vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - March 24, 2006 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "Notre Dame vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - February 21, 2006 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "Connecticut vs. South Florida - Game Recap - March 1, 2006 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ "2007-08 Regular Season NBA Player Stats and League Leaders - Free-Throws - National Basketball Association - ESPN". ESPN.com.
^ Dwight Howard to China? Josh Boone's scouting report Chris Sheridan, ESPN.com, July 22nd, 2011.
^ "NBA Development League: Energy Sign Former NBA 1st Round Pick Josh Boone". NBA.com.
^ "NBA Development League: JOSH BOONE OUT FOR SEASON WITH INJURY". NBA.com.
^ June Navarro (27 February 2014). "San Mig Coffee Mixers capture PH Cup crown".
^ "Energy Acquire Josh Boone". OurSports Central. March 22, 2014.
^ Erik (9 September 2014). "Josh Boone joins Al Manama". Court Side Basketball News.
^ "Manama claim league crown". Gulf Daily News.
^ "Josh Boone signs with Kalev/Cramo". Sportando. 9 September 2015.
^ "Basketball Club Khimki". bckhimki.com.
^ "Karsiyaka adds big man Josh Boone". Eurohoops.net. August 2, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ "Pinar Karsiyaka and Josh Boone officially part ways".
^ "JOSH BOONE UNITES WITH MELBOURNE". MelbourneUtd.com.au. December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
^ "Josh Boone inks with Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions".
^ "JOSH BOONE IS BACK".
^ "Melbourne Re-Sign Championship Duo". NBL.com.au. August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ "Josh Boone Signs with the Illawarra Hawks". NBL.com.au. May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
^ Lupo, Nicola (March 4, 2020). "Josh Boone signs with Nasr Club". Sportando. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ Borghesan, Ennio Terrasi (August 9, 2020). "Bahrain's Al Riffa signs Josh Boone". Sportando. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
^ "CEBL Announces Training Camp Roster Ahead Of BCLA". www.thestingers.ca. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
External links
Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com
Josh Boone Archived 2016-04-01 at the Wayback Machine at nba.com
Josh Boone at fiba.com
"Melbourne & Boone – A hopeful love story" at nbl.com.au
"Former NBA big-man Josh Boone re-signs with Melbourne United" at foxsports.com.au
"Josh Boone: An Experienced Man" at nbl.com.au
Josh Boone on X
Links to related articles
vteMelbourne United 2017–18 NBL Champions
0 Carrick Felix (I)
2 Felix Von Hofe (DP)
3 Josh Boone (I)
5 Sam Short (DP)
7 Peter Hooley
8 Kyle Adnam
9 Craig Moller
12 Daniel Dillon
13 David Andersen
14 Tohi Smith-Milner (DP)
20 David Barlow
21 Casper Ware (I)
22 Majok Majok
23 Casey Prather (I)
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11 Hilton Armstrong
12 Taliek Brown
13 Ryan Thompson
21 Josh Boone
23 Marcus White
30 Shamon Tooles
31 Rashad Anderson
33 Denham Brown
50 Emeka Okafor (MOP)
Head coach
Jim Calhoun
Assistant coaches
Tom Moore
George Blaney
vte2006 NBA draftFirst round
Andrea Bargnani
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Kyle Lowry
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James White
Steve Novak
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P. J. Tucker
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Daniel Gibson
Marcus Vinicius
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Will Blalock | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"UConn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"2006 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NBA_draft"}],"text":"Oscar Joshua Boone (born November 21, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. A 6'10\" power forward-center, he played three years of college basketball for UConn. He declared for the 2006 NBA draft after his junior season, forgoing his final year of college.","title":"Josh Boone (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Airy, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"South Carroll High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carroll_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sykesville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykesville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Marshall Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Strickland"},{"link_name":"West Nottingham Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nottingham_Academy"},{"link_name":"Colora, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colora,_Maryland"}],"text":"Born in Mount Airy, Maryland, he attended South Carroll High School in Sykesville, Maryland, where he averaged 20 points, 14.4 rebounds and seven blocked shots per game. He teamed with Indiana-bound Marshall Strickland to lead South Carroll to a 20–6 record. In his junior year, the team tied Governor Thomas Johnson High School for the league championship. South Carroll then lost in the regional semi-finals to top-ranked Paint Branch High School. The next year, he helped lead the team to only the school's second ever state final four appearance, losing to Gwynn Park in the final four. After graduating, he attended West Nottingham Academy (a small college prep school) in Colora, Maryland, averaging 28 points, 16 rebounds and 9.7 blocks per game.","title":"High school"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UConn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Big East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Four#Final_Four"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Jim Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Calhoun"}],"sub_title":"Freshman","text":"Boone played college basketball for UConn and was named to the Big East All-Rookie Team. Started 37 of 38 games at power forward. Averaged 5.9 points, 5.8 rebounds and 1.7 blocks, and shot .554 from the field, for NCAA Champion Huskies. Scored nine points in both Final Four games, and grabbed 14 rebounds in National Semifinal win over Duke. Averaged 8.0 points and 11.3 rebounds in three Big East Tournament games. Set a Big East Tourney record for rebounds in a game by a freshman with a career-high[citation needed] 16 boards in quarterfinal win at Notre Dame.[1] In the Huskies season opener vs. Yale, became the 12th freshman under Jim Calhoun to start the season opener.","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double-double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(basketball)#Double-double"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Sophomore","text":"Big East Defensive Player of the Year and All-Big East Second Team selection. Named NABC and USBWA All-District First Team. Started all 31 games at center. Averaged 12.4 points, 8.4 rebounds and 2.9 blocks. Recorded a double-double in 11 games. He registered 18 points and 15 rebounds in 75–70 loss to Boston College.[2] Scored a career-high 22 points and 8 blocked shots in the December 30, 2004 win over Quinnipiac.[3] He topped his career-high with nine blocks, along with seven points and eight rebounds, in win over St. John's on February 5, 2005.[4]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Junior","text":"All-Big East Honorable Mention and NABC All-District Second Team selection. Started 32 of 34 games at the power forward position. Averaged 10.3 points, 7.0 rebounds and 2.0 blocks. He had eight double-doubles on the season. Tallied 13 points, 11 rebounds and two blocks in a 98–92 Sweet 16 win over Washington on March 24, 2006.[5] Had 12 points, 14 rebounds and four blocks in a narrow 75–74 win over Notre Dame on February 21, 2006.[6] Recorded 17 points and 15 rebounds in a 66–53 win at South Florida on March 1, 2006.[7]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets"},{"link_name":"UConn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UConn"},{"link_name":"Marcus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Williams_(UConn)"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"labrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoidal_labrum"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"Detroit Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats"},{"link_name":"double-double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-double"},{"link_name":"Jason Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Collins"},{"link_name":"Hack-a-Shaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack-a-Shaq"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Don Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andris Biedrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Biedrins"}],"sub_title":"NBA","text":"Boone was picked 23rd overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. He was picked right behind former UConn teammate, Marcus Williams who was also selected by the Nets. During the 2006 Pepsi Pro Summer League in Orlando he led the league in rebounding (9 rpg) and was 2nd in blocked shots (1.67 bpg).After the summer league he underwent surgery to repair a torn labrum in his left shoulder and was expected to be out for 4–6 months, however he returned much earlier. Boone made his NBA debut December 2, 2006, against the Philadelphia 76ers, playing 2 minutes. Suffering the effects of the injury and missing the pre-season training, Boone had an inconsistent but promising rookie season.Boone averaged 4.2 points per game, 2.80 rebounds per game and 0.3 blocks per game during his rookie season. On December 26, 2006, he had a season-high of 12 rebounds against the Detroit Pistons, a game in which he played 30 minutes, the most he had played hitherto. Boone had a then career-high 21 points on 10-for-10 shooting, while grabbing six rebounds on March 24, 2007, against the Charlotte Bobcats in Charlotte. The following game, on March 28 against the Indiana Pacers, Josh eclipsed his previous career-high by scoring 22 points on 11-for-13 shooting. He also posted his first double-double by grabbing 10 rebounds.In late December 2007, Boone earned a spot in the starting lineup. He replaced Jason Collins as the starting center and contributed immediately, putting up a double-double almost every night. During the month of January, Boone was the target of a \"Hack-a-Shaq\" by Golden State Warriors coach Don Nelson, in which a player is intentionally fouled repeatedly to take advantage of his poor foul shooting. That season, Boone was second-worst in the NBA in free-throw percentage among players with at least one hundred attempts, at 45.6%[8]Boone would see fewer minutes with the Nets, in part due to his free throw shooting. His accuracy at the line continued to deteriorate, as he hit 37.6% in 2008–09 and 32.8% in 2009–10. Only one player in the league with at least ten attempts had a lower percentage, Andris Biedrins, who made four of twenty-five attempts.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhejiang Golden Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Golden_Bulls"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iowa Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Energy"},{"link_name":"NBA D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_D-League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"San Miguel Beermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Beermen"},{"link_name":"2014 PBA Commissioner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_PBA_Commissioner%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Manama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama_Club_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bahraini Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini_Premier_League_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BC Kalev/Cramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Kalev/Cramo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"BC Khimki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Khimki"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pınar Karşıyaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1nar_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Melbourne United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_United"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sports_Club_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"ASEAN Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Singapore Slingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Slingers"},{"link_name":"2017–18 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2018–19 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Illawarra Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks"},{"link_name":"2019–20 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"UAE National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_National_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Bahraini Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini_Premier_League_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Stingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Stingers"},{"link_name":"BCL Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL_Americas"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_BCL_Americas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Post-NBA","text":"After not being re-signed by the Nets, Boone signed to play with the Zhejiang Golden Bulls of China,[9] with whom he would play for parts of three seasons.On January 17, 2013, Boone was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League.[10] On January 26, after he had played in only two games, it was announced that Boone would miss the rest of the 2012–13 season with a knee injury.[11]In February 2014, Boone signed with the San Miguel Beermen as an import for the 2014 PBA Commissioner's Cup.[12] He left the next month after just 2 games.On March 22, 2014, Boone was re-acquired by the Iowa Energy.[13]In September 2014, Boone signed with Manama of the Bahraini Premier League.[14] He went on to help Manama win their 19th championship in May 2015.[15]On September 9, 2015, Boone signed with BC Kalev/Cramo of Estonia.[16]On January 13, 2016, Boone signed with BC Khimki of Russia.[17] He was supposed to replace injured Paul Davis and Ruslan Pateev.On August 2, 2016, Boone signed with Pınar Karşıyaka of Turkey for the 2016–17 season.[18] On October 24, 2016, he parted ways with Karşıyaka after appearing in only one game.[19]On December 24, 2016, Boone signed with Melbourne United of the Australian National Basketball League as an injury replacement player.[20]On February 21, 2017, Boone signed with the Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions of the ASEAN Basketball League.[21] He helped the Long Lions win the championship after they defeated the Singapore Slingers in the ABL Finals.On April 28, 2017, Boone re-signed with Melbourne United for the 2017–18 NBL season.[22] On August 14, 2018, he re-signed with United for the 2018–19 NBL season.[23]On May 21, 2019, Boone signed with the Illawarra Hawks for 2019–20 NBL season.[24]On March 4, 2020, he has signed with Al Nasr of the UAE National Basketball League.[25] Boone signed with Al Riffa of the Bahraini Premier League on August 9.[26]In November 2021, it was announced Boone was on the roster of Canadian club Edmonton Stingers to strengthen their team for their maiden BCL Americas campaign in the 2021–22 season.[27]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Notre Dame vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - March 11, 2004 - ESPN\". 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Retrieved December 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.melbourneutd.com.au/featured-news/josh-boone-unites-melbourne/","url_text":"\"JOSH BOONE UNITES WITH MELBOURNE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Boone inks with Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportando.com/en/world/asia/226665/josh-boone-inks-with-hong-kong-eastern-long-lions.html","url_text":"\"Josh Boone inks with Hong Kong Eastern Long Lions\""}]},{"reference":"\"JOSH BOONE IS BACK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.melbourneutd.com.au/more-news/boone-is-back/","url_text":"\"JOSH BOONE IS BACK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Re-Sign Championship Duo\". NBL.com.au. August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/43328-melbourne-re-sign-championship-duo","url_text":"\"Melbourne Re-Sign Championship Duo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Boone Signs with the Illawarra Hawks\". NBL.com.au. May 21, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_sandpiper | Spotted sandpiper | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution","4 Behaviour","4.1 Breeding","4.2 Food and feeding","5 Predators","6 Conservation status","7 Etymology","8 Gallery","9 Video","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Species of bird
Spotted sandpiper
Breeding plumageCall
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Charadriiformes
Family:
Scolopacidae
Genus:
Actitis
Species:
A. macularius
Binomial name
Actitis macularius(Linnaeus, 1766)
Range Breeding Migration Non-breeding
Synonyms
Tringa macularia Linnaeus, 1766
Actitis macularia orth. err.
Tringoides macularius Sharpe, 1896
The spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) is a small shorebird. Together with its sister species the common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), it makes up the genus Actitis. They replace each other geographically; stray birds may settle down with breeders of the other species and hybridize.
Taxonomy
The spotted sandpiper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa macularia. The type locality is Pennsylvania. The species is now placed together with common sandpiper in the genus Actitis and was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Illiger. The genus name Actitis is from the Ancient Greek aktites meaning "coast-dweller" from akte meaning "coast". The specific epithet macularius is Latin meaning "spotted". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
Description
'Record shot' of spotted sandpipers at Île Sainte-Hélène in Montreal, Canada, showing diagnostic features such as the all-brown back and tail (i.e. no black, unlike many other sandpipers), white leading and trailing edge to the wings, partial white wingbar, and white edging to tail.
Adults have short yellowish legs and an orange bill with a dark tip. The body is brown on top and white underneath with black spots. These spots vary in degree over the course of spotted sandpipers' lives, becoming especially prevalent around the breeding season. The overall health of spotted sandpipers may be suggested by the "spottiness" of an individual. Generally, females with more "spottiness" were healthier than those who did not have as many spots. The condition of males based on the amount of spots they exhibit is yet to be determined. Additionally, spot size gets smaller and the spot shape becomes more irregularly shaped as age increases. Spotted sandpipers also feature a white supercilium.
Non-breeding birds, depicted below, do not have the spotted underparts, and are very similar to the common sandpiper of Eurasia; the main difference is the more washed-out wing pattern visible in flight and the normally light yellow legs and feet of the spotted sandpiper. The Actitis species have a distinctive stiff-winged flight low over the water. They also have a distinctive walk in which their tails bob up and down. Males and females exhibit similar physical measurements, but differ in weight; females tend to be about 20-25% heavier than males.
Measurements:
Length: 7.1-7.9 in (18–20 cm)
Weight: 1.2-1.8 oz (34-50 g)
Wingspan: 14.6-15.8 in (37–40 cm)
Distribution
Spotted sandpipers are a philopatric species. Their breeding habitat is near fresh water across most of Canada and the United States. They migrate to the southern United States, the Caribbean, and South America, and are very rare vagrants to western Europe. These are not gregarious birds and are seldom seen in flocks. Spotted sandpipers are the most widespread species of their kind in North America due to their high breeding rates and their ability to adapt to various environmental pressures.
Behaviour
Breeding
Breeding grounds are chosen based on various environmental factors but tend to be in the proximity of bodies of water that offer some coverage from vegetation. Successful breeding sites may be used repeatedly until either the site becomes physically unsuitable (from overgrown vegetation or flooding) or predation becomes too severe. The females usually arrive at breeding grounds before the males do and establish their territories. Males arrive at breeding sites later but it is uncertain whether they will arrive at the same breeding sites that some females have chosen. The search for mates amongst female spotted sandpipers is much more competitive than finding potential mates for males.
During each summer breeding season, females may mate with and lay clutches for more than one male, leaving incubation to them. This is called polyandry. Male spotted sandpipers take care of the offspring, both before and after the offspring hatch. They will incubate their eggs for about 20–23 days. Male parents of first clutches may father chicks in later male's clutches, probably due to sperm storage within female reproductive tracts, which is common in birds. Females that fail to find additional mates usually help incubate and rear chicks. "Prior to incubation, blood plasma concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are substantially higher in males than in females" and these levels plummet 25-fold in males as incubation proceeds. Additionally, mated females have testosterone concentrations that are 7 times higher than those of unmated females. Due to their polyandrous behavior, spotted sandpipers tend to produce more offspring compared to other species of sandpipers.
Food and feeding
These birds forage on the ground or in water, picking up food by sight. They may also catch insects in flight. They eat insects (such as flies, beetles, grasshoppers, mayflies, midges, crickets and caterpillars), crustaceans and other invertebrates (such as spiders, snails, other molluscs, and worms), as well as small fish and carrion. As they forage, they can be recognized by their constant nodding and teetering.
Predators
The main predators of spotted sandpipers include raptors, mustelids, mice, and gulls. Most of these predators target the sandpipers' chicks and eggs.
Conservation status
Although there has been some decline in the population of spotted sandpipers, their conservation status is currently of least concern. However, the decrease in the population of spotted sandpipers is not projected to slow or stop in the future. The destruction of their natural habitats due to increasing wildfires causes problems for breeding and raising offspring. Additionally, the gradual increase in temperatures poses a problem for newborn sandpipers.
Etymology
The word Actitis comes from the Greek word for "coast-dweller", while the word macularius comes from the Latin word for "spotted".
Gallery
Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Front view
Non-breeding plumage
Spotted sandpiper hunting in the Wallkill River Wildlife Refuge in New Jersey and New York (state)
Spotted sandpiper foraging in Fox River Grove, Illinois
Video
A spotted sandpiper, or "teeterpeep", displaying its trademark bobbing-motion while foraging in a harbor in Oakland, CA.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Actitis macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693277A93394194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 249.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 269.
^ Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini : Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 262.
^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 236. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Currie, Dave; Wunderle, Joseph; Freid, Ethan; Ewert, David; Lodge, D. Jean (2019). The Natural History of The Bahamas: A Field Guide. Cornell University Press. pp. 291–386.
^ a b c d e Blizard, Misha; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2017-04-01). "Plumage pattern dimorphism in a shorebird exhibiting sex-role reversal (Actitis macularius)Dimorfismo en los patrones del plumaje en un ave playera con roles sexuales invertidos (Actitis macularius)Reversed sexual dimorphism in a melanized plumage pattern". The Auk. 134 (2): 363–376. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-96.1. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ "Spotted Sandpiper Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ a b Oring, Lewis W.; Lank, David B.; Maxson, Stephen J. (1983-04-01). "Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper". The Auk. 100 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.272. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ a b Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p 115.
^ a b c https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Actitis%20macularius%20-%20Spotted%20Sandpiper.pdf
^ a b c "Actitis macularius (Spotted sandpiper)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Alberico, Julie A. R.; Reed, J. Michael; Oring, Lewis W. (1 October 1991). "Nesting near a Common Tern Colony Increases and Decreases Spotted Sandpiper Nest Predation". The Auk. 108 (4): 904–910.
^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2016-10-01). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Actitis macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
^ "Wild Things: Spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) - The Independent". edgewood.news. 2022-06-13. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
Further reading
Vinicombe, Keith (2006) ID in depth: Spotted Sandpiper Birdwatch 171: 29-31
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spotted Sandpiper.
Wikispecies has information related to Actitis macularia.
Spotted Sandpiper Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Spotted Sandpiper - Actitis macularia - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
"Actitis macularius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
"Spotted Sandpiper media". Internet Bird Collection.
Spotted Sandpiper photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
vteSandpipers (family: Scolopacidae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Scolopacidae (Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)NumeniinaeBartramia
Upland sandpiper (B. longicauda)
Numenius(Curlews)
Long-billed curlew (N. americanus)
Eurasian curlew (N. arquata)
Eskimo curlew (N. borealis)
Hudsonian whimbrel (N. hudsonicus)
Far Eastern curlew (N. madagascariensis)
Little curlew (N. minutus)
Eurasian whimbrel (N. phaeopus)
Bristle-thighed curlew (N. tahitiensis)
Slender-billed curlew (N. tenuirostris)
LimosinaeLimosa(Godwits)
Marbled godwit (L. fedoa)
Hudsonian godwit (L. haemastica)
Bar-tailed godwit (L. lapponica)
Black-tailed godwit (L. limosa)
ArenariinaeArenaria(Turnstones)
Ruddy turnstone (A. interpres)
Black turnstone (A. melanocephala)
Prosobonia
Tuamotu sandpiper (P. parvirostris)
Henderson sandpiper (P. sauli)
Calidris
Sharp-tailed sandpiper (C. acuminata)
Sanderling (C. alba)
Dunlin (C. alpina)
Baird's sandpiper (C. bairdii)
Red knot (C. canutus)
Broad-billed sandpiper (C. falcinellus)
Curlew sandpiper (C. ferruginea)
White-rumped sandpiper (C. fuscicollis)
Stilt sandpiper (C. himantopus)
Purple sandpiper (C. maritima)
Western sandpiper (C. mauri)
Pectoral sandpiper (C. melanotos)
Little stint (C. minuta)
Least sandpiper (C. minutilla)
Rock sandpiper (C. ptilocnemis)
Ruff (C. pugnax)
Semipalmated sandpiper (C. pusilla)
Spoon-billed sandpiper (C. pygmaea)
Red-necked stint (C. ruficollis)
Long-toed stint (C. subminuta)
Buff-breasted sandpiper (C. subruficollis)
Temminck's stint (C. temminckii)
Great knot (C. tenuirostris)
Surfbird (C. virgata)
Scolopacidae (Tringinae–Scolopacinae)TringinaeXenus
Terek sandpiper (X. cinereus)
Phalaropus(Phalaropes)
Red phalarope (P. fulicarius)
Red-necked phalarope (P. lobatus)
Wilson's phalarope (P. tricolor)
Actitis
Common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos)
Spotted sandpiper (A. macularia)
Tringa
Grey-tailed tattler (T. brevipes)
Spotted redshank (T. erythropus)
Lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes)
Wood sandpiper (T. glareola)
Nordmann's greenshank (T. guttifer)
Wandering tattler (T. incana)
Greater yellowlegs (T. melanoleuca)
Common greenshank (T. nebularia)
Green sandpiper (T. ochropus)
Willet (T. semipalmata)
Solitary sandpiper (T. solitaria)
Marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis)
Common redshank (T. totanus)
ScolopacinaeLymnocryptes
Jack snipe (L. minimus)
Limnodromus(Dowitchers)
Short-billed dowitcher (L. griseus)
Long-billed dowitcher (L. scolopaceus)
Asian dowitcher (L. semipalmatus)
Scolopax(Woodcocks)
Bukidnon woodcock (S. bukidnonensis)
Sulawesi woodcock (S. celebensis)
American woodcock (S. minor)
Amami woodcock (S. mira)
Moluccan woodcock (S. rochussenii)
New Guinea woodcock (S. rosenbergii)
Eurasian woodcock (S. rusticola)
Javan woodcock (S. saturata)
Coenocorypha
Subantarctic snipe (C. aucklandica)
Snares snipe (C. huegeli)
Chatham snipe (C. pusilla)
Gallinago(Snipes)
Puna snipe (G. andina)
Wilson's snipe (G. delicata)
Common snipe (G. gallinago)
Latham's snipe (G. hardwickii)
Imperial snipe (G. imperialis)
Jameson's snipe (G. jamesoni)
Madagascar snipe (G. macrodactyla)
Great snipe (G. media)
Swinhoe's snipe (G. megala)
Wood snipe (G. nemoricola)
African snipe (G. nigripennis)
Noble snipe (G. nobilis)
South American snipe (G. paraguaiae)
Solitary snipe (G. solitaria)
Pin-tailed snipe (G. stenura)
Fuegian snipe (G. stricklandii)
Giant snipe (G. undulata)
Based on Boyd (2019).
Taxon identifiersActitis macularius
Wikidata: Q389691
Wikispecies: Actitis macularius
ABA: sposan
ADW: Actitis_macularius
Avibase: 0D88C072E71FE4B8
BirdLife: 22693277
BOLD: 10212
BOW: sposan
CoL: 64R5G
eBird: sposan
EURING: 5570
Fauna Europaea: 96857
GBIF: 2481798
GNAB: spotted-sandpiper
IBC: spotted-sandpiper-actitis-macularia
iNaturalist: 72458
IRMNG: 11860653
ITIS: 726049
IUCN: 22693277
NatureServe: 2.105831
NBN: NHMSYS0021053543
NCBI: 190659
Neotropical: sposan
Observation.org: 72919
OBIS: 159081
ODNR: spotted-sandpiper
Open Tree of Life: 810558
Paleobiology Database: 368015
SeaLifeBase: 152256
WoRMS: 159081
Xeno-canto: Actitis-macularius
Tringa macularia
Wikidata: Q14575705
CoL: 58VJ9
Fauna Europaea: 563295
GBIF: 2481724
IRMNG: 10586640
ITIS: 176631
Plazi: 121FFF36-B80F-55DE-B317-9D1008A3F495
ZooBank: D0CE071D-698F-43E5-8B78-D022582F1A79 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shorebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorebird"},{"link_name":"sister species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_species"},{"link_name":"common sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Actitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actitis"},{"link_name":"settle down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridisation_in_shorebirds#Other_hybrid_scolopacids"},{"link_name":"hybridize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"}],"text":"The spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) is a small shorebird. Together with its sister species the common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), it makes up the genus Actitis. They replace each other geographically; stray birds may settle down with breeders of the other species and hybridize.","title":"Spotted sandpiper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"twelfth edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"common sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Actitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actitis"},{"link_name":"Johann Illiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-5"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-6"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-5"}],"text":"The spotted sandpiper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa macularia.[2] The type locality is Pennsylvania.[3] The species is now placed together with common sandpiper in the genus Actitis and was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Illiger.[4][5] The genus name Actitis is from the Ancient Greek aktites meaning \"coast-dweller\" from akte meaning \"coast\". The specific epithet macularius is Latin meaning \"spotted\".[6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Sandpiper_-_2017-08-17_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"'Record shot' of spotted sandpipers at Île Sainte-Hélène in Montreal, Canada, showing diagnostic features such as the all-brown back and tail (i.e. no black, unlike many other sandpipers), white leading and trailing edge to the wings, partial white wingbar, and white edging to tail.Adults have short yellowish legs and an orange bill with a dark tip. The body is brown on top and white underneath with black spots. These spots vary in degree over the course of spotted sandpipers' lives, becoming especially prevalent around the breeding season. The overall health of spotted sandpipers may be suggested by the \"spottiness\" of an individual. Generally, females with more \"spottiness\" were healthier than those who did not have as many spots. The condition of males based on the amount of spots they exhibit is yet to be determined. Additionally, spot size gets smaller and the spot shape becomes more irregularly shaped as age increases. Spotted sandpipers also feature a white supercilium.[7]Non-breeding birds, depicted below, do not have the spotted underparts, and are very similar to the common sandpiper of Eurasia; the main difference is the more washed-out wing pattern visible in flight and the normally light yellow legs and feet of the spotted sandpiper. The Actitis species have a distinctive stiff-winged flight low over the water. They also have a distinctive walk in which their tails bob up and down. Males and females exhibit similar physical measurements, but differ in weight; females tend to be about 20-25% heavier than males.[8]Measurements:[9]Length: 7.1-7.9 in (18–20 cm)\nWeight: 1.2-1.8 oz (34-50 g)\nWingspan: 14.6-15.8 in (37–40 cm)","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philopatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopatry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"migrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Spotted sandpipers are a philopatric species.[8] Their breeding habitat is near fresh water across most of Canada and the United States. They migrate to the southern United States, the Caribbean, and South America, and are very rare vagrants to western Europe. These are not gregarious birds and are seldom seen in flocks. Spotted sandpipers are the most widespread species of their kind in North America due to their high breeding rates and their ability to adapt to various environmental pressures.[8]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"polyandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_RJ-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_RJ-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Breeding grounds are chosen based on various environmental factors but tend to be in the proximity of bodies of water that offer some coverage from vegetation. Successful breeding sites may be used repeatedly until either the site becomes physically unsuitable (from overgrown vegetation or flooding) or predation becomes too severe. The females usually arrive at breeding grounds before the males do and establish their territories. Males arrive at breeding sites later but it is uncertain whether they will arrive at the same breeding sites that some females have chosen.[10] The search for mates amongst female spotted sandpipers is much more competitive than finding potential mates for males.[8]During each summer breeding season, females may mate with and lay clutches for more than one male, leaving incubation to them. This is called polyandry. Male spotted sandpipers take care of the offspring, both before and after the offspring hatch. They will incubate their eggs for about 20–23 days.[8] Male parents of first clutches may father chicks in later male's clutches, probably due to sperm storage within female reproductive tracts, which is common in birds. Females that fail to find additional mates usually help incubate and rear chicks. \"Prior to incubation, blood plasma concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are substantially higher in males than in females\" and these levels plummet 25-fold in males as incubation proceeds.[11] Additionally, mated females have testosterone concentrations that are 7 times higher than those of unmated females.[11] Due to their polyandrous behavior, spotted sandpipers tend to produce more offspring compared to other species of sandpipers.[10]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flies"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper"},{"link_name":"mayflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflies"},{"link_name":"midges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge"},{"link_name":"crickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_(insect)"},{"link_name":"caterpillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sta.uwi.edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-13"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sta.uwi.edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-13"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sta.uwi.edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-13"}],"sub_title":"Food and feeding","text":"These birds forage on the ground or in water, picking up food by sight. They may also catch insects in flight. They eat insects (such as flies, beetles, grasshoppers, mayflies, midges, crickets and caterpillars),[12][13] crustaceans and other invertebrates (such as spiders, snails, other molluscs, and worms),[12][13] as well as small fish and carrion.[12][13] As they forage, they can be recognized by their constant nodding and teetering.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The main predators of spotted sandpipers include raptors, mustelids, mice, and gulls. Most of these predators target the sandpipers' chicks and eggs.[14]","title":"Predators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Although there has been some decline in the population of spotted sandpipers, their conservation status is currently of least concern. However, the decrease in the population of spotted sandpipers is not projected to slow or stop in the future. The destruction of their natural habitats due to increasing wildfires causes problems for breeding and raising offspring. Additionally, the gradual increase in temperatures poses a problem for newborn sandpipers.[15]","title":"Conservation status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The word Actitis comes from the Greek word for \"coast-dweller\", while the word macularius comes from the Latin word for \"spotted\".[16]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actitis_macularius_MWNH_0240.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actitis-macularia-004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Sandpiper_(non-breeding_plumage)_(32877802088).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brodziec_plamisty_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wallkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill_River"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Sandpiper_(8705161641).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fox River Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_Grove"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"}],"text":"Eggs, Collection Museum WiesbadenFront view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNon-breeding plumage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpotted sandpiper hunting in the Wallkill River Wildlife Refuge in New Jersey and New York (state)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpotted sandpiper foraging in Fox River Grove, Illinois","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A spotted sandpiper, or \"teeterpeep\", displaying its trademark bobbing-motion while foraging in a harbor in Oakland, CA.","title":"Video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinicombe, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinicombe,_Keith"},{"link_name":"Birdwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatch_(magazine)"}],"text":"Vinicombe, Keith (2006) ID in depth: Spotted Sandpiper Birdwatch 171: 29-31","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Call"},{"image_text":"'Record shot' of spotted sandpipers at Île Sainte-Hélène in Montreal, Canada, showing diagnostic features such as the all-brown back and tail (i.e. no black, unlike many other sandpipers), white leading and trailing edge to the wings, partial white wingbar, and white edging to tail.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Spotted_Sandpiper_-_2017-08-17_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.jpg/220px-Spotted_Sandpiper_-_2017-08-17_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Actitis_macularius_MWNH_0240.JPG/220px-Actitis_macularius_MWNH_0240.JPG"},{"image_text":"A spotted sandpiper, or \"teeterpeep\", displaying its trademark bobbing-motion while foraging in a harbor in Oakland, CA."}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Actitis macularius\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693277A93394194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693277/93394194","url_text":"\"Actitis macularius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en"}]},{"reference":"Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 249.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus","url_text":"Linnaeus, Carl"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946445","url_text":"Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"}]},{"reference":"Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Peters","url_text":"Peters, James Lee"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483082","url_text":"Check-List of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 262.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger","url_text":"Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301232","url_text":"Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). \"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers\". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/","url_text":"\"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 236. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n31","url_text":"31"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n236","url_text":"236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Currie, Dave; Wunderle, Joseph; Freid, Ethan; Ewert, David; Lodge, D. Jean (2019). The Natural History of The Bahamas: A Field Guide. Cornell University Press. pp. 291–386.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blizard, Misha; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2017-04-01). \"Plumage pattern dimorphism in a shorebird exhibiting sex-role reversal (Actitis macularius)Dimorfismo en los patrones del plumaje en un ave playera con roles sexuales invertidos (Actitis macularius)Reversed sexual dimorphism in a melanized plumage pattern\". The Auk. 134 (2): 363–376. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-96.1. ISSN 0004-8038.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-16-96.1","url_text":"\"Plumage pattern dimorphism in a shorebird exhibiting sex-role reversal (Actitis macularius)Dimorfismo en los patrones del plumaje en un ave playera con roles sexuales invertidos (Actitis macularius)Reversed sexual dimorphism in a melanized plumage pattern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-16-96.1","url_text":"10.1642/AUK-16-96.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","url_text":"0004-8038"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotted Sandpiper Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology\". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Spotted_Sandpiper/id","url_text":"\"Spotted Sandpiper Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology\""}]},{"reference":"Oring, Lewis W.; Lank, David B.; Maxson, Stephen J. (1983-04-01). \"Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper\". The Auk. 100 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.272. ISSN 0004-8038.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/100.2.272","url_text":"\"Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F100.2.272","url_text":"10.1093/auk/100.2.272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","url_text":"0004-8038"}]},{"reference":"\"Actitis macularius (Spotted sandpiper)\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Actitis_macularius/","url_text":"\"Actitis macularius (Spotted sandpiper)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"}]},{"reference":"Alberico, Julie A. R.; Reed, J. Michael; Oring, Lewis W. (1 October 1991). \"Nesting near a Common Tern Colony Increases and Decreases Spotted Sandpiper Nest Predation\". The Auk. 108 (4): 904–910.","urls":[]},{"reference":"International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2016-10-01). \"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Actitis macularius\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/en","url_text":"\"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Actitis macularius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Things: Spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) - The Independent\". edgewood.news. 2022-06-13. Retrieved 2023-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgewood.news/wild-things-spotted-sandpiper-actitis-macularius/","url_text":"\"Wild Things: Spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) - The Independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actitis macularius\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726049","url_text":"\"Actitis macularius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotted Sandpiper media\". Internet Bird Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/spotted-sandpiper-actitis-macularia","url_text":"\"Spotted Sandpiper media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection","url_text":"Internet Bird Collection"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693277/93394194","external_links_name":"\"Actitis macularius\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693277A93394194.en"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946445","external_links_name":"Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483082","external_links_name":"Check-List of Birds of the World"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301232","external_links_name":"Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/","external_links_name":"\"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n31","external_links_name":"31"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n236","external_links_name":"236"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-16-96.1","external_links_name":"\"Plumage pattern dimorphism in a shorebird exhibiting sex-role reversal (Actitis macularius)Dimorfismo en los patrones del plumaje en un ave playera con roles sexuales invertidos (Actitis macularius)Reversed sexual dimorphism in a melanized plumage pattern\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-16-96.1","external_links_name":"10.1642/AUK-16-96.1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","external_links_name":"0004-8038"},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Spotted_Sandpiper/id","external_links_name":"\"Spotted Sandpiper Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/100.2.272","external_links_name":"\"Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F100.2.272","external_links_name":"10.1093/auk/100.2.272"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","external_links_name":"0004-8038"},{"Link":"https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Actitis%20macularius%20-%20Spotted%20Sandpiper.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Actitis%20macularius%20-%20Spotted%20Sandpiper.pdf"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Actitis_macularius/","external_links_name":"\"Actitis macularius (Spotted sandpiper)\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/en","external_links_name":"\"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Actitis macularius\""},{"Link":"https://edgewood.news/wild-things-spotted-sandpiper-actitis-macularius/","external_links_name":"\"Wild Things: Spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Chile | List of extreme points of Chile | ["1 Latitude and longitude","1.1 Chile","1.2 Mainland","2 Geographical center","3 Altitude","4 Monuments","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of extreme points of Chile" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a list of the extreme points of Chile.
Latitude and longitude
Geographic coordinates expressed in WGS 84.
Chile
Northernmost point: Tripartite border with Bolivia and Peru in Arica and Parinacota Region near Visviri (17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472)
Southernmost point can be either:
Águila Islet, Diego Ramírez Islands in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region 56°32′15″S 68°43′10″W / 56.5375°S 68.719444°W / -56.5375; -68.719444, or, if Antarctic Chilean Territory claims are considered,
The South Pole in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (90°S 0°W / 90°S -0°E / -90; -0)
Westernmost point: Motu Nui, off Easter Island (27°12′3.8″S 109°27′17.6″W / 27.201056°S 109.454889°W / -27.201056; -109.454889)
Easternmost point can be either:
Nueva Island in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (55°13′10.5″S 66°24′58.0″W / 55.219583°S 66.416111°W / -55.219583; -66.416111), or, if Antarctic Chilean Territory claims are considered,
The 53rd meridian west of Greenwich, over Antarctica in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region.
Mainland
Northernmost point: Tripartite border with Bolivia and Peru in Arica and Parinacota Region (17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472)
Southernmost point: Cape Froward in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (53°53′47.8″S 71°17′41.4″W / 53.896611°S 71.294833°W / -53.896611; -71.294833)
Westernmost point: Taitao Peninsula in Aisén Region (46°43′10.0″S 75°38′57.5″W / 46.719444°S 75.649306°W / -46.719444; -75.649306)
Easternmost point: Off Nevados de Poquis in Antofagasta Region (22°59′31.0″S 66°58′31.7″W / 22.991944°S 66.975472°W / -22.991944; -66.975472)
Geographical center
Chile (Including Easter Island):
including Antarctic territorial claims: South Pacific Ocean, 687 km WbS of Punta Arenas, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, Chile (53°44′57.0″S 81°13′38.8″W / 53.749167°S 81.227444°W / -53.749167; -81.227444)
excluding Antarctic territorial claims: South Pacific Ocean, 737 km SWbW of Alejandro Selkirk Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile (37°1′5.0″S 87°56′7.8″W / 37.018056°S 87.935500°W / -37.018056; -87.935500)
Mainland: about 8 km. east of Colbún, Maule Region, Chile (35°41′50.9″S 71°18′44.6″W / 35.697472°S 71.312389°W / -35.697472; -71.312389)
Altitude
Height referred to mean sea level.
Highest point: Ojos del Salado in Atacama Region, 6,893 m (27°6′34.6″S 68°32′32.1″W / 27.109611°S 68.542250°W / -27.109611; -68.542250)
Lowest point: Pacific Ocean, 0 m
Monuments
There is a monument at Playa Blanca ("White Beach"), located between Coronel and Lota in the Biobío Region, representing the middle of continental Chile north-south.
South of Punta Arenas there is another such monument, marking Chile's north-south center, including Antarctic territorial claims (photo).
References
^ Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos (1899). Geographical Dictionary of the Republic of Chile (in Spanish). Imp. de F. A. Brockhaus.
^ "websil". Sil.senado.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
^ "Comuna De Lota | Descubre Bio Bio". Descubrebiobio.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
^ "Tour Packages Punta Arenas and Penguins". Chileturistic.com. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
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vteExtreme points of South America Sovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
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South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a list of the extreme points of Chile.","title":"List of extreme points of Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WGS 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGS_84"}],"text":"Geographic coordinates expressed in WGS 84.","title":"Latitude and longitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Arica and Parinacota Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica_and_Parinacota_Region"},{"link_name":"Visviri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visviri"},{"link_name":"17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=17_29_54.0_S_69_28_6.5_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Águila Islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guila_Islet"},{"link_name":"Diego Ramírez Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez_Islands"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"56°32′15″S 68°43′10″W / 56.5375°S 68.719444°W / -56.5375; -68.719444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=56.5375_S_68.719444_W_"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Chilean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"90°S 0°W / 90°S -0°E / -90; -0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=90_S_0_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Motu Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_Nui"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"27°12′3.8″S 109°27′17.6″W / 27.201056°S 109.454889°W / -27.201056; -109.454889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=27_12_3.8_S_109_27_17.6_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Nueva Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picton,_Lennox_and_Nueva"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"55°13′10.5″S 66°24′58.0″W / 55.219583°S 66.416111°W / -55.219583; -66.416111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=55_13_10.5_S_66_24_58.0_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoDictionary-1"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Chilean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory"},{"link_name":"53rd meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"}],"sub_title":"Chile","text":"Northernmost point: Tripartite border with Bolivia and Peru in Arica and Parinacota Region near Visviri (17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472)\nSouthernmost point can be either:\nÁguila Islet, Diego Ramírez Islands in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region 56°32′15″S 68°43′10″W / 56.5375°S 68.719444°W / -56.5375; -68.719444, or, if Antarctic Chilean Territory claims are considered,\nThe South Pole in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (90°S 0°W / 90°S -0°E / -90; -0)\nWesternmost point: Motu Nui, off Easter Island (27°12′3.8″S 109°27′17.6″W / 27.201056°S 109.454889°W / -27.201056; -109.454889)\nEasternmost point can be either:\nNueva Island in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (55°13′10.5″S 66°24′58.0″W / 55.219583°S 66.416111°W / -55.219583; -66.416111),[1] or, if Antarctic Chilean Territory claims are considered,\nThe 53rd meridian west of Greenwich, over Antarctica in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region.","title":"Latitude and longitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Arica and Parinacota Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica_and_Parinacota_Region"},{"link_name":"17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=17_29_54.0_S_69_28_6.5_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Cape Froward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Froward"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"53°53′47.8″S 71°17′41.4″W / 53.896611°S 71.294833°W / -53.896611; -71.294833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=53_53_47.8_S_71_17_41.4_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Taitao Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitao_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Aisén Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais%C3%A9n_Region"},{"link_name":"46°43′10.0″S 75°38′57.5″W / 46.719444°S 75.649306°W / -46.719444; -75.649306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=46_43_10.0_S_75_38_57.5_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Nevados de Poquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevados_de_Poquis"},{"link_name":"Antofagasta Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta_Region"},{"link_name":"22°59′31.0″S 66°58′31.7″W / 22.991944°S 66.975472°W / -22.991944; -66.975472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=22_59_31.0_S_66_58_31.7_W_region:CL_type:landmark"}],"sub_title":"Mainland","text":"Northernmost point: Tripartite border with Bolivia and Peru in Arica and Parinacota Region (17°29′54.0″S 69°28′6.5″W / 17.498333°S 69.468472°W / -17.498333; -69.468472)\nSouthernmost point: Cape Froward in Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (53°53′47.8″S 71°17′41.4″W / 53.896611°S 71.294833°W / -53.896611; -71.294833)\nWesternmost point: Taitao Peninsula in Aisén Region (46°43′10.0″S 75°38′57.5″W / 46.719444°S 75.649306°W / -46.719444; -75.649306)\nEasternmost point: Off Nevados de Poquis in Antofagasta Region (22°59′31.0″S 66°58′31.7″W / 22.991944°S 66.975472°W / -22.991944; -66.975472)","title":"Latitude and longitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"WbS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WbS"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_and_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"53°44′57.0″S 81°13′38.8″W / 53.749167°S 81.227444°W / -53.749167; -81.227444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=53_44_57.0_S_81_13_38.8_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"SWbW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWbW"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Selkirk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Selkirk_Island"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"37°1′5.0″S 87°56′7.8″W / 37.018056°S 87.935500°W / -37.018056; -87.935500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=37_1_5.0_S_87_56_7.8_W_region:CL_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Colbún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colb%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"Maule Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maule_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"35°41′50.9″S 71°18′44.6″W / 35.697472°S 71.312389°W / -35.697472; -71.312389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=35_41_50.9_S_71_18_44.6_W_"}],"text":"Chile (Including Easter Island):\nincluding Antarctic territorial claims: South Pacific Ocean, 687 km WbS of Punta Arenas, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, Chile (53°44′57.0″S 81°13′38.8″W / 53.749167°S 81.227444°W / -53.749167; -81.227444)\nexcluding Antarctic territorial claims: South Pacific Ocean, 737 km SWbW of Alejandro Selkirk Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile (37°1′5.0″S 87°56′7.8″W / 37.018056°S 87.935500°W / -37.018056; -87.935500)\nMainland: about 8 km. east of Colbún, Maule Region, Chile (35°41′50.9″S 71°18′44.6″W / 35.697472°S 71.312389°W / -35.697472; -71.312389)","title":"Geographical center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Ojos del Salado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado"},{"link_name":"Atacama Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Region"},{"link_name":"27°6′34.6″S 68°32′32.1″W / 27.109611°S 68.542250°W / -27.109611; -68.542250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile¶ms=27_6_34.6_S_68_32_32.1_W_type:mountain_region:CL_source:enwiki"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"}],"text":"Height referred to mean sea level.Highest point: Ojos del Salado in Atacama Region, 6,893 m (27°6′34.6″S 68°32′32.1″W / 27.109611°S 68.542250°W / -27.109611; -68.542250)\nLowest point: Pacific Ocean, 0 m","title":"Altitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronel,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Lota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lota,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Biobío Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/markuswagner/249338288/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There is a monument at Playa Blanca (\"White Beach\"), located between Coronel and Lota in the Biobío Region, representing the middle of continental Chile north-south.[2][3]South of Punta Arenas there is another such monument, marking Chile's north-south center, including Antarctic territorial claims (photo).[4]","title":"Monuments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos (1899). Geographical Dictionary of the Republic of Chile (in Spanish). Imp. de F. A. Brockhaus.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CYYCAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Geographical Dictionary of the Republic of Chile"}]},{"reference":"\"websil\". Sil.senado.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012110/http://sil.senado.cl/cgi-bin/sil_proyectos.pl?7332-04","url_text":"\"websil\""},{"url":"http://sil.senado.cl/cgi-bin/sil_proyectos.pl?7332-04","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comuna De Lota | Descubre Bio Bio\". Descubrebiobio.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005950/http://www.descubrebiobio.cl/comuna-de-lota.html","url_text":"\"Comuna De Lota | Descubre Bio Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.descubrebiobio.cl/comuna-de-lota.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour Packages Punta Arenas and Penguins\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_and_Bothered_(A_Re-Creation) | Hot and Bothered (A Re-Creation) | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1985 studio album by Mercer EllingtonHot and Bothered (A Re-Creation)Studio album by Mercer EllingtonReleased1985RecordedJune 22, 1984StudioLos AngelesGenreJazzLength33:35LabelDoctor JazzFW 40029ProducerMercer Ellington, Bob ThieleMercer Ellington chronology
Continuum(1975)
Hot and Bothered (A Re-Creation)(1985)
The Cotton Connection(1985)
Hot and Bothered (A Re-Creation) is an album by American bandleader Mercer Ellington recorded in 1984 and released on the Doctor Jazz label the following year. The album features Duke Ellington compositions that were originally recorded in the 1920s and 30s performed by a mix of east and west coast musicians.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars and the review by Scott Yanow stated "Probably the best example of the Mercer Ellington Orchestra of the 1980s, this LP has new and revised versions of nine vintage Duke Ellington compositions/arrangements, all dating before 1935. ... this is a spirited set. There were few of Duke's alumni in Mercer's band but the many soloists bring back the spirit of Duke's music".
Track listing
All compositions by Duke Ellington except where noted
"Hot and Bothered" – 3:05
"The Mooche" (Ellington, Irving Mills) – 5:33
"Creole Love Call" – 3:01
"Daybreak Express" – 3:55
"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (Ellington, Bubber Miley) – 3:10
"Caravan" (Ellington, Juan Tizol, Mills) – 2:34
"Echoes of Harlem" – 3:25
"Ring Dem Bells" (Ellington, Mills) – 2:43
"Harlem Speaks" – 2:45
Personnel
Mercer Ellington – arranger, conductor, band leader
Rick Baptist, Barrie Lee Hall, Will Miller, Ron Tooley - trumpet
Art Baron, Chuck Connors, Herman Green, Ed Neumeister - trombone
Gary Bias, Bill Green, George Minerve, Charlie Owens, Herman Riley – reeds
Lloyd Mayers – piano
Kenny Burrell – guitar, banjo
J. J. Wiggins – bass
Rocky White – drums
Rudy Bird – percussion
Jack Kelso - clarinet (tracks 1, 7 & 9)
Dick Hurwitz - trumpet (track 7)
Anita Moore – vocals (track 1)
References
^ Both Sides Now: Doctor Jazz Label Discography, accessed November 26, 2019
^ Duke Ellington Panorama: Discography, accessed November 26, 2019
^ a b Yanow, Scott. Mercer Ellington: Hot and Bothered – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved November 29, 2019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercer Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Doctor Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Jazz_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSN-1"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hot and Bothered (A Re-Creation) is an album by American bandleader Mercer Ellington recorded in 1984 and released on the Doctor Jazz label the following year.[1] The album features Duke Ellington compositions that were originally recorded in the 1920s and 30s performed by a mix of east and west coast musicians.[2]","title":"Hot and Bothered (A Re-Creation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Scott Yanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Yanow"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"}],"text":"Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars and the review by Scott Yanow stated \"Probably the best example of the Mercer Ellington Orchestra of the 1980s, this LP has new and revised versions of nine vintage Duke Ellington compositions/arrangements, all dating before 1935. ... this is a spirited set. There were few of Duke's alumni in Mercer's band but the many soloists bring back the spirit of Duke's music\".[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mooche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mooche"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Creole Love Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_Love_Call"},{"link_name":"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo"},{"link_name":"Bubber Miley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubber_Miley"},{"link_name":"Caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_(Juan_Tizol_and_Duke_Ellington_song)"},{"link_name":"Juan Tizol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Tizol"},{"link_name":"Echoes of Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_Harlem"},{"link_name":"Harlem Speaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Speaks"}],"text":"All compositions by Duke Ellington except where noted\"Hot and Bothered\" – 3:05\n\"The Mooche\" (Ellington, Irving Mills) – 5:33\n\"Creole Love Call\" – 3:01\n\"Daybreak Express\" – 3:55\n\"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo\" (Ellington, Bubber Miley) – 3:10\n\"Caravan\" (Ellington, Juan Tizol, Mills) – 2:34\n\"Echoes of Harlem\" – 3:25\n\"Ring Dem Bells\" (Ellington, Mills) – 2:43\n\"Harlem Speaks\" – 2:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercer Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Barrie Lee Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Lee_Hall_Jr."},{"link_name":"Art Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Baron"},{"link_name":"Ed Neumeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Neumeister"},{"link_name":"Gary Bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Bias"},{"link_name":"Bill Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Herman Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Riley"},{"link_name":"Kenny Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Burrell"},{"link_name":"Rudy Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Bird"}],"text":"Mercer Ellington – arranger, conductor, band leader\nRick Baptist, Barrie Lee Hall, Will Miller, Ron Tooley - trumpet\nArt Baron, Chuck Connors, Herman Green, Ed Neumeister - trombone\nGary Bias, Bill Green, George Minerve, Charlie Owens, Herman Riley – reeds\nLloyd Mayers – piano\nKenny Burrell – guitar, banjo\nJ. J. Wiggins – bass\nRocky White – drums\nRudy Bird – percussion\nJack Kelso - clarinet (tracks 1, 7 & 9)\nDick Hurwitz - trumpet (track 7)\nAnita Moore – vocals (track 1)","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.bsnpubs.com/new/drjazz.pdf","external_links_name":"Both Sides Now: Doctor Jazz Label Discography"},{"Link":"http://depanorama.net/","external_links_name":"Duke Ellington Panorama: Discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000876271","external_links_name":"Mercer Ellington: Hot and Bothered – Review"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince_%26_Elton_railway_station | Ince & Elton railway station | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Services","4 Freight","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°16′37″N 2°48′58″W / 53.277°N 2.816°W / 53.277; -2.816Railway station in Cheshire, EnglandNot to be confused with Ince railway station in Wigan, Greater Manchester
Ince & EltonGeneral informationLocationElton, Cheshire West and ChesterEnglandGrid referenceSJ456758Managed byNorthern TrainsLine(s)Hooton–HelsbyPlatforms2Other informationStation codeINEClassificationDfT category F2Key dates1 July 1863opened as Ince17 April 1884Renamed Ince & EltonPassengers2018/19 5522019/20 7402020/21 182021/22 2022022/23 130
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Ince & Elton railway station, on the Hooton–Helsby line, serves both Ince and Elton in Cheshire, England. The station is unstaffed.
History
Ince station was opened on 1 July 1863 by the Birkenhead Joint Railway. It was renamed Ince & Elton on 17 April 1884. Services were operated jointly by the London and North Western Railway and Great Western Railway up until the 1923 Grouping, then by the GWR and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. After nationalisation in 1948, the station became part of the London Midland region of British Railways. The route through the station carried significant amounts of freight from the outset, from the docks at Birkenhead and later from the oil refineries and dock complex at Ellesmere Port as well as a local passenger service between Birkenhead Monks Ferry (from opening until March 1878)/Birkenhead Woodside (from April 1878) or Hooton and Helsby, where passenger could access the other section of the joint line between Warrington Bank Quay and Chester.
This station was earmarked for closure, along with Stanlow and Thornton, Helsby and Ellesmere Port, under the proposals made by Dr. Beeching. This was never implemented, although services gradually began to reduce and the remaining through trains to/from Birkenhead Woodside ended in 1967 when the station there was closed.
Ince & Elton station Sign, Platform 2
Services originally operated regularly between Helsby and Hooton via Ellesmere Port, with some services running through to Rock Ferry prior to the electrification of the line between there and Hooton in 1985. Once electric trains began running to Hooton, the service was revamped to run between Chester and Helsby via Hooton (with a reversal there) every 30 minutes on weekdays & Saturdays. Convenient connections were available at Helsby for Warrington & Manchester and at Hooton for Liverpool. However, following the extension of the third rail southwards to Chester in 1993, the service east of Ellesmere Port was cut back substantially – most trains ran as a shuttle to Ellesmere Port only, with only a two-hourly service beyond there. The pattern was then altered again when electrification of the Hooton to Ellesmere Port section was completed in 1994 – from that point onwards, all services from Helsby terminated at Ellesmere Port but ran beyond Helsby to Warrington Bank Quay and Liverpool Lime Street (every two hours Mon–Sat), calling at all stations en route. The new service was poorly patronised though, and by 1996 it had been cut back to the current pattern of two pairs of services each way in the early morning and mid afternoon.
Some station signs are outdated, displaying information about those former services to Chester and Hooton (see image of sign on Platform 2).
Facilities
The level crossing at Ince & Elton Station There is level access from the small car park at the front of station onto the Helsby platform. From this platform, to reach the Ellesmere Port platform, turn left, go down the platform end ramp, and providing the level crossing warning lights indicate that it is safe, cross the lines using the foot crossing and then up the platform end ramp.
The road leading down from the main road at Ince to the station is step-free, although there is no pavement. The alternative exit, via the narrow path involves walking up steep steps, which is not accessible for passengers with pushchairs and/or mobility problems.
Northern Trains's Adopt-a-Station scheme is in operation at this station. Members of the local community support the station by carrying out regular duties such as picking up litter and ensuring the station remains in a good overall condition.
Services
Northern Rail Class 156.
All services at Ince & Elton are operated by Northern Trains.
The station is served by a limited parliamentary service of two trains per day in each direction on weekdays and Saturdays only between Ellesmere Port and Helsby. One eastbound train per day continues beyond Helsby to Liverpool Lime Street. There is no service on Sundays although a normal service operates on most Bank Holidays.
A rail user group, the North Cheshire Rail User Group, supports and campaigns for improved services at the station and on the line.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Stanlow and Thornton(service suspended)Northern TrainsEllesmere Port to Helsby LineMonday-Saturday onlyHelsby
Ellesmere Port
Freight
Freightliner usually run a class 70 'heavy-haul' service to Ellesmere Port twice a day from/to Fiddlers Ferry on Monday to Fridays. On Saturdays there is one scheduled working.
When the Shell oil refinery at Stanlow used the railways to transport freight, over fifteen trains per day used this line. Since then, the sidings and signal box have been removed, and freight is becoming increasingly rare on this line.
No freight trains currently use the station, other than to pass through it.
References
Notes
^ a b Butt (1995). Page 127.
^ Beeching, Dr. Richard. "The Reshaping of British Railways" (PDF). Retrieved 21 June 2008.
^ "Disused Stations - Birkenhead Woodside" Disused Stations; Retrieved 21 March 2014
^ Table 109 National Rail timetable, December 2023
^ "North Cheshire Rail User Group". Retrieved 9 August 2008.
^ "Freightliner Heavy Haul, Railways Act 1993, Section 22: Changes Proposed" (PDF). Office of Rail Regulation. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
Sources
Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.
Further reading
Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2012). Chester to Birkenhead. Middleton Press. figs. 109-111. ISBN 9781908174215. OCLC 811323335.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ince and Elton railway station.
Train times and station information for Ince & Elton railway station from National Rail
vteRailway stations in CheshireWest Coast Main Line
Crewe
Winsford
Hartford
Acton Bridge
Warrington Bank Quay
Crewe–Manchester line
Crewe
Sandbach
Holmes Chapel
Goostrey
Chelford
Alderley Edge
Wilmslow
Handforth
Styal line
Alderley Edge
Wilmslow
Styal
Crewe–Derby line
Crewe
Alsager
Stoke–Manchester line
Congleton
Macclesfield
Prestbury
Adlington
Poynton
Buxton line
Disley
Mid-Cheshire line
Ashley
Mobberley
Knutsford
Plumley
Lostock Gralam
Northwich
Greenbank
Cuddington
Delamere
Mouldsworth
CLC Liverpool–Manchester line
Glazebrook
Birchwood
Padgate
Warrington Central
Warrington West
Sankey
Widnes
Hough Green
Chester–Warrington line
Chester
Helsby
Frodsham
Runcorn East
Warrington Bank Quay
Hooton–Helsby line
Hooton
Little Sutton
Overpool
Ellesmere Port
Stanlow and Thornton(Service Suspended)
Ince and Elton
Helsby
Chester–Birkenhead line
Chester
Bache
Capenhurst
Hooton
Welsh Marches line
Crewe
Nantwich
Wrenbury
Borderlands line
Neston
Shrewsbury–Chester line
Chester
Crewe–Liverpool line
Runcorn
Cheshire portal • Transport portal
53°16′37″N 2°48′58″W / 53.277°N 2.816°W / 53.277; -2.816 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ince railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hooton–Helsby line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton%E2%80%93Helsby_line"},{"link_name":"Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Railway station in Cheshire, EnglandNot to be confused with Ince railway station in Wigan, Greater ManchesterInce & Elton railway station, on the Hooton–Helsby line, serves both Ince and Elton in Cheshire, England. The station is unstaffed.","title":"Ince & Elton railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birkenhead Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butt-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butt-1"},{"link_name":"London and North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"1923 Grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Grouping"},{"link_name":"London, Midland and Scottish Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway"},{"link_name":"nationalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_Woodside_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Warrington Bank Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stanlow and Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlow_and_Thornton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_railway_station"},{"link_name":"the proposals made by Dr. Beeching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_cuts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eltonstationsign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Ferry_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station"}],"text":"Ince station was opened on 1 July 1863 by the Birkenhead Joint Railway.[1] It was renamed Ince & Elton on 17 April 1884.[1] Services were operated jointly by the London and North Western Railway and Great Western Railway up until the 1923 Grouping, then by the GWR and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. After nationalisation in 1948, the station became part of the London Midland region of British Railways. The route through the station carried significant amounts of freight from the outset, from the docks at Birkenhead and later from the oil refineries and dock complex at Ellesmere Port as well as a local passenger service between Birkenhead Monks Ferry (from opening until March 1878)/Birkenhead Woodside (from April 1878) or Hooton and Helsby, where passenger could access the other section of the joint line between Warrington Bank Quay and Chester.This station was earmarked for closure, along with Stanlow and Thornton, Helsby and Ellesmere Port, under the proposals made by Dr. Beeching.[2] This was never implemented, although services gradually began to reduce and the remaining through trains to/from Birkenhead Woodside ended in 1967 when the station there was closed.[3]Ince & Elton station Sign, Platform 2Services originally operated regularly between Helsby and Hooton via Ellesmere Port, with some services running through to Rock Ferry prior to the electrification of the line between there and Hooton in 1985. Once electric trains began running to Hooton, the service was revamped to run between Chester and Helsby via Hooton (with a reversal there) every 30 minutes on weekdays & Saturdays. Convenient connections were available at Helsby for Warrington & Manchester and at Hooton for Liverpool. However, following the extension of the third rail southwards to Chester in 1993, the service east of Ellesmere Port was cut back substantially – most trains ran as a shuttle to Ellesmere Port only, with only a two-hourly service beyond there. The pattern was then altered again when electrification of the Hooton to Ellesmere Port section was completed in 1994 – from that point onwards, all services from Helsby terminated at Ellesmere Port but ran beyond Helsby to Warrington Bank Quay and Liverpool Lime Street (every two hours Mon–Sat), calling at all stations en route. The new service was poorly patronised though, and by 1996 it had been cut back to the current pattern of two pairs of services each way in the early morning and mid afternoon.Some station signs are outdated, displaying information about those former services to Chester and Hooton (see image of sign on Platform 2).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eltoncrossing.jpg"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"Northern Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Trains"}],"text":"The level crossing at Ince & Elton StationThere is level access from the small car park at the front of station onto the Helsby platform. From this platform, to reach the Ellesmere Port platform, turn left, go down the platform end ramp, and providing the level crossing warning lights indicate that it is safe, cross the lines using the foot crossing and then up the platform end ramp.The road leading down from the main road at Ince to the station is step-free, although there is no pavement. The alternative exit, via the narrow path involves walking up steep steps, which is not accessible for passengers with pushchairs and/or mobility problems.Northern Trains's Adopt-a-Station scheme is in operation at this station. 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One eastbound train per day continues beyond Helsby to Liverpool Lime Street. There is no service on Sundays although a normal service operates on most Bank Holidays.[4]A rail user group, the North Cheshire Rail User Group, supports and campaigns for improved services at the station and on the line.[5]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freightliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Freightliner usually run a class 70 'heavy-haul' service to Ellesmere Port twice a day from/to Fiddlers Ferry on Monday to Fridays. On Saturdays there is one scheduled working.[6]When the Shell oil refinery at Stanlow used the railways to transport freight, over fifteen trains per day used this line. Since then, the sidings and signal box have been removed, and freight is becoming increasingly rare on this line.[citation needed]No freight trains currently use the station, other than to pass through it.","title":"Freight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781908174215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908174215"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"811323335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/811323335"}],"text":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2012). Chester to Birkenhead. Middleton Press. figs. 109-111. ISBN 9781908174215. OCLC 811323335.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ince & Elton station Sign, Platform 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eltonstationsign.jpg/220px-Eltonstationsign.jpg"},{"image_text":"The level crossing at Ince & Elton Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Eltoncrossing.jpg/220px-Eltoncrossing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern Rail Class 156.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_156_at_Ince_and_Elton.jpg/200px-Northern_156_at_Ince_and_Elton.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Beeching, Dr. Richard. \"The Reshaping of British Railways\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_Beech001a.pdf","url_text":"\"The Reshaping of British Railways\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Cheshire Rail User Group\". 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J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford","url_text":"Sparkford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7","url_text":"978-1-85260-508-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","url_text":"60251199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","url_text":"11956311M"}]},{"reference":"Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. 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OCLC 811323335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908174215","url_text":"9781908174215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811323335","url_text":"811323335"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ince_%26_Elton_railway_station¶ms=53.277_N_2.816_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°16′37″N 2°48′58″W / 53.277°N 2.816°W / 53.277; -2.816"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ince_%26_Elton_railway_station¶ms=53.276376_N_2.817267_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=SJ456758","external_links_name":"SJ456758"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_Beech001a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Reshaping of British Railways\""},{"Link":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/birkenhead_woodside/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Disused Stations - Birkenhead Woodside\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncrug.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"North Cheshire Rail User Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/s22-fhh_12sa_supdoc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Freightliner Heavy Haul, Railways Act 1993, Section 22: Changes Proposed\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","external_links_name":"60251199"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","external_links_name":"11956311M"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","external_links_name":"19514063"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811323335","external_links_name":"811323335"},{"Link":"http://ojp.nationalrail.co.uk/service/ldbboard/dep/INE","external_links_name":"Train times"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/INE/details.html","external_links_name":"station information"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ince_%26_Elton_railway_station¶ms=53.277_N_2.816_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°16′37″N 2°48′58″W / 53.277°N 2.816°W / 53.277; -2.816"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Film_1900%E2%80%931950 | Sejarah Film 1900–1950 | ["1 Contents","2 Background","3 Release and reception","4 References","5 Works cited"] | Sejarah Film 1900–1950 Cover, first editionAuthorMisbach Yusa BiranLanguageIndonesianSubjectCinema of the Dutch East IndiesPublisher
Komunitas Bambu
Jakarta Arts Council
Publication dateAugust 2009 (2009-08)Publication placeIndonesiaMedia typeSoftcoverPages443ISBN9789793731582
Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa (Indonesian for History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java) is a 2009 history of the cinema of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) written by Misbach Yusa Biran. It was published by Komunitas Bambu in collaboration with the Jakarta Arts Council and well received. The book was written by Biran before his death, three years later.
Contents
An example of an image from the book: a 1905 advertisement for a film screening
Sejarah Film 1900–1950 consists of three chapters and has numerous illustrations, including photographs of significant figures and locations, film posters, advertisements, promotional stills, and magazine covers. The book's foreword, entitled "Menghindar Kekacauan dan Menolak Pengabaian" ("Avoiding Chaos and Refusing Ignorance") was written by film producer and critic Eric Sasono. The book has seven appendices, including a list of films of the Dutch East Indies, list of cinemas, and reproductions of correspondence between film personnel from the Indies. Sourcing for the book is mixed, ranging from personal interviews to contemporary newspaper accounts and letters.
In a foreword, Biran discusses the first films screened in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and their development, beginning in 1900 and continuing until the mid-1920s. He further outlines the roles of the travelling stage troupes in the colony's entertainment industry during the period. At the end of the chapter he suggests that the films from this period, released before Usmar Ismail's Darah dan Doa (1950), could not be considered truly "Indonesian" as they were commercially oriented.
The following chapter covers the early efforts to make documentaries and fictional films. This chapter includes extensive discussion of the various directors and producers active in the period, as well as numerous films: these include the first fictional film in the Indies, Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first sound film in the colony, Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (1930), and the period's most successful film, Terang Boelan (1937).
The second chapter, the book's longest, discusses the golden period of Indies' films between 1939 and 1941. It includes discussions of the major production houses of the time, all owned by ethnic Chinese. It further discusses various trends at the time, including the star system, reportage of the industry, and common themes. Films discussed in this chapter include the action film Rentjong Atjeh, the romance Kartinah (both 1940), and the early supernatural thriller Tengkorak Hidoep.
The final chapter discusses the state of the film industry during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and ensuing National Revolution (1945–1949). Topics include the Japanese propaganda during the occupation and early films by Usmar Ismail late in the revolution, as well as the activities of the news agency Berita Film Indonesia.
Background
Misbach Yusa Biran, the author of Sejarah Film 1900–1950, was a former screenwriter who had become active in the cinema of Indonesia in the 1950s. By the 1970s he had become best known as an archivist, and he was one of the founders of the Indonesian film archive Sinematek Indonesia. Armando Siahaan, reviewing for The Jakarta Globe, considered the book a "natural extension" of Biran's previous work.
The basic content in Sejarah Film 1900–1950 was initially published as Film Indonesia Bagian I: 1900–1950 in 1993, which Biran had written together with SM Ardan and Taufik Abdullah. Biran rewrote the initial work as he found the organisation too random, polishing as he went.
Release and reception
Sejarah Film 1900–1950 was published in August 2009 by Komunitas Bambu in collaboration with the Jakarta Arts Council. Siahaan wrote that the book was "a must for movie buffs", highlighting its readability and use of primary sources. He found the book "both interesting and highly credible." Ekky Imanjaya, writing in Kompas, described the book as a "sacred text from a film warrior" (Kitab Sakti dari Pendekar Film) and an attempt at applying Thomas Elsaesser's theories of media archaeology in an Indonesian context. He notes some statements, such as that the first film screened in the Indies came in 1900, were generally accepted but likely false. Renal Rinoza Kasturi, reviewing for the Indonesian film journal Jurnal Footage, praised the book, especially its images.
References
^ a b c Biran 2009, pp. v–viii.
^ Biran 2009, pp. ix–xiv.
^ a b c d Siahaan 2009, Book 'Sejarah Film'.
^ Biran 2009, pp. 1–45.
^ a b c Imanjaya 2010, Sebuah Kitab Sakti.
^ Biran 2009, pp. 46–164.
^ Biran 2009, pp. 203–288.
^ Biran 2009, pp. 313–370.
^ a b Kasturi 2009, Dosa Asal.
^ Biran 2009, p. iv.
Works cited
Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
Imanjaya, Ekky (3 January 2010). "Sebuah Kitab Sakti dari Pendekar Film" . Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 February 2013. (subscription required)
Kasturi, Renal Rinoza (13 November 2009). "Dosa Asal Tak Berampun Dalam Catatan Historiografi Film Indonesia" . Jurnal Footage (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Siahaan, Armando (10 November 2009). "Book 'Sejarah Film' Chronicles Early Days of Indonesian Film". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Misbach Yusa Biran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misbach_Yusa_Biran"}],"text":"Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa (Indonesian for History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java) is a 2009 history of the cinema of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) written by Misbach Yusa Biran. It was published by Komunitas Bambu in collaboration with the Jakarta Arts Council and well received. 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Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.\nImanjaya, Ekky (3 January 2010). \"Sebuah Kitab Sakti dari Pendekar Film\" [A Sacred Text from a Film Warrior]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 February 2013. (subscription required)\nKasturi, Renal Rinoza (13 November 2009). \"Dosa Asal Tak Berampun Dalam Catatan Historiografi Film Indonesia\" [Unforgivable Original Sin in the Historiography of Indonesian Film]. Jurnal Footage (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.\nSiahaan, Armando (10 November 2009). \"Book 'Sejarah Film' Chronicles Early Days of Indonesian Film\". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.","title":"Works cited"}] | [{"image_text":"An example of an image from the book: a 1905 advertisement for a film screening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Film_ad_p26.JPG/300px-Film_ad_p26.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misbach_Yusa_Biran","url_text":"Biran, Misbach Yusa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3731-58-2","url_text":"978-979-3731-58-2"}]},{"reference":"Imanjaya, Ekky (3 January 2010). \"Sebuah Kitab Sakti dari Pendekar Film\" [A Sacred Text from a Film Warrior]. Kompas (in Indonesian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Logan_(author) | Bruce Logan (author) | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","2.1 Books","2.2 Newspaper articles","2.3 Online writing","3 References","4 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bruce Logan" author – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bruce Logan (born 1938) is a New Zealand conservative Christian author who has been involved in, and is in opposition to liberal social policies within his country for over two decades.
Biography
Logan was Head of English at Orewa College in Auckland, until he moved south to Christchurch in the mid-1990s. He became curriculum director at Middleton Grange School, New Zealand's largest evangelical/Christian (Integrated) school at the time. While employed there, Logan also acted as Director for the New Zealand Education Development Foundation (NZEDF), which attempted to interest centre-right political parties in education concerns such as school choice, school bulk funding, the abolition of outcome-based education strategies and a deregulated post-compulsory tertiary education sector.
In Cutting Edge, Logan often reprinted articles from the Institute for Economic Affairs (United Kingdom), British journalist Melanie Phillips, First Things (United States) edited by Richard John Neuhaus, and other Anglo-American and Australian social conservative publications.
He wrote several books for NZEDF, including A Questionable Conception (1998), which opposed comprehensive sex education; A Level Playing Field? (1996), which advocated school "choice". He also wrote Marriage: Do We Need It? (1998) which explored the critical role marriage plays in civil society.
In 2000, the New Zealand Education Development Foundation metamorphosed into the Maxim Institute. Logan served as its first director and also operated out of Christchurch-based offices, as the Institute had offices in Christchurch and Auckland. Middleton Grange provided premises for their Christchurch offices. Logan also published Evidence, the Institute's "policy journal", which ran for fifteen issues (2001–2005).
After the formation of the institute, Logan wrote Same Sex Marriage? (2000) for Affirm, a Tauranga-based New Zealand Presbyterian organisation opposed to civil unions, and lesbian and gay ordination within its denomination. In 2004 he wrote Waking Up to Marriage which repeated and supplemented earlier conservative social scientific research which encouraged promotion of heterosexual marriage over heterosexual cohabitation, and legal recognition of lesbian/gay civil unions, for the Maxim Institute.
During his time at the institute, Logan campaigned against New Zealand's prostitution law reform, euthanasia, lesbian and gay civil unions in New Zealand and other issues related to feminism, family policy and bioethics.
In October 2005 a Christchurch Press reader noticed that a couple of sentences in the fortnightly column written by Alexis Stuart (Logan's daughter and Maxim supporter) were identical to sentences in an article by Logan published on the Maxim Institute website. It remains unclear as to who copied what from whom.
On 17 October 2005, Paul Litterick of the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists used Copyscape , a web-based plagiarism detection service, to analyse Logan's published newspaper work. He alleged plagiarism in Logan's work, and published the results in the Fundy Post (Issues 18 and 19), an online chronicle of the alleged excesses of New Zealand conservative Christians and other faith-based elements. Litterick found that some of Logan's work was taken (in most cases with permission) from Anglo-American sources, which include The Heritage Foundation, Institute for American Values and National Fatherhood Institute, Maggie Gallagher (a US social conservative journalist), Melanie Phillips (UK), Conservative Christian Fellowship (UK) and Digby Anderson, Social Affairs Unit (UK).
In November 2005, Logan retired from the Maxim Institute.
In 2006 he published a handful of articles: one article for New Zealand's non-denominational Christian newspaper Challenge Weekly, four others for the Otago Daily Times, and two online opinion pieces for former ACT List MP and neoconservative Muriel Newman's New Zealand Centre for Political Debate (now renamed the New Zealand Centre for Political Research). On 24 September 2006, Logan contributed an article to the New Zealand Centre for Political Debate opposing central government administration of welfare state policies. On 14 April 2007, he followed this with another article critical of Sue Bradford's private member's bill to abolish parental corporal punishment of children in New Zealand, which referred to the earlier abolition of corporal punishment in New Zealand schools in 1990.
On 26 October 2006, Logan was a workshop presenter at the conservative Christian organisation Family First's presentation of "Principles of Marriage and the Family" during a symposium entitled the New Zealand Forum on the Family at Butterfly Creek, Auckland. He was not a keynote presenter at the symposium in question. On 22 May 2016, Bruce Logan was cited at the Family First website as a member of Family First New Zealand's Board of Directors
In August of 2012, Logan wrote an article about same-sex marriage and why it threatens civil liberty in the New Zealand Herald. Logan stated "Marriage is neither essentially religious nor a product of tradition. It is not the child of the state." He also states "We are male and female. In the simple and hopeful business of being alive we have children in a union of consenting responsibility, love and thankfulness. It is the fusing of two opposite halves of the human being through which new life may be created.".
Bibliography
Books
A Level Playing Field? Christchurch: New Zealand Education Development Foundation, 1994. ISBN 0-473-03168-X
Marriage: Do We Need It? Christchurch: NZEDF, 1998. ISBN 0-473-05628-3
A Questionable Conception. Christchurch: NZEDF, 1996. ISBN 0-473-03261-9
Same Sex Marriage? Tauranga: AFFIRM Publications, 2000. ISBN 0-9582113-2-9
Waking Up to Marriage. Auckland: Maxim Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-473-09787-7
Newspaper articles
"How a Government Taxes is the Best Indicator of its Character". Otago Daily Times. 4 July 2006.
"Real Men Should Be Strong and Good". Otago Daily Times. 25 August 2006.
"Individuals Rights Lost in Rush to 'Freedom'". Otago Daily Times. 15 September 2006.
"Denial of Evil Utopian Delusion". Otago Daily Times. 10 October 2006.
Online writing
"Welfare - who needs it?". New Zealand Centre for Political Debate (24 September 2006)
"The rise of violence in schools". New Zealand Centre for Political Research (14 April 2007)
References
^ Stenhouse, John; Knowles, Brett (September 2004). The Future of Christianity: Historical, Sociological, Political and Theological Perspectives from New Zealand. ATF Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-920691-23-3.
^ Clark, Urszula (2001). War words: language, history and the disciplining of English. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-08-043650-0.
^ Newman, Muriel (11 October 2007). "Politics in Schools on Trial". Scoop. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ Martin, Yvonne. "Plagiarism row rattles Maxim", The Christchurch Press, Christchurch, 22 October 2005.
^ "Bruce Logan - Deregistering Family First would affect much more than just one charity". 21 May 2017.
^ a b Logan, Bruce. "Bruce Logan: Same-sex marriage threatens civil liberty". Retrieved 14 July 2020.
External links
Maxim Institute, Logan's former employer
Challenge Weekly
Family First Lobby
The Fundy Post. Blog site of Paul Litterick, responsible for Copyscape analysis of Logan's work.
Gaynz.Com Politics and Religion columns have frequently covered Logan, the Maxim Institute and other New Zealand conservative Christian organisations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"conservative Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StenhouseKnowles2004-1"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"social policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"}],"text":"Bruce Logan (born 1938) is a New Zealand conservative Christian author[1] who has been involved in, and is in opposition to liberal social policies within his country for over two decades.","title":"Bruce Logan (author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orewa 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Humanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Association_of_Rationalists_and_Humanists"},{"link_name":"Copyscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyscape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.copyscape.com/"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Institute for American Values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_American_Values"},{"link_name":"National Fatherhood Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Fatherhood_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maggie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Melanie Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Conservative Christian Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Digby Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Social Affairs Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Otago Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"neoconservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservative"},{"link_name":"Muriel Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Newman"},{"link_name":"welfare state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state"},{"link_name":"Sue Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Bradford"},{"link_name":"private member's bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butterfly_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_Logan:_Same-sex_marriage_threatens_civil_liberty-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_Logan:_Same-sex_marriage_threatens_civil_liberty-6"}],"text":"Logan was Head of English at Orewa College in Auckland, until he moved south to Christchurch in the mid-1990s. He became curriculum director at Middleton Grange School, New Zealand's largest evangelical/Christian (Integrated) school at the time. While employed there, Logan also acted as Director for the New Zealand Education Development Foundation (NZEDF),[2] which attempted to interest centre-right political parties in education concerns such as school choice, school bulk funding, the abolition of outcome-based education strategies and a deregulated post-compulsory tertiary education sector.In Cutting Edge, Logan often reprinted articles from the Institute for Economic Affairs (United Kingdom), British journalist Melanie Phillips, First Things (United States) edited by Richard John Neuhaus, and other Anglo-American and Australian social conservative publications.He wrote several books for NZEDF, including A Questionable Conception (1998), which opposed comprehensive sex education; A Level Playing Field? (1996), which advocated school \"choice\". He also wrote Marriage: Do We Need It? (1998) which explored the critical role marriage plays in civil society.In 2000, the New Zealand Education Development Foundation metamorphosed into the Maxim Institute.[3] Logan served as its first director and also operated out of Christchurch-based offices, as the Institute had offices in Christchurch and Auckland. Middleton Grange provided premises for their Christchurch offices. Logan also published Evidence, the Institute's \"policy journal\", which ran for fifteen issues (2001–2005).After the formation of the institute, Logan wrote Same Sex Marriage? (2000) for Affirm, a Tauranga-based New Zealand Presbyterian organisation opposed to civil unions, and lesbian and gay ordination within its denomination. In 2004 he wrote Waking Up to Marriage which repeated and supplemented earlier conservative social scientific research which encouraged promotion of heterosexual marriage over heterosexual cohabitation, and legal recognition of lesbian/gay civil unions, for the Maxim Institute.During his time at the institute, Logan campaigned against New Zealand's prostitution law reform, euthanasia, lesbian and gay civil unions in New Zealand and other issues related to feminism, family policy and bioethics.In October 2005 a Christchurch Press reader noticed that a couple of sentences in the fortnightly column written by Alexis Stuart (Logan's daughter and Maxim supporter) were identical to sentences in an article by Logan published on the Maxim Institute website. It remains unclear as to who copied what from whom.[4]On 17 October 2005, Paul Litterick of the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists used Copyscape [1], a web-based plagiarism detection service, to analyse Logan's published newspaper work. He alleged plagiarism in Logan's work, and published the results in the Fundy Post (Issues 18 and 19), an online chronicle of the alleged excesses of New Zealand conservative Christians and other faith-based elements. Litterick found that some of Logan's work was taken (in most cases with permission) from Anglo-American sources, which include The Heritage Foundation, Institute for American Values and National Fatherhood Institute, Maggie Gallagher (a US social conservative journalist), Melanie Phillips (UK), Conservative Christian Fellowship (UK) and Digby Anderson, Social Affairs Unit (UK).In November 2005, Logan retired from the Maxim Institute.In 2006 he published a handful of articles: one article for New Zealand's non-denominational Christian[citation needed] newspaper Challenge Weekly, four others for the Otago Daily Times, and two online opinion pieces for former ACT List MP and neoconservative Muriel Newman's New Zealand Centre for Political Debate (now renamed the New Zealand Centre for Political Research). On 24 September 2006, Logan contributed an article to the New Zealand Centre for Political Debate opposing central government administration of welfare state policies. On 14 April 2007, he followed this with another article critical of Sue Bradford's private member's bill to abolish parental corporal punishment of children in New Zealand, which referred to the earlier abolition of corporal punishment in New Zealand schools in 1990.On 26 October 2006, Logan was a workshop presenter at the conservative Christian organisation Family First's presentation of \"Principles of Marriage and the Family\" during a symposium entitled the New Zealand Forum on the Family at Butterfly Creek, Auckland. He was not a keynote presenter at the symposium in question. On 22 May 2016, Bruce Logan was cited at the Family First website as a member of Family First New Zealand's Board of Directors[5]In August of 2012, Logan wrote an article about same-sex marriage and why it threatens civil liberty in the New Zealand Herald.[6] Logan stated \"Marriage is neither essentially religious nor a product of tradition. It is not the child of the state.\" He also states \"We are male and female. In the simple and hopeful business of being alive we have children in a union of consenting responsibility, love and thankfulness. It is the fusing of two opposite halves of the human being through which new life may be created.\".[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-473-03168-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-03168-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-473-05628-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-05628-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-473-03261-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-03261-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9582113-2-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9582113-2-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-473-09787-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-09787-7"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"A Level Playing Field? Christchurch: New Zealand Education Development Foundation, 1994. ISBN 0-473-03168-X\nMarriage: Do We Need It? Christchurch: NZEDF, 1998. ISBN 0-473-05628-3\nA Questionable Conception. Christchurch: NZEDF, 1996. ISBN 0-473-03261-9\nSame Sex Marriage? Tauranga: AFFIRM Publications, 2000. ISBN 0-9582113-2-9\nWaking Up to Marriage. Auckland: Maxim Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-473-09787-7","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Newspaper articles","text":"\"How a Government Taxes is the Best Indicator of its Character\". Otago Daily Times. 4 July 2006.\n\"Real Men Should Be Strong and Good\". Otago Daily Times. 25 August 2006.\n\"Individuals Rights Lost in Rush to 'Freedom'\". Otago Daily Times. 15 September 2006.\n\"Denial of Evil Utopian Delusion\". Otago Daily Times. 10 October 2006.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welfare - who needs it?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061202071303/http://www.nzcpd.com/Guest29.htm"},{"link_name":"The rise of violence in schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070502011835/http://www.nzcpd.com/Guest49.htm"}],"sub_title":"Online writing","text":"\"Welfare - who needs it?\". New Zealand Centre for Political Debate (24 September 2006)\n\"The rise of violence in schools\". New Zealand Centre for Political Research (14 April 2007)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stenhouse, John; Knowles, Brett (September 2004). The Future of Christianity: Historical, Sociological, Political and Theological Perspectives from New Zealand. ATF Press. p. 165. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Steinman | David B. Steinman | ["1 Early life","2 Start at bridge building","3 Robinson & Steinman","4 Postwar work","5 Personal life and hobbies","6 List of Bridges Designed and Consulted on by Steinman","7 Notes","8 Further reading","9 Books and articles by Steinman","10 External links"] | American civil engineer
For the American environmentalist, see David Steinman.
Steinman on the Mackinac Bridge.
David Barnard Steinman (June 11, 1886 – August 21, 1960) was an American civil engineer. He was the designer of the Mackinac Bridge and many other notable bridges, and a published author. He grew up in New York City's lower Manhattan, and lived with the ambition of making his mark on the Brooklyn Bridge that he lived under. In 1906 he earned a bachelor's degree from City College and in 1909, a Master of Arts from Columbia University and a Doctorate in 1911. He also received an honorary Doctor of Science in Engineering on 15 April 1952 from degree mill Sequoia University, but would distance himself from it soon after a 1957 inquiry raised doubts over its legitimacy, and did not mention the qualifications in his biographies. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1957.
David B. Steinman built bridges in the United States, Thailand, England, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Canada, Korea, Iraq and Pakistan. He had a literary bent, and was a published author with several books, articles in advancement of his craft, and even had children's books and poetry to his credit.
Early life
Steinman was the child of Jewish immigrants. Little is known of his family and early childhood other than that he had 6 siblings. There is some controversy about where and when he was born. Some sources have him born in Chomsk (Хомск חומסק), Brest, Belarus in 1886, and emigrating to the United States with his family in 1890. However other sources, including Ratigan, and Steinman himself have him born in New York in 1887.
Steinman grew up in New York City, New York, and was raised in the shadows of the Brooklyn Bridge. The Williamsburg Bridge was constructed as he grew up. The late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries were a time of significant bridge construction in the area, and he later said this is where he got his first interest in bridges.
Because his family had little money, he worked to put himself through both the City College of New York, graduating summa cum laude in 1906 and then Columbia University, where he completed three additional degrees culminating in a PhD in Civil Engineering. His PhD thesis was on a steel truss arch design for the Henry Hudson Bridge. While he was attending Columbia he did fellowships as well as taught nighttime classes at the City College and Stuyvesant Evening High School. He accepted a teaching position at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho (1910–1914) but longed to return to New York.
Start at bridge building
Hell Gate, NYC, NY, arch, as it looked in 1917
After contacting Gustav Lindenthal about working on the Hell Gate Bridge, he returned to New York City to become a special assistant to Lindenthal, along with Othmar Ammann of Switzerland, another young bridge builder. It was said this experience of working together led to their 40-year professional rivalry. Pay was typical for the era, 200 USD/month. He received a 1-year leave of absence from the University of Idaho to work on the Hell Gate Bridge. Lindenthal gave his protégés advice about engineering such as, "Steinman, bridge engineering is easy. It is the financial engineering that is hard" (Petroski 327). While working with Lindenthal, Steinman also worked on the Sciotoville Bridge, a crossing of the Ohio River. After this work Steinman sought other employment, working as assistant engineer on the Rondout Creek Bridge, and as an assistant engineer for the New York Central Railroad.
Robinson & Steinman
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In May 1920, Holton D. Robinson (b. 1863, Massena, NY, d. 1945, engineer of the Williamsburg Bridge) contacted Steinman and requested that they join forces to create a design for the Florianópolis Bridge (or Hercilio Luz Bridge, 1926) in Florianópolis, Brazil. After getting advice from Charles Fowler, Steinman agreed and they formed the firm of Robinson & Steinman in 1921, a partnership that lasted until the 1940s. They did not win the contract immediately but continued to collaborate on it and other projects. The early 1920s were considered a tough time for bridge construction, so Steinman tried to design his bridges to be economically pleasing rather than artistic, without sacrificing the structural integrity of the bridge. For example, Robinson and Steinman changed the original plans for the Florianopolis bridge, using eyebar chains as the upper chord of the stiffening truss instead of the conventional wire-cable. The new design produced a very stiff bridge with much less material than the original plan. Other bridge engineers would also have to take this new economical design into account when competing with Steinman. Steinman was well regarded in the profession and had a reputation for good presentations and for being politically astute.
The 1920s and 1930s were a relatively busy period for Steinman. His firm was involved in many significant projects including the Hercilio Luz Bridge (or Florianópolis Bridge, 1926), the Carquinez Strait Bridge (1927, at the time the second largest cantilever bridge in the US), the Mount Hope Bridge and Grand Mère Suspension Bridge (both 1929), the St. Johns Bridge and Waldo-Hancock Bridge (both 1931), the Sky Ride (1933 passenger transporter bridge at the Chicago Century of Progress exposition), the Henry Hudson Bridge (1936, particularly gratifying as this bridge realised his PhD thesis proposal), the Wellesley and Hill Islands Bridge, Wellesley Island Suspension Bridge and Georgina Island Bridge (all 1938 and part of the Thousand Islands Bridge System), the Deer Isle Bridge and the Sullivan-Hutsonville Bridge (both 1939).
In addition to the many bridges that Steinman designed, he was consulted on several projects that his firm did not win. Perhaps the most famous of these bridges is "Galloping Gertie," the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Steinman consulted extensively with the boosters of the bridge during the 1920s, but his design was not selected. He wrote of his frustration with the design that was chosen, and predicted a failure. He presented his findings at the 1938 meeting of the structural division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In the audience was the designer of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was under construction at the time. The failure did occur and he wrote that it had a profound impact on his design principles; he became even more conservative. It is said that he designed the Mackinac Bridge to withstand winds of 365 mph. It is considered by many to be his most significant work, although, perhaps not by Steinman himself, who expressed a personal preference for the St. Johns bridge, saying, "If you asked me which of the bridges I love best, I believe I would say the St. Johns bridge. I put more of myself into that bridge than any other bridge."
During this period Steinman became president of the American Association of Engineers and campaigned for more stringent educational and ethical standards within the profession. He also founded the National Society of Professional Engineers in 1934, serving as its first president. By the mid-1930s Steinman had a professional reputation as one of the pre-eminent bridge engineers of the US, especially for long span suspension bridges, but his bridges were eclipsed in the public eye by his old rival Ammann's George Washington Bridge (1931) and by Joseph Strauss's Golden Gate Bridge (1937) among others. His plans for a NYC cross harbor bridge (the "Liberty Bridge") came to naught with the 1940 collapse of Tacoma Narrows which cast all long suspension span proposals in doubt.
Postwar work
Steinman and his firm were also in charge of the major rehabilitation of the Brooklyn Bridge commencing 1948. Structurae.de has an image of Steinman jauntily perched in mid air in the cables of the bridge, perhaps one of the best known images of him.
Steinman's crowning achievement, the "Mighty Mac" or Mackinac Bridge
But there were still long span suspension bridges to be built. Steinman was responsible for the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge (1957). More importantly, development and planning of the Mackinac Bridge had been contemplated for some time, and Steinman was appointed to the board of engineers based on Michigan State Legislature legislation of 1950, stating "the board of engineers retained by the Mackinac Bridge Authority was to be selected and nominated by the Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan," and was soon the spokesman for the board. But his health was failing and he suffered heart attacks in 1952, the same year the legislature approved funding. He was nevertheless heavily involved in all aspects of the construction of the bridge from start to finish.
From the beginnings of his work on the Mackinac Bridge, Stewart Woodfill was impressed with Steinman's ethical procedure in addressing his requests. In 1950 new legislation was produced stating "the board of engineers retained by the Mackinac Bridge Authority was to be selected and nominated by the Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan" (Ratigan 280). This was to make sure that there was no political influence in this decision. Steinman was selected to be a member of the board. Steinman who had been trained since he was young to work well in groups was chosen as the spokesman for the board. When it comes to speaking in front of large audiences Steinman does it naturally. It was said that Steinman spoke "as comfortable before large audiences as he was on tall bridges" (Petroski 332). The stresses of the early stages of the bridge soon took their toll on Steinman. He had heart attacks in 1952, which was the same year that legislation approved the financing and construction of the bridge.
Although he proposed the project of the Strait of Messina Bridge, a grandiose 1524 meter center span crossing of the Sicilian Straits of Messina, the "Mighty Mac," completed in 1957, and at the time the longest suspended span between anchors, was his last major achievement. In 1960, he was elevated as the 16th National Honor Member of Chi Epsilon national civil engineering honor society. Steinman died in 1960.
At the time of his death, he was president of the Society for the History of Technology.
--Tribute—In closing, Dr. Dunn said this about the need for a broader education for engineers, "If the engineer's training neglects the great human mirrors of history and languages, if his heart and mind are insensible to the great social forces, if he but feebly develops the subtle qualities of character that make for personality, his career is limited, no matter how much science he knows" (Ratigan 315).
The Steinman engineering firm is now part of the Parsons Corporation as of 1988.
Personal life and hobbies
At the age of 63, Steinman took interest in poetry. Many people wrote to him saying his bridges represented poems. This inspired him to start writing. His love for bridge building was reflected in his writing, which can be seen in the titles of two of his poems, "The Bridge" and "I Built a Bridge". He received much recognition for his poetry; many poems were published in various newspapers and magazines as well as in the book "I Built a Bridge and Other Poems," published in 1955. Steinman became involved in leadership roles in many poetry groups including the president of the Wisconsin Poetry Foundation and director of the Poetry Institute in New York.
"A bridge is a poem stretched across a river, a symphony of stone and steel"
a line from his poem Brooklyn Bridge - Nightfall
List of Bridges Designed and Consulted on by Steinman
Steinman designed over 400 bridges on every inhabited continent. Below is a selection of some of the most significant bridges he worked on throughout his career.
Name
Longest Span
Total Length
Type
Opened
Location
Steinman's Role
Remarks
Hell Gate Bridge
978 feet (298 m)
17,000 ft (5.2km)
Arch
1917
New York City, New York
Assistant to Mr. Lindenthal
Upon opening was the longest Arch bridge in the world
Steinman's 1927 Bridge seen behind 2003 Suspension replacement
Carquinez Bridge
3,300 ft (1,000 m)
3,300 ft (1,000 m)
Cantilever
1927
Crockett and Vallejo, California
Designer
Hercílio Luz Bridge
1,115 ft (340m)
2,689 ft (819.5 m)
Suspension Truss
1926
Florianópolis, Brazil
Designer
Longest Suspension span in Brazil
Walter Taylor Bridge
600 ft (182.9 m)
983 ft (299.7 m)
Suspension
1936
Brisbane, Australia
Based off Steinman's Design proposal for the Sydney Harbor Bridge
Longest suspension span in Australia
Thousand Islands Bridge
800 ft (240 m)
8.5 mi (13.7 km)
Multi-span: Suspension, Open-Sprandel deck arch, truss
1938
Wesley Island, New York and Hill Island, Ontario, Canada
Designer
Deer Isle Bridge
1088 ft (322 m)
2,308 ft (703 m)
Plate Girder Suspension
1939
Deer Isle, Maine
Designer
Mackinac Bridge
3,800 ft (1,158 m)
26,372 ft (8,038 m)
Suspension
1957
St. Ignace and Mackinaw City, Michigan
Designer
3rd longest main span in United States
Ayub Bridge
806 ft (246 m)
1,020 ft (310m)
Arch
1962
Sukkur, Pakistan
Designer
Longest open main span in Pakistan
Notes
^ most probable date
^ Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women, 1960–1961 (31 ed.). Chicago, IL: Marquis - Who's Who. 1960. p. 2766.
^ "Professional Record of D. B. Steinman". The Australasian Engineer: 88. 7 July 1954.
^ Bear, John (2012-04-24). Degree Mills: The Billion-Dollar Industry That Has Sold over a Million Fake Diplomas. ISBN 9781616145088.
^ "Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates". Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
^ For example, his biography at Structurae
^ a b c Ratigan, W. (1959). "Highways Over Broad Waters." Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007IY0OC, page 11; "a boy born under the shadow of the Brooklyn Bridge"
^ The back flap biography of Steinman's children's book, "Famous Bridges of the World" also references NYC
^ "The daily star-mirror (Moscow, Idaho), May 22, 1914". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
^ as cited here: poem Archived 2005-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ chosen by the ASCE as his tag line on their flash presentation Archived 2005-11-11 at the Wayback Machine of his entry in the 50 most notable civil engineers of the US.
Further reading
Hobbs, R.S. (2006). Catastrophe to Triumph: Bridges of the Tacoma Narrows. Pullman: Washington State Press.
Petroski, H. (1995). "Engineers of Dreams." New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-76021-0
Rubin, L. (1958). "Mighty Mac." Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ASIN B00072JSRW
Ratigan, W. (1959). "Highways Over Broad Waters." Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007IY0OC
Books and articles by Steinman
Not an exhaustive list, as Steinman was a prolific author. Many of these books do not have ISBNs since they predate the ISBN system.
Steinman, David B. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges (2nd edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York (USA), 1929.
Steinman, D. "Waldo-Hancock Bridge", in Engineering News Record, 17 March 1932.
Steinman, D. (1945). The Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and His Son New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0-405-04724-X (second edition 1950)
Steinman, D. "Le pont sur le détroit de Messine pour relier la Sicile à l'Italie", in Travaux, November 1954, n. 241.
Steinman, David B. "Multiple-Span Suspension Bridge to Replace Rhine Arches at Düsseldorf", in Engineering News Record, 27 June 1946, n. 26.
Steinman, D. (1957). Miracle Bridge At Mackinac. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007DXCV4
Steinman, David B. I Built A Bridge, And Other Poems, The Davidson Press, New York, 1955.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Barnard Steinman.
David B. Steinman at Structurae
American Society of Civil Engineers.org: Biography of David Barnard Steinman Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
New York State Library.gov: Finding Aid to the David B. Steinman Papers, 1907–1960
Finding aid to the David B. Steinman papers at Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidBSteinman_Mackinac_bridge_plaque_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"honorary Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"degree mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_mill"},{"link_name":"Sequoia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_University"},{"link_name":"1957 inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_University#Ownership_and_operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Franklin Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute"},{"link_name":"Louis E. Levy Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_E._Levy_Medal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevyMedal_Laureates-5"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}],"text":"For the American environmentalist, see David Steinman.Steinman on the Mackinac Bridge.David Barnard Steinman (June 11, 1886[1] – August 21, 1960) was an American civil engineer. He was the designer of the Mackinac Bridge and many other notable bridges, and a published author. He grew up in New York City's lower Manhattan, and lived with the ambition of making his mark on the Brooklyn Bridge that he lived under. In 1906 he earned a bachelor's degree from City College and in 1909, a Master of Arts from Columbia University and a Doctorate in 1911. He also received an honorary Doctor of Science in Engineering on 15 April 1952 from degree mill Sequoia University, but would distance himself from it soon after a 1957 inquiry raised doubts over its legitimacy, and did not mention the qualifications in his biographies.[2][3][4] He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1957.[5]David B. Steinman built bridges in the United States, Thailand, England, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Canada, Korea, Iraq and Pakistan. He had a literary bent, and was a published author with several books, articles in advancement of his craft, and even had children's books and poetry to his credit.","title":"David B. Steinman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brest, Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"truss arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant Evening High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Moscow, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho"}],"text":"Steinman was the child of Jewish immigrants. Little is known of his family and early childhood other than that he had 6 siblings. There is some controversy about where and when he was born. Some sources[6] have him born in Chomsk (Хомск חומסק), Brest, Belarus in 1886, and emigrating to the United States with his family in 1890. However other sources, including Ratigan,[7] and Steinman himself[8] have him born in New York in 1887.Steinman grew up in New York City, New York, and was raised in the shadows of the Brooklyn Bridge. The Williamsburg Bridge was constructed as he grew up. The late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries were a time of significant bridge construction in the area, and he later said this is where he got his first interest in bridges.Because his family had little money, he worked to put himself through both the City College of New York, graduating summa cum laude in 1906 and then Columbia University, where he completed three additional degrees culminating in a PhD in Civil Engineering. His PhD thesis was on a steel truss arch design for the Henry Hudson Bridge. While he was attending Columbia he did fellowships as well as taught nighttime classes at the City College and Stuyvesant Evening High School. He accepted a teaching position at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho (1910–1914) but longed to return to New York.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hell_Gate_Bridge_ca_1917.png"},{"link_name":"Gustav Lindenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Lindenthal"},{"link_name":"Hell Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Othmar Ammann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Ammann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sciotoville Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciotoville_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Rondout Creek Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston-Port_Ewen_Suspension_Bridge"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"}],"text":"Hell Gate, NYC, NY, arch, as it looked in 1917After contacting Gustav Lindenthal about working on the Hell Gate Bridge, he returned to New York City to become a special assistant to Lindenthal, along with Othmar Ammann of Switzerland, another young bridge builder. It was said this experience of working together led to their 40-year professional rivalry. Pay was typical for the era, 200 USD/month.[9] He received a 1-year leave of absence from the University of Idaho to work on the Hell Gate Bridge. Lindenthal gave his protégés advice about engineering such as, \"Steinman, bridge engineering is easy. It is the financial engineering that is hard\" (Petroski 327). While working with Lindenthal, Steinman also worked on the Sciotoville Bridge, a crossing of the Ohio River. After this work Steinman sought other employment, working as assistant engineer on the Rondout Creek Bridge, and as an assistant engineer for the New York Central Railroad.","title":"Start at bridge building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holton D. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holton_D._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massena, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massena_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Florianópolis Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercilio_Luz_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Florianópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Robinson & Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.structurae.de/firms/data/index.cfm?ID=f000173"},{"link_name":"Hercilio Luz Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercilio_Luz_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Carquinez Strait Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carquinez_Bridge"},{"link_name":"cantilever bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridge"},{"link_name":"Mount Hope Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Grand Mère Suspension Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_M%C3%A8re_Suspension_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Johns Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Waldo-Hancock Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo-Hancock_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sky Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Ride"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Century of Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Progress"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wellesley and Hill Islands Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wellesley_and_Hill_Islands_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wellesley Island Suspension Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wellesley_Island_Suspension_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgina Island Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgina_Island_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thousand Islands Bridge System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Deer Isle Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Isle_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sullivan-Hutsonville Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan-Hutsonville_Bridge"},{"link_name":"original Tacoma Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge"},{"link_name":"St. Johns bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_Bridge"},{"link_name":"American Association of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Association_of_Engineers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Society of Professional Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Professional_Engineers"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Joseph Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Strauss_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"}],"text":"In May 1920, Holton D. Robinson (b. 1863, Massena, NY, d. 1945, engineer of the Williamsburg Bridge) contacted Steinman and requested that they join forces to create a design for the Florianópolis Bridge (or Hercilio Luz Bridge, 1926) in Florianópolis, Brazil. After getting advice from Charles Fowler, Steinman agreed and they formed the firm of Robinson & Steinman in 1921, a partnership that lasted until the 1940s. They did not win the contract immediately but continued to collaborate on it and other projects. The early 1920s were considered a tough time for bridge construction, so Steinman tried to design his bridges to be economically pleasing rather than artistic, without sacrificing the structural integrity of the bridge. For example, Robinson and Steinman changed the original plans for the Florianopolis bridge, using eyebar chains as the upper chord of the stiffening truss instead of the conventional wire-cable. The new design produced a very stiff bridge with much less material than the original plan. Other bridge engineers would also have to take this new economical design into account when competing with Steinman. Steinman was well regarded in the profession and had a reputation for good presentations and for being politically astute.The 1920s and 1930s were a relatively busy period for Steinman. His firm was involved in many significant projects including the Hercilio Luz Bridge (or Florianópolis Bridge, 1926), the Carquinez Strait Bridge (1927, at the time the second largest cantilever bridge in the US), the Mount Hope Bridge and Grand Mère Suspension Bridge (both 1929), the St. Johns Bridge and Waldo-Hancock Bridge (both 1931), the Sky Ride (1933 passenger transporter bridge at the Chicago Century of Progress exposition), the Henry Hudson Bridge (1936, particularly gratifying as this bridge realised his PhD thesis proposal), the Wellesley and Hill Islands Bridge, Wellesley Island Suspension Bridge and Georgina Island Bridge (all 1938 and part of the Thousand Islands Bridge System), the Deer Isle Bridge and the Sullivan-Hutsonville Bridge (both 1939).In addition to the many bridges that Steinman designed, he was consulted on several projects that his firm did not win. Perhaps the most famous of these bridges is \"Galloping Gertie,\" the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Steinman consulted extensively with the boosters of the bridge during the 1920s, but his design was not selected. He wrote of his frustration with the design that was chosen, and predicted a failure. He presented his findings at the 1938 meeting of the structural division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In the audience was the designer of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was under construction at the time. The failure did occur and he wrote that it had a profound impact on his design principles; he became even more conservative. It is said that he designed the Mackinac Bridge to withstand winds of 365 mph. It is considered by many to be his most significant work, although, perhaps not by Steinman himself, who expressed a personal preference for the St. Johns bridge, saying, \"If you asked me which of the bridges I love best, I believe I would say the St. Johns bridge. I put more of myself into that bridge than any other bridge.\"During this period Steinman became president of the American Association of Engineers and campaigned for more stringent educational and ethical standards within the profession. He also founded the National Society of Professional Engineers in 1934, serving as its first president. By the mid-1930s Steinman had a professional reputation as one of the pre-eminent bridge engineers of the US, especially for long span suspension bridges, but his bridges were eclipsed in the public eye by his old rival Ammann's George Washington Bridge (1931) and by Joseph Strauss's Golden Gate Bridge (1937) among others. His plans for a NYC cross harbor bridge (the \"Liberty Bridge\") came to naught with the 1940 collapse of Tacoma Narrows which cast all long suspension span proposals in doubt.","title":"Robinson & Steinman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Structurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurae"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110604100231/http://en.structurae.de/files/photos/r0000012/steinman1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Mackinac_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston-Rhinecliff_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Strait of Messina Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Straits of Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Messina"},{"link_name":"Chi Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"Society for the History of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_History_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Parsons Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Corporation"}],"text":"Steinman and his firm were also in charge of the major rehabilitation of the Brooklyn Bridge commencing 1948. Structurae.de has an image of Steinman jauntily perched in mid air in the cables of the bridge, perhaps one of the best known images of him.Steinman's crowning achievement, the \"Mighty Mac\" or Mackinac BridgeBut there were still long span suspension bridges to be built. Steinman was responsible for the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge (1957). More importantly, development and planning of the Mackinac Bridge had been contemplated for some time, and Steinman was appointed to the board of engineers based on Michigan State Legislature legislation of 1950, stating \"the board of engineers retained by the Mackinac Bridge Authority was to be selected and nominated by the Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan,\" and was soon the spokesman for the board. But his health was failing and he suffered heart attacks in 1952, the same year the legislature approved funding. He was nevertheless heavily involved in all aspects of the construction of the bridge from start to finish.From the beginnings of his work on the Mackinac Bridge, Stewart Woodfill was impressed with Steinman's ethical procedure in addressing his requests. In 1950 new legislation was produced stating \"the board of engineers retained by the Mackinac Bridge Authority was to be selected and nominated by the Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan\" (Ratigan 280). This was to make sure that there was no political influence in this decision. Steinman was selected to be a member of the board. Steinman who had been trained since he was young to work well in groups was chosen as the spokesman for the board. When it comes to speaking in front of large audiences Steinman does it naturally. It was said that Steinman spoke \"as comfortable before large audiences as he was on tall bridges\" (Petroski 332). The stresses of the early stages of the bridge soon took their toll on Steinman. He had heart attacks in 1952, which was the same year that legislation approved the financing and construction of the bridge.Although he proposed the project of the Strait of Messina Bridge, a grandiose 1524 meter center span crossing of the Sicilian Straits of Messina, the \"Mighty Mac,\" completed in 1957, and at the time the longest suspended span between anchors, was his last major achievement. In 1960, he was elevated as the 16th National Honor Member of Chi Epsilon national civil engineering honor society. Steinman died in 1960.At the time of his death, he was president of the Society for the History of Technology.--Tribute—In closing, Dr. Dunn said this about the need for a broader education for engineers, \"If the engineer's training neglects the great human mirrors of history and languages, if his heart and mind are insensible to the great social forces, if he but feebly develops the subtle qualities of character that make for personality, his career is limited, no matter how much science he knows\" (Ratigan 315).The Steinman engineering firm is now part of the Parsons Corporation as of 1988.","title":"Postwar work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin Poetry Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Poetry_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poetry Institute in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetry_Institute_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"At the age of 63, Steinman took interest in poetry. Many people wrote to him saying his bridges represented poems. This inspired him to start writing. His love for bridge building was reflected in his writing, which can be seen in the titles of two of his poems, \"The Bridge\" and \"I Built a Bridge\". He received much recognition for his poetry; many poems were published in various newspapers and magazines as well as in the book \"I Built a Bridge and Other Poems,\" published in 1955. Steinman became involved in leadership roles in many poetry groups including the president of the Wisconsin Poetry Foundation and director of the Poetry Institute in New York.\"A bridge is a poem stretched across a river, a symphony of stone and steel\"\n\n\na line from his poem[10] Brooklyn Bridge - Nightfall[11]","title":"Personal life and hobbies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Steinman designed over 400 bridges on every inhabited continent. Below is a selection of some of the most significant bridges he worked on throughout his career.","title":"List of Bridges Designed and Consulted on by Steinman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Degree Mills: The Billion-Dollar Industry That Has Sold over a Million Fake Diplomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DRgwAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781616145088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616145088"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LevyMedal_Laureates_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110629195033/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit"},{"link_name":"Franklin Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.structurae.de/persons/data/index.cfm?id=d000035"},{"link_name":"Structurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurae"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_7-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The daily star-mirror (Moscow, Idaho), May 22, 1914\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/sn89055128/1914-05-22/ed-1/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbpoetry/bbpoemsteinman.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051217120336/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbpoetry/bbpoemsteinman.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ASCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"flash presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.asce.org/history/bio_steinman.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051111201556/http://www.asce.org/history/bio_steinman.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ most probable date\n\n^ Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women, 1960–1961 (31 ed.). Chicago, IL: Marquis - Who's Who. 1960. p. 2766.\n\n^ \"Professional Record of D. B. Steinman\". The Australasian Engineer: 88. 7 July 1954.\n\n^ Bear, John (2012-04-24). Degree Mills: The Billion-Dollar Industry That Has Sold over a Million Fake Diplomas. ISBN 9781616145088.\n\n^ \"Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates\". Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.\n\n^ For example, his biography at Structurae\n\n^ a b c Ratigan, W. (1959). \"Highways Over Broad Waters.\" Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007IY0OC, page 11; \"a boy born under the shadow of the Brooklyn Bridge\"\n\n^ The back flap biography of Steinman's children's book, \"Famous Bridges of the World\" also references NYC\n\n^ \"The daily star-mirror (Moscow, Idaho), May 22, 1914\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-11-03.\n\n^ as cited here: poem Archived 2005-12-17 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ chosen by the ASCE as his tag line on their flash presentation Archived 2005-11-11 at the Wayback Machine of his entry in the 50 most notable civil engineers of the US.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-76021-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76021-0"}],"text":"Hobbs, R.S. (2006). Catastrophe to Triumph: Bridges of the Tacoma Narrows. Pullman: Washington State Press.\nPetroski, H. (1995). \"Engineers of Dreams.\" New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-76021-0\nRubin, L. (1958). \"Mighty Mac.\" Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ASIN B00072JSRW\nRatigan, W. (1959). \"Highways Over Broad Waters.\" Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007IY0OC","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-405-04724-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-04724-X"}],"text":"Not an exhaustive list, as Steinman was a prolific author. Many of these books do not have ISBNs since they predate the ISBN system.Steinman, David B. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges (2nd edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York (USA), 1929.\nSteinman, D. \"Waldo-Hancock Bridge\", in Engineering News Record, 17 March 1932.\nSteinman, D. (1945). The Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and His Son New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0-405-04724-X (second edition 1950)\nSteinman, D. \"Le pont sur le détroit de Messine pour relier la Sicile à l'Italie\", in Travaux, November 1954, n. 241.\nSteinman, David B. \"Multiple-Span Suspension Bridge to Replace Rhine Arches at Düsseldorf\", in Engineering News Record, 27 June 1946, n. 26.\nSteinman, D. (1957). Miracle Bridge At Mackinac. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ASIN B0007DXCV4\nSteinman, David B. I Built A Bridge, And Other Poems, The Davidson Press, New York, 1955.","title":"Books and articles by Steinman"}] | [{"image_text":"Steinman on the Mackinac Bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/DavidBSteinman_Mackinac_bridge_plaque_cropped.jpg/200px-DavidBSteinman_Mackinac_bridge_plaque_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hell Gate, NYC, NY, arch, as it looked in 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hell_Gate_Bridge_ca_1917.png/200px-Hell_Gate_Bridge_ca_1917.png"},{"image_text":"Steinman's crowning achievement, the \"Mighty Mac\" or Mackinac Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LightningVolt_Mackinac_Bridge.jpg/200px-LightningVolt_Mackinac_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hell_Gate_Bridge_ca_1917.png/220px-Hell_Gate_Bridge_ca_1917.png"},{"image_text":"Steinman's 1927 Bridge seen behind 2003 Suspension replacement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Carquinez_Bridge.jpg/220px-The_Carquinez_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ponte_Hercilio_Luz_012.JPG/220px-Ponte_Hercilio_Luz_012.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Walter_Taylor_Bridge.jpg/220px-Walter_Taylor_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thousand_Islands_Bridge_July_2015_001.jpg/220px-Thousand_Islands_Bridge_July_2015_001.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Deer_Island_Bridge.jpg/220px-Deer_Island_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mackinac_Bridge_from_the_air4.jpg/220px-Mackinac_Bridge_from_the_air4.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/220px-Rohri.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women, 1960–1961 (31 ed.). 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Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195033/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit","url_text":"\"Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute","url_text":"Franklin Institute"},{"url":"http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The daily star-mirror (Moscow, Idaho), May 22, 1914\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_and_urban_districts_in_Northern_Ireland | List of rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland | ["1 Evolution and reform","2 Urban and rural districts by administrative county","2.1 County Antrim","2.2 County Armagh","2.3 County Down","2.4 County Fermanagh","2.5 County Londonderry","2.6 County Tyrone","3 Sources","4 External links","5 References"] | The urban and rural districts of Northern Ireland were created in 1899 when the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 came into effect. They were based on the system of district councils introduced in England and Wales four years earlier. (See List of Irish local government areas 1898–1921 for a historical list of districts in all of Ireland.)
At the time of Northern Ireland's creation in 1921, Ireland as a whole was divided into thirty-three administrative counties and six county boroughs; the administrative counties were in turn subdivided into several boroughs, urban districts, and rural districts. Each district was divided into a number of district electoral divisions. Northern Ireland received a total of six administrative counties, together with the county boroughs of Belfast and Derry. The six administrative counties all included a number of urban and rural districts in 1921, but no boroughs.
Evolution and reform
Urban District Councils could petition for a charter of incorporation, changing the status of the urban district to that of a Borough. The following districts became boroughs in this way:
Bangor by letters patent dated 30 December 1927, taking effect on 23 January 1928;
Coleraine by letters patent dated 29 December 1928, taking effect on 23 January 1929;
Newtownards by letters patent dated 8 November 1937, taking effect on 23 May 1938;
Ballymena by letters patent dated 21 December 1937, taking effect on 23 May 1939;
Larne by letters patent dated 15 November 1938, taking effect on 23 May 1939;
Portadown by letters patent dated 24 July 1947, taking effect on 2 October 1947;
Enniskillen by letters patent dated 29 April 1949, taking effect on 30 May 1949;
Carrickfergus by letters patent dated 27 May 1949, taking effect on 1 July 1949;
Lurgan by letters patent dated 27 May 1949, taking effect on 7 July 1949; and
Lisburn by letters patent dated 24 March 1964, taking effect on 2 June 1964.
A small number of districts were abolished or created after 1921.
The entire system of local government in Northern Ireland was overhauled by the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972, which replaced the county boroughs, administrative counties, urban districts, and rural districts with 26 local government districts. The new system came into effect on 1 October 1973.
Urban and rural districts by administrative county
Map of the Rural and Urban Districts of Northern Ireland in 1967
County Antrim
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Antrim Rural District
Antrim, Ballymena, Belfast City Council, Lisburn, Newtownabbey
Ballycastle Rural District
Moyle
Ballycastle Urban District
Moyle
Ballyclare Urban District
Newtownabbey
Ballymena Rural District
Antrim, Ballymena, Ballymoney
Ballymena Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1939
Ballymena
Ballymoney Rural District
Ballymoney, Coleraine, Moyle
Ballymoney Urban District
Ballymoney
Belfast Rural District
Abolished in 1958
Carrickfergus Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1949
Carrickfergus
Larne Rural District
Carrickfergus, Larne, Moyle, Newtownabbey
Larne Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1939
Larne
Lisburn Rural District
Belfast City Council, Craigavon, Lisburn
Lisburn Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1964
Lisburn
Newtownabbey Urban District
Created in 1958
Belfast, Newtownabbey
Portrush Urban District
Coleraine
Whitehead Urban District
Established on 1 April 1927 from part of Larne RD, by virtue of the Whitehead Urban District Order, 1926
Carrickfergus
County Armagh
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Armagh Rural District
Armagh, Craigavon, Dungannon
Armagh Urban District
Armagh
Craigavon Urban District
Created in 1967§
Craigavon
Keady Urban District
Armagh
Lurgan Rural District
Abolished in 1967§
Lurgan Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1949
Craigavon
Newry No. 2 Rural District
Armagh, Newry and Mourne
Portadown Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1947
Craigavon
Tandragee Rural District
Armagh, Craigavon
Tandragee Urban District
Armagh
§ Lurgan Rural District was abolished on 1 April 1967, and a small part transferred to Lurgan Borough. The rest was assigned to the new Craigavon Urban District, but Craigavon Development Commission rather than Lurgan Rural District Council became Craigavon Urban District Council.
County Down
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Banbridge Rural District
Banbridge
Banbridge Urban District
Banbridge
Bangor Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1928
North Down
Castlereagh Rural District
Belfast, Castlereagh, North Down
Donaghadee Urban District
Ards
Downpatrick Urban District
Created in 1925 from part of Downpatrick RD, by virtue of the Downpatrick Urban District Order, 1924
Down
Dromore Urban District
Banbridge
East Down Rural District
Known as Downpatrick Rural District before 1 January 1962
Ards, Down
Hillsborough Rural District
Banbridge, Belfast, Castlereagh, Down, Lisburn
Holywood Urban District
North Down
Kilkeel Urban District
Created in 1937 from part of Kilkeel Rural District, by virtue of the Kilkeel Urban District Order, 1936
Newry and Mourne
Moira Rural District
Banbridge, Craigavon, Lisburn
Newcastle Urban District
Down
Newry Urban District
Newry and Mourne
Newry No. 1 Rural District
Banbridge, Newry and Mourne
Newtownards Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1938
Ards
North Down Rural District(offices in Newtownards)
Known as Newtownards Rural District before 1 August 1954
Ards, Castlereagh, Down, North Down
South Down Rural District(offices in Kilkeel)
Known as Kilkeel Rural District before 4 July 1966
Down, Newry and Mourne
Warrenpoint Urban District
Newry and Mourne
County Fermanagh
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Enniskillen Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1949; abolished in 1967†
Fermanagh
Enniskillen Rural District
Abolished in 1967†
Fermanagh
Irvinestown Rural District
Abolished in 1967†
Fermanagh
Lisnaskea Rural District
Abolished in 1967†
Fermanagh
† All district councils in Fermanagh were abolished in 1968, merging with Fermanagh County Council to create a unitary county council.
County Londonderry
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Coleraine Rural District
Coleraine, Magherafelt
Coleraine Urban District
Reconstituted as a borough in 1929
Coleraine
Limavady Rural District
Limavady
Limavady Urban District
Limavady, Londonderry†
Londonderry Rural District
Reconstituted as an Urban District in 1969‡
Londonderry†
Magherafelt Rural District
Cookstown, Magherafelt
Portstewart Urban District
Coleraine
† The district is now known as Derry.
‡ In 1969 Londonderry Rural District was redesignated as Londonderry Urban District, its council was abolished, and its municipal governance transferred to the Londonderry Development Commission, which had also replaced the corporation of Londonderry County Borough (which the rural district surrounded).
County Tyrone
Name of district
Changes between 1921 and 1973
Successor district(s) in 1973
Castlederg Rural District
Omagh, Strabane
Clogher Rural District
Dungannon, Omagh
Cookstown Rural District
Cookstown
Cookstown Urban District
Cookstown
Dungannon Rural District
Dungannon
Dungannon Urban District
Dungannon
Omagh Rural District
Fermanagh, Omagh, Strabane
Omagh Urban District
Omagh
Strabane Rural District
Strabane
Strabane Urban District
Strabane
Sources
Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971, (Eliz II 19 & 20 c.9)
Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 (Eliz II 20 & 21 c.9)
Local Government (Boundaries) Order (Northern Ireland) 1972 (S.R. & O. 1972, No. 131).
External links
"North-east sheet". Boundaries of Administrative Counties, Co. Boroughs, Urban & Dispensary Districts & District Electoral Divisions. Ordnance Survey Ireland. 1961 . Retrieved 31 December 2017.
References
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 343 of 20 January 1928, p. 63
^ Census of Population of Northern Ireland 1937 (County of Down), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1938, p. vi
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 395 of 18 January 1929, p. 43
^ Census of Population of Northern Ireland 1937 (County and County Borough of Londonderry), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1938, p. vi
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 855 of 12 November 1937, p. 370
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 861 of 24 December 1937, p. 441
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 908 of 18 November 1938, p. 394
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 1361 of 25 July 1947, p. 179
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 1454 of 6 May 1949, p. 99
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 1458 of 3 June 1939, p. 126
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 1458 of 3 June 1939, p. 126
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 2237 of 27 March 1964, p. 111
^ Census of Population of Northern Ireland 1937 (County of Antrim), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1938, p. vi
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 271 of 3 September 1926, p. 461
^ The New Towns (Municipal Functions - Craigavon) Order (Northern Ireland) 1967
^ A list of its 20 district electoral divisions, and the townlands comprising each, is in The Belfast Gazette, No. 104 of 22 June 1923, p. 241
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 155 of 13 June 1924, p. 836
^ The Belfast Gazette, No. 787 of 24 July 1936, p. 274
^ Belfast and Northern Ireland Directory, 1973, p. 1387
^ Belfast and Northern Ireland Directory, 1973, p. 1267
^ A Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report. Command papers. Vol. Cmd. 534. Belfast: HMSO. September 1969. ¶35. Retrieved 6 August 2020 – via CAIN. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban and rural districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_and_rural_districts_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"List of Irish local government areas 1898–1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_local_government_areas_1898%E2%80%931921"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland's creation in 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"administrative counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_county"},{"link_name":"county boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"district electoral divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_electoral_division"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"}],"text":"The urban and rural districts of Northern Ireland were created in 1899 when the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 came into effect. They were based on the system of district councils introduced in England and Wales four years earlier. (See List of Irish local government areas 1898–1921 for a historical list of districts in all of Ireland.)At the time of Northern Ireland's creation in 1921, Ireland as a whole was divided into thirty-three administrative counties and six county boroughs; the administrative counties were in turn subdivided into several boroughs, urban districts, and rural districts. Each district was divided into a number of district electoral divisions. Northern Ireland received a total of six administrative counties, together with the county boroughs of Belfast and Derry. The six administrative counties all included a number of urban and rural districts in 1921, but no boroughs.","title":"List of rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Coleraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Newtownards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ballymena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymena"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Larne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Portadown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portadown"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Enniskillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniskillen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lisburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisburn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1972"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland"}],"text":"Urban District Councils could petition for a charter of incorporation, changing the status of the urban district to that of a Borough. The following districts became boroughs in this way:Bangor by letters patent dated 30 December 1927,[1] taking effect on 23 January 1928;[2]\nColeraine by letters patent dated 29 December 1928,[3] taking effect on 23 January 1929;[4]\nNewtownards by letters patent dated 8 November 1937,[5] taking effect on 23 May 1938;\nBallymena by letters patent dated 21 December 1937,[6] taking effect on 23 May 1939;\nLarne by letters patent dated 15 November 1938,[7] taking effect on 23 May 1939;\nPortadown by letters patent dated 24 July 1947,[8] taking effect on 2 October 1947;\nEnniskillen by letters patent dated 29 April 1949,[9] taking effect on 30 May 1949;\nCarrickfergus by letters patent dated 27 May 1949,[10] taking effect on 1 July 1949;\nLurgan by letters patent dated 27 May 1949,[11] taking effect on 7 July 1949; and\nLisburn by letters patent dated 24 March 1964,[12] taking effect on 2 June 1964.A small number of districts were abolished or created after 1921.The entire system of local government in Northern Ireland was overhauled by the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972, which replaced the county boroughs, administrative counties, urban districts, and rural districts with 26 local government districts. The new system came into effect on 1 October 1973.","title":"Evolution and reform"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NorthernIreland1967AdminMap.png"}],"text":"Map of the Rural and Urban Districts of Northern Ireland in 1967","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"County Antrim","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lurgan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lurgan_Rural_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"County Armagh","text":"§ Lurgan Rural District was abolished on 1 April 1967, and a small part transferred to Lurgan Borough. The rest was assigned to the new Craigavon Urban District, but Craigavon Development Commission rather than Lurgan Rural District Council became Craigavon Urban District Council.[15]","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"County Down","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fermanagh County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermanagh_County_Council"}],"sub_title":"County Fermanagh","text":"† All district councils in Fermanagh were abolished in 1968, merging with Fermanagh County Council to create a unitary county council.","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"County Londonderry","text":"† The district is now known as Derry.‡ In 1969 Londonderry Rural District was redesignated as Londonderry Urban District, its council was abolished, and its municipal governance transferred to the Londonderry Development Commission, which had also replaced the corporation of Londonderry County Borough (which the rural district surrounded).[21]","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"County Tyrone","title":"Urban and rural districts by administrative county"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971, (Eliz II 19 & 20 c.9)\nLocal Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 (Eliz II 20 & 21 c.9)\nLocal Government (Boundaries) Order (Northern Ireland) 1972 (S.R. & O. 1972, No. 131).","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the Rural and Urban Districts of Northern Ireland in 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NorthernIreland1967AdminMap.png/440px-NorthernIreland1967AdminMap.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"North-east sheet\". Boundaries of Administrative Counties, Co. Boroughs, Urban & Dispensary Districts & District Electoral Divisions. Ordnance Survey Ireland. 1961 [1935]. Retrieved 31 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/Eolas/Data/Brainse/logainm.ie-map-ordnance-survey-1935-boundaries-north-east.jpg","url_text":"\"North-east sheet\""}]},{"reference":"A Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report. Command papers. Vol. Cmd. 534. Belfast: HMSO. September 1969. ¶35. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Foster | Brendan Foster | ["1 Early life","2 Athletics career","3 Business, media and other activities","4 Recognition and honours","5 References","6 External links"] | British long-distance runner
For other people with a similar name, see Brenden Foster and Brandon Foster.
SirBrendan FosterCBEFoster at the 1972 OlympicsPersonal informationNicknameBig BrenBorn12 January 1948 (1948-01-12) (age 76)Hebburn, South Tyneside, EnglandHeight5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight10 st 10 lb (150 lb; 68 kg)SportSportAthleticsEvent(s)1,500 m, 5,000 m, 10,000 mClubGateshead HarriersAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)1,500 m – 3:37.64 (1974) 5,000 m – 13:14.6 (1974)10,000 m – 27:30.3 (1978)
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing Great Britain
Olympic Games
1976 Montréal
10,000 m
European Championships
1974 Rome
5,000 m
1971 Helsinki
1,500 m
Representing England
Commonwealth Games
1978 Edmonton
10,000 m
1974 Christchurch
5,000 m
1970 Edinburgh
1,500 m
Sir Brendan Foster CBE (born 12 January 1948) is a British former long-distance runner, athletics commentator and road race organiser. He founded the Great North Run, one of the sport's most high profile half-marathon races. As an athlete, he won the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the gold medal in the 5,000 metres at the 1974 European Championships and the 10,000 metres at the 1978 Commonwealth Games. He later provided commentary and analysis on athletics, particularly long-distance events, for BBC Sport.
Early life
Educated at St Joseph's RC Grammar School in Hebburn, the University of Sussex and Carnegie College of Physical Education, Foster returned to St Joseph's Grammar School as a chemistry teacher. His pupils included footballer turned manager Phil Brown, whom he tried to encourage to take up running over football.
Athletics career
Brendan Foster's athletic career saw him compete in three Olympic Games, claiming Britain's only track and field medal (bronze in the 10,000 metres) at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In 1973 he broke the World Record for two miles at Crystal Palace with a time of 8:13.68. In 1974 he won a silver medal in the Commonwealth Games in Christchurch in a time of 13:14.6 behind Ben Jipcho before winning the European Championships 5,000m, beating Olympic champion Lasse Virén en route to Gold in 13:17.2. When the then world record was within reach, he ran the final lap in a relatively leisurely 62 seconds after establishing a commanding lead before it. In the same year he broke the 3,000m World Record on his home track, Gateshead International Stadium with a time of 7:35.1. That year, Foster was awarded the BBC's prestigious Sports Personality of the Year award.
He established his personal best in the 10,000 m with a time of 27:30.3 run at Crystal Palace on 23 June 1978, while also winning 10,000 m gold at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton.
Foster only placed fourth in the 1978 European Athletics Championships 10,000-metre race, but he ran faster than any 10,000-metre European Champion has run ever since (see various European countries' books about the European Athletics Championships from 1982 to 2006). Foster finished fifth in the 1976 Olympics 5,000-metre final, just 1.4 seconds behind the winner, Lasse Viren of Finland. Foster lost all his three Olympic races against Viren – 5,000 and 10,000 m in 1976 and 10,000 m in 1980. In the preliminaries to the 1976 5,000 m race he broke Viren's Olympic record running 13:20.34. That record would hold through the final until it was surpassed in the final of the 1984 Olympics.
Foster's final major race was the 1980 Olympics 10,000-metre final, where he finished eleventh, almost 40 seconds behind the winner, Ethiopia's Miruts Yifter.
In 2010, he was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame.
Business, media and other activities
Brendan joined the sports company Nike International Limited in 1981 as UK managing director. Progressing to European managing director, Vice-President Marketing (Worldwide) and Vice-President of Nike Europe. In 1988 he set up a company, Nova International with three friends from Nike. This company was later renamed to View From International, which won a contract to supply the British athletics team. The brand was later sold to Marks and Spencer in 2002 for an estimated £2m.
After retiring from athletics following the Moscow Olympics in 1980, Foster worked for BBC Television, commentating and reporting on the sport at every major event from 1983 to 2017.
In 1977, he helped organise the "Gateshead Fun Run", a pioneering running event. In 1981, Foster founded the Great North Run, an annual half marathon from Newcastle upon Tyne to South Shields. The race became the biggest running event in the UK, and one of the biggest half marathons in the world. By 2014, the race had been run by over 1 million competitors, the first IAAF event to pass this milestone. Foster ran in the 2003 event for the first time in many years, after being challenged to do so by radio presenter Ray Stubbs.
Foster has also promoted sport in Ethiopia and other African countries.
Recognition and honours
Foster was Chancellor of Leeds Metropolitan University from 2005 to 2009. Foster was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1976 New Year Honours for services to athletics, and promoted to Commander of the same Order (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours for services to sport. In December 2016 Foster was given the Freedom of the City of Newcastle, the city's highest honour. In August 2017, in recognition to his major contributions to the advancements of athletics, at a ceremony in London, Foster was awarded the IAAF highest award, the Golden Order of Merit. Foster was knighted in the 2020 Birthday Honours for ‘services to international and national sport and to culture in North East England’.
References
^ a b Richardson, Andy, ed. (12 January 2018). "Happy Birthday to the Original Great North Runner". The Northern Echo. p. 6. ISSN 2043-0442.
^ "Hull boss Phil Brown takes on Great North Run challenge". Daily Mirror. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Brendan Foster". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
^ Hannus, Matti; "The Thousand Stars of Athletics" ("Tuhat yleisurheilun tähteä"), published in Finland, 1983
^ Butcher, Pat (2004) "The Perfect Distance – Ovett & Coe: The Record-Breaking Rivalry", Weidenfeld&Nicolson, London
^ "Brendan Foster takes gold in a very different arena". The Independent. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ "M&S adds View From sportwear to its line up". The Independent. 6 June 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ "Olympic hero sells sports brand". BBC. 5 June 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ Engelbrecht, Gavin (5 June 2013). "North-East fun run was first in the UK". Northern Echo. thenorthernecho.co.uk.
^ "Great North Run: Thousands complete half-marathon". British Broadcasting Corp. 7 September 2014.
^ "Great North Run 2014: One millionth finisher crosses line". British Broadcasting Corp. 7 September 2014.
^ Knight, Tom (18 September 2003). "Foster rejoins party with jog down memory lane". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ Ex-Olympian quits university role. BBC News. 28 January 2009
^ UK list: "No. 46777". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1975. p. 14.
^ "No. 58557". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2007.
^ Southern, Keiran (13 December 2016). "Freedom of the City". chroniclelive.co.uk. chronicle. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Athletics Weekly staff (3 August 2017). "Brendan Foster awarded IAAF Golden Order of Merit". athleticsweekly.com. Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
^ "No. 63135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 2020. p. B2.
^ Kelly, Mike (9 October 2020). "Arise Sir Brendan Foster of Hebburn". chroniclelive.co.uk. chronicle. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brendan Foster.
Sporting-Heroes.net
Records
Preceded by Emiel Puttemans
Men's 3,000m World Record Holder 3 August 1974 – 27 June 1978
Succeeded by Henry Rono
Awards
Preceded by Jackie Stewart
BBC Sports Personality of the Year 1974
Succeeded by David Steele
Sporting positions
Preceded by Emiel Puttemans
Men's 3.000m Best Year Performance 1973–74
Succeeded by Rod Dixon
vteCommonwealth Games champions in men's 10,000 metres6 miles(1930–1966)
1930: Billy Savidan (NZL)
1934: Arthur Penny (ENG)
1938: Cecil Matthews (NZL)
1950: Harold Nelson (NZL)
1954: Peter Driver (ENG)
1958: Dave Power (AUS)
1962: Bruce Kidd (CAN)
1966: Naftali Temu (KEN)
10000 metres(1970–present)
1970: Lachie Stewart (SCO)
1974: Dick Tayler (NZL)
1978: Brendan Foster (ENG)
1982: Gidamis Shahanga (TAN)
1986: Jon Solly (ENG)
1990: Eamonn Martin (ENG)
1994: Lameck Aguta (KEN)
1998: Simon Maina (KEN)
2002: Wilberforce Talel (KEN)
2006: Boniface Toroitich Kiprop (UGA)
2010: Moses Ndiema Kipsiro (UGA)
2014: Moses Ndiema Kipsiro (UGA)
2018: Joshua Cheptegei (UGA)
2022: Jacob Kiplimo (UGA)
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 5000 metres
1934: Roger Rochard (FRA)
1938: Taisto Mäki (FIN)
1946: Sydney Wooderson (GBR)
1950: Emil Zátopek (TCH)
1954: Vladimir Kuts (URS)
1958: Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak (POL)
1962: Bruce Tulloh (GBR)
1966: Michel Jazy (FRA)
1969: Ian Stewart (GBR)
1971: Juha Väätäinen (FIN)
1974: Brendan Foster (GBR)
1978: Venanzio Ortis (ITA)
1982: Thomas Wessinghage (FRG)
1986: Jack Buckner (GBR)
1990: Salvatore Antibo (ITA)
1994: Dieter Baumann (GER)
1998: Isaac Viciosa (ESP)
2002: Alberto García (ESP)
2006: Jesús España (ESP)
2010: Mo Farah (GBR)
2012: Mo Farah (GBR)
2014: Mo Farah (GBR)
2016: Ilias Fifa (ESP)
2018: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)
2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)
2024: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)
vteBBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
1954: Christopher Chataway
1955: Gordon Pirie
1956: Jim Laker
1957: Dai Rees
1958: Ian Black
1959: John Surtees
1960: David Broome
1961: Stirling Moss
1962: Anita Lonsbrough
1963: Dorothy Hyman
1964: Mary Rand
1965: Tom Simpson
1966: Bobby Moore
1967: Henry Cooper
1968: David Hemery
1969: Ann Jones
1970: Henry Cooper
1971: HRH The Princess Anne
1972: Mary Peters
1973: Jackie Stewart
1974: Brendan Foster
1975: David Steele
1976: John Curry
1977: Virginia Wade
1978: Steve Ovett
1979: Sebastian Coe
1980: Robin Cousins
1981: Ian Botham
1982: Daley Thompson
1983: Steve Cram
1984: Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean)
1985: Barry McGuigan
1986: Nigel Mansell
1987: Fatima Whitbread
1988: Steve Davis
1989: Nick Faldo
1990: Paul Gascoigne
1991: Liz McColgan
1992: Nigel Mansell
1993: Linford Christie
1994: Damon Hill
1995: Jonathan Edwards
1996: Damon Hill
1997: Greg Rusedski
1998: Michael Owen
1999: Lennox Lewis
2000: Steve Redgrave
2001: David Beckham
2002: Paula Radcliffe
2003: Jonny Wilkinson
2004: Kelly Holmes
2005: Andrew Flintoff
2006: Zara Phillips
2007: Joe Calzaghe
2008: Chris Hoy
2009: Ryan Giggs
2010: Tony McCoy
2011: Mark Cavendish
2012: Bradley Wiggins
2013: Andy Murray
2014: Lewis Hamilton
2015: Andy Murray
2016: Andy Murray
2017: Mo Farah
2018: Geraint Thomas
2019: Ben Stokes
2020: Lewis Hamilton
2021: Emma Raducanu
2022: Beth Mead
2023: Mary Earps
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
World Athletics
Other
Te Papa (New Zealand) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brenden Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenden_Foster"},{"link_name":"Brandon Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Foster"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:NE:-1"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_runner"},{"link_name":"Great North Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Run"},{"link_name":"half-marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-marathon"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"5,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5,000_metres"},{"link_name":"1974 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_European_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"1978 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"}],"text":"For other people with a similar name, see Brenden Foster and Brandon Foster.Sir Brendan Foster CBE (born 12 January 1948[1]) is a British former long-distance runner, athletics commentator and road race organiser. He founded the Great North Run, one of the sport's most high profile half-marathon races. As an athlete, he won the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the gold medal in the 5,000 metres at the 1974 European Championships and the 10,000 metres at the 1978 Commonwealth Games. He later provided commentary and analysis on athletics, particularly long-distance events, for BBC Sport.","title":"Brendan Foster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Joseph's RC Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Catholic_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Carnegie College of Physical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Leeds_Training_College"},{"link_name":"Phil Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brown_(footballer_born_1959)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Educated at St Joseph's RC Grammar School in Hebburn, the University of Sussex and Carnegie College of Physical Education, Foster returned to St Joseph's Grammar School as a chemistry teacher. His pupils included footballer turned manager Phil Brown, whom he tried to encourage to take up running over football.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"two miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_miles"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre"},{"link_name":"Lasse Virén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Vir%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Gateshead International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sports Personality of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Lasse Viren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Viren"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Miruts Yifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miruts_Yifter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-3"},{"link_name":"England Athletics Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Athletics_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Brendan Foster's athletic career saw him compete in three Olympic Games, claiming Britain's only track and field medal (bronze in the 10,000 metres) at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In 1973 he broke the World Record for two miles at Crystal Palace with a time of 8:13.68. In 1974 he won a silver medal in the Commonwealth Games in Christchurch in a time of 13:14.6 behind Ben Jipcho before winning the European Championships 5,000m, beating Olympic champion Lasse Virén en route to Gold in 13:17.2. When the then world record was within reach, he ran the final lap in a relatively leisurely 62 seconds after establishing a commanding lead before it. In the same year he broke the 3,000m World Record on his home track, Gateshead International Stadium with a time of 7:35.1. That year, Foster was awarded the BBC's prestigious Sports Personality of the Year award.He established his personal best in the 10,000 m with a time of 27:30.3 run at Crystal Palace on 23 June 1978, while also winning 10,000 m gold at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton.Foster only placed fourth in the 1978 European Athletics Championships 10,000-metre race, but he ran faster than any 10,000-metre European Champion has run ever since (see various European countries' books about the European Athletics Championships from 1982 to 2006). Foster finished fifth in the 1976 Olympics 5,000-metre final, just 1.4 seconds behind the winner, Lasse Viren of Finland. Foster lost all his three Olympic races against Viren – 5,000 and 10,000 m in 1976 and 10,000 m in 1980.[3][4][5] In the preliminaries to the 1976 5,000 m race he broke Viren's Olympic record running 13:20.34. That record would hold through the final until it was surpassed in the final of the 1984 Olympics.Foster's final major race was the 1980 Olympics 10,000-metre final, where he finished eleventh, almost 40 seconds behind the winner, Ethiopia's Miruts Yifter.[3]In 2010, he was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame.","title":"Athletics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marks and Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstfunrun77-9"},{"link_name":"Great North Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Run"},{"link_name":"half marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ray Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:NE:-1"}],"text":"Brendan joined the sports company Nike International Limited in 1981 as UK managing director. Progressing to European managing director, Vice-President Marketing (Worldwide) and Vice-President of Nike Europe. In 1988 he set up a company, Nova International with three friends from Nike.[6] This company was later renamed to View From International, which won a contract to supply the British athletics team. The brand was later sold to Marks and Spencer in 2002 for an estimated £2m.[7][8]After retiring from athletics following the Moscow Olympics in 1980, Foster worked for BBC Television, commentating and reporting on the sport at every major event from 1983 to 2017.In 1977, he helped organise the \"Gateshead Fun Run\", a pioneering running event.[9] In 1981, Foster founded the Great North Run, an annual half marathon from Newcastle upon Tyne to South Shields. The race became the biggest running event in the UK, and one of the biggest half marathons in the world. By 2014, the race had been run by over 1 million competitors, the first IAAF event to pass this milestone.[10][11] Foster ran in the 2003 event for the first time in many years, after being challenged to do so by radio presenter Ray Stubbs.[12]Foster has also promoted sport in Ethiopia and other African countries.[1]","title":"Business, media and other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"Leeds Metropolitan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1976 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Commander of the same Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2008 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedomNewc-16"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAAFOrderMerit2017-17"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"2020 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knighthood-19"}],"text":"Foster was Chancellor of Leeds Metropolitan University from 2005 to 2009.[13] Foster was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1976 New Year Honours for services to athletics, and promoted to Commander of the same Order (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours for services to sport.[14][15] In December 2016 Foster was given the Freedom of the City of Newcastle, the city's highest honour.[16] In August 2017, in recognition to his major contributions to the advancements of athletics, at a ceremony in London, Foster was awarded the IAAF highest award, the Golden Order of Merit.[17] Foster was knighted in the 2020 Birthday Honours for ‘services to international and national sport and to culture in North East England’.[18][19]","title":"Recognition and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Richardson, Andy, ed. (12 January 2018). \"Happy Birthday to the Original Great North Runner\". The Northern Echo. p. 6. ISSN 2043-0442.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2043-0442","url_text":"2043-0442"}]},{"reference":"\"Hull boss Phil Brown takes on Great North Run challenge\". Daily Mirror. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/columnists/david-anderson/Hull-boss-Phil-Brown-takes-on-Great-North-Run-challenge-article158297.html","url_text":"\"Hull boss Phil Brown takes on Great North Run challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Brendan Foster\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230708/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/brendan-foster-1.html","url_text":"\"Brendan Foster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/brendan-foster-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brendan Foster takes gold in a very different arena\". The Independent. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 14 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/brendan-foster-takes-gold-in-a-very-different-arena-1248325.html","url_text":"\"Brendan Foster takes gold in a very different arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"M&S adds View From sportwear to its line up\". The Independent. 6 June 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/brendan-foster-takes-gold-in-a-very-different-arena-1248325.html","url_text":"\"M&S adds View From sportwear to its line up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic hero sells sports brand\". BBC. 5 June 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2027290.stm","url_text":"\"Olympic hero sells sports brand\""}]},{"reference":"Engelbrecht, Gavin (5 June 2013). \"North-East fun run was first in the UK\". Northern Echo. thenorthernecho.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10465834.North_East_fun_run_was_the_first_in_the_UK__says_Brendan_Foster/","url_text":"\"North-East fun run was first in the UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great North Run: Thousands complete half-marathon\". British Broadcasting Corp. 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-29095385","url_text":"\"Great North Run: Thousands complete half-marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great North Run 2014: One millionth finisher crosses line\". British Broadcasting Corp. 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/29099742","url_text":"\"Great North Run 2014: One millionth finisher crosses line\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Tom (18 September 2003). \"Foster rejoins party with jog down memory lane\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/2421739/Foster-rejoins-party-with-jog-down-memory-lane.html","url_text":"\"Foster rejoins party with jog down memory lane\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46777\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1975. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46777/supplement/14","url_text":"\"No. 46777\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58557\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58557/supplement/","url_text":"\"No. 58557\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Southern, Keiran (13 December 2016). \"Freedom of the City\". chroniclelive.co.uk. chronicle. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/five-sons-daughters-newcastle-receive-12316888","url_text":"\"Freedom of the City\""}]},{"reference":"Athletics Weekly staff (3 August 2017). \"Brendan Foster awarded IAAF Golden Order of Merit\". athleticsweekly.com. Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athleticsweekly.com/news/brendan-foster-iaaf-golden-order-of-merit-65888","url_text":"\"Brendan Foster awarded IAAF Golden Order of Merit\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63135\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 2020. p. B2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63135/supplement/B2","url_text":"\"No. 63135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Mike (9 October 2020). \"Arise Sir Brendan Foster of Hebburn\". chroniclelive.co.uk. chronicle. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/arise-sir-brendan-foster-hebburn-19076498","url_text":"\"Arise Sir Brendan Foster of Hebburn\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2043-0442","external_links_name":"2043-0442"},{"Link":"http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/columnists/david-anderson/Hull-boss-Phil-Brown-takes-on-Great-North-Run-challenge-article158297.html","external_links_name":"\"Hull boss Phil Brown takes on Great North Run challenge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230708/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/brendan-foster-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Brendan Foster\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/brendan-foster-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/brendan-foster-takes-gold-in-a-very-different-arena-1248325.html","external_links_name":"\"Brendan Foster takes gold in a very different arena\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/brendan-foster-takes-gold-in-a-very-different-arena-1248325.html","external_links_name":"\"M&S adds View From sportwear to its line up\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2027290.stm","external_links_name":"\"Olympic hero sells sports brand\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10465834.North_East_fun_run_was_the_first_in_the_UK__says_Brendan_Foster/","external_links_name":"\"North-East fun run was first in the UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-29095385","external_links_name":"\"Great North Run: Thousands complete half-marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/29099742","external_links_name":"\"Great North Run 2014: One millionth finisher crosses line\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/2421739/Foster-rejoins-party-with-jog-down-memory-lane.html","external_links_name":"\"Foster rejoins party with jog down memory lane\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/west_yorkshire/7856616.stm","external_links_name":"Ex-Olympian quits university role"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46777/supplement/14","external_links_name":"\"No. 46777\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58557/supplement/","external_links_name":"\"No. 58557\""},{"Link":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/five-sons-daughters-newcastle-receive-12316888","external_links_name":"\"Freedom of the City\""},{"Link":"http://www.athleticsweekly.com/news/brendan-foster-iaaf-golden-order-of-merit-65888","external_links_name":"\"Brendan Foster awarded IAAF Golden Order of Merit\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63135/supplement/B2","external_links_name":"\"No. 63135\""},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/arise-sir-brendan-foster-hebburn-19076498","external_links_name":"\"Arise Sir Brendan Foster of Hebburn\""},{"Link":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=1543","external_links_name":"Sporting-Heroes.net"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/26712/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315533142","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMhqdjRGFxgqdcrWYQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78067959","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14344537","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/44296","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bream_Bay | Bream Bay | ["1 Geography","1.1 Naming","2 Districts","2.1 Ruakākā","2.2 One Tree Point","2.3 Waipu","2.4 Islands","3 Demographics","4 Climate","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°56′45″S 174°31′4″E / 35.94583°S 174.51778°E / -35.94583; 174.51778
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Place in Northland, New ZealandBream Bay
Whanga-a-TamurePanorama of the Hen and Chicken Islands and Sail RockCoordinates: 35°56′45″S 174°31′4″E / 35.94583°S 174.51778°E / -35.94583; 174.51778CountryNew ZealandRegionNorthlandTerritorial authorityWhangarei DistrictWardBream Bay WardPre 1989Whangarei CountyElectoratesWhangāreiTe Tai TokerauGovernment • Territorial AuthorityWhangarei District Council • Regional councilNorthland Regional CouncilArea • Total237.68 km2 (91.77 sq mi)Population (June 2023) • Total2,430 • Density10/km2 (26/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST) • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)
Bream Bay is an embayment and area south-east of Whangārei, on the east coast of New Zealand. The bay runs from Bream Head, at the mouth of Whangārei Harbour, 22 kilometres south to the headland of Bream Tail, east of Langs Beach and north of Mangawhai. It was named by Captain James Cook. The Bream Bay area includes the towns of Ruakākā, One Tree Point and Waipu. A group of nature reserve islands lie outside Bream Bay: the Hen and Chicken Islands and Sail Rock.
Geography
Naming
Bream Bay was named by Captain James Cook after noticing that the bay's waters were populated with a vast number of bream, although it is now thought he was mistaken with snapper. He also named, in the same vein, Bream Head and Bream Tail at the northern and southern ends of the bay.
Districts
Ruakākā
Ruakākā area is made up of Ruakākā Beach, Ruakākā Township and Marsden Point. Ruakākā has seen development due to its proximity to the expansion of the country's only oil refinery at Marsden Point during the 1980s. A timber processing plant at Marsden Point has further stimulated growth.
One Tree Point
One Tree Point, once considered part of Ruakākā, has peeled away from the Ruakākā township as it begins to grow. Along with its off-spring area of Takahiwai, they are positioned along Whangārei Harbour. One Tree Point is a fast-growing community catering to the lifestyle blocks of the northern Bream Bay area. One Tree Point is made up of One Tree Point, Marsden Cove, Takahiwai and the eastern blocks of Marsden Point. Access is by the Port Marsden road via Ruakaka or by marine access.
Waipu
Waipu is the south-most and largest township. It features a variety of attractions ranging from surf beaches, caves, waterfalls to memorable dining. Waipu is fast gaining international immigrants and is seen to be Bream Bay's only chance at a kept rural community, with the socioeconomic growth been delivered by Ruakaka and One Tree Point. Access is gained from State Highway 1 or through back roads from Maungaturoto or Wellsford.
Waipu is situated up the river from the coast, at the last navigable place for larger boats. The Waipu Boat Club is now situated at the place where boats used to unload when the coast and river were the main transport links. However it has strong coastal links with Waipu Cove 8 km away and Uretiti Beach 5 km away. Settled by Highland Scots immigrants under the charismatic Rev Norman McLeod in the 1850s, it still has a strong Scottish tradition with its own pipe band, and the Waipu Museum telling the story of the migration.
Islands
The Hen & Chicken Islands and Sail Rock are nature reserve islands just off the coast of Bream Bay. They have no human inhabitants.
Demographics
The statistical area of Bream Bay, which covers 237.68 km2 (91.77 sq mi) between Waipu and Whangārei Harbour but excludes the settlements of Waipu, Ruakaka, Marsden Point and One Tree Point, had an estimated population of 2,430 as of June 2023, with a population density of 10.2 people per km2.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.20061,494— 20131,641+1.35%20182,073+4.78%Source:
Before the 2023 census, the statistical area had a smaller boundary, covering 235.32 km2 (90.86 sq mi). Using that boundary, Bream Bay had a population of 2,073 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 432 people (26.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 579 people (38.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 738 households, comprising 1,080 males and 990 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.09 males per female. The median age was 44.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 441 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 294 (14.2%) aged 15 to 29, 996 (48.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 342 (16.5%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 87.6% European/Pākehā, 21.3% Māori, 3.0% Pacific peoples, 2.5% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 13.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 60.6% had no religion, 27.8% were Christian, 1.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 267 (16.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 315 (19.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 264 people (16.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 768 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 279 (17.1%) were part-time, and 57 (3.5%) were unemployed.
Climate
The region has warm humid summers and mild winters. Typical summer temperatures range from 22 °C to 26 °C (72 °F to 79 °F). Ground frosts are virtually unknown. The hottest months are January and February. Typical annual rainfall for the region is 1500–2000 mm. Winds year-round are predominantly from the southwest.
Education
Schools are Bream Bay College (in Ruakākā), Ruakaka School, One Tree Point School and Waipu Primary School.
References
^ a b c "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ a b "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^ "Waipu Museum".
^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Bream Bay (108600). 2018 Census place summary: Bream Bay
External links
"Bream Bay Strategic Plan 2006" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 1 April 2006.
vteWhangarei District, New ZealandSeat: Whangarei CentralPopulated placesHikurangi-Coastal
Glenbervie
Hikurangi
Hūkerenui
Kauri
Matapouri
Matarau
Ngunguru
Ōakura
Tutukaka
Whakapara
Whangaruru
Whangārei Heads
Bream Head
Kiripaka
McLeod Bay
Ocean Beach
Parua Bay
Pataua
Taiharuru
Tamaterau
Taurikura
Urquharts Bay
Waikaraka
Whareora
Whangarei City
Avenues
Horahora
Te Kamo
Kensington
Mairtown
Maunu
Morningside
Onerahi
Otangarei
Parahaki
Port Whangārei
Raumanga
Regent
Riverside
Sherwood Rise
Springs Flat
Three Mile Bush
Tikipunga
Whangārei Central
Whau Valley
Woodhill
Mangakahia-Maungatapere
Kokopu
Maungatapere
Nukutawhiti
Pakotai
Parakao
Pipiwai
Poroti
Purua
Titoki
Bream Bay
Bream Bay
Langs Beach
Marsden Bay
Marsden Point
Maungakaramea
One Tree Point
Otaika
Portland
Ruakākā
Tauraroa
Waiotira
Waipu
Waipu Cove
Geographic featuresIslands
Aorangaia Island
Arakaninihi Island
Hen and Chicken Islands
Motu Matakohe
Poor Knights Islands
Lake
Ora
Landforms
Bream Head
Hurupaki Mountain
Mount Manaia
Whangārei Harbour
Facilities and attractions
Cobham Oval
Hundertwasser Art Centre
International Rally of Whangarei
Mair Park
Marsden Point Railway Branch
Okara Park
Onerahi Railway Branch
Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve
Whangārei Falls
Whangarei Harbour Marine Reserve
Government
District Council
Mayor
Northland Regional Council
Organisations
Marsden Point Oil Refinery
Sport
Hora Hora (rugby union)
North Force (association football)
Northland Nightmares (roller derby) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whangārei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei"},{"link_name":"Whangārei Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Mangawhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangawhai"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"Ruakākā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruak%C4%81k%C4%81"},{"link_name":"One Tree Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_Bay,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipu,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hen and Chicken Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_and_Chicken_Islands"}],"text":"Place in Northland, New ZealandBream Bay is an embayment and area south-east of Whangārei, on the east coast of New Zealand. The bay runs from Bream Head, at the mouth of Whangārei Harbour, 22 kilometres south to the headland of Bream Tail, east of Langs Beach and north of Mangawhai. It was named by Captain James Cook. The Bream Bay area includes the towns of Ruakākā, One Tree Point and Waipu. A group of nature reserve islands lie outside Bream Bay: the Hen and Chicken Islands and Sail Rock.","title":"Bream Bay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bream"},{"link_name":"snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutjanidae"}],"sub_title":"Naming","text":"Bream Bay was named by Captain James Cook after noticing that the bay's waters were populated with a vast number of bream, although it is now thought he was mistaken with snapper. He also named, in the same vein, Bream Head and Bream Tail at the northern and southern ends of the bay.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruakākā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruak%C4%81k%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Marsden Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_Point"}],"sub_title":"Ruakākā","text":"Ruakākā area is made up of Ruakākā Beach, Ruakākā Township and Marsden Point. Ruakākā has seen development due to its proximity to the expansion of the country's only oil refinery at Marsden Point during the 1980s. A timber processing plant at Marsden Point has further stimulated growth.","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruakākā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruak%C4%81k%C4%81"}],"sub_title":"One Tree Point","text":"One Tree Point, once considered part of Ruakākā, has peeled away from the Ruakākā township as it begins to grow. Along with its off-spring area of Takahiwai, they are positioned along Whangārei Harbour. One Tree Point is a fast-growing community catering to the lifestyle blocks of the northern Bream Bay area. One Tree Point is made up of One Tree Point, Marsden Cove, Takahiwai and the eastern blocks of Marsden Point. Access is by the Port Marsden road via Ruakaka or by marine access.","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipu,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Uretiti Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uretiti_Beach"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Rev Norman McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McLeod_(minister)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Waipu","text":"Waipu is the south-most and largest township. It features a variety of attractions ranging from surf beaches, caves, waterfalls to memorable dining. Waipu is fast gaining international immigrants and is seen to be Bream Bay's only chance at a kept rural community, with the socioeconomic growth been delivered by Ruakaka and One Tree Point. Access is gained from State Highway 1 or through back roads from Maungaturoto or Wellsford.Waipu is situated up the river from the coast, at the last navigable place for larger boats. The Waipu Boat Club is now situated at the place where boats used to unload when the coast and river were the main transport links. However it has strong coastal links with Waipu Cove 8 km away and Uretiti Beach 5 km away. Settled by Highland Scots immigrants under the charismatic Rev Norman McLeod in the 1850s, it still has a strong Scottish tradition with its own pipe band, and the Waipu Museum telling the story of the migration.[3]","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Islands","text":"The Hen & Chicken Islands and Sail Rock are nature reserve islands just off the coast of Bream Bay. They have no human inhabitants.","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2023_SA2-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-4"}],"text":"The statistical area of Bream Bay, which covers 237.68 km2 (91.77 sq mi)[1] between Waipu and Whangārei Harbour but excludes the settlements of Waipu, Ruakaka, Marsden Point and One Tree Point, had an estimated population of 2,430 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 10.2 people per km2.Before the 2023 census, the statistical area had a smaller boundary, covering 235.32 km2 (90.86 sq mi).[1] Using that boundary, Bream Bay had a population of 2,073 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 432 people (26.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 579 people (38.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 738 households, comprising 1,080 males and 990 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.09 males per female. The median age was 44.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 441 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 294 (14.2%) aged 15 to 29, 996 (48.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 342 (16.5%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 87.6% European/Pākehā, 21.3% Māori, 3.0% Pacific peoples, 2.5% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.The percentage of people born overseas was 13.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 60.6% had no religion, 27.8% were Christian, 1.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 267 (16.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 315 (19.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 264 people (16.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 768 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 279 (17.1%) were part-time, and 57 (3.5%) were unemployed.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The region has warm humid summers and mild winters. Typical summer temperatures range from 22 °C to 26 °C (72 °F to 79 °F). Ground frosts are virtually unknown. The hottest months are January and February. Typical annual rainfall for the region is 1500–2000 mm. Winds year-round are predominantly from the southwest.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bream Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bream_Bay_College"},{"link_name":"Ruakaka School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruakaka_School"},{"link_name":"One Tree Point School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Point_School"},{"link_name":"Waipu Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waipu_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Schools are Bream Bay College (in Ruakākā), Ruakaka School, One Tree Point School and Waipu Primary School.","title":"Education"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Waipu Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waipumuseum.com/","url_text":"\"Waipu Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Bream Bay (108600).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bream Bay Strategic Plan 2006\" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 1 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/land-and-freshwater/land/bream-bay-strategic-plan-2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Bream Bay Strategic Plan 2006\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bream_Bay¶ms=35_56_45_S_174_31_4_E_scale:500000_type:city(2430)_region:NZ-NTL","external_links_name":"35°56′45″S 174°31′4″E / 35.94583°S 174.51778°E / -35.94583; 174.51778"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bream+Bay%22","external_links_name":"\"Bream Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bream+Bay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bream+Bay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bream+Bay%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bream+Bay%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bream+Bay%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bream_Bay¶ms=35_56_45_S_174_31_4_E_scale:500000_type:city(2430)_region:NZ-NTL","external_links_name":"35°56′45″S 174°31′4″E / 35.94583°S 174.51778°E / -35.94583; 174.51778"},{"Link":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""},{"Link":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","external_links_name":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"Link":"https://www.waipumuseum.com/","external_links_name":"\"Waipu Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","external_links_name":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/bream-bay","external_links_name":"2018 Census place summary: Bream Bay"},{"Link":"https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/land-and-freshwater/land/bream-bay-strategic-plan-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bream Bay Strategic Plan 2006\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_Aeronautical_Exploitations | Technical and Aeronautical Holdings | ["1 History","1.1 Before the war (1935-1941)","1.2 After the war (1946-1951)","2 Destinations","2.1 Scheduled Service 1946-1951","3 Fleet 1946-1951","4 References"] | Defunct Greek Airline
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings (T.A.E.)
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
GK
TAE
Greek
Founded1935Ceased operations1951HubsTatoi Airport (1935-1941) Athens Hellenikon Airport (1946-1951)Fleet size11Destinations8HeadquartersAthens, GreeceKey peopleStephanos Zotos
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings (Greek: Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις) (T.A.E.) was a Greek airline formed in 1935 by Stephanos Zotos. It flew domestic routes until the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 destroyed the fleet. T.A.E. resumed service after the end of World War II and flew DC-3 Dakotas until 1951 when the Greek government forced the consolidation of three extant airlines into one new nationalized airline which was called TAE Greek National Airlines.
History
Before the war (1935-1941)
Prior to 1935, when Stephanos Zotos formed the Technical and Aeronautical Holdings, there was one nationally operated Greek airline, the Greek Company for Air Transportation (Greek: Ελληνική Εταιρία Εναερίων Συγκοινωνιών Α.Ε. (E.E.E.Σ.)). The new company's first aircraft were a de Havilland DH 87 Hornet Moth, registered as SX-AAI, and a de Havilland DH 82A Tiger Moth, with registration SX-AAK. Operating from a base at Tatoi Airport north of Athens.
Due to the relatively small number of passengers traveling around Greece in the 1930s, T.A.E. primarily flew routes not covered by E.E.E.Σ. and used its aircraft and pilots as a training school. With the outbreak of World War II, and the Italian invasion in October 1940, most civilian pilots were mustered into the Royal Hellenic Air Force. However, it was not until the German invasion in April 1941, that the aircraft of T.A.E. were destroyed by the Luftwaffe and the airline ceased operations for the duration of the war.
After the war (1946-1951)
As soon as Greece began re-building its infrastructure after the end of World War II, Zotos, freshly out of service in the Air Force, looked to re-establish the airline. He worked with the American airline Trans World Airlines, establishing his company's offices in his home. Through this partnership, Zotos secured for T.A.E. three ex-US Army Air Force C-47 Dakotas, which were converted into Douglas DC-3s in Egypt during the summer of 1946. These aircraft, registered as SX-BAA, SX-BAB and SX-BAC began service on July 30, 1946, from the newly established Athens Hellenikon Airport south-east of the city on the Saronic Gulf. These T.A.E. aircraft represented the first post-war civil aviation in Greece, with scheduled service to Thessaloniki and Chania. The airline's passengers waited for their flights in a large tent, until a proper terminal could be built, but the first year of operations the airline carried 11,000 passengers. The airline also operated as the sole Greek-flagged carrier in this period, and as such, it flew the Greek delegation to the Paris Peace talks on October 4, 1946.
In the summer of 1947, T.A.E. secured three additional DC-3s (2 from the United States military and one from the British Royal Air Force). The aircraft, registered as SX-BAG, SX-BAH, and SX-BAI respectively, were christened at a celebration on August 31, 1947, attended by the new king, Paul. Tragedy struck a few days later when on September 3, 1947, SX-BAB crashed near Voula while on final approach at Hellenikon Airport. The Greek Parliament determined in 1947 to charter three additional airlines: Hellenic Airlines (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ.), Air Transport of Greece (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, AME) and Daedalus Airlines (Δαίδαλος). Despite the new competition, T.A.E. managed to carry about 66,000 passengers in 1947 and over 184,000 in 1948. However, there were limits to the numbers of domestic passengers that the still-shaky Greek market could produce, and all of the airlines were constantly in jeopardy of failing. Nevertheless, T.A.E. purchased an additional 5 DC-3s from the RAF in Tehran, registered as SX-BAD, SX-BAE, SX-BAF, SX-BAL, SX-BAK.
In 1948, T.A.E. saw another development, when on September 12, 1948, the first aircraft hijacking in Greece occurred. On a scheduled flight from Athens–Thessaloniki, with 21 passengers aboard, SX-BAH was hijacked over the island of Euboea. The three hijackers demanded to be flown to Yugoslavia. The pilots were able to land 60 kilometers south-east of the town of Skopje and, after disembarking the hijackers, the aircraft landed in Thessaloniki 4 and a half hours late.
1949 proved to be a challenging year for the fledgling airline as it suffered two air crashes. The first was on April 23, 1949, when SX-BAF crashed on landing at Hellenikon Airport. No one was injured, but the aircraft was a total loss. A month and a half later on June 6, while flying from Kavala–Athens, SX-BAI crashed on the north slope of Mount Parnitha killing all 18 passengers aboard. Due to economic recession and improved road and shipping infrastructure, the number of passengers flown by all three airlines reached a plateau at 324,000 in 1949.
In 1950, Daedalus Airlines ceased operations as the number of passengers for all Greek airlines declined precipitously. Due to the financial difficulties of all three carriers and to ensure that Greece maintained a Greek-flagged carrier, in 1951, the Greek government forced the merger of all three companies into TAE Greek National Airlines, and Zotos' airline was absorbed even as the name survived.
Destinations
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings served a number of domestic destinations in Greece on an irregular basis in the period 1935-1941. After the airline was re-established in 1946, it began regular scheduled services.
Scheduled Service 1946-1951
Agrinion
Athens
Chania
Ioannina
Kavala
Kerkyra
Heraklion
Thessaloniki
Fleet 1946-1951
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings Fleet
Aircraft
Total
Type
Notes
Douglas DC-3
11
Propeller aircraft
References
^ a b c d e Daloumis, Ilias. "Greek Airline Companies" (in Greek). Retrieved 2008-09-20.
^ "Greek Skies". 2005. Archived from the original on September 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
Portals: Greece Companies Aviation
vteAirlines of GreeceScheduled
Aegean Airlines
Bluebird Airways
Lumiwings
Olympic Air
Sky Express
Charter
Air Mediterranean
Amjet Executive
GainJet
Marathon Airlines
Olympus Airways
Cargo
Swiftair Hellas
Other
Hellenic Seaplanes
Defunct
Aegean Aviation
Aeolian Airlines
Aeroland Airways
Air Greece
Air Transport of Greece
AirSea Lines
Alexandair
ArGo Airways
Astra Airlines
Athens Airways
Cretan Airlines
Cronus Airlines
Daedalus Airlines
Electra Airlines
Ellinair
EuroAir
Fly Hellas
Galaxy Airways
Greece Airways
Hellas Jet
Hellenic Airlines
Hellenic Imperial Airways
Hermes Airlines
InterJet
Macedonian Airlines
Minoan Air
Olympic Airlines
Olympic Aviation
Orange2Fly
Sky Wings Airlines
SkyGreece Airlines
TAE Greek National Airlines
Technical and Aeronautical Holdings
Viking Hellas Aviation | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"TAE Greek National Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAE_Greek_National_Airlines"}],"text":"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings (Greek: Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις) (T.A.E.) was a Greek airline formed in 1935 by Stephanos Zotos. It flew domestic routes until the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 destroyed the fleet. 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(E.E.E.Σ.)). The new company's first aircraft were a de Havilland DH 87 Hornet Moth, registered as SX-AAI, and a de Havilland DH 82A Tiger Moth, with registration SX-AAK.[1] Operating from a base at Tatoi Airport north of Athens.Due to the relatively small number of passengers traveling around Greece in the 1930s, T.A.E. primarily flew routes not covered by E.E.E.Σ. and used its aircraft and pilots as a training school. With the outbreak of World War II, and the Italian invasion in October 1940, most civilian pilots were mustered into the Royal Hellenic Air Force. However, it was not until the German invasion in April 1941, that the aircraft of T.A.E. were destroyed by the Luftwaffe and the airline ceased operations for the duration of the war.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daloumi-1"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Athens Hellenikon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinikon_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Chania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daloumi-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1946"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Voula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voula"},{"link_name":"Greek Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"aircraft hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daloumi-1"},{"link_name":"Parnitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnitha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daloumi-1"}],"sub_title":"After the war (1946-1951)","text":"As soon as Greece began re-building its infrastructure after the end of World War II, Zotos, freshly out of service in the Air Force, looked to re-establish the airline. He worked with the American airline Trans World Airlines, establishing his company's offices in his home.[1] Through this partnership, Zotos secured for T.A.E. three ex-US Army Air Force C-47 Dakotas, which were converted into Douglas DC-3s in Egypt during the summer of 1946. These aircraft, registered as SX-BAA, SX-BAB and SX-BAC began service on July 30, 1946, from the newly established Athens Hellenikon Airport south-east of the city on the Saronic Gulf. These T.A.E. aircraft represented the first post-war civil aviation in Greece, with scheduled service to Thessaloniki and Chania. The airline's passengers waited for their flights in a large tent, until a proper terminal could be built, but the first year of operations the airline carried 11,000 passengers.[1] The airline also operated as the sole Greek-flagged carrier in this period, and as such, it flew the Greek delegation to the Paris Peace talks on October 4, 1946.In the summer of 1947, T.A.E. secured three additional DC-3s (2 from the United States military and one from the British Royal Air Force). The aircraft, registered as SX-BAG, SX-BAH, and SX-BAI respectively, were christened at a celebration on August 31, 1947, attended by the new king, Paul. Tragedy struck a few days later when on September 3, 1947, SX-BAB crashed near Voula while on final approach at Hellenikon Airport. The Greek Parliament determined in 1947 to charter three additional airlines: Hellenic Airlines (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ.), Air Transport of Greece (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, AME) and Daedalus Airlines (Δαίδαλος). Despite the new competition, T.A.E. managed to carry about 66,000 passengers in 1947 and over 184,000 in 1948. However, there were limits to the numbers of domestic passengers that the still-shaky Greek market could produce, and all of the airlines were constantly in jeopardy of failing. Nevertheless, T.A.E. purchased an additional 5 DC-3s from the RAF in Tehran, registered as SX-BAD, SX-BAE, SX-BAF, SX-BAL, SX-BAK.In 1948, T.A.E. saw another development, when on September 12, 1948, the first aircraft hijacking in Greece occurred. On a scheduled flight from Athens–Thessaloniki, with 21 passengers aboard, SX-BAH was hijacked over the island of Euboea. The three hijackers demanded to be flown to Yugoslavia. The pilots were able to land 60 kilometers south-east of the town of Skopje and, after disembarking the hijackers, the aircraft landed in Thessaloniki 4 and a half hours late.[1]1949 proved to be a challenging year for the fledgling airline as it suffered two air crashes. The first was on April 23, 1949, when SX-BAF crashed on landing at Hellenikon Airport. No one was injured, but the aircraft was a total loss. A month and a half later on June 6, while flying from Kavala–Athens, SX-BAI crashed on the north slope of Mount Parnitha killing all 18 passengers aboard. Due to economic recession and improved road and shipping infrastructure, the number of passengers flown by all three airlines reached a plateau at 324,000 in 1949.[1]In 1950, Daedalus Airlines ceased operations as the number of passengers for all Greek airlines declined precipitously. Due to the financial difficulties of all three carriers and to ensure that Greece maintained a Greek-flagged carrier, in 1951, the Greek government forced the merger of all three companies into TAE Greek National Airlines, and Zotos' airline was absorbed even as the name survived.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings served a number of domestic destinations in Greece on an irregular basis in the period 1935-1941. After the airline was re-established in 1946, it began regular scheduled services.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scheduled Service 1946-1951","text":"Agrinion\nAthens\nChania\nIoannina\nKavala\nKerkyra\nHeraklion\nThessaloniki","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet 1946-1951"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Daloumis, Ilias. \"Greek Airline Companies\" (in Greek). Retrieved 2008-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.techlink.gr/ptisi/article-main.asp?mag=2&issue=165&article=4194","url_text":"\"Greek Airline Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greek Skies\". 2005. Archived from the original on September 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070906013233/http://dimijet.free.fr/OLYMPIC_AIRWAYS.htm","url_text":"\"Greek Skies\""},{"url":"http://dimijet.free.fr/OLYMPIC_AIRWAYS.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://library.techlink.gr/ptisi/article-main.asp?mag=2&issue=165&article=4194","external_links_name":"\"Greek Airline Companies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070906013233/http://dimijet.free.fr/OLYMPIC_AIRWAYS.htm","external_links_name":"\"Greek Skies\""},{"Link":"http://dimijet.free.fr/OLYMPIC_AIRWAYS.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Parliament_of_Malaysia | Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament | ["1 Compositions","1.1 Outcomes of the 14th general election","1.2 Composition before dissolution","1.3 Last election pendulum","1.4 Changes in the composition of the Dewan Rakyat","2 Seating arrangement","2.1 Latest seating arrangement","2.2 Previous seating arrangement","3 Elected members by state","3.1 Perlis","3.2 Kedah","3.3 Kelantan","3.4 Terengganu","3.5 Penang","3.6 Perak","3.7 Pahang","3.8 Selangor","3.9 Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur","3.10 Federal Territory of Putrajaya","3.11 Negeri Sembilan","3.12 Malacca","3.13 Johor","3.14 Federal Territory of Labuan","3.15 Sabah","3.16 Sarawak","4 Notes","5 References"] | 14th Parliament of Malaysia
←13th Parliament 15th Parliament→OverviewLegislative bodyParliament of MalaysiaJurisdictionMalaysiaMeeting placeMalaysian Houses of ParliamentTerm16 July 2018 – 10 October 2022Election2018 general electionGovernmentSeventh Mahathir cabinet (until 24 February 2020)Muhyiddin cabinet (until 16 August 2021)Ismail Sabri cabinetWebsitewww.parlimen.gov.myDewan RakyatMembers222SpeakerMohamad Ariff Md Yusof (until 13 July 2020)Azhar Azizan HarunDeputy SpeakerMohd Rashid HasnonNga Kor Ming (until 13 July 2020)Azalina Othman Said (until 23 August 2021)SecretaryRoosme Hamzah (until 5 December 2019)Riduan Rahmat (12 May 2020)Nizam Mydin Bacha MydinPrime MinisterMahathir Mohamad (until 24 February 2020)(Interim: 24 February – 1 March 2020)Muhyiddin Yassin (until 16 August 2021)(Caretaker: 16 – 20 August 2021)Ismail Sabri YaakobLeader of the OppositionAhmad Zahid Hamidi (until 11 March 2019)Ismail Sabri Yaakob (until 24 February 2020)Anwar IbrahimParty controlPakatan Harapan (until 24 February 2020)Perikatan Nasional (until 16 August 2021)Barisan NasionalSovereignYang di-Pertuan AgongSultan Muhammad V (until 6 January 2019)
Sultan Nazrin Mu'izzuddin Shah (Acting: 6 – 31 January 2019)Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah ShahSessions1st1st Meeting: 16 July 2018 – 16 August 2018 2nd Meeting: 15 October 2018 – 11 December 20182nd1st Meeting: 11 March 2019 – 11 April 2019 2nd Meeting: 1 July 2019 – 18 July 2019 3rd Meeting: 7 October 2019 – 5 December 20193rd1st Meeting: 18 May 2020 2nd Meeting: 13 July 2020 – 27 August 2020 3rd Meeting : 2 November 2020 – 17 December 2020 Special Meeting : 26 July 2021 – 29 July 20214th1st Meeting: 13 September 2021 – 12 October 2021 2nd Meeting: 25 October 2021 – 20 December 2021 Special Meeting: 20 January 20225th1st Meeting: 28 February 2022 – 24 March 2022 Special Meeting: 11 April 2022 2nd Meeting: 18 July 2022 – 4 August 2022 3rd Meeting: 3 October 2022 – 7 October 2022
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This is a list of the members of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the 14th Parliament of Malaysia.
Compositions
Outcomes of the 14th general election
Members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituency
Equal-area representation of members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituency
Government (121)
Opposition (101)
104
9
8
79
18
1
3
PKR
DAP
WARISAN
BN
PAS
STAR
IND
Beginning of the14th Parliament of Malaysia16 July 2018
State andfederal territories
# ofseats
PKRseats
BNseats
PASseats
DAPseats
WARISANseats
INDseats
STARseats
Perlis
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
Kedah
15
10
2
3
0
0
0
0
Kelantan
14
0
5
9
0
0
0
0
Terengganu
8
0
2
6
0
0
0
0
Penang
13
11
2
0
0
0
0
0
Perak
24
13
11
0
0
0
0
0
Pahang
14
5
9
0
0
0
0
0
Selangor
22
20
2
0
0
0
0
0
Kuala Lumpur
11
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
Putrajaya
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Negeri Sembilan
8
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
Malacca
6
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
Johor
26
18
8
0
0
0
0
0
Labuan
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Sabah
25
3
10
0
3
8
0
1
Sarawak
31
4
19
0
6
0
2
0
Total
222
104
79
18
9
8
3
1
Composition before dissolution
Government + Confidence & Supply (115)
Opposition (104)
BN
PN
GPS
GRS
PBM
IND
PH
WARISAN
GTA
PSB
MUDA
BN
40
39
19
8
6
3
90
7
4
1
1
1
36
2
1
1
22
17
14
2
2
1
6
1
1
42
36
11
1
4
1
UMNO
MCA
MIC
PBRS
BERSATU
PAS
PBB
PRS
PDP
SUPP
BERSATU
PBS
STAR
PBM
IND
DAP
PKR
AMANAH
UPKO
WARISAN
PEJUANG
PSB
MUDA
UMNO
Dissolution of the14th Parliament of Malaysia10 October 2022
State andfederal territories
# ofseats
BN + Confidence & Supply seats
PHseats
WARISANseats
PEJUANGseats
PSBseats
MUDAseats
BN (unclear)seats
VACseats
Perlis
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kedah
15
5
7
0
3
0
0
0
0
Kelantan
14
13
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Terengganu
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Penang
13
3
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
Perak
24
11
12
0
0
0
0
0
1
Pahang
14
10
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Selangor
22
6
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kuala Lumpur
11
2
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
Putrajaya
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Negeri Sembilan
8
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Malacca
6
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Johor
26
13
11
0
1
0
1
0
0
Labuan
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Sabah
25
12
6
6
0
0
0
0
1
Sarawak
31
22
7
0
0
2
0
0
0
Total
222
115
90
7
4
2
1
1
2
Last election pendulum
(Results and status at 9 May 2018) The 14th General Election witnessed 124 governmental seats and 98 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side has 49 safe seats and 11 fairly safe seats, while the other side has 21 safe seats and 4 fairly safe seats.
GOVERNMENT SEATS
Marginal
Parit Buntar
Dr. Mujahid Yusof Rawa
AMANAH
39.22
Temerloh
Anuar Mohd. Tahir
AMANAH
39.31
Lubok Antu
Jugah Muyang @ Tambat
IND
40.09
Lumut
Dr. Mohd. Hatta Md. Ramli
AMANAH
40.93
Pokok Sena
Mahfuz Omar
AMANAH
40.93
Sungai Besar
Muslimin Yahya
BERSATU
42.11
Jerlun
Dr. Mukhriz Mahathir
BERSATU
42.55
Kulim-Bandar Baharu
Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
PKR
42.62
Merbok
Nurin Aina Abdullah
PKR
43.31
Tambun
Ahmad Faizal Azumu
BERSATU
44.46
Kuantan
Fuziah Salleh
PKR
44.57
Kuala Pilah
Eddin Syazlee Shith
BERSATU
44.85
Indera Mahkota
Saifuddin Abdullah
PKR
44.85
Raub
Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji
DAP
44.89
Kapar
Abdullah Sani Abdul Hamid
PKR
44.99
Ranau
Jonathan Yasin
PKR
45.17
Padang Serai
Karuppaiya Muthusamy
PKR
45.27
Tanjong Malim
Chang Lih Kang
PKR
45.44
Putatan
Awang Husaini Sahari
PKR
45.81
Kuala Kedah
Dr. Azman Ismail
PKR
46.26
Tampin
Hasan Bahrom
AMANAH
46.29
Bentong
Wong Tack
DAP
46.67
Kangar
Noor Amin Ahmad
PKR
46.80
Tangga Batu
Dr. Rusnah Aluai
PKR
46.89
Tanjung Piai
Dr. Md. Farid Md. Rafik
BERSATU
47.29
Titiwangsa
Rina Mohd. Harun
BERSATU
47.31
Hulu Selangor
June Leow Hsiad Hui
PKR
47.86
Papar
Ahmad Hassan
WARISAN
48.54
Sri Gading
Dr. Shahruddin Mohd. Salleh
BERSATU
48.58
Sungai Siput
Kesavan Subramaniam
PKR
48.72
Kuala Langat
Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam
PKR
49.08
Sungai Petani
Johari Abdul
PKR
49.21
Kubang Pasu
Ir. Amiruddin Hamzah
BERSATU
49.70
Kuala Selangor
Dr. Dzulkefly Ahmad
AMANAH
49.98
Tawau
Christina Liew Chin Jin
PKR
50.05
Kalabakan
Ma'mun Sulaiman
WARISAN
50.09
Lembah Pantai
Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil
PKR
50.24
Simpang Renggam
Dr. Maszlee Malik
BERSATU
50.69
Alor Gajah
Mohd. Redzuan Md. Yusof
BERSATU
50.73
Alor Setar
Chan Ming Kai
PKR
50.80
Kota Belud
Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis @ Fakharuddy
WARISAN
50.82
Permatang Pauh
Nurul Izzah Anwar
PKR
50.89
Hang Tuah Jaya
Shamsul Iskandar @ Yusre Mohd. Akin
PKR
51.01
Tenom
Noorita Sual
DAP
51.10
Selangau
Baru Bian
PKR
51.11
Balik Pulau
Muhammad Bakthiar Wan Chik
PKR
51.17
Sepang
Mohamed Hanipa Maidin
AMANAH
51.56
Sekijang
Natrah Ismail
PKR
51.69
Labis
Pang Hok Liong
DAP
52.17
Saratok
Ali Biju
PKR
52.18
Ledang
Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh
PKR
53.06
Segamat
Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu
PKR
53.09
Muar
Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman
BERSATU
53.09
Sarikei
Wong Ling Biu
DAP
53.57
Silam
Mohamaddin Ketapi
WARISAN
54.26
Teluk Intan
David Nga Kor Ming
DAP
54.37
Puncak Borneo
Willie Mongin
PKR
54.65
Langkawi
Dr. Mahathir Mohamad
BERSATU
54.90
Pagoh
Muhyiddin Mohd. Yassin
BERSATU
55.21
Julau
Larry Soon @ Larry S'ng Wei Shien
IND
55.28
Hulu Langat
Hasanuddin Mohd. Yunus
AMANAH
55.53
Batu Sapi
Liew Vui Keong
WARISAN
55.78
Batu Pahat
Mohd. Rashid Hasnon
PKR
55.92
Sungai Buloh
Sivarasa K. Rasiah
PKR
55.97
Fairly safe
Setiawangsa
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
PKR
56.65
Mas Gading
Mordi Bimol
DAP
56.71
Nibong Tebal
Mansor Othman
PKR
56.92
Wangsa Maju
Dr. Tan Yee Kew
PKR
57.30
Kampar
Thomas Su Keong Siong
DAP
57.56
Bandar Tun Razak
Kamarudin Jaffar
PKR
58.58
Pasir Gudang
Hassan Abdul Karim
PKR
58.68
Port Dickson
Danyal Balagopal Abdullah
PKR
59.06
Kluang
Wong Shu Qi
DAP
59.20
Sepanggar
Mohd. Azis Jamman
WARISAN
59.47
Sibu
Oscar Ling Chai Yew
DAP
59.58
Safe
Shah Alam
Khalid Abdul Samad
AMANAH
60.00
Seremban
Anthony Loke Siew Fook
DAP
60.45
Batu
Prabakaran M. Parameswaran
PKR
60.70
Selayang
William Leong Jee Keen
PKR
61.38
Taiping
Teh Kok Lim
DAP
61.65
Gopeng
Dr. Lee Boon Chye
PKR
61.75
Miri
Dr. Michael Teo Yu Keng
PKR
61.82
Johor Bahru
Akmal Nasrullah Mohd. Nasir
PKR
62.31
Bakri
Yeo Bee Yin
DAP
62.65
Gombak
Mohamed Azmin Ali
PKR
63.10
Stampin
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP
63.70
Pulai
Salahuddin Ayub
AMANAH
63.81
Lanang
Alice Lau Yiong Kieng
DAP
65.16
Kulai
Teo Nie Ching
DAP
65.42
Bangi
Dr. Ong Kian Ming
DAP
65.60
Sandakan
Stephen Wong Tien Fatt
DAP
67.97
Beruas
James Ngeh Koo Ham
DAP
68.41
Petaling Jaya
Maria Chin Abdullah
PKR
68.52
Bayan Baru
Sim Tze Tzin
PKR
68.88
Iskandar Puteri
Lim Kit Siang
DAP
69.24
Kota Raja
Mohamad Sabu
AMANAH
70.79
Ampang
Zuraida Kamaruddin
PKR
70.94
Puchong
Gobind Singh Deo
DAP
72.39
Rasah
Cha Kee Chin
DAP
72.45
Kota Melaka
Khoo Poay Tiong
DAP
72.68
Kota Kinabalu
Chan Foong Hin
DAP
74.76
Penampang
Ignatius Dorell @ Darell Leiking
WARISAN
75.32
Pandan
Dr. Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
PKR
75.47
Klang
Charles Anthony R. Santiago
DAP
77.34
Batu Kawan
Kasthuriraani P. Patto
DAP
78.02
Bandar Kuching
Dr. Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
DAP
79.43
Jelutong
Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji
DAP
79.63
Semporna
Mohd. Shafie Apdal
WARISAN
80.20
Ipoh Timor
Wong Kah Woh
DAP
80.46
Segambut
Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan
DAP
82.07
Subang
Wong Chen
PKR
83.08
Bukit Bendera
Wong Hon Wai
DAP
83.83
Batu Gajah
Sivakumar M. Varatharaju Naidu
DAP
84.17
Ipoh Barat
Kulasegaran V. Murugeson
DAP
84.90
Bukit Bintang
Fong Kui Lun
DAP
84.94
Bukit Mertajam
Steven Sim Chee Keong
DAP
85.40
Bagan
Lim Guan Eng
DAP
85.96
Bukit Gelugor
Ramkarpal Singh
DAP
86.68
Tanjong
Chow Kon Yeow
DAP
87.25
Damansara
Tony Pua Kiam Wee
DAP
89.00
Cheras
Tan Kok Wai
DAP
89.00
Seputeh
Teresa Kok Suh Sim
DAP
89.97
Kepong
Lim Lip Eng
DAP
92.04
NON-GOVERNMENT SEATS
Marginal
Keningau
Dr. Jeffrey Gapari @ Geoffrey Kitingan
STAR
33.09
Jerai
Sabri Azit
PAS
33.94
Tasek Gelugor
Shabudin Yahaya
UMNO
35.73
Bagan Serai
Dr. Noor Azmi Ghazali
UMNO
36.44
Kota Marudu
Dr. Maximus Johnity Ongkili
PBS
38.44
Sabak Bernam
Mohamad Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh
UMNO
38.57
Bukit Gantang
Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal
UMNO
39.48
Kuala Kangsar
Mastura Mohd. Yazid
UMNO
40.26
Padang Besar
Zahidi Zainul Abidin
UMNO
41.18
Padang Rengas
Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz
UMNO
41.50
Beaufort
Azizah Mohd. Dun
UMNO
41.72
Arau
Dr. Shahidan Kassim
UMNO
41.79
Padang Terap
Mahdzir Khalid
UMNO
42.09
Kota Bharu
Takiyuddin Hassan
PAS
42.24
Cameron Highlands
Sivarajjh Chandran
MIC
42.30
Baling
Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
UMNO
42.60
Pendang
Awang Hashim
PAS
42.69
Kepala Batas
Reezal Merican Naina Merican
UMNO
42.94
Jasin
Ahmad Hamzah
UMNO
43.00
Paya Besar
Mohd. Shahar Abdullah
UMNO
43.16
Tanjong Karang
Noh Omar
UMNO
43.45
Bera
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
UMNO
43.89
Ayer Hitam
Dr. Ir. Wee Ka Siong
MCA
43.98
Kemaman
Che Alias Hamid
PAS
44.06
Tapah
Saravanan Murugan
MIC
44.47
Jerantut
Ahmad Nazlan Idris
UMNO
45.06
Larut
Hamzah Zainudin
UMNO
45.90
Pasir Salak
Tajuddin Abd Rahman
UMNO
46.04
Pontian
Ahmad Maslan
UMNO
46.21
Jempol
Mohd. Salim Shariff
UMNO
46.83
Kuala Krau
Dr. Ismail Mohamed Said
UMNO
47.14
Machang
Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub
UMNO
47.39
Pasir Puteh
Dr. Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh
PAS
47.41
Labuan
Rozman Isli
UMNO
47.59
Kimanis
Anifah Aman
UMNO
47.71
Sik
Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman
PAS
47.91
Ketereh
Annuar Musa
UMNO
47.95
Pensiangan
Arthur Joseph Kurup
PBRS
48.35
Besut
Idris Jusoh
UMNO
48.40
Parit
Mohd. Nizar Zakaria
UMNO
48.41
Tanah Merah
Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz
UMNO
48.44
Gerik
Hasbullah Osman
UMNO
48.49
Sipitang
Yamani Hafez Musa
UMNO
48.60
Gua Musang
Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd. Hamzah
UMNO
48.64
Setiu
Shaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir
PAS
48.65
Rembau
Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar
UMNO
48.87
Jelebu
Jalaluddin Alias
UMNO
48.93
Bachok
Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz
PAS
48.93
Maran
Dr. Ismail Abdul Muttalib
UMNO
49.09
Parit Sulong
Dr. Noraini Ahmad
UMNO
49.19
Libaran
Zakaria Mohd. Edris @ Tubau
UMNO
49.25
Putrajaya
Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
UMNO
49.47
Hulu Terengganu
Rosol Wahid
UMNO
49.60
Kuala Terengganu
Ahmad Amzad Mohamed @ Hashim
PAS
49.65
Lipis
Abdul Rahman Mohamad
UMNO
49.82
Kudat
Abd Rahim Bakri
UMNO
49.90
Rantau Panjang
Siti Zailah Mohd. Yusoff
PAS
50.82
Bagan Datuk
Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
UMNO
51.37
Tuaran
Wilfred Madius Tangau
UPKO
51.54
Pasir Mas
Ahmad Fadhli Shaari
PAS
52.44
Kuala Krai
Ab. Latiff Ab. Rahman
PAS
52.56
Kuala Nerus
Dr. Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali
PAS
52.66
Mersing
Dr. Abd. Latiff Ahmad
UMNO
53.00
Rompin
Hasan Arifin
UMNO
53.54
Lenggong
Dr. Shamsul Anuar Nasarah
UMNO
53.97
Masjid Tanah
Mas Ermieyati Samsudin
UMNO
54.10
Dungun
Wan Hassan Mohd. Ramli
PAS
54.17
Tumpat
Che Abdullah Mat Nawi
PAS
54.33
Tenggara
Dr. Adham Baba
UMNO
54.39
Baram
Anyi Ngau
PDP
54.45
Sibuti
Lukanisman Awang Sauni
PBB
54.60
Pengkalan Chepa
Ahmad Marzuk Shaary
PAS
54.88
Jeli
Mustapa Mohamed
UMNO
55.89
Fairly safe
Kubang Kerian
Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man
PAS
56.16
Bintulu
Tiong King Sing
PDP
57.05
Sembrong
Hishammuddin Hussein
UMNO
59.24
Marang
Abd Hadi Awang
PAS
59.27
Safe
Betong
Robert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering
PBB
60.41
Sri Aman
Masir Kujat
PSB
61.48
Pekan
Mohd. Najib Abdul Razak
UMNO
62.19
Beluran
Dr. Ronald Kiandee
UMNO
62.84
Serian
Richard Riot Jaem
SUPP
63.99
Kanowit
Aaron Ago Dagang
PRS
64.58
Petra Jaya
Fadillah Yusof
PBB
65.91
Mukah
Hanifah Hajar Taib
PBB
66.90
Kinabatangan
Bung Moktar Radin
UMNO
67.22
Pengerang
Azalina Othman Said
UMNO
67.71
Hulu Rajang
Wilson Ugak Kumbong
PRS
68.20
Kota Tinggi
Halimah Mohamed Sadique
UMNO
69.14
Kota Samarahan
Rubiah Wang
PBB
69.90
Lawas
Henry Sum Agong
PBB
70.44
Batang Lupar
Rohani Abdul Karim
PBB
70.49
Limbang
Hasbi Habibollah
PBB
72.07
Kapit
Alexander Nanta Linggi
PBB
78.91
Santubong
Dr. Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
PBB
79.28
Tanjong Manis
Yusuf Abd. Wahab
PBB
80.69
Batang Sadong
Nancy Shukri
PBB
83.25
Igan
Ahmad Johnie Zawawi
PBB
83.76
Changes in the composition of the Dewan Rakyat
Political Parties / Coalitions
PH
WARISAN
BN
GS
USA
IND
UPKO
GPS
GBS
PSB
PN
PBS
PEJUANG
PBM
MUDA
VAC
Government MPs
Results of GE14 Start of the Mahathir VII government
113
8
79
18
1
3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
121
Seat changes May 2018 – Feb 2020
16
1
37
1
2
1
18
3
1
18
End of the Mahathir VII government
129
9
42
18
–
1
1
18
3
1
139
Seat changes Feb 2020
37
1
18
10
6
3
40
1
108 Mahathir VII → Muhyiddin
Start of the Muhyiddin government
92
9
42
1
–
11
6
1
18
–
1
40
1
112
Seat changes Feb 2020 – Aug 2021
4
1
1
7
4
1
10
4
2
2
End of the Muhyiddin government
88
8
41
1
4
2
1
18
2
50
1
4
2
114
Seat changes Aug 2021
14
14
100 Muhyiddin → Ismail Sabri
14
14
Start of the Ismail Sabri government
88
8
41
1
4
2
1
18
2
50
1
4
2
114
Seat changes Aug 2021 – Oct 2022
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
6
1
2
Current Composition
90
7
41
1
3
–
19
1
46
1
4
6
1
2
116
Seating arrangement
Latest seating arrangement
This is the seating arrangement as of its last meeting on 10 October 2022. The seating does not reflect current political allegiances. In addition, there were three seats that is labelled as VACANT, namely Batu Sapi, Gerik and Pekan. Both of Batu Sapi and Gerik seats vacancy is due to the death of the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for both of this constituency, which happened on 2 October 2020 (Batu Sapi) and 16 November 2020 (Gerik) respectively. While, the Pekan seat vacancy is due to the imprisonment of the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency, which effect on 23 August 2022.
Supposedly, according to election tradition, a by-election may be held as the parliamentary term at that time is not exceeding up to maximum three years (where its first meeting is in July 2018, with the latest it can held is in July 2021). However, due to the second series of Coronavirus pandemic that was seriously re-arose nationwide post-state election of Sabah and countless (tight) lockdowns at the same time since October 2020, the plan from Election Commission (SPR) to conduct the by-elections for Batu Sapi and Gerik constituency had been cancelled by taking account on this matter. In November 2020, the King or Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah had declared the Emergency Proclamation for both of the parliamentary constituencies, together with one state constituency in Sabah, namely Bugaya, located in Semporna parliamentary seats that was also vacant due to the death of its incumbent Sabah state Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). The proclamation was renounced by the King almost two years later.
P017 Padang Serai
P191 Kalabakan
P214 Selangau
Vacant
P166 Labuan
P175 Papar
P181 Tenom
Vacant
P204 Betong
P081 Jerantut
P184 Libaran
P188 Lahad Datu
P019 Tumpat
P069 Parit
P127 Jempol
P220 Baram
P202 Sri Aman
P208 Sarikei
P173 Putatan
P169 Kota Belud
P060 Taiping
Vacant
P130 Rasah
Vacant
Vacant
P092 Sabak Bernam
P216 Hulu Rajang
P054 Gerik (Vacant)
Vacant
P167 Kudat
P177 Beaufort
P197 Kota Samarahan
P158 Tebrau
P203 Lubok Antu
P105 Petaling Jaya
P206 Tanjong Manis
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P136 Tangga Batu
Vacant
P141 Sekijang
P186 Sandakan
Vacant
P031 Kuala Krai
P039 Dungun
P022 Pasir Mas
P016 Baling
P029 Machang
P201 Batang Lupar
P061 Padang Rengas
P112 Kuala Langat
Vacant
P089 Bentong
P053 Balik Pulau
P091 Rompin
Vacant
P088 Temerloh
P133 Tampin
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P195 Bandar Kuching
P152 Kluang
Vacant
P164 Pontian
P073 Pasir Salak
P033 Besut
P187 Kinabatangan
P217 Bintulu
(Senator)
Vacant
P059 Bukit Gantang
Vacant
P142 Labis
P002 Kangar
P096 Kuala Selangor
P138 Kota Melaka
(Senator)
P180 Keningau
Vacant
Vacant
P115 Batu
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P046 Batu Kawan
P050 Jelutong
P062 Sungai Siput
Vacant
P035 Kuala Nerus
P025 Bachok
P055 Lenggong
P125 Putrajaya
P165 Tanjung Piai
(Senator)
P209 Julau
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P212 Sibu
P117 Segambut
P074 Lumut
P144 Ledang
Vacant
Vacant
P207 Igan
P078 Cameron Highlands
P042 Tasek Gelugor
P192 Mas Gading
Vacant
Vacant
P101 Hulu Langat
P036 Kuala Terengganu
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P052 Bayan Baru
Vacant
P051 Bukit Gelugor
Vacant
Vacant
P135 Alor Gajah
P199 Serian
Vacant
P157 Pengerang
P210 Kanowit
P011 Pendang
P028 Pasir Puteh
P218 Sibuti
P159 Pasir Gudang
Vacant
Vacant
P009 Alor Setar
P149 Sri Gading
P143 Pagoh
P037 Marang
P085 Pekan (Vacant)
P075 Bagan Datuk
P222 Lawas
P020 Pengkalan Chepa
P178 Sipitang
Vacant
Vacant
P048 Bukit Bendera
P110 Klang
P064 Ipoh Timor
P045 Bukit Mertajam
P006 Kubang Pasu
P032 Gua Musang
E
D
C
P140 Segamat
P198 Puncak Borneo
P182 Pensiangan
P176 Kimanis
P034 Setiu
P013 Sik
P094 Hulu Selangor
Vacant
Vacant
P010 Kuala Kedah
Vacant
P005 Jerlun
Sergeant-at-Arm
P179 Ranau
P205 Saratok
P221 Limbang
P126 Jelebu
Vacant
Vacant
P172 Kota Kinabalu
P190 Tawau
P118 Setiawangsa
P070 Kampar
P151 Simpang Renggam
P004 Langkawi
P038 Hulu Terengganu
P047 Nibong Tebal
P215 Mukah
P023 Rantau Panjang
P040 Kemaman
P012 Jerai
P145 Bakri
P211 Lanang
P123 Cheras
P071 Gopeng
P049 Tanjong
F
the Mace
B
P168 Kota Marudu
P119 Titiwangsa
P156 Kota Tinggi
P067 Kuala Kangsar
P134 Masjid Tanah
P104 Subang
P107 Sungai Buloh
P097 Selayang
P122 Seputeh
P044 Permatang Pauh
P072 Tapah
P147 Parit Sulong
P099 Ampang
P087 Kuala Krau
P058 Bagan Serai
P114 Kepong
P102 Bangi
P185 Batu Sapi (Vacant)
P174 Penampang
P116 Wangsa Maju
P100 Pandan
P148 Ayer Hitam
P041 Kepala Batas
P007 Padang Terap
P086 Maran
P093 Sungai Besar
(Senator)
P014 Merbok
P109 Kapar
P008 Pokok Sena
P057 Parit Buntar
P065 Ipoh Barat
P076 Teluk Intan
(Senator)
P026 Ketereh
P154 Mersing
P079 Lipis
P124 Bandar Tun Razak
(Senator)
P066 Batu Gajah
P121 Lembah Pantai
P080 Raub
P160 Johor Bahru
P120 Bukit Bintang
P043 Bagan
G
A
P194 Petra Jaya
P215 Kapit
P082 Indera Mahkota
(Senator)
P129 Kuala Pilah
Vacant
P170 Tuaran
P068 Beruas
P219 Miri
P196 Stampin
P146 Muar
P189 Semporna
(Senator)
P056 Larut
P030 Jeli
P063 Tambun
P001 Padang Besar
Vacant (Deputy Speaker)
P113 Sepang
P137 Hang Tuah Jaya
P106 Damansara
P162 Iskandar Puteri
P103 Puchong
P128 Seremban
P153 Sembrong
P024 Kubang Kerian
P155 Tenggara
P003 Arau
P139 Jasin
P150 Batu Pahat (Deputy Speaker)
P163 Kulai
P108 Shah Alam
P077 Tanjong Malim
P161 Pulai
P111 Kota Raja
P098 Gombak
P183 Beluran
P131 Rembau
P095 Tanjong Karang
P084 Paya Besar
P171 Sepanggar
P083 Kuantan
P015 Sungai Petani
P018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu
P132 Port Dickson (Opposition Leader)
Secretary
P090 Bera (Prime Minister)
P193 Santubong
P021 Kota Bharu
P200 Batang Sadong
P027 Tanah Merah
Speaker
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong
The seating arrangement is viewable at the official website of the Parliament.
Previous seating arrangement
Seating arrangement until its last second term meeting on 5 December 2019.
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P059 Bukit Gantang
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P183 Beluran
P167 Kudat
Vacant
P218 Sibuti
P182 Pensiangan
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P027 Tanah Merah
P042 Tasek Gelugor
P187 Beaufort
P206 Tanjong Manis
P154 Mersing
P207 Igan
P221 Limbang
P180 Keningau
P186 Sandakan
P192 Mas Gading
P138 Kota Melaka
P219 Miri
P208 Sarikei
P212 Sibu
P093 Sungai Besar
P144 Ledang
P118 Setiawangsa
P190 Tawau
P105 Petaling Jaya
P203 Lubok Antu
P198 Puncak Borneo
P056 Larut
P204 Betong
P220 Baram
P179 Ranau
P134 Masjid Tanah
Vacant
P216 Hulu Rajang
P210 Kanowit
P201 Batang Lupar
P046 Batu Kawan
P110 Klang
P051 Bukit Gelugor
P114 Kepong
P070 Kampar
P104 Subang
P047 Nibong Tebal
P010 Kuala Kedah
P116 Wangsa Maju
P141 Sekijang
P173 Putatan
P058 Bagan Serai
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P222 Lawas
P200 Batang Sadong
P136 Tangga Batu
P159 Pasir Gudang
P115 Batu
P178 Sipitang
Vacant
Vacant
P215 Kapit
P197 Kota Samarahan
P217 Bintulu
P211 Lanang
P106 Damansara
P066 Batu Gajah
P068 Beruas
P120 Bukit Bintang
P097 Selayang
P044 Permatang Pauh
P094 Hulu Selangor
P017 Padang Serai
P158 Tebrau
P209 Julau
P184 Libaran
Vacant
P202 Sri Aman
Vacant
P213 Mukah
P168 Kota Marudu
P014 Merbok
P002 Kangar
P121 Lembah Pantai
P175 Papar
P038 Hulu Terengganu
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant
P199 Serian
P077 Tanjong Malim
P009 Alor Setar
P048 Bukit Bendera
P092 Sabak Bernam
P040 Kemaman
Vacant
Vacant
P170 Tuaran
P005 Jerlun
P063 Tambun
P123 Cheras
P015 Sungai Petani
P109 Kapar
P169 Kota Belud
P062 Sungai Siput
P160 Johor Bahru
P181 Tenom
Vacant
P036 Kuala Terengganu
P011 Pendang
P028 Pasir Puteh
P193 Santubong
P049 Tanjong
P189 Semporna
P132 Port Dickson
P162 Iskandar Puteri
Vacant
P191 Kalabakan
P195 Bandar Kuching
P050 Jelutong
P166 Labuan
Vacant
P034 Setiu
P031 Kuala Krai
P020 Pengkalan Chepa
P025 Bachok
P194 Petra Jaya
E
D
C
P074 Lumut
P124 Bandar Tun Razak
P133 Tampin
P140 Segamat
P130 Rasah
P172 Kota Kinabalu
Vacant
P013 Sik
P019 Tumpat
P039 Dungun
P035 Kuala Nerus
P024 Kubang Kerian
Sergeant-at-Arm
P088 Temerloh
P102 Bangi
P101 Hulu Langat
P089 Bentong
P060 Taiping
P142 Labis
Vacant
P012 Jerai
P022 Pasir Mas
P023 Rantau Panjang
P021 Kota Bharu
P037 Marang
P008 Pokok Sena
P113 Sepang
P064 Ipoh Timur
P205 Saratok
P152 Kluang
P030 Jeli
Vacant
P067 Kuala Kangsar
P156 Kota Tinggi
P125 Putrajaya
P032 Gua Musang
F
the Mace
B
P119 Titiwangsa
P018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu
P188 Lahad Datu (Silam)
P071 Gopeng
P045 Bukit Mertajam
Vacant
P127 Jempol
P086 Maran
P029 Machang
P153 Sembrong
P099 Ampang
P112 Kuala Langat
P185 Batu Sapi
P107 Sungai Buloh
P163 Kulai
Vacant
Vacant
P001 Padang Besar
P139 Jasin
P073 Pasir Salak
P026 Ketereh
P098 Gombak
P135 Alor Gajah
P108 Shah Alam
P052 Bayan Baru
P117 Segambut
P171 Sepanggar
Vacant
P176 Kimanis
P069 Parit
P091 Rompin
P041 Kepala Batas
P007 Padang Terap
P151 Simpang Renggam
P146 Muar
P057 Parit Buntar
P137 Hang Tuah Jaya
P080 Raub
(Senator)
Vacant
P165 Tanjung Piai
P126 Jelebu
P187 Kinabatangan
P095 Tanjung Karang
P072 Tapah
G
A
P111 Kota Raja
P096 Kuala Selangor
P082 Indera Mahkota
P129 Kuala Pilah
P196 Stampin
(Senator)
Vacant
P078 Cameron Highlands
P081 Jerantut
P164 Pontian
P131 Rembau
P148 Ayer Hitam
P043 Bagan
P161 Pulai
P214 Selangau
P006 Kubang Pasu
P053 Balik Pulau
(Senator)
Vacant
P084 Paya Besar
P054 Gerik
P087 Kuala Krau
P033 Besut
P075 Bagan Datuk
P143 Pagoh
P065 Ipoh Barat
P145 Bakri
Vacant
P083 Kuantan
(Senator)
P155 Tenggara
P016 Baling
P055 Lenggong
P003 Arau
P085 Pekan
P100 Pandan (Deputy Prime Minister)
P103 Puchong
P122 Seputeh
P149 Sri Gading
P076 Teluk Intan (Deputy Speaker)
P061 Padang Rengas
P079 Lipis
P147 Parit Sulong
P157 Pengerang
P090 Bera (Opposition Leader)
Secretary
P004 Langkawi (Prime Minister)
P128 Seremban
P174 Penampang
(Senator)
P150 Batu Pahat (Deputy Speaker)
Speaker
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong
Elected members by state
Shortcut:
Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Pulau Pinang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Kuala Lumpur | Putrajaya | Negeri Sembilan | Melaka | Johor | Labuan | Sabah | Sarawak
Perlis
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
BN 2 | PH 1
P001
Padang Besar
Zahidi Zainul Abidin
BN (UMNO)
P002
Kangar
Noor Amin Ahmad
PH (PKR)
P003
Arau
Shahidan Kassim
BN (UMNO)
Kedah
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 7 | PN 3 | GTA 3 | BN 2
P004
Langkawi
Mahathir Mohamad
GTA (PEJUANG)
P005
Jerlun
Mukhriz Mahathir
GTA (PEJUANG)
P006
Kubang Pasu
Amiruddin Hamzah
GTA (PEJUANG)
P007
Padang Terap
Mahdzir Khalid
BN (UMNO)
P008
Pokok Sena
Mahfuz Omar
PH (AMANAH)
P009
Alor Setar
Chan Ming Kai
PH (PKR)
P010
Kuala Kedah
Azman Ismail
PH (PKR)
P011
Pendang
Awang Hashim
PN (PAS)
P012
Jerai
Sabri Azit
PN (PAS)
P013
Sik
Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman
PN (PAS)
P014
Merbok
Nor Azrina Surip
PH (PKR)
P015
Sungai Petani
Johari Abdul
PH (PKR)
P016
Baling
Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
BN (UMNO)
P017
Padang Serai
Karupaiya Mutusami
PH (PKR)
P018
Kulim-Bandar Baharu
Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
PH (PKR)
Kelantan
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PN 11 | BN 3
P019
Tumpat
Che Abdullah Mat Nawi
PN (PAS)
P020
Pengkalan Chepa
Ahmad Marzuk Shaary
PN (PAS)
P021
Kota Bharu
Takiyuddin Hassan
PN (PAS)
P022
Pasir Mas
Ahmad Fadhli Shaari
PN (PAS)
P023
Rantau Panjang
Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff
PN (PAS)
P024
Kubang Kerian
Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man
PN (PAS)
P025
Bachok
Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz
PN (PAS)
P026
Ketereh
Annuar Musa
BN (UMNO)
P027
Tanah Merah
Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz
PN (BERSATU)
P028
Pasir Puteh
Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh
PN (PAS)
P029
Machang
Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub
BN (UMNO)
P030
Jeli
Mustapa Mohamed
PN (BERSATU)
P031
Kuala Krai
Ab Latiff Ab Rahman
PN (PAS)
P032
Gua Musang
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
BN (UMNO)
Terengganu
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PN 6 | BN 1 | IND 1
P033
Besut
Idris Jusoh
BN (UMNO)
P034
Setiu
Shaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir
PN (PAS)
P035
Kuala Nerus
Mohd Khairuddin Aman Razali
IND
P036
Kuala Terengganu
Ahmad Amzad Mohamed @ Hashim
PN (PAS)
P037
Marang
Abdul Hadi Awang
PN (PAS)
P038
Hulu Terengganu
Rosol Wahid
PN (BERSATU)
P039
Dungun
Wan Hassan Mohd Ramli
PN (PAS)
P040
Kemaman
Che Alias Hamid
PN (PAS)
Penang
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 10 | PN 2 | BN 1
P041
Kepala Batas
Reezal Merican Naina Merican
BN (UMNO)
P042
Tasek Gelugor
Shabudin Yahaya
PN (BERSATU)
P043
Bagan
Lim Guan Eng
PH (DAP)
P044
Permatang Pauh
Nurul Izzah Anwar
PH (PKR)
P045
Bukit Mertajam
Steven Sim Chee Keong
PH (DAP)
P046
Batu Kawan
Kasthuriraani Patto
PH (DAP)
P047
Nibong Tebal
Mansor Othman
PN (BERSATU)
P048
Bukit Bendera
Wong Hon Wai
PH (DAP)
P049
Tanjong
Chow Kon Yeow
PH (DAP)
P050
Jelutong
RSN Rayer
PH (DAP)
P051
Bukit Gelugor
Ramkarpal Singh
PH (DAP)
P052
Bayan Baru
Sim Tze Tzin
PH (PKR)
P053
Balik Pulau
Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik
PH (PKR)
Perak
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 12 | BN 7 | PN 4 | VAC 1
P054
Gerik
Vacant since 16 November 2020
VAC
Hasbullah Osman until 16 November 2020
BN (UMNO)
P055
Lenggong
Shamsul Anuar Nasarah
BN (UMNO)
P056
Larut
Hamzah Zainudin
PN (BERSATU)
P057
Parit Buntar
Mujahid Yusof Rawa
PH (AMANAH)
P058
Bagan Serai
Noor Azmi Ghazali
PN (BERSATU)
P059
Bukit Gantang
Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal
PN (BERSATU)
P060
Taiping
Teh Kok Lim
PH (DAP)
P061
Padang Rengas
Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz
BN (UMNO)
P062
Sungai Siput
Kesavan Subramaniam
PH (PKR)
P063
Tambun
Ahmad Faizal Azumu
PN (BERSATU)
P064
Ipoh Timor
Wong Kah Woh
PH (DAP)
P065
Ipoh Barat
M. Kulasegaran
PH (DAP)
P066
Batu Gajah
V. Sivakumar
PH (DAP)
P067
Kuala Kangsar
Mastura Mohd Yazid
BN (UMNO)
P068
Beruas
Ngeh Koo Ham
PH (DAP)
P069
Parit
Mohd Nizar Zakaria
BN (UMNO)
P070
Kampar
Thomas Su Keong Siong
PH (DAP)
P071
Gopeng
Lee Boon Chye
PH (PKR)
P072
Tapah
Saravanan Murugan
BN (MIC)
P073
Pasir Salak
Tajuddin Abdul Rahman
BN (UMNO)
P074
Lumut
Mohd Hatta Md Ramli
PH (AMANAH)
P075
Bagan Datuk
Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
BN (UMNO)
P076
Teluk Intan
Nga Kor Ming
PH (DAP)
P077
Tanjong Malim
Chang Lih Kang
PH (PKR)
Pahang
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
BN '''8''' | PH 4 | PN 1 | VAC 1
P078
Cameron Highlands
Ramli Mohd Nor since 26 January 2019
BN (UMNO)
Sivarraajh Chandran until 30 November 2018
BN (MIC)
P079
Lipis
Abdul Rahman Mohamad
BN (UMNO)
P080
Raub
Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji
PH (DAP)
P081
Jerantut
Ahmad Nazlan Idris
BN (UMNO)
P082
Indera Mahkota
Saifuddin Abdullah
PN (BERSATU)
P083
Kuantan
Fuziah Salleh
PH (PKR)
P084
Paya Besar
Mohd. Shahar Abdullah
BN (UMNO)
P085
Pekan
Vacant since 23 August 2022
VAC
Najib Razak until 23 August 2022
BN (UMNO)
P086
Maran
Ismail Abdul Muttalib
BN (UMNO)
P087
Kuala Krau
Ismail Mohamed Said
BN (UMNO)
P088
Temerloh
Mohd Anuar Mohd Tahir
PH (AMANAH)
P089
Bentong
Wong Tack
PH (DAP)
P090
Bera
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
BN (UMNO)
P091
Rompin
Hasan Arifin
BN (UMNO)
Selangor
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 17 | PN 3 | PBM 2 | BN 1
P092
Sabak Bernam
Mohamad Fasiah Mohd Fakeh
PN (BERSATU)
P093
Sungai Besar
Muslimin Yahaya
PN (BERSATU)
P094
Hulu Selangor
June Leow Hsiad Hui
PH (PKR)
P095
Tanjong Karang
Noh Omar
BN (UMNO)
P096
Kuala Selangor
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PH (AMANAH)
P097
Selayang
William Leong Jee Keen
PH (PKR)
P098
Gombak
Mohamed Azmin Ali
PN (BERSATU)
P099
Ampang
Zuraida Kamaruddin
PBM
P100
Pandan
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
PH (PKR)
P101
Hulu Langat
Hasanuddin Mohd Yunus
PH (AMANAH)
P102
Bangi
Ong Kian Ming
PH (DAP)
P103
Puchong
Gobind Singh Deo
PH (DAP)
P104
Subang
Wong Chen
PH (PKR)
P105
Petaling Jaya
Maria Chin Abdullah
PH (PKR)
P106
Damansara
Tony Pua Kiam Wee
PH (DAP)
P107
Sungai Buloh
Sivarasa Rasiah
PH (PKR)
P108
Shah Alam
Khalid Abdul Samad
PH (AMANAH)
P109
Kapar
Abdullah Sani Abdul Hamid
PH (PKR)
P110
Klang
Charles Anthony Santiago
PH (DAP)
P111
Kota Raja
Mohamad Sabu
PH (AMANAH)
P112
Kuala Langat
Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam
PBM
P113
Sepang
Mohamed Hanipa Maidin
PH (AMANAH)
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 9 | PN 2
P114
Kepong
Lim Lip Eng
PH (DAP)
P115
Batu
Prabakaran Parameswaran
PH (PKR)
P116
Wangsa Maju
Tan Yee Kew
PH (PKR)
P117
Segambut
Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan
PH (DAP)
P118
Setiawangsa
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
PH (PKR)
P119
Titiwangsa
Rina Mohd Harun
PN (BERSATU)
P120
Bukit Bintang
Fong Kui Lun
PH (DAP)
P121
Lembah Pantai
Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil
PH (PKR)
P122
Seputeh
Teresa Kok Suh Sim
PH (DAP)
P123
Cheras
Tan Kok Wai
PH (DAP)
P124
Bandar Tun Razak
Kamarudin Jaffar
PN (BERSATU)
Federal Territory of Putrajaya
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
BN 1
P125
Putrajaya
Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
BN (UMNO)
Negeri Sembilan
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 4 | BN 3 | PN 1
P126
Jelebu
Jalaluddin Alias
BN (UMNO)
P127
Jempol
Mohd Salim Mohd Shariff
BN (UMNO)
P128
Seremban
Anthony Loke Siew Fook
PH (DAP)
P129
Kuala Pilah
Eddin Syazlee Shith
PN (BERSATU)
P130
Rasah
Cha Kee Chin
PH (DAP)
P131
Rembau
Khairy Jamaluddin
BN (UMNO)
P132
Port Dickson
Anwar Ibrahim since 13 October 2018
PH (PKR)
Danyal Balagopal Abdullah until 12 September 2018
PH (PKR)
P133
Tampin
Hasan Bahrom
PH (AMANAH)
Malacca
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 3 | PN 2 | BN 1
P134
Masjid Tanah
Mas Ermieyati Samsudin
PN (BERSATU)
P135
Alor Gajah
Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof
PN (BERSATU)
P136
Tangga Batu
Rusnah Aluai
PH (PKR)
P137
Hang Tuah Jaya
Shamsul Iskandar @ Yusre Mohd Akin
PH (PKR)
P138
Kota Melaka
Khoo Poay Tiong
PH (DAP)
P139
Jasin
Ahmad Hamzah
BN (UMNO)
Johor
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
PH 11 | BN '''8''' | PN '''3''' | PEJUANG '''1''' | PBM '''2''' | MUDA 1
P140
Segamat
Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu
PBM
P141
Sekijang
Natrah Ismail
PH (PKR)
P142
Labis
Pang Hok Liong
PH (DAP)
P143
Pagoh
Muhyiddin Yassin
PN (BERSATU)
P144
Ledang
Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh
PH (PKR)
P145
Bakri
Yeo Bee Yin
PH (DAP)
P146
Muar
Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman
MUDA
P147
Parit Sulong
Noraini Ahmad
BN (UMNO)
P148
Ayer Hitam
Wee Ka Siong
BN (MCA)
P149
Sri Gading
Shahruddin Md Salleh
GTA (PEJUANG)
P150
Batu Pahat
Mohd Rashid Hasnon
PN (BERSATU)
P151
Simpang Renggam
Maszlee Malik
PH (PKR)
P152
Kluang
Wong Shu Qi
PH (DAP)
P153
Sembrong
Hishammuddin Hussein
BN (UMNO)
P154
Mersing
Abdul Latiff Ahmad
PN (BERSATU)
P155
Tenggara
Adham Baba
BN (UMNO)
P156
Kota Tinggi
Halimah Mohamed Sadique
BN (UMNO)
P157
Pengerang
Azalina Othman Said
BN (UMNO)
P158
Tebrau
Steven Choong Shiau Yoon
PBM
P159
Pasir Gudang
Hassan Abdul Karim
PH (PKR)
P160
Johor Bahru
Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir
PH (PKR)
P161
Pulai
Salahuddin Ayub
PH (AMANAH)
P162
Iskandar Puteri
Lim Kit Siang
PH (DAP)
P163
Kulai
Teo Nie Ching
PH (DAP)
P164
Pontian
Ahmad Maslan
BN (UMNO)
P165
Tanjung Piai
Wee Jeck Seng since 16 November 2019
BN (MCA)
Md Farid Md Rafik until 21 September 2019
PH (BERSATU)
Federal Territory of Labuan
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
WARISAN 1
P166
Labuan
Rozman Isli
WARISAN
Sabah
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
GRS '''8''' | WARISAN 6 | PH 6 | BN 3 | PBM 1 | VAC 1
P167
Kudat
Abdul Rahim Bakri
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P168
Kota Marudu
Maximus Ongkili
GRS (PBS)
P169
Kota Belud
Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis @ Fakharudy
WARISAN
P170
Tuaran
Wilfred Madius Tangau
PH (UPKO)
P171
Sepanggar
Azis Jamman
WARISAN
P172
Kota Kinabalu
Chan Foong Hin
PH (DAP)
P173
Putatan
Awang Husaini Sahari
PH (PKR)
P174
Penampang
Ignatius Darell Leiking
WARISAN
P175
Papar
Ahmad Hassan
WARISAN
P176
Kimanis
Mohamad Alamin since 18 January 2020
BN (UMNO)
Anifah Aman until 2 December 2019
IND
P177
Beaufort
Azizah Mohd Dun
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P178
Sipitang
Yamani Hafez Musa
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P179
Ranau
Jonathan Yasin
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P180
Keningau
Jeffrey Kitingan
GRS (STAR)
P181
Tenom
Noorita Sual
PH (DAP)
P182
Pensiangan
Arthur Joseph Kurup
BN (PBRS)
P183
Beluran
Ronald Kiandee
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P184
Libaran
Zakaria Edris
GRS (BERSATU Sabah)
P185
Batu Sapi
Vacant since 2 October 2020
VAC
Liew Vui Keong until 2 October 2020
WARISAN
P186
Sandakan
Vivian Wong Shir Yee since 11 May 2019
PH (DAP)
Stephen Wong Tien Fatt until 28 March 2019
PH (DAP)
P187
Kinabatangan
Bung Moktar Radin
BN (UMNO)
P188
Lahad Datu
Mohammadin Ketapi
PBM
P189
Semporna
Shafie Apdal
WARISAN
P190
Tawau
Christina Liew Chin Jin
PH (PKR)
P191
Kalabakan
Ma'mun Sulaiman
WARISAN
Sarawak
On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties, i.e. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), officially left BN and formed a new coalition, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, due to BN's defeat in the general elections on 9 May 2018.
No.
Federal constituency
Name
Coalition (party)
GPS 19 | PH 7 | PSB 1 | PN '''1''' | PBM '''1''' | IND 2
P192
Mas Gading
Mordi Bimol
PH (DAP)
P193
Santubong
Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
GPS (PBB)
P194
Petra Jaya
Fadillah Yusof
GPS (PBB)
P195
Bandar Kuching
Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
PH (DAP)
P196
Stampin
Chong Chieng Jen
PH (DAP)
P197
Kota Samarahan
Rubiah Wang
GPS (PBB)
P198
Puncak Borneo
Willie Mongin
GPS (PBB)
P199
Serian
Richard Riot Jaem
GPS (SUPP)
P200
Batang Sadong
Nancy Shukri
GPS (PBB)
P201
Batang Lupar
Rohani Abdul Karim
GPS (PBB)
P202
Sri Aman
Masir Kujat
IND
P203
Lubok Antu
Jugah Muyang
IND
P204
Betong
Robert Lawson Chuat
GPS (PBB)
P205
Saratok
Ali Biju
PN (BERSATU)
P206
Tanjong Manis
Yusuf Abd. Wahab
GPS (PBB)
P207
Igan
Ahmad Johnie Zawawi
GPS (PBB)
P208
Sarikei
Wong Ling Biu
PH (DAP)
P209
Julau
Larry S'ng Wei Shien
PBM
P210
Kanowit
Aaron Ago Dagang
GPS (PRS)
P211
Lanang
Alice Lau Kiong Yieng
PH (DAP)
P212
Sibu
Oscar Ling Chai Yew
PH (DAP)
P213
Mukah
Hanifah Hajar Taib
GPS (PBB)
P214
Selangau
Baru Bian
PSB
P215
Kapit
Alexander Nanta Linggi
GPS (PBB)
P216
Hulu Rajang
Wilson Ugak Kumbong
GPS (PRS)
P217
Bintulu
Tiong King Sing
GPS (PDP)
P218
Sibuti
Lukanisman Awang Sauni
GPS (PBB)
P219
Miri
Michael Teo Yu Keng
PH (PKR)
P220
Baram
Anyi Ngau
GPS (PDP)
P221
Limbang
Hasbi Habibollah
GPS (PBB)
P222
Lawas
Henry Sum Agong
GPS (PBB)
Notes
^ The PH coalition with WARISAN as confidence and supply won the GE14 election on 9 May 2018. UPKO joined the government as confidence and supply on 10 May 2018. After Sheraton Move in February 2020, the new PN coalition consisting of PPBM, PAS, and STAR, with BN, GPS, and PBS as confidence and supply replaced the PH–WARISAN–UPKO government. After UMNO's withdrawal of the confidence and supply of PN in August 2021, BN once again became the government, with PN, GPS, and PBS as confidence and supply, replacing the PN–BN–GPS–PBS government. In November 2021, the newly formed PBM joins the BN government as confidence and supply.
^ Prabakaran Parameswaran, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng
^ 112 needed for a simple majority.
^ PH–WARISAN
^ 3 independent MPs join PKR.
^ 14 independent MPs join PPBM.
^ 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election – BN gains from PH
^ 1 MP left UMNO to join WARISAN.
^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP left the BN coalition and joined the PH government as confidence and supply.
^ PBB, PRS, PDP, and SUPP consisting of 19 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GPS coalition.
^ PBS and PBRS consisting of 2 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GBS coalition together with STAR, of which consists 1 MP.
^ 16 MPs left UMNO to become independents.
^ 1 MP left UMNO to join WARISAN.
^ 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election – BN gains from PH
^ 2020 Kimanis by-election – BN gains from IND
^ STAR consisting of 1 MP left the USA coalition to form the GBS coalition. The USA coalition is now defunct.
^ 3 independent MPs join PKR.
^ 16 MPs left UMNO to become independents.
^ 14 independent MPs join PPBM.
^ 2020 Kimanis by-election – BN gains from IND
^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP left the BN coalition and joined the PH government as confidence and supply.
^ PBB, PRS, PDP, and SUPP consisting of 19 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GPS coalition.
^ 1 MP left PRS to form PSB.
^ PBS and PBRS consisting of 2 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GBS coalition together with STAR, of which consists 1 MP.
^ 1 MP left PRS to form PSB.
^ Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz
^ 112 needed for a simple majority.
^ PH–WARISAN–UPKO
^ PPBM consisting of 26 MPs left the PH coalition, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 5 MPs subsequently left PPBM to become independents, while PPBM consisting of the remaining 21 MPs form the PN coalition.
^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.
^ Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah does not support the PN-led government, even though his party, UMNO, a component party of BN, is part of the government as confidence and supply. Even so, he still remains as a member of UMNO.
^ PBRS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and rejoins the BN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.
^ Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah does not support the PN-led government, even though his party, UMNO, a component party of BN, is part of the government as confidence and supply. Even so, he still remains as a member of UMNO.
^ PAS consisting of 18 MPs left the GS coalition and formed the PN coalition, which replaced the PH-led government. The GS coalition is now defunct.
^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.
^ PPBM consisting of 26 MPs left the PH coalition, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 5 MPs subsequently left PPBM to become independents, while PPBM consisting of the remaining 21 MPs form the PN coalition.
^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.
^ PBRS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and rejoins the BN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.
^ STAR consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and forms the PN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.
^ PBS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and joins the PN-led government as confidence and supply. The GBS coalition is now defunct.
^ PPBM consisting of its remaining 21 MPs, PAS consisting of 18 MPs, and STAR consisting of 1 MP left PH, GS, and GBS respectively, form the PN coalition.
^ PBS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and joins the PN-led government as confidence and supply. The GBS coalition is now defunct.
^ 112 needed for a simple majority.
^ PH-led government collapses.
^ BN joined the PN-led government as confidence and supply, which replaced the PH-led government.
^ Mansor Othman, Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz, Saifuddin Abdullah, Azmin Ali, Zuraida Kamaruddin, Kamarudin Jaffar, Edmund Santhara, Mohd Rashid Hasnon, Jonathan Yasin, Willie Mongin, Ali Biju
^ Mahathir Mohamad, Mukhriz Mahathir, Amiruddin Hamzah, Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik, Baru Bian
^ 112 needed for a simple majority.
^ PN–BN–GPS–PBS
^ 4 MPs left PKR to become independents, aligning themselves with the PN-led government.
^ Batu Sapi MP Liew Vui Keong died from pneumonia, vacating his seat.
^ Gerik MP Hasbullah Osman died from a heart attack, vacating his seat.
^ 10 independent MPs join PPBM.
^ 4 MPs left PKR to become independents that aligned with the PN-led government.
^ 4 independent MPs form PEJUANG.
^ 1 independent MP joins PSB.
^ 1 MP left PEJUANG to become independent, aligned with PH.
^ 1 independent MP joins PSB.
^ 11 independent MPs join PPBM.
^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PEJUANG
^ 4 independent MPs form PEJUANG.
^ Batu Sapi MP Liew Vui Keong died from pneumonia, vacating his seat.
^ Gerik MP Hasbullah Osman died from a heart attack, vacating his seat.
^ Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam, Choong Shiau Yoon, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng
^ Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik
^ 111 needed for simple majority.
^ PN–BN–GPS–PBS
^ 14 UMNO MPs withdrew support for PN, resulting in the collapse of the PN-led government.
^ 14 UMNO MPs withdrew support for PN, resulting in the collapse of the PN-led government.
^ 111 needed for a simple majority.
^ PN-led government collapses.
^ The 14 UMNO MPs that withdrew support for the PN-led government are now part of the BN-led government.
^ The 14 UMNO MPs that withdrew support for the PN-led government are now part of the BN-led government.
^ Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam, Choong Shiau Yoon, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng
^ Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik
^ 111 needed for simple majority.
^ BN–PN–GPS–PBS
^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP joins the PH coalition.
^ 1 independent MP joins PKR.
^ 1 MP left WARISAN to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 1 MP left WARISAN to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 2 independent MPs form PBM.
^ 1 independent MP joins PPBM.
^ 1 MP left PAS to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 1 MP left PSB to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 2 MPs left PPBM to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 3 independent MPs join PBM.
^ 1 independent MP joins PKR.
^ 1 independent MP forms MUDA.
^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP joins the PH coalition.
^ 1 MP left PPBM and joins PBB.
^ 1 MP left PSB to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 1 independent MP joins PPBM.
^ 1 MP left PAS to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 2 MPs left PPBM to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.
^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PBM.
^ 1 MP left PPBM and joins PBB.
^ 2 independent MPs form PBM.
^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PBM.
^ 3 independent MPs join PBM.
^ 1 independent MP forms MUDA.
^ Jugah Muyang, Khairuddin Aman Razali, Masir Kujat
^ 111 needed for simple majority.
^ BN–PN–GPS–PBS–PBM
^ Mahathir Mohamad contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.
^ Mukhriz Mahathir contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.
^ Amiruddin Hamzah contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.
^ Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.
^ Mustapa Mohamed contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 18 September 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 26 October 2018.
^ Rosol Wahid contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.
^ Shabudin Yahaya contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.
^ Mansor Othman contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Hamzah Zainudin contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.
^ Noor Azmi Ghazali contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 24 June 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 28 November 2018.
^ Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 24 June 2018 and became an independent.
^ Ramli Mohd. Noor contested the by-election as a direct Barisan Nasional candidate, after the disqualification of the previous MP, Sivarraajh Chandran, who is also from Barisan Nasional (MIC), due to election offences during the 2018 general election.
^ Saifuddin Abdullah contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Mohamad Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.
^ Mohamed Azmin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he was sacked by the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Zuraida Kamaruddin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which she was sacked by the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. She later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Prabakaran Parameswaran contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 13 May 2018.
^ Kamaruddin Jaffar contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined back BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Anwar Ibrahim contested the by-election as a Pakatan Harapan (PKR) candidate and won the seat on 13 October 2018, replacing the incumbent MP Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, who was also from Pakatan Harapan (PKR), who vacated his seat on 12 September 2018.
^ Mas Ermieyati Samsudin contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which she left the party on 1 July 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 13 December 2018.
^ Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined Bersatu on 22 August 2020.
^ Syed Saddiq contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent.
^ Shahruddin Md Salleh contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), had his party membership terminated on 20 June 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August, 2020.
^ Mohd Rashid Hasnon contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Maszlee Malik contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August, 2020. However, on 2 November 2020, he resigned from the party, once again being an independent. He later joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 27 November 2021.
^ Abd. Latiff Ahmad contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.
^ Wee Jeck Seng contested and won the by-election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (MCA), replacing the previous MP Md. Farid Md. Rafik, from Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU), following the death of incumbent who died of heart complications on 21 September 2019.
^ Rozman Isli contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 11 October 2018 and joined the Sabah Heritage Party.
^ Abd Rahim Bakri contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.
^ Maximus Johnity Ongkili contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party PBS officially left Barisan Nasional on 12 May 2018.
^ Wilfred Madius Tangau contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party UPKO officially left Barisan Nasional on 10 May 2018.
^ Mohamad Alamin contested the by-election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO). The by-election was called for after the election of the previous candidate Anifah Aman was declared null and void by an election court on 16 August 2019, pending an appeal. The Federal Court dismissed Anifah Aman's appeal on 2 December 2019.
^ Azizah Mohd. Dun contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which she left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.
^ Yamani Hafez Musa contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 to become an independent, and later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 17 September 2019.
^ Jonathan Yasin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Arthur Joseph Kurup contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party PBRS officially left Barisan Nasional on 11 May 2018.
^ Ronald Kiandee contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.
^ Zakaria Mohd. Edris contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.
^ Vivian Wong Shir Yee contested and won the by-election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (DAP), following the death of incumbent Stephen Wong Tien Fatt on 28 March 2019.
^ Willie Mongin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020. After he applied to join PBB, he accepted as an ordinary member on 6 August 2022.
^ Masir Kujat contested the general election as PRS (Barisan Nasional) candidate, after which he quit and joined PSB on 13 March 2019.
^ Jugah Muyang contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 12 May 2018. He left PKR on 5 June 2020 and became an independent.
^ Ali Biju contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.
^ Larry S'ng Wei Shien contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 12 May 2018. He then resigned from the party on 28 February 2021 and became an independent.
^ Baru Bian contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020, becoming an independent, later joining Parti Sarawak Bersatu on 30 May 2020.
References
^ "Proclamation - Summon the Parliament " (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
^ "Representatives Archive List of Members PARLIMEN 14". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
^ "Representatives Statistics for the House of Representatives". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
^ "Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
^ "Malaysia PM Muhyiddin's majority hangs in the balance as Umno MP withdraws backing". The Straits Times. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
^ "Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives". Parliament of Malaysia.
^ a b c d e "Former Malaysian PM Mahathir and 4 other MPs sacked from Bersatu". Channel News Asia. 28 May 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ a b c d e "Pejuang says will hold party election as soon as RoS gives green light". Malay Mail Online. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ a b c d e f g "Crossover by Umno MPs will boost PPBM's position in PH, say analysts". Free Malaysia Today. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ "Ex-minister Mustapa Mohamed quits Umno". Malaysiakini. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^ "Tok Pa joins PPBM". Free Malaysia Today. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Eleven MPs abandon PKR to form new independent bloc under Azmin". Malay Mail Online. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Bernama (22 August 2020). "Azmin, supporters join Bersatu". Astro Awani. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Dr Noor Azmi, 4 Senator sertai BERSATU". Syed Umar Ariff, Mohd Iskandar Ibrahim (in Malay). Berita Harian. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
^ "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ "Official: BN retains Cameron Highlands with bigger majority". Free Malaysia Today. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ "M'sia's first Orang Asli MP makes history by sitting as temporary Dewan Rakyat Speaker". 1 March 2022.
^ a b "PKR sacks Azmin and Zuraida". Malay Mail Online. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he left the party on 13 March 2021 and became an independent.
^ "Youngest MP, P. Prabakaran joins PKR". The Sun Daily. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^ "Official: Anwar wins PD by-election with bigger majority than GE14". Malaysiakini. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "Ex-Puteri chief quits Umno, says party still in denial". Malaysiakini. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
^ Palansamy, Yiswaree (29 December 2021). "Syed Saddiq says Muda officially registered | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
^ "Syed Saddiq: Muda is now an officially registered party". https://m.malaysiakini.com=en. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
^ "Bersatu boots out Sri Gading MP who quit as deputy minister". Malay Mail Online. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
^ @maszlee (November 2, 2020). "Kenyataan Media – untuk siaran segera. Penarikan Diri dari Pejuang. #UntukMalaysia" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Maszlee Malik exits Pejuang". Malaysiakini. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
^ Steven Choong Shiau Yoon contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he was sacked from the party on 28 February 2021 and became an independent.
^ "Unofficial: BN already wins simple majority in Tanjung Piai poll by over 12,000 votes". Malay Mail Online. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
^ "Labuan MP confirms quitting Umno to join Warisan". MalaysiaKini. 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
^ a b c d "Major exodus cripples Sabah Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b c d "6 ex-Umno reps from Sabah to officially join PPBM". Free Malaysia Today. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "PBS leaves BN, invites Musa to join party". Free Malaysia Today. 12 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ "UPKO's decision 'the boldest' for Momoguns : Madius". Borneo Post. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ "Anifah's Kimanis win declared null and void". The Star Online. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Anifah, Warisan react to Federal Court decision over Kimanis seat". BERNAMA.com. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ "Sarawak DCM says Kimanis polls outcome shows voters sensitive to unkept promises". Malay Mail Online. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
^ "Musa Aman's son Yamani joins Bersatu". The Star. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^ "Now, PBRS leaves Sabah BN". Free Malaysia Today. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ "Pakatan retains Sandakan by a landslide, snaps run of three by-election losses". The Star Online. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
^ "Sarawak parties exit Malaysia's BN, leaving former ruling coalition in tatters". The Straits Times. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ Bernama (2022-08-06). "PBB accepts Puncak Borneo MP as ordinary party member". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
^ "PRS exodus continues as more express interest to join PSB". Borneo Post. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ a b "Two MPs, ex-federal minister among six Sarawak politicians joining PKR". Borneo Post. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^ "PKR MP from Sarawak quits party, pledges loyalty to Muhyiddin, GPS". Free Malaysia Today. 5 June 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ MalaysiaNow (2021-02-28). "2 PKR MPs quit, declare support for Muhyiddin in blow to party". MalaysiaNow. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
^ "Ex-PKR chief Baru joins Sarawak opposition party". Free Malaysia Today. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
vte Legislatures of MalaysiaParliament ofMalaysia(list)Components
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Dewan Negara
Dewan Rakyat
Members of theDewan Negara
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
Women
Served in both houses
Represented multiple states
30+ years
Seniority
Members of theDewan Rakyat
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
Women
Chinese
Indians
Served in both houses
Represented multiple states
30+ years
Seniority
Father of the House
Baby of the House
StatelegislaturesState
Johor (15th)
Kedah (15th)
Kelantan (15th)
Malacca (15th)
Negeri Sembilan (15th)
Pahang (15th)
Perak (15th)
Perlis (15th)
Penang (15th)
Sabah (16th)
Sarawak (19th)
Selangor (15th)
Terengganu (15th)
Members
1959–1964
1964–1969
1969–1974
1974–1978
1978–1982
1982–1986
1986–1990
1990–1995
1995–1999
1999–2004
2004–2008
2008–2013
2013–2018
2018–2023
2023-present
Women
See also: Members of the Federal Legislative Council (1955–1959)List of Malayan State and Settlement Council Representatives (1954–1959)
vte Elections in MalaysiaFederal
1955
1959
1964
1969
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1995
1999
2004
2008
2013
2018
2022
Next
State
1954
1955
1959 (Malaya)
1959 (Sarawak)
1963
1964
1967
1969
1971
1974
1976
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1985
1986
1987
1990
1991
1994
1995
1996
1999
2001
2004
2006
2008
2011
2013
2016
2018
2020
2021
2022
2023
Local
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
See also: Federal by-elections
State by-elections
Elections in Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Kuala Lumpur
Labuan
Malacca
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Penang
Perak
Perlis
Putrajaya
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This is a list of the members of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the 14th Parliament of Malaysia.[2]","title":"Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_election_results_map_2018.svg"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2018_Malaysian_general_election_by_parliamentary_constituency"},{"link_name":"federal constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dewan_Rakyat_2018_Equal_Area.svg"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2018_Malaysian_general_election_by_parliamentary_constituency"},{"link_name":"federal constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_enlarged-01.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Outcomes of the 14th general election","text":"Members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituencyEqual-area representation of members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituency","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_parliamentary_map_Oct_2020.svg"}],"sub_title":"Composition before dissolution","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"}],"sub_title":"Last election pendulum","text":"(Results and status at 9 May 2018) The 14th General Election witnessed 124 governmental seats and 98 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side has 49 safe seats and 11 fairly safe seats, while the other side has 21 safe seats and 4 fairly safe seats.GOVERNMENT SEATS\n\n\nMarginal\n\n\nParit Buntar\nDr. Mujahid Yusof Rawa\nAMANAH\n39.22\n\n\nTemerloh\nAnuar Mohd. Tahir\nAMANAH\n39.31\n\n\nLubok Antu\nJugah Muyang @ Tambat\nIND\n40.09\n\n\nLumut\nDr. Mohd. Hatta Md. Ramli\nAMANAH\n40.93\n\n\nPokok Sena\nMahfuz Omar\nAMANAH\n40.93\n\n\nSungai Besar\nMuslimin Yahya\nBERSATU\n42.11\n\n\nJerlun\nDr. Mukhriz Mahathir\nBERSATU\n42.55\n\n\nKulim-Bandar Baharu\nSaifuddin Nasution Ismail\nPKR\n42.62\n\n\nMerbok\nNurin Aina Abdullah\nPKR\n43.31\n\n\nTambun\nAhmad Faizal Azumu\nBERSATU\n44.46\n\n\nKuantan\nFuziah Salleh\nPKR\n44.57\n\n\nKuala Pilah\nEddin Syazlee Shith\nBERSATU\n44.85\n\n\nIndera Mahkota\nSaifuddin Abdullah\nPKR\n44.85\n\n\nRaub\nTengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji\nDAP\n44.89\n\n\nKapar\nAbdullah Sani Abdul Hamid\nPKR\n44.99\n\n\nRanau\nJonathan Yasin\nPKR\n45.17\n\n\nPadang Serai\nKaruppaiya Muthusamy\nPKR\n45.27\n\n\nTanjong Malim\nChang Lih Kang\nPKR\n45.44\n\n\nPutatan\nAwang Husaini Sahari\nPKR\n45.81\n\n\nKuala Kedah\nDr. Azman Ismail\nPKR\n46.26\n\n\nTampin\nHasan Bahrom\nAMANAH\n46.29\n\n\nBentong\nWong Tack\nDAP\n46.67\n\n\nKangar\nNoor Amin Ahmad\nPKR\n46.80\n\n\nTangga Batu\nDr. Rusnah Aluai\nPKR\n46.89\n\n\nTanjung Piai\nDr. Md. Farid Md. Rafik\nBERSATU\n47.29\n\n\nTitiwangsa\nRina Mohd. Harun\nBERSATU\n47.31\n\n\nHulu Selangor\nJune Leow Hsiad Hui\nPKR\n47.86\n\n\nPapar\nAhmad Hassan\nWARISAN\n48.54\n\n\nSri Gading\nDr. Shahruddin Mohd. Salleh\nBERSATU\n48.58\n\n\nSungai Siput\nKesavan Subramaniam\nPKR\n48.72\n\n\nKuala Langat\nXavier Jayakumar Arulanandam\nPKR\n49.08\n\n\nSungai Petani\nJohari Abdul\nPKR\n49.21\n\n\nKubang Pasu\nIr. Amiruddin Hamzah\nBERSATU\n49.70\n\n\nKuala Selangor\nDr. Dzulkefly Ahmad\nAMANAH\n49.98\n\n\nTawau\nChristina Liew Chin Jin\nPKR\n50.05\n\n\nKalabakan\nMa'mun Sulaiman\nWARISAN\n50.09\n\n\nLembah Pantai\nAhmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil\nPKR\n50.24\n\n\nSimpang Renggam\nDr. Maszlee Malik\nBERSATU\n50.69\n\n\nAlor Gajah\nMohd. Redzuan Md. Yusof\nBERSATU\n50.73\n\n\nAlor Setar\nChan Ming Kai\nPKR\n50.80\n\n\nKota Belud\nIsnaraissah Munirah Majilis @ Fakharuddy\nWARISAN\n50.82\n\n\nPermatang Pauh\nNurul Izzah Anwar\nPKR\n50.89\n\n\nHang Tuah Jaya\nShamsul Iskandar @ Yusre Mohd. Akin\nPKR\n51.01\n\n\nTenom\nNoorita Sual\nDAP\n51.10\n\n\nSelangau\nBaru Bian\nPKR\n51.11\n\n\nBalik Pulau\nMuhammad Bakthiar Wan Chik\nPKR\n51.17\n\n\nSepang\nMohamed Hanipa Maidin\nAMANAH\n51.56\n\n\nSekijang\nNatrah Ismail\nPKR\n51.69\n\n\nLabis\nPang Hok Liong\nDAP\n52.17\n\n\nSaratok\nAli Biju\nPKR\n52.18\n\n\nLedang\nSyed Ibrahim Syed Noh\nPKR\n53.06\n\n\nSegamat\nEdmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu\nPKR\n53.09\n\n\nMuar\nSyed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman\nBERSATU\n53.09\n\n\nSarikei\nWong Ling Biu\nDAP\n53.57\n\n\nSilam\nMohamaddin Ketapi\nWARISAN\n54.26\n\n\nTeluk Intan\nDavid Nga Kor Ming\nDAP\n54.37\n\n\nPuncak Borneo\nWillie Mongin\nPKR\n54.65\n\n\nLangkawi\nDr. Mahathir Mohamad\nBERSATU\n54.90\n\n\nPagoh\nMuhyiddin Mohd. Yassin\nBERSATU\n55.21\n\n\nJulau\nLarry Soon @ Larry S'ng Wei Shien\nIND\n55.28\n\n\nHulu Langat\nHasanuddin Mohd. Yunus\nAMANAH\n55.53\n\n\nBatu Sapi\nLiew Vui Keong\nWARISAN\n55.78\n\n\nBatu Pahat\nMohd. Rashid Hasnon\nPKR\n55.92\n\n\nSungai Buloh\nSivarasa K. Rasiah\nPKR\n55.97\n\n\nFairly safe\n\n\nSetiawangsa\nNik Nazmi Nik Ahmad\nPKR\n56.65\n\n\nMas Gading\nMordi Bimol\nDAP\n56.71\n\n\nNibong Tebal\nMansor Othman\nPKR\n56.92\n\n\nWangsa Maju\nDr. Tan Yee Kew\nPKR\n57.30\n\n\nKampar\nThomas Su Keong Siong\nDAP\n57.56\n\n\nBandar Tun Razak\nKamarudin Jaffar\nPKR\n58.58\n\n\nPasir Gudang\nHassan Abdul Karim\nPKR\n58.68\n\n\nPort Dickson\nDanyal Balagopal Abdullah\nPKR\n59.06\n\n\nKluang\nWong Shu Qi\nDAP\n59.20\n\n\nSepanggar\nMohd. Azis Jamman\nWARISAN\n59.47\n\n\nSibu\nOscar Ling Chai Yew\nDAP\n59.58\n\n\nSafe\n\n\nShah Alam\nKhalid Abdul Samad\nAMANAH\n60.00\n\n\nSeremban\nAnthony Loke Siew Fook\nDAP\n60.45\n\n\nBatu\nPrabakaran M. Parameswaran\nPKR\n60.70\n\n\nSelayang\nWilliam Leong Jee Keen\nPKR\n61.38\n\n\nTaiping\nTeh Kok Lim\nDAP\n61.65\n\n\nGopeng\nDr. Lee Boon Chye\nPKR\n61.75\n\n\nMiri\nDr. Michael Teo Yu Keng\nPKR\n61.82\n\n\nJohor Bahru\nAkmal Nasrullah Mohd. Nasir\nPKR\n62.31\n\n\nBakri\nYeo Bee Yin\nDAP\n62.65\n\n\nGombak\nMohamed Azmin Ali\nPKR\n63.10\n\n\nStampin\nChong Chieng Jen\nDAP\n63.70\n\n\nPulai\nSalahuddin Ayub\nAMANAH\n63.81\n\n\nLanang\nAlice Lau Yiong Kieng\nDAP\n65.16\n\n\nKulai\nTeo Nie Ching\nDAP\n65.42\n\n\nBangi\nDr. Ong Kian Ming\nDAP\n65.60\n\n\nSandakan\nStephen Wong Tien Fatt\nDAP\n67.97\n\n\nBeruas\nJames Ngeh Koo Ham\nDAP\n68.41\n\n\nPetaling Jaya\nMaria Chin Abdullah\nPKR\n68.52\n\n\nBayan Baru\nSim Tze Tzin\nPKR\n68.88\n\n\nIskandar Puteri\nLim Kit Siang\nDAP\n69.24\n\n\nKota Raja\nMohamad Sabu\nAMANAH\n70.79\n\n\nAmpang\nZuraida Kamaruddin\nPKR\n70.94\n\n\nPuchong\nGobind Singh Deo\nDAP\n72.39\n\n\nRasah\nCha Kee Chin\nDAP\n72.45\n\n\nKota Melaka\nKhoo Poay Tiong\nDAP\n72.68\n\n\nKota Kinabalu\nChan Foong Hin\nDAP\n74.76\n\n\nPenampang\nIgnatius Dorell @ Darell Leiking\nWARISAN\n75.32\n\n\nPandan\nDr. Wan Azizah Wan Ismail\nPKR\n75.47\n\n\nKlang\nCharles Anthony R. Santiago\nDAP\n77.34\n\n\nBatu Kawan\nKasthuriraani P. Patto\nDAP\n78.02\n\n\nBandar Kuching\nDr. Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen\nDAP\n79.43\n\n\nJelutong\nSanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji\nDAP\n79.63\n\n\nSemporna\nMohd. Shafie Apdal\nWARISAN\n80.20\n\n\nIpoh Timor\nWong Kah Woh\nDAP\n80.46\n\n\nSegambut\nHannah Yeoh Tseow Suan\nDAP\n82.07\n\n\nSubang\nWong Chen\nPKR\n83.08\n\n\nBukit Bendera\nWong Hon Wai\nDAP\n83.83\n\n\nBatu Gajah\nSivakumar M. Varatharaju Naidu\nDAP\n84.17\n\n\nIpoh Barat\nKulasegaran V. Murugeson\nDAP\n84.90\n\n\nBukit Bintang\nFong Kui Lun\nDAP\n84.94\n\n\nBukit Mertajam\nSteven Sim Chee Keong\nDAP\n85.40\n\n\nBagan\nLim Guan Eng\nDAP\n85.96\n\n\nBukit Gelugor\nRamkarpal Singh\nDAP\n86.68\n\n\nTanjong\nChow Kon Yeow\nDAP\n87.25\n\n\nDamansara\nTony Pua Kiam Wee\nDAP\n89.00\n\n\nCheras\nTan Kok Wai\nDAP\n89.00\n\n\nSeputeh\nTeresa Kok Suh Sim\nDAP\n89.97\n\n\nKepong\nLim Lip Eng\nDAP\n92.04\n\n\n\n\nNON-GOVERNMENT SEATS\n\n\nMarginal\n\n\nKeningau\nDr. Jeffrey Gapari @ Geoffrey Kitingan\nSTAR\n33.09\n\n\nJerai\nSabri Azit\nPAS\n33.94\n\n\nTasek Gelugor\nShabudin Yahaya\nUMNO\n35.73\n\n\nBagan Serai\nDr. Noor Azmi Ghazali\nUMNO\n36.44\n\n\nKota Marudu\nDr. Maximus Johnity Ongkili\nPBS\n38.44\n\n\nSabak Bernam\nMohamad Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh\nUMNO\n38.57\n\n\nBukit Gantang\nSyed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal\nUMNO\n39.48\n\n\nKuala Kangsar\nMastura Mohd. Yazid\nUMNO\n40.26\n\n\nPadang Besar\nZahidi Zainul Abidin\nUMNO\n41.18\n\n\nPadang Rengas\nMohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz\nUMNO\n41.50\n\n\nBeaufort\nAzizah Mohd. Dun\nUMNO\n41.72\n\n\nArau\nDr. Shahidan Kassim\nUMNO\n41.79\n\n\nPadang Terap\nMahdzir Khalid\nUMNO\n42.09\n\n\nKota Bharu\nTakiyuddin Hassan\nPAS\n42.24\n\n\nCameron Highlands\nSivarajjh Chandran\nMIC\n42.30\n\n\nBaling\nAbdul Azeez Abdul Rahim\nUMNO\n42.60\n\n\nPendang\nAwang Hashim\nPAS\n42.69\n\n\nKepala Batas\nReezal Merican Naina Merican\nUMNO\n42.94\n\n\nJasin\nAhmad Hamzah\nUMNO\n43.00\n\n\nPaya Besar\nMohd. Shahar Abdullah\nUMNO\n43.16\n\n\nTanjong Karang\nNoh Omar\nUMNO\n43.45\n\n\nBera\nIsmail Sabri Yaakob\nUMNO\n43.89\n\n\nAyer Hitam\nDr. Ir. Wee Ka Siong\nMCA\n43.98\n\n\nKemaman\nChe Alias Hamid\nPAS\n44.06\n\n\nTapah\nSaravanan Murugan\nMIC\n44.47\n\n\nJerantut\nAhmad Nazlan Idris\nUMNO\n45.06\n\n\nLarut\nHamzah Zainudin\nUMNO\n45.90\n\n\nPasir Salak\nTajuddin Abd Rahman\nUMNO\n46.04\n\n\nPontian\nAhmad Maslan\nUMNO\n46.21\n\n\nJempol\nMohd. Salim Shariff\nUMNO\n46.83\n\n\nKuala Krau\nDr. Ismail Mohamed Said\nUMNO\n47.14\n\n\nMachang\nAhmad Jazlan Yaakub\nUMNO\n47.39\n\n\nPasir Puteh\nDr. Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh\nPAS\n47.41\n\n\nLabuan\nRozman Isli\nUMNO\n47.59\n\n\nKimanis\nAnifah Aman\nUMNO\n47.71\n\n\nSik\nAhmad Tarmizi Sulaiman\nPAS\n47.91\n\n\nKetereh\nAnnuar Musa\nUMNO\n47.95\n\n\nPensiangan\nArthur Joseph Kurup\nPBRS\n48.35\n\n\nBesut\nIdris Jusoh\nUMNO\n48.40\n\n\nParit\nMohd. Nizar Zakaria\nUMNO\n48.41\n\n\nTanah Merah\nIkmal Hisham Abdul Aziz\nUMNO\n48.44\n\n\nGerik\nHasbullah Osman\nUMNO\n48.49\n\n\nSipitang\nYamani Hafez Musa\nUMNO\n48.60\n\n\nGua Musang\nTengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd. Hamzah\nUMNO\n48.64\n\n\nSetiu\nShaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir\nPAS\n48.65\n\n\nRembau\nKhairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar\nUMNO\n48.87\n\n\nJelebu\nJalaluddin Alias\nUMNO\n48.93\n\n\nBachok\nNik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz\nPAS\n48.93\n\n\nMaran\nDr. Ismail Abdul Muttalib\nUMNO\n49.09\n\n\nParit Sulong\nDr. Noraini Ahmad\nUMNO\n49.19\n\n\nLibaran\nZakaria Mohd. Edris @ Tubau\nUMNO\n49.25\n\n\nPutrajaya\nTengku Adnan Tengku Mansor\nUMNO\n49.47\n\n\nHulu Terengganu\nRosol Wahid\nUMNO\n49.60\n\n\nKuala Terengganu\nAhmad Amzad Mohamed @ Hashim\nPAS\n49.65\n\n\nLipis\nAbdul Rahman Mohamad\nUMNO\n49.82\n\n\nKudat\nAbd Rahim Bakri\nUMNO\n49.90\n\n\nRantau Panjang\nSiti Zailah Mohd. Yusoff\nPAS\n50.82\n\n\nBagan Datuk\nDr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi\nUMNO\n51.37\n\n\nTuaran\nWilfred Madius Tangau\nUPKO\n51.54\n\n\nPasir Mas\nAhmad Fadhli Shaari\nPAS\n52.44\n\n\nKuala Krai\nAb. Latiff Ab. Rahman\nPAS\n52.56\n\n\nKuala Nerus\nDr. Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali\nPAS\n52.66\n\n\nMersing\nDr. Abd. Latiff Ahmad\nUMNO\n53.00\n\n\nRompin\nHasan Arifin\nUMNO\n53.54\n\n\nLenggong\nDr. Shamsul Anuar Nasarah\nUMNO\n53.97\n\n\nMasjid Tanah\nMas Ermieyati Samsudin\nUMNO\n54.10\n\n\nDungun\nWan Hassan Mohd. Ramli\nPAS\n54.17\n\n\nTumpat\nChe Abdullah Mat Nawi\nPAS\n54.33\n\n\nTenggara\nDr. Adham Baba\nUMNO\n54.39\n\n\nBaram\nAnyi Ngau\nPDP\n54.45\n\n\nSibuti\nLukanisman Awang Sauni\nPBB\n54.60\n\n\nPengkalan Chepa\nAhmad Marzuk Shaary\nPAS\n54.88\n\n\nJeli\nMustapa Mohamed\nUMNO\n55.89\n\n\nFairly safe\n\n\nKubang Kerian\nTuan Ibrahim Tuan Man\nPAS\n56.16\n\n\nBintulu\nTiong King Sing\nPDP\n57.05\n\n\nSembrong\nHishammuddin Hussein\nUMNO\n59.24\n\n\nMarang\nAbd Hadi Awang\nPAS\n59.27\n\n\nSafe\n\n\nBetong\nRobert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering\nPBB\n60.41\n\n\nSri Aman\nMasir Kujat\nPSB\n61.48\n\n\nPekan\nMohd. Najib Abdul Razak\nUMNO\n62.19\n\n\nBeluran\nDr. Ronald Kiandee\nUMNO\n62.84\n\n\nSerian\nRichard Riot Jaem\nSUPP\n63.99\n\n\nKanowit\nAaron Ago Dagang\nPRS\n64.58\n\n\nPetra Jaya\nFadillah Yusof\nPBB\n65.91\n\n\nMukah\nHanifah Hajar Taib\nPBB\n66.90\n\n\nKinabatangan\nBung Moktar Radin\nUMNO\n67.22\n\n\nPengerang\nAzalina Othman Said\nUMNO\n67.71\n\n\nHulu Rajang\nWilson Ugak Kumbong\nPRS\n68.20\n\n\nKota Tinggi\nHalimah Mohamed Sadique\nUMNO\n69.14\n\n\nKota Samarahan\nRubiah Wang\nPBB\n69.90\n\n\nLawas\nHenry Sum Agong\nPBB\n70.44\n\n\nBatang Lupar\nRohani Abdul Karim\nPBB\n70.49\n\n\nLimbang\nHasbi Habibollah\nPBB\n72.07\n\n\nKapit\nAlexander Nanta Linggi\nPBB\n78.91\n\n\nSantubong\nDr. Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar\nPBB\n79.28\n\n\nTanjong Manis\nYusuf Abd. Wahab\nPBB\n80.69\n\n\nBatang Sadong\nNancy Shukri\nPBB\n83.25\n\n\nIgan\nAhmad Johnie Zawawi\nPBB\n83.76","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Changes in the composition of the Dewan Rakyat","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seating arrangement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batu Sapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Sapi_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerik_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"state election of Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sabah_state_election"},{"link_name":"Bugaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugaya_(state_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Semporna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semporna_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Latest seating arrangement","text":"This is the seating arrangement as of its last meeting on 10 October 2022. The seating does not reflect current political allegiances. In addition, there were three seats that is labelled as VACANT, namely Batu Sapi, Gerik and Pekan. Both of Batu Sapi and Gerik seats vacancy is due to the death of the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for both of this constituency, which happened on 2 October 2020 (Batu Sapi) and 16 November 2020 (Gerik) respectively. While, the Pekan seat vacancy is due to the imprisonment of the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency, which effect on 23 August 2022.Supposedly, according to election tradition, a by-election may be held as the parliamentary term at that time is not exceeding up to maximum three years (where its first meeting is in July 2018, with the latest it can held is in July 2021). However, due to the second series of Coronavirus pandemic that was seriously re-arose nationwide post-state election of Sabah and countless (tight) lockdowns at the same time since October 2020, the plan from Election Commission (SPR) to conduct the by-elections for Batu Sapi and Gerik constituency had been cancelled by taking account on this matter. In November 2020, the King or Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah had declared the Emergency Proclamation for both of the parliamentary constituencies, together with one state constituency in Sabah, namely Bugaya, located in Semporna parliamentary seats that was also vacant due to the death of its incumbent Sabah state Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). The proclamation was renounced by the King almost two years later.P017 Padang Serai\nP191 Kalabakan\n\nP214 Selangau\nVacant\nP166 Labuan\nP175 Papar\nP181 Tenom\nVacant\nP204 Betong\nP081 Jerantut\nP184 Libaran\nP188 Lahad Datu\nP019 Tumpat\nP069 Parit\nP127 Jempol\n\nP220 Baram\nP202 Sri Aman\n\n\n\nP208 Sarikei\nP173 Putatan\nP169 Kota Belud\n\nP060 Taiping\nVacant\nP130 Rasah\nVacant\nVacant\nP092 Sabak Bernam\nP216 Hulu Rajang\nP054 Gerik (Vacant)\nVacant\nP167 Kudat\nP177 Beaufort\n\nP197 Kota Samarahan\nP158 Tebrau\nP203 Lubok Antu\n\n\n\n\nP105 Petaling Jaya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP206 Tanjong Manis\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nP136 Tangga Batu\nVacant\nP141 Sekijang\nP186 Sandakan\nVacant\nP031 Kuala Krai\nP039 Dungun\nP022 Pasir Mas\nP016 Baling\nP029 Machang\nP201 Batang Lupar\nP061 Padang Rengas\nP112 Kuala Langat\nVacant\n\n\n\n\n\nP089 Bentong\nP053 Balik Pulau\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP091 Rompin\nVacant\n\n\n\n\nP088 Temerloh\nP133 Tampin\nVacant\nVacant\n\nVacant\nP195 Bandar Kuching\nP152 Kluang\nVacant\nP164 Pontian\nP073 Pasir Salak\nP033 Besut\nP187 Kinabatangan\nP217 Bintulu\n\n(Senator)\nVacant\nP059 Bukit Gantang\nVacant\n\n\n\nP142 Labis\nP002 Kangar\nP096 Kuala Selangor\nP138 Kota Melaka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Senator)\nP180 Keningau\nVacant\nVacant\n\n\n\nP115 Batu\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nP046 Batu Kawan\n\nP050 Jelutong\nP062 Sungai Siput\nVacant\nP035 Kuala Nerus\nP025 Bachok\nP055 Lenggong\nP125 Putrajaya\n\nP165\tTanjung Piai\n(Senator)\nP209 Julau\nVacant\nVacant\n\n\n\nVacant\nP212 Sibu\nP117 Segambut\nP074 Lumut\nP144 Ledang\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP207 Igan\nP078 Cameron Highlands\nP042 Tasek Gelugor\n\n\n\nP192 Mas Gading\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP101 Hulu Langat\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP036 Kuala Terengganu\nVacant\nVacant\n\nVacant\n\n\n\n\n\nP052 Bayan Baru\nVacant\nP051 Bukit Gelugor\nVacant\n\nVacant\nP135 Alor Gajah\nP199 Serian\nVacant\nP157 Pengerang\n\nP210 Kanowit\nP011 Pendang\nP028 Pasir Puteh\nP218 Sibuti\n\n\n\n\nP159 Pasir Gudang\nVacant\nVacant\nP009 Alor Setar\nP149 Sri Gading\n\nP143 Pagoh\nP037 Marang \nP085 Pekan (Vacant)\nP075 Bagan Datuk\n\n\nP222 Lawas\nP020 Pengkalan Chepa\nP178 Sipitang\nVacant\nVacant\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP048 Bukit Bendera\nP110 Klang\nP064 Ipoh Timor\nP045 Bukit Mertajam\nP006 Kubang Pasu\nP032 Gua Musang\nE\n\nD\n\nC\nP140 Segamat\nP198 Puncak Borneo\nP182 Pensiangan\nP176 Kimanis \nP034 Setiu\nP013 Sik\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP094 Hulu Selangor\nVacant\nVacant\nP010 Kuala Kedah\nVacant\nP005 Jerlun\n\nSergeant-at-Arm\n\nP179 Ranau\nP205 Saratok \nP221 Limbang\nP126 Jelebu\nVacant\nVacant\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP172 Kota Kinabalu\nP190 Tawau\nP118 Setiawangsa\nP070 Kampar\nP151 Simpang Renggam\nP004 Langkawi\n\n\n\nP038 Hulu Terengganu\nP047\tNibong Tebal\nP215 Mukah\nP023 Rantau Panjang\nP040 Kemaman\nP012 Jerai\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP145 Bakri\nP211 Lanang\nP123 Cheras\nP071 Gopeng\nP049 Tanjong\nF\n\nthe Mace\n\nB\nP168 Kota Marudu \nP119 Titiwangsa\nP156 Kota Tinggi\nP067 Kuala Kangsar\nP134 Masjid Tanah\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP104 Subang\nP107 Sungai Buloh\nP097 Selayang\nP122 Seputeh\nP044 Permatang Pauh\n\n\nP072 Tapah\nP147\tParit Sulong \nP099 Ampang\nP087\tKuala Krau \nP058 Bagan Serai\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP114 Kepong\nP102 Bangi\nP185 Batu Sapi (Vacant)\nP174 Penampang \nP116 Wangsa Maju\nP100 Pandan\n\n\nP148\tAyer Hitam\nP041 Kepala Batas\nP007\tPadang Terap \nP086 Maran \nP093 Sungai Besar \n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP014 Merbok\nP109 Kapar\nP008 Pokok Sena\nP057 Parit Buntar\nP065 Ipoh Barat\nP076 Teluk Intan\n\n\n(Senator)\nP026 Ketereh \nP154 Mersing\nP079\tLipis\nP124 Bandar Tun Razak\n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP066 Batu Gajah\nP121 Lembah Pantai\nP080 Raub\nP160 Johor Bahru\nP120 Bukit Bintang\nP043 Bagan\nG\n\n\n\nA\nP194 Petra Jaya\nP215 Kapit\nP082\tIndera Mahkota\n(Senator)\nP129 Kuala Pilah\nVacant\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP170 Tuaran\nP068 Beruas\nP219 Miri\nP196 Stampin\nP146 Muar\nP189 Semporna\n\n\n\n(Senator)\nP056 Larut\nP030 Jeli\nP063\tTambun\nP001 Padang Besar\nVacant (Deputy Speaker)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP113 Sepang\nP137 Hang Tuah Jaya\nP106 Damansara\nP162 Iskandar Puteri\nP103 Puchong\nP128 Seremban\n\n\n\nP153 Sembrong\nP024\tKubang Kerian\nP155 Tenggara\nP003\tArau\nP139 Jasin\nP150 Batu Pahat (Deputy Speaker)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP163 Kulai\nP108 Shah Alam\nP077 Tanjong Malim\nP161 Pulai\nP111 Kota Raja\n\n\n\nP098 Gombak\nP183\tBeluran\nP131 Rembau\nP095 Tanjong Karang\nP084 Paya Besar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP171 Sepanggar\nP083 Kuantan\nP015 Sungai Petani\nP018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu\nP132 Port Dickson (Opposition Leader)\n\nSecretary\n\nP090 Bera (Prime Minister)\nP193 Santubong\nP021 Kota Bharu\nP200 Batang Sadong\nP027 Tanah Merah\n\n\n\n\n\nSpeaker\n\n\n\n\nYang Di-Pertuan Agong\n\n\nThe seating arrangement is viewable at the official website of the Parliament.[6]","title":"Seating arrangement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Previous seating arrangement","text":"Seating arrangement until its last second term meeting on 5 December 2019.Vacant\nVacant\n\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nP059 Bukit Gantang\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\n\nP183 Beluran\nP167 Kudat\n\n\n\nVacant\nP218 Sibuti\nP182 Pensiangan\n\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\nVacant\n\nP027 Tanah Merah\nP042 Tasek Gelugor\nP187 Beaufort\n\n\n\n\nP206 Tanjong Manis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP154 Mersing\n\n\n\n\n\nP207 Igan\nP221 Limbang\nP180 Keningau\nP186 Sandakan\nP192 Mas Gading\nP138 Kota Melaka\nP219 Miri\nP208 Sarikei\nP212 Sibu\nP093 Sungai Besar\nP144 Ledang\nP118 Setiawangsa\nP190 Tawau\nP105 Petaling Jaya\nP203 Lubok Antu\nP198 Puncak Borneo\nP056 Larut\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP204 Betong\nP220 Baram\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP179 Ranau\nP134 Masjid Tanah\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP216 Hulu Rajang\nP210 Kanowit\nP201 Batang Lupar\n\nP046 Batu Kawan\nP110 Klang\nP051 Bukit Gelugor\nP114 Kepong\nP070 Kampar\nP104 Subang\nP047 Nibong Tebal\nP010 Kuala Kedah\nP116 Wangsa Maju\n\nP141 Sekijang\nP173 Putatan\nP058 Bagan Serai\nVacant\n\n\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP222 Lawas\nP200 Batang Sadong\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP136 Tangga Batu\nP159 Pasir Gudang\nP115 Batu\nP178 Sipitang\n\n\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP215 Kapit\nP197 Kota Samarahan\nP217 Bintulu\n\nP211 Lanang\nP106 Damansara\nP066 Batu Gajah\nP068 Beruas\nP120 Bukit Bintang\nP097 Selayang\nP044 Permatang Pauh\n\nP094 Hulu Selangor\nP017 Padang Serai\nP158 Tebrau\nP209 Julau\nP184 Libaran\n\n\n\nVacant\nP202 Sri Aman\nVacant\nP213 Mukah\nP168 Kota Marudu\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP014 Merbok\nP002 Kangar\nP121 Lembah Pantai\nP175 Papar\nP038 Hulu Terengganu\n\n\n\nVacant\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP199 Serian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP077 Tanjong Malim\nP009 Alor Setar\nP048 Bukit Bendera\n\nP092 Sabak Bernam\n\n\n\n\n\nP040 Kemaman\nVacant\nVacant\nP170 Tuaran\n\nP005 Jerlun\nP063 Tambun\nP123 Cheras\nP015 Sungai Petani\nP109 Kapar\n\nP169 Kota Belud\nP062 Sungai Siput\nP160 Johor Bahru\nP181 Tenom\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP036 Kuala Terengganu\nP011 Pendang\nP028 Pasir Puteh\nP193 Santubong\n\nP049 Tanjong\nP189 Semporna\nP132 Port Dickson\nP162 Iskandar Puteri\n\n\nVacant\nP191 Kalabakan\nP195 Bandar Kuching\nP050 Jelutong\nP166 Labuan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP034 Setiu\nP031 Kuala Krai\nP020 Pengkalan Chepa\nP025 Bachok\nP194 Petra Jaya\nE\n\nD\n\nC\nP074 Lumut\nP124 Bandar Tun Razak\nP133 Tampin\nP140 Segamat\nP130 Rasah\nP172 Kota Kinabalu\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP013 Sik\nP019 Tumpat\nP039 Dungun\nP035 Kuala Nerus\nP024 Kubang Kerian\n\nSergeant-at-Arm\n\nP088 Temerloh\nP102 Bangi\nP101 Hulu Langat\nP089 Bentong\nP060 Taiping\nP142 Labis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP012 Jerai\nP022 Pasir Mas\nP023 Rantau Panjang\nP021 Kota Bharu\nP037 Marang\n\n\n\nP008 Pokok Sena\nP113 Sepang\nP064 Ipoh Timur\nP205 Saratok\nP152 Kluang\nP030 Jeli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP067 Kuala Kangsar\nP156 Kota Tinggi\nP125 Putrajaya\nP032 Gua Musang\nF\n\nthe Mace\n\nB\nP119 Titiwangsa\nP018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu\nP188 Lahad Datu (Silam)\nP071 Gopeng\nP045 Bukit Mertajam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP127 Jempol\nP086 Maran\nP029 Machang\nP153 Sembrong\n\n\nP099 Ampang\nP112 Kuala Langat\nP185 Batu Sapi\nP107 Sungai Buloh\nP163 Kulai\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nVacant\nP001 Padang Besar\nP139 Jasin\nP073 Pasir Salak\nP026 Ketereh\n\n\nP098 Gombak\nP135 Alor Gajah\nP108 Shah Alam\nP052 Bayan Baru\nP117 Segambut\nP171 Sepanggar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP176 Kimanis\nP069 Parit\nP091 Rompin\nP041 Kepala Batas\nP007 Padang Terap\n\n\nP151 Simpang Renggam\nP146 Muar\nP057 Parit Buntar\nP137 Hang Tuah Jaya\nP080 Raub\n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP165 Tanjung Piai\nP126 Jelebu\nP187 Kinabatangan\nP095 Tanjung Karang\nP072 Tapah\nG\n\n\n\nA\nP111 Kota Raja\nP096 Kuala Selangor\nP082 Indera Mahkota\nP129 Kuala Pilah\nP196 Stampin\n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP078 Cameron Highlands\nP081 Jerantut\nP164 Pontian\nP131 Rembau\nP148 Ayer Hitam\n\n\n\nP043 Bagan\nP161 Pulai\nP214 Selangau\nP006 Kubang Pasu\nP053 Balik Pulau\n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVacant\nP084 Paya Besar\nP054 Gerik\nP087 Kuala Krau\nP033 Besut\nP075 Bagan Datuk\n\n\n\nP143 Pagoh\nP065 Ipoh Barat\nP145 Bakri\nVacant\nP083 Kuantan\n(Senator)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP155 Tenggara\nP016 Baling\nP055 Lenggong\nP003 Arau\nP085 Pekan\n\n\n\nP100 Pandan (Deputy Prime Minister)\nP103 Puchong\nP122 Seputeh\nP149 Sri Gading\nP076 Teluk Intan (Deputy Speaker)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP061 Padang Rengas\nP079 Lipis\nP147 Parit Sulong\nP157 Pengerang\nP090 Bera (Opposition Leader)\n\nSecretary\n\nP004 Langkawi (Prime Minister)\nP128 Seremban\nP174 Penampang\n(Senator)\nP150 Batu Pahat (Deputy Speaker)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpeaker\n\n\n\n\nYang Di-Pertuan Agong","title":"Seating arrangement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Perlis","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kedah","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kelantan","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Terengganu","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Penang","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Perak","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pahang","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selangor","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Federal Territory of Putrajaya","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Negeri Sembilan","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Malacca","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Johor","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Federal Territory of Labuan","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sabah","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabungan Parti Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"general elections on 9 May 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"}],"sub_title":"Sarawak","text":"On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties, i.e. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), officially left BN and formed a new coalition, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, due to BN's defeat in the general elections on 9 May 2018.[41]","title":"Elected members by state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"WARISAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"GE14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"UPKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasokmomogun_Kadazandusun_Murut_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Sheraton Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"PPBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Indigenous_Party"},{"link_name":"PAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party"},{"link_name":"STAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"WARISAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"UPKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasokmomogun_Kadazandusun_Murut_Organisation"},{"link_name":"UMNO's withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"PBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Nation_Party"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Larry Sng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sng"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"WARISAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"PPBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Indigenous_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"2019 Tanjung Piai by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tanjung_Piai_by-election"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"UMNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"WARISAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"UPKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasokmomogun_Kadazandusun_Murut_Organisation"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"PBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Bumiputera_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"PRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Peoples%27_Party"},{"link_name":"PDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"SUPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"PBRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"GBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Alliance_(Sabah)"},{"link_name":"STAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"UMNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"UMNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"WARISAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"2019 Tanjung Piai by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tanjung_Piai_by-election"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"2020 Kimanis by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kimanis_by-election"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"STAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance"},{"link_name":"GBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Alliance_(Sabah)"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"UMNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"PPBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Indigenous_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"2020 Kimanis 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Harapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-187"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-189"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pakatan Harapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-192"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pakatan Harapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-193"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pakatan Harapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-195"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pakatan Harapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"PKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"}],"text":"^ The PH coalition with WARISAN as confidence and supply won the GE14 election on 9 May 2018. UPKO joined the government as confidence and supply on 10 May 2018. After Sheraton Move in February 2020, the new PN coalition consisting of PPBM, PAS, and STAR, with BN, GPS, and PBS as confidence and supply replaced the PH–WARISAN–UPKO government. After UMNO's withdrawal of the confidence and supply of PN in August 2021, BN once again became the government, with PN, GPS, and PBS as confidence and supply, replacing the PN–BN–GPS–PBS government. In November 2021, the newly formed PBM joins the BN government as confidence and supply.\n\n^ Prabakaran Parameswaran, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng\n\n^ 112 needed for a simple majority.\n\n^ PH–WARISAN\n\n^ 3 independent MPs join PKR.\n\n^ 14 independent MPs join PPBM.\n\n^ 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election – BN gains from PH\n\n^ 1 MP left UMNO to join WARISAN.\n\n^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP left the BN coalition and joined the PH government as confidence and supply.\n\n^ PBB, PRS, PDP, and SUPP consisting of 19 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GPS coalition.\n\n^ PBS and PBRS consisting of 2 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GBS coalition together with STAR, of which consists 1 MP.\n\n^ 16 MPs left UMNO to become independents.\n\n^ 1 MP left UMNO to join WARISAN.\n\n^ 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election – BN gains from PH\n\n^ 2020 Kimanis by-election – BN gains from IND\n\n^ STAR consisting of 1 MP left the USA coalition to form the GBS coalition. The USA coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ 3 independent MPs join PKR.\n\n^ 16 MPs left UMNO to become independents.\n\n^ 14 independent MPs join PPBM.\n\n^ 2020 Kimanis by-election – BN gains from IND\n\n^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP left the BN coalition and joined the PH government as confidence and supply.\n\n^ PBB, PRS, PDP, and SUPP consisting of 19 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GPS coalition.\n\n^ 1 MP left PRS to form PSB.\n\n^ PBS and PBRS consisting of 2 MPs left the BN coalition and formed the GBS coalition together with STAR, of which consists 1 MP.\n\n^ 1 MP left PRS to form PSB.\n\n^ Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz\n\n^ 112 needed for a simple majority.\n\n^ PH–WARISAN–UPKO\n\n^ PPBM consisting of 26 MPs left the PH coalition, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 5 MPs subsequently left PPBM to become independents, while PPBM consisting of the remaining 21 MPs form the PN coalition.\n\n^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.\n\n^ Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah does not support the PN-led government, even though his party, UMNO, a component party of BN, is part of the government as confidence and supply. Even so, he still remains as a member of UMNO.\n\n^ PBRS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and rejoins the BN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah does not support the PN-led government, even though his party, UMNO, a component party of BN, is part of the government as confidence and supply. Even so, he still remains as a member of UMNO.\n\n^ PAS consisting of 18 MPs left the GS coalition and formed the PN coalition, which replaced the PH-led government. The GS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.\n\n^ PPBM consisting of 26 MPs left the PH coalition, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 5 MPs subsequently left PPBM to become independents, while PPBM consisting of the remaining 21 MPs form the PN coalition.\n\n^ 11 MPs left PKR to become independent, resulting in the collapse of the PH-led government. 10 of which aligned themselves with the PN government.\n\n^ PBRS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and rejoins the BN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ STAR consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and forms the PN coalition. The GBS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ PBS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and joins the PN-led government as confidence and supply. The GBS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ PPBM consisting of its remaining 21 MPs, PAS consisting of 18 MPs, and STAR consisting of 1 MP left PH, GS, and GBS respectively, form the PN coalition.\n\n^ PBS consisting of 1 MP left the GBS coalition and joins the PN-led government as confidence and supply. The GBS coalition is now defunct.\n\n^ 112 needed for a simple majority.\n\n^ PH-led government collapses.\n\n^ BN joined the PN-led government as confidence and supply, which replaced the PH-led government.\n\n^ Mansor Othman, Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz, Saifuddin Abdullah, Azmin Ali, Zuraida Kamaruddin, Kamarudin Jaffar, Edmund Santhara, Mohd Rashid Hasnon, Jonathan Yasin, Willie Mongin, Ali Biju\n\n^ Mahathir Mohamad, Mukhriz Mahathir, Amiruddin Hamzah, Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik, Baru Bian\n\n^ 112 needed for a simple majority.\n\n^ PN–BN–GPS–PBS\n\n^ 4 MPs left PKR to become independents, aligning themselves with the PN-led government.\n\n^ Batu Sapi MP Liew Vui Keong died from pneumonia, vacating his seat.\n\n^ Gerik MP Hasbullah Osman died from a heart attack, vacating his seat.\n\n^ 10 independent MPs join PPBM.\n\n^ 4 MPs left PKR to become independents that aligned with the PN-led government.\n\n^ 4 independent MPs form PEJUANG.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PSB.\n\n^ 1 MP left PEJUANG to become independent, aligned with PH.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PSB.\n\n^ 11 independent MPs join PPBM.\n\n^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PEJUANG\n\n^ 4 independent MPs form PEJUANG.\n\n^ Batu Sapi MP Liew Vui Keong died from pneumonia, vacating his seat.\n\n^ Gerik MP Hasbullah Osman died from a heart attack, vacating his seat.\n\n^ Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam, Choong Shiau Yoon, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng\n\n^ Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik\n\n^ 111 needed for simple majority.\n\n^ PN–BN–GPS–PBS\n\n^ 14 UMNO MPs withdrew support for PN, resulting in the collapse of the PN-led government.\n\n^ 14 UMNO MPs withdrew support for PN, resulting in the collapse of the PN-led government.\n\n^ 111 needed for a simple majority.\n\n^ PN-led government collapses.\n\n^ The 14 UMNO MPs that withdrew support for the PN-led government are now part of the BN-led government.\n\n^ The 14 UMNO MPs that withdrew support for the PN-led government are now part of the BN-led government.\n\n^ Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam, Choong Shiau Yoon, Jugah Muyang, Larry Sng\n\n^ Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, Maszlee Malik\n\n^ 111 needed for simple majority.\n\n^ BN–PN–GPS–PBS\n\n^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP joins the PH coalition.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PKR.\n\n^ 1 MP left WARISAN to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 1 MP left WARISAN to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 2 independent MPs form PBM.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PPBM.\n\n^ 1 MP left PAS to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 1 MP left PSB to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 2 MPs left PPBM to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 3 independent MPs join PBM.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PKR.\n\n^ 1 independent MP forms MUDA.\n\n^ UPKO consisting of 1 MP joins the PH coalition.\n\n^ 1 MP left PPBM and joins PBB.\n\n^ 1 MP left PSB to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 1 independent MP joins PPBM.\n\n^ 1 MP left PAS to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 2 MPs left PPBM to become independent, aligned with the BN-led government.\n\n^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PBM.\n\n^ 1 MP left PPBM and joins PBB.\n\n^ 2 independent MPs form PBM.\n\n^ 1 MP left PPBM to join PBM.\n\n^ 3 independent MPs join PBM.\n\n^ 1 independent MP forms MUDA.\n\n^ Jugah Muyang, Khairuddin Aman Razali, Masir Kujat\n\n^ 111 needed for simple majority.\n\n^ BN–PN–GPS–PBS–PBM\n\n^ Mahathir Mohamad contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.\n\n^ Mukhriz Mahathir contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.\n\n^ Amiruddin Hamzah contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August 2020.\n\n^ Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Mustapa Mohamed contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 18 September 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 26 October 2018.\n\n^ Rosol Wahid contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Shabudin Yahaya contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Mansor Othman contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Hamzah Zainudin contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Noor Azmi Ghazali contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 24 June 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 28 November 2018.\n\n^ Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 24 June 2018 and became an independent.\n\n^ Ramli Mohd. Noor contested the by-election as a direct Barisan Nasional candidate, after the disqualification of the previous MP, Sivarraajh Chandran, who is also from Barisan Nasional (MIC), due to election offences during the 2018 general election.\n\n^ Saifuddin Abdullah contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Mohamad Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Mohamed Azmin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he was sacked by the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Zuraida Kamaruddin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which she was sacked by the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. She later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Prabakaran Parameswaran contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 13 May 2018.\n\n^ Kamaruddin Jaffar contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined back BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Anwar Ibrahim contested the by-election as a Pakatan Harapan (PKR) candidate and won the seat on 13 October 2018, replacing the incumbent MP Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, who was also from Pakatan Harapan (PKR), who vacated his seat on 12 September 2018.\n\n^ Mas Ermieyati Samsudin contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which she left the party on 1 July 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 13 December 2018.\n\n^ Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined Bersatu on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Syed Saddiq contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent.\n\n^ Shahruddin Md Salleh contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), had his party membership terminated on 20 June 2020 and thus became an independent. He later joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August, 2020.\n\n^ Mohd Rashid Hasnon contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Maszlee Malik contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PPBM), was sacked from the party on 28 May 2020 and thus became an independent. He joined newly formed party PEJUANG in August, 2020. However, on 2 November 2020, he resigned from the party, once again being an independent. He later joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 27 November 2021.\n\n^ Abd. Latiff Ahmad contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 14 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 12 February 2019.\n\n^ Wee Jeck Seng contested and won the by-election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (MCA), replacing the previous MP Md. Farid Md. Rafik, from Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU), following the death of incumbent who died of heart complications on 21 September 2019.\n\n^ Rozman Isli contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 11 October 2018 and joined the Sabah Heritage Party.\n\n^ Abd Rahim Bakri contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.\n\n^ Maximus Johnity Ongkili contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party PBS officially left Barisan Nasional on 12 May 2018.\n\n^ Wilfred Madius Tangau contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party UPKO officially left Barisan Nasional on 10 May 2018.\n\n^ Mohamad Alamin contested the by-election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO). The by-election was called for after the election of the previous candidate Anifah Aman was declared null and void by an election court on 16 August 2019, pending an appeal. The Federal Court dismissed Anifah Aman's appeal on 2 December 2019.\n\n^ Azizah Mohd. Dun contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which she left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.\n\n^ Yamani Hafez Musa contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 to become an independent, and later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 17 September 2019.\n\n^ Jonathan Yasin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Arthur Joseph Kurup contested the general election as a Barisan Nasional candidate, after which his party PBRS officially left Barisan Nasional on 11 May 2018.\n\n^ Ronald Kiandee contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.\n\n^ Zakaria Mohd. Edris contested the general election as a candidate of Barisan Nasional (UMNO), after which he left the party on 12 December 2018 and became an independent, later joined Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) on 14 March 2019.\n\n^ Vivian Wong Shir Yee contested and won the by-election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (DAP), following the death of incumbent Stephen Wong Tien Fatt on 28 March 2019.\n\n^ Willie Mongin contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020. After he applied to join PBB, he accepted as an ordinary member on 6 August 2022.\n\n^ Masir Kujat contested the general election as PRS (Barisan Nasional) candidate, after which he quit and joined PSB on 13 March 2019.\n\n^ Jugah Muyang contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 12 May 2018. He left PKR on 5 June 2020 and became an independent.\n\n^ Ali Biju contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resigned from the party on 24 February 2020 and became an independent. He later joined BERSATU on 22 August 2020.\n\n^ Larry S'ng Wei Shien contested the general election as an independent candidate, after which he joined Pakatan Harapan (PKR) on 12 May 2018. He then resigned from the party on 28 February 2021 and became an independent.\n\n^ Baru Bian contested the general election as a candidate of Pakatan Harapan (PKR), after which he resign from the party on 24 February 2020, becoming an independent, later joining Parti Sarawak Bersatu on 30 May 2020.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malaysia_election_results_map_2018.svg/450px-Malaysia_election_results_map_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Equal-area representation of members of Dewan Rakyat as elected in 2018 by federal constituency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dewan_Rakyat_2018_Equal_Area.svg/450px-Dewan_Rakyat_2018_Equal_Area.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dr_enlarged-01.jpg/600px-Dr_enlarged-01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Malaysia_parliamentary_map_Oct_2020.svg/800px-Malaysia_parliamentary_map_Oct_2020.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Proclamation - Summon the Parliament [P.U. (A) 139/2018]\" (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103065938/http://www.federalgazette.agc.gov.my/outputp/pua_20180613_P.U.%28A%29139.pdf","url_text":"\"Proclamation - Summon the Parliament [P.U. (A) 139/2018]\""},{"url":"http://www.federalgazette.agc.gov.my/outputp/pua_20180613_P.U.%28A%29139.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Representatives Archive List of Members PARLIMEN 14\". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlimen.gov.my/ahli-dewan.html?&uweb=dr&arkib=yes&vol=14&lang=en","url_text":"\"Representatives Archive List of Members PARLIMEN 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia","url_text":"Parliament of Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"Representatives Statistics for the House of Representatives\". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlimen.gov.my/statistik.html?uweb=dr&","url_text":"\"Representatives Statistics for the House of Representatives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia","url_text":"Parliament of Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives\". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlimen.gov.my/tempat-duduk-ahli-dr.html?uweb=dr&","url_text":"\"Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia","url_text":"Parliament of Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia PM Muhyiddin's majority hangs in the balance as Umno MP withdraws backing\". The Straits Times. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-pm-muhyiddins-majority-hangs-in-the-balance-as-umno-mp-withdraws-backing","url_text":"\"Malaysia PM Muhyiddin's majority hangs in the balance as Umno MP withdraws backing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives\". Parliament of Malaysia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlimen.gov.my/tempat-duduk-ahli.html?uweb=dr&","url_text":"\"Representatives Seating Arrangement Of Members Of The House of Representatives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia","url_text":"Parliament of Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Malaysian PM Mahathir and 4 other MPs sacked from Bersatu\". Channel News Asia. 28 May 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061748/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-bersatu-sacked-muhyiddin-12720662","url_text":"\"Former Malaysian PM Mahathir and 4 other MPs sacked from Bersatu\""},{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-mahathir-mohamad-bersatu-sacked-muhyiddin-12720662","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pejuang says will hold party election as soon as RoS gives green light\". Malay Mail Online. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/08/19/pejuang-says-will-hold-party-election-as-soon-as-ros-gives-green-light/1895316","url_text":"\"Pejuang says will hold party election as soon as RoS gives green light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crossover by Umno MPs will boost PPBM's position in PH, say analysts\". Free Malaysia Today. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/02/13/crossover-by-umno-mps-will-boost-ppbms-position-in-ph-say-analysts/","url_text":"\"Crossover by Umno MPs will boost PPBM's position in PH, say analysts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-minister Mustapa Mohamed quits Umno\". Malaysiakini. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/443633","url_text":"\"Ex-minister Mustapa Mohamed quits Umno\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tok Pa joins PPBM\". Free Malaysia Today. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/10/27/tok-pa-joins-ppbm/","url_text":"\"Tok Pa joins PPBM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eleven MPs abandon PKR to form new independent bloc under Azmin\". Malay Mail Online. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/24/eleven-mps-abandon-pkr-to-form-new-independent-bloc-under-azmin/1840376","url_text":"\"Eleven MPs abandon PKR to form new independent bloc under Azmin\""}]},{"reference":"Bernama (22 August 2020). \"Azmin, supporters join Bersatu\". Astro Awani. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/azmin-supporters-join-bersatu-256308","url_text":"\"Azmin, supporters join Bersatu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Noor Azmi, 4 Senator sertai BERSATU\". Syed Umar Ariff, Mohd Iskandar Ibrahim (in Malay). Berita Harian. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2018/11/503144/dr-noor-azmi-4-senator-sertai-bersatu","url_text":"\"Dr Noor Azmi, 4 Senator sertai BERSATU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_Harian","url_text":"Berita Harian"}]},{"reference":"\"Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rates_(tax) | Rates (tax) | ["1 Rates by country","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 Hong Kong","1.4 Ireland","1.5 Israel","1.6 New Zealand","1.7 United Kingdom","1.8 United States","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | Type of property tax
This article is about the property tax system. For the burden ratio at which a business or person is taxed, see Tax rate.
"Ratepayers" redirects here. For the political label, see Ratepayers' Association.
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Rates are a type of property tax system in the United Kingdom, and in places with systems deriving from the British one, the proceeds of which are used to fund local government. Some other countries have taxes with a more or less comparable role, like France's taxe d'habitation.
Rates by country
Australia
Local government authorities levy annual taxes, which are called council rates or shire rates. The basis on which these charges can be calculated varies from state to state, but is usually based in some way on the value of property. Even within states, individual local government authorities can often choose the specific basis of rates – for example, it may be on the rental value of houses (as in Western Australia) or on the unimproved land value (as in New South Wales). These rateable valuations are usually determined by a statutory authority, and are subject to periodic revision.
Canada
Main article: Taxation in Canada § Property taxes
Rates are referred to as property taxes in Canada. These taxes are collected primarily by municipal governments on residential, industrial and commercial properties and are their main source of funding.
Hong Kong
Main article: Rates in Hong Kong
Levied on domestic property as well as non-domestic premises. Prior to 2000, it was used to fund municipal services, the responsibility of the now-abolished Urban Council and Regional Council, through the Urban Services Department and Regional Services Department. The revenue now goes to the Treasury. The bill is issued quarterly.
Ireland
Business rates and domestic rates existed in Ireland as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and were retained after independence. Business or commercial rates are still collected. Fianna Fáil promised to abolish domestic rates in its 1977 general election manifesto, won a landslide, and implemented this with effect from 1979. Local authorities lost 33% of their budget and made cutbacks. From the mid 1980s until 1997, most levied "water charges" to make up part of the shortfall. In 2013 a Local Property Tax (LPT) was introduced, which has been compared to the reintroduction of domestic rates; one difference is that LPT is collected centrally by the Revenue Commissioners before being disbursed to the local authorities.
Israel
Israel has a similar tax known as arnona that goes back to the days of the British Mandate of Palestine. It is levied by the municipality (or, in smaller localities, by the Regional Council based (currently) on the square meterage of dwelling or business. Specific rates vary widely among municipalities, with Jerusalem and Rehovot having the highest rates in the country. In rental dwellings, tenants (rather than owners) generally pay the arnona. Single parents and some forms of economic hardship qualify for discounts or even exemptions.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, rates have provided the major source of revenue for territorial authorities since the late-19th century. Rates are basically a tax on real property. For the year ended June 2005, rates made up 56% of local-authority operating-revenue.
Almost all property owners in New Zealand pay rates; those who do so are referred to as ratepayers. People who rent property do not pay rates directly, but property owners will take account of the cost of rates when they set the rent. As a result, those who rent properties also have an interest in the level of rates, as well as in the services provided by councils using these rates.
Some types of property are exempt from rate levies - government land and rail land, for example. Other categories of property may possibly only be rated at 50% (land used for some types of sports purposes). Māori land - particularly where ownership and therefore liability for rates are hard to establish - can also get special treatment. Exceptions are listed in Schedule 1 Part 1 of the Local Government (Rating) Act 2002.
Territorial authorities may assess property values in three different ways – on the basis of land, annual or capital value – using valuations prepared in accordance with the Rating Valuations Act 1998. The valuation process is overseen by the Valuer-General. Each local authority, after consulting with their community, can decide which basis to use.
Councils can use a mix of these different methodologies when assessing rates based on the value of holdings, for example land value for its general rate and capital value for a targeted rate.
Councils can also levy flat charges per rating unit (i.e. each lot of land, with some exceptions where multiple adjacent lots may be considered one rating unit if in common ownership, or where multiple dwelling-units are on a single lot) - generally called a uniform annual general charge. Other methodologies also exist, such as a charge per toilet bowl or urinal, or a water charge per cubic metre of water supplied.
The Local Government (Rating) Act 2002
is the governing legislation and provides a number of options for setting rates, such that local authorities can use combinations of general rates, targeted rates and/or uniform annual general charges.
United Kingdom
Main article: Rates in the United Kingdom
Rates in the United Kingdom are a tax on property used to provide some of the funding of local government.
Domestic rates, split into regional and district rates, are currently collected in Northern Ireland. They were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Outside Northern Ireland Council Tax is collected instead of domestic rates.
Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom, with different systems in England, in Wales, in Northern Ireland and in Scotland.
United States
Main article: Property tax in the United States
In the US, real estate taxes which are based on a percentage of the property's actual or nominal value are referred to as "property taxes". The term "rates" is not used in this context. Property taxes are the prime funding method for local government (i.e., counties, cities, townships, etc.), and are normally paid by the property owner, regardless of whether the property owner lives on the property.
See also
Property tax
Tax bracket, for income and not for property value
References
^ "Department of Local Government - Frequently asked questions about Rates and Charges". 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14.
^ "Rating and Taxing Valuation". Landgate. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
^ "About Rates". City of Sydney. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^ "Commercial Rates Valuation Process: : Written answers". Dáil debates. KildareStreet.com. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "Local Government (Financial Provisions) Act, 1978". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 19 April 2018.; "Local Government (Financial Provisions) Bill, 1977: Second Stage". Dáil Éireann (21st Dáil) debates. Oireachtas. 8 Jun 1978. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ a b Ryan, Nicky (9 November 2014). "Water charges were scrapped in the mid-'90s, but what exactly happened?". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "Arnona - Jerusalem's Municipal Tax". Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ See http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/ArcAggregator/arcView/frameView/IE12126512/http://www.dia.govt.nz/Agency-Independent-Inquiry-into-Local-Government-Rates-Index at page 8
^ See http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0006/latest/DLM133512.html
^ See, for example, the discussion/explanation on page 9 of http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/ArcAggregator/arcView/frameView/IE12126512/http://www.dia.govt.nz/Agency-Independent-Inquiry-into-Local-Government-Rates-Index
^ Government, Local. "Council funding". www.localcouncils.govt.nz. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^
See http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0006/latest/DLM131394.html? for the most recent reprint of the Act
Sources
Books
Dobson, Alban; Hull, Hubert (1931). The Land Drainage Act 1930. Oxford University Press.
External links
"Rate (taxes)" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Rate" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tax rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate"},{"link_name":"Ratepayers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratepayers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"property tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"This article is about the property tax system. For the burden ratio at which a business or person is taxed, see Tax rate.\"Ratepayers\" redirects here. For the political label, see Ratepayers' Association.Rates are a type of property tax system in the United Kingdom, and in places with systems deriving from the British one, the proceeds of which are used to fund local government. Some other countries have taxes with a more or less comparable role, like France's taxe d'habitation.","title":"Rates (tax)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"statutory authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_authority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Local government authorities levy annual taxes, which are called council rates or shire rates. The basis on which these charges can be calculated varies from state to state, but is usually based in some way on the value of property. Even within states, individual local government authorities can often choose the specific basis of rates – for example, it may be on the rental value of houses (as in Western Australia) or on the unimproved land value (as in New South Wales). These rateable valuations are usually determined by a statutory authority, and are subject to periodic revision.[1][2][3]","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Rates are referred to as property taxes in Canada. These taxes are collected primarily by municipal governments on residential, industrial and commercial properties and are their main source of funding.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urban Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Council"},{"link_name":"Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Urban Services Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Services_Department"},{"link_name":"Regional Services Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Services_Department"},{"link_name":"Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Hong_Kong)"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Levied on domestic property as well as non-domestic premises. Prior to 2000, it was used to fund municipal services, the responsibility of the now-abolished Urban Council and Regional Council, through the Urban Services Department and Regional Services Department. The revenue now goes to the Treasury. The bill is issued quarterly.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"1977 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejournal1770613-6"},{"link_name":"Local authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejournal1770613-6"},{"link_name":"Local Property Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_property_tax_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Revenue Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Business rates and domestic rates existed in Ireland as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and were retained after independence. Business or commercial rates are still collected.[4] Fianna Fáil promised to abolish domestic rates in its 1977 general election manifesto, won a landslide, and implemented this with effect from 1979.[5][6] Local authorities lost 33% of their budget and made cutbacks. From the mid 1980s until 1997, most levied \"water charges\" to make up part of the shortfall.[6] In 2013 a Local Property Tax (LPT) was introduced, which has been compared to the reintroduction of domestic rates; one difference is that LPT is collected centrally by the Revenue Commissioners before being disbursed to the local authorities.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Rehovot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehovot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"Israel has a similar tax known as arnona that goes back to the days of the British Mandate of Palestine. It is levied by the municipality (or, in smaller localities, by the Regional Council based (currently) on the square meterage of dwelling or business. Specific rates vary widely among municipalities, with Jerusalem and Rehovot having the highest rates in the country. In rental dwellings, tenants (rather than owners) generally pay the arnona.[7] Single parents and some forms of economic hardship qualify for discounts or even exemptions.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"territorial authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_authorities"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rates_(tax)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Māori land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Rating) Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Rating)_Act_2002"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Valuer-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Information_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Rating) Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Rating)_Act_2002"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"In New Zealand, rates have provided the major source of revenue for territorial authorities since the late-19th century. Rates are basically a tax on real property. For the year ended June 2005[update], rates made up 56% of local-authority operating-revenue.[8]Almost all property owners in New Zealand pay rates; those who do so are referred to as ratepayers. People who rent property do not pay rates directly, but property owners will take account of the cost of rates when they set the rent. As a result, those who rent properties also have an interest in the level of rates, as well as in the services provided by councils using these rates.Some types of property are exempt from rate levies - government land and rail land, for example. Other categories of property may possibly only be rated at 50% (land used for some types of sports purposes). Māori land - particularly where ownership and therefore liability for rates are hard to establish - can also get special treatment. Exceptions are listed in Schedule 1 Part 1 of the Local Government (Rating) Act 2002.[9]Territorial authorities may assess property values in three different ways – on the basis of land, annual or capital value – using valuations prepared in accordance with the Rating Valuations Act 1998. The valuation process is overseen by the Valuer-General. Each local authority, after consulting with their community, can decide which basis to use.[10]Councils can use a mix of these different methodologies when assessing rates based on the value of holdings, for example land value for its general rate and capital value for a targeted rate.Councils can also levy flat charges per rating unit (i.e. each lot of land, with some exceptions where multiple adjacent lots may be considered one rating unit if in common ownership, or where multiple dwelling-units are on a single lot) - generally called a uniform annual general charge.[11] Other methodologies also exist, such as a charge per toilet bowl or urinal, or a water charge per cubic metre of water supplied.The Local Government (Rating) Act 2002[12]\nis the governing legislation and provides a number of options for setting rates, such that local authorities can use combinations of general rates, targeted rates and/or uniform annual general charges.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rates_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Council Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Tax"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_Scotland"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Rates in the United Kingdom are a tax on property used to provide some of the funding of local government.Domestic rates, split into regional and district rates, are currently collected in Northern Ireland. They were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Outside Northern Ireland Council Tax is collected instead of domestic rates.Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom, with different systems in England, in Wales, in Northern Ireland and in Scotland.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counties, cities, townships, etc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the US, real estate taxes which are based on a percentage of the property's actual or nominal value are referred to as \"property taxes\". The term \"rates\" is not used in this context. Property taxes are the prime funding method for local government (i.e., counties, cities, townships, etc.), and are normally paid by the property owner, regardless of whether the property owner lives on the property.","title":"Rates by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BooksDobson, Alban; Hull, Hubert (1931). The Land Drainage Act 1930. Oxford University Press.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Property tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"title":"Tax bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket"}] | [{"reference":"\"Department of Local Government - Frequently asked questions about Rates and Charges\". 14 February 2008. 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Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2018-03-08a.1716","url_text":"\"Commercial Rates Valuation Process: : Written answers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government (Financial Provisions) Act, 1978\". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1978/act/35/enacted/en/html","url_text":"\"Local Government (Financial Provisions) Act, 1978\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book","url_text":"Irish Statute Book"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government (Financial Provisions) Bill, 1977: Second Stage\". Dáil Éireann (21st Dáil) debates. Oireachtas. 8 Jun 1978. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1978-06-08/48/","url_text":"\"Local Government (Financial Provisions) Bill, 1977: Second Stage\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Nicky (9 November 2014). \"Water charges were scrapped in the mid-'90s, but what exactly happened?\". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejournal.ie/water-charges-scrapped-1996-1997-1770613-Nov2014/","url_text":"\"Water charges were scrapped in the mid-'90s, but what exactly happened?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"}]},{"reference":"\"Arnona - Jerusalem's Municipal Tax\". Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://capitil.com/blog/guide-to-arnona-tax-jerusalem","url_text":"\"Arnona - Jerusalem's Municipal Tax\""}]},{"reference":"Government, Local. \"Council funding\". www.localcouncils.govt.nz. Retrieved 2015-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.localcouncils.govt.nz/lgip.nsf/wpgurl/About-Local-Government-Local-Government-In-New-Zealand-Council-funding","url_text":"\"Council funding\""}]},{"reference":"Dobson, Alban; Hull, Hubert (1931). The Land Drainage Act 1930. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rate (taxes)\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rate_(taxes)","url_text":"\"Rate (taxes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Rate\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II | Ptolemy XI Alexander II | ["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"] | 1st century BC King of Egypt, Ptolemaic Dynasty
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Ptolemy XIPharaohKing of the Ptolemaic KingdomReign80 BCPredecessorBerenice IIISuccessorPtolemy XIIRoyal titulary
ConsortBerenice IIIFatherPtolemy X Alexander IMotherCleopatra Selene
Ptolemy XI Alexander II (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a few days in 80 BC. He was a son of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Cleopatra Selene.
Biography
Ptolemy XI was born to Ptolemy X Alexander I and supposedly Cleopatra Selene.
His uncle Ptolemy IX Lathryos died in 81 BC or 80 BC, leaving only his sole legitimate daughter as his heir, and so Cleopatra Berenice (= Berenice III) ruled alone for a time. Rome's Sulla wanted a pro-Roman ruler on the throne, and sent the young son of Ptolemy X to Egypt, displaying Ptolemy Alexander's will in Rome as supposed justification for this obvious interference.
The will also apparently required Ptolemy XI to marry Berenice III, who was his stepmother, cousin, and possible half-sister.
Nineteen days after the marriage, Ptolemy murdered his bride for unknown reasons, an unwise move since Berenice was very popular. Ptolemy was soon lynched by the citizens of Alexandria.
He was succeeded by his cousin Ptolemy XII, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX.
Notes
^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").
References
Peter Green, Alexander to Actium (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 553–554 ISBN 0-520-05611-6
^ Llewellyn Jones, Lloyd (2013) . "Cleopatra Selene". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.
External links
Ptolemy XI Alexander II entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: ? Died: 80 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byBerenice III
Pharaoh of Egypt 80 BCwith Berenice III
Succeeded byPtolemy XII
vteHellenistic rulersArgeads
Philip II
Alexander III the Great
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV
Antipatrids
Cassander
Philip IV
Alexander V
Antipater II
Antipater Etesias
Sosthenes
Antigonids
Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Demetrius I Poliorcetes
Antigonus II Gonatas
Demetrius II Aetolicus
Antigonus III Doson
Philip V
Perseus
Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy Keraunos
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Cleopatra I Syra (regent)
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Cleopatra III
Ptolemy IX Lathyros
Ptolemy X Alexander
Berenice III
Ptolemy XI Alexander
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
Berenice IV Epiphanea
Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemy XIV
Cleopatra VII Philopator
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene
Magas
Berenice II
Demetrius the Fair
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Ptolemy Apion
Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids
Seleucus I Nicator
Antiochus I Soter
Antiochus II Theos
Seleucus II Callinicus
Seleucus III Ceraunus
Antiochus III the Great
Seleucus IV Philopator
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus V Eupator
Demetrius I Soter
Alexander I Balas
Demetrius II Nicator
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Diodotus Tryphon
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Alexander II Zabinas
Cleopatra Thea
Seleucus V Philometor
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Antiochus X Eusebes
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Demetrius III Eucaerus
Philip I Philadelphus
Antiochus XII Dionysus
Cleopatra Selene I
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids
Lysimachus
Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids
Philetaerus
Eumenes I
Attalus I
Eumenes II
Attalus II
Attalus III
Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians
Diodotus I
Diodotus II
Euthydemus I
Demetrius I
Euthydemus II
Antimachus I
Pantaleon
Agathocles
Demetrius II
Eucratides I
Plato
Eucratides II
Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks
Demetrius I
Antimachus I
Pantaleon
Agathocles
Apollodotus I
Demetrius II
Antimachus II
Menander I
Zoilos I
Agathokleia
Lysias
Strato I
Antialcidas
Heliokles II
Polyxenos
Demetrius III
Philoxenus
Diomedes
Amyntas
Epander
Theophilos
Peukolaos
Thraso
Nicias
Menander II
Artemidoros
Hermaeus
Archebius
Telephos
Apollodotus II
Hippostratos
Dionysios
Zoilos II
Apollophanes
Strato II
Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia
Boteiras
Bas
Zipoetes I
Nicomedes I
Zipoetes II
Etazeta (regent)
Ziaelas
Prusias I
Prusias II
Nicomedes II
Nicomedes III
Nicomedes IV
Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus
Mithridates I Ctistes
Ariobarzanes
Mithridates II
Mithridates III
Pharnaces I
Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice
Mithridates V Euergetes
Mithridates VI Eupator
Pharnaces II
Darius
Arsaces
Polemon I
Pythodorida
Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene
Ptolemaeus
Sames II
Mithridates I
Antiochus I
Mithridates II
Antiochus II
Mithridates III
Antiochus III
Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia
Ariarathes I
Ariarathes II
Ariamnes II
Ariarathes III
Ariarathes IV
Ariarathes V
Orophernes
Ariarathes VI
Ariarathes VII
Ariarathes VIII
Ariarathes IX
Ariobarzanes I
Ariobarzanes II
Ariobarzanes III
Ariarathes X
Archelaus
Monarchs of theCimmerian Bosporus
Paerisades I
Satyros II
Prytanis
Eumelos
Spartokos III
Hygiainon (regent)
Paerisades II
Spartokos IV
Leukon II
Spartokos V
Kamasarye
Paerisades III
Paerisades IV
Paerisades V
Mithridates I
Pharnaces
Asander with Dynamis
Mithridates II
Asander with Dynamis
Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis
Dynamis with Polemon
Polemon
Aspurgus
Gepaepyris
Mithridates III
Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus
Admetus
Tharrhypas
Alcetas I
Neoptolemus I
Arybbas
Alexander I
Aeacides
Neoptolemus II
Alcetas II
Pyrrhus I
Alexander II
Olympias II (regent)
Pyrrhus II
Ptolemy
Pyrrhus III
Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.
vtePharaohsProtodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Protodynastic(pre-3150 BC)Lower
Hedju Hor
Ny-Hor
Ni-Neith
Hat-Hor
Pu
Hsekiu
Khayu
Tiu
Thesh
Neheb
Wazner
Mekh
A
Double Falcon
Wash
Upper
A
Finger Snail
Fish
Pen-Abu
Stork
Bull
Scorpion I
Shendjw
Iry-Hor
Ka
Scorpion II
Narmer / Menes
Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC)I
Narmer / Menes
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Sneferka
Horus Bird
II
Hotepsekhemwy
Nebra
Nynetjer
Ba
Nubnefer
Horus Sa
Weneg-Nebty
Wadjenes
Senedj
Seth-Peribsen
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Neferkara I
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III
Djoser
Sekhemkhet
Sanakht
Nebka
Khaba
Sedjes
Qahedjet
Huni
IV
Snefru
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Bikheris
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Thamphthis
V
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Shepseskare
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
VI
Teti
Userkare
Pepi I
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Pepi II
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Netjerkare Siptah
Neferka
Nefer
1st Intermediate(2181–2040 BC)VII/VIII
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare III Neby
Djedkare Shemai
Neferkare IV Khendu
Merenhor
Neferkamin
Nikare
Neferkare V Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Iby
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare
Wadjkare
Khuiqer
Khui
Iytjenu
IX
Meryibre Khety
Neferkare VII
Nebkaure Khety
Setut
Imhotep
X
Meryhathor
Neferkare VIII
Wahkare Khety
Merykare
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC)XI
Mentuhotep I
Intef I
Intef II
Intef III
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Nubia
Segerseni
Qakare Ini
Iyibkhentre
XII
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Sobekneferu♀
Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC)XIII
Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
Sonbef
Nerikare
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre
Iufni
Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
Semenkare Nebnuni
Sehetepibre
Sewadjkare
Nedjemibre
Khaankhre Sobekhotep
Renseneb
Hor
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
Djedkheperew
Sebkay
Sedjefakare
Wegaf
Khendjer
Imyremeshaw
Sehetepkare Intef
Seth Meribre
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I
Sihathor
Sobekhotep IV
Merhotepre Sobekhotep
Khahotepre Sobekhotep
Wahibre Ibiau
Merneferre Ay
Merhotepre Ini
Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Mersekhemre Ined
Sewadjkare Hori
Merkawre Sobekhotep
Mershepsesre Ini II
Sewahenre Senebmiu
Merkheperre
Merkare
Sewadjare Mentuhotep
Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV
Yakbim Sekhaenre
Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
Qareh Khawoserre
'Ammu Ahotepre
Maaibre Sheshi
Nehesy
Khakherewre
Nebefawre
Sehebre
Merdjefare
Sewadjkare III
Nebdjefare
Nebsenre
Sekheperenre
Bebnum
'Apepi
Nuya
Wazad
Sheneh
Shenshek
Khamure
Yakareb
Yaqub-Har
XV
Sharek
Semqen
'Aper-'Anati
Salitis
Sakir-Har
Khyan
Yanassi
Apepi
Khamudi
XVI
Djehuti
Sobekhotep VIII
Neferhotep III
Mentuhotepi
Nebiryraw I
Nebiriau II
Semenre
Bebiankh
Sekhemre Shedwast
Dedumose I
Dedumose II
Montuemsaf
Merankhre Mentuhotep
Senusret IV
Pepi III
Abydos
Senebkay
Wepwawetemsaf
Pantjeny
Snaaib
XVII
Rahotep
Nebmaatre
Sobekemsaf I
Sobekemsaf II
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Kamose
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)PeriodDynastyPharaohs (malefemale♀)uncertainNew Kingdom(1550–1070 BC)XVIII
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Hatshepsut♀
Thutmose III
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Neferneferuaten♀
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
XIX
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret♀
XX
Setnakhte
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses V
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses VIII
Ramesses IX
Ramesses X
Ramesses XI
3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC)XXI
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun
Herihor
Piankh
Pinedjem I
Masaharta
Djedkhonsuefankh
Menkheperre
Smendes II
Pinedjem II
Psusennes III
XXII
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Shoshenq II
Tutkheperre Shoshenq
Takelot I
Osorkon II
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq IV
Pami
Shoshenq V
Pedubast II
Osorkon IV
XXIII
Harsiese A
Takelot II
Pedubast I
Iuput I
Shoshenq VI
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Rudamun
Shoshenq VII
Menkheperre Ini
XXIV
Tefnakht
Bakenranef
XXV
Piye
Shebitku
Shabaka
Taharqa
Tanutamun
Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Late(664–332 BC)XXVI
Ammeris
Tefnakht II
Nekauba
Necho I
Psamtik I
Necho II
Psamtik II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtik III
XXVII
Cambyses II
Petubastis III
Darius I
Psammetichus IV
Xerxes
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
XXVIII
Amyrtaeus
XXIX
Nepherites I
Hakor
Psammuthes
Nepherites II
Muthis
XXX
Nectanebo I
Teos
Nectanebo II
XXXI
Artaxerxes III
Khabash
Arses
Darius III
Hellenistic(332–30 BC)Argead
Alexander the Great
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV
Ptolemaic
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Arsinoe II♀
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Berenice II Euergetes♀
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Arsinoe III Philopator♀
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Cleopatra I Syra♀
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra II♀
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
Cleopatra III♀
Ptolemy IX Soter
Cleopatra IV♀
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Berenice III♀
Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Cleopatra V♀
Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀
Cleopatra VII Philopator♀
Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
Arsinoe IV♀
Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Roman Period (30 BC–313 AD)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Roman(30 BC–313 AD)XXXIV
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Galba
Otho
Vitellius
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius
Commodus
Pertinax
Pescennius Niger
Septimius Severus
Geta
Caracalla
Macrinus
Diadumenian
Elagabalus
Severus Alexander
Maximinus Thrax
Gordian I
Gordian II
Pupienus
Balbinus
Gordian III
Philip
Decius
Trebonianus Gallus
Aemilianus
Valerian
Macrianus Minor
Quietus
Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
Gallienus
Claudius Gothicus
Quintillus
Aurelian
Tacitus
Probus
Carus
Carinus
Numerian
Diocletian
Maximian
Galerius
Maximinus Daza
Dynastic genealogies
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
11th
12th
18th
19th
20th
21st to 23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
30th
31st
Argead
Ptolemaic
List of pharaohs
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy X Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria"}],"text":"Ptolemy XI Alexander II[note 1] (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a few days in 80 BC. He was a son of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Cleopatra Selene.","title":"Ptolemy XI Alexander II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemy X Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla"},{"link_name":"Berenice III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_of_Egypt"}],"text":"Ptolemy XI was born to Ptolemy X Alexander I and supposedly Cleopatra Selene.[1]\nHis uncle Ptolemy IX Lathryos died in 81 BC or 80 BC, leaving only his sole legitimate daughter as his heir, and so Cleopatra Berenice (= Berenice III) ruled alone for a time. Rome's Sulla wanted a pro-Roman ruler on the throne, and sent the young son of Ptolemy X to Egypt, displaying Ptolemy Alexander's will in Rome as supposed justification for this obvious interference.The will also apparently required Ptolemy XI to marry Berenice III, who was his stepmother, cousin, and possible half-sister. \nNineteen days after the marriage, Ptolemy murdered his bride for unknown reasons, an unwise move since Berenice was very popular. Ptolemy was soon lynched by the citizens of Alexandria.He was succeeded by his cousin Ptolemy XII, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. \"Philopator\").","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Llewellyn Jones, Lloyd (2013) [2012]. \"Cleopatra Selene\". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17935-5","url_text":"978-1-405-17935-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://virtualreligion.net/iho/ptolemy_11.html","external_links_name":"Ptolemy XI Alexander II"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5687150325540010090006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372662","external_links_name":"ULAN"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season | 2002–03 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season | ["1 Squad at the start of the season","2 Review","3 Squad at the end of the season","4 Results","4.1 Division Two","4.2 FA Cup","4.3 Worthington Cup","4.4 LDV Vans Trophy","5 Appearances and goals","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2002–03 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Huddersfield Town 2002–03 football seasonHuddersfield Town2002–03 seasonChairmanDavid TaylorManagerMick Wadsworth (until 26 March 2003) Mel Machin (from 27 March 2003)Division Two22nd (relegated)FA CupFirst round(knocked out by Swindon Town)League CupSecond round(knocked out by Burnley)League TrophyFirst round(knocked out by Wrexham)Top goalscorerLeague: Martin Smith (17)All: Martin Smith (17)Highest home attendance13,769 vs Wigan Athletic (19 April 2003)Lowest home attendance3,810 vs Darlington (10 September 2002)Biggest win4–0 vs Chesterfield (5 April 2003)Biggest defeat0–4 vs Oldham Athletic (28 September 2002)0–4 vs Cardiff City (29 December 2003)1–5 vs Port Vale (26 April 2003)
Home colours
Away colours
← 2001–022003–04 →
Huddersfield Town's 2002–03 campaign saw them relegated to the bottom division for the first time since the 1979–80 season. Huddersfield endured a dreadful season under Mick Wadsworth. That season saw Wadsworth sacked twice, but on the first attempt of him being sacked, he was re-hired because the club couldn't pay him off. Mel Machin took over for the last month of the season, but couldn't stop the Terriers relegating to the Football League Third Division. Town's main worry during the season was administration, which nearly saw the club liquidated.
Squad at the start of the season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
ENG
Scott Bevan (on loan from Southampton)
2
DF
WAL
Steve Jenkins
4
DF
ENG
Nathan Clarke
5
DF
ENG
Adie Moses
6
MF
ENG
Chris Holland
7
MF
ENG
Danny Schofield
8
MF
ENG
Kenny Irons
9
FW
ENG
Andy Booth
10
MF
USA
John Thorrington
11
MF
ENG
Simon Baldry
14
FW
ENG
Jon Stead
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
15
FW
AUS
Scott McDonald (on loan from Southampton)
17
DF
ENG
Eddie Youds
19
FW
ENG
Martin Smith
20
DF
IRL
Thomas Heary
22
DF
CAN
Kevin Sharp
23
DF
ENG
Jon Dyson
27
DF
ENG
Nat Brown
28
DF
ENG
Paul Scott
29
MF
ENG
Jon Worthington
31
FW
ENG
Paul Macari
33
MF
IRL
Dwayne Mattis
Review
Mick Wadsworth was appointed manager of the Terriers during the close season with many people predicting Town would have as good a season as the previous season, which saw them lose in the play-offs to Brentford, but Wadsworth's new 4-3-3 formation wasn't pleasing fans and players alike. During the early part of the season, Town had a run of scoring 1 goal in 6 matches. The only highlight of the early part of the season was taking Division 1 Burnley to extra time in the second round of the Worthington Cup, before losing 1–0.
Christmas and New Year also bore little joy to the Terriers and went on a run of 5 losses from 6, before a mini revival which saw them unbeaten in 5 matches, before another dip which saw them lose another 5 in 6. That saw Wadsworth lose his job in late March, which then saw Mel Machin take over as caretaker manager and after managing to draw with eventual champions Wigan Athletic, many thought that Town might survive, but bad consecutive losses to Stockport County and Port Vale saw Town go down.
Squad at the end of the season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
4
DF
ENG
Nathan Clarke
5
DF
ENG
Adie Moses
6
MF
ENG
Chris Holland
7
MF
ENG
Danny Schofield
8
MF
ENG
Kenny Irons
9
FW
ENG
Andy Booth
10
MF
USA
John Thorrington
11
MF
ENG
Simon Baldry
12
FW
PER
Gianfranco Labarthe Tome
14
FW
ENG
Jon Stead
15
DF
IRL
Jason Gavin (on loan from Middlesbrough)
17
DF
ENG
Eddie Youds
19
FW
ENG
Martin Smith
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
20
DF
IRL
Thomas Heary
22
DF
CAN
Kevin Sharp
23
DF
ENG
Jon Dyson
27
DF
ENG
Nat Brown
28
DF
ENG
Paul Scott
29
MF
ENG
Jon Worthington
31
FW
ENG
Paul Macari
33
MF
IRL
Dwayne Mattis
35
GK
ENG
Phil Senior
37
DF
ENG
John McCombe
38
DF
ENG
David Mirfin
40
GK
ENG
Andrew Jeffery
Results
Division Two
Date
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF - A
Scorers
Attendance
Leagueposition
10 August 2002
Brentford
H
0 - 2
9,635
23rd
13 August 2002
Plymouth Argyle
A
1 - 2
Thorrington
8,953
21st
17 August 2002
Peterborough United
A
1 - 0
Mattis
5,205
19th
24 August 2002
Crewe Alexandra
H
1 - 1
Booth
8,467
18th
26 August 2002
Tranmere Rovers
A
1 - 2
McDonald
7,534
19th
31 August 2002
Blackpool
H
0 - 0
9,506
20th
7 September 2002
Barnsley
H
1 - 0
Smith
11,989
17th
14 September 2002
Northampton Town
A
0 - 0
4,679
17th
17 September 2002
Queens Park Rangers
A
0 - 3
11,010
18th
21 September 2002
Luton Town
H
0 - 1
9,249
21st
28 September 2002
Oldham Athletic
A
0 - 4
7,643
23rd
5 October 2002
Port Vale
H
2 - 2
Smith , Baldry
9,091
22nd
12 October 2002
Notts County
H
3 - 0
Stead , Moses
9,984
19th
19 October 2002
Mansfield Town
A
2 - 0
Smith
4,998
17th
26 October 2002
Colchester United
H
1 - 1
Stead
8,924
16th
29 October 2002
Bristol City
A
0 - 1
11,494
17th
2 November 2002
Cheltenham Town
A
0 - 1
4,322
19th
9 November 2002
Wycombe Wanderers
H
0 - 0
8,695
20th
23 November 2002
Swindon Town
H
2 - 3
Smith , Stead
8,334
22nd
30 November 2002
Chesterfield
A
0 - 1
4,194
23rd
14 December 2002
Stockport County
H
2 - 1
Smith
7,978
22nd
21 December 2002
Wigan Athletic
A
0 - 1
6,013
23rd
26 December 2002
Tranmere Rovers
H
1 - 2
Smith
11,002
24th
29 December 2002
Cardiff City
A
0 - 4
13,703
24th
1 January 2003
Blackpool
A
1 - 1
Booth
7,184
24th
11 January 2003
Peterborough United
H
0 - 1
9,022
24th
18 January 2003
Crewe Alexandra
A
0 - 1
5,819
24th
25 January 2003
Cardiff City
H
1 - 0
Booth
9,462
23rd
4 February 2003
Plymouth Argyle
H
1 - 0
Smith
7,294
24th
8 February 2003
Wycombe Wanderers
A
0 - 0
5,886
23rd
15 February 2003
Cheltenham Town
H
3 - 3
Irons , Smith
9,309
23rd
22 February 2003
Barnsley
A
1 - 0
Booth
12,474
21st
25 February 2003
Brentford
A
0 - 1
4,366
21st
1 March 2003
Northampton Town
H
2 - 0
Baldry , Smith
9,661
19th
4 March 2003
Queens Park Rangers
H
0 - 3
8,695
20th
8 March 2003
Luton Town
A
0 - 3
6,122
21st
15 March 2003
Colchester United
A
0 - 2
3,835
23rd
18 March 2003
Mansfield Town
H
1 - 1
Smith
8,756
24th
22 March 2003
Bristol City
H
1 - 2
Smith
9,467
24th
29 March 2003
Notts County
A
2 - 3
Booth , Schofield
5,872
24th
5 April 2003
Chesterfield
H
4 - 0
Smith , Stead
9,098
22nd
12 April 2003
Swindon Town
A
1 - 0
Smith
4,760
22nd
19 April 2003
Wigan Athletic
H
0 - 0
13,769
22nd
21 April 2003
Stockport County
A
1 - 2
Booth
7,159
22nd
26 April 2003
Port Vale
A
1 - 5
Gavin
5,925
22nd
3 May 2003
Oldham Athletic
H
1 - 1
Schofield
11,271
22nd
FA Cup
Date
Round
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF - A
Scorers
Attendance
16 November 2002
Round 1
Swindon Town
A
0 - 1
4,210
Worthington Cup
Date
Round
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF - A
Scorers
Attendance
10 September 2002
Round 1
Darlington
H
2 - 0
Baldry , Clarke
3,810
1 October 2002
Round 2
Burnley
H
0 - 1 (aet, 90 mins: 0 - 0)
5,887
LDV Vans Trophy
Date
Round
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF - A
Scorers
Attendance
22 October 2002
Round 1
Wrexham
A
1 - 2
Mattis
1,350
Appearances and goals
Squad No.
Name
Nation
Position
League Apps
League Goals
FA Cup Apps
FA Cup Goals
League Cup Apps
League Cup Goals
FLT Apps
FLT Goals
Total Apps
Total Goals
1
Scott Bevan
England
GK
30
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
34
0
2
Steve Jenkins
Wales
DF
26
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
29
0
4
Nathan Clarke
England
DF
2 (1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 (1)
0
5
Adie Moses
England
DF
40
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
43
1
6
Chris Holland
England
MF
33 (1)
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
37 (1)
0
7
Danny Schofield
England
MF
25 (5)
2
1
0
2
0
0 (1)
0
28 (6)
2
8
Kenny Irons
England
MF
29 (6)
1
0
0
1
0
0 (1)
0
30 (7)
1
9
Andy Booth
England
FW
32 (1)
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
32 (1)
6
10
John Thorrington
United States
MF
16 (15)
1
0 (1)
0
0 (1)
0
1
0
17 (17)
1
11
Simon Baldry
England
MF
14 (8)
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
17 (8)
3
12
Kevin Gallacher
Scotland
FW
5 (2)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6 (2)
0
12
Gianfranco Labarthe Tome
Peru
FW
0 (3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (3)
0
13
Lee Ashcroft
England
FW
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
14
Jon Stead
England
FW
28 (14)
6
1
0
2
0
1
0
32 (14)
6
15
Jason Gavin
Republic of Ireland
DF
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
15
Scott McDonald
Australia
FW
7 (6)
1
0
0
0 (1)
0
0
0
7 (7)
1
17
Eddie Youds
England
DF
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
19
Martin Smith
England
FW
35 (3)
17
1
0
1 (1)
0
1
0
38 (4)
17
20
Thomas Heary
Republic of Ireland
DF
14 (6)
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
15 (6)
0
22
Kevin Sharp
Canada
DF
38 (1)
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
42 (1)
0
23
Jon Dyson
England
DF
2 (1)
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4 (1)
0
27
Nat Brown
England
DF
36 (2)
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
39 (2)
0
28
Paul Scott
England
DF
2 (11)
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
0
0
2 (12)
0
29
Jon Worthington
England
MF
10 (12)
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
11 (12)
0
31
Paul Macari
England
FW
0 (5)
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
0
0
0 (6)
0
33
Dwayne Mattis
Republic of Ireland
MF
27 (6)
1
1
0
1 (1)
0
1
1
30 (7)
2
35
Phil Senior
England
GK
16 (2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16 (2)
0
37
John McCombe
England
DF
0 (1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
38
David Mirfin
England
DF
0 (1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (1)
0
References
^ "English Football Stats - English League Tables - 2002/03 - Tiers 1 - 4". www.englishfootballstats.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
vteHuddersfield Town A.F.C. seasons
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte2002–03 in English football « 2001–02 2003–04 » National teams
UEFA Euro 2004 qualification (Group 7)
Sven-Göran Eriksson
League competitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, play-offs)
Level 5
Football Conference
Levels 6–7
Isthmian League (Premier, One North, One South)
Northern Premier League (Premier, One)
Southern League (Premier, Eastern, Western)
Levels 8–9
Isthmian League (Two)
Combined Counties League (level 8 only)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 9 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)
Kent League (level 8 only)
Midland Alliance (level 8 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 9 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (level 8 only)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 9 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
Cup competitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Community Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
European competitions
Champions League
UEFA Cup
Club seasonsPremier League
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Charlton Athletic
Chelsea
Everton
Fulham
Leeds United
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Southampton
Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United
First Division
Bradford City
Brighton & Hove Albion
Burnley
Coventry City
Crystal Palace
Derby County
Grimsby Town
Gillingham
Ipswich Town
Leicester City
Millwall
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Portsmouth
Preston North End
Reading
Rotherham United
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Stoke City
Walsall
Watford
Wimbledon
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Second Division
Barnsley
Blackpool
Brentford
Bristol City
Cardiff City
Cheltenham Town
Chesterfield
Colchester United
Crewe Alexandra
Huddersfield Town
Luton Town
Mansfield Town
Northampton Town
Notts County
Oldham Athletic
Peterborough United
Plymouth Argyle
Port Vale
Queens Park Rangers
Stockport County
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Wigan Athletic
Wycombe Wanderers
Third Division
Boston United
Bournemouth
Bristol Rovers
Bury
Cambridge United
Carlisle United
Darlington
Exeter City
Hartlepool United
Hull City
Kidderminster Harriers
Leyton Orient
Lincoln City
Macclesfield Town
Oxford United
Rochdale
Rushden & Diamonds
Scunthorpe United
Shrewsbury Town
Southend United
Swansea City
Torquay United
Wrexham
York City
Non-League
Yeovil Town
Summer 2002 transfers
Winter 2002–03 transfers
Summer 2003 transfers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the 1979–80 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979-80_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Mick Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Wadsworth"},{"link_name":"Mel Machin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Machin"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(law)"},{"link_name":"liquidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation"}],"text":"Huddersfield Town 2002–03 football seasonHuddersfield Town's 2002–03 campaign saw them relegated to the bottom division for the first time since the 1979–80 season. Huddersfield endured a dreadful season under Mick Wadsworth. That season saw Wadsworth sacked twice, but on the first attempt of him being sacked, he was re-hired because the club couldn't pay him off. Mel Machin took over for the last month of the season, but couldn't stop the Terriers relegating to the Football League Third Division.[1] Town's main worry during the season was administration, which nearly saw the club liquidated.","title":"2002–03 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad at the start of the season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Wadsworth"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Worthington Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year"},{"link_name":"Mel Machin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Machin"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."}],"text":"Mick Wadsworth was appointed manager of the Terriers during the close season with many people predicting Town would have as good a season as the previous season, which saw them lose in the play-offs to Brentford, but Wadsworth's new 4-3-3 formation wasn't pleasing fans and players alike. During the early part of the season, Town had a run of scoring 1 goal in 6 matches. The only highlight of the early part of the season was taking Division 1 Burnley to extra time in the second round of the Worthington Cup, before losing 1–0.Christmas and New Year also bore little joy to the Terriers and went on a run of 5 losses from 6, before a mini revival which saw them unbeaten in 5 matches, before another dip which saw them lose another 5 in 6. That saw Wadsworth lose his job in late March, which then saw Mel Machin take over as caretaker manager and after managing to draw with eventual champions Wigan Athletic, many thought that Town might survive, but bad consecutive losses to Stockport County and Port Vale saw Town go down.","title":"Review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad at the end of the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Division Two","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FA Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Worthington Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LDV Vans Trophy","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances and goals"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"English Football Stats - English League Tables - 2002/03 - Tiers 1 - 4\". www.englishfootballstats.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englishfootballstats.co.uk/League%20Tables/Football%20League%20Only/2002-03.htm","url_text":"\"English Football Stats - English League Tables - 2002/03 - Tiers 1 - 4\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22","external_links_name":"\"2002–03 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222002%E2%80%9303+Huddersfield+Town+A.F.C.+season%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.englishfootballstats.co.uk/League%20Tables/Football%20League%20Only/2002-03.htm","external_links_name":"\"English Football Stats - English League Tables - 2002/03 - Tiers 1 - 4\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburucuy%C3%A1_Department | Mburucuyá Department | ["1 External links"] | Department in ArgentinaMburucuyá Department
Departamento MburucuyáDepartmentlocation of Mburucuyá Department in Corrientes ProvinceCoordinates: 28°03′S 58°13′W / 28.050°S 58.217°W / -28.050; -58.217CountryArgentinaSeatMburucuyáArea • Total961 km2 (371 sq mi)Population (2001 census ) • Total9,012 • Density9.4/km2 (24/sq mi)DemonymmburucuyensePostal CodeW3427Area Code03782
Mburucuyá Department is a department of Corrientes Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a population of about 9,012 inhabitants in an area of 961 km2 (371 sq mi), and its capital city is Mburucuyá, which is located around 1,010 km (630 mi) from Capital Federal (Buenos Aires).
vteDepartments of Corrientes Province
Bella Vista
Berón de Astrada
Capital
Concepción
Curuzú Cuatiá
Empedrado
Esquina
General Alvear
General Paz
Goya
Itatí
Ituzaingó
Lavalle
Mburucuyá
Mercedes
Monte Caseros
Paso de los Libres
Saladas
San Cosme
San Luis del Palmar
San Martín
San Miguel
San Roque
Santo Tomé
Sauce
External links
(in Spanish) Federal website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This article about a place in Corrientes Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mburucuyá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburucuy%C3%A1,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Capital Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Federal"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Departments_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Corrientes.svg"},{"link_name":"Bella Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Vista_Department"},{"link_name":"Berón de Astrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%B3n_de_Astrada_Department"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Curuzú Cuatiá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curuz%C3%BA_Cuati%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"Empedrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedrado_Department"},{"link_name":"Esquina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquina_Department"},{"link_name":"General Alvear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Alvear_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"General Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Paz_Department"},{"link_name":"Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goya_Department"},{"link_name":"Itatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itat%C3%AD_Department"},{"link_name":"Ituzaingó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituzaing%C3%B3_Department"},{"link_name":"Lavalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalle_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Mburucuyá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Department"},{"link_name":"Monte Caseros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Caseros_Department"},{"link_name":"Paso de los Libres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_de_los_Libres_Department"},{"link_name":"Saladas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladas_Department"},{"link_name":"San Cosme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cosme_Department"},{"link_name":"San Luis del Palmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_del_Palmar_Department"},{"link_name":"San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Department,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"San Roque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Roque_Department"},{"link_name":"Santo Tomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce_Department"}],"text":"Mburucuyá Department is a department of Corrientes Province in Argentina.The provincial subdivision has a population of about 9,012 inhabitants in an area of 961 km2 (371 sq mi), and its capital city is Mburucuyá, which is located around 1,010 km (630 mi) from Capital Federal (Buenos Aires).vteDepartments of Corrientes Province\nBella Vista\nBerón de Astrada\nCapital\nConcepción\nCuruzú Cuatiá\nEmpedrado\nEsquina\nGeneral Alvear\nGeneral Paz\nGoya\nItatí\nItuzaingó\nLavalle\nMburucuyá\nMercedes\nMonte Caseros\nPaso de los Libres\nSaladas\nSan Cosme\nSan Luis del Palmar\nSan Martín\nSan Miguel\nSan Roque\nSanto Tomé\nSauce","title":"Mburucuyá Department"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mburucuy%C3%A1_Department¶ms=28_03_S_58_13_W_region:AR_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"28°03′S 58°13′W / 28.050°S 58.217°W / -28.050; -58.217"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235715/http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/municipales/busqueda/amplia_info.asp?ID=COR035","external_links_name":"Federal website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2146937781013832511","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014054705","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mburucuy%C3%A1_Department&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Under_22_team | 22 Under 22 team | ["1 Selection process","2 AFL teams","2.1 2012","2.2 2013","2.3 2014","2.4 2015","2.5 2016","2.6 2017","2.7 2018","2.8 2019","2.9 2020","2.10 2021","2.11 2022","2.12 2023","2.13 Multiple selections","3 AFLW teams","3.1 2017–2019","3.2 2020","3.3 2021","3.4 2022 (S6)","3.5 2022 (S7)","3.6 2023","4 References"] | Australian rules football team
The 22 Under 22 team (stylised as 22under22) is an honorary representative Australian rules football team created by the AFL Players' Association that seeks to recognise the best young talent in the Australian Football League (AFL) and AFL Women's (AFLW) competitions each year. To be eligible for selection, players must be aged 22 or under for the entire season (including finals). An initial squad of 40 is selected by the AFL Players' Board, before fans select a final team of 22 by voting via social media.
Selection process
The 22 Under 22 team is the only AFL award decided by fans. Supporters were asked to pick their best teams via Facebook, or vote for individual players via Twitter.
The concept proved to be popular amongst AFL players, with many high-profile footballers voting and sharing their teams on social media. Current stars Gary Ablett, Drew Petrie, Brad Sewell, Luke Ball, Andrew Swallow and Isaac Smith all selected sides, as did former players Cameron Mooney, Daniel Harford and Warwick Capper.
Several AFL journalists, including Mick Warner and Warwick Green, also voted and shared their teams.
AFL teams
2012
In the lead-up to the first 22 Under 22 team being announced, the AFL Players' Association selected a retrospective side from the 2012 season. Adelaide's Patrick Dangerfield was named captain, while young stars Trent Cotchin, Dayne Beams and Nic Naitanui were amongst those selected.
B
Phil Davis (Greater Western Sydney)
Daniel Talia (Adelaide)
Alex Rance (Richmond)
HB
Dyson Heppell (Essendon)
Jackson Trengove (Port Adelaide)
Callan Ward (Greater Western Sydney)
C
Steele Sidebottom (Collingwood)
Patrick Dangerfield (Adelaide) (c)
Dan Hannebery (Sydney)
HF
David Zaharakis (Essendon)
Jack Darling (West Coast)
Dustin Martin (Richmond)
F
Luke Breust (Hawthorn)
Taylor Walker (Adelaide)
Steven Motlop (Geelong)
R
Nic Naitanui (West Coast)
Trent Cotchin (Richmond)
Dayne Beams (Collingwood)
I/C
Michael Hurley (Essendon)
Jack Redden (Brisbane Lions)
Rory Sloane (Adelaide)
Jeremy Howe (Melbourne)
2013
The inaugural 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2013 "Be the Influence" AFL Players' MVP Awards on 10 September. Essendon midfielder Dyson Heppell was named as the side's captain, with North Melbourne's Jack Ziebell selected as the vice-captain.
Gold Coast had the most players selected of any club, with five Suns being picked in the final team – Jaeger O'Meara, Dion Prestia, Rory Thompson, Tom Nicholls and Trent McKenzie.
Rather than being awarded a medal or trophy, each player selected was presented with a New Era 22 Under 22 cap, designed by former North Melbourne player Daniel Pratt.
B
Brandon Ellis (Richmond)
Rory Thompson (Gold Coast)
Daniel Talia (Adelaide)
HB
Steele Sidebottom (Collingwood)
Jake Carlisle (Essendon)
Trent McKenzie (Gold Coast)
C
Nat Fyfe (Fremantle)
Dyson Heppell (Essendon) (c)
Dan Hannebery (Sydney)
HF
Dustin Martin (Richmond)
Jack Darling (West Coast)
Chad Wingard (Port Adelaide)
F
Luke Breust (Hawthorn)
Jeremy Cameron (Greater Western Sydney)
Steven Motlop (Geelong)
R
Tom Nicholls (Gold Coast)
Jaeger O'Meara (Gold Coast)
Tom Liberatore (Western Bulldogs)
I/C
Aaron Mullett (North Melbourne)
Dion Prestia (Gold Coast)
Jack Ziebell (North Melbourne) (vc)
Michael Walters (Fremantle)
2014
The 2014 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2014 AFL Players Association awards on 9 September. Essendon midfielder Dyson Heppell was named as the side's captain for the second year in a row, with Hawthorn forward Jack Gunston selected as the vice-captain.
Gold Coast had the most players represented in the side, for the second year in a row, with six representatives – Harley Bennell, Kade Kolodjashnij, Steven May, Trent McKenzie, Dion Prestia, and David Swallow.
B
Tom Langdon (Collingwood)
Daniel Talia (Adelaide)
Trent McKenzie (Gold Coast)
HB
Brodie Smith (Adelaide)
Steven May (Gold Coast)
Kade Kolodjashnij (Gold Coast)
C
Luke Parker (Sydney)
Dyson Heppell (Essendon) (c)
Harley Bennell (Gold Coast)
HF
Adam Treloar (Greater Western Sydney)
Jack Darling (West Coast)
Marcus Bontempelli (Western Bulldogs)
F
Chad Wingard (Port Adelaide)
Jack Gunston (Hawthorn) (vc)
Jamie Elliott (Collingwood)
R
Jarrod Witts (Collingwood)
Tom Liberatore (Western Bulldogs)
Dion Prestia (Gold Coast)
I/C
Luke McDonald (North Melbourne)
David Swallow (Gold Coast)
Brandon Ellis (Richmond)
Jake Carlisle (Essendon)
2015
The 2015 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2015 AFL Players Association awards on 15 September. Western Bulldogs forward Jake Stringer was named as the side's captain, with Sydney midfielder Luke Parker selected as the vice-captain.
Greater Western Sydney had the most players represented in the side, with four selections – Jeremy Cameron, Dylan Shiel, Devon Smith, and Adam Treloar.
B
Rory Laird (Adelaide)
Jack Hombsch (Port Adelaide)
Kade Kolodjashnij (Gold Coast)
HB
Adam Saad (Gold Coast)
Jake Lever (Adelaide)
Elliot Yeo (West Coast)
C
Lachie Neale (Fremantle)
Patrick Cripps (Carlton)
Adam Treloar (Greater Western Sydney)
HF
Jake Stringer (Western Bulldogs) (c)
Jesse Hogan (Melbourne)
Luke Parker (Sydney) (vc)
F
Chad Wingard (Port Adelaide)
Jeremy Cameron (Greater Western Sydney)
Tom Lynch (Gold Coast)
R
Brodie Grundy (Collingwood)
Marcus Bontempelli (Western Bulldogs)
Ollie Wines (Port Adelaide)
I/C
Tom Langdon (Collingwood)
Dylan Shiel (Greater Western Sydney)
Brandon Ellis (Richmond)
Devon Smith (Greater Western Sydney)
2016
The 2016 22 Under 22 team was announced on 13 September. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain, with Essendon midfielder Zach Merrett selected as the vice-captain.
B
Rory Laird (Adelaide)
Jacob Weitering (Carlton)
Sam Docherty (Carlton)
HB
Callum Mills (Sydney)
Jake Lever (Adelaide)
Zac Williams (Greater Western Sydney)
C
Zach Merrett (Essendon) (vc)
Patrick Cripps (Carlton)
Stephen Coniglio (Greater Western Sydney)
HF
Isaac Heeney (Sydney)
Jesse Hogan (Melbourne)
Christian Petracca (Melbourne)
F
Jake Stringer (Western Bulldogs)
Joe Daniher (Essendon)
Darcy Moore (Collingwood)
R
Brodie Grundy (Collingwood)
Marcus Bontempelli (Western Bulldogs) (c)
Jack Viney (Melbourne)
I/C
Jack Martin (Gold Coast)
Tim Membrey (St Kilda)
Ollie Wines (Port Adelaide)
Lachie Hunter (Western Bulldogs)
2017
The 2017 22 Under 22 team was announced on 12 September. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain for the second consecutive season, with Essendon midfielder Zach Merrett selected as the vice-captain also for the second consecutive season.
B
Andrew McGrath (Essendon)
Harris Andrews (Brisbane Lions)
Callum Mills (Sydney)
HB
Jayden Hunt (Melbourne)
Jake Lever (Adelaide)
Ryan Burton (Hawthorn)
C
Marcus Bontempelli (Western Bulldogs) (c)
Clayton Oliver (Melbourne)
Josh Kelly (Greater Western Sydney)
HF
Jack Billings (St Kilda)
Charlie Curnow (Carlton)
Jack Martin (Gold Coast)
F
Orazio Fantasia (Essendon)
Eric Hipwood (Brisbane Lions)
Tom Papley (Sydney)
R
Peter Wright (Gold Coast)
Zach Merrett (Essendon) (vc)
Matt Crouch (Adelaide)
I/C
James Sicily (Hawthorn)
Isaac Heeney (Sydney)
Ollie Wines (Port Adelaide)
Daniel Rioli (Richmond)
2018
The 2018 22 Under 22 team was announced on 30 August. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain for the third consecutive season, with Melbourne midfielder Clayton Oliver selected as the vice-captain.
B
Alex Witherden (Brisbane Lions)
Harris Andrews (Brisbane Lions)
Andrew McGrath (Essendon)
HB
Conor McKenna (Essendon)
Tom Doedee (Adelaide)
Jayden Short (Richmond)
C
Angus Brayshaw (Melbourne)
Clayton Oliver (Melbourne) (vc)
Isaac Heeney (Sydney)
HF
Jade Gresham (St Kilda)
Charlie Curnow (Carlton)
Jordan De Goey (Collingwood)
F
Ben Ronke (Sydney)
Eric Hipwood (Brisbane Lions)
Jaidyn Stephenson (Collingwood)
R
Sean Darcy (Fremantle)
Marcus Bontempelli (Western Bulldogs) (c)
Zach Merrett (Essendon)
I/C
Ed Langdon (Fremantle)
Christian Petracca (Melbourne)
Tom Phillips (Collingwood)
Dan Butler (Richmond)
2019
The 2019 22 Under 22 team was announced on 29 August. Brisbane Lions key defender Harris Andrews was named as the side's captain, with Western Bulldogs midfielder Josh Dunkley selected as the vice-captain.
B
Sydney Stack (Richmond)
Harris Andrews (Brisbane Lions) (c)
Callum Mills (Sydney)
HB
Alex Witherden (Brisbane Lions)
Jacob Weitering (Carlton)
Dan Houston (Port Adelaide)
C
Hugh McCluggage (Brisbane Lions)
Clayton Oliver (Melbourne)
Sam Walsh (Carlton)
HF
Connor Rozee (Port Adelaide)
Eric Hipwood (Brisbane Lions)
Liam Ryan (West Coast)
F
Jade Gresham (St Kilda)
Aaron Naughton (Western Bulldogs)
Harry McKay (Carlton)
R
Tim English (Western Bulldogs)
Tim Taranto (Greater Western Sydney)
Josh Dunkley (Western Bulldogs) (vc)
I/C
Wayne Milera (Adelaide)
James Worpel (Hawthorn)
Andrew McGrath (Essendon)
Cameron Zurhaar (North Melbourne)
2020
The 2020 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 September. Essendon midfielder Andrew McGrath was named as the side's captain, with Carlton key defender Jacob Weitering selected as the vice-captain.
B
Jack Lukosius (Gold Coast)
Jacob Weitering (Carlton) (vc)
Jordan Ridley (Essendon)
HB
Hunter Clark (St Kilda)
Noah Balta (Richmond)
Liam Baker (Richmond)
C
Hugh McCluggage (Brisbane Lions)
Andrew McGrath (Essendon) (c)
Sam Walsh (Carlton)
HF
Zak Butters (Port Adelaide)
Aaron Naughton (Western Bulldogs)
Gryan Miers (Geelong)
F
Izak Rankine (Gold Coast)
Max King (St Kilda)
Josh Daicos (Collingwood)
R
Sean Darcy (Fremantle)
Bailey Smith (Western Bulldogs)
Tim Taranto (Greater Western Sydney)
I/C
Nick Coffield (St Kilda)
Andrew Brayshaw (Fremantle)
Adam Cerra (Fremantle)
Ben King (Gold Coast)
2021
The 2021 22 Under 22 team was announced on 26 August. Carlton midfielder Sam Walsh was named as the side's captain, with Fremantle midfielder Andrew Brayshaw selected as the vice-captain.
B
Brandon Starcevich (Brisbane Lions)
Sam Taylor (Greater Western Sydney)
Wil Powell (Gold Coast)
HB
Changkuoth Jiath (Hawthorn)
Jordan Ridley (Essendon)
Isaac Quaynor (Collingwood)
C
Bailey Smith (Western Bulldogs)
Sam Walsh (Carlton) (c)
Jack Lukosius (Gold Coast)
HF
Shai Bolton (Richmond)
Aaron Naughton (Western Bulldogs)
Zac Bailey (Brisbane Lions)
F
Kysaiah Pickett (Melbourne)
Ben King (Gold Coast)
Max King (St Kilda)
R
Luke Jackson (Melbourne)
Andrew Brayshaw (Fremantle) (vc)
Adam Cerra (Fremantle)
I/C
Jaidyn Stephenson (North Melbourne)
Oscar Allen (West Coast)
Tom McCartin (Sydney)
Trent Rivers (Melbourne)
2022
The 2022 22 Under 22 team was announced on 23 August. Fremantle midfielder Andrew Brayshaw was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Sam Walsh selected as the vice-captain.
B
Hayden Young (Fremantle)
Sam De Koning (Geelong)
Nick Blakey (Sydney)
HB
Nick Daicos (Collingwood)
Tom McCartin (Sydney)
Jordan Clark (Fremantle)
C
Noah Anderson (Gold Coast)
Andrew Brayshaw (Fremantle) (c)
Adam Cerra (Carlton)
HF
Connor Rozee (Port Adelaide)
Aaron Naughton (Western Bulldogs)
Jack Ginnivan (Collingwood)
F
Kysaiah Pickett (Melbourne)
Max King (St Kilda)
Izak Rankine (Gold Coast)
R
Luke Jackson (Melbourne)
Sam Walsh (Carlton) (vc)
Bailey Smith (Western Bulldogs)
I/C
Chad Warner (Sydney)
Caleb Serong (Fremantle)
Isaac Quaynor (Collingwood)
Keidean Coleman (Brisbane Lions)
2023
The 2023 22 Under 22 team was announced on 23 August. Collingwood midfielder Nick Daicos was named as the side's captain, with Hawthorn midfielder Jai Newcombe selected as the vice-captain.
B
Nasiah Wanganeen-Milera (St Kilda)
Sam De Koning (Geelong)
Miles Bergman (Port Adelaide)
HB
Nick Daicos (Collingwood) (c)
Hayden Young (Fremantle)
Harry Sheezel (North Melbourne)
C
Errol Gulden (Sydney)
Caleb Serong (Fremantle)
Will Ashcroft (Brisbane Lions)
HF
Mitch Owens (St Kilda)
Jamarra Ugle-Hagan (Western Bulldogs)
Cody Weightman (Western Bulldogs)
F
Kysaiah Pickett (Melbourne)
Jye Amiss (Fremantle)
Josh Rachele (Adelaide)
R
Luke Jackson (Fremantle)
Tom Green (Greater Western Sydney)
Jai Newcombe (Hawthorn) (vc)
I/C
Bailey Smith (Western Bulldogs)
Chad Warner (Sydney)
Will Day (Hawthorn)
Noah Anderson (Gold Coast)
Multiple selections
Marcus Bontempelli: 5 (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)
Aaron Naughton: 4 (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022)
Bailey Smith: 4 (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)
Sam Walsh: 4 (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022)
Andrew McGrath: 4 (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)
Zach Merrett: 3 (2016, 2017, 2018)
Daniel Talia: 3 (2012, 2013, 2014)
Jacob Weitering: 3 (2016, 2019, 2020)
Chad Wingard: 3 (2013, 2014, 2015)
Jack Darling: 3 (2012, 2013, 2014)
Ollie Wines: 3 (2015, 2016, 2017)
Isaac Heeney: 3 (2016, 2017, 2018)
Harris Andrews: 3 (2017, 2018, 2019)
Clayton Oliver: 3 (2017, 2018, 2019)
Callum Mills: 3 (2016, 2017, 2019)
Adam Cerra: 3 (2020, 2021, 2022)
Max King: 3 (2020, 2021, 2022)
Kysiah Pickett: 3 (2021, 2022, 2023)
Luke Jackson: 3 (2021, 2022, 2023)
AFLW teams
2017–2019
No AFLW 22 Under 22 teams were awarded in the 2017 to 2019 seasons. On March 24 the AFLPA announced a retrospective team covering those three seasons.
B
Libby Birch (Western Bulldogs)
Chloe Molloy (Collingwood)
HB
Gabriella Pound (Carlton)
Brianna Davey (Carlton/Collingwood)
Sarah Allan (Adelaide)
C
Emily Bates (Brisbane)
Ebony Marinoff (Adelaide)
Ally Anderson (Brisbane)
HF
Ellie Blackburn (Western Bulldogs)
Tayla Harris (Brisbane/Carlton)
Jasmine Garner (Collingwood/North Melbourne)
F
Sabrina Frederick (Brisbane)
Kate Hore (Melbourne)
R
Emma King (Collingwood/North Melbourne)
Monique Conti (Western Bulldogs)
Madison Prespakis (Carlton)
I/C
Erin McKinnon (Greater Western Sydney)
Shannon Campbell (Brisbane)
Anne Hatchard (Adelaide)
Alyce Parker (Greater Western Sydney)
Danielle Ponter (Adelaide)
Sophie Conway (Brisbane)
2020
The 2020 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 20 April. Collingwood defender Chloe Molloy was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis selected as the vice-captain.
B
Chloe Molloy (Collingwood) (c)
Libby Birch (Melbourne)
HB
Isabel Huntington (Western Bulldogs)
Gabby Newton (Western Bulldogs)
Charlotte Wilson (Carlton)
C
Georgia Patrikios (St Kilda)
Alyce Parker (Greater Western Sydney)
Monique Conti (Richmond)
HF
Georgia Gee (Carlton)
Sabreena Duffy (Fremantle)
Kalinda Howarth (Gold Coast)
F
Roxanne Roux (Fremantle)
Caitlin Greiser (St Kilda)
R
Lauren Bella (Gold Coast)
Madison Prespakis (Carlton) (vc)
Ebony Marinoff (Adelaide)
I/C
Sarah Allan (Adelaide)
Nina Morrison (Geelong)
Jesse Wardlaw (Brisbane)
Jasmine Grierson (North Melbourne)
Eden Zanker (Melbourne)
Sophie Conway (Brisbane)
2021
The 2021 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 20 April. Collingwood defender Chloe Molloy was named as the side's captain for the second consecutive year, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis once more selected as the vice-captain.
B
Nat Grider (Brisbane)
Tahlia Randall (North Melbourne)
HB
Jordyn Allen (Collingwood)
Rebecca Webster (Geelong)
Eleanor Brown (Western Bulldogs)
C
Madison Prespakis (Carlton) (vc)
Georgia Patrikios (St Kilda)
Monique Conti (Richmond)
HF
Courtney Hodder (Brisbane)
Chloe Molloy (Collingwood) (c)
Tyla Hanks (Melbourne)
F
Georgia Gee (Carlton)
Isabel Huntington (Western Bulldogs)
R
Eden Zanker (Melbourne)
Ellie McKenzie (Richmond)
Alyce Parker (Greater Western Sydney)
I/C
Georgia Garnett (Greater Western Sydney)
Jess Fitzgerald (Western Bulldogs)
Sabreena Duffy (Fremantle)
Emma O'Driscoll (Fremantle)
Mikala Cann (Collingwood)
Dakota Davidson (Brisbane)
2022 (S6)
The 2022 (S6) AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 29 March. Richmond midfielder Monique Conti was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis once more selected as the vice-captain.
B
Nat Grider (Brisbane)
Emma O'Driscoll (Fremantle)
HB
Rebecca Webster (Geelong)
Jordyn Allen (Collingwood)
Eleanor Brown (Western Bulldogs)
C
Georgie Prespakis (Geelong)
Alyce Parker (Greater Western Sydney)
Charlie Rowbottom (Gold Coast)
HF
Tyla Hanks (Melbourne)
Eloise Jones (Adelaide)
Georgia Gee (Carlton)
F
Jesse Wardlaw (Brisbane)
Danielle Ponter (Adelaide)
R
Tahlia Hickie (Brisbane)
Monique Conti (Richmond) (c)
Madison Prespakis (Carlton) (vc)
I/C
Ellie Hampson (Gold Coast)
Claudia Whitfort (Gold Coast)
Tarni White (St Kilda)
Isabelle Pritchard (Western Bulldogs)
Shelley Heath (Melbourne)
Lauren Butler (Collingwood)
2022 (S7)
The 2022 (S7) AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 November. Richmond midfielder Monique Conti and Essendon midfielder Madison Prespakis were once again named as the side's captain and vice-captain.
B
Katie Lynch (Western Bulldogs)
Lucy McEvoy (Carlton)
HB
Emma O'Driscoll (Fremantle)
Nat Grider (Brisbane)
Jordyn Allen (Collingwood)
C
Charlie Rowbottom (Gold Coast)
Monique Conti (Richmond) (c)
Abbie McKay (Carlton)
HF
Nina Morrison (Geelong)
Jesse Wardlaw (Brisbane)
Ellie McKenzie (Richmond)
F
Danielle Ponter (Adelaide)
Courtney Hodder (Brisbane)
R
Tahlia Hickie (Brisbane)
Madison Prespakis (Essendon) (vc)
Georgie Prespakis (Geelong)
I/C
Jasmine Fleming (Hawthorn)
Alex Ballard (Port Adelaide)
Tarni Evans (Greater Western Sydney)
Annabel Johnson (Geelong)
Madison Newman (Adelaide)
Eleanor Brown (Western Bulldogs)
2023
The 2023 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 November. Gold Coast midfielder Charlie Rowbottom was named the side's captain, with Geelong midfielder Georgie Prespakis named the side's vice-captain.
B
Daisy D'Arcy (Gold Coast)
Tahlia Gillard (Melbourne)
HB
Gabrielle Newton (Western Bulldogs)
Lucy McEvoy (Sydney)
Tarni Evans (Greater Western Sydney)
C
Georgie Prespakis (Geelong) (vc)
Charlie Rowbottom (Gold Coast) (c)
Nina Morrison (Geelong)
HF
Ella Roberts (West Coast)
Mia Austin (Carlton)
Teah Charlton (Adelaide)
F
Zarlie Goldsworthy (Greater Western Sydney)
Alyssa Bannan (Melbourne)
R
Ally Morphett (Sydney)
Laura Gardiner (Sydney)
Isabel Dawes (Brisbane)
I/C
Ella Heads (Sydney)
Eliza McNamara (Melbourne)
Madison Newman (Adelaide)
Alice O'Loughlin (North Melbourne)
Matilda Scholz (Port Adelaide)
Sophie Van De Heuvel (Essendon)
References
^ Rynne, Nick. "Here are 22 reasons future is bright". The West Australian. The West Australian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Baldwin, Adam. "22under22 is here". AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ AFL Players'. "AFL Players' Facebook page". AFL Players' Official site. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Baldwin, Adam. "22under22 is here". AFL Players' Official site. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ McInerney, Sam. "2013 22under22 Team Announced". AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Baldwin, Adam. "2013 22under22 Team" (PDF). AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ McInerney, Sam. "22under22 team announced". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Baldwin, Adam (9 September 2014). "Dyson Heppell named captain of 2014 AFL Players' Association 22Under22 team". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
^ Beveridge, Riley (15 September 2015). "Jake Stringer named captain of the AFLPA'S '22under22' team". Fox Sports Australia. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ Waterworth, Ben (13 September 2016). "22under22 team revealed: Marcus Bontempelli named captain, Caleb Daniel misses out". Fox Sports Australia. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ Lauren, Wood (12 September 2017). "Western Bulldogs young gun Marcus Bontempelli named captain of the 2017 22Under22 team". herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ "2018 22under22 team unveiled". AFLPA. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ "2019 22under22 team unveiled". AFLPA. 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ "22Under22 side revealed for 2020". AFLPA. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^ "Fans take shine to Dees, Suns". AFLPA. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
^ "Dockers dominate as AFLPA's 22Under22 announced". Australian Football League. 23 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
^ Cotton, Ben (23 August 2023). "No.1 pick's weird snub; 2023's big slide worse than we first thought: AFL's best young team revealed". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ "RETROSPECTIVE AFLW 22UNDER22 SIDE 2017-2019". AFL Players. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ Balmer, Matt (20 April 2020). "Revealed: Full team of best AFLW young stars for 2020". Fox Sports. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ Balmer, Matt (20 April 2021). "Revealed: Trio of Lions stars rewarded with selection in coveted AFLPA 22under22". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ Zita, David (29 March 2022). "Star siblings make AFLW history as 22under22 squad is revealed". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ Zita, David (22 November 2022). "Lions lead all-comers as AFLW 22Under22 side revealed". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ Beaton, Bobby (22 November 2022). "Lions Roar in Season 7 AFLW 22under22 Side". AFL Players Association. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ "STAR CYGNETS LEAD FINAL 22UNDER22". AFL Players' Association Limited. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"AFL Players' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Players%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"AFL Women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Women%27s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 22 Under 22 team (stylised as 22under22) is an honorary representative Australian rules football team created by the AFL Players' Association that seeks to recognise the best young talent in the Australian Football League (AFL) and AFL Women's (AFLW) competitions each year.[1] To be eligible for selection, players must be aged 22 or under for the entire season (including finals). An initial squad of 40 is selected by the AFL Players' Board, before fans select a final team of 22 by voting via social media.[2]","title":"22 Under 22 team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gary Ablett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ablett,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Drew Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Brad Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sewell"},{"link_name":"Luke Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Ball"},{"link_name":"Andrew Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Swallow"},{"link_name":"Isaac Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Smith_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cameron Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Mooney"},{"link_name":"Daniel Harford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Harford"},{"link_name":"Warwick Capper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Capper"}],"text":"The 22 Under 22 team is the only AFL award decided by fans. Supporters were asked to pick their best teams via Facebook, or vote for individual players via Twitter.The concept proved to be popular amongst AFL players, with many high-profile footballers voting and sharing their teams on social media.[3] Current stars Gary Ablett, Drew Petrie, Brad Sewell, Luke Ball, Andrew Swallow and Isaac Smith all selected sides, as did former players Cameron Mooney, Daniel Harford and Warwick Capper.Several AFL journalists, including Mick Warner and Warwick Green, also voted and shared their teams.","title":"Selection process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Patrick Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Trent Cotchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Cotchin"},{"link_name":"Dayne Beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayne_Beams"},{"link_name":"Nic Naitanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Naitanui"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"In the lead-up to the first 22 Under 22 team being announced, the AFL Players' Association selected a retrospective side from the 2012 season. Adelaide's Patrick Dangerfield was named captain, while young stars Trent Cotchin, Dayne Beams and Nic Naitanui were amongst those selected.[4]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVP Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Matthews_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Dyson Heppell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_Heppell"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jack Ziebell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ziebell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jaeger O'Meara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaeger_O%27Meara"},{"link_name":"Dion Prestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Prestia"},{"link_name":"Rory Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Tom Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"Trent McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"New Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Era_Cap_Company"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pratt_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"The inaugural 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2013 \"Be the Influence\" AFL Players' MVP Awards on 10 September.[5] Essendon midfielder Dyson Heppell was named as the side's captain, with North Melbourne's Jack Ziebell selected as the vice-captain.[6]Gold Coast had the most players selected of any club, with five Suns being picked in the final team – Jaeger O'Meara, Dion Prestia, Rory Thompson, Tom Nicholls and Trent McKenzie.Rather than being awarded a medal or trophy, each player selected was presented with a New Era 22 Under 22 cap, designed by former North Melbourne player Daniel Pratt.[7]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFL Players Association awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Players_Association_awards"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Dyson Heppell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_Heppell"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jack Gunston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gunston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns"},{"link_name":"Harley Bennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Bennell"},{"link_name":"Kade Kolodjashnij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kade_Kolodjashnij"},{"link_name":"Steven May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_May"},{"link_name":"Trent McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Dion Prestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Prestia"},{"link_name":"David Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Swallow"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"The 2014 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2014 AFL Players Association awards on 9 September. Essendon midfielder Dyson Heppell was named as the side's captain for the second year in a row, with Hawthorn forward Jack Gunston selected as the vice-captain.[8]Gold Coast had the most players represented in the side, for the second year in a row, with six representatives – Harley Bennell, Kade Kolodjashnij, Steven May, Trent McKenzie, Dion Prestia, and David Swallow.","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFL Players Association awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Players_Association_awards"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Jake Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Stringer"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Luke Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Parker_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Greater Western Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Dylan Shiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Shiel"},{"link_name":"Devon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Smith_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Adam Treloar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Treloar"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The 2015 22 Under 22 team was announced at the 2015 AFL Players Association awards on 15 September. Western Bulldogs forward Jake Stringer was named as the side's captain, with Sydney midfielder Luke Parker selected as the vice-captain.[9]Greater Western Sydney had the most players represented in the side, with four selections – Jeremy Cameron, Dylan Shiel, Devon Smith, and Adam Treloar.","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bontempelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bontempelli"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Zach Merrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Merrett"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"The 2016 22 Under 22 team was announced on 13 September. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain, with Essendon midfielder Zach Merrett selected as the vice-captain.[10]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bontempelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bontempelli"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Zach Merrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Merrett"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"The 2017 22 Under 22 team was announced on 12 September. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain for the second consecutive season, with Essendon midfielder Zach Merrett selected as the vice-captain also for the second consecutive season.[11]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bontempelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bontempelli"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Clayton Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Oliver"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"The 2018 22 Under 22 team was announced on 30 August. Western Bulldogs midfielder Marcus Bontempelli was named as the side's captain for the third consecutive season, with Melbourne midfielder Clayton Oliver selected as the vice-captain.[12]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"Harris Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Josh Dunkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dunkley"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"The 2019 22 Under 22 team was announced on 29 August. Brisbane Lions key defender Harris Andrews was named as the side's captain, with Western Bulldogs midfielder Josh Dunkley selected as the vice-captain.[13]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Andrew McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jacob Weitering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Weitering"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 September. Essendon midfielder Andrew McGrath was named as the side's captain, with Carlton key defender Jacob Weitering selected as the vice-captain.[14]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sam Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Walsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Andrew Brayshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Brayshaw"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"The 2021 22 Under 22 team was announced on 26 August. Carlton midfielder Sam Walsh was named as the side's captain, with Fremantle midfielder Andrew Brayshaw selected as the vice-captain.[15]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Andrew Brayshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Brayshaw"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sam Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Walsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"The 2022 22 Under 22 team was announced on 23 August. Fremantle midfielder Andrew Brayshaw was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Sam Walsh selected as the vice-captain.[16]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Nick Daicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Daicos"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jai Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Newcombe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"The 2023 22 Under 22 team was announced on 23 August. Collingwood midfielder Nick Daicos was named as the side's captain, with Hawthorn midfielder Jai Newcombe selected as the vice-captain.[17]","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple selections","title":"AFL teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"2017–2019","text":"No AFLW 22 Under 22 teams were awarded in the 2017 to 2019 seasons. On March 24 the AFLPA announced a retrospective team covering those three seasons.[18]","title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Chloe Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Madison Prespakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Prespakis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 20 April. Collingwood defender Chloe Molloy was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis selected as the vice-captain.[19]","title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Chloe Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Madison Prespakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Prespakis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"The 2021 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 20 April. Collingwood defender Chloe Molloy was named as the side's captain for the second consecutive year, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis once more selected as the vice-captain.[20]","title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Monique Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Conti"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Madison Prespakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Prespakis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2022 (S6)","text":"The 2022 (S6) AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 29 March. Richmond midfielder Monique Conti was named as the side's captain, with Carlton midfielder Madison Prespakis once more selected as the vice-captain.[21]","title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Monique Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Conti"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Madison Prespakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Prespakis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2022 (S7)","text":"The 2022 (S7) AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 November. Richmond midfielder Monique Conti and Essendon midfielder Madison Prespakis were once again named as the side's captain and vice-captain.[22][23]","title":"AFLW teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Charlie Rowbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rowbottom"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club#AFL_Women's_team"},{"link_name":"Georgie Prespakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Prespakis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"The 2023 AFLW 22 Under 22 team was announced on 22 November. Gold Coast midfielder Charlie Rowbottom was named the side's captain, with Geelong midfielder Georgie Prespakis named the side's vice-captain.[24]","title":"AFLW teams"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rynne, Nick. \"Here are 22 reasons future is bright\". The West Australian. The West Australian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/sport/a/-/afl/18924858/here-are-22-reasons-future-is-bright/","url_text":"\"Here are 22 reasons future is bright\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130916054559/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/sport/a/-/afl/18924858/here-are-22-reasons-future-is-bright/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Adam. \"22under22 is here\". AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/22under22-needs-you/","url_text":"\"22under22 is here\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910072340/http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/22under22-needs-you/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"AFL Players'. \"AFL Players' Facebook page\". AFL Players' Official site. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/AFLPlayers","url_text":"\"AFL Players' Facebook page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181017180234/https://www.facebook.com/AFLPlayers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Adam. \"22under22 is here\". AFL Players' Official site. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/22under22-needs-you/#.UjkNcsanpbS","url_text":"\"22under22 is here\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910072340/http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/22under22-needs-you/#.UjkNcsanpbS","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McInerney, Sam. \"2013 22under22 Team Announced\". AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.UjkvfcanpbQ","url_text":"\"2013 22under22 Team Announced\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121327/http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.UjkvfcanpbQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Adam. \"2013 22under22 Team\" (PDF). AFL Players' Official Website. AFL Players' Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflpa.com.au/images/uploads/2013_22under22_team.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 22under22 Team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219222039/http://www.aflpa.com.au/images/uploads/2013_22under22_team.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McInerney, Sam. \"22under22 team announced\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.UjkMTManpbQ","url_text":"\"22under22 team announced\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121327/http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.UjkMTManpbQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Adam (9 September 2014). \"Dyson Heppell named captain of 2014 AFL Players' Association 22Under22 team\". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenerodomo | Montenerodomo | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 41°59′N 14°15′E / 41.983°N 14.250°E / 41.983; 14.250Comune in Abruzzo, ItalyMontenerodomoComuneComune di MontenerodomoView of MontenerodomoLocation of Montenerodomo
MontenerodomoLocation of Montenerodomo in ItalyShow map of ItalyMontenerodomoMontenerodomo (Abruzzo)Show map of AbruzzoCoordinates: 41°59′N 14°15′E / 41.983°N 14.250°E / 41.983; 14.250CountryItalyRegionAbruzzoProvinceChieti (CH)FrazioniCasale, Fonticelle, Marangola, Schiera, Selvoni, VerlinghieraGovernment • MayorAntonio TamburrinoArea • Total30 km2 (10 sq mi)Elevation1,165 m (3,822 ft)Population (31 March 2017) • Total673 • Density22/km2 (58/sq mi)DemonymMonteneresiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code66010Dialing code0872Patron saintSan Fedele da SigmaringaWebsiteOfficial website
Montenerodomo is a comune and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy. The remote mountain hill town lies within the Maiella National Park.
Montenerodomo is the birthplace of Tommaso F. D'Alessandro, father of former Baltimore mayor Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., and grandfather of Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
See also
Juvanum
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montenerodomo.
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat)
vteAbruzzo · Comuni of the Province of Chieti
Altino
Archi
Ari
Arielli
Atessa
Bomba
Borrello
Bucchianico
Canosa Sannita
Carpineto Sinello
Carunchio
Casacanditella
Casalanguida
Casalbordino
Casalincontrada
Casoli
Castel Frentano
Castelguidone
Castiglione Messer Marino
Celenza sul Trigno
Chieti
Civitaluparella
Civitella Messer Raimondo
Colledimacine
Colledimezzo
Crecchio
Cupello
Dogliola
Fallo
Fara Filiorum Petri
Fara San Martino
Filetto
Fossacesia
Fraine
Francavilla al Mare
Fresagrandinaria
Frisa
Furci
Gamberale
Gessopalena
Gissi
Giuliano Teatino
Guardiagrele
Guilmi
Lama dei Peligni
Lanciano
Lentella
Lettopalena
Liscia
Miglianico
Montazzoli
Montebello sul Sangro
Monteferrante
Montelapiano
Montenerodomo
Monteodorisio
Mozzagrogna
Orsogna
Ortona
Paglieta
Palena
Palmoli
Palombaro
Pennadomo
Pennapiedimonte
Perano
Pietraferrazzana
Pizzoferrato
Poggiofiorito
Pollutri
Pretoro
Quadri
Rapino
Ripa Teatina
Rocca San Giovanni
Roccamontepiano
Roccascalegna
Roccaspinalveti
Roio del Sangro
Rosello
San Buono
San Giovanni Lipioni
San Giovanni Teatino
San Martino sulla Marrucina
San Salvo
San Vito Chietino
Sant'Eusanio del Sangro
Santa Maria Imbaro
Scerni
Schiavi di Abruzzo
Taranta Peligna
Tollo
Torino di Sangro
Tornareccio
Torrebruna
Torrevecchia Teatina
Torricella Peligna
Treglio
Tufillo
Vacri
Vasto
Villa Santa Maria
Villalfonsina
Villamagna
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Abruzzo location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Province of Chieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Chieti"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Maiella National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiella_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Thomas D'Alesandro Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D%27Alesandro_Jr."},{"link_name":"Nancy Pelosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Comune in Abruzzo, ItalyMontenerodomo is a comune and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy. The remote mountain hill town lies within the Maiella National Park.Montenerodomo is the birthplace of Tommaso F. D'Alessandro, father of former Baltimore mayor Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., and grandfather of Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.","title":"Montenerodomo"}] | [] | [{"title":"Juvanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvanum"}] | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montenerodomo¶ms=41_59_N_14_15_E_region:IT_type:city(673)","external_links_name":"41°59′N 14°15′E / 41.983°N 14.250°E / 41.983; 14.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montenerodomo¶ms=41_59_N_14_15_E_region:IT_type:city(673)","external_links_name":"41°59′N 14°15′E / 41.983°N 14.250°E / 41.983; 14.250"},{"Link":"http://www.montenerodomo.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304911456","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montenerodomo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_Over_Memphis | Moonlight Over Memphis | ["1 Recording","2 Promotion","3 Chart performance","4 Track listing","4.1 Weekly charts","5 References"] | 2006 studio album by Marti PellowMoonlight Over MemphisStudio album by Marti PellowReleasedOctober 2, 2006 (UK)Recorded2005–2006StudioRoyal Studios, MemphisGenreSoulLabelDMG TVProducer
Willie Mitchell
Marti Pellow
Marti Pellow chronology
Between the Covers(2003)
Moonlight Over Memphis(2006)
Sentimental Me(2008)
Singles from Moonlight Over Memphis
"Come Back Home"Released: September 2006
Moonlight Over Memphis is the third studio album by Wet Wet Wet frontman Marti Pellow. Released on October 2, 2006, the album spawned the single "Come Back Home".
Recording
Recorded at his own expense, the album saw Pellow re-unite with frequent collaborators Willie Mitchell and Chris Difford, with whom he had written the entirety of his debut album, Smile. Pellow said of the album, "As a listener, you need to commit to this record. You'll get out what you are prepared to put into it. For me, this is as good as it gets."
The album sees Pellow return to his soul roots, drawing comparisons to the Wets' 1988 release The Memphis Sessions, which was also produced by Mitchell.
Promotion
"Come Back Home" was released as the lead and only single from the album, being promoted with a performance on Loose Women shortly before the album's release.
"Let the Sun Walk You Home" has since become the most recognisable track from the album, becoming a regular staple of Marti's live sets, being performed on every tour, up to and including his most recent Greatest Hits Tour, which ran from Sept 2021 until May 2022.
Chart performance
Moonlight Over Memphis debuted at number 15 on the Scottish Albums Chart and at number 27 on the UK Albums Chart. It additionally debuted at number 3 on the UK Independent Albums Chart, spending 11 weeks on that chart.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Still Standing"
Marti Pellow
Willie Mitchell
Thomas Bingham
Pellow
Mitchell
4:392."Can't Stop Loving You"
Pellow
James Hallawell
Pellow
Mitchell
5:003."It's All About"
Pellow
Chris Difford
Lester Snell
Pellow
Mitchell
5:044."Our Love"
Pellow
Difford
Snell
Pellow
Mitchell
4:325."Mend This Heart of Mine/And I Feel"
Pellow
Hallawell
Pellow
Mitchell
4:316."Let the Sun Walk You Home"
Pellow
Hallawell
Pellow
Mitchell
5:107."How Much Love (Hang On)"
Pellow
Difford
Mitchell
Pellow
Mitchell
4:288."I Don't Know Why"
Mitchell
Earl Randle
Pellow
Mitchell
4:169."Come Back Home"
Pellow
Hallawell
Pellow
Mitchell
6:0510."Searching for You"
Pellow
Difford
Mitchell
Pellow
Mitchell
5:01
Weekly charts
2006 weekly chart performance for Moonlight Over Memphis
Chart (2006)
Peakposition
Scottish Albums Chart
15
UK Albums (OCC)
27
References
^ https://www.discogs.com/release/10126759-Marti-Pellow-Come-Back-Home
^ https://www.martipellowofficial.co.uk/album-moonlight-over-memphis
^ "Marti Pellow - Moonlight Over Memphis". 14 October 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
^ "Marti Pellow - Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile". Official Charts. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
Moonlight Over Memphis at AllMusic. Retrieved 22:11, 26 November 2020 (UTC).
vteMarti PellowStudio albums
Smile (2001)
Between the Covers (2003)
Moonlight Over Memphis (2006)
Sentimental Me (2008)
Devil and the Monkey (2010)
Love to Love (2011)
Hope (2013)
Boulevard of Life (2014)
Love to Love, Volume 2 (2015)
Mysterious (2017)
Stargazer (2021)
Dante's Prayer (2022)
Compilation albums
Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile (2002)
Singles
"Close to You"
"I've Been Around the World"
"A Lot of Love"
"Come Back Home"
"It's All About"
"Take a Letter, Miss Jones"
"Devil and the Monkey"
"Don't Know Much"
"Goodbye Sweet Lady"
"Sound of a Breaking Heart"
"Mysterious"
"These are the Days"
"Black Horse"
"Dante's Prayer"
Related bands
Wet Wet Wet
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wet Wet Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Wet_Wet"},{"link_name":"Marti Pellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Pellow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"2006 studio album by Marti PellowMoonlight Over Memphis is the third studio album by Wet Wet Wet frontman Marti Pellow. 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For me, this is as good as it gets.\"[2]The album sees Pellow return to his soul roots, drawing comparisons to the Wets' 1988 release The Memphis Sessions, which was also produced by Mitchell.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loose Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Women"}],"text":"\"Come Back Home\" was released as the lead and only single from the album, being promoted with a performance on Loose Women shortly before the album's release.\"Let the Sun Walk You Home\" has since become the most recognisable track from the album, becoming a regular staple of Marti's live sets, being performed on every tour, up to and including his most recent Greatest Hits Tour, which ran from Sept 2021 until May 2022.","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Moonlight Over Memphis debuted at number 15 on the Scottish Albums Chart and at number 27 on the UK Albums Chart. It additionally debuted at number 3 on the UK Independent Albums Chart, spending 11 weeks on that chart.[3]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marti Pellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Pellow"},{"link_name":"Willie Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mitchell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Difford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Difford"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Still Standing\"\nMarti Pellow\nWillie Mitchell\nThomas Bingham\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n4:392.\"Can't Stop Loving You\"\nPellow\nJames Hallawell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n5:003.\"It's All About\"\nPellow\nChris Difford\nLester Snell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n5:044.\"Our Love\"\nPellow\nDifford\nSnell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n4:325.\"Mend This Heart of Mine/And I Feel\"\nPellow\nHallawell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n4:316.\"Let the Sun Walk You Home\"\nPellow\nHallawell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n5:107.\"How Much Love (Hang On)\"\nPellow\nDifford\nMitchell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n4:288.\"I Don't Know Why\"\nMitchell\nEarl Randle\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n4:169.\"Come Back Home\"\nPellow\nHallawell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n6:0510.\"Searching for You\"\nPellow\nDifford\nMitchell\n\nPellow\nMitchell\n5:01","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Marti Pellow - Moonlight Over Memphis\". 14 October 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/marti-pellow-moonlight-over-memphis/","url_text":"\"Marti Pellow - Moonlight Over Memphis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marti Pellow - Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile\". Official Charts. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/marti-pellow-sings-the-hits-of-wet-wet-wet-smile/","url_text":"\"Marti Pellow - Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/10126759-Marti-Pellow-Come-Back-Home","external_links_name":"https://www.discogs.com/release/10126759-Marti-Pellow-Come-Back-Home"},{"Link":"https://www.martipellowofficial.co.uk/album-moonlight-over-memphis","external_links_name":"https://www.martipellowofficial.co.uk/album-moonlight-over-memphis"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/marti-pellow-moonlight-over-memphis/","external_links_name":"\"Marti Pellow - Moonlight Over Memphis\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/marti-pellow-sings-the-hits-of-wet-wet-wet-smile/","external_links_name":"\"Marti Pellow - Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20061008/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001059233","external_links_name":"Moonlight Over Memphis"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f23e7d37-0c96-3eb5-b570-0cd1f78aab49","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Source | Info Source | ["1 References"] | Info Source is a Government of Canada agency repository of information about or collected by the Canadian government. The purpose of Info Source is to help Canadians to access information available through the Privacy Act and the Access to Information Act. Requests made under the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act must be sent to the Access to Information and Privacy Coordinator at the institution which holds the information. The database is overseen by the Treasury Board Secretariat.
References
^ "Info Source Publications". Info Source. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
This Canadian government–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Info Source"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Info Source Publications\". Info Source. Retrieved 2010-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infosource.gc.ca/index-eng.asp","url_text":"\"Info Source Publications\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.infosource.gc.ca/index-eng.asp","external_links_name":"\"Info Source Publications\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Info_Source&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severo_Bonini | Severo Bonini | ["1 External links"] | Italian composer
Severo Bonini (23 December 1582 – 5 December 1663) was an Italian composer, organist, and writer on music.
He was born in Florence and became a Benedictine monk. He studied singing with Giulio Caccini. He served as organist in Forlì from 1613 and held a number of other posts before returning to Florence in 1640 where he was maestro di cappella and organist at Santa Trinita until his death. He died in Florence.
He published several books of music, including motets and madrigals. He wrote music in the new monodic style. His treatise Prima parte de' discorsi e regole sovra la musica (1649–1650) is an important source of information on contemporary composers and the rise of monody and opera.
External links
Free scores by Severo Bonini at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
RISM
IdRef
This music theory article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an Italian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"organist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Giulio Caccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Caccini"},{"link_name":"Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Santa Trinita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Trinita"},{"link_name":"motets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motet"},{"link_name":"madrigals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(music)"},{"link_name":"monodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monody"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"}],"text":"Severo Bonini (23 December 1582 – 5 December 1663) was an Italian composer, organist, and writer on music.He was born in Florence and became a Benedictine monk. He studied singing with Giulio Caccini. He served as organist in Forlì from 1613 and held a number of other posts before returning to Florence in 1640 where he was maestro di cappella and organist at Santa Trinita until his death. He died in Florence.He published several books of music, including motets and madrigals. He wrote music in the new monodic style. His treatise Prima parte de' discorsi e regole sovra la musica (1649–1650) is an important source of information on contemporary composers and the rise of monody and opera.","title":"Severo Bonini"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/202427/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008156289X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76373611","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRtPDcqccVwd8cKPt9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4431891","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138916659","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138916659","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134333268","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV088882","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007453722805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14059016","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87107024","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040106023&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p165668180","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/96181","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06008016?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c10eb3ff-a0fd-4e7d-8b3e-bf5d41cba63c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30014175","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/163691592","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severo_Bonini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severo_Bonini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_escolar | Longfin escolar | ["1 References"] | Species of fish
Longfin escolar
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Scombrolabraciformes
Suborder:
Scombrolabracoidei
Family:
ScombrolabracidaeFowler, 1925
Genus:
ScombrolabraxRoule, 1921
Species:
S. heterolepis
Binomial name
Scombrolabrax heterolepisRoule, 1921
The longfin escolar, Scombrolabrax heterolepis, also known as the black mackerel, is a widespread but uncommon deep sea fish that presents some difficulties for taxonomy.
It is placed in its own family Scombrolabracidae, but the family's placement in the suborders of Perciformes has included Scombroidei, Percoidei, and Trichiuiroidei, while some authors place it in its own suborder Scombrolabracoidei and even in its own order the Scombrolabraciformes.
The fish bears some resemblance to members of Gempylidae, but has protrusible premaxillae, serrated opercles and preopercles, and a spur on the lowest principal caudal ray, all of which are characteristic of percoids. Its color varies from black to dark brown. This fish is known to grow to 30 cm in length. The body is covered in soft scales which easily slough off when handled. The eyes are large with usually a single pair of elongated teeth in the middle of the top jaw.
The longfin escolar is unique among fishes for having several of its vertebrae hollowed out and filled by evaginations of the gas bladder. It is most often encountered as a bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries.
References
^ Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). "Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
"Scombrolabrax heterolepis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Scombrolabracidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Scombrolabrax heterolepis" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World.
Taxon identifiersScombrolabrax heterolepis
Wikidata: Q1754834
Wikispecies: Scombrolabrax heterolepis
ADW: Scombrolabrax_heterolepis
AFD: Scombrolabrax_heterolepis
BOLD: 53010
CoL: 4VTYG
EUNIS: 125084
FishBase: 4438
GBIF: 2375206
iNaturalist: 317346
IRMNG: 10909231
ITIS: 172366
IUCN: 21132418
NCBI: 372794
NZOR: f7938965-ce14-419f-a98b-7d2abce9be42
Observation.org: 796991
OBIS: 127030
Plazi: 371735A0-05E8-5229-6157-ABD9F63C9D4C
WoRMS: 127030
ZooBank: 4C793199-B898-436F-9FCB-5B8B6CB45F05 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"suborders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder"},{"link_name":"Perciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes"},{"link_name":"Scombroidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scombroidei"},{"link_name":"Percoidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percoidei"},{"link_name":"Trichiuiroidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichiuiroidei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson5-1"},{"link_name":"Gempylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempylidae"},{"link_name":"premaxillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"opercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opercle"},{"link_name":"preopercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preopercle"},{"link_name":"percoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"evaginations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagination"},{"link_name":"gas bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_bladder"}],"text":"The longfin escolar, Scombrolabrax heterolepis, also known as the black mackerel, is a widespread but uncommon deep sea fish that presents some difficulties for taxonomy.It is placed in its own family Scombrolabracidae, but the family's placement in the suborders of Perciformes has included Scombroidei, Percoidei, and Trichiuiroidei, while some authors place it in its own suborder Scombrolabracoidei and even in its own order the Scombrolabraciformes.[1]The fish bears some resemblance to members of Gempylidae, but has protrusible premaxillae, serrated opercles and preopercles, and a spur on the lowest principal caudal ray, all of which are characteristic of percoids. Its color varies from black to dark brown. This fish is known to grow to 30 cm in length. The body is covered in soft scales which easily slough off when handled. The eyes are large with usually a single pair of elongated teeth in the middle of the top jaw.The longfin escolar is unique among fishes for having several of its vertebrae hollowed out and filled by evaginations of the gas bladder. It is most often encountered as a bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries.","title":"Longfin escolar"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). \"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition\" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/home/FotW5Classification.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crnPmFXqnJpmRlpzLSdqx8GmsCmFXNBj8fAYuPuhFBvCfHo4TahH7eM_yruTzHI27nZRRWWJPRR7U9HopPBRlQK8iW_73EG6FVke6aUjl20fgZXiChDnl-xqMl4L2I-wHwV7D4qcPAQI1vSV6YfFYAm5qb7t5w0rJ_ierkZ91ezIvpQ_5f0kSbFiUx-YYGXP1US1GbwSf-G7sRx4XEikm73VqVA0idVnlkaFjzI53bkuIQY0OQ%3D&attredirects=0","url_text":"\"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scombrolabrax heterolepis\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_group_J2 | Janko group J2 | ["1 History and properties","2 Representations","3 Maximal subgroups","4 Conjugacy classes","5 References","6 External links"] | Sporadic simple group
For general background and history of the Janko sporadic groups, see Janko group.
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vte
In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Janko group J2 or the Hall-Janko group HJ is a sporadic simple group of order
27 · 33 · 52 · 7 = 604800
≈ 6×105.
History and properties
J2 is one of the 26 Sporadic groups and is also called Hall–Janko–Wales group. In 1969 Zvonimir Janko predicted J2 as one of two new simple groups having 21+4:A5 as a centralizer of an involution (the other is the Janko group J3). It was constructed by Marshall Hall and David Wales (1968) as a rank 3 permutation group on 100 points.
Both the Schur multiplier and the outer automorphism group have order 2. As a permutation group on 100 points J2 has involutions moving all 100 points and involutions moving just 80 points. The former involutions are
products of 25 double transportions, an odd number, and hence lift to 4-elements in the double cover 2.A100. The double cover 2.J2 occurs as a subgroup of the Conway group Co0.
J2 is the only one of the 4 Janko groups that is a subquotient of the monster group; it is thus part of what Robert Griess calls the Happy Family. Since it is also found in the Conway group Co1, it is therefore part of the second generation of the Happy Family.
Representations
It is a subgroup of index two of the group of automorphisms of the Hall–Janko graph, leading to a permutation representation of degree 100. It is also a subgroup of index two of the group of automorphisms of the Hall–Janko Near Octagon, leading to a permutation representation of degree 315.
It has a modular representation of dimension six over the field of four elements; if in characteristic two we have w2 + w + 1 = 0, then J2 is generated by the two matrices
A
=
(
w
2
w
2
0
0
0
0
1
w
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
w
2
w
2
0
0
w
1
1
w
2
0
0
0
w
2
w
2
w
2
0
w
w
2
1
w
2
0
w
2
0
)
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {A} }={\begin{pmatrix}w^{2}&w^{2}&0&0&0&0\\1&w^{2}&0&0&0&0\\1&1&w^{2}&w^{2}&0&0\\w&1&1&w^{2}&0&0\\0&w^{2}&w^{2}&w^{2}&0&w\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&0&w^{2}&0\end{pmatrix}}}
and
B
=
(
w
1
w
2
1
w
2
w
2
w
1
w
1
1
w
w
w
w
2
w
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
w
2
1
w
2
w
2
w
w
2
w
2
1
w
2
w
w
2
w
)
.
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {B} }={\begin{pmatrix}w&1&w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w^{2}\\w&1&w&1&1&w\\w&w&w^{2}&w^{2}&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1&1\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w^{2}&w&w^{2}\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w&w^{2}&w\end{pmatrix}}.}
These matrices satisfy the equations
A
2
=
B
3
=
(
A
B
)
7
=
(
A
B
A
B
B
)
12
=
1.
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {A} }^{2}={\mathbf {B} }^{3}=({\mathbf {A} }{\mathbf {B} })^{7}=({\mathbf {A} }{\mathbf {B} }{\mathbf {A} }{\mathbf {B} }{\mathbf {B} })^{12}=1.}
(Note that matrix multiplication on a finite field of order 4 is defined slightly differently from ordinary matrix multiplication. See Finite field § Field with four elements for the specific addition and multiplication tables, with w the same as a and w2 the same as 1 + a.)
J2 is thus a Hurwitz group, a finite homomorphic image of the (2,3,7) triangle group.
The matrix representation given above constitutes an embedding into Dickson's group G2(4). There is only one conjugacy class of J2 in G2(4). Every subgroup J2 contained in G2(4) extends to a subgroup J2:2 = Aut(J2) in G2(4):2 = Aut(G2(4)) (G2(4) extended by the field automorphisms of F4). G2(4) is in turn isomorphic to a subgroup of the Conway group Co1.
Maximal subgroups
There are 9 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of J2. Some are here described in terms of action on the Hall–Janko graph.
U3(3) order 6048 – one-point stabilizer, with orbits of 36 and 63
Simple, containing 36 simple subgroups of order 168 and 63 involutions, all conjugate, each moving 80 points. A given involution is found in 12 168-subgroups, thus fixes them under conjugacy. Its centralizer has structure 4.S4, which contains 6 additional involutions.
3.PGL(2,9) order 2160 – has a subquotient A6
21+4:A5 order 1920 – centralizer of involution moving 80 points
22+4:(3 × S3) order 1152
A4 × A5 order 720
Containing 22 × A5 (order 240), centralizer of 3 involutions each moving 100 points
A5 × D10 order 600
PGL(2,7) order 336
52:D12 order 300
A5 order 60
Conjugacy classes
The maximum order of any element is 15. As permutations, elements act on the 100 vertices of the Hall–Janko graph.
Order
No. elements
Cycle structure and conjugacy
1 = 1
1 = 1
1 class
2 = 2
315 = 32 · 5 · 7
240, 1 class
2520 = 23 · 32 · 5 · 7
250, 1 class
3 = 3
560 = 24 · 5 · 7
330, 1 class
16800 = 25 · 3 · 52 · 7
332, 1 class
4 = 22
6300 = 22 · 32 · 52 · 7
26420, 1 class
5 = 5
4032 = 26 · 32 · 7
520, 2 classes, power equivalent
24192 = 27 · 33 · 7
520, 2 classes, power equivalent
6 = 2 · 3
25200 = 24 · 32 · 52 · 7
2436612, 1 class
50400 = 25 · 32 · 52 · 7
22616, 1 class
7 = 7
86400 = 27 · 33 · 52
714, 1 class
8 = 23
75600 = 24 · 33 · 52 · 7
2343810, 1 class
10 = 2 · 5
60480 = 26 · 33 · 5 · 7
1010, 2 classes, power equivalent
120960 = 27 · 33 · 5 · 7
54108, 2 classes, power equivalent
12 = 22 · 3
50400 = 25 · 32 · 52 · 7
324262126, 1 class
15 = 3 · 5
80640 = 28 · 32 · 5 · 7
52156, 2 classes, power equivalent
References
^ "The near octagon on 315 points".
Robert L. Griess, Jr., "Twelve Sporadic Groups", Springer-Verlag, 1998.
Hall, Marshall; Wales, David (1968), "The simple group of order 604,800", Journal of Algebra, 9 (4): 417–450, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(68)90014-8, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 0240192 (Griess relates how Marshall Hall, as editor of The Journal of Algebra, received a very short paper entitled "A simple group of order 604801." Yes, 604801 is prime.)
Janko, Zvonimir (1969), "Some new simple groups of finite order. I", Symposia Mathematica (INDAM, Rome, 1967/68), Vol. 1, Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. 25–64, MR 0244371
Wales, David B., "The uniqueness of the simple group of order 604800 as a subgroup of SL(6,4)", Journal of Algebra 11 (1969), 455–460.
Wales, David B., "Generators of the Hall–Janko group as a subgroup of G2(4)", Journal of Algebra 13 (1969), 513–516, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(69)90113-6, MR0251133, ISSN 0021-8693
External links
MathWorld: Janko Groups
Atlas of Finite Group Representations: J2
The subgroup lattice of J2
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Abstract algebra | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janko group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_group"},{"link_name":"group theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory"},{"link_name":"sporadic simple group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_simple_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"}],"text":"For general background and history of the Janko sporadic groups, see Janko group.In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Janko group J2 or the Hall-Janko group HJ is a sporadic simple group of order27 · 33 · 52 · 7 = 604800\n≈ 6×105.","title":"Janko group J2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sporadic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_group"},{"link_name":"Zvonimir Janko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonimir_Janko"},{"link_name":"Janko group J3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_group_J3"},{"link_name":"Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHallWales1968"},{"link_name":"rank 3 permutation group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_3_permutation_group"},{"link_name":"Schur multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier"},{"link_name":"outer automorphism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism_group"},{"link_name":"involutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)#group_theory"},{"link_name":"double cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_groups_of_the_alternating_and_symmetric_groups"},{"link_name":"subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_group#Suzuki_chain_of_product_groups"},{"link_name":"subquotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subquotient"},{"link_name":"monster group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_group"},{"link_name":"Robert Griess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Griess"},{"link_name":"Conway group Co1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_group_Co1"}],"text":"J2 is one of the 26 Sporadic groups and is also called Hall–Janko–Wales group. In 1969 Zvonimir Janko predicted J2 as one of two new simple groups having 21+4:A5 as a centralizer of an involution (the other is the Janko group J3). It was constructed by Marshall Hall and David Wales (1968) as a rank 3 permutation group on 100 points.Both the Schur multiplier and the outer automorphism group have order 2. As a permutation group on 100 points J2 has involutions moving all 100 points and involutions moving just 80 points. The former involutions are \nproducts of 25 double transportions, an odd number, and hence lift to 4-elements in the double cover 2.A100. The double cover 2.J2 occurs as a subgroup of the Conway group Co0.J2 is the only one of the 4 Janko groups that is a subquotient of the monster group; it is thus part of what Robert Griess calls the Happy Family. Since it is also found in the Conway group Co1, it is therefore part of the second generation of the Happy Family.","title":"History and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_subgroup"},{"link_name":"Hall–Janko graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93Janko_graph"},{"link_name":"permutation representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation_representation"},{"link_name":"Near Octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Polygon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"modular representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_representation"},{"link_name":"characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"Finite field § Field with four elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field#Field_with_four_elements"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_group"},{"link_name":"(2,3,7) triangle group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(2,3,7)_triangle_group"},{"link_name":"Dickson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson"},{"link_name":"G2(4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type"},{"link_name":"Conway group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_group"}],"text":"It is a subgroup of index two of the group of automorphisms of the Hall–Janko graph, leading to a permutation representation of degree 100. It is also a subgroup of index two of the group of automorphisms of the Hall–Janko Near Octagon,[1] leading to a permutation representation of degree 315.It has a modular representation of dimension six over the field of four elements; if in characteristic two we have w2 + w + 1 = 0, then J2 is generated by the two matricesA\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n w\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {A} }={\\begin{pmatrix}w^{2}&w^{2}&0&0&0&0\\\\1&w^{2}&0&0&0&0\\\\1&1&w^{2}&w^{2}&0&0\\\\w&1&1&w^{2}&0&0\\\\0&w^{2}&w^{2}&w^{2}&0&w\\\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&0&w^{2}&0\\end{pmatrix}}}andB\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n w\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n 1\n \n \n w\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n w\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n w\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {B} }={\\begin{pmatrix}w&1&w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w^{2}\\\\w&1&w&1&1&w\\\\w&w&w^{2}&w^{2}&1&0\\\\0&0&0&0&1&1\\\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w^{2}&w&w^{2}\\\\w^{2}&1&w^{2}&w&w^{2}&w\\end{pmatrix}}.}These matrices satisfy the equationsA\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n =\n (\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n )\n \n 7\n \n \n =\n (\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n )\n \n 12\n \n \n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {A} }^{2}={\\mathbf {B} }^{3}=({\\mathbf {A} }{\\mathbf {B} })^{7}=({\\mathbf {A} }{\\mathbf {B} }{\\mathbf {A} }{\\mathbf {B} }{\\mathbf {B} })^{12}=1.}(Note that matrix multiplication on a finite field of order 4 is defined slightly differently from ordinary matrix multiplication. See Finite field § Field with four elements for the specific addition and multiplication tables, with w the same as a and w2 the same as 1 + a.)J2 is thus a Hurwitz group, a finite homomorphic image of the (2,3,7) triangle group.The matrix representation given above constitutes an embedding into Dickson's group G2(4). There is only one conjugacy class of J2 in G2(4). Every subgroup J2 contained in G2(4) extends to a subgroup J2:2 = Aut(J2) in G2(4):2 = Aut(G2(4)) (G2(4) extended by the field automorphisms of F4). G2(4) is in turn isomorphic to a subgroup of the Conway group Co1.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conjugacy classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy_class"},{"link_name":"maximal subgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_subgroup"}],"text":"There are 9 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of J2. Some are here described in terms of action on the Hall–Janko graph.U3(3) order 6048 – one-point stabilizer, with orbits of 36 and 63Simple, containing 36 simple subgroups of order 168 and 63 involutions, all conjugate, each moving 80 points. A given involution is found in 12 168-subgroups, thus fixes them under conjugacy. Its centralizer has structure 4.S4, which contains 6 additional involutions.3.PGL(2,9) order 2160 – has a subquotient A6\n21+4:A5 order 1920 – centralizer of involution moving 80 points\n22+4:(3 × S3) order 1152\nA4 × A5 order 720Containing 22 × A5 (order 240), centralizer of 3 involutions each moving 100 pointsA5 × D10 order 600\nPGL(2,7) order 336\n52:D12 order 300\nA5 order 60","title":"Maximal subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The maximum order of any element is 15. As permutations, elements act on the 100 vertices of the Hall–Janko graph.","title":"Conjugacy classes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The near octagon on 315 points\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/graphs/HJ315.html","url_text":"\"The near octagon on 315 points\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Marshall; Wales, David (1968), \"The simple group of order 604,800\", Journal of Algebra, 9 (4): 417–450, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(68)90014-8, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 0240192","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(mathematician)","url_text":"Hall, Marshall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Algebra","url_text":"Journal of Algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-8693%2868%2990014-8","url_text":"10.1016/0021-8693(68)90014-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8693","url_text":"0021-8693"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0240192","url_text":"0240192"}]},{"reference":"Janko, Zvonimir (1969), \"Some new simple groups of finite order. I\", Symposia Mathematica (INDAM, Rome, 1967/68), Vol. 1, Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. 25–64, MR 0244371","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0244371","url_text":"0244371"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/graphs/HJ315.html","external_links_name":"\"The near octagon on 315 points\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-8693%2868%2990014-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-8693(68)90014-8"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8693","external_links_name":"0021-8693"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0240192","external_links_name":"0240192"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0244371","external_links_name":"0244371"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-8693%2869%2990113-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-8693(69)90113-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0251133","external_links_name":"0251133"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0021-8693","external_links_name":"0021-8693"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/JankoGroups.html","external_links_name":"MathWorld: Janko Groups"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165718/http://web.mat.bham.ac.uk/atlas/v2.0/spor/J2/","external_links_name":"Atlas of Finite Group Representations: J2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908022328/http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~tconnor/atlaslat/j2.pdf","external_links_name":"The subgroup lattice of J2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Sissing | Frits Sissing | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 As presenter","2.2 As contestant","3 References","4 External links"] | Dutch television presenter (born 1963)
Frits SissingSissing in 2011Born (1963-09-18) 18 September 1963 (age 60)Groningen, NetherlandsOccupationTelevision presenter
Frits Sissing (born 18 September 1963) is a Dutch television presenter. He is known for presenting television shows which include Opsporing Verzocht, Tussen Kunst & Kitsch and Maestro. He also presented Blik op de weg and several talent show-themed television series to find a musical theatre performer for a musical.
Career
He presented the television show Opsporing Verzocht from 1999 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2014.
He won the tenth season of the television series Wie is de Mol?.
He presented the television show Blik op de weg. He presents the television show Tussen Kunst & Kitsch since September 2015. He also presents the television show Maestro.
In 2021, he appeared in the photography game show Het perfecte plaatje in which contestants compete to create the best photo in various challenges. He finished in second place.
He presented the 20th edition of the Musical Awards in April 2022.
Filmography
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2022)
As presenter
Opsporing Verzocht (1999 – 2007, 2011 – 2014)
Op zoek naar Evita (2007)
Op zoek naar Mary Poppins (2009, 2010)
Op zoek naar Zorro (2010, 2011)
Maestro (2012 – present)
Blik op de weg (2012 – 2015)
Tussen Kunst & Kitsch (2015 – present)
Op zoek naar Maria (2021)
Op zoek naar Danny & Sandy (2022, 2023)
As contestant
Dancing with the Stars (2006)
Ik hou van Holland (2008, 2012)
Wie is de Mol? (2010)
De Jongens tegen de Meisjes (2014)
Het perfecte plaatje (2021)
References
^ "Frits Sissing weg bij Opsporing Verzocht" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 1 August 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing gaat weer Opsporing Verzocht presenteren" . AD (in Dutch). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Mol en winnaar bekend na finale 21e seizoen Wie is de Mol?" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 6 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing vervangt Leo de Haas in Blik op de Weg" . mediacourant (in Dutch). 15 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^ "'Productiebedrijf Leo de Haas failliet'" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 2 December 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing kreeg geen presentatietips voor Tussen Kunst & Kitsch" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 2 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing niet direct blij met Maestro: 'Kreeg het afdankertje'". Televizier (in Dutch). 30 November 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Bridget Maasland en Ruth Jacott deelnemers zesde seizoen Het Perfecte Plaatje" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "1.454.000 kijkers zien finale Het Perfecte Plaatje verrassende winnaar opleveren" surprising winner]. AD (in Dutch). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing hondsberoerd in finale Het Perfecte Plaatje: 'Echt sneu'" Het Perfecte Plaatje: 'Really sad']. mediacourant.nl (in Dutch). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Frits Sissing presenteert jubileumeditie Musical Awards" . AVROTROS. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^ "Aladdin wint zeven Musical Awards, ook Cruijff-musical in de prijzen" . NOS (in Dutch). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frits Sissing.
Frits Sissing at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"}],"text":"Frits Sissing (born 18 September 1963) is a Dutch television presenter. He is known for presenting television shows which include Opsporing Verzocht, Tussen Kunst & Kitsch and Maestro. He also presented Blik op de weg and several talent show-themed television series to find a musical theatre performer for a musical.","title":"Frits Sissing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie_is_de_Mol%3F_(Dutch_season_10)"},{"link_name":"Wie is de Mol?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie_is_de_Mol%3F_(Dutch_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"He presented the television show Opsporing Verzocht from 1999 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2014.[1][2]He won the tenth season of the television series Wie is de Mol?.[3]He presented the television show Blik op de weg.[4][5] He presents the television show Tussen Kunst & Kitsch since September 2015.[6] He also presents the television show Maestro.[7]In 2021, he appeared in the photography game show Het perfecte plaatje in which contestants compete to create the best photo in various challenges.[8] He finished in second place.[9][10]He presented the 20th edition of the Musical Awards in April 2022.[11][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Op zoek naar Evita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_zoek_naar_Evita"},{"link_name":"Op zoek naar Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_zoek_naar_Mary_Poppins"},{"link_name":"Op zoek naar Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_zoek_naar_Zorro"},{"link_name":"Op zoek naar Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_zoek_naar_Maria"},{"link_name":"Op zoek naar Danny & Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op_zoek_naar_Danny_%26_Sandy&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"As presenter","text":"Opsporing Verzocht (1999 – 2007, 2011 – 2014)\nOp zoek naar Evita (2007)\nOp zoek naar Mary Poppins (2009, 2010)\nOp zoek naar Zorro (2010, 2011)\nMaestro (2012 – present)\nBlik op de weg (2012 – 2015)\nTussen Kunst & Kitsch (2015 – present)\nOp zoek naar Maria (2021)\nOp zoek naar Danny & Sandy (2022, 2023)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ik hou van Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_hou_van_Holland"},{"link_name":"Wie is de Mol?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie_is_de_Mol%3F_(Dutch_season_10)"},{"link_name":"De Jongens tegen de Meisjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Jongens_tegen_de_Meisjes"}],"sub_title":"As contestant","text":"Dancing with the Stars (2006)\nIk hou van Holland (2008, 2012)\nWie is de Mol? (2010)\nDe Jongens tegen de Meisjes (2014)\nHet perfecte plaatje (2021)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing weg bij Opsporing Verzocht\" [Frits Sissing leaves Opsporing Verzocht]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 1 August 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/media/3843046/frits-sissing-weg-bij-opsporing-verzocht.html","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing weg bij Opsporing Verzocht\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing gaat weer Opsporing Verzocht presenteren\" [Frits Sissing is going to present Opsporing Verzocht again]. AD (in Dutch). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/show/frits-sissing-gaat-weer-opsporing-verzocht-presenteren~a617b866/","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing gaat weer Opsporing Verzocht presenteren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mol en winnaar bekend na finale 21e seizoen Wie is de Mol?\" [Mole and winner known after final of 21st season Wie is de Mol?]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 6 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/media/6120264/mol-en-winnaar-bekend-na-finale-21e-seizoen-wie-is-de-mol.html","url_text":"\"Mol en winnaar bekend na finale 21e seizoen Wie is de Mol?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing vervangt Leo de Haas in Blik op de Weg\" [Frits Sissing replaces Leo de Haas in Blik op de Weg]. mediacourant (in Dutch). 15 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediacourant.nl/2012/01/frits-sissing-vervangt-leo-de-haas-in-blik-op-de-weg/","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing vervangt Leo de Haas in Blik op de Weg\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Productiebedrijf Leo de Haas failliet'\" ['Production company Leo de Haas bankrupt']. NU.nl (in Dutch). 2 December 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/media/4175830/productiebedrijf-leo-haas-failliet.html","url_text":"\"'Productiebedrijf Leo de Haas failliet'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing kreeg geen presentatietips voor Tussen Kunst & Kitsch\" [Frits Sissing did not receive any presentation tips for Tussen Kunst & Kitsch]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 2 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/media/4117708/frits-sissing-kreeg-geen-presentatietips-tussen-kunst--kitsch.html","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing kreeg geen presentatietips voor Tussen Kunst & Kitsch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing niet direct blij met Maestro: 'Kreeg het afdankertje'\". Televizier (in Dutch). 30 November 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televizier.nl/amusement/frits-sissing-niet-direct-blij-met-presentatie-maestro-kreeg-het-afdankertje","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing niet direct blij met Maestro: 'Kreeg het afdankertje'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridget Maasland en Ruth Jacott deelnemers zesde seizoen Het Perfecte Plaatje\" [Bridget Maasland and Ruth Jacott contestants sixth season Het Perfecte Plaatje]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/media/6128598/bridget-maasland-en-ruth-jacott-deelnemers-zesde-seizoen-het-perfecte-plaatje.html","url_text":"\"Bridget Maasland en Ruth Jacott deelnemers zesde seizoen Het Perfecte Plaatje\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU.nl","url_text":"NU.nl"}]},{"reference":"\"1.454.000 kijkers zien finale Het Perfecte Plaatje verrassende winnaar opleveren\" [1,454,000 viewers see the final Het Perfecte Plaatje produce [a] surprising winner]. AD (in Dutch). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/show/1-454-000-kijkers-zien-finale-het-perfecte-plaatje-verrassende-winnaar-opleveren~a7cd9608/","url_text":"\"1.454.000 kijkers zien finale Het Perfecte Plaatje verrassende winnaar opleveren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing hondsberoerd in finale Het Perfecte Plaatje: 'Echt sneu'\" [Frits Sissing very ill in final [of] Het Perfecte Plaatje: 'Really sad']. mediacourant.nl (in Dutch). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediacourant.nl/2021/12/frits-sissing-hondsberoerd-in-finale-het-perfecte-plaatje-echt-sneu/","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing hondsberoerd in finale Het Perfecte Plaatje: 'Echt sneu'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frits Sissing presenteert jubileumeditie Musical Awards\" [Frits Sissing presents anniversary edition Musical Awards]. AVROTROS. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pers.avrotros.nl/frits-sissing-presenteert-jubileumeditie-musical-awards/","url_text":"\"Frits Sissing presenteert jubileumeditie Musical Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aladdin wint zeven Musical Awards, ook Cruijff-musical in de prijzen\" [Aladdin wins seven Musical Awards, Cruijff musical also wins prize]. NOS (in Dutch). 29 April 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Fifties_Tonight_(album) | Lost in the Fifties Tonight | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Production","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","3.3 Singles","4 Certifications","5 References"] | For the song, see Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night).
1986 studio album by Ronnie MilsapLost in the Fifties TonightStudio album by Ronnie MilsapReleased1986StudioGroundStar Laboratories and Bullet Recording (Nashville, Tennessee).GenreCountryLabelRCA RecordsProducerRonnie Milsap, Rob Galbraith, Tom CollinsRonnie Milsap chronology
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2(1985)
Lost in the Fifties Tonight(1986)
Christmas with Ronnie Milsap(1986)
Singles from Lost in the Fifties Tonight
"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby"Released: March 8, 1986
"In Love"Released: June 1986
"How Do I Turn You On"Released: October 1986
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Lost in the Fifties Tonight is the seventeenth studio album by American country music artist Ronnie Milsap, released in 1986. The album produced four singles, all of which claimed the top spot on the Billboard country singles chart, including the title track, which was previously featured on Milsap's Second Greatest Hits Volume. The others included "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby", "In Love" and "How Do I Turn You On."
The album reached No. 1 on Country charts and peaked at #121 on the Billboard 200. It was ultimately certified as gold. The album went out of print in 2005, but was re-released as a double album with 1987's Heart & Soul on May 8, 2012.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)"Mike Reid, Troy Seals, Fred Parris4:182."In Love"Reid, Bruce Dees4:343."Old Fashioned Girl Like You"Reid, Naomi Martin3:214."I Heard It Through the Grapevine"Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong4:245."Don't Take It Tonight"Reid, Seals5:106."How Do I Turn You On"Reid, Robert Byrne4:457."Happy, Happy Birthday Baby"Margo Sylvia, Gilbert Lopez3:418."Nashville Moon"Roger Murrah, John Schweers3:189."I Only Remember the Good Times"Reid, Martin4:0010."Money (That's What I Want)"Janice Bradford, Berry Gordy5:21
Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
Ronnie Milsap – lead vocals, backing vocals, keyboards
Brandon Barnes – synthesizers
Mitch Humphries – keyboards
Shane Keister – keyboards, synthesizers, synthesizer drum programming
Mike Lawler – synthesizers
Jay Spell – keyboards
Larry Byrom – electric guitar
Jimmy Capps – acoustic guitar
Bruce Dees – electric guitar, backing vocals
Jon Goin – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
Bob Wray – bass guitar
Larrie Londin – drums
Roy Yeager – drums
Farrell Morris – percussion
Jim Horn – saxophone
Bergen White – string arrangements, backing vocals
Carl Gorodetzky – concertmaster
The Nashville String Machine – strings
Robert Byrne – backing vocals
Lisa Silver – backing vocals
Suzy Storm – backing vocals
Wendy Suits – backing vocals
Diane Tidwell – backing vocals
Marie Tomlinson – backing vocals
Dennis Wilson – backing vocals
Barbara Wyrick – backing vocals
Production
Tom Collins – producer
Rob Galbraith – producer
Ronnie Milsap – producer
Ben Harris – engineer
Kyle Lehning – engineer
Randy Gardner – assistant engineer
Scott Hendricks – string engineer
Glenn Meadows – digital editing at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)
Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California)
Bill Brunt – art direction, design
Greg Gorman – photography
Jim Osborn – illustration
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1986)
Peak position
US Billboard 200
121
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1986)
Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
22
Singles
Year
Single
Peak positions
US Country
US AC
CAN Country
CAN AC
1985
"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)"
1
8
1
20
1986
"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby"
1
—
1
—
"In Love"
1
—
1
—
"How Do I Turn You On"
1
—
1
—
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Allmusic review
^ Lost in the Fifties Tonight (cassette insert). Ronnie Milsap. RCA Records. 1986. 7194.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Ronnie Milsap Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "Ronnie Milsap Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 1986". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "American album certifications – Ronnie Milsap – Lost in the Fifties Tonight". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteRonnie MilsapStudio albums
Ronnie Milsap
Where My Heart Is
Pure Love
Legend in My Time
A Rose By Any Other Name
Night Things
20/20 Vision
It Was Almost Like a Song
Only One Love in My Life
Images
Milsap Magic
Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing
There's No Gettin' Over Me
Inside
Keyed Up
One More Try for Love
Lost in the Fifties Tonight
Christmas with Ronnie Milsap
Heart & Soul
Stranger Things Have Happened
Back to the Grindstone
True Believer
Sings His Best for Capitol Records
Just for a Thrill
My Life
Then Sings My Soul
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
40 #1 Hits
16 Biggest Hits
#1 singles
"Pure Love"
"Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends"
"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time"
"Daydreams About Night Things"
"What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down"
"(I'm A) Stand by My Woman Man"
"Let My Love Be Your Pillow"
"It Was Almost Like a Song"
"What a Difference You've Made in My Life"
"Only One Love in My Life"
"Let's Take the Long Way Around the World"
"Back on My Mind Again"
"Nobody Likes Sad Songs"
"Why Don't You Spend the Night"
"My Heart"
"Cowboys and Clowns"
"Smoky Mountain Rain"
"Am I Losing You"
"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me"
"I Wouldn't Have Missed It for the World"
"Any Day Now"
"He Got You"
"Inside"
"Stranger in My House"
"Don't You Know How Much I Love You"
"Show Her"
"Still Losing You"
"She Keeps the Home Fires Burning"
"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)"
"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby"
"In Love"
"How Do I Turn You On"
"Snap Your Fingers"
"Make No Mistake, She's Mine" (with Kenny Rogers)
"Where Do the Nights Go"
"Don't You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me)"
"A Woman in Love"
"Stranger Things Have Happened"
Other songs
"Too Late to Worry, Too Blue to Cry"
"Just in Case"
"In No Time at All"
"Prisoner of the Highway"
"Old Folks" (with Mike Reid)
"Button Off My Shirt"
"Houston Solution"
"Are You Lovin' Me Like I'm Lovin' You"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Turn That Radio On"
"All Is Fair in Love and War"
"True Believer"
Related articles
Discography
vteCMA Album of the Year1967−1970
There Goes My Everything – Jack Greene (1967)
Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison – Johnny Cash (1968)
Johnny Cash At San Quentin – Johnny Cash (1969)
Okie from Muskogee – Merle Haggard and the Strangers (1970)
1971-1980
I Won't Mention It Again – Ray Price (1971)
Let Me Tell You About a Song – Merle Haggard and the Strangers (1972)
Behind Closed Doors – Charlie Rich (1973)
A Very Special Love Song – Charlie Rich (1974)
A Legend in My Time – Ronnie Milsap (1975)
Wanted! The Outlaws – Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser (1976)
Ronnie Milsap Live – Ronnie Milsap (1977)
It Was Almost Like a Song – Ronnie Milsap (1978)
The Gambler – Kenny Rogers (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter – Various artists (1980)
1981-1990
I Believe in You – Don Williams (1981)
Always on My Mind – Willie Nelson (1982)
The Closer You Get – Alabama (1983)
A Little Good News – Anne Murray (1984)
Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind – George Strait (1985)
Lost in the Fifties Tonight – Ronnie Milsap (1986)
Always And Forever – Randy Travis (1987)
Born to Boogie – Hank Williams Jr. (1988)
Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two – Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (1989)
Pickin' on Nashville – The Kentucky Headhunters (1990)
1991-2000
No Fences – Garth Brooks (1991)
Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks (1992)
I Still Believe in You – Vince Gill (1993)
Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles – Eagles (1994)
When Fallen Angels Fly – Patty Loveless (1995)
Blue Clear Sky – George Strait (1996)
Carrying Your Love with Me – George Strait (1997)
Everywhere – Tim McGraw (1998)
A Place in the Sun – Tim McGraw (1999)
Fly – The Dixie Chicks (2000)
2001-2010
O Brother, Where Art Thou? – Various artists (2001)
Drive – Alan Jackson (2002)
American IV: The Man Comes Around – Johnny Cash (2003)
When the Sun Goes Down – Kenny Chesney (2004)
There's More Where That Came From – Lee Ann Womack (2005)
Time Well Wasted – Brad Paisley (2006)
It Just Comes Natural – George Strait (2007)
Troubadour – George Strait (2008)
Fearless – Taylor Swift (2009)
Revolution – Miranda Lambert (2010)
2011-2020
My Kinda Party – Jason Aldean (2011)
Chief – Eric Church (2012)
Based on a True Story... – Blake Shelton (2013)
Platinum – Miranda Lambert (2014)
Traveller – Chris Stapleton (2015)
Mr. Misunderstood – Eric Church (2016)
From A Room: Volume 1 – Chris Stapleton (2017)
Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves (2018)
Girl – Maren Morris (2019)
What You See Is What You Get – Luke Combs (2020)
2021-2030
Starting Over – Chris Stapleton (2021)
Growin' Up – Luke Combs (2022)
Bell Bottom Country - Lainey Wilson (2023)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1980s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Fifties_Tonight_(In_the_Still_of_the_Night)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Milsap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap"},{"link_name":"In Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Love_(Ronnie_Milsap_song)"},{"link_name":"Heart & Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_%26_Soul_(Ronnie_Milsap_album)"}],"text":"For the song, see Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night).1986 studio album by Ronnie MilsapLost in the Fifties Tonight is the seventeenth studio album by American country music artist Ronnie Milsap, released in 1986. The album produced four singles, all of which claimed the top spot on the Billboard country singles chart, including the title track, which was previously featured on Milsap's Second Greatest Hits Volume. The others included \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\", \"In Love\" and \"How Do I Turn You On.\"The album reached No. 1 on Country charts and peaked at #121 on the Billboard 200. It was ultimately certified as gold. The album went out of print in 2005, but was re-released as a double album with 1987's Heart & Soul on May 8, 2012.","title":"Lost in the Fifties Tonight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Fifties_Tonight_(In_the_Still_of_the_Night)"},{"link_name":"Mike Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Reid_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Troy Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Seals"},{"link_name":"In Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Love_(Ronnie_Milsap_song)"},{"link_name":"I Heard It Through the Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine"},{"link_name":"Norman Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Barrett Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Strong"},{"link_name":"How Do I Turn You On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Do_I_Turn_You_On"},{"link_name":"Robert 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Martin4:0010.\"Money (That's What I Want)\"Janice Bradford, Berry Gordy5:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Milsap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap"},{"link_name":"Shane Keister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Keister"},{"link_name":"Mike Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Larry Byrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Byrom"},{"link_name":"steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Larrie Londin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrie_Londin"},{"link_name":"Jim Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Horn"},{"link_name":"The Nashville String Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_String_Machine"},{"link_name":"Robert Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrne_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Wyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Wyrick"}],"text":"As listed in liner notes.[2]Ronnie Milsap – lead vocals, backing vocals, keyboards\nBrandon Barnes – synthesizers\nMitch Humphries – keyboards\nShane Keister – keyboards, synthesizers, synthesizer drum programming\nMike Lawler – synthesizers\nJay Spell – keyboards\nLarry Byrom – electric guitar\nJimmy Capps – acoustic guitar\nBruce Dees – electric guitar, backing vocals\nJon Goin – electric guitar, acoustic guitar\nSonny Garrish – steel guitar\nBob Wray – bass guitar\nLarrie Londin – drums\nRoy Yeager – drums\nFarrell Morris – percussion\nJim Horn – saxophone\nBergen White – string arrangements, backing vocals\nCarl Gorodetzky – concertmaster\nThe Nashville String Machine – strings\nRobert Byrne – backing vocals\nLisa Silver – backing vocals\nSuzy Storm – backing vocals\nWendy Suits – backing vocals\nDiane Tidwell – backing vocals\nMarie Tomlinson – backing vocals\nDennis Wilson – backing vocals\nBarbara Wyrick – backing vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Lehning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Lehning"},{"link_name":"Doug Sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Sax"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Tom Collins – producer\nRob Galbraith – producer\nRonnie Milsap – producer\nBen Harris – engineer\nKyle Lehning – engineer\nRandy Gardner – assistant engineer\nScott Hendricks – string engineer\nGlenn Meadows – digital editing at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)\nDoug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California)\nBill Brunt – art direction, design\nGreg Gorman – photography\nJim Osborn – illustration","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_in_the_Fifties_Tonight&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Billboard 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Language_Processing_Advisory_Committee | ALPAC | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article is about the committee of scientists established in 1964 by the US government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics. For the Portuguese investment management firm founded in 2013 and headquartered in Lisbon, see Alpac Capital.
ALPAC (Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) was a committee of seven scientists led by John R. Pierce, established in 1964 by the United States government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics in general and machine translation in particular. Its report, issued in 1966, gained notoriety for being very skeptical of research done in machine translation so far, and emphasizing the need for basic research in computational linguistics; this eventually caused the U.S. government to reduce its funding of the topic dramatically. This marked the beginning of the first AI winter.
The ALPAC was set up in April 1964 with John R. Pierce as the chairman.
The committee consisted of:
John R. Pierce, who at the time worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories
John B. Carroll, a psychologist from Harvard University
Eric P. Hamp, a linguist from the University of Chicago
David G. Hays, a machine translation researcher from RAND Corporation
Charles F. Hockett, a linguist from Cornell University
Anthony Oettinger, a machine translation researcher from Harvard University
Alan Perlis, an Artificial Intelligence researcher from Carnegie Institute of Technology
Testimony was heard from:
Paul Garvin of Bunker-Ramo Corporation
Gilbert King of Itek Corporation and previously from IBM
Winfred P. Lehmann from University of Texas at Austin
Jules Mersel of Bunker-Ramo Corporation
ALPAC's final recommendations (p. 34) were, therefore, that research should be supported on:
practical methods for evaluation of translations;
means for speeding up the human translation process;
evaluation of quality and cost of various sources of translations;
investigation of the utilization of translations, to guard against production of translations that are never read;
study of delays in the over-all translation process, and means for eliminating them, both in journals and in individual items;
evaluation of the relative speed and cost of various sorts of machine-aided translation;
adaptation of existing mechanized editing and production processes in translation;
the over-all translation process;
production of adequate reference works for the translator, including the adaptation of glossaries that now exist primarily for automatic dictionary look-up in machine translation
See also
Georgetown–IBM experiment
AN/GSQ-16 ("Automatic Language Translator", system introduced 1959)
History of artificial intelligence
History of machine translation
AI winter
Lighthill report
References
John R. Pierce, John B. Carroll, et al., Language and Machines — Computers in Translation and Linguistics. ALPAC report, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1966.
ALPAC Report Archived 2011-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Language and Machines — Computers in Translation and Linguistics. A Report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Washington, DC, 1966
External links
The report accessible on-line
ALPAC: the (in)famous report Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine — summary of the report (PDF)
This history of science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpac Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpac_Capital"},{"link_name":"John R. Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Pierce"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government"},{"link_name":"computational linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics"},{"link_name":"machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"},{"link_name":"AI winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter"},{"link_name":"John R. Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Pierce"},{"link_name":"Bell Telephone Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"John B. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Carroll"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Eric P. Hamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"David G. Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Hays"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Hockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Anthony Oettinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Oettinger"},{"link_name":"Alan Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Perlis"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Bunker-Ramo Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunker-Ramo_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Winfred P. Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfred_P._Lehmann"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"evaluation of translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_of_machine_translation"}],"text":"This article is about the committee of scientists established in 1964 by the US government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics. For the Portuguese investment management firm founded in 2013 and headquartered in Lisbon, see Alpac Capital.ALPAC (Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) was a committee of seven scientists led by John R. Pierce, established in 1964 by the United States government in order to evaluate the progress in computational linguistics in general and machine translation in particular. Its report, issued in 1966, gained notoriety for being very skeptical of research done in machine translation so far, and emphasizing the need for basic research in computational linguistics; this eventually caused the U.S. government to reduce its funding of the topic dramatically. This marked the beginning of the first AI winter.The ALPAC was set up in April 1964 with John R. Pierce as the chairman.The committee consisted of:John R. Pierce, who at the time worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories\nJohn B. Carroll, a psychologist from Harvard University\nEric P. Hamp, a linguist from the University of Chicago\nDavid G. Hays, a machine translation researcher from RAND Corporation\nCharles F. Hockett, a linguist from Cornell University\nAnthony Oettinger, a machine translation researcher from Harvard University\nAlan Perlis, an Artificial Intelligence researcher from Carnegie Institute of TechnologyTestimony was heard from:Paul Garvin of Bunker-Ramo Corporation\nGilbert King of Itek Corporation and previously from IBM\nWinfred P. Lehmann from University of Texas at Austin\nJules Mersel of Bunker-Ramo CorporationALPAC's final recommendations (p. 34) were, therefore, that research should be supported on:practical methods for evaluation of translations;\nmeans for speeding up the human translation process;\nevaluation of quality and cost of various sources of translations;\ninvestigation of the utilization of translations, to guard against production of translations that are never read;\nstudy of delays in the over-all translation process, and means for eliminating them, both in journals and in individual items;\nevaluation of the relative speed and cost of various sorts of machine-aided translation;\nadaptation of existing mechanized editing and production processes in translation;\nthe over-all translation process;\nproduction of adequate reference works for the translator, including the adaptation of glossaries that now exist primarily for automatic dictionary look-up in machine translation","title":"ALPAC"}] | [] | [{"title":"Georgetown–IBM experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%E2%80%93IBM_experiment"},{"title":"AN/GSQ-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/GSQ-16"},{"title":"History of artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence"},{"title":"History of machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_machine_translation"},{"title":"AI winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter"},{"title":"Lighthill report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthill_report"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.mt-archive.info/ALPAC-1966.pdf","external_links_name":"ALPAC Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070141/http://www.mt-archive.info/ALPAC-1966.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9547","external_links_name":"The report accessible on-line"},{"Link":"http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/ALPAC-1996.pdf","external_links_name":"ALPAC: the (in)famous report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006133016/http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/ALPAC-1996.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALPAC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Manta | Joana Manta | ["1 Tennis career","2 ITF finals","2.1 Singles finals (0-1)","2.2 Doubles finals (0-1)","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | Swiss tennis player
Joana MantaFull nameJoana MantaCountry (sports) SwitzerlandBorn (1977-07-26) 26 July 1977 (age 46)Prize money$11,358SinglesHighest rankingNo. 292 (1 November 1993)DoublesHighest rankingNo. 395 (24 August 1992)
Joana Manta (born 26 July 1977) is a former professional tennis player from Switzerland.
Tennis career
Manta began competing on the ITF circuit in 1991 while still a junior, later partnering with Ludmila Richterová to win the girls' doubles title at the 1993 Australian Open.
At the age of 15 she debuted for the Switzerland Fed Cup team in 1993, featuring in the doubles rubbers of a World Group tie against the United States and a play-off against Peru.
In 1995 she played in another three Fed Cup ties, with both of her two wins coming in doubles, teaming up with former junior partner Martina Hingis.
ITF finals
$25,000 tournaments
$10,000 tournaments
Singles finals (0-1)
Outcome
No.
Date
Tournament
Surface
Opponent
Score
Runner-up
1.
18 October 1993
Flensburg, Germany
Carpet
Antonia Homolya
3–6, 5–7
Doubles finals (0-1)
Outcome
No.
Date
Tournament
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Runner-up
1.
20 July 1992
Subiaco, Italy
Clay
Nathalie Ballet
Martina Hautová Karin Lušnic
1–6, 6–2, 2–6
Personal life
Both his father Leonardo and his brother Lorenzo also played tennis professionally.
References
^ "Girls' Doubles". ausopen.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Sporting Digest: Tennis". The Independent. 21 July 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-06-09. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Die Manta-Bar zieht an den Graben". Der Landbote (in German). 28 April 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ "Open d'Australie: un Suisse au sommet, Dominic face au défi ultime et un chanteur inattendu". Radio Télévision Suisse (in French). 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
External links
Joana Manta at the Women's Tennis Association
Joana Manta at the International Tennis Federation
Joana Manta at the Billie Jean King Cup
vteAustralian Open girls' doubles champions
1930: Nell Hall / Emily Hood
1931: S. Moon / Emily Westacott
1932: F. Francisco / J. Williams
1933: Dorothy Stevenson / Gwen Stevenson
1934: E. Chrystal / E. McColl
1935: Dorothy Stevenson / Nancye Wynne
1936: M. Carter / Margaret Wilson
1937: J. Prior / I. Webb
1938: Alison Burton / Joyce Wood
1939: Alison Burton / Joyce Wood
1940: Alison Burton / Joyce Wood
1946: N. Reid / Helen Utz
1947: Shirley Jackson / Veronica Linehan
1948: Gloria Blair / B. Bligh
1949: Beryl Penrose / Jean Robbins
1950: Carmen Borelli / Pam Southcombe
1951: Jenny Staley / Margaret Wallis
1952: Mary Carter / Betty Holstein
1953: Mary Carter / Barbara Warby
1954: Betty Holstein / Beth Jones
1955: Elizabeth Orton / Pat Parmenter
1956: Sheila Armstrong / Lorraine Coghlan
1957: Margot Rayson / Val Roberts
1958: Betty Holstein / Jan Lehane
1959: Jan Lehane / Dawn Robberds
1960: Dawn Robberds / Lesley Turner
1961: Robyn Ebbern / Madonna Schacht
1962: Heather Ross / Jill Starr
1963: Trish McClenaughan / Gail Sherriff
1964: Kaye Dening / Helen Gourlay
1965: Helen Gourlay / Kerry Melville
1966: Karen Krantzcke / Pat Turner
1967: Susan Alexander / Caroline Cooper
1968: Lesley Hunt / Vicki Lancaster
1969: Pat Edwards / Evonne Goolagong
1970: Janet Fallis / Janet Young
1971: Pat Edwards / Janine Whyte
1972: Sally Irvine / Pam Whytcross
1973: Jenny Dimond / Dianne Fromholtz
1974: Nerida Gregory / Julia Hanrahan
1975: Diane Evers / Nerida Gregory
1976: Jan Morton / Jan Wilton
1977 (Jan): Kerryn Pratt / Amanda Tobin
1977 (Dec): Kerryn Pratt / Amanda Tobin
1978: Debbie Freeman / Kathy Mantle
1979: Linda Cassell / Sue Leo
1980: Anne Minter / Miranda Yates
1981: Maree Booth / Sharon Hodgkin
1982: Annette Gulley / Kim Staunton
1983: Bernadette Randall / Kim Staunton
1984: Louise Field / Larisa Savchenko
1985: Jenny Byrne / Janine Thompson
1987: Ann Devries / Nicole Provis
1988: Jo-Anne Faull / Rachel McQuillan
1989: Andrea Strnadová / Eva Švíglerová
1990: Rona Mayer / Limor Zaltz
1991: Karina Habšudová / Barbara Rittner
1992: Lindsay Davenport / Nicole London
1993: Joana Manta / Ludmila Richterová
1994: Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová
1995: Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová
1996: Michaela Paštiková / Jitka Schönfeldová
1997: Mirjana Lučić / Jasmin Wöhr
1998: Evie Dominikovic / Alicia Molik
1999: Eleni Daniilidou / Virginie Razzano
2000: Anikó Kapros / Christina Wheeler
2001: Petra Cetkovská / Barbora Strýcová
2002: Gisela Dulko / Angelique Widjaja
2003: Casey Dellacqua / Adriana Szili
2004: Chan Yung-jan / Sun Shengnan
2005: Victoria Azarenka / Marina Erakovic
2006: Sharon Fichman / Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
2007: Yevgeniya Rodina / Arina Rodionova
2008: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova / Ksenia Lykina
2009: Christina McHale / Ajla Tomljanović
2010: Jana Čepelová / Chantal Škamlová
2011: An-Sophie Mestach / Demi Schuurs
2012: Gabrielle Andrews / Taylor Townsend
2013: Ana Konjuh / Carol Zhao
2014: Anhelina Kalinina / Elizaveta Kulichkova
2015: Miriam Kolodziejová / Markéta Vondroušová
2016: Anna Kalinskaya / Tereza Mihalíková
2017: Bianca Andreescu / Carson Branstine
2018: Liang En-shuo / Wang Xinyu
2019: Natsumi Kawaguchi / Adrienn Nagy
2020: Alexandra Eala / Priska Madelyn Nugroho
2021: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic)
2022: Clervie Ngounoue / Diana Shnaider
2023: Renáta Jamrichová / Federica Urgesi
2024: Tyra Caterina Grant / Iva Jovic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"}],"text":"Joana Manta (born 26 July 1977) is a former professional tennis player from Switzerland.","title":"Joana Manta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludmila Richterová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Richterov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"1993 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Switzerland Fed Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_Fed_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martina Hingis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Hingis"}],"text":"Manta began competing on the ITF circuit in 1991 while still a junior, later partnering with Ludmila Richterová to win the girls' doubles title at the 1993 Australian Open.[1]At the age of 15 she debuted for the Switzerland Fed Cup team in 1993, featuring in the doubles rubbers of a World Group tie against the United States and a play-off against Peru.[2]In 1995 she played in another three Fed Cup ties, with both of her two wins coming in doubles, teaming up with former junior partner Martina Hingis.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles finals (0-1)","title":"ITF finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles finals (0-1)","title":"ITF finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Manta"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Manta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Both his father Leonardo and his brother Lorenzo also played tennis professionally.[3][4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Girls' Doubles\". ausopen.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ausopen.com/history/honour-roll/girls-doubles","url_text":"\"Girls' Doubles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting Digest: Tennis\". The Independent. 21 July 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-06-09. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-tennis-5442629.html","url_text":"\"Sporting Digest: Tennis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-tennis-5442629.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Manta-Bar zieht an den Graben\". Der Landbote (in German). 28 April 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.landbote.ch/news/standard/die-mantabar-zieht-an-den-graben/story/19600772","url_text":"\"Die Manta-Bar zieht an den Graben\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Landbote","url_text":"Der Landbote"}]},{"reference":"\"Open d'Australie: un Suisse au sommet, Dominic face au défi ultime et un chanteur inattendu\". Radio Télévision Suisse (in French). 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rts.ch/sport/tennis/11057368-open-daustralie-un-suisse-au-sommet-dominic-face-au-defi-ultime-et-un-chanteur-inattendu.html","url_text":"\"Open d'Australie: un Suisse au sommet, Dominic face au défi ultime et un chanteur inattendu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Suisse","url_text":"Radio Télévision Suisse"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ausopen.com/history/honour-roll/girls-doubles","external_links_name":"\"Girls' Doubles\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-tennis-5442629.html","external_links_name":"\"Sporting Digest: Tennis\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-tennis-5442629.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.landbote.ch/news/standard/die-mantabar-zieht-an-den-graben/story/19600772","external_links_name":"\"Die Manta-Bar zieht an den Graben\""},{"Link":"https://www.rts.ch/sport/tennis/11057368-open-daustralie-un-suisse-au-sommet-dominic-face-au-defi-ultime-et-un-chanteur-inattendu.html","external_links_name":"\"Open d'Australie: un Suisse au sommet, Dominic face au défi ultime et un chanteur inattendu\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/130339/-","external_links_name":"Joana Manta"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/joana-manta/800183665/sui","external_links_name":"Joana Manta"},{"Link":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/player/800183665","external_links_name":"Joana Manta"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team | 2015 Miami Hurricanes football team | ["1 Personnel","1.1 Coaching staff","1.2 Support staff","2 Schedule","2.1 Roster","3 Game summaries","3.1 Bethune-Cookman","3.2 At Florida Atlantic","3.3 Nebraska","3.4 At Cincinnati","3.5 At Florida State","3.6 Virginia Tech","3.7 Clemson","3.8 At Duke","3.9 Virginia","3.10 At North Carolina","3.11 Georgia Tech","3.12 At Pittsburgh","3.13 Vs. Washington State–Sun Bowl","4 2016 NFL Draft","5 References"] | American college football season
2015 Miami Hurricanes footballSun Bowl, L 14–20 vs. Washington StateConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceDivisionCoastal DivisionRecord8–5 (5–3 ACC)Head coachAl Golden (5th season; fired 10/25),Larry Scott (interim)Offensive coordinatorJames Coley (3rd season)Offensive schemeMultiple, Pro-styleDefensive coordinatorMark D'Onofrio (5th season)Base defense4–3, multipleHome stadiumSun Life StadiumSeasons← 20142016 →
2015 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
W
L
Atlantic Division
No. 2 Clemson x$^
8
–
0
14
–
1
No. 14 Florida State
6
–
2
10
–
3
Louisville
5
–
3
8
–
5
NC State
3
–
5
7
–
6
Syracuse
2
–
6
4
–
8
Wake Forest
1
–
7
3
–
9
Boston College
0
–
8
3
–
9
Coastal Division
No. 15 North Carolina x
8
–
0
11
–
3
Pittsburgh
6
–
2
8
–
5
Miami (FL)
5
–
3
8
–
5
Duke
4
–
4
8
–
5
Virginia Tech
4
–
4
7
–
6
Virginia
3
–
5
4
–
8
Georgia Tech
1
–
7
3
–
9
Championship: Clemson 45, North Carolina 37
^ – College Football Playoff participant$ – Conference championx – Division champion/co-championsRankings from AP Poll
The 2015 Miami Hurricanes football team (variously "Miami", "The U", "UM", "'Canes") represented the University of Miami during the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Hurricanes were led by fifth-year head coach Al Golden, who was fired following a 58–0 loss at home to Clemson, and replaced by Larry Scott, who acted as the interim coach. They played their home games at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. It was the Hurricanes' 90th overall season and their 12th as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in ACC play to finish in 3rd place in the Coastal Division. They were invited to the Sun Bowl, where they lost to Washington State.
On December 4, 2015, the university announced Mark Richt as head coach, effective immediately.
Personnel
Coaching staff
Name
Position
Seasons
Alma mater
Al Golden
Head coach
5th
Penn State (1991)
Larry Scott
Interim head coach/tight ends
3rd
South Florida (2000)
Mark D'Onofrio
Assistant head coach/defensive coordinator
5th
Penn State (1991)
James Coley
Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks
3rd
Florida State (1997)
Randy Melvin
Defensive line
1st
Eastern Illinois (1982)
Hurlie Brown
Linebackers/recruiting coordinator
3rd
Miami (1992)
Kevin Beard
Wide receivers
1st
Miami (2004)
Art Kehoe
Offensive line
26th
Miami (1982)
Paul Williams
Defensive backs
5th
Delaware (1996)
Tim Harris
Running backs
5th
Carthage
Support staff
Name
Position
Seasons
Alma mater
Andreu Swasey
Strength & conditioning
15th
Baylor (1995)
Cole Pemberton
Graduate assistant
2nd
Colorado State (2009)
Mike Zuckerman
Graduate assistant
1st
Miami (2012)
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 56:00 pmBethune-Cookman*Sun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FLESPN3W 45–043,467
September 118:00 pmat Florida Atlantic*FAU StadiumBoca Raton, FLFS1W 44–2030,321
September 193:30 pmNebraska*Sun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FL (rivalry)ABC/ESPN2W 36–33 OT53,580
October 17:30 pmat Cincinnati*Nippert StadiumCincinnati, OHESPNL 23–3440,101
October 108:00 pmat No. 12 Florida StateDoak Campbell StadiumTallahassee, FL (rivalry)ABCL 24–2982,329
October 173:30 pmVirginia TechSun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FL (rivalry)ESPNUW 30–2050,787
October 2412:00 pmNo. 6 ClemsonSun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FLABCL 0–5845,211
October 317:00 pmat No. 22 DukeWallace Wade StadiumDurham, NCESPNUW 30–2730,143
November 73:00 pmVirginiaSun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FLRSNW 27–2140,963
November 143:30 pmat No. 17 North CarolinaKenan Memorial StadiumChapel Hill, NCESPNUL 21–5961,000
November 2112:30 pmGeorgia TechSun Life StadiumMiami Gardens, FLACCNW 38–2151,355
November 2712:00 pmat PittsburghHeinz FieldPittsburgh, PAESPN2W 29–2440,126
December 262:00 pmvs. Washington State*Sun Bowl StadiumEl Paso, TX (Sun Bowl)CBSL 14–2041,180
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time
Roster
As of May 2015
2015 Miami Hurricanes football team roster
Players
Coaches
Offense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
RB
22
Collin Alford
Jr
OL
61
Adam Arnaout
So
WR
8
Braxton Berrios
So
WR
82
Tyre Brady
So
G
55
Joe Brown
Fr
WR
Lawrence Cager
Fr
CB
30
Quincy Casimir
Jr
WR
3
Stacy Coley
Jr
QB
13
Gray Crow
Jr
OL
73
Trevor Darling
So
TE
5
Standish Dobard
Jr
RB
7
Gus Edwards
Jr
RB
49
Joel Evans
Fr
OT
76
Taylor Gadbois
Jr
G
67
Alex Gall
Jr
OT
Tyler Gauthier
Fr
OL
59
Justin Goldberg
So
WR
84
Greg Golden
So
FB
40
Matt Golden
So
RB
32
Trayone Gray
So
OL
69
Tyler Grimsley
Fr
TE
23
Chris Herndon
So
QB
25
Isaac Hoza
So
G
63
Danny Isidora
Jr
OL
65
Sterling Jackson
Fr
WR
17
D'Mauri Jones
Jr
OT
77
Jahair Jones
Fr
QB
15
Brad Kaaya
So
C/OG
54
Hunter Knighton
So
WR
81
Darrell Langham
Fr
WR
9
Malcolm Lewis
Jr
C
68
Nick Linder
So
OT
Brendan Loftus
Fr
TE
46
Marcus Lugo
Fr
OT
Hayden Mahoney
Fr
OT
52
K. C. McDermott
So
OT
Bar Milo
Fr
TE
86
David Njoku
Fr
TE
88
Jake O'Donnell
Jr
FB
43
Tyler Odems
Jr
OT
66
Sunny Odogwu
So
OT
60
Patrick Petrillo
So
WR
35
Austin Pfenninger
So
TE
38
Joseph Rodgers
Sr
QB
12
Malik Rosier
Fr
WR
11
Rashawn Scott
Sr
QB
Evan Shirreffs
Fr
OT
Tyree St. Louis
Fr
TE
85
Michael Tashman
Fr
QB
14
Vincent Testaverde
So
FB
44
Walter Tucker
Jr
WR
19
Clayton Turner
So
RB
Mark Walton
Fr
TE
87
Jerome Washington
Fr
WR
6
Herb Waters
Sr
QB
20
Michael Welch
So
G
64
Hunter Wells
Sr
RB
2
Joseph Yearby
So
Defense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
CB
1
Artie Burns
Jr
S
2
Deon Bush
Sr
S
6
Jamal Carter
Jr
LB
41
Wyatt Chickillo
So
S
25
Dallas Crawford
Sr
CB
29
Corn Elder
Jr
DT
Ryan Fines
Fr
LB
55
Frank Gabriel
Jr
OLB
13
Marques Gayot
So
ILB
53
Jared Goldenberg
Fr
LB
Jamie Gordinier
Fr
OLB
5
Jermaine Grace
So
DE/DT
99
Jelani Hamilton
Jr
DE/OLB
33
Trent Harris
So
CB
Terrance Henley
Fr
DT
93
Calvin Heurtelou
Sr
CB
3
Tracy Howard
Sr
DE/OLB
31
Demetrius Jackson
Fr
CB
Michael Jackson
Fr
DT
92
Courtel Jenkins
So
S
26
Rayshawn Jenkins
Jr
S
4
Jaquan Johnson
Fr
CB
24
Josh Johnson
So
DE/DT
47
Ufomba Kamalu
Sr
DT
90
Corey King
Sr
OLB
James King
Fr
ILB
56
Raphael Kirby
Sr
S
Robert Knowles
Fr
CB
27
Ryan Mayes
Fr
DE/OLB
17
Tyriq McCord
Sr
ILB
23
Terry McCray
Fr
LB
59
Michael McGinnis
So
DE
R. J. McIntosh
Fr
DT
97
Earl Moore
Jr
DT/DE
95
Anthony Moten
So
DE/OLB
8
Al-Quadin Muhammad
So
DT
Kendrick Norton
Fr
OLB
58
Darrion Owens
So
DE
19
Scott Patchan
Fr
ILB
34
Charles Perry
Fr
CB
Sheldrick Redwine
Fr
OLB
57
Mike Smith
Fr
LB
36
Teddy Stavetski
Fr
FS
22
Christian Gonzalez-Santos
Fr
DE
9
Chad Thomas
So
DT
11
Michael Wyche
Sr
ILB
51
Juwon Young
So
Special teams
Pos.
#
Name
Class
K
48
Josh Bacon
So
K/P
15
Michael Badgley
So
P/K
40
Grant Coffman
So
K/P
97
JC Contorakes
So
P/K
45
Ryan Holowesko
Sr
K
43
Jon Semerene
So
P/K
16
Justin Vogel
Jr
Head coach
Larry Scott (interim)/Tight Ends
Coordinators/assistant coaches
Mark D'Onofrio – Assistant Head Coach/Defensive Coordinator
James Coley – Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks
Kevin Beard – Wide Receivers
Hurlie Brown – Linebackers
Tim Harris – Running Backs
Art Kehoe – Offensive Line
Paul Williams – Defensive Backs
Brandon Lumish – Quality Control Offense
Kareem Brown – Grad. Asst. Defensive Line
Cole Pemberton – Grad. Asst. Offensive Line
Mike Zuckerman – Grad. Asst. Outside Linebackers
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
Injured
Redshirt
Roster
Game summaries
Bethune-Cookman
1
2
3
4
Total
Wildcats
0
0
0
0
0
Hurricanes
7
24
7
7
45
See also: 2015 Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team
At Florida Atlantic
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
14
6
17
7
44
Owls
10
7
3
0
20
See also: 2015 Florida Atlantic Owls football team
Nebraska
1
2
3
4OT
Total
Cornhuskers
0
3
7
230
33
Hurricanes
17
3
10
33
36
See also: 2015 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team and Miami–Nebraska football rivalry
At Cincinnati
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
13
7
0
3
23
Bearcats
14
13
0
7
34
See also: 2015 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
At Florida State
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
3
7
7
7
24
#12 Seminoles
14
6
0
9
29
See also: 2015 Florida State Seminoles football team and Florida Cup
Virginia Tech
1
2
3
4
Total
Hokies
10
3
0
7
20
Hurricanes
10
10
3
7
30
See also: 2015 Virginia Tech Hokies football team and Miami–Virginia Tech football rivalry
Clemson
1
2
3
4
Total
#6 Tigers
21
21
3
13
58
Hurricanes
0
0
0
0
0
See also: 2015 Clemson Tigers football team
At Duke
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
0
14
0
16
30
#22 Blue Devils
0
3
9
15
27
See also: 2015 Duke Blue Devils football team
Virginia
1
2
3
4
Total
Cavaliers
0
8
7
6
21
Hurricanes
0
14
3
10
27
See also: 2015 Virginia Cavaliers football team
At North Carolina
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
0
0
7
14
21
#17 Tar Heels
7
24
21
7
59
See also: 2015 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
Georgia Tech
1
2
3
4
Total
Yellow Jackets
7
0
0
14
21
Hurricanes
7
17
7
7
38
See also: 2015 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
At Pittsburgh
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
17
6
0
6
29
Panthers
0
3
7
14
24
See also: 2015 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
Vs. Washington State–Sun Bowl
1
2
3
4
Total
Hurricanes
7
0
0
7
14
Cougars
7
13
0
0
20
See also: 2015 Washington State Cougars football team and 2015 Sun Bowl
2016 NFL Draft
Main article: 2016 NFL Draft
Player
Position
Round
Pick
NFL club
Artie Burns
Cornerback
1
25
Pittsburgh Steelers
Deon Bush
Safety
4
124
Chicago Bears
References
^ Miller–Degnan, Susan (October 25, 2015). "University of Miami Fires Head Coach Al Golden". The Miami Herald. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ "University of Miami Hires Mark Richt". Hurricanesports.com. December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ "2014 Football Roster". Retrieved May 9, 2014.
vteMiami Hurricanes footballVenues
Miami Orange Bowl (1937–2007)
Hard Rock Stadium (2008–present)
Bowls and rivalries
Bowl games
Florida
Florida State
Nebraska
Virginia Tech
Culture and lore
1998 UCLA game
2011 athletics scandal
Band of the Hour
Catholics vs. Convicts
FIU–Miami brawl
Florida Cup
Hail Flutie
Miami 4–3 defense
Quarterback U
Sebastian the Ibis
Whammy in Miami
Wide Right I
Wide Right II
Confusion Bowl
2023 Georgia Tech game
Documentaries
Catholics vs. Convicts
The U
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Early years (1926 to 1978)
Miami Hurricanes football (1926 to 1978)
Seasons
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season"},{"link_name":"Al Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Golden_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Clemson_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Larry Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Scott_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sun Life Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Life_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Miami Gardens, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sun Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sun_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Washington State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mark Richt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Richt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2015 Miami Hurricanes football team (variously \"Miami\", \"The U\", \"UM\", \"'Canes\") represented the University of Miami during the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. 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Washington State–Sun Bowl","text":"See also: 2015 Washington State Cougars football team and 2015 Sun Bowl","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2016 NFL Draft"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Miller–Degnan, Susan (October 25, 2015). \"University of Miami Fires Head Coach Al Golden\". The Miami Herald. Retrieved October 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/college/acc/university-of-miami/article41403627.html","url_text":"\"University of Miami Fires Head Coach Al Golden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_Herald","url_text":"The Miami Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Miami Hires Mark Richt\". Hurricanesports.com. December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurricanesports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=658365&SPID=103763&DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=28700&ATCLID=210557297","url_text":"\"University of Miami Hires Mark Richt\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Football Roster\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6ckingerite | Schröckingerite | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Radioactive yellow uranium-containing carbonate mineral
SchröckingeriteGeneralCategoryCarbonate mineralsFormula(repeating unit)NaCa3(UO2)·10(H2O)IMA symbolSröStrunz classification5.EG.05Crystal systemTriclinicCrystal classPinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol)Space groupP1IdentificationOther characteristics Radioactive
Schröckingerite is a radioactive yellow uranium-containing carbonate mineral, hydrated sodium calcium uranyl sulfate carbonate fluoride. Schröckingerite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, occurring as globular clusters, and fluoresces yellow-green under ultraviolet light.
Schröckingerite in UV-light
Schröckingerite was first described in 1783 from an occurrence in Jáchymov, Bohemia, Czech Republic, and named for its discoverer, Julius Freiherr Schröckinger von Neudenberg (1814–1882).
References
^ Sometimes presented as: (NaCa3(UO2)(CO3)3(SO4)F·10(H2O)
^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ a b http://www.webmineral.com/data/Schrockingerite.shtml Webmineral
^ http://www.mindat.org/min-3584.html Mindat
^ a b "Schrockingerite". OpticalMineralogy.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schröckingerite.
This article about a specific carbonate mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webmineral-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OptMin-5"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"fluoresces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresce"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webmineral-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OptMin-5"}],"text":"Schröckingerite is a radioactive yellow uranium-containing carbonate mineral, hydrated sodium calcium uranyl sulfate carbonate fluoride.[3][4][5] Schröckingerite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, occurring as globular clusters, and fluoresces yellow-green under ultraviolet light.Schröckingerite in UV-lightSchröckingerite was first described in 1783 from an occurrence in Jáchymov, Bohemia, Czech Republic, and named for its discoverer, Julius Freiherr Schröckinger von Neudenberg (1814–1882).[3][5]","title":"Schröckingerite"}] | [{"image_text":"Schröckingerite in UV-light","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.jpg/250px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"\"Schrockingerite\". OpticalMineralogy.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://opticalmineralogy.com/the-carbonates-and-borates-mineral-class/schrockingerite/","url_text":"\"Schrockingerite\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Schrockingerite.shtml","external_links_name":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Schrockingerite.shtml"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-3584.html","external_links_name":"http://www.mindat.org/min-3584.html"},{"Link":"http://opticalmineralogy.com/the-carbonates-and-borates-mineral-class/schrockingerite/","external_links_name":"\"Schrockingerite\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6ckingerite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Z._Tan | Hong Z. Tan | ["1 Education and career","2 Research","3 Recognition","4 References","5 External links"] | Chinese-American haptics researcher
Hong Z. Tan (Chinese: 张虹) is a Chinese-American researcher in haptic technology and haptic perception. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University.
Education and career
Tan is originally from Shanghai. She studied biomedical engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, graduating in 1986, and went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for graduate study in electrical engineering and computer science. She earned a master's degree in 1988, and completed her Ph.D. in 1996.
As well as her position in electrical engineering and computer science at Purdue, Tan holds courtesy appointments in Purdue's departments of mechanical engineering and psychological sciences. In 2006, she became founding chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Haptics. She has taken leaves from Purdue to head the Human Computer Interaction Group at Microsoft Research Asia, to take a professorship in psychology at Beijing Normal University, and to work as lead haptics scientist for Google.
Research
Tan's research has included the development of chairs that can sense the posture of people sitting in them, and wearable devices that can translate spoken language into vibrations that can be felt on the skin, as a way of making speech accessible to hearing-impaired people.
Recognition
Tan was named an IEEE Fellow in 2017, "for contributions to wearable haptics".
References
^ a b "Hong Z. Tan", Our people, Purdue University Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, retrieved 2022-06-24
^ a b ELATE Fellow Personal & Professional Bio (PDF), May 2013, retrieved 2022-06-24
^ "Hong Z. Tan", IEEE Xplore, retrieved 2022-06-24
^ a b "Speaker biography", 2022 Computer Science Colloquium Series, University of Minnesota Computer Science Department, retrieved 2022-06-24
^ "Purdue engineers develop a chair with 'sense'", Purdue News, Purdue University, December 2000, retrieved 2022-06-24
^ "Purdue researcher creates vibration-based communication technology", Purdue Exponent, September 5, 2018
^ RAS Fellow listing (PDF), IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, 2022, retrieved 2022-06-24
External links
Home page
Hong Z. Tan publications indexed by Google Scholar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"haptic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"haptic perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_perception"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"Hong Z. Tan (Chinese: 张虹) is a Chinese-American researcher in haptic technology and haptic perception. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University.[1]","title":"Hong Z. Tan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elate-2"},{"link_name":"biomedical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x-3"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minn-coll-4"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Research Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Research_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elate-2"},{"link_name":"Beijing Normal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minn-coll-4"}],"text":"Tan is originally from Shanghai.[2] She studied biomedical engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, graduating in 1986, and went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for graduate study in electrical engineering and computer science. She earned a master's degree in 1988, and completed her Ph.D. in 1996.[1]As well as her position in electrical engineering and computer science at Purdue, Tan holds courtesy appointments in Purdue's departments of mechanical engineering and psychological sciences.[3] In 2006, she became founding chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Haptics.[4] She has taken leaves from Purdue to head the Human Computer Interaction Group at Microsoft Research Asia,[2] to take a professorship in psychology at Beijing Normal University, and to work as lead haptics scientist for Google.[4]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posture-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vibration-6"}],"text":"Tan's research has included the development of chairs that can sense the posture of people sitting in them,[5] and wearable devices that can translate spoken language into vibrations that can be felt on the skin, as a way of making speech accessible to hearing-impaired people.[6]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEEE Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Fellow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fieee-7"}],"text":"Tan was named an IEEE Fellow in 2017, \"for contributions to wearable haptics\".[7]","title":"Recognition"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hong Z. Tan\", Our people, Purdue University Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/ptProfile?resource_id=3022","url_text":"\"Hong Z. Tan\""}]},{"reference":"ELATE Fellow Personal & Professional Bio (PDF), May 2013, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.purdue.edu/~hongtan/pubs/HongZTan_bio_for_ELATE.pdf","url_text":"ELATE Fellow Personal & Professional Bio"}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Z. Tan\", IEEE Xplore, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37291575800","url_text":"\"Hong Z. Tan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speaker biography\", 2022 Computer Science Colloquium Series, University of Minnesota Computer Science Department, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cs.unm.edu/about/colloquium.html","url_text":"\"Speaker biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Purdue engineers develop a chair with 'sense'\", Purdue News, Purdue University, December 2000, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/001103.Tan.smartchair.html","url_text":"\"Purdue engineers develop a chair with 'sense'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Purdue researcher creates vibration-based communication technology\", Purdue Exponent, September 5, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purdueexponent.org/campus/article_69b1fde2-b145-11e8-9807-773a1031deaa.html","url_text":"\"Purdue researcher creates vibration-based communication technology\""}]},{"reference":"RAS Fellow listing (PDF), IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, 2022, retrieved 2022-06-24","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieee-ras.org/images/attachments/awards/RAS_Fellow_listing_2022.pdf","url_text":"RAS Fellow listing"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/ptProfile?resource_id=3022","external_links_name":"\"Hong Z. 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Tan\""},{"Link":"https://www.cs.unm.edu/about/colloquium.html","external_links_name":"\"Speaker biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/001103.Tan.smartchair.html","external_links_name":"\"Purdue engineers develop a chair with 'sense'\""},{"Link":"https://www.purdueexponent.org/campus/article_69b1fde2-b145-11e8-9807-773a1031deaa.html","external_links_name":"\"Purdue researcher creates vibration-based communication technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.ieee-ras.org/images/attachments/awards/RAS_Fellow_listing_2022.pdf","external_links_name":"RAS Fellow listing"},{"Link":"https://engineering.purdue.edu/~hongtan/","external_links_name":"Home page"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=OiVOAHMAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Hong Z. Tan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Archambault_Greaves | Louise Archambault Greaves | ["1 Career","1.1 Wealth of a Nation","1.2 Symbiopsychotaxiplasm","2 Filmography & Video","3 Film Awards","4 External links","5 References"] | Louise Archambault GreavesBorn(1932-10-08)October 8, 1932Verdun, QuebecDiedMarch 4, 2023(2023-03-04) (aged 90)Manhattan, USOccupation(s)President of William Greaves Productions, filmmakerSpouseWilliam GreavesChildren3Websitehttp://www.williamgreaves.com
Louise Archambault Greaves (October 8, 1932 - March 4, 2023) was a filmmaker, director, producer, screenwriter, curator, and researcher. She is known for her work as a co-producer and director with William Greaves on films such as; Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey, Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2 1/2, Wealth of a Nation, and The Deep North.
Career
In 1964 Louise and William Greaves founded the William Greaves Production Company in New York City. The company is an independent film production and distribution company. The company distributes its work to libraries, schools, colleges, community and cultural institutions.
Wealth of a Nation
The documentary Wealth of a Nation was filmed in 1964. It introduces the revolutionary vision of four artists: Bill Dixon, trumpeter, artist, and professor of Black Music; Lee Bontecou, artist; William Katavolos, architect; and Paolo Soleri. Soleri was known as a visionary architect. His philosophy was called arcology. The basic concept that architecture and ecology are not separate.
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm is an experimental documentary hybrid film, using cinéma vérité style of filming. Richard Brody is quoted in 2015 in The New Yorker as saying, "What if they made a revolution and nobody saw it? That's what happened in 1968, when William Greaves filmed one of the most daring and original movies of the time, 'Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One'."
In 1993, Symbiopsychotaxiplasm produced by Louise and William Greaves was shown at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2001 after years of post-development the film was reproduced as Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One. In 2006 - A new sequel was produced called Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 21⁄2.
The film follows, and documents the process of making a film; as a group of actors participate in an audition. It filmed what was going on in front of the camera, filming the filming being made, what was going on between the actors, and the environment. The idea was to capture pure reality using Cinéma vérité style. In effect the documentary Symbiopsychotaxiplasm created a documentary inside a documentary inside of a documentary.
The title of the film is related to the term symbiotaxiplasma. The term was coined by Social Philosopher Arthur F. Bentley. The term Symbiotaxiplasm sees Art as Experience and social interconnectedness.
Filmography & Video
2006 - Discovering William Greaves (Video)
2005 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2 1/2 (Documentary) (co-producer). This film was an early form of Cinéma vérité
2001 - Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey (Documentary) (co-producer) (chief researcher). The documentary Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey directed by Louise and William Greaves documents the life of an African American that won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. The film documents Ralph Bunche's contribution to the founding of the United Nations. The documentary won the Gold Award for Documentary feature from the Houston International Film Festival
1990 - The Deep North (TV Movie) (associate producer)
1990 - Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice.
Film Awards
2015 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm; winner of National Film Registry - National Film Preservation Board, USA
2006 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm; winner of Experimental Film Award, National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA
External links
BIOGRAPHY OF LOUISE ARCHAMBAULT GREAVES
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One
Article about Symbiosychotaxiplasm
References
^ "BIOGRAPHY OF LOUISE ARCHAMBAULT GREAVES". williamgreaves.com. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
^ a b "Louise Archambault". IMDb. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "filmforum.org/events/event/symbiopsychotaxiplasm-take-1-introduced-by-louise-greaves-event". filmforum.org. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ a b "Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2 1/2 - Full Frame Documentary Film Festival". fullframefest.org. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ a b "Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice. Prod. by William Greaves and Louise Archambault. William Greaves Productions, 1990. 53 mins. (William Greaves Productions, 230 Fifty-fifth St., 26th Floor, New York, NY 10019) | Journal of American History | Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ Archambault, Louise; Greaves, William; Poitier, Sidney; Urquhart, Brian; Filmakers Library, Inc; Alexander Street Press, (issuing body.) (2001), Ralph Bunche : an American odyssey, Filmakers Library, retrieved 25 October 2018
^ "Film Screening and Discussion: Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice - NYU Institute of African American Affairs". nyuiaaa.org. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Conversations.org: Paolo Soleri: Architecture as Salvation, by Richard Whittaker". conversations.org. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Movie of the Week: "Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Dialogic: Audra Wolowiec: On "Symbiotaxiplasm"". dialogic.blogspot.com. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Discovering William Greaves (Video 2006)". IMDb. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "50 Years Later, We Still Don't Know Whether This Film Is Fact or Fiction". hyperallergic.com. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Ralph Bunche | Making the Film | About the Film". pbs.org. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAG_Biography-1"},{"link_name":"William Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bunche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmforum-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fullframefest-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuiaaa-7"}],"text":"Louise Archambault Greaves[1] (October 8, 1932 - March 4, 2023) was a filmmaker, director, producer, screenwriter, curator, and researcher. She is known for her work as a co-producer and director with William Greaves on films such as; Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey, Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2 1/2, Wealth of a Nation, and The Deep North.[2][3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Louise Archambault Greaves"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1964 Louise and William Greaves founded the William Greaves Production Company in New York City. The company is an independent film production and distribution company. The company distributes its work to libraries, schools, colleges, community and cultural institutions.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Lee Bontecou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bontecou"},{"link_name":"William Katavolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Katavolos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Soleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Soleri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conversations-8"}],"sub_title":"Wealth of a Nation","text":"The documentary Wealth of a Nation was filmed in 1964. It introduces the revolutionary vision of four artists: Bill Dixon, trumpeter, artist, and professor of Black Music; Lee Bontecou, artist; William Katavolos, architect; and Paolo Soleri. Soleri was known as a visionary architect. His philosophy was called arcology. The basic concept that architecture and ecology are not separate.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Richard Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brody"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyorker-9"},{"link_name":"Symbiopsychotaxiplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiopsychotaxiplasm"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Arthur F. Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_F._Bentley"},{"link_name":"Art as Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_as_Experience"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyorker2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogspot-11"}],"sub_title":"Symbiopsychotaxiplasm","text":"Symbiopsychotaxiplasm is an experimental documentary hybrid film, using cinéma vérité style of filming. Richard Brody is quoted in 2015 in The New Yorker as saying, \"What if they made a revolution and nobody saw it? That's what happened in 1968, when William Greaves filmed one of the most daring and original movies of the time, 'Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One'.\"[9]In 1993, Symbiopsychotaxiplasm produced by Louise and William Greaves was shown at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2001 after years of post-development the film was reproduced as Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One. In 2006 - A new sequel was produced called Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 21⁄2.The film follows, and documents the process of making a film; as a group of actors participate in an audition. It filmed what was going on in front of the camera, filming the filming being made, what was going on between the actors, and the environment. The idea was to capture pure reality using Cinéma vérité style. In effect the documentary Symbiopsychotaxiplasm created a documentary inside a documentary inside of a documentary.The title of the film is related to the term symbiotaxiplasma. The term was coined by Social Philosopher Arthur F. Bentley. The term Symbiotaxiplasm sees Art as Experience and social interconnectedness.[10][11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb2-12"},{"link_name":"Symbiopsychotaxiplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiopsychotaxiplasm"},{"link_name":"Cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fullframefest-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyperallergic-13"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"},{"link_name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oup-5"}],"text":"2006 - Discovering William Greaves (Video)[12]\n2005 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2 1/2 (Documentary) (co-producer). This film was an early form of Cinéma vérité[4][13]\n2001 - Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey (Documentary) (co-producer) (chief researcher). The documentary Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey directed by Louise and William Greaves documents the life of an African American that won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. The film documents Ralph Bunche's contribution to the founding of the United Nations. The documentary won the Gold Award for Documentary feature from the Houston International Film Festival[14]\n1990 - The Deep North (TV Movie) (associate producer) [2]\n1990 - Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice.[5]","title":"Filmography & Video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"National Film Preservation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Preservation_Board"},{"link_name":"National Society of Film Critics Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb3-15"}],"text":"2015 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm; winner of National Film Registry - National Film Preservation Board, USA\n2006 - Symbiopsychotaxiplasm; winner of Experimental Film Award, National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA[15]","title":"Film Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"BIOGRAPHY OF LOUISE ARCHAMBAULT GREAVES\". williamgreaves.com. 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Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/movie-of-the-week-symbiopsychotaxiplasm-take-one","url_text":"\"Movie of the Week: \"Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialogic: Audra Wolowiec: On \"Symbiotaxiplasm\"\". dialogic.blogspot.com. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dialogic.blogspot.com/2008/08/audra-wolowiec-on-symbiotaxiplasm.html","url_text":"\"Dialogic: Audra Wolowiec: On \"Symbiotaxiplasm\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discovering William Greaves (Video 2006)\". IMDb. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6676204/","url_text":"\"Discovering William Greaves (Video 2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"50 Years Later, We Still Don't Know Whether This Film Is Fact or Fiction\". hyperallergic.com. 16 February 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Belasco | David Belasco | ["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Marriage","4 Death","5 Influence on American theatre","6 Theatres","6.1 New York","6.2 Other cities","7 Selected plays","8 Filmography","8.1 Producer","8.2 Films about David Belasco","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | American theatrical producer, impresario, director, and playwright
David Belasco is also the name of his uncle, David James (actor, born 1839)
David J. BelascoBelasco in 1909Born(1853-07-25)July 25, 1853San Francisco, California, U.S.DiedMay 14, 1931(1931-05-14) (aged 77)New York City, U.S.Occupation(s)Theatrical producer, director, playwrightYears active1884 to 1930Known forBelasco Theatre; pioneer of modern stage lighting and stage effects; stage naturalismNotable creditMadame ButterflySpouse
Cecilia Loverich
(m. 1873; died 1926)Signature
David Belasco (July 25, 1853 – May 14, 1931) was an American theatrical producer, impresario, director, and playwright. He was the first writer to adapt the short story Madame Butterfly for the stage. He launched the theatrical career of many actors, including James O'Neill, Mary Pickford, Lenore Ulric, and Barbara Stanwyck. Belasco pioneered many innovative new forms of stage lighting and special effects in order to create realism and naturalism.
Early years
David Belasco was born in 1853 in San Francisco, California, the son of Abraham H. Belasco (1830–1911) and Reyna Belasco (née Nunes, 1830–1899), Sephardic Jews who had immigrated to the United States from London's Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community during the California Gold Rush.: 13 He began working as a youth in a San Francisco theater doing a variety of routine jobs, such as call boy, script copier, or as an extra in small parts.: 14 He received his first experience as a stage manager while on the road. He said, "We used to play in any place we could hire or get into—a hall, a big dining room, an empty barn; any place that would take us.": 14
From late 1873 to early 1874, he worked as an actor, director, and secretary at Piper's Opera House in Virginia City, Nevada, where he found "more reckless women and desperadoes to the square foot…than anywhere else in the world". His developmental years as a supporting player in Virginia City colored his thoughts and eventually helped him to conceive realistic stage settings. He said that while working there, seeing "people die under such peculiar circumstances" made him
"all the more particular in regard to the psychology of dying on the stage. I think I was one of the first to bring naturalness to bear in death scenes, and my varied Virginia City experiences did much to help me toward this. Later I was to go deeper into such studies."His recollections of that time were published in Hearst's Magazine in 1914.
By March 1874, he was back at work in San Francisco, eventually managing Thomas Maguire's Baldwin Theater. When Maguire lost the theater in 1882, Belasco relocated to the East Coast, bringing his practical western experiences with him. The West allowed him to develop his talents as not only a performer, but in progressive production design and execution.
A gifted playwright, Belasco went to New York City in 1882. He worked as stage manager for the Madison Square Theatre (starting with Young Mrs. Winthrop), and then the old Lyceum Theatre, while also writing original plays. By 1895, he was so successful that he was considered America's most distinguished playwright and producer.
Career
Belasco in 1873
During his long creative career, stretching between 1884 and 1930, Belasco either wrote, directed, or produced more than 100 Broadway plays, including Hearts of Oak, The Heart of Maryland, and Du Barry, making him the most powerful personality on the New York City theater scene. He also helped establish careers for dozens of notable stage performers, many of whom went on to work in films.
Among them were Leslie Carter, dubbed "The American Sarah Bernhardt," whose association with Belasco skyrocketed her to theatrical fame after her roles in Zaza (1898) and Madame Du Barry (1901). Ina Claire's lead in Polly with a Past (1917) and The Gold Diggers (1919) similarly propelled her career. Belasco wrote a lead part for 18-year-old Maude Adams in his new play Men and Women (1890), which ran for 200 performances.
Other stars whose careers he helped launch included Jeanne Eagels, who would later achieve immortality as Sadie Thompson in Rain (1923), which played for 340 performances. Belasco discovered and managed the careers of Lenore Ulric and David Warfield, both of whom became major stars on Broadway. He launched the career of Barbara Stanwyck, and was responsible for changing her name.
Belasco is perhaps most famous for two works that were adapted as highly popular operas. He adapted the short story Madame Butterfly as a play with the same name. He also wrote the play The Girl of the Golden West. Both of these works were adapted as operas by Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (Madama Butterfly 1904—twice, after revision) and La fanciulla del West (1910).
In other adaptations, more than forty motion pictures have been made from the many plays that Belasco wrote.
To me, David Belasco was like the King of England, Julius Caesar and Napoleon rolled into one.
Mary Pickford
Many prominent performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the opportunity to work with Belasco; among them were D. W. Griffith, Helen Hayes, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford and Cecil B. DeMille. DeMille's father had been close friends with Belasco. After DeMille graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, he began his stage career under Belasco's guidance. DeMille's later methods of handling actors, using dramatic lighting and directing films, were modeled after Belasco's staging techniques.
Pickford appeared in his plays The Warrens of Virginia at the first Belasco Theatre in 1907 and A Good Little Devil in 1913. The two remained in touch after Pickford began working in Hollywood; Belasco appeared with her in the 1914 film adaptation of A Good Little Devil. He is credited as giving Pickford her stage name as well. He also worked with Lionel Barrymore, who starred in his play Laugh, Clown, Laugh opposite Lucille Kahn, whose Broadway career Belasco launched. Belasco was a member of The Lambs from 1893 to 1931.
Marriage
David Belasco was married to Cecilia Loverich for over fifty years. They had two daughters, Reina (who later married producer Morris Gest) and Augusta.
Death
Belasco died on May 14, 1931, at the age of 77 in Manhattan. His funeral was held at Central Synagogue, Manhattan. He was interred in the Linden Hill Jewish Cemetery on Metropolitan Avenue in Ridgewood, Queens.
Influence on American theatre
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Poster for The Heart of Maryland with Maurice Barrymore and Mrs. Leslie Carter
Belasco demanded a natural acting style, and to complement that, he developed stage settings with authentic lighting effects to enhance his plays. His productions inspired several generations of theatre lighting designers.: 29
Belasco's contributions to modern stage and lighting techniques were originally not appreciated as much as those of his European counterparts, such as André Antoine and Constantin Stanislavski. But today he is regarded as "one of the first significant directorial figures in the history of the American theatre," writes theatre historian Lise-Lone Marker.: xi
Belasco's monogram
He brought a new standard of naturalism to the American stage as the first to develop modern stage lighting, along with the use of colored lights, via motorized color changing wheels, to evoke mood and setting.: xi America's earliest stage lighting manufacturer, Kliegl Brothers, began by serving the specialized needs of producers and directors such as Belasco and Florenz Ziegfeld.: 157 With regard to these modern lighting effects, Belasco is best remembered for his production of Girl of the Golden West (1905), with the play opening to a spectacular sunset that lasted five minutes before any dialogue started.: 29
Belasco became one of the first directors to eschew the use of traditional footlights in favor of lights concealed below floor level, thereby hidden from the audience. His lighting assistant, Louis Hartmann, realized Belasco's design ideas.: 29 He also used 'follow spots' to further create realism and often tailored his lighting configurations to complement the complexions and hair color of the actors.: 135 He ordered a specially made 1000-watt lamp developed just for his own productions. He was the only director to have one for the first two years after its introduction (1914–1915).: 135
In his own theatres, the dressing rooms were equipped with lamps of several colors, allowing the performers to see how their makeup looked under different lighting conditions.
Belasco was said to put appropriate scents to set scenes in the ventilation systems of the theaters, while his sets were highly detailed and sometimes spilled out into the audience area. In one play, for instance, an operational laundromat was built onstage. The Governor's Lady had a reproduction of a Childs Restaurant kitchen, where actors cooked and prepared food during the play. Childs Restaurant Scene in The Governor's Lady In his 1919 book The Theatre through Its Stage Door, Belasco relates the following incident:
When I produced The Easiest Way I found myself in a dlimma. I planned one of its scenes to be an exact counterpart of a little hall bedroom in a cheap theatrical boarding-house in New York. We tried to build the scene in my shops, but, somehow, we could not make it look shabby enough. So I went to the meanest theatrical lodging-house I could find in the Tenderloin district and bought the entire interior of one of its most dilapidated rooms—patched furniture, threadbare carpet, tarnished and broken gas fixtures, tumble-down cupboards, dingy doors and window-casings, and even the faded paper on the walls.
Belasco's original scripts were often filled with long, specific descriptions of props and set dressings. He has not been noted for producing unusually naturalistic scenarios.
Belasco both embraced existing theatre technology and sought to expand on it. Both of Belasco's New York theatres were built on the cutting edge of their era's technology. When Belasco took over the Republic Theatre, he drilled a new basement level to accommodate his machinery. He had the Stuyvesant Theatre specially constructed with great amounts of flyspace, hydraulics systems and lighting rigs. The basement of the Stuyvesant contained a working machine shop, where Belasco and his team experimented with lighting and other special effects. Many of the innovations developed in the Belasco shop were sold to other producers.
F. Scott Fitzgerald refers to Belasco's reputation for realism in his novel The Great Gatsby (1925). A drunken visitor in the library of Gatsby's mansion exclaims in amazement that the books are genuine: "See!" he cried triumphantly. "It's a bona-fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Belasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop, too—didn't cut the pages."
Theatres
See also: Belasco Theatre
New York
The first Belasco Theatre in New York was the Republic Theatre at 229 West 42nd Street, between 7th and 8th Avenues, in the Theater District of Manhattan. Belasco took over management of the theater and completely remodeled it in 1902, only two years after it was constructed by Oscar Hammerstein (the grandfather of the famous lyricist) constructed it. He gave up the theater in 1910 and it was renamed the Republic. Under various owners, it went through a tumultuous period as a burlesque venue, hosted second-run and, eventually, pornographic films. It was rehabilitated and reopened as the New Victory Theater in 1995.
The second Belasco Theatre is located at 111 West 44th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenues, only a few blocks away from the New Victory. It was constructed in 1907 as the Stuyvesant Theatre and renamed after Belasco in 1910. The theater was built to Belasco's wishes, with Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels, rich woodwork and murals. His business office and private apartment were also housed there. The Belasco is still in operation as a Broadway venue with much of the original decor intact.
Other cities
Belasco Theatres also existed in several other cities.
In Los Angeles, the first Belasco Theatre was located at 337 S. Main St. The theater, which hosted the Belasco Stock Company, opened in 1904 and was operated by David Belasco's brother, Frederick. This theater was renamed twice: as the Republic in about 1913 and as the Follies, circa 1919. The theater eventually became a burlesque venue in the 1940s, fell into sharp decline, and was demolished in May 1974.
The second, and perhaps more well known theatre in Los Angeles, The Belasco is located at 1050 S. Hill St in Downtown Los Angeles. The theatre, which was built by Morgan, Walls & Clements, opened in 1926, and was managed by Edward Belasco, another of David's brothers. Many Hollywood stars with theatrical roots, as well as Broadway stars who were visiting the West Coast, appeared at the theatre. The theater declined after the death of Edward Belasco in 1937. After closing altogether in the early 1950s, the theater was used as a church for several decades. In 2010 - 2011, the theater underwent an extensive restoration, and is currently in operation as a nightclub and convention venue.
The Shubert-Belasco Theatre, located in Washington, D.C., was purchased by Belasco in September 1905. Originally built in 1895 as the Lafayette Square Opera House, at 717 Madison Place, across from the White House, the theater was razed in 1962 and replaced by the U.S. Court of Claims building.
Selected plays
Hearts of Oak (1879), by James A. Herne and David Belasco
La Belle Russe (1882), by David Belasco
May Blossom (1884), by David Belasco
Lord Chumley (1888), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco
Men and Women (1890), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco
The Girl I Left Behind Me (1893), by Franklin Fyles and David Belasco
Pawn Ticket No. 210 (1894), by Clay M. Greene and David Belasco
The Heart of Maryland (1895), by David Belasco
Zaza (1898), by David Belasco (based on the play Zaza by Pierre Berton and Charles Simon )
Madame Butterfly (1900), by David Belasco (based on the short story Madame Butterfly by John Luther Long)
Du Barry (1901), by David Belasco
The Auctioneer (1901)
Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1903), by David Belasco (based on the novel The Bath Comedy by Agnes Castle and Egerton Castle)
The Music Master (1904), by Charles Klein
Adrea (1905), by David Belasco and John Luther Long
The Girl of the Golden West (1905), by David Belasco
Rose of the Rancho (1906), by Richard Walton Tully and David Belasco
The Warrens of Virginia (1907), by William C. deMille
A Grand Army Man (1907)
The Fighting Hope (1908), by William J. Hurlbut
The Easiest Way (1909), by Eugene Walter
The Lily (1909), by David Belasco (based on the play Le Lys by Pierre Wolff and Gaston Leroux)
Just a Wife (1910), by Eugene Walter
The Woman (1911), by William C. deMille
The Return of Peter Grimm (1911), by David Belasco
The Governor's Lady (1912), by Alice Bradley
The Case of Becky (1912), by Edward Locke
A Good Little Devil (1913), by Austin Strong (based on the play Un bon petit diable by Rosemonde Gérard and Maurice Rostand)
Seven Chances (1916), by Roi Cooper Megrue
Tiger Rose (1917), by Willard Mack
The Gold Diggers (1919), by Avery Hopwood
The Son-Daughter (1919), by George Scarborough and David Belasco
Kiki (1921), by David Belasco with music by Zoel Parenteau (based on the play Kiki by André Picard)
Shore Leave (1922), by Hubert Osborne
Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1923), by Tom Cushing and David Belasco (based on the play Ridi, pagliaccio! by Fausto Maria Martini)
Ladies of the Evening (1924), by Milton Herbert Gropper
The Dove (1925), by Willard Mack (based on a story by Gerald Beaumont)
Lulu Belle (1926), by Charles MacArthur and Edward Sheldon
Tonight or Never (1930), by Fanny Hatton and Frederic Hatton (based on the play Ma este vagy soha by Lili Hatvany )
Filmography
Lord Chumley, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Lord Chumley)
La Belle Russe , directed by William J. Hanley (1914, based on the play La Belle Russe)
Men and Women, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Men and Women)
Rose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)
The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)
The Girl I Left Behind Me , directed by Lloyd B. Carleton (1915, based on the play The Girl I Left Behind Me)
DuBarry, directed by Edoardo Bencivenga (1915, based on the play Du Barry)
The Heart of Maryland, directed by Herbert Brenon (1915, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)
May Blossom, directed by Allan Dwan (1915, based on the play May Blossom)
The Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, based on the play The Case of Becky)
Madame Butterfly, directed by Sidney Olcott (1915, based on the play Madame Butterfly)
Zaza, directed by Edwin S. Porter and Hugh Ford (1915, based on the play Zaza)
Sweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by James Young (1916, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)
La Belle Russe, directed by Charles Brabin (1919, based on the play La Belle Russe)
Harakiri, directed by Fritz Lang (Germany, 1919, based on the play Madame Butterfly)
The Heart of Maryland, directed by Tom Terriss (1921, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)
The Case of Becky, directed by Chester M. Franklin (1921, based on the play The Case of Becky)
Pawn Ticket 210, directed by Scott R. Dunlap (1922, based on the play Pawn Ticket No. 210)
The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Edwin Carewe (1923, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)
Zaza, directed by Allan Dwan (1923, based on the play Zaza)
Tiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, based on the play Tiger Rose)
Forty Winks, directed by Paul Iribe and Frank Urson (1925, based on the play Lord Chumley)
Seven Chances, directed by Buster Keaton (1925, based on the play Seven Chances)
Men and Women, directed by William C. deMille (1925, based on the play Men and Women)
Kiki, directed by Clarence Brown (1926, based on the play Kiki)
The Lily, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Lily)
The Return of Peter Grimm, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)
The Music Master, directed by Allan Dwan (1927, based on the play The Music Master)
The Heart of Maryland, directed by Lloyd Bacon (1927, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)
Laugh, Clown, Laugh, directed by Herbert Brenon (1928, based on the play Laugh, Clown, Laugh)
Ladies of Leisure, directed by Frank Capra (1930, based on the play Ladies of the Evening)
Sweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by Alfred E. Green (1930, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)
Du Barry, Woman of Passion, directed by Sam Taylor (1930, based on the play Du Barry)
The Girl of the Golden West, directed by John Francis Dillon (1930, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)
Kiki, directed by Sam Taylor (1931, based on the play Kiki)
Tonight or Never, directed by Mervyn LeRoy (1931, based on the play Tonight or Never)
Girl of the Rio, directed by Herbert Brenon (1932, based on the play The Dove)
The Hatchet Man, directed by William A. Wellman (1932, based on the play The Honorable Mr. Wong)
The Son-Daughter, directed by Clarence Brown (1932, based on the play The Son-Daughter)
Madame Butterfly, directed by Marion Gering (1932, based on the play Madame Butterfly)
The Return of Peter Grimm, directed by George Nicholls Jr. (1935, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)
Rose of the Rancho, directed by Marion Gering (1936, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)
Follow the Fleet, directed by Mark Sandrich (1936, based on the play Shore Leave)
The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Robert Z. Leonard (1938, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)
Zaza, directed by George Cukor (1939, based on the play Zaza)
Lulu Belle, directed by Leslie Fenton (1948, based on the play Lulu Belle)
Madame Butterfly, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1954, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)
Madame Butterfly, directed by Frédéric Mitterrand (France, 1995, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)
Producer
A Good Little Devil, directed by Edwin S. Porter (1914, Famous Players Film Company)
Rose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Warrens of Virginia, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Governor's Lady, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Woman, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Fighting Hope, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
The Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
Her Accidental Husband, directed by Dallas M. Fitzgerald (1923, Belasco Productions, Inc.)
The Gold Diggers, directed by Harry Beaumont (1923, Warner Bros.)
Tiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, Warner Bros.)
Welcome Stranger, directed by James Young (1924, Belasco Productions, Inc.)
Friendly Enemies, directed by George Melford (1925, Belasco Productions, Inc.)
Fifth Avenue, directed by Robert G. Vignola (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)
The Prince of Pilsen, directed by Paul Powell (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)
Films about David Belasco
Lady with Red Hair, directed by Curtis Bernhardt (1940), with Claude Rains as David Belasco
See also
The Auctioneer (1927)
William Ziegler House
References
^ a b "David Belasco Dies. Dean Of Theatre, 76, Had Long Been Ill. Stage Genius Who Is Dead At 76". The New York Times. May 15, 1931.
^ Osnes, Beth, and Gill, Sam. Acting: An International Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO (2001) p. 34
^ a b c d e f Marker, Lise-Lone, David Belasco: Naturalism in the American Theater, Princeton Univ. Press (1975)
^ "David Belasco". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
^ Eichin, Carolyn Grattan, From San Francisco Eastward: Victorian Theater in the American West, (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2020), 181
^ Belasco, David. Gala Days of Piper's Opera House and the California Theater. 1914. Sparks, NV: Falcon Hill Press, 1991: v–vi, 18, 42
^ Eichin, Carolyn Grattan. (2020), From San Francisco Eastward, pp.180-182
^ a b c d e f g h i Wilson, Victoria. A Life of Barbara Stanwyck: Steel-True 1907-1940, Simon and Schuster (2013) ebook
^ Botto, Louis; Viagas, Robert. At this Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars, Hal Leonard Corp. (2002) p. 28
^ "Lenore Ulric, Broadway Star of Belasco Era, Is Dead at 78", The New York Times, December 31, 1970
^ Wallace, David. Lost Hollywood, Macmillan (2001) p. 21
^ a b "Throng at Funeral of David Belasco; Edwin Milton Royle and Rev. Dr. Jonah B. Wise Eulogize Famous Producer". The New York Times. May 18, 1931. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
^ "Actors Eulogize Belasco. At Meeting of Jewish Guild Frohman Recalls Early Days". The New York Times. May 20, 1931.
^ a b c d e f g Cox, Jim. Sold on Radio: Advertisers in the Golden Age of Broadcasting. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2008; reprint 2013. ISBN 9780786433919.
^ Belasco, David (1969). "The Theatre through Its Stage Door". Benjamin Blom. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
^ F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925, chapter 3.
^ "Mr. Belasco's New Theatre: He Will Take Charge of the Theatre Republic at the Close of This Season". New-York Tribune. January 15, 1902. p. 2. ProQuest 571138427.
^ "Dramatic and Musical; Mr. Hammerstein's New Theatre Republic Opened Last Night. James A. Herne's New Rustic Drama, "Sag Harbor" – "A Million Dollars" the New Spectacular Piece at the New York". The New York Times. September 28, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ Schrader, Fred F. (September 25, 1910). "Producing Week in New York; Many Changes Are Announced: Producing Week in Gotham". The Washington Post. p. MT2. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 144999004.
^ "Republic to Become a Burlesque House; Former Home of 'Abie's Irish Rose,' Now Film Theatre, to Enter Upon New Policy Feb. 12". The New York Times. January 29, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
^ Coe, Robert; Stayton, Richard (July 1994). "LETSMAKEADEAL". American Theatre. Vol. 11, no. 6. p. 14. ProQuest 220578129.
^ Goldberger, Paul (December 11, 1995). "An Old Jewel of 42d Street Reopens, Seeking to Dazzle Families". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ "Light Like Day in New Theatre; Electrics Screened Behind a Ground Glass Ceiling in the Stuyvesant". The New York Times. April 29, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ Botto, Louis; Mitchell, Brian Stokes (2002). At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars. New York; Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books/Playbill. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-55783-566-6.
^ Belasco Theater Interior (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 4, 1987. p. 14.
^ Isherwood, Charles (August 24, 2010). "Belasco Theater Is Burnished, and Back". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ "Follies Theatre". Historic Los Angeles Theatres - Downtown.
^ "Follies Theatre". Cinema Treasures.
^ "Belasco Theatre". Historic Los Angeles Theatres - Downtown.
^ "Historic Belasco Theater Awaits Its Next Act". blogdowntown.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
^ "Bringing Back the Belasco". Los Angeles Downtown News.
^ "White House Area - Sites on the East side of Lafayette Park". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ "Belasco, David, 1853-1931". Snacooperative. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "David Belasco Broadway and Theatre Credits". broadwayworld. Wisdom Digital Media. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ David Belasco Presents David Warfield in a Grand Army Man, a New American Play by David Belasco, Pauline Phelps and Marion Short. F.V. Strauss. 1908.
Further reading
Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture, William Alan Morrison, Dover Publications, 1999, ISBN 0-486-40244-4
Sunshine and Shadow: An Autobiography, Mary Pickford, Doubleday, 1955
The Shuberts Present: 100 Years of American Theater, Maryann Chach, Reagan Fletcher, Mark Evan Swartz, Sylvia Wang, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001, ISBN 0-8109-0614-7
Theatre through Its Stage Door, David Belasco, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1919, published Sept. 1919. Also Ayer Co. Publishing (reprint), 1919, ISBN 0-405-08261-4
Gulden, Leslie Sue (May 2021). A stage full of trees and sky: Analyzing representations of nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012. Texas Tech University. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts
Bisaha, David (June 17, 2015). Developing the Modern Scene Design Process: Cognition and the New Stagecraft. University of Pittsburgh. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Belasco.
Belasco Theatre history Archived December 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
New Victory Theater history
Works
Works by David Belasco at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about David Belasco at Internet Archive
Works by David Belasco at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Papers
David Belasco papers, 1868-1967, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Stephen Schwartz collection of David Belasco materials, 1904-1965, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
The Belasco collection of incidental music and musicals in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Thomas Albert Curry, Sr. papers, 1918-1933 at the University of Oregon Libraries.
Encyclopedias
"Belasco, David" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Belasco
https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/theater-biographies/david-belasco
https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2799-belasco-david
Data
David Belasco at the Internet Broadway Database
David Belasco at Library of Congress, with 153 library catalog records
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095456449
vteThe Girl of the Golden West by David BelascoFilms
The Girl of the Golden West (1915)
The Girl of the Golden West (1923)
The Girl of the Golden West (1930)
The Girl of the Golden West (1938)
Operas
La fanciulla del West
Related articles
Girl of the Golden West
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David James (actor, born 1839)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_James_(actor,_born_1839)"},{"link_name":"theatrical producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_producer"},{"link_name":"impresario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"James O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Neill_(actor,_born_1847)"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Lenore Ulric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Ulric"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osnes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"}],"text":"David Belasco is also the name of his uncle, David James (actor, born 1839)David Belasco (July 25, 1853 – May 14, 1931) was an American theatrical producer, impresario, director, and playwright.[1] He was the first writer to adapt the short story Madame Butterfly for the stage. He launched the theatrical career of many actors, including James O'Neill, Mary Pickford, Lenore Ulric, and Barbara Stanwyck. Belasco pioneered many innovative new forms of stage lighting and special effects in order to create realism and naturalism.[2][3]","title":"David Belasco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sephardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"call boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_boy_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"},{"link_name":"Piper's Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper%27s_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Virginia City, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Young Mrs. Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Mrs._Winthrop_(play)"},{"link_name":"old Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(New_York,_1885-1902)"}],"text":"David Belasco was born in 1853 in San Francisco, California, the son of Abraham H. Belasco (1830–1911) and Reyna Belasco (née Nunes, 1830–1899), Sephardic Jews who had immigrated to the United States from London's Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community during the California Gold Rush.[3]: 13 [4] He began working as a youth in a San Francisco theater doing a variety of routine jobs, such as call boy, script copier, or as an extra in small parts.[3]: 14 He received his first experience as a stage manager while on the road. He said, \"We used to play in any place we could hire or get into—a hall, a big dining room, an empty barn; any place that would take us.\"[3]: 14From late 1873 to early 1874, he worked as an actor, director, and secretary at Piper's Opera House in Virginia City, Nevada, where he found \"more reckless women and desperadoes to the square foot…than anywhere else in the world\". His developmental years as a supporting player in Virginia City colored his thoughts and eventually helped him to conceive realistic stage settings.[5] He said that while working there, seeing \"people die under such peculiar circumstances\" made him\"all the more particular in regard to the psychology of dying on the stage. I think I was one of the first to bring naturalness to bear in death scenes, and my varied Virginia City experiences did much to help me toward this. Later I was to go deeper into such studies.\"His recollections of that time were published in Hearst's Magazine in 1914.[6]By March 1874, he was back at work in San Francisco, eventually managing Thomas Maguire's Baldwin Theater. When Maguire lost the theater in 1882, Belasco relocated to the East Coast, bringing his practical western experiences with him. The West allowed him to develop his talents as not only a performer, but in progressive production design and execution.[7]A gifted playwright, Belasco went to New York City in 1882. He worked as stage manager for the Madison Square Theatre (starting with Young Mrs. Winthrop), and then the old Lyceum Theatre, while also writing original plays. By 1895, he was so successful that he was considered America's most distinguished playwright and producer.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Belasco_1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Hearts of Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_of_Oak_(1879_play)"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Leslie_Carter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_(play)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Ina Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Claire"},{"link_name":"The Gold Diggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Diggers_(1919_play)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Maude Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Adams"},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(play)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Eagels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Eagels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botto-9"},{"link_name":"Lenore Ulric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Ulric"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-obit-10"},{"link_name":"David Warfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warfield"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"a play with the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"La fanciulla del West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West"},{"link_name":"motion pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_pictures"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Lillian Gish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Gish"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-8"},{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Laugh, Clown, Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh,_Clown,_Laugh"},{"link_name":"Lucille Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Kahn"},{"link_name":"The Lambs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lambs"}],"text":"Belasco in 1873During his long creative career, stretching between 1884 and 1930, Belasco either wrote, directed, or produced more than 100 Broadway plays, including Hearts of Oak, The Heart of Maryland, and Du Barry, making him the most powerful personality on the New York City theater scene. He also helped establish careers for dozens of notable stage performers, many of whom went on to work in films.Among them were Leslie Carter, dubbed \"The American Sarah Bernhardt,\"[8] whose association with Belasco skyrocketed her to theatrical fame after her roles in Zaza (1898) and Madame Du Barry (1901).[8] Ina Claire's lead in Polly with a Past (1917) and The Gold Diggers (1919) similarly propelled her career.[8] Belasco wrote a lead part for 18-year-old Maude Adams in his new play Men and Women (1890), which ran for 200 performances.[8]Other stars whose careers he helped launch included Jeanne Eagels, who would later achieve immortality as Sadie Thompson in Rain (1923), which played for 340 performances.[9] Belasco discovered and managed the careers of Lenore Ulric[10] and David Warfield, both of whom became major stars on Broadway. He launched the career of Barbara Stanwyck, and was responsible for changing her name.[8]Belasco is perhaps most famous for two works that were adapted as highly popular operas. He adapted the short story Madame Butterfly as a play with the same name. He also wrote the play The Girl of the Golden West. Both of these works were adapted as operas by Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (Madama Butterfly 1904—twice, after revision) and La fanciulla del West (1910).In other adaptations, more than forty motion pictures have been made from the many plays that Belasco wrote.To me, David Belasco was like the King of England, Julius Caesar and Napoleon rolled into one.\n\n\nMary Pickford[8]Many prominent performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the opportunity to work with Belasco; among them were D. W. Griffith, Helen Hayes, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford[8] and Cecil B. DeMille.[8] DeMille's father had been close friends with Belasco. After DeMille graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, he began his stage career under Belasco's guidance.[11] DeMille's later methods of handling actors, using dramatic lighting and directing films, were modeled after Belasco's staging techniques.[8]Pickford appeared in his plays The Warrens of Virginia at the first Belasco Theatre in 1907 and A Good Little Devil in 1913. The two remained in touch after Pickford began working in Hollywood; Belasco appeared with her in the 1914 film adaptation of A Good Little Devil. He is credited as giving Pickford her stage name as well. He also worked with Lionel Barrymore, who starred in his play Laugh, Clown, Laugh opposite Lucille Kahn, whose Broadway career Belasco launched. Belasco was a member of The Lambs from 1893 to 1931.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris Gest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Gest"}],"text":"David Belasco was married to Cecilia Loverich for over fifty years. They had two daughters, Reina (who later married producer Morris Gest) and Augusta.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Central Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1931_w244-12"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1931_w244-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Belasco died on May 14, 1931, at the age of 77 in Manhattan.[1] His funeral was held at Central Synagogue, Manhattan.[12] He was interred in the Linden Hill Jewish Cemetery on Metropolitan Avenue in Ridgewood, Queens.[12][13]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belasco%27s_The_Heart_of_Maryland.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Leslie Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Leslie_Carter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"André Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Antoine"},{"link_name":"Constantin Stanislavski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Belasco_Monogram.jpg"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"Kliegl Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliegl_Brothers_Universal_Electric_Stage_Lighting_Company"},{"link_name":"Florenz Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-14"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"The Governor's Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governor%27s_Lady"},{"link_name":"Childs Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childs_Restaurant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Childs_Restaurant_Scene_in_The_Governor%E2%80%99s_Lady.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"The Great Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Poster for The Heart of Maryland with Maurice Barrymore and Mrs. Leslie CarterBelasco demanded a natural acting style, and to complement that, he developed stage settings with authentic lighting effects to enhance his plays. His productions inspired several generations of theatre lighting designers.[14]: 29Belasco's contributions to modern stage and lighting techniques were originally not appreciated as much as those of his European counterparts, such as André Antoine and Constantin Stanislavski. But today he is regarded as \"one of the first significant directorial figures in the history of the American theatre,\" writes theatre historian Lise-Lone Marker.[3]: xiBelasco's monogramHe brought a new standard of naturalism to the American stage as the first to develop modern stage lighting, along with the use of colored lights, via motorized color changing wheels, to evoke mood and setting.[3]: xi [14] America's earliest stage lighting manufacturer, Kliegl Brothers, began by serving the specialized needs of producers and directors such as Belasco and Florenz Ziegfeld.[14]: 157 With regard to these modern lighting effects, Belasco is best remembered for his production of Girl of the Golden West (1905), with the play opening to a spectacular sunset that lasted five minutes before any dialogue started.[14]: 29Belasco became one of the first directors to eschew the use of traditional footlights in favor of lights concealed below floor level, thereby hidden from the audience. His lighting assistant, Louis Hartmann, realized Belasco's design ideas.[14]: 29 He also used 'follow spots' to further create realism and often tailored his lighting configurations to complement the complexions and hair color of the actors.[14]: 135 He ordered a specially made 1000-watt lamp developed just for his own productions. He was the only director to have one for the first two years after its introduction (1914–1915).[14]: 135In his own theatres, the dressing rooms were equipped with lamps of several colors, allowing the performers to see how their makeup looked under different lighting conditions.Belasco was said[by whom?] to put appropriate scents to set scenes in the ventilation systems of the theaters, while his sets were highly detailed and sometimes spilled out into the audience area. In one play, for instance, an operational laundromat was built onstage. The Governor's Lady had a reproduction of a Childs Restaurant kitchen, where actors cooked and prepared food during the play.Childs Restaurant Scene in The Governor's LadyIn his 1919 book The Theatre through Its Stage Door, Belasco relates the following incident:When I produced The Easiest Way I found myself in a dlimma. I planned one of its scenes to be an exact counterpart of a little hall bedroom in a cheap theatrical boarding-house in New York. We tried to build the scene in my shops, but, somehow, we could not make it look shabby enough. So I went to the meanest theatrical lodging-house I could find in the Tenderloin district and bought the entire interior of one of its most dilapidated rooms—patched furniture, threadbare carpet, tarnished and broken gas fixtures, tumble-down cupboards, dingy doors and window-casings, and even the faded paper on the walls.[15]Belasco's original scripts were often filled with long, specific descriptions of props and set dressings. He has not been noted for producing unusually naturalistic scenarios.Belasco both embraced existing theatre technology and sought to expand on it. Both of Belasco's New York theatres were built on the cutting edge of their era's technology. When Belasco took over the Republic Theatre, he drilled a new basement level to accommodate his machinery. He had the Stuyvesant Theatre specially constructed with great amounts of flyspace, hydraulics systems and lighting rigs. The basement of the Stuyvesant contained a working machine shop, where Belasco and his team experimented with lighting and other special effects. Many of the innovations developed in the Belasco shop were sold to other producers.F. Scott Fitzgerald refers to Belasco's reputation for realism in his novel The Great Gatsby (1925). A drunken visitor in the library of Gatsby's mansion exclaims in amazement that the books are genuine: \"See!\" he cried triumphantly. \"It's a bona-fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Belasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop, too—didn't cut the pages.\"[16]","title":"Influence on American theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belasco Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belasco_Theatre"}],"text":"See also: Belasco Theatre","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Victory_Theater"},{"link_name":"Theater District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p571138427-17"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_I"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1900-09-28-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n144999004-19"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1931-01-29-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p220578129-21"},{"link_name":"New Victory Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Victory_Theater"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1995-12-11-22"},{"link_name":"Belasco Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belasco_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1907-04-29-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_glass"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"The first Belasco Theatre in New York was the Republic Theatre at 229 West 42nd Street, between 7th and 8th Avenues, in the Theater District of Manhattan. Belasco took over management of the theater and completely remodeled it in 1902,[17] only two years after it was constructed by Oscar Hammerstein (the grandfather of the famous lyricist) constructed it.[18] He gave up the theater in 1910 and it was renamed the Republic.[19] Under various owners, it went through a tumultuous period as a burlesque venue,[20] hosted second-run and, eventually, pornographic films.[21] It was rehabilitated and reopened as the New Victory Theater in 1995.[22]The second Belasco Theatre is located at 111 West 44th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenues, only a few blocks away from the New Victory. It was constructed in 1907 as the Stuyvesant Theatre[23] and renamed after Belasco in 1910.[24] The theater was built to Belasco's wishes, with Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels, rich woodwork and murals. His business office and private apartment were also housed there.[25] The Belasco is still in operation as a Broadway venue with much of the original decor intact.[26]","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Belasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Belasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"U.S. Court of Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Claims"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Other cities","text":"Belasco Theatres also existed in several other cities.In Los Angeles, the first Belasco Theatre was located at 337 S. Main St. The theater, which hosted the Belasco Stock Company, opened in 1904 and was operated by David Belasco's brother, Frederick. This theater was renamed twice: as the Republic in about 1913 and as the Follies, circa 1919. The theater eventually became a burlesque venue in the 1940s, fell into sharp decline, and was demolished in May 1974.[27][28]The second, and perhaps more well known theatre in Los Angeles, The Belasco is located at 1050 S. Hill St in Downtown Los Angeles. The theatre, which was built by Morgan, Walls & Clements, opened in 1926, and was managed by Edward Belasco, another of David's brothers. Many Hollywood stars with theatrical roots, as well as Broadway stars who were visiting the West Coast, appeared at the theatre.[29] The theater declined after the death of Edward Belasco in 1937. After closing altogether in the early 1950s, the theater was used as a church for several decades.[30] In 2010 - 2011, the theater underwent an extensive restoration, and is currently in operation as a nightclub and convention venue.[31]The Shubert-Belasco Theatre, located in Washington, D.C., was purchased by Belasco in September 1905. Originally built in 1895 as the Lafayette Square Opera House, at 717 Madison Place, across from the White House, the theater was razed in 1962 and replaced by the U.S. Court of Claims building.[32]","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hearts of Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_of_Oak_(1879_play)"},{"link_name":"James A. Herne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Herne"},{"link_name":"Henry Churchill de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Churchill_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(play)"},{"link_name":"Henry Churchill de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Churchill_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"Franklin Fyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Fyles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clay M. Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_M._Greene"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_(play)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Charles Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Simon_(playwright)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simon_(dramaturge)"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(play)"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"John Luther Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Luther_Long"},{"link_name":"The Auctioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Auctioneer_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW-34"},{"link_name":"Agnes Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Castle"},{"link_name":"Egerton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egerton_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Music Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Master_(play)"},{"link_name":"Charles Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Klein"},{"link_name":"John Luther Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Luther_Long"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"Richard Walton Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walton_Tully"},{"link_name":"William C. deMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._deMille"},{"link_name":"A Grand Army Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Grand_Army_Man"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"William J. Hurlbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hurlbut"},{"link_name":"Eugene Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Walter_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Gaston Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Leroux"},{"link_name":"Just a Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Wife"},{"link_name":"Eugene Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Walter_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"William C. deMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._deMille"},{"link_name":"The Governor's Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governor%27s_Lady"},{"link_name":"Alice Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Bradley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Locke"},{"link_name":"Austin Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosemonde Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemonde_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Maurice Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rostand"},{"link_name":"Seven Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Chances_(play)"},{"link_name":"Roi Cooper Megrue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roi_Cooper_Megrue"},{"link_name":"Willard Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Mack"},{"link_name":"The Gold Diggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Diggers_(1919_play)"},{"link_name":"Avery Hopwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Hopwood"},{"link_name":"Zoel Parenteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoel_Parenteau"},{"link_name":"André Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Picard_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Tom Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Fausto Maria Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Maria_Martini"},{"link_name":"Milton Herbert Gropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton_Herbert_Gropper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willard Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Mack"},{"link_name":"Gerald Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Beaumont_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"Edward Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sheldon"},{"link_name":"Fanny Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Frederic Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Lili Hatvany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lili_Hatvany&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatvany_Lili"}],"text":"Hearts of Oak (1879), by James A. Herne and David Belasco\nLa Belle Russe (1882), by David Belasco\nMay Blossom (1884), by David Belasco\nLord Chumley (1888), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco\nMen and Women (1890), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco\nThe Girl I Left Behind Me (1893), by Franklin Fyles and David Belasco\nPawn Ticket No. 210 (1894), by Clay M. Greene and David Belasco\nThe Heart of Maryland (1895), by David Belasco\nZaza (1898), by David Belasco (based on the play Zaza by Pierre Berton and Charles Simon [fr])\nMadame Butterfly (1900), by David Belasco (based on the short story Madame Butterfly by John Luther Long)\nDu Barry (1901), by David Belasco\nThe Auctioneer (1901)[33][34]\nSweet Kitty Bellairs (1903), by David Belasco (based on the novel The Bath Comedy by Agnes Castle and Egerton Castle)\nThe Music Master (1904), by Charles Klein\nAdrea (1905), by David Belasco and John Luther Long\nThe Girl of the Golden West (1905), by David Belasco\nRose of the Rancho (1906), by Richard Walton Tully and David Belasco\nThe Warrens of Virginia (1907), by William C. deMille\nA Grand Army Man (1907)[35]\nThe Fighting Hope (1908), by William J. Hurlbut\nThe Easiest Way (1909), by Eugene Walter\nThe Lily (1909), by David Belasco (based on the play Le Lys by Pierre Wolff and Gaston Leroux)\nJust a Wife (1910), by Eugene Walter\nThe Woman (1911), by William C. deMille\nThe Return of Peter Grimm (1911), by David Belasco\nThe Governor's Lady (1912), by Alice Bradley\nThe Case of Becky (1912), by Edward Locke\nA Good Little Devil (1913), by Austin Strong (based on the play Un bon petit diable by Rosemonde Gérard and Maurice Rostand)\nSeven Chances (1916), by Roi Cooper Megrue\nTiger Rose (1917), by Willard Mack\nThe Gold Diggers (1919), by Avery Hopwood\nThe Son-Daughter (1919), by George Scarborough and David Belasco\nKiki (1921), by David Belasco with music by Zoel Parenteau (based on the play Kiki by André Picard)\nShore Leave (1922), by Hubert Osborne\nLaugh, Clown, Laugh (1923), by Tom Cushing and David Belasco (based on the play Ridi, pagliaccio! by Fausto Maria Martini)\nLadies of the Evening (1924), by Milton Herbert Gropper\nThe Dove (1925), by Willard Mack (based on a story by Gerald Beaumont)\n Lulu Belle (1926), by Charles MacArthur and Edward Sheldon\nTonight or Never (1930), by Fanny Hatton and Frederic Hatton (based on the play Ma este vagy soha by Lili Hatvany [hu])","title":"Selected plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Chumley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chumley"},{"link_name":"James Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirkwood_Sr."},{"link_name":"La Belle Russe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_Russe_(1914_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belle_Russe_(film_1914)"},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"James Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirkwood_Sr."},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(play)"},{"link_name":"Rose of the Rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_the_Rancho_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Girl I Left Behind Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_I_Left_Behind_Me_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_I_Left_Behind_Me_(film_1915)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd B. Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_B._Carleton"},{"link_name":"DuBarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuBarry_(film)"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Bencivenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Bencivenga"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brenon"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"May Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Blossom_(film)"},{"link_name":"Allan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"The Case of Becky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Becky_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Reicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reicher"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Olcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Olcott"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(play)"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Edwin S. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter"},{"link_name":"Hugh Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Ford_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Kitty Bellairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Kitty_Bellairs_(1916_film)"},{"link_name":"James Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(director)"},{"link_name":"La Belle Russe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belle_Russe"},{"link_name":"Charles Brabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brabin"},{"link_name":"Harakiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Terriss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Terriss"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Case of Becky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Becky"},{"link_name":"Chester M. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_M._Franklin"},{"link_name":"Scott R. Dunlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_R._Dunlap"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Carewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Carewe"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Allan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"Tiger Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Rose_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Forty Winks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Winks_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Iribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Iribe"},{"link_name":"Frank Urson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Urson"},{"link_name":"Seven Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Chances"},{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Seven Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Chances_(play)"},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"William C. deMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._deMille"},{"link_name":"Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_and_Women_(play)"},{"link_name":"Kiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Brown"},{"link_name":"Victor Schertzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger"},{"link_name":"The Return of Peter Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Peter_Grimm_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Victor Schertzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger"},{"link_name":"The Music Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Master_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Allan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"The Music Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Master_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bacon"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Maryland_(play)"},{"link_name":"Laugh, Clown, Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh,_Clown,_Laugh"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brenon"},{"link_name":"Ladies of Leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_of_Leisure"},{"link_name":"Frank Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"},{"link_name":"Sweet Kitty Bellairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Kitty_Bellairs"},{"link_name":"Alfred E. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Green"},{"link_name":"Du Barry, Woman of Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Barry,_Woman_of_Passion"},{"link_name":"Sam Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"John Francis Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Dillon_(director)"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"Kiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Sam Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tonight or Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_or_Never_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Mervyn LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Girl of the Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_of_the_Rio"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brenon"},{"link_name":"The Hatchet Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hatchet_Man"},{"link_name":"William A. Wellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wellman"},{"link_name":"The Son-Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son-Daughter"},{"link_name":"Clarence Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Brown"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Marion Gering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Gering"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Return of Peter Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Peter_Grimm_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"George Nicholls Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nicholls_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rose of the Rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_the_Rancho_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Marion Gering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Gering"},{"link_name":"Follow the Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Mark Sandrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sandrich"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Z. Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(play)"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"George Cukor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cukor"},{"link_name":"Lulu Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Belle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Carmine Gallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Gallone"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Madame Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Butterfly_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"}],"text":"Lord Chumley, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Lord Chumley)\nLa Belle Russe [it], directed by William J. Hanley (1914, based on the play La Belle Russe)\nMen and Women, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Men and Women)\nRose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)\nThe Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)\nThe Girl I Left Behind Me [it], directed by Lloyd B. Carleton (1915, based on the play The Girl I Left Behind Me)\nDuBarry, directed by Edoardo Bencivenga (1915, based on the play Du Barry)\nThe Heart of Maryland, directed by Herbert Brenon (1915, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)\nMay Blossom, directed by Allan Dwan (1915, based on the play May Blossom)\nThe Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, based on the play The Case of Becky)\nMadame Butterfly, directed by Sidney Olcott (1915, based on the play Madame Butterfly)\nZaza, directed by Edwin S. Porter and Hugh Ford (1915, based on the play Zaza)\nSweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by James Young (1916, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)\nLa Belle Russe, directed by Charles Brabin (1919, based on the play La Belle Russe)\nHarakiri, directed by Fritz Lang (Germany, 1919, based on the play Madame Butterfly)\nThe Heart of Maryland, directed by Tom Terriss (1921, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)\nThe Case of Becky, directed by Chester M. Franklin (1921, based on the play The Case of Becky)\nPawn Ticket 210, directed by Scott R. Dunlap (1922, based on the play Pawn Ticket No. 210)\nThe Girl of the Golden West, directed by Edwin Carewe (1923, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)\nZaza, directed by Allan Dwan (1923, based on the play Zaza)\nTiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, based on the play Tiger Rose)\nForty Winks, directed by Paul Iribe and Frank Urson (1925, based on the play Lord Chumley)\nSeven Chances, directed by Buster Keaton (1925, based on the play Seven Chances)\nMen and Women, directed by William C. deMille (1925, based on the play Men and Women)\nKiki, directed by Clarence Brown (1926, based on the play Kiki)\nThe Lily, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Lily)\nThe Return of Peter Grimm, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)\nThe Music Master, directed by Allan Dwan (1927, based on the play The Music Master)\nThe Heart of Maryland, directed by Lloyd Bacon (1927, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)\nLaugh, Clown, Laugh, directed by Herbert Brenon (1928, based on the play Laugh, Clown, Laugh)\nLadies of Leisure, directed by Frank Capra (1930, based on the play Ladies of the Evening)\nSweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by Alfred E. Green (1930, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)\nDu Barry, Woman of Passion, directed by Sam Taylor (1930, based on the play Du Barry)\nThe Girl of the Golden West, directed by John Francis Dillon (1930, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)\nKiki, directed by Sam Taylor (1931, based on the play Kiki)\nTonight or Never, directed by Mervyn LeRoy (1931, based on the play Tonight or Never)\nGirl of the Rio, directed by Herbert Brenon (1932, based on the play The Dove)\nThe Hatchet Man, directed by William A. Wellman (1932, based on the play The Honorable Mr. Wong)\nThe Son-Daughter, directed by Clarence Brown (1932, based on the play The Son-Daughter)\nMadame Butterfly, directed by Marion Gering (1932, based on the play Madame Butterfly)\nThe Return of Peter Grimm, directed by George Nicholls Jr. (1935, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)\nRose of the Rancho, directed by Marion Gering (1936, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)\nFollow the Fleet, directed by Mark Sandrich (1936, based on the play Shore Leave)\nThe Girl of the Golden West, directed by Robert Z. Leonard (1938, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)\nZaza, directed by George Cukor (1939, based on the play Zaza)\nLulu Belle, directed by Leslie Fenton (1948, based on the play Lulu Belle)\nMadame Butterfly, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1954, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)\nMadame Butterfly, directed by Frédéric Mitterrand (France, 1995, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Good Little Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Little_Devil"},{"link_name":"Edwin S. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter"},{"link_name":"Famous Players Film Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players_Film_Company"},{"link_name":"Rose of the Rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_the_Rancho_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"The Warrens of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warrens_of_Virginia_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"The Governor's Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governor%27s_Lady_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"The Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Hope"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"The Case of Becky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Becky_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Reicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reicher"},{"link_name":"Dallas M. Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_M._Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"The Gold Diggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Diggers_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Tiger Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Rose_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Welcome Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Stranger_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"James Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(director)"},{"link_name":"Friendly Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_Enemies_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"Robert G. Vignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Vignola"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Pilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_Pilsen"},{"link_name":"Paul Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Powell_(director)"}],"sub_title":"Producer","text":"A Good Little Devil, directed by Edwin S. Porter (1914, Famous Players Film Company)\nRose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Warrens of Virginia, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Governor's Lady, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Woman, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Fighting Hope, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nThe Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)\nHer Accidental Husband, directed by Dallas M. Fitzgerald (1923, Belasco Productions, Inc.)\nThe Gold Diggers, directed by Harry Beaumont (1923, Warner Bros.)\nTiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, Warner Bros.)\nWelcome Stranger, directed by James Young (1924, Belasco Productions, Inc.)\nFriendly Enemies, directed by George Melford (1925, Belasco Productions, Inc.)\nFifth Avenue, directed by Robert G. Vignola (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)\nThe Prince of Pilsen, directed by Paul Powell (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady with Red Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_with_Red_Hair"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"Claude Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Rains"}],"sub_title":"Films about David Belasco","text":"Lady with Red Hair, directed by Curtis Bernhardt (1940), with Claude Rains as David Belasco","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-40244-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-40244-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Harry N. Abrams, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc."},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8109-0614-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0614-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-405-08261-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-08261-4"},{"link_name":"A stage full of trees and sky: Analyzing representations of nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/87506"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"Developing the Modern Scene Design Process: Cognition and the New Stagecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24855/"}],"text":"Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture, William Alan Morrison, Dover Publications, 1999, ISBN 0-486-40244-4\nSunshine and Shadow: An Autobiography, Mary Pickford, Doubleday, 1955\nThe Shuberts Present: 100 Years of American Theater, Maryann Chach, Reagan Fletcher, Mark Evan Swartz, Sylvia Wang, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001, ISBN 0-8109-0614-7\nTheatre through Its Stage Door, David Belasco, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1919, published Sept. 1919. Also Ayer Co. Publishing (reprint), 1919, ISBN 0-405-08261-4\nGulden, Leslie Sue (May 2021). A stage full of trees and sky: Analyzing representations of nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012. Texas Tech University. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts\nBisaha, David (June 17, 2015). Developing the Modern Scene Design Process: Cognition and the New Stagecraft. University of Pittsburgh. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Belasco in 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_Belasco_1873.jpg/220px-David_Belasco_1873.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for The Heart of Maryland with Maurice Barrymore and Mrs. Leslie Carter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Belasco%27s_The_Heart_of_Maryland.jpg/220px-Belasco%27s_The_Heart_of_Maryland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belasco's monogram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/David_Belasco_Monogram.jpg/220px-David_Belasco_Monogram.jpg"},{"image_text":"Childs Restaurant Scene in The Governor's Lady","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Childs_Restaurant_Scene_in_The_Governor%E2%80%99s_Lady.jpg/220px-Childs_Restaurant_Scene_in_The_Governor%E2%80%99s_Lady.jpg"}] | [{"title":"The Auctioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Auctioneer_(film)"},{"title":"William Ziegler House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ziegler_House"}] | [{"reference":"\"David Belasco Dies. Dean Of Theatre, 76, Had Long Been Ill. Stage Genius Who Is Dead At 76\". The New York Times. May 15, 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/15/archives/david-belasco-dies-dean-of-theatre-76-had-long-been-ill-stage.html","url_text":"\"David Belasco Dies. Dean Of Theatre, 76, Had Long Been Ill. Stage Genius Who Is Dead At 76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"David Belasco\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230820071847/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/david-belasco","url_text":"\"David Belasco\""},{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/david-belasco","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Throng at Funeral of David Belasco; Edwin Milton Royle and Rev. Dr. Jonah B. Wise Eulogize Famous Producer\". The New York Times. May 18, 1931. Retrieved April 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/18/archives/throng-at-funeral-of-david-belasco-edwin-milton-royle-and-rev-dr.html","url_text":"\"Throng at Funeral of David Belasco; Edwin Milton Royle and Rev. Dr. Jonah B. Wise Eulogize Famous Producer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actors Eulogize Belasco. At Meeting of Jewish Guild Frohman Recalls Early Days\". The New York Times. May 20, 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/20/archives/actors-eulogize-belasco-at-meeting-of-jewish-guild-frohman-recalls.html","url_text":"\"Actors Eulogize Belasco. At Meeting of Jewish Guild Frohman Recalls Early Days\""}]},{"reference":"Belasco, David (1969). \"The Theatre through Its Stage Door\". Benjamin Blom. Retrieved March 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theatrethroughit0000davi/page/76/mode/2up?q=cheap&view=theater","url_text":"\"The Theatre through Its Stage Door\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Belasco's New Theatre: He Will Take Charge of the Theatre Republic at the Close of This Season\". New-York Tribune. January 15, 1902. p. 2. ProQuest 571138427.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/571138427","url_text":"571138427"}]},{"reference":"\"Dramatic and Musical; Mr. Hammerstein's New Theatre Republic Opened Last Night. James A. Herne's New Rustic Drama, \"Sag Harbor\" – \"A Million Dollars\" the New Spectacular Piece at the New York\". The New York Times. September 28, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1900/09/28/archives/dramatic-and-musical-mr-hammersteins-new-theatre-republic-opened.html","url_text":"\"Dramatic and Musical; Mr. Hammerstein's New Theatre Republic Opened Last Night. James A. Herne's New Rustic Drama, \"Sag Harbor\" – \"A Million Dollars\" the New Spectacular Piece at the New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924232313/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/09/28/archives/dramatic-and-musical-mr-hammersteins-new-theatre-republic-opened.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schrader, Fred F. (September 25, 1910). \"Producing Week in New York; Many Changes Are Announced: Producing Week in Gotham\". The Washington Post. p. MT2. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 144999004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/144999004","url_text":"144999004"}]},{"reference":"\"Republic to Become a Burlesque House; Former Home of 'Abie's Irish Rose,' Now Film Theatre, to Enter Upon New Policy Feb. 12\". The New York Times. January 29, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/29/archives/republic-to-become-a-burlesque-house-former-home-of-abies-irish.html","url_text":"\"Republic to Become a Burlesque House; Former Home of 'Abie's Irish Rose,' Now Film Theatre, to Enter Upon New Policy Feb. 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930233941/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/29/archives/republic-to-become-a-burlesque-house-former-home-of-abies-irish.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coe, Robert; Stayton, Richard (July 1994). \"LETSMAKEADEAL\". American Theatre. Vol. 11, no. 6. p. 14. ProQuest 220578129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/220578129","url_text":"220578129"}]},{"reference":"Goldberger, Paul (December 11, 1995). \"An Old Jewel of 42d Street Reopens, Seeking to Dazzle Families\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/11/theater/an-old-jewel-of-42d-street-reopens-seeking-to-dazzle-families.html","url_text":"\"An Old Jewel of 42d Street Reopens, Seeking to Dazzle Families\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170324104928/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/11/theater/an-old-jewel-of-42d-street-reopens-seeking-to-dazzle-families.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Light Like Day in New Theatre; Electrics Screened Behind a Ground Glass Ceiling in the Stuyvesant\". The New York Times. April 29, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1907/04/29/archives/light-like-day-in-new-theatre-electrics-screened-behind-a-ground.html","url_text":"\"Light Like Day in New Theatre; Electrics Screened Behind a Ground Glass Ceiling in the Stuyvesant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026183619/https://www.nytimes.com/1907/04/29/archives/light-like-day-in-new-theatre-electrics-screened-behind-a-ground.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Botto, Louis; Mitchell, Brian Stokes (2002). At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars. New York; Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books/Playbill. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-55783-566-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atthistheatre10000bott","url_text":"At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-566-6","url_text":"978-1-55783-566-6"}]},{"reference":"Belasco Theater Interior (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 4, 1987. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1318.pdf","url_text":"Belasco Theater Interior"}]},{"reference":"Isherwood, Charles (August 24, 2010). \"Belasco Theater Is Burnished, and Back\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/theater/29isherwood.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Belasco Theater Is Burnished, and Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Follies Theatre\". Historic Los Angeles Theatres - Downtown.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/downtownlosangelestheatres/follies","url_text":"\"Follies Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Follies Theatre\". Cinema Treasures.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/2202","url_text":"\"Follies Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Treasures","url_text":"Cinema Treasures"}]},{"reference":"\"Belasco Theatre\". Historic Los Angeles Theatres - Downtown.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/downtownlosangelestheatres/belasco","url_text":"\"Belasco Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Belasco Theater Awaits Its Next Act\". blogdowntown.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719180614/http://blogdowntown.com/2007/09/2854-historic-belasco-theater-awaits-its-next","url_text":"\"Historic Belasco Theater Awaits Its Next Act\""},{"url":"http://blogdowntown.com/2007/09/2854-historic-belasco-theater-awaits-its-next","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bringing Back the Belasco\". Los Angeles Downtown News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ladowntownnews.com/news/bringing-back-the-belasco/article_b4dfa8ea-6c73-5b68-aa9e-751d7884321e.html","url_text":"\"Bringing Back the Belasco\""}]},{"reference":"\"White House Area - Sites on the East side of Lafayette Park\". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015040930/http://library.thinkquest.org/2813/white/east.html","url_text":"\"White House Area - Sites on the East side of Lafayette Park\""},{"url":"http://library.thinkquest.org/2813/white/east.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Belasco, David, 1853-1931\". Snacooperative. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved July 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snaccooperative.org/view/69595757","url_text":"\"Belasco, David, 1853-1931\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Belasco Broadway and Theatre Credits\". broadwayworld. Wisdom Digital Media. Retrieved July 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/David-Belasco/","url_text":"\"David Belasco Broadway and Theatre Credits\""}]},{"reference":"David Belasco Presents David Warfield in a Grand Army Man, a New American Play by David Belasco, Pauline Phelps and Marion Short. F.V. Strauss. 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T4SftwAACAAJ","url_text":"David Belasco Presents David Warfield in a Grand Army Man, a New American Play by David Belasco, Pauline Phelps and Marion Short"}]},{"reference":"Gulden, Leslie Sue (May 2021). A stage full of trees and sky: Analyzing representations of nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012. Texas Tech University. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts","urls":[{"url":"https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/87506","url_text":"A stage full of trees and sky: Analyzing representations of nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University","url_text":"Texas Tech University"}]},{"reference":"Bisaha, David (June 17, 2015). Developing the Modern Scene Design Process: Cognition and the New Stagecraft. University of Pittsburgh. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, Theatre Arts","urls":[{"url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24855/","url_text":"Developing the Modern Scene Design Process: Cognition and the New Stagecraft"}]},{"reference":"\"Belasco, David\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Belasco,_David","url_text":"\"Belasco, David\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/15/archives/david-belasco-dies-dean-of-theatre-76-had-long-been-ill-stage.html","external_links_name":"\"David Belasco Dies. Dean Of Theatre, 76, Had Long Been Ill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Rock_Bythewood | Reggie Rock Bythewood | ["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Acting credits Film","3.2 Acting credits TV","3.3 Film","3.4 Television","4 References","5 External links"] | American film producer
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Reggie Rock BythewoodBorn (1965-07-07) July 7, 1965 (age 58)The Bronx, New York CityOccupation(s)Film director, writer, actor, film producerSpouse
Gina Prince-Bythewood
(m. 1998)
Reggie Rock Bythewood (born July 7, 1965) is an American filmmaker and actor. He is known for directing the film Dancing in September (2000) and creating the television series Shots Fired and Swagger.
Life and career
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Bythewood grew up in The Bronx, New York City. He loved going to the movies and to Yankees games with his father. However, his main love was boxing. When his parents split up, his mother forbade him to pursue the sport. He was not allowed to go to the neighborhood boxing gym anymore because she thought it was too dangerous. During this time, hip hop was considered a fad outside of New York. However, in the Bronx, it was an emerging art form. Bythewood was consumed by the movement. He was a rapper in a neighborhood hip hop crew. During assemblies in junior high school, he and other school mates were allowed to get on stage and break dance.
After junior high, Bythewood's main focus became acting. He went to the High School of Performing Arts as a drama major. However, the school did not allow students to work as professional actors. During his senior year, Bythewood was cast in the soap opera Another World, he left Performing Arts and attended Quintanos School for the Young Professionals. While on the set he acted with Morgan Freeman, Joe Morton, Kyra Sedgwick and many others.
After high school, Bythewood acted in a John Sayles film The Brother from Another Planet. Sayles inspired Bythewood to write and direct and he shifted his focus away from acting. He graduated from Marymount Manhattan College with a BFA in theater. He co-founded a New York City based theater company called The Tribe which performed plays written and directed by Bythewood. The aim of the theater company was to entertain while raising consciousness. Several activists attended Bythewood's plays including Black Panther Jamal Joseph who became one of his best friends.
In 1990, he was offered a role in the soap opera One Life To Live. However, he turned down the offer and moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in screenwriting. He became one of the first members of Walt Disney's prestigious Writers Fellowship Program. From there, he was hired as a writer on the hit NBC comedy series A Different World where he met his future wife, Gina Prince-Bythewood. He went on to write and produce Dick Wolf's drama series New York Undercover. He also did production rewrites for action films produced by Joel Silver. After attending the Million Man March, he wrote the screenplay for Spike Lee's indie film Get on the Bus. Bythewood was also one of the film's investors. With the 2007 Writer's Strike looming, Bythewood was hired to do the rewrite for Notorious. He completed several drafts and the film was green lit. When the strike ended, Bythewood went back to the project to do more revisions and stayed on until the film wrapped. He was given written by credit along with the film's initial writer, Cheo Hodari Coker.
Bythewood made his feature film directorial debut on the acclaimed indie flick Dancing in September which screened at the Sundance Film Festival. It was acquired by HBO and became an HBO original movie. He also directed Biker Boyz, the documentary "Daddy's Girl" (starring Laila Ali), the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary "One Night in Vegas", and Gun Hill the two-hour pilot which he won the 2014 NAACP Image Award for. In 2017, he co-created the ten-hour event series Shots Fired with Gina Prince-Bythewood and directed the season one finale starring Sanaa Lathan, Richard Dreyfuss, Helen Hunt, and Stephan James.
Bythewood was chairman of the B-Dads organization. Along with other fathers, he fed homeless families in Los Angeles, California, raised thousands of dollars for the Sickle Cell Disease Foundation and conducted workshops on fatherhood. He has also spoken on various panels regarding police reform such as the annual convention for NOBLE (National Organization of Black Law Enforcement).
Personal life
Bythewood resides in Southern California with his wife, filmmaker Gina Prince-Bythewood, and their two sons. The two met on the set of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air before both being hired on A Different World and married in 1998.
Filmography
Acting credits Film
Fight for Your Life (1977)
The Brother from Another Planet (1984)
Exterminator 2 (1984)
The Beat (1988)
Vampire's Kiss (1989)
Acting credits TV
Another World (1982–1983)
Film
Year
Title
Writer
Director
Producer
1996
Get on the Bus
Yes
No
No
2000
Dancing in September
Yes
Yes
Yes
2003
Biker Boyz
Yes
Yes
No
2007
Daddy's Girl
No
Yes
Yes
2007
Reflections
Yes
No
No
2009
Notorious
Yes
No
No
2010
30 for 30 – One Night in Vegas
No
Yes
No
2014
Gun Hill
Yes
Yes
Yes
2014
Beyond the Lights
No
No
Yes
Television
Year
Title
Writer
Director
Producer
Notes
1992-1993
A Different World
Yes
No
No
1993
South of Sunset
Yes
No
No
1994-1997
New York Undercover
Yes
No
Yes
1997-1998
Players
Yes
No
No
2017
Shots Fired
Yes
Yes
Yes
Creator
2021-2023
Swagger (TV series)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Creator
References
^ "Reggie Rock Bythewood". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
^ "Married Hollywood Power Couple the Bythewoods Reminisce About Falling in Love on the Set of 'A Different World'". October 26, 2020.
External links
Reggie Rock Bythewood at IMDb
Awards for Reggie Rock Bythewood
vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Director, TV Movie or Limited Series
Louis Gossett Jr. (2000)
Charles S. Dutton (2001)
Reggie Rock Bythewood (2002)
Robert Townsend (2003)
Bill Duke (2004)
Vondie Curtis-Hall (2005)
George C. Wolfe (2006)
Edward James Olmos (2007)
Vondie Curtis-Hall (2013)
Spike Lee (2014)
Reggie Rock Bythewood (2015)
Dee Rees (2016)
John Singleton / Chris Robinson (2017)
Anthony Hemingway (2018)
Ava DuVernay (2019)
Stephen Williams (2020)
Steve McQueen (2021)
Debbie Allen (2022)
Robert Townsend (2023)
vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Screenplay, TV Movie or Limited Series
Ernest J. Gaines (2000)
David Simon and David Mills (2001)
Reggie Rock Bythewood (2002)
Paris Qualles (2003)
Frank Military and Richard Wesley (2004)
J.T. Allen (2005)
Ruben Santiago-Hudson (2006)
Ernie Contreras, Marcus DeLeon and Timothy J. Sexton (2007)
Elizabeth Hunter (2013)
Mara Brock Akil (2014)
Reggie Rock Bythewood (2015)
John Ridley (2016)
Joe Robert Cole / George C. Wolfe (2017)
Veena Sud & Shalisha Francis (2018)
Ava DuVernay, Julian Breece & Attica Locke (2019)
Damon Lindelof & Cord Jefferson (2020)
Eugene Ashe (2021)
Walter Mosley (2022)
Ibra Ake and Stephen Glover (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Other
SNAC
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He loved going to the movies and to Yankees games with his father. However, his main love was boxing. When his parents split up, his mother forbade him to pursue the sport. He was not allowed to go to the neighborhood boxing gym anymore because she thought it was too dangerous. During this time, hip hop was considered a fad outside of New York. However, in the Bronx, it was an emerging art form. Bythewood was consumed by the movement. He was a rapper in a neighborhood hip hop crew. During assemblies in junior high school, he and other school mates were allowed to get on stage and break dance.After junior high, Bythewood's main focus became acting. He went to the High School of Performing Arts as a drama major. However, the school did not allow students to work as professional actors. During his senior year, Bythewood was cast in the soap opera Another World, he left Performing Arts and attended Quintanos School for the Young Professionals. While on the set he acted with Morgan Freeman, Joe Morton, Kyra Sedgwick and many others.After high school, Bythewood acted in a John Sayles film The Brother from Another Planet. Sayles inspired Bythewood to write and direct and he shifted his focus away from acting. He graduated from Marymount Manhattan College with a BFA in theater. He co-founded a New York City based theater company called The Tribe which performed plays written and directed by Bythewood. The aim of the theater company was to entertain while raising consciousness. Several activists attended Bythewood's plays including Black Panther Jamal Joseph who became one of his best friends.In 1990, he was offered a role in the soap opera One Life To Live. However, he turned down the offer and moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in screenwriting. He became one of the first members of Walt Disney's prestigious Writers Fellowship Program. From there, he was hired as a writer on the hit NBC comedy series A Different World where he met his future wife, Gina Prince-Bythewood. He went on to write and produce Dick Wolf's drama series New York Undercover. He also did production rewrites for action films produced by Joel Silver. After attending the Million Man March, he wrote the screenplay for Spike Lee's indie film Get on the Bus. Bythewood was also one of the film's investors. With the 2007 Writer's Strike looming, Bythewood was hired to do the rewrite for Notorious. He completed several drafts and the film was green lit. When the strike ended, Bythewood went back to the project to do more revisions and stayed on until the film wrapped. He was given written by credit along with the film's initial writer, Cheo Hodari Coker.Bythewood made his feature film directorial debut on the acclaimed indie flick Dancing in September which screened at the Sundance Film Festival. It was acquired by HBO and became an HBO original movie. He also directed Biker Boyz, the documentary \"Daddy's Girl\" (starring Laila Ali), the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary \"One Night in Vegas\", and Gun Hill the two-hour pilot which he won the 2014 NAACP Image Award for. In 2017, he co-created the ten-hour event series Shots Fired with Gina Prince-Bythewood and directed the season one finale starring Sanaa Lathan, Richard Dreyfuss, Helen Hunt, and Stephan James.Bythewood was chairman of the B-Dads organization. Along with other fathers, he fed homeless families in Los Angeles, California, raised thousands of dollars for the Sickle Cell Disease Foundation and conducted workshops on fatherhood. He has also spoken on various panels regarding police reform such as the annual convention for NOBLE (National Organization of Black Law Enforcement).","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Gina Prince-Bythewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Prince-Bythewood"},{"link_name":"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"A Different World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_World"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bythewood resides in Southern California with his wife, filmmaker Gina Prince-Bythewood, and their two sons. The two met on the set of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air before both being hired on A Different World and married in 1998.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fight for Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_for_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"The Brother from Another Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brother_from_Another_Planet"},{"link_name":"Exterminator 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterminator_2"},{"link_name":"The Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beat_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Vampire's Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire%27s_Kiss"}],"sub_title":"Acting credits Film","text":"Fight for Your Life (1977)\nThe Brother from Another Planet (1984)\nExterminator 2 (1984)\nThe Beat (1988)\nVampire's Kiss (1989)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Acting credits TV","text":"Another World (1982–1983)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Reggie Rock Bythewood\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230138/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/531529/Reggie-Rock-Bythewood/biography","url_text":"\"Reggie Rock Bythewood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/531529/Reggie-Rock-Bythewood/biography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Married Hollywood Power Couple the Bythewoods Reminisce About Falling in Love on the Set of 'A Different World'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Underground_Records | New Underground Records | ["1 Albums","1.1 Discography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"] | Former American record label
New Underground RecordsFounded1980 (1980)FounderDanny PhillipsGary KailGenrePunk rockCountry of originUnited StatesLocationSan Pedro, Los Angeles
New Underground Records was an American independent record label founded by Danny Phillips (a.k.a. Danny Dean) and Gary Kail. Phillips and Kail were influenced by D. Boon and Mike Watt's New Alliance Records label and decided to create their own to promote bands they knew. Alongside New Alliance, New Underground was one of the first DIY labels in the South Bay punk scene of the 1980s.
Albums
Their compilitation album, Life Is Ugly So Why Not Kill Yourself, featured songs by Red Cross ("Rich Brat" from Red Cross), Descendents ("I Wanna Be a Bear" from Milo Goes to College), Minutemen ("Shit You Hear At Parties" from The Politics of Time), Saccharine Trust (Disillusion Fool), Mood of Defiance ("Empty Me" from Now), and Ill Will ("Paranoid Midnight Deposit".) Kail came up with the title for the compilation.
Other compilations were entitled Life Is Beautiful So Why Not Eat Health Food? and Life Is Boring So Why Not Steal This Record?, with the latter featuring artwork by Raymond Pettibon. Phillips named these albums. A fourth was planned but never completed.
Discography
Mood of Defiance
Now (1982)
Anti
I Don't Want To Die In Your War (1982)
Defy The System (1983)
God Can't Bounce (1984)
Zurich 1916
Creative Nihilism (1984)
Compilations
Life Is Beautiful So Why Not Eat Health Food? (1981)
Life Is Ugly So Why Not Kill Yourself (1982)
Life Is Boring So Why Not Steal This Record? (1983)
Legacy
Life Is Ugly So Why Not Kill Yourself was re-released by Delerium Records in 2001.
References
^ a b c Dean, Danny. "About New Underground Records/Nu Underground Records". DannyDean.com. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i Ibarra, Craig (2015). A Wailing Of A Town: An Oral History of Early San Pedro Punk And More 1977-1985. END FWY. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-9860971-0-2.
^ a b c d e f Blush, Steve (2010). American Hardcore: A Tribal History (second ed.). Feral House. p. 396. ISBN 9781932595987.
^ "Thurston Moore: The Six-Pack Q&A". Rolling Stone. August 6, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "From the Vaults: Made in South Bay". Maximumrocknroll. May 25, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ a b c "Anti discography". Discogs. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ Blush, Steve (2010). American Hardcore: A Tribal History (second ed.). Feral House. p. 395. ISBN 9781932595987.
^ Blush, Steve (2010). American Hardcore: A Tribal History (second ed.). Feral House. p. 398. ISBN 9781932595987.
^ "Life Is Ugly – LA Punk Compilation". Delerium Records. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
External links
New Underground Records at Discogs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"D. Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Boon"},{"link_name":"Mike Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Watt"},{"link_name":"New Alliance Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alliance_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY"},{"link_name":"South Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-1"}],"text":"New Underground Records was an American independent record label founded by Danny Phillips (a.k.a. Danny Dean[1]) and Gary Kail.[2] Phillips and Kail were influenced by D. Boon and Mike Watt's New Alliance Records label and decided to create their own to promote bands they knew.[2] Alongside New Alliance, New Underground was one of the first DIY labels in the South Bay punk scene of the 1980s.[1]","title":"New Underground Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Kross"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"Descendents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendents"},{"link_name":"Milo Goes to College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Goes_to_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"Minutemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Politics of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politics_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"Saccharine Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharine_Trust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"Mood of Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_of_Defiance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"Raymond Pettibon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Pettibon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"}],"text":"Their compilitation album, Life Is Ugly So Why Not Kill Yourself, featured songs by Red Cross (\"Rich Brat\" from Red Cross),[3] Descendents (\"I Wanna Be a Bear\" from Milo Goes to College),[3] Minutemen (\"Shit You Hear At Parties\" from The Politics of Time),[3] Saccharine Trust (Disillusion Fool),[3] Mood of Defiance (\"Empty Me\" from Now),[3][4] and Ill Will (\"Paranoid Midnight Deposit\".)[5] Kail came up with the title for the compilation.[2]Other compilations were entitled Life Is Beautiful So Why Not Eat Health Food? and Life Is Boring So Why Not Steal This Record?,[2] with the latter featuring artwork by Raymond Pettibon.[2] Phillips named these albums.[2] A fourth was planned but never completed.[2]","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mood of Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_of_Defiance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anti-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anti-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anti-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibarra-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Discography","text":"Mood of DefianceNow (1982)[2]AntiI Don't Want To Die In Your War (1982)[6]\nDefy The System (1983)[6]\nGod Can't Bounce (1984)[6]Zurich 1916Creative Nihilism (1984)[2]CompilationsLife Is Beautiful So Why Not Eat Health Food? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(disambiguation) | John McIntyre | ["1 Sportspeople","2 Others","3 See also"] | John McIntyre may refer to:
Sportspeople
John McIntyre (cricketer) (born 1944), New Zealand cricketer
John McIntyre (racing driver) (born 1977), New Zealand racing driver
John McIntyre (hurler) (born 1961), Irish hurling manager
John McIntyre (ice hockey) (born 1969), Canadian ice hockey player
John McIntyre (American rower) (born 1928), American rower who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics
John McIntyre (Canadian rower) (born 1945), Canadian rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics
John McIntyre (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
Others
John McIntyre (archbishop of Birmingham) (1855–1935), Roman Catholic archbishop of Birmingham
John McIntyre (bishop of Gippsland) (1951-2014), bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Gippsland in Australia
John McIntyre (cartoonist) (born 1954), American writer, director, and art director
John McIntyre (copy editor), American copy editor and blogger
John McIntyre (politician) (1832–1904), Australian businessman and politician
John McIntyre (publisher), co-founder of RealClearPolitics
John McIntyre (theologian) (1916–2005), professor of theology at the University of Edinburgh
John J. McIntyre (politician) (1904–1974), U.S. Representative from Wyoming
John J. McIntyre (bishop) (born 1963), American Roman Catholic bishop
John T. McIntyre (1871–1951), American novelist
Trapper John McIntyre, character from American TV series M*A*S*H
See also
John Macintyre (1857–1928), Scottish doctor, pioneer in radiology
John McIntire (1907–1991), American character actor
John McIntire (pioneer), founder of the city of Zanesville, Ohio
Johnny McIntyre (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John McIntyre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McIntyre (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (racing driver)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (hurler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (American rower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(American_rower)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (Canadian rower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(Canadian_rower)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (rugby league)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(rugby_league)"}],"text":"John McIntyre (cricketer) (born 1944), New Zealand cricketer\nJohn McIntyre (racing driver) (born 1977), New Zealand racing driver\nJohn McIntyre (hurler) (born 1961), Irish hurling manager\nJohn McIntyre (ice hockey) (born 1969), Canadian ice hockey player\nJohn McIntyre (American rower) (born 1928), American rower who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics\nJohn McIntyre (Canadian rower) (born 1945), Canadian rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics\nJohn McIntyre (rugby league), Australian rugby league player","title":"Sportspeople"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McIntyre (archbishop of Birmingham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(archbishop_of_Birmingham)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (bishop of Gippsland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(bishop_of_Gippsland)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (cartoonist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (copy editor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(copy_editor)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (publisher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"John McIntyre (theologian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntyre_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"John J. McIntyre (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McIntyre_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John J. McIntyre (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McIntyre_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John T. McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Trapper John McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapper_John_McIntyre"}],"text":"John McIntyre (archbishop of Birmingham) (1855–1935), Roman Catholic archbishop of Birmingham\nJohn McIntyre (bishop of Gippsland) (1951-2014), bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Gippsland in Australia\nJohn McIntyre (cartoonist) (born 1954), American writer, director, and art director\nJohn McIntyre (copy editor), American copy editor and blogger\nJohn McIntyre (politician) (1832–1904), Australian businessman and politician\nJohn McIntyre (publisher), co-founder of RealClearPolitics\nJohn McIntyre (theologian) (1916–2005), professor of theology at the University of Edinburgh\nJohn J. McIntyre (politician) (1904–1974), U.S. Representative from Wyoming\nJohn J. McIntyre (bishop) (born 1963), American Roman Catholic bishop\nJohn T. McIntyre (1871–1951), American novelist\nTrapper John McIntyre, character from American TV series M*A*S*H","title":"Others"}] | [] | [{"title":"John Macintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macintyre"},{"title":"John McIntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntire"},{"title":"John McIntire (pioneer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntire_(pioneer)"},{"title":"Johnny McIntyre (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McIntyre_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_McIntyre&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_McIntyre&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
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